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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | fce10983-aee8-42db-b4a3-793db4d49faf | [{'content': 'For maintaining parallelism between object the and\nfilm, film is placed at a distance to avoid distortion what should be done: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase target to object distance, B. Decrease target to object distance, C. Both of the above, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | cf8f9c7e-0fd4-4d09-8638-0b61f05a55a1 | [{'content': 'Which type of cerebral palsy is commonly associated with scoliosis and other orthopedic problems – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spastic quadriplegia, B. Anterior cerebral palsy, C. Spastic deplegia, D. Atonic cerebral palsy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: "Scollosis is common, occuring in 15 to 25 percent of the total body CP (spastic quadriplegia cp)".\xa0\nCerebral palsy (CP)\n\nCerebral palsy is defined as a non progressive neuromotor disorder of cerebral origin.\nIt has following features -\n\n\nStatic (nonprogressive)\nDisorder of movement/motor disorder (but sometimes sensory involvement may occur)\nCerebral in origin \nEtiopathogenesis\n\n\nCP is due to an insult of developing brain.\nThe insult results in maldevelopment and disorderly anatomic organization of the brain.\nThe insult may be prenatal (most of the cases), during delivery or in the postnatal period. Classification\n\nCP may be classified into following types -', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 1cabf1e4-1586-4f15-98d8-001bdccbd3c2 | [{'content': 'Vitamin K antagonizes \nSelect and explain. \nA. Corticosteroids, B. Thrombin formation, C. Bishydroxy coumarin, D. Production of clotting factors by liver', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Bishydroxy coumarin (dicoumarol), a vitamin K antagonist may be considered as an oral anticoagulant.\xa0\nThis acts by reducing\xa0 the synthesis of certain clotting factors (ll, Vll, lX and X).\n\nRef : Lippincott’s illustrated reviews for biochemistry , 7th edition.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | f4c75eb8-18d8-41bd-81fa-6a03e4519193 | [{'content': 'Which of the following does golgi tendon organ detect? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Muscle Tension, B. Dynamic muscle length, C. Static muscle length, D. Muscle action', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Muscle Tension(Ref.: Ganong 25/e p232; Guyton 13/e p697, 701).Golgi tendon organ senses muscle tension.The Golgi organ (also called Golgi tendon organ, GTO, tendon organ, neurotendinous organ or neurotendinous spindle) senses changes in muscle tension.It is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is at the origin and inseion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle.It provides the sensory component of the Golgi tendon reflex.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | d1872344-cb7a-4782-820e-6ea25a23ac9a | [{'content': 'Maximum strain of parturient heart occurs during: \nSelect and explain. \nA. At term, B. Immediate postpartum, C. Ist trimester, D. IInd trimester', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: “Significant hemodynamic alterations are apparent early in pregnancy, women with severe cardiac dysfunction may experience worsening of heart failure before mid pregnancy. In others, heart failure develops after 28 weeks, when pregnancy induced hypervolemia is maximal (32 weeks). In the majority, however heart failure develops peripartum when the physiological capability for rapid changes in cardiac out put may be overwhelmed in presence of structural cardiac disease.”\nWilliams 22/e, p 1018, 23/e, p 958, 959\nReading the above text, from Williams Obs., it is clear that maximum chances of heart failure are in the peripartum period.\nBut it is not clear whether maximum chances are during labour or immediate postpartum.\nDutta Obs. 7/e, p53 provides answer to this:\n“The cardiac output starts to increase from 5th week of pregnancy, reaches its peak 40-50% at about 30-34 weeks. Thereafter the cardiac output remains static till term”.\n“Cardiac output increases further during labour (+50%) and immediately following delivery (+70%) over the pre labour values.”\nSo, maximum chances of heart failure are in immediate postpartum period when cardiac output is maximum.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 7095637c-81c9-42f8-8484-54c3eedf5623 | [{'content': 'Schizonts and late trophozoite stages of plasmodium falciparum not seen in peripheral blood smear because: \nSelect and explain. \nA. They are sequestered in the spleen, B. Due to adherence to the capillary endothelium, they are not seen in peripheral blood, C. Due to antigen-antibody reaction and removal, D. They are seen in mosquito blood', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Due to adherence to the capillary endothelium, they are not seen in peripheral blood(Ref: Harrison 1y/e p1371, Jawetz 27/e p719)Plasmodium falciparum:Only ring stages or gametocytes are seen in infected peripheral blood.Schizonts & late trophozoite stages of Plasmodium falciparum are not seen in infected peripheral blood.Parasites make red cells sticky a Tend to be retained in deep capillary beds (except in overwhelming fatal infections).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | baba5fba-6965-463e-af76-ad1192248260 | [{'content': 'In depressed zygomatic arch fracture, difficulty in opening the mouth is caused by impingement of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Condyles, B. Ramus, C. Petrous temporal, D. Coronoid process', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | b0f5d8eb-eda4-48a2-ad59-d158d8132c16 | [{'content': 'A pregnant female delivered a baby with normal expulsion of an intact placenta. After half hour she staed bleeding per vaginaly. On examination she was hypotensive and boggy mass is palpated per abdomen. USG showed retained placental tissues. what is the likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Placenta succenturiata, B. Adenomyosis, C. Placenta accreta, D. Membranous placenta', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Placenta succenturiataRef: DC Dutta's tubook of Obstetrics, gh ed.Placenta succenturiata has one (usual) or more small lobes of placenta placed at a varying margin from the main placental margin.A leash of vessels connects the small lobe with the main lobe.Many times, succenturiate is retained and it presents as postpaum hemorrhage which may be primary or secondary.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 3be9da5f-c0da-4e42-bbfe-a6a1373a7c5d | [{'content': 'Crescendo angina is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stable angina, B. Heart failure, C. Unstable angina, D. MI', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | d3610034-9a33-48ef-ac6e-5fb36e22f076 | [{'content': 'After the delivery of an infant of diabetic mother, blood glucose of the infant was 60 mg/dt. Which other investigation docs the sister expects that the physician would ask her to do? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Serum potassium, B. CBC, C. Serum calcium, D. Serum chloride', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Serum calciumRef Ghai Essential Pedistrics 8,h ed, pg. 181 und Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 20h ed" pg. 897 Infants of a diabetic mother are ata higher risk of metabolic complications as compared to normal infants.These complications include:* Hypoglycemia* Hypocalcemia* Hypomagnesemia* Hence the infant needs to be checked for these as soon as possible.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 2365c24e-f8c2-4495-9df4-fca568c5c276 | [{'content': 'About giant cell tumor, all are true except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Commonly presents in the 20-40 year age group, B. Matrix consists of proliferating mononuclear cells, C. Osteoclast giant cells constitute the proliferative component of the tumor, D. It is a benign tumor which may have lung metastasis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Osteoclast giant cells constitute the proliferative component of the tumor(Ref: Robbins 9Ie p1204; Apley's 9Ie p202).In giant cell tumors, osteoclast giant cells are the malignant cells, which induce the proliferation of mononuclear macrophage lineage cells, hence the dividing cell population is the mononuclear cells which form the matrix.Osteoclast giant cells do not constitute the proliferative component of the tumor.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3c4866dc-0c8a-422b-88ff-e383b5223ecb | [{'content': 'During recording of PPS, face is titled down 30 degrees to touch the sternum: \nSelect and explain. \nA. To activate the muscles of palate & pharynx, B. To activate the muscles of soft palate only, C. To prevent flow of material to throat, D. Help in sucking & swallowing', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | d4549997-d19b-48eb-bd9a-aa3c29c82dec | [{'content': "A 6 year old patient with extra cusp on maxillary central incisor is associated with all, except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mohr's syndrome, B. Sturge-Weber Syndrome, C. Rubinstein Taybi Syndrome, D. Proteus Syndrome", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | cfbbb3e8-ed19-41a8-9cfd-ba5a7cbd898e | [{'content': 'High copper dental amalgams are superior to other amalgams because high copper dental amalgams: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Have less marginal breakdown, B. Are workable at lower Hg-alloy ratio, C. Have a higher ratio of tensile to compressive strength, D. Have less resistance to tarnish and corrosion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 565a5c13-1465-40b3-91bf-5d4a057c2fbd | [{'content': 'Study models are used: \nSelect and explain. \nA. As references in orthodontic cases, B. To show shape, size and position of teeth, C. As an aid in treatment planning, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a20626b3-8719-4847-a929-87a7c9727649 | [{'content': 'A patient is giving; history of avulsed tooth 20 minutes back, comes to dentist what should be done? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Scrub the tooth and reimplant, B. Rinse with saline and reimplant, C. Sterilize tooth and reimplant, D. Scrub the tooth do RCT and reimplant', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: If a patient provided history that a tooth has been avulsed and it can be determined that the injury is without other oral. neurologic, or higher-priority physical complications. it is best to replace it in the socket immediately and to hold it in place with light finger pressure.\nIf the avulsion occurred in a clean environment, nothing should be done to the tooth before replants it. If the tooth is dirty, an attempt should be made to clean the root surface, but it is very important to preserve any remnants of the periodontal ligament that are still attached to the root. 'therefore the parent would then be instructed to keep the tooth immersed in a suitable storage medium and bring the child and the tooth for immediate care.\nThe patient should receive immediate attention after arriving at the dental office; and if it seems any contamination than it should be rinse thoroughly with saline only do not attempt to scrub tooth by any means to prevent vitality of periodontal fibers and re-implant it in socket.\nIf patient or parent cannot or will not replant it than procedure to maintain vitality of tooth\nAllowing the avulsed tooth to dehydrate before replantation is damaging to a favourable prognosis.\nHanks buffered saline, isotonic saline, and pasteurized bovine milk may be the most favourable known storage media. If none of these solutions is readily available, human saliva is acceptable short-term substitute storage liquid. Presumably, the patient's saliva (and perhaps blood) would be readily available.\nAlthough tap water has been a commonly recommended storage solution (and its use would be preferable to allowing dehydration of the tooth), saliva is a better storage medium. Neither water nor saliva is as good as milk or saline, if the tooth must be stored for a long period (more than 30 minutes before replantation). Because water is hypotonic, its use leads to rapid cell lysis and increased inflammation on replantation.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 2d88e018-637e-47c4-bb63-dd7216c204ae | [{'content': '14 year old child with blindness, sensorineural hearing loss, progressive hematuria, hypeension with similar family history in father \nSelect and explain. \nA. Alpo syndrome, B. Goldenhar syndrome, C. Goodpasture syndrome, D. Nager syndrome', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer: A. Alpo syndrome* Alpo syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by kidney disease, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities.* People with Alpo syndrome experience progressive loss of kidney function.* Almost all affected individuals have blood in their urine (hematuria), which indicates abnormal functioning of the kidneys.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 398eda58-55e7-4a7f-be30-0d929eeba539 | [{'content': 'Coarse tremors of tongue is seen in all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Parkinsonism, B. Alcohol, C. Thyrotoxicosis, D. General paresis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. ThyrotoxicosisTypically the tremor of Parkinson's disease is asymmetrical, at least initially, and affects an upper limb involving the ipsilateral leg after a latency of approximately two years. The disease may also produce tremor of the lips, tongue or jaw but it rarely causes significant head or vocal tremor.Fine tremors- Thyrotoxicosis", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 44849fd1-7c11-4756-805f-48d34ee2cd05 | [{'content': 'Most probable chance of developing caries in the following curve is at: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Point A, B. Point B, C. Point C, D. Point D', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: It is\xa0Stephen's curve, which is used for illustration of rapid decrease in pH\xa0after sucrose consumption.\xa0Exposure of dental plaque to a fermentable carbohydrate leads to decrease in pH rapidly,\xa0 reaching minimum in approx. 5-10 minutes. It recovers to its initial value in 20-60 minutes\xa0gradually.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6dd94080-58a8-437f-9559-bdfcc109c9af | [{'content': 'Dustless alginate is produced by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reducing the diatomaceous earth, B. Adding heavy metal salts, C. Coating with dihydric alcohol, D. Altering the matrix', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f4affb3a-0fce-423d-aaac-027d30259334 | [{'content': 'A-alpha fibers have a speed of conduction of ------ m/s. \nSelect and explain. \nA. 20-Oct, B. 40-50, C. 50-70, D. 70-120', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 2a74f19e-1c3b-4318-ba5b-0812f80d895e | [{'content': 'Which of these is not true about randomization in a clinical trial? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reduces confounding, B. Decreases selection bias, C. Ensures comparability of two groups, D. Increases external validity of the trial', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Increases external validity of the trial(Ref Park 24/e p87, 23/e p82, 22/e p79)External validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific research, usually based on experiments as experimental validity.In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.This cannot be ensured by randomization.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d8a98adf-739e-4e14-9236-e3bb4f0cd91e | [{'content': 'Which of the following is a dye used for dentinal caries detection: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcein, B. Zygo ZL-22., C. Fuschin., D. Acid red system.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Dyes used in caries detection are: \nEnamel caries \n\nCalcein\n\xa0Zygo ZL-22\nFuschin\n\nDentinal caries \xa0\n\n\xa0Acid red system\nα - Aminoacridine', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | d1d3d999-2032-48cf-87c7-5bcd25acb18b | [{'content': 'Ritonavir inhibits metabolism of all of the following drugs except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amiodarone, B. Phenytoin, C. Cisapride, D. Midazolam', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. Phenytoin (Ref Goodman Gillman Ilth/1302; Katzung II/e plI44)Ritonavir inhibits metabolism of Amiodarone, Cisaprlde, Midazolam and but not the phenytoin'The majority (95%o) of phenytoin is metabolized principalty in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum by CYP2C9/10 and to a lesser extent CYP2C9.'", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8c0fb123-51d5-4356-8c2d-2bdfa154ae77 | [{'content': 'About gutta-percha all are true, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. It contains 60-70% gutta-percha and 20% ZnO, B. Can be sterilized by heating, C. With time they become brittle, D. It has two forms α and β', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c48cca4e-55ef-4a73-b07d-6ac3a3c5c1eb | [{'content': 'A patient shows one or more of the following: advanced bone loss, grade II and III furcation involvements, tooth mobility, inaccessible areas, systemic/environmental factors represents: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Questionable prognosis, B. Poor prognosis, C. Fair prognosis, D. Hopeless prognosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Good prognosis: Control of etiologic factors and adequate periodontal support ensure the tooth will be easy to maintain by the patient and clinician.\nFair prognosis: Approximately 25% attachment loss or grade I furcation invasion (location and depth allow proper maintenance with good patient compliance).\nPoor prognosis: 50% attachment loss, grade II furcation invasion (location and depth make maintenance possible but difficult).\nQuestionable prognosis: >50% attachment loss, poor crown-to-root ratio, poor root form, grade II furcation invasion (location and depth\xa0 make\xa0 access\xa0 difficult)\xa0 or\xa0 grade\xa0 III\xa0 furcation\xa0 invasion; mobility no. 2 or no. 3; root proximity.\nHopeless\xa0 prognosis:\xa0 Inadequate\xa0 attachment\xa0 to\xa0 maintain\xa0 health, comfort, and function.\nRef: Newman and Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology, thirteenth edition; page no 413', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 108d98b3-bf9a-4d0b-92f0-3736950e4c20 | [{'content': 'Carotid sinus/baroreceptor is located at the origin of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Common carotid artery, B. Internal carotid artery, C. Aorta, D. External carotid artery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 3ca099a7-086a-411e-917e-295561ebb22b | [{'content': 'Maximum permissible dose of Articaine in a healthy patient is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1.3 mg/kg, B. 5 mg/kg, C. 2 mg/kg, D. 7 mg/kg', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 36b7b647-0cba-4bee-a4fe-21c3e49ab981 | [{'content': 'ADA specification of orthodontic wire: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 29, B. 25, C. 32, D. 30', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a3a5f97f-caeb-47cf-9810-18f55c7e14ea | [{'content': 'Which is true about mucogingival flap designs \nSelect and explain. \nA. Flap should be wider at the base, B. Flap should be narrower at the base, C. Flap margins should not rest on bone, D. Mucogingival flaps should be avoided', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a3c6f795-d946-4ac2-947a-56fda3b30bd7 | [{'content': 'An anterior bite plate should be trimmed so that \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is included at 10° to occlusal plane, B. It is inclined at 30° to occlusal plane, C. Posterior teeth are 5 mm apart, D. Posterior teeth are 2 mm apart', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d8d4dc47-e669-4f12-a089-b1a362fc0c51 | [{'content': 'In resorption of roots of the primary teeth, the\ndental pulp \nSelect and explain. \nA. Plays a passive role, B. Becomes a fibrotic non—vital mass, C. Initiates resorption from the inner surface of roots, D. Aids in formation of secondary dentin slowing down resorption', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | bec8dd0c-aafe-44be-af2a-d55055476931 | [{'content': 'A 2 years old child suffers flame burns involving face, bilateral upper limbs and front of chest and abdomen. What is the body surface area involved? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 40%, B. 45%, C. 54%, D. 60%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. 40%(Ref Sabiston 201e p507, 19/e p523; Schwaz 91e p199-200; Bailey 261e p389)The best way to measure the area burned accurately is the Lund and Browder cha.Total body surface area affected in burns of a 2 years old child involving face (8.5%), bilateral upper limb (20%), front of chest & abdomen (13%) is 41.5% (approximately 40%).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 71aace23-dcbd-489a-b9b7-b3f52adfc9f1 | [{'content': 'About carey coombs murmur which is false – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Delayed diastole murmur, B. Seen in rheumatic fever, C. Can be associated with AR, D. Low pitched murmur', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Carey-Coombs Murmur \n\nHeard in patients with acute rheumatic fever.\nOccurs due to inflammation of mitral valve cusps or excessive left atrial blood flow as a consequence of MR.\nSoft middiastolic murmur usually follows', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 69c0f49e-58df-4e8c-bc43-dd4de744af01 | [{'content': 'The probable reasons for a high incidence of dental caries in the teenage population relates most directly to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rapid growth, B. Frequency of sucrose intake, C. Negligence in visiting the dentist, D. Carelessness in oral hygiene habits', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Psychiatry | 2d98e8a0-829a-47ef-87e1-c6bbd54473a1 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not an adverse effect of Escitalopram? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nausea, B. Vivid dreams, C. Anorgasmia, D. Sialorrhoea', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Adverse effects of SSRI's MC: GI side effects- Nausea, Vomiting Dyspepsia, Diarrhea Sexual side effects- Decreased libido, Anorgasmia, Delayed ejaculation Increased sweating Decreased platelet aggregation Vivid dreams Sialorrhea is a very common side effect of Clozapine.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 03e82f18-dc4c-4005-b865-18e67f1114ff | [{'content': "In a 30 years old female patient with polyahritis, testing reveals nucleolar pattern of ANA staining. What is the likely course of this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Malar rash, alopecia and renal failure, B. Sclerodactyly, esophageal dysmotility and Raynaud's phenomenon, C. Sjogren's syndrome, D. Painful genital and oral blisters and ulcers", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Sclerodactyly, esophageal dysmotility and Raynaud's phenomenonNucleolsr ANA positivity is most likely suggestive of systemic sclerosis or scleroderma, which comprises of diffuse or limited disease-CREST syndrome (Calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia)Antinuclear antibodies are directed against nuclear antigens, grouped into: ( I ) antibodies to DNA (2) antibodies to histones (3) antibodies to non-histone proteins bound to RNA (4) antibodies to nucleolar antigens.Most widely used method for detecting ANAs: Indirect immunoffuorescence (identify antibodies that bind to a variety of nuclear antigens, including DNA, RNA & proteins).Pattern of nuclear fluorescence suggests the type of antibody present in the patient's serum.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pharmacology | 5823e5f0-8ea7-4583-bbeb-409c9206dbd8 | [{'content': 'Which of the following drug can decrease the size of prostate? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tamsulosin, B. Sildenafil, C. Finasteride, D. Prazosin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: In BPH, urinary obstruction is present because of increased size of prostate(static component). This is increased by spasm of urethra(dynamic component).To dilate urethra; alpha 1A receptor blockers like tamsulosin and silodosin are used. These provide the immediate symptomatic relief by treating the dynamic component.To decrease the size of prostate, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors are used which inhibit the conversion of testosterone to DHT(dihydrotestosterone). Drugs are dutasteride and finasteride. These drugs are given for long duration.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 15a4cb03-3ccf-4f24-87cb-d26357c501fc | [{'content': 'Problem associated with wide divergent roots of primary teeth \nSelect and explain. \nA. During resorption, apical 1/3rd may remain unresorbed, B. During extraction, fracture of apical 1/3rd may be there, C. Both, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 46a92416-5681-4333-8b2e-70f85fc10632 | [{'content': "Which of the following is not an autoimmune disorder? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ulcerative colitis, B. Grave's disease, C. Rheumatoid ahritis, D. SLE", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Ulcerative colitis(Ref Harrison 19/e p377, 18/e p2723)Autoimmune Diseases Organ SpecificOrgan Nonspecific (Systemic)Grave's diseaseVitiligoSystemic lupus erythematosusHashimoto's thyroiditisAutoimmune hemolytic anemiaRheumatoid ahritisAutoimmune polyglandular syndromeAutoimmune thrombocytopenic purpuraSystemic necrotizing vasculitisType 1 diabetes mellitusPernicious anemiaGranulomatosis with polyangitisInsulin-resistant diabetes mellitusMyasthenia gravis(Wegener's)Immune-mediated infeilityMultiple sclerosisAntiphospholipid syndromeAutoimmune Addison's diseaseGuillain-Barre syndromeSjogren's syndromPemphigus vulgarisStiff-man syndrome Pemphigus foliaceusAcute rheumatic fever Dermatitis herpetiformisSympathetic ophthalmia Autoimmune alopeciaGoodpasture's syndrome", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 95835bf6-f013-4b4e-9a46-c3f046eeca17 | [{'content': 'During relining procedures fear lies in the alteration of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Balanced occlusion, B. Centric occlusion, C. Vertical dimension, D. Condylar guidance', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 54054782-8948-4be1-861f-dd67a24a5b9c | [{'content': "Klenow fragment lacks the activity of? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3'-5' exonuclease, B. 5'-3' exonuclease, C. 5'-3' DNA polymerase, D. 3'-5' DNA polymerase", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 5'-3' exonucleaseDNA polymerase I is not the primary enzyme of replication; instead, it performs a host of clean-up functions during replication, recombination, and repair.When the 5'-3' exonuclease domain is removed, the remaining fragment (Mr 68,000), the large fragment or Klenow fragment, retains the polymerization and proofreading activities.Klenow fragment is a large protein fragment produced when DNA polymerase I from E. coli is enzymatically cleaved by the protease subtilisin.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Anatomy | 9adb4841-8e99-4f24-8f3e-54c8d169f62b | [{'content': 'Lesion of the marked structure affects all EXCEPT (AIIMS May 2019) \nSelect and explain. \nA. Superior rectus, B. Superior oblique, C. Inferior oblique, D. Medial rectus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Nerve pointed in diagram is oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball are innervated by 3 cranial nerves. 3 | lateral rectus innervated by 6th cranial nerve Superior oblique by 4th cranial nerve Remaining muscles by 3rd cranial nerve. Among these 3 cranial nerves, oculomotor nerve is most medial, trochlear is most lateral & abducens pierces dura mater b/w these two at base of cranial cavity. MUSCLE OF EYE ACTION SUPERIOR RECTUS ELEVATION, ADDUCTION, MEDIAL ROTATION OF EYE BALL. LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS ELEVATION OF UPPER EYELID MEDIAL RECTUS ADDUCTION OF EYEBALL. INFERIOR RECTUS DEPRESSION, ADDUCTION, LATERAL ROTATION OF EYEBALL. INFERIOR OBLIQUE ELEVATION, ABDUCTION, LATERAL ROTATION OF EYEBALL SUPERIOR OBLIQUE DEPRESSION, ABDUCTION, MEDIAL ROTATION OF EYEBALL CILIARIS AND SPHINCTER PUPILLAE CONSTRICTS CILIARY BODY & PUPIL', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 70f851da-1d36-4d09-a9f0-f7afc63c07ff | [{'content': 'Patient with severe acidosis is treated with \nSelect and explain. \nA. i.v. NaHCo3, B. Ringers lactate, C. Dextrose, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9aac7deb-5ed0-4f88-b20a-0b177ae8b839 | [{'content': 'Diagnodent uses what for detecting caries \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sound wave, B. Visible light, C. LASER, D. Nanotechnology', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | fab688a9-c8b9-49de-9fd1-596e226477e6 | [{'content': 'Under National Health Mission which committee makes plan for village health? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Panchayat health committee (PHC), B. Village health planning and management committee (VHPMC), C. Village health sanitation and nutrition committee (VHSNC), D. RogiKalyan Samiti', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Village health sanitation and nutrition committee (VHSNC)Ref: K Park, 23'd ed,, pg. 450-451 and Health Policies and Programmes in India, DK Taneja, I2'h ed., pg. 82VHSNC:Sub-committee or a standing committee of the Gram Panchayat.The VHSNC acts as a platform for convergence between different depaments & committees at village level.The VHSNCs shall be suppoed to develop village health plans to ensure convergent action on social determinants of health, ensure access to health services, especially of the more marginalised sections in the village, and suppo the organization of the Village Health and Nutrition Day.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 074bdefd-cba3-4e8f-8e9c-b1f75493c7ce | [{'content': 'Anodontia affects the growth of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxilla, B. Mandible, C. Alveolar bone, D. Cranium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 57660d4b-51d1-41b9-bdb7-05daa16b71b1 | [{'content': 'The most mucostatic impression material is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thin mix of plaster of paris, B. Zinc oxide eugenol impression paste, C. Free flowing wax, D. Reversible hydrocolloids', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Impression plaster is a β-calcium sulfate hemihydrate used at a water/powder ratio of approximately 0.5 to 0.6. Its fluidity\xa0makes it suitable for making impressions of soft tissues in the uncompressed state, a characteristic of mucostatic impression\xa0material.\nRest all options are mucocompressive impression materials.\nRef:\xa0Phillips 12edition page no 177', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b046407a-84fe-432c-8df8-32545b94d5dd | [{'content': 'Wrong among following about Irritated mandible \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior mandible is most common site, B. HBO THERAPY success rate is 94 to 100%, C. Mandible is most commonly affected bone in the entire craniofacial skeleton, D. Radiation less than 55 is low risk for implant success', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 7f88c1d5-fa5c-4502-aa06-9bb265fda88e | [{'content': 'Facial nerve injury during forceps delivery in labour is due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mastoid process is absent at birth, B. Parotid gland in developing stage, C. Beak of forceps engages main trunk of facial Nerve, D. Sublingual hematoma during delivery causes neuropraxia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 6ec7c97f-5287-46e6-82ec-75ded2b07a1c | [{'content': 'A sevoflurane vaporizer can accurately deliver the dose of an anesthetic agent. It resembles it in which of the following propeies? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Molecular weight, B. Oil gas paition coefficient, C. Blood gas paition coefficient, D. Vapor pressure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Vapor pressureVapor pressure is directly propoional to temperature.Increasing temperature will increase the ratio of gas:liquid molecules, thereby increasing vapor pressure.Vapor pressure is independent of atmospheric pressure and is contingent only on the temperature and physical characteristics of the liquid.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Anatomy | efb7462f-4c82-471a-9050-04c342078b35 | [{'content': 'Which of the following projects efferent fibers through the marked structure:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hippocampus, B. Mammillary body, C. Caudate nucleus, D. Amygdala', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Hippocampus The marked structure is the fornix which is the major output tract for the hippocampus, which is a functional pa of the papez circuit Papez circuit: pa of limbic system associated with memory & emotions.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Physiology | b8a31186-4e61-46f8-bf04-c3e22f907418 | [{'content': 'Sequential arrangement question on JVP. Staing with "a" wave. A-First hea sound B-T wave C-R wave D-Rapid ejection phase \nSelect and explain. \nA. A,B,C,D, B. A,C,D,B, C. C,A,D,B, D. D,C,B,A', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Sequential arrangement - JVP waves: - A wave - atrial systole C wave - Iso volumetric contraction V wave - Iso volumetric relaxation Arrangement of ventricular events - Atrial systole - 'A' wave in JVP, | Ventricular systole - 'QRS' complex (ventricular depolarization) | AV valves closes - 1st hea sound | SL valve open - rapid ejection | Ventricular repolarization - T - wave", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 953391a8-ee52-4e36-879f-67eaf1f68ae3 | [{'content': 'Maximum masticatory forces taken up by which fibers: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Alveolar crest, B. Oblique, C. Horizontal, D. Apical', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 4d93aaa2-b44e-4c76-9332-7110cc1cfa63 | [{'content': 'Most characteristic feature of mandibulofacial dysostosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Normal hearing, B. Normal vision with coloboma, C. Mandibular prognathism, D. Vertical maxillary excess', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 70c721b1-9c86-4a0a-8734-cfe46d206f5a | [{'content': 'What is the function of filtration process while taking radiographs? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Remove the short wavelength photons, B. Remove the portion of long wavelength photons, C. To increase the radiation dose to patient, D. To increase scatter of secondary radiation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | d89b269b-52d2-4f8a-b9b3-9e5727a05aea | [{'content': 'An 8 year old boy complaints of increasing muscle weakness. On examination, his calves are bulky and show muscle tightening. His serum creatine kinase levels are increasing with age. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy, B. Myelin deficiency, C. Dystrophin deficiency, D. Congenital myopathy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Dystrophin deficiencyMost likely diagnosis is duchenne Muscular Dystrophy due to Dystrophin deficiency.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 20b7d2a0-caab-4ee1-8141-ebfd769ac33f | [{'content': 'Transfer of hinge opening axis is compulsory in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Partially edentulous, B. Complete edentulous, C. Orthodontics, D. Planning to change vertical dimensions', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 6f1fdbc9-920f-4bff-b2eb-ba300fd9cc59 | [{'content': 'Which of these findings is not specific of blast injury? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Abrasion, B. Bruise, C. Puncture laceration, D. Fracture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Fracture(Ref: Reddy 34/e 1)225-227, 33/e p239-240; Parikh 6/e p4.183; Sabiston 19/e p6I2-613; Bailey 26/e p430 25/e p422-423)Fracture is not specific of blast injury.Marshall's triad:Diagnostic of explosive injury.Includes bruises, abrasions & puncture lacerations.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 28d96ad9-427e-4a5f-88a7-deb8c35d48ef | [{'content': 'An investigator want to know the similarity of the mean peak flow of expiratory rates and non-smokers, light smokers, moderate smokers, & heavy smokers. Which is statistical test of significance: \nSelect and explain. \nA. One way ANOVA, B. Two way ANOVA, C. Student-t test, D. Chi square test', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a21105e6-e66d-4ae5-ab2d-cee0c3b6bd4d | [{'content': 'Crab claw separator is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Farrier separator, B. Elliot separator, C. Both, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 53d58d7a-d546-4b1a-88a7-fa7348ff08a5 | [{'content': 'All are secondary colonizers except \nSelect and explain. \nA. S. sanguis, B. P. intermedia, C. Fusobacteria, D. P. gingivalis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 806f2722-6237-4681-90d7-6c43b7f40634 | [{'content': 'Passavant’s ridge is located on which of the following: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterior wall of oropharynx, B. Anterior wall of oropharynx, C. Posterior wall of nasopharynx, D. Anterior wall of nasopharynx', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The upper fibres of palatopharyngeus form a spincter internal to superior constrictor. These fibres constitute passavant’s muscle, which on contraction raises passavent’s ridge on the posterior wall of nasopharynx.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b31e3c42-29b5-4773-aec7-c8e8c7c9e444 | [{'content': 'Apical foramen is found at root apex in \nSelect and explain. \nA. 17-46% of cases, B. 5-10 % of cases, C. 10-30% of cases, D. 100% of cases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Microbiology | 4f698c06-2027-440c-b790-bd59cb4e0c56 | [{'content': '1-3 beta - d - glucan assay is done for which infection? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Invasive candidiasis, B. Cryptococcus, C. Penicillium, D. Rhinicerebral mucormycosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Beta-d- glucan is an attractive antigen in that it is found in a broad range of fungal agents, including the commonly encountered agents Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii. Cryptococcus- capsular antigen detection from CSF or serum by latex agglutination test is a rapid and sensitive test. Pneumocystis carinii- no serological test available Mucormycosis- Can be diagnosed by KOH mount showing , non-septated hyphae branching at obtuse angle', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 3e5e641e-80c1-42e1-9d7d-e659bde99dbe | [{'content': 'Which of the following is rapid source of energy by resynthesizing ATP for exercising muscles is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glycolysis, B. Glycogenolysis, C. TCA cycle, D. Phosphocreatine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Glycolysis(Ref Guyton 13/e p1087. Ganong 25/e p108, 24/e p106)Phosphocreatine:Rapid source of energy by resynthesizing ATP for exercising muscles.During periods of high activity, cycling of phosphorylcreatine allows for quick release of ATP to sustain muscle activity.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3f41f911-cf5c-4227-b32b-7efd0b2fc191 | [{'content': 'Midazolam cannot be given by which of the following routes: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oral, B. Inhalation, C. Intra muscular, D. Intra venous', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 018e350b-8675-4b2d-99a2-eba98fe07f31 | [{'content': 'All are signs of hydrocephalus in a neonate except –a) Enlarged headb) Sunset signc) Crack post signd) Depressed fontanelle \nSelect and explain. \nA. ab, B. cd, C. bd, D. ac', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: "Cracked pot or inacewan sign indicates raised intracranial pressure after sutures and fontanels have closed"\nFontanelle is wide and bulging (not depressed)\nSigns of Increased intracranial tension in infants \nSeparation of cranial sutures —> Earliest sign\nWide bulging anterior fontanelle\nIncreased head circumference\nPapilledema does not occur in infants because separation of sutures and open fontanelle compensate for increase in the intracranial pressure. However, if ICT rises very rapidly papilledema may occur.\nMacewan or cracked pot sign occurs after sutures and fontanelle have closed (not in neonate)\nProjectile vomiting\nHeadache -3 Particularly in early morning\nDiplopia & sixth nerve palsy\nSun set sign --> Eyes deviate downward because of impingement of the dilated suprapineal recess.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Psychiatry | f19f48e2-8706-4f8b-bca5-66c3000f7b27 | [{'content': 'About depersonalization, which of the following is false: \nSelect and explain. \nA. More common in females than male, B. Common in patients with seizure and migraine, C. Common with post life threatening accidents, D. Reality testing is lost', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Depersonalization: Feeling of unreality of self or detachment from self, also called 'as if' phenomenon. Derealization: Feeling of unreality of the world. The reality testing is intact in both the phenomenon (according to DSM-V)", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 2d1e9927-b2bc-469b-a26f-49ff06d91fda | [{'content': 'Antiemetic action is due to which propey of metoclopramide? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5-HT3 antagonist, B. D, antagonist, C. 5-HT4 agonist, D. M3 antagonist', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. D, antagonist(Ref: Goodman Gilman 12Ie p1325; Katzung 13/e p1062, 12Ie 0092; KDT 7Ie p665).Metoclopramide:Dopamine D, receptor antagonist.Mixed 5-HT 3 eceptor antagonist & 5-HT, receptor agonist.Antiemetic action due to its antagonist activity at D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the central nervous system-this action prevents nausea & vomiting triggered by most stimuli.At higher doses, 5-HT, antagonists activity may also contribute to the antiemetic effect.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 55cf89e3-a464-43f3-8790-669a47a1be85 | [{'content': 'Epsilon in high copper amalgam is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cu6Sn5, B. Ag3Sn, C. Cu3Sn, D. Ag2Hg3', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Microbiology | 02f27add-bf4d-4155-81aa-8f537546ceda | [{'content': 'Blood on OT floor is cleaned by? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Phenol, B. Alcohol based compounds, C. Chlorine based compounds, D. Quaternary ammonium compounds', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Sodium hypochlorite (1%) is used as laboratory disinfectant for disinfectingblood and other specimens and is also used for disinfecting the blood spillage area.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 5969f19a-3697-4e23-a8de-b63dbe06997e | [{'content': 'Regarding Influenza, not true statement is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Secondary attack rate 5-15%, B. Virus shedding present before the patient presents with symptoms, C. 1-5 years age is not a high risk age group, D. Aquatic birds are reservoir', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: - High risk age group of influenza include, - those > 65 years & - those < 5 years', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6a86faf5-cc79-438b-b82f-53839e1ce3ab | [{'content': 'Which one of the following is the role of barrier membrane in GTR? \nSelect and explain. \nA. To help overall healing, B. Prevention of epithelial migration, C. To stop bleeding, D. To prevent the underlying tissues from the infection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f447d416-8b56-4a22-a6bc-9b3467fc4b1d | [{'content': 'Suture technique is called as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Simple loop suture., B. Sling suture., C. Figure eight suture., D. Simple sling suture.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9efd66e5-5dcc-4213-ba60-a590e2f02625 | [{'content': 'Functional appliances in skeletal class II are indicated when: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxilla is normal, mandible is retrognathic, B. Maxilla is prognathic, C. Mandible is retrognathic in a mature individual, D. When severe crowding is present', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Moderate to severe skeletal class-II malocclusion division 1 cases due to a short or retrognathic mandible are ideally suited for functional appliance treatment.\nClass II division 2 type of malocclusions may be treated with functional appliances after correcting the axial inclinations of maxillary anteriors.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | e12d833f-2b7c-44e6-b395-70341c49eb5a | [{'content': 'A healthy center repos 40 to 50 cases in a week in the community. This week there are 48 cases normally. This is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epidemic, B. Sporadic, C. Endemic, D. Outbreak', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. EndemicRef: Park's Text book Preventive & Social Medicine 24th edn; Page no. 98 EndemicConstant presence of a disease or infectious agent in a defined geographical area.It is the usual or expected frequency of a disease in a population.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 53b12087-73b5-4305-a270-6c382f23a6b7 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is a phosphoryn indicating dentin presence \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nestin, B. Arestin, C. Collagen, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 49929359-b1a1-436e-9df2-31b0b129f0d7 | [{'content': 'Cartilage of larynx are developed from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3rd arch cartilage., B. 4th arch cartilage., C. 4&5 arch cartilage., D. 4&6 arch cartilage.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 65491c14-e081-4a90-94be-d0db9ef0325f | [{'content': 'A 13 year old girl with soft painful swelling on posterior aspect of thigh. Color Doppler showed multiple venous channels without any major arterial feeder. All of the following are liquid embolizing agents except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cyanoarylate, B. Sodiumtetradecyl sulphate, C. Polyvinyl alcohol, D. Absolute alcohol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Polyvinyl alcohol is not a liquid embolizing agent.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | af9a1805-2fda-43e1-9c73-64731258f12c | [{'content': 'The mean systolic blood pressure was measured in a sample population of elderly females and came out to be 125 mm Hg with a standard detion of 10. 95 percent of people would have blood pressure above: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 105 mm Hg, B. 110 mm Hg, C. 115 mm Hg, D. 140 mm Hg', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 110 mm Hg(Ref: Park 24/e p 886)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1245ee8a-b80f-488c-b1a2-2ad91e1484b0 | [{'content': 'Sequence of treatment in patient with caries in relation to 51, 52, 61 & 62: \nSelect and explain. \nA. History taking-oral care assessment-caries risk assessment-diet counseling-restoration-fluoride application, B. History taking-oral care assessment-caries risk assessment-diet counseling-fluoride application-restoration, C. History taking-caries risk assessment- oral care assessment–diet counseling -restoration-fluoride application, D. History taking-oral care assessment caries risk assessment-restoration-fluoride application diet counseling', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Sequence of treatment in patient with caries in relation to 51, 52, 61 & 62 is history taking-oral care assessment-caries risk assessment-diet counseling-fluoride application-restoration.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | f4431627-6919-4c67-b3fa-eebf37335434 | [{'content': 'Pernicious anaemia occurs in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vit B1 deficiency, B. Vit B12 deficiency, C. Vit C deficiency, D. Vit D deficiency', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The most important disease associated with vitamin B12 deficiency is pernicious anemia. lt is characterized\xa0 by\xa0 low\xa0 hemoglobin\xa0 levels, decreased\xa0 number\xa0 of\xa0 erythrocytes\xa0 and neurological manifestations. One or more of the following causes are attributed to the occurrence of pernicious anemia.\n\nAutoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells that secrete intrinsic factor. In the absence of lF, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed.\nHereditary malabsorption of vitamin B12\nPartial or total gastrectomy-these individuals become intrinsic factor deficient.\nInsufficient production of lF and/or gastric HCl, occasionally seen in older people.\nDietary deficiency of B12,\xa0 is seen among the\xa0 strict\xa0 vegetarians of\xa0 low\xa0 socioeconomic group in the developing countries (lndia, Srilanka etc.).\n\nKey Concept:\xa0\nThe most important disease associated with vitamin B12 deficiency is pernicious anemia.\nReference: Satyanarayana Biochemistry 3rd\xa0 ed page no 155', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 17529d1c-10a7-46d0-8f1c-070aa64234e5 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of multiple myeloma? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increased Ig levels in serum, B. Positive ANA, C. Plasmacytosis, D. M spike on electrophoresis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B. Positive ANASerum electrophoresis: Abnormal spike in the region of gamma globulin (myeloma spike) is present in 90% of cases.* Bone marrow plasmacytosis in multiple myeloma is characteristically more than 30%.* The immunoglobulin least commonly involved in Multiple Myeloma is IgD.* The immunoglobulin most commonly involved in Multiple Myeloma is IgG. - Low haemoglobin, - high ESR (usually very high), - increased total protein, - A/G ratio reversed, - increased serum calcium, - normal alkaline phosphatase. - Urine: Bence Jones proteins are found in 30% of cases.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f7a14264-3ccd-4354-b975-2a82ee0150e3 | [{'content': 'Major pattern of accessory canals in mandibular molar is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. A lateral canal extends from coronal 3rd to furcal region in distal canal., B. Presence of both lateral & furcal canal, C. Single furcation canal extend from pulp chamber to intra-radicular region, D. Variable pattern & depend on age of patient', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 955c6422-0b51-40dd-b6ea-bb0e88ffa035 | [{'content': 'All are true about enamel rods except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Length of enamel rods is same as the thickness of enamel, B. Enamel rods are narrow at DEJ and wide at tooth surface., C. Under light microscope seen as Fish scale, D. Tail is more resistant to caries than the core', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Enamel rods have wavy path, hence length of enamel rod is more than the thickness of the enamel.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 65639a35-9603-40ce-9584-aaf1f53c71d4 | [{'content': 'A patient with history of coronary aery disease presents with pulse rate of 48/min and low BP. Patient has decreased myocardial contractility on Echo. Which of these anesthetic agents is contraindicated? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fentanyl, B. Etomidate, C. Ketamine, D. Dexmedetomidine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Dexmedetomidine(Ref KDT 7/e p384; Katzung 13/e p I 45, 12/e p445)This case patient has bradycardia & hypotension.Hence, Dexmedetomidine is contraindicated in hypovolemia, hypotension, hea block and congestive hea failure.Dexmedetomidine - Side effects:Similar to those with clonidine (hypotension, bradycardia & dry mouth ).Contraindications:Hypovolemia.HypotensionHea block.CHF prior to administration.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | c0bb09db-0721-44e8-85a9-9adefcf98f25 | [{'content': 'Which of the following nerves supplies the ear lobule? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Greater auricular nerve, B. Lesser occipital nerve, C. Facial nerve d, D. Auriculotemporal nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans:. A. Greater auricular nerve (Ref Gray's 41/e p627, 40/e p620)Greater auricular nerve supplies ear lobule.Sensory nerves of ear:Great auricular nerve - Supplies most of cranial surface & posterior pa of lateral surface (helix, antihelix, lobule).Lesser occipital nerve - Supplies upper pa of cranial surface.Auricular branch of vagus - Supplies concavity of concha & posterior pa of eminentia.Auriculotemporal nerve - Supplies tragus, crus of helix & adjacent pa of helix.Facial nerve + auricular branch of vagus - Supplies small areas on both aspects of auricle, concha depression & its eminence.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 593f6b1c-c039-46aa-b81e-f418ed39ed6c | [{'content': 'All are true of paracetamol poisoning expect? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acetylcysteine in antidote, B. Asymptomatic for 24 to 30 hours, C. 10 mg is safe dose, D. Acetylcysteine block glutathione in paracetamol poisoning', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 57d7d8c5-91d4-4123-952e-0256f1a0e7d6 | [{'content': 'Theories which define the etiology of thumb sucking: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sigmond Freud theory., B. Oral drive theory., C. Benjamin theory of rooting reflex., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 0ce2a16b-40f9-4f27-b5e0-24b1f906e4ba | [{'content': "Which of the following is true for ESI act? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Funeral benefit is up to Rs 50,000, B. The State Government's share of expenditure on medical care is 1/8; the ESI Corporation's share of expenditure on medical care is 7/8 of total cost, C. Person with daily wages of Rs 70 has to contribute Rs 300 towards ESI, D. Employee has to contribute 4.75% and employer contributes 8.75%", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. The State Government's share of expenditure on medical care is 1/8; the ESI Corporation's share of expenditure on medical care is 7/8 of total costESI Act: The State Government's share of expenditure on medical care is 1/8; the ESI Corporation's share of expenditure on medical care is 7/8 of total cost.Employees State lnsurance Act (1948):Funeral benefit is up to Rs 5000The State Government's share of expenditure on medical care is 1/8 of total cost of medical care; the ESI Corporation's share of expenditure on medical care is 7/8 of total cost of medical care.Person with daily wages of less Rs.70 per day are exempted from making any paymentsThe employer contributes 4.75% of total wage bill; the employee contributes 1.75% of wages.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 44588787-ffcc-4c4c-b31b-5616520ee30f | [{'content': 'Nausea and vomiting postoperatively can be because of all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Blood ingested, B. N2O, C. Opioid, D. Acetaminophen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 9859d4a2-274f-47eb-b20f-ca5309440793 | [{'content': 'Disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus which is not mediated through a toxin is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Food poisoning, B. Septicemic shock, C. Toxic shock syndrome, D. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Septicemic shockSepticemia is mainly due to endotoxin like activity as seen in Gram-negative bacilli and not due to exotoxin. Clinically, Staphylococcus aureus sepsis presents like that documented for sepsis due to other bacteria. Septicemic shock is not directly caused due to toxins and other virulence factors play a role like protein A, fibrinolysin and coagulase, which are anti-phagocytic, suppress host immunity and helps in the spread of infection. Septicemia is mainly due to endotoxin tike activity as seen in Gram-negative bacilli and not due to exotoxin. S.aureus produces free types of toxin: cytotoxins, pyrogenic toxin superantigens, and exfoliative toxins. Both epidemiologic data and studies in animals suggest that antitoxin antibodies are protective against illness in TSS' staphylococcal food poisoning, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). Illness develops after toxin synthesis and absorption and the subsequent toxin-initiated host response", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 5603de35-adb1-4612-a9ea-1e719e1aa879 | [{'content': 'A patient had a femur fracture for which internal fixation was done. Two days later, the patient developed sudden onset shoness of breath with low-grade fever. What is the likely cause? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pneumothorax, B. Fat embolism, C. Pleural effusion, D. Congestive hea failure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Fat embolism"Fat embolism is a common phenomenon following limb fractures. Circulating fat globules larger than 10 pm in diameter occur in most edults after closed fractures of long bones and histological traces of fat can be found in the lungs and other internal organs.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | a9210029-3bfe-4b2f-8e44-894e87e368d0 | [{'content': 'Localization of the receptor of a hormone Xis found to be in the nucleus. What is likely to be X? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Adrenaline, B. Insulin, C. Thyroxine, D. FSH', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. ThyroxineRef Ganong 25/e p300, 24Ie p300; Harper 30Ie p501).Thyroxine is a lipophilic hormone that acts on nuclear receptor.Steroids and thyroid hormones are distinguished by their predominantly intracellular sites of action, since they can diffuse freely through the cell membrane.They bind to a family of largely cytoplasmic proteins known as nuclear receptors.Upon ligand binding, the receptor-ligand complex translocates to the nucleus where it either homodimerizes, or associates with a distinct liganded nuclear receptor to form a heterodimer.In either case, the dieter binds to DNA to either increase or decrease gene transcription in the target tissue.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 26b5fd02-126f-4f69-869a-7af4865074b9 | [{'content': 'Endo-cochlear potential is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. +45 mV, B. --45mV, C. -60mV, D. +85 mV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D.+85 mV(Ref Ganong 25/e p204, 24/e p203; Guyton I 3/e p677)Endocochlear potential:Cells in stria vascularis have a high concentration of Na, K ATPase.Exists all time between endolymph & perilymph.Positivity inside scala media & negativity outside.This is called endocochlear potential.Generated by continual secretion of positive potassium ions into scala media by stria vascularis.Normal: +85 mV', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 91b8c11b-1fd3-40dc-9660-5756b52296ed | [{'content': "Statistical `Q' test is used for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Comparing the propoion of means of 2 groups, B. To determine outliars, C. To determine normality distribution, D. Comparing the propoion of means of more than 2 groups", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. To determine outliarsDixon's Q test, or simply the Q test, is used for identification and rejection of outliers.In statistics, an outlier is an observation point that is distant from other observations.An outlier may be due to variability in the measurement or it may indicate experimental errorOutliers can occur by chance in any distribution, but they are often indicative either of measurement error or that the population has a heavy-tailed distribution.This test should be applied sparingly and never more than once to a single data set.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 643e9f4a-030c-45b2-867a-2393445afea3 | [{'content': 'Drug acting on cell wall of gram positive bacteria:March 2009 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gentamycin, B. Ciprofloxacin, C. Tetracycline, D. Vancomycin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D: VancomycinVancomycins bind to the peptides of the peptidoglycan monomers and block both the formation of gycosidic bonds between the sugars by the transgycosidase enzymes and the formation of the peptide cross-links by the transpeptidase enzymes. This results in a weak cell wall and osmotic lysis of the bacterium.The fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, fleroxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin, etc.) work by inhibiting one or more of a group of enzymes called topoisomerase, enzymes needed for supercoiling, replication and separation of circular bacterial DNA.For example, DNA gyrase is a topoisomerase that catalyzes the negative supercoiling of the circular DNA found in bacteria. Topoisomerase IV, on the other hand, is involved in the relaxation of the supercoiled circular DNA, enabling the separation of the interlinked daughter chromosomes at the end of bacterial DNA replication.In gram-positive bacteria, the main target for fluoroquinolones is DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), an enzyme responsible for supercoiling of bacterial DNA during DNA replication; in gram-negative bacteria, the primary target is topoisomerase IV, an enzyme responsible for relaxation of supercoiled circular DNA and separation of the inter-linked daughter chromosomes.The tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline, etc.) block bacterial translation by binding reversibly to the 30S subunit and distoing it in such a way that the anticodons of the charged tRNAs cannot align properly with the codons of the mRNA.The aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, netilmicin, tobramycin, gentamicin, amikacin, etc.) bind irreversibly to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 615cc399-cebf-4f14-bf98-bf7f8177ee91 | [{'content': 'Typical lipoprotein contains \nSelect and explain. \nA. Free cholesterol + Phospholipid at periphery, B. Cholesteryl ester + FA at center, C. Proteins as apoproteins, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | d84a0b3e-1f4c-4c23-a0a1-811a66c6bdbd | [{'content': 'Treatment of choice in a patient with a staghorn calculus with mild hydronephrosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. ESWL, B. PCNL, C. RIRS, D. Open surgery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. PCNLPCNL is the best answer as the patient has hydronephrosis and in an obstructed system ESWL is not useful as stone fragments don't get cleared.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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