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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Medicine | 2e0115a1-4971-407d-b5a1-ec1a70e6e066 | [{'content': 'Asymptomatic hep B is common in 2-3% normal population, but there is increased risk of transmission into hepatocellular carcinoma. Why? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inability to induce inflammation to remove the organism, B. High level of transaminases, C. High rate of proliferation of virus, D. Integration of viral DNA with host DNA', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Option A- Explanation for carrier stage Option C- Refers to high infectivity of the virus so basically higher chances of infection but not cancer. Option D- This leads to inhibition of apoptosis so might cause cancer of liver (HCC)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 21169a78-5846-4846-8493-ca2a4d646070 | [{'content': 'Which of the following alloys has the highest coefficient of friction? \nSelect and explain. \nA. SS, B. TMA, C. Ni-Ti, D. Elgiloy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The surface of NiTi is rougher (because of surface defects, not the quality of polishing) than that of beta-Ti, which in turn is rougher than steel. However, there is little or no correlation for orthodontic wires between the coefficients of friction and surface roughness. (i.e., interlocking and plowing are not significant components of the total frictional resistance).\xa0\nAlthough NiTi has greater surface roughness, beta-Ti has greater frictional resistance, it turns out that as the titanium content of an alloy increases, its surface reactivity increases, and the surface chemistry is a major influence on frictional behavior. Thus, beta-Ti, at 80% titanium, has a higher coefficient of friction than NiTi at 50% titanium, and there is greater frictional resistance to sliding with either than with steel.\nKey Concept\nAlthough NiTi has greater surface roughness, beta-Ti has greater frictional resistance.\nRef: Proffit 4th edition page 378', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9e5703ad-fdbe-4f01-b3f8-6ff6b834dc44 | [{'content': 'Which of the following has strong familial inheritance: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Functional class III, B. Class I type I, C. Class II div I, D. Class II div II', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 10050537-157e-47df-8995-ca68cd67467e | [{'content': "Which anti-cholinergic drug doesn't cross the blood brain barrier and placenta? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glycopyrrolate bromide, B. Hyoscine bromide, C. Hyoscine butylbromide, D. Atropine", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Biochemistry | 42f5106c-e964-4e2c-b39d-b95f6246efae | [{'content': "Which of the following is a primarily RNA based technique? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Next generation sequencing, B. PCR, C. Sanger's technique, D. Western blotting", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: PCR is Reverse Transcriptase PCR, where staing material is RNA. It is used to make cDNA, which is amplified. Thus RNA can be amplified by this method and quantification of mRNA can also be done (see fig). Here we use Tth polymerase enzyme which has both reverse transcriptase and polymerase activity WITH REGARD TO OTHER OPTIONS: Western blot is to detect protein. Next generation sequencing & Sanger's technique are for DNA sequencing. ADDITIONAL EDGE: Used to detect RNA expression Sample here is RNA. This RNA is conveed to cDNA by enzyme reverse transcriptase. Tth polymerase (Thermus thermophilus HB-8) has Polymerase as well as reverse transcriptase activity when mixed with manganese ions and can thus be used for the amplification of RNA to cDNA. This polymerase is thermostable but does not has proofreading activity. So it is usually combined with a proofreading enzyme.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0b5c2552-58b8-43c0-a6ac-64e9cefc8720 | [{'content': 'A child accidentally swallows 10 cc of a 10% fluoride solution. The most effective immediate action is to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Have the child drink copious quantities of water, B. Have the child drink a 100/0 sodium bicarbonate solution, C. Have the child drink milk or some other calcium containing liquid, D. Send the child to the family physician', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 3ece38c1-ecea-4d9e-9287-a771ef5a29a6 | [{'content': 'I.V. anesthesia is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Propofol, B. Sevoflurane, C. Flumazanil, D. Naloxane', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 78a1bd5f-291f-4708-a187-40fd3bc901e2 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is carcinoma of the skin, spreads by local invasion and has no tendency to metastasise? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Malignant melanoma, B. Basal cell carcinoma, C. Fibrosarcoma, D. Leukoplakia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 07cbc168-01c1-4cb2-8cec-de6c18b9d29d | [{'content': 'Chronic alcoholic comes with pain epigastrium and recurrent vomiting. On examination guarding in upper epigastrium. Chest X-ray normal. What to do next? \nSelect and explain. \nA. UGI endoscopy, B. Serum lipase, C. CECT, D. Alcohol breath test', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Serum lipaseSerum amylase and lipases are the initial investigations done in patients with acute pancreatitis.CECT is the investigation of choice but the initial investigation in such patients.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 88e59728-2686-456d-b949-71aa89d0a69a | [{'content': 'Lateral movement of condyle is caused by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Contralateral lateral pterygoid muscle, B. Both lateral and medial pterygoid muscle, C. Epsilateral lateal pterygoid muscle, D. Bilateral contraction of lateral pterygoid muscle', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | f3dc5246-3f28-4033-aec4-be283724f4ed | [{'content': 'Submandibular duct is exposed via intraoral approach by incising the: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccinator, B. Mucous membrane, C. Masseter, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Anatomy | 95567c10-0007-466a-8b8e-8f8891806716 | [{'content': 'Purkinje fibers project to which of the following \nSelect and explain. \nA. Caudate nucleus, B. Red nucleus, C. Dentate nucleus, D. Ventero lateral nucleus of thalamus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Dentate nucleus Information processed in the Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum sent to deep cerebellar nuclei (4 in total), which form the cerebellar output. Largest collection of fibers originates from the dentate nucleus, which then project to contralateral ventral nucleus of thalamus after decussating in superior cerebellar peduncle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | ff386ce5-4735-41fe-8e0a-bc3be1999107 | [{'content': 'The bisecting angle technique is used to take \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bitewing radiographs, B. Periapical radiographs, C. True occlusal radiographs of the mandible, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | b317e9f7-2bdd-4fdc-a43f-e0855f5712f9 | [{'content': 'Physiological active form of cholesterol is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lipoprotein, B. Lipid, C. Free cholesterol, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Free Cholesterol is considered as physiological active form of the cholesterol.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ddce2d66-dfaa-4e23-99be-8bec0fa85bbd | [{'content': 'Most difficult access cavity preparation is in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mandibular incisors, B. Mandibular Canine, C. Mandibular premolar, D. Mandibular molar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pediatrics | 8af82f86-f0fe-46f3-8e14-58a77ec931bb | [{'content': 'A 4 - year - old child presented with painless genu valgum. X - ray bilateral knee was done and is shown below. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rickets, B. Scurvy, C. Congenital anomaly, D. Trauma to epiphysis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Scurvy X-ray - pencil thin outline of coex Subperiosteal hemorrhage Wimberger sign Pelkan spur Trummerfeld zone', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 27eecec7-69c5-40bd-9d90-c19e43acc9a3 | [{'content': 'A Patient is admitted with Insomnia, Agitation, Diarrhoea, Dilated pupils and Sweating, what is the type of poisoning? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Heroin, B. Cocaine, C. Cannabis, D. Ecstasy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Heroin* Insomnia, Agitation,Diarrhea and Altered sensorium* There may be white froth from mouth, in PM examination * Methadone is the drug of Choice', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 75782e42-9a55-4b14-a697-8c06a92870f3 | [{'content': 'A conventional gingivectomy will \nSelect and explain. \nA. Eliminate infra-bony pockets, B. Eliminate false pockets, C. Preserve width of attached gingiva, D. Facilitate healing by primary intention', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ae962062-af3e-4fcb-a952-a71b7a3c726d | [{'content': 'Increased depth in posterior palatal seal area of denture \ncauses: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tingling sensation, B. Gagging, C. Increased retention, D. Unseating of denture base', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 10919dfe-e40f-43e4-8e85-0a7679238e21 | [{'content': 'Pegloticase used in which of the following conditions? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chronic Gout, B. Psoriatic ahritis, C. RA, D. Paralytic Ileus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Chronic Gout* Pegloticase is a medication for the treatment of Severe, Treatment - Refractory, Chronic Gout.* It is a third line treatment in those in whom other treatments are not tolerated.* Drug is administered by infusion intravenously.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 71c8c85f-92ee-40ad-b1dd-42c8a9dacff7 | [{'content': 'True about cardiolipin is all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Found in inner mitochondrial membrane, B. Play role in process of apoptosis, C. Is Diphosphatidyl glycerol, D. Has choline base which has labile methyl group', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) is a phospholipid present in mitochondria.\xa0\xa0\nIt is formed from phosphatidylglycerol, which in turn is synthesized from CDP-diacylglycerol and glycerol 3-phosphate.\nCardiolipin, found in the inner membrane of mitochondria, has a key role in mitochondrial structure and function\xa0and is also thought to be involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis).\nCephalin: Has choline base which has labile methyl group.\n\xa0\nHarper's Illustrated Biochemistry 30th edition page no 248", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 825c94ac-5f3a-4ea3-a8dd-02f5ae83f7a3 | [{'content': 'During cryosurgery \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cells get evaporated, B. Cells will not die, only freeze, C. Cell death occurs when the temperature falls below -20°C, D. Patients need general anesthesia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Physiology | d947e9b8-6731-4b40-bbf5-9417c24dda50 | [{'content': 'Golgi tendon organ function is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Detects the dynamic change in muscle length, B. Detects the muscle tension, C. Detects the muscle stretch, D. Detects the muscle strength', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: There are two proprioceptors in a muscle: - Muscle spindle Golgi tendon organ - Situated in belly or muscle - Formed by intra-fusal fibres - Detects the length of muscle when muscle is stationary - Detect rate of change of length - Present in tendon - Made up of tendon fibres - Detects the muscle tension. - Detects rate of change of tension.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ed147f28-b004-4a01-8231-386f2551ee05 | [{'content': 'A cephalogram of a 10-year-old child shows ANB = -4° and facial angle of 98°. The case is of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxillary hypoplasia, B. Pseudoclass III malocclusion, C. True Class III malocclusion, D. Maxillary prognathism', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a01034cd-7b51-4717-ba9f-51476e477ff7 | [{'content': 'Tobacco Chewing/ smoking is the most common predisposing cause of which of the following: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cyclic neutropenia, B. Juvenile periodontitis, C. Necrotising periodontitis, D. Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 7f0e4478-76ad-4994-8749-b466e371c9fc | [{'content': 'The main arterial trunk supplying the infra temporal fossa is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Infratemporal artery, B. Deep temporal artery, C. Maxillary artery, D. Posterior superior alveolar artery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 4473f818-6954-484c-a9c9-48e5abd409df | [{'content': 'Reticulocytosis is seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hemolytic anemia, B. Megaloblastic anemia, C. Aplastic anemia, D. Iron deficiency anemia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Red cell precursors formed in the bone marrow from the erythroid (CFU–E) progenitor cells are called erythroblasts or normoblasts. These divide and acquire haemoglobin, which turns the cytoplasm pink; the nucleus condenses and is extruded from the cell. The first non-nucleated red cell is a reticulocyte, which still contains ribosomal material in the cytoplasm, giving these large cells a faint blue tinge (‘polychromasia’). Reticulocytes lose their ribosomal material and mature over 3 days, during which time they are released into the circulation. Increased numbers of circulating reticulocytes (reticulocytosis) reflect increased erythropoiesis.\nProliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors is stimulated by erythropoietin, a polypeptide hormone produced by renal interstitial peritubular cells in response to hypoxia. Failure of erythropoietin production in patients with renal failure causes anaemia, which can be treated with exogenous recombinant erythropoietin or similar pharmacological agents called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, e.g. darbepoetin.\nReference: : Davidson P R I N C I P L E S\xa0 \xa0and Practice O F M E D I C I N E 23rd edition page no\xa0 915', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 73b1ad96-1717-4bb2-930d-efa7e16bdc6f | [{'content': 'The material used in its pure form in dentistry is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Composite, B. Silver, C. Gold, D. Amalgam', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Pure gold has been in use in dentistry in the United States for more than 100 years. Various techniques have been advanced for its use in the restoration of teeth.\nRef: Sturdevant operative dentistry 7 ed page no e69', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 59e81c57-2a98-4ab7-a2cd-7a10034d04f7 | [{'content': 'MB2 (In maxillary first molar)can be seen through Dental operating microscope in what percentage of cases \nSelect and explain. \nA. 90-95%, B. 70-85%, C. 62-70%, D. 30-40%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | ce3daa75-37fc-41ba-b0ea-80182c3f9e5b | [{'content': "Post-auricular ecchymosis in cases of fracture of the base of the skull is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Battle's sign, B. Tinel's sign, C. Trousseau's sign, D. Nikolsky's sign", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | dcb2ad3a-cefa-4fde-9b24-b694b287f9d7 | [{'content': 'Transverse symphyseal fracture of mandible can be managed by all of the following, except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lag screws, B. 2 mm compression plate, C. 2.5 mm monocortical plate, D. 1.5 mm single miniplates', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 676875bf-59f3-4ad0-bac1-5d1df1c7720a | [{'content': 'Modified access cavity in maxillary molar to accommodate accessory orifice is known as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Clove leaf, B. Shamrock preparation, C. Both, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 95367fc3-c4d1-48f6-bcf4-8da8be3cfa2d | [{'content': "Most common cause of interochanteric fracture in old is - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Osteoporosis, B. Paget's dis, C. Osteopetrosis, D. Osteomalacia", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. OsteoporosisHaving osteoporosisHaving a history of other bone problems or fracturesHaving low bone density and low muscle mass', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 51580a67-7a2f-44fb-92f3-b0017142c32c | [{'content': 'Split finger technique is used for \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gingival augmentation, B. Sinus augmentation procedures, C. 1^st stage implant surgery, D. Creation of inter-implant papillae', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 64be099e-1057-4cd8-b5f1-f2e521c9ba6e | [{'content': "Second messenger for smooth muscle relaxation mediated by NO is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ca', B. cAMP, C. cGMP, D. Magnesium", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. cGMPRef.: Harper 30/e p290, 437)Second messenger for smooth muscle relaxation mediated by NO is cGMP."GTP serves as an allosteric regulator and as an energy source for protein synthesis, and cGMP serves as a second messenger in response to nitric oxide (NO) during relaxation of smooth muscle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 2fd187fb-bb8c-4b94-9f62-2748950ceb5a | [{'content': 'Which factor of the following contributes to short duration of anesthetic action of single dose thiopental \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rapid biotransformation, B. Rapid accumulation in body fat, C. High lipid solubility, D. Ability to enter and leave brain tissue every rapidly', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b8488adf-b96a-44e1-a681-3ed4a22ec5e6 | [{'content': 'Fibroblasts in pulp produces collagen \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type I only, B. Type II and III, C. Type I and III, D. Type II and I', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 559675a7-0767-47f2-bd6e-fc2279032447 | [{'content': 'If a bacteria were susceptible to both penicillin and Erythromycin, then it would not be appropriate to treat the patients with both antibiotics at the same time because \nSelect and explain. \nA. Penicillin is inactivated by erythromycin, B. Erythromycin exerts its effects extracellularly, C. Erythromycin enhances the β-lactamases activity, D. Penicillin is only effective against growing cells', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 1230c97d-c9b4-4b1d-8ced-986a8031ac45 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is false about indirect opthalmoscopy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Convex lens is used, B. Image is viual and erect, C. Magnification is 4-5 times, D. It is so bright that regular haziness is penetrated', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Image is viual and erectIndirect Ophthalmoscopy:Convex lens is used of +16 to +18 DiopterImage is real and inveedMagnification is 4-5 timesIt is so bright that regular haziness is penetrated, useful for hazy media.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | e4d56110-a077-483b-a4c3-8f6665e999c3 | [{'content': 'A child with 22-25 stool/day, 3 day old pneumonitis, no passage of urine from 36 hours. low B.P. Blood pH – 7.21. Urine Na+–18 meq/L, S. Urea 120, serum Creatinine 1.2 indicate – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acute cortical necrosis, B. Acute tubular necrosis, C. Pre–renal Azotemia, D. Acute medullary necrosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: History and clinical features of the child suggests that he is suffering from acute renal failure. From the given values we have to get the cause of this renal failure.\nH/o diarrhea with low BP suggest dehydration —> a cause of prerenal ARE', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0138bb1a-4772-4450-9dc8-9b8a626df007 | [{'content': 'Number of fossa in upper 1st molar \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2 major 2 minor, B. 3 major 2 minor, C. 2 major 1 minor, D. 1 major 2 minor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: 2 major fossa = Distal and Central\n2 minor fossa also known as triangular fossa= Distal and Mesial', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | bd1e4b62-2aed-4eb5-98cf-1b3573fed966 | [{'content': 'For wound healing which mineral is helpful? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcium, B. Selenium, C. Magnesium, D. Copper', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Medicine | 464d4742-246a-425e-9acb-7705512f8f5a | [{'content': 'Which of the following drugs is used for treatment of cancer associated thromboembolism? \nSelect and explain. \nA. LMW heparin, B. Anti-thrombin III inhibitors, C. Direct factor Xa inhibitors, D. Warfarin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Cancer is a hypercoagulable state, so there is clot formation in the leg of patient and that goes to brain and cause stroke like presentation. Rx= LMW heparin (enoxaparin 40 mg OD 4 weeks)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3d33288c-0bb6-4687-b003-ca9862ef96e0 | [{'content': 'Nuk Sauger Nipple is : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Non-physiologic nipple., B. Conventional nipple., C. Physiologic nipple., D. None.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | a318b5cf-a25d-4860-878c-e1d0295fa46f | [{'content': 'A child who was normal at bih develops chronic liver failure and muscle weakness at 3 months of age. On investigations, serum glucose is low, along with ketoacidosis and decreased pH. ALT and AST are raised. Blood lactate and uric acid levels are normal. Intravenous glucagon given after meals raises the blood glucose levels, but does not raise glucose when given after an overnight fast. Liver biopsy shows increased glycogen in liver. Which is the enzyme likely to be defective in this child? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glucose-6-phosphatase, B. Muscle phosphorylase, C. Branching enzyme, D. Debranching enzyme', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D: Debranching enzyme(Ref: Nelson 20/e p717-720; Harrison 19/e p433 e-2, 18Ie p3200, 3201)In this child, a combination of liver and muscle involvement with ketoacidosis and raised liver enzymes points towards Type III glycogen storage disease, i.e. Cori's disease caused by deficiency of debranching enzyme.Type IIIa Glycogen Storage Disease or Cori's Disease or Forbes Disease:Due to deficiency ofglycogen debranching enzyme activity.Debranching enzyme, together with phosphorylase, is responsible for complete degradation of glycogen. When debranching enzyme is defective, glycogen breakdown is incomplete and an abnormal glycogen with sho outer branch chains and resembling limit dextrin accumulates.Deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme causes hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, sho stature, variable skeletal myopathy & variable eardiomyopathy.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 17aac19b-ed5d-4038-9f3a-ec0c7478012e | [{'content': 'Ameloblastoma histologically resembles: \nSelect and explain. \nA. BCC, B. SCC, C. Osteosarcoma, D. Fibrosarcoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | fde19aa5-8a95-46c2-bbf9-5421b8d83b41 | [{'content': 'The depth of clinical gingival sulcus is the distance between the gingival margin to the \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cementoenamel Junction, B. Alveolar crest, C. Apical extension of junctional epithelium, D. Apical penetration of the probe', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Medicine | 74340a21-07b9-4e61-92a5-d4e4fb270de6 | [{'content': 'ECG shows a mean axis of 90 degrees. In which of the following would be present the maximum voltage of R wave? \nSelect and explain. \nA. III, B. I, C. aVF, D. aVL', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Lead I = R wave taller than S = +ve Lead avF = R wave taller than S = +ve', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8e282abb-59be-434b-be33-a0928db221ff | [{'content': 'Which of the following is a tertiary monoblock system of obturation of the root canal. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Resilon monoblock obturation, B. Active Gutta percha, C. Orthograde obturation with MTA, D. Gutta Percha and AH plus sealer', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | eb64ac60-ebb7-4851-8bbc-9251026bcbbc | [{'content': 'Which is false about apoptosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. No inflammation, B. Plasma membrane intact, C. Organelle swelling, D. Affected by dedicated genes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Apoptosis is genetically regulated, hence apoptosis is sometimes referred to as programmed cell death. Plasma membrane remains intact in apoptosis hence there is no leakage of enzymes and inflammation Apoptosis cause activation of caspase and protease which cause cells to shrink . Hence organelle swelling is not a feature of apoptosis. It is a feature of reversible cell injury or necrosis Characteristic feature of apoptosis microscopically is chromatin condensation', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2a994738-a611-44f3-abcc-729abd519c1b | [{'content': 'During polymerisation of acrylic resin, above what temperature benzoyl peroxide form free radicals? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 25°C, B. 37°C, C. 45°C, D. 60°C', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: The most commonly employed initiator is benzoyl peroxide, which is activated rapidly between 50°C and 100°C to release two free radicals per benzoyl peroxide molecule.\nReference: PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS, 12th ed page no 101', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 6b76c9ea-e2bf-48c6-8d3b-053f0f101ecb | [{'content': 'Radiolucencies of the jaw may be seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Multiple myeloma, B. Giant cell tumours, C. Hyperparathyroidism, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 693ea854-071d-4da2-a9b2-09c7b831b9d9 | [{'content': 'Test to exclude a disease \nSelect and explain. \nA. Positive predictivity, B. Negative predictivity, C. Specificity, D. Sensitivity', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | 751d9564-7804-41b2-a03d-210ffdcba7d6 | [{'content': 'Pharyngeal Pseudosulcus is seen secondary to- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vocal Abuse, B. Laryngopharyngeal Reflux, C. Tuberculosis, D. Corticosteroid usage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Vocal Sulcus/Laryngeal Sulcus \nIt is a groove along the mucosa and can be classified into three types:\nLaryngeal sulcus', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 81fa2f26-8518-4469-b610-3752eb1325ca | [{'content': 'During cobalt chromium crown reconstruction, temperature of soldering torch suddenly increases. In such case, which of the following property will change? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Yield strength decreases and percent elongation increases, B. Yield strength and percent elongation both increases, C. Yield strength increases and percent elongation decreases, D. Yield strength and percent elongation both decreases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Heat treatments of cobalt-based alloys reduce both the yield strength and elongation. If for any reason, some soldering or welding must be performed on these removable dental prostheses, the lowest possible temperature should be used with the shortest possible heating time.\nRef: Craig’s 14th edition page 194.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bbe40477-5e91-4c33-8623-9de8d296cdfe | [{'content': '4th generation apex locators are based on? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Frequency based, B. Impedence based, C. Multiple frequency ratio based, D. Resistance based', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7e7e1273-1ef7-4ff5-96c3-9bf3c3469cbe | [{'content': "Law of pulse oxymetry is based on \nSelect and explain. \nA. Doppler's law, B. Pascal's law, C. Poille's law, D. Beer Lambert's law", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 68dc3363-c18b-47c7-b20d-c538cc7febc8 | [{'content': 'The most common intraoral location for a pigmented\nnevi is the \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hard palate, B. Soft palate, C. Buccal mucosa, D. Floor of mouth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1ca4f1ef-d7dd-4909-bb00-e0c5700e2bf8 | [{'content': 'AIDS, secondary infection will be all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rubella, B. HSV, C. Candida, D. kaposis sarcoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 5ffac163-ef01-4c80-9439-6c5074d32b95 | [{'content': 'NN hick of the following tractions is not used in lower limb? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gallows, B. Bryant, C. Dunlop, D. Perkin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Dunlop(Ref Maheshwari 5/e p27)Dunlop traction:Used for supracondylar fracture of humerus, not for lower limb. Moleskin covered with elastic bandage:Uses of TractionsNameUseBryant's Traction('Fracture shaft of femur in children <2 yearsGallow's TractiondegFracture shaft of femur in children <2 yearsRussel's TractiondegFracture shaft of femur in older childrenPerkin's TractiondegFracture shaft of femur in adults90deg-90deg TractionFracture shaft of femur in childrenAgnes-Hunt TractionCorrection of Hip deformityWell-Leg TractionCorrection of adduction or abduction deformity of hipDunlop TractionSupracondylar fracture of humerusSmith's TractionSupracondylar fracture of humerusCalcaneal TractionOpen fractures of ankle or legMetacarpal TractionOpen forearm fracturesHead-Halter TractionCervical spine injuriesCrutchfield TractiondegCervical spine injuriesHalo-Pelvic TractionScoliosis", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 3ed188d6-3605-4419-b71e-118167218468 | [{'content': 'Earliest valvular lesion in a case of acute rheumatic fever is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mitral regurgitation (MR), B. Aortic Regurgitation(AR), C. Mitral stenosis (MS), D. Aortic Stenosis (AS)', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: In rheumatic fever valvular abnormalities usually are associated with chronic disease but mitral regurgitation is seen in acute rheumatic fever.\nMitral regurgitation is the commonest manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 2b9d12e5-fc33-46af-a2dd-a4a5cceae861 | [{'content': 'Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase is increased in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Renal failure, B. Prostatic carcinoma, C. Myocardial infarction, D. Pulmonary edema', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 46653ca7-d61a-4d6a-a135-91309eff9b49 | [{'content': 'Which is the best index for burden of disease? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Case fatality rate, B. Morbidity data, C. Dependency ratio, D. Disability adjusted life years', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Disability adjusted life years : Is a measure of the burden of disease in a defined population and the effectiveness of interventions; It expresses years lost to premature death and years lived with disability adjusted for its’ severity', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 88a28a1e-51c4-4199-8bf4-683278258bd4 | [{'content': "Peau d'Orange of breast is due to:September 2005, 2010, March 2007 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Obstruction of Vein, B. Obstruction of lymphatic ducts., C. Obstruction of glandular ducts, D. Obstruction of aeries", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B: Obstruction of lymphatic ductsInflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a very aggressive type of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin of the breast.This type of breast cancer is called "inflammatory" because the breast often looks swollen and red, or "inflamed", sometimes overnight, and can be misdiagnosed as mastitis.Invasion of the local lymphatic ducts impairs drainage and causes edematous swelling of the breast. Because the skin of the breast is tethered by the suspensory ligament of Cooper, the accumulation of fluid may cause the skin of the breast to assume a dimpled appearance similar to an orange peel (peau d\'orange).IBC is sometimes misdiagnosed as an insect bite or breast infection. In the case of IBC, a lump is usually not present as in other forms of breast cancer.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c9b3f6a9-ec49-4339-a06d-f7cf29e46c2d | [{'content': 'Most accurate method of determination of working length in a tooth with open apex: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Moisture on paperpoint, B. Electronic apex locator, C. Other digital method, D. Both 1 and 2', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Advantages of apex locators\n\nProvide objective information with high degree of accuracy.\nAccurate in reading (90-98% accuracy).\nSome apex locators are also available in combination with pulp tester, so can be used to test pulp vitality.\n\nDisadvantages of apex locators\n\nCan provide inaccurate readings in following cases:\n\t\nPresence of pulp tissue in canal\nToo wet or too dry canal\nUse of narrow file\nBlockage of canal\nIncomplete circuit\nLow battery\n\n\nChances of overestimation.\nMay pose problem in teeth with immature apex.\nIncorrect readings in teeth with periapical radiolucencies, and necrotic pulp associated with root resorption, etc., because of lack of viable periodontal ligament.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 95a455ca-7bba-4432-844f-1d1516a852cc | [{'content': 'Infection of masticatory space is usually associated with \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tonsillar abscess, B. Mandibular molar, C. Lateral pharyngeal space, D. Parotid space infection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 98200364-a113-4848-9149-fdd6106442a5 | [{'content': 'The patients with class II division 1 malocclusion have \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypertonic Lower Lip, B. Hypotonic Lower lip, C. Hypertonic upper Lip, D. Hypotonic upper lip', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | d9c876f6-673e-4ef8-8b2b-ec8a5d6c9d63 | [{'content': "Following road traffic accident, a patient with vague abdominal pain was immediately taken to the operation theatre for emergency laparotomy. On examination, a large, contained, stable, non-pulsatile retroperitoneal hematoma was found on the right side. One-shot IVU shows a barely discernible nephrogram on the right side and prompt uptake and excretion on the left side. What should be the next step to be done? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nephrectomy, B. Isolate the proximal renal vessels, open the Gerota's fascia and explore the kidney, C. Perform on table retrograde pyelography, D. Perform on table angiography", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. Isolate the proximal renal vessels, open the Gerota's fascia and explore the kidney-'With I7/e p281-286; Campbell 10th/1169-1178; Bailey 26th/1286-1288, 25th/1290-1291; JT Sturm, .IF Perry. Jr and A S Cass. Renal aery and vein injury following blunt trauma.Annals of surgery.Vol. 182 (6: 696-698.)", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 69ada823-ae84-4aa7-ae5e-ec757ce1da97 | [{'content': 'In mandibular angle fracture, which is most appropriate treatment? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 mini plate on oblique ridge, B. 2 mini plates on lateral surface of mandible, C. Compression plates, D. Reconstruction plates', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | abcdfc38-ab30-4fe8-8bd8-e8a7cb5b35e1 | [{'content': 'Which is not true about Juvenile periodontitis \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rate of bone loss is faster than normal periodontitis, B. There is predilection for female patients, C. The inflammatory process starts about simultaneously as the bone loss, D. Frequently bilateral symmetrical patterns of bone loss Occur', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8a04c842-70a5-4ba5-9645-c5ef4a5acd66 | [{'content': 'In normal dentition, in centric occlusion, opposing contact may be expected at? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccal slopes of lingual cusps of maxillary posterior teeth., B. Buccal slopes of buccal cusps of maxillary posterior teeth., C. Lingual slopes of lingual cusps of mandibular posterior teeth., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 96134923-f73b-48f4-8361-c964c3ab16b2 | [{'content': 'An elderly, hypeensive patient presented with sudden onset headache, vomiting, neck rigidity without focal neurological deficit. Diagnosis: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, B. Ischemic stroke, C. Subdural hemorrhage, D. Meningitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (Ref Harrison l9/e p1784, I8/e p2262-2263; Sobiston I9/e p1880-1882; Schwaz 9/e p1534-1536; Bailey 25/e p304)An elderly, hypeensive patient presented with sudden onset headache, vomiting, neck rigidity without focal neurological deficit, diagnosis in this case is subarachnoid hemorrhage.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 464819b5-1cf3-4723-9611-ba621fa980e4 | [{'content': 'The setting time of irreversible hydrocolloids can be decreased by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Raising the temperature of water used for mixing, B. Using excess water for mixing, C. Lowering the temperature of water used for mixing, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | e4f88c41-94bc-4c7e-ab06-3838045c7fab | [{'content': 'Drug binds to activate the receptor in same fashion, which directly or indirectly brings effect, is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inverse agonist, B. Antagonist, C. Agonist, D. Partial agonist', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 65f3f017-4699-470d-baaa-0743a0a5d10a | [{'content': 'Infective endocarditis is not seen in – \nSelect and explain. \nA. ASD, B. TOF, C. VSD, D. MR', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Endocarditis tends to occur in :\n\n\nHigh pressure areas (left side of heart)\nDownstream from sites where blood flows at a high velocity through a narrow orifice from a high to low-pressure chamber (distal to constriction in Coarctation of aorta)\nEndocarditis is unusual in sites with a small pressure gradient as ASD\nInfective endocarditis is very rare in patients of ASD\nEndocarditis occurs more frequently in patients with valvular incompetence than in those with pure stenosis.\nRisk of endocarditis in various lesions are :', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6e2bcc94-c91e-4f9d-af0c-2e049c7ac6c5 | [{'content': 'The systolic blood pressure in normal healthy males of age group of 40 — 60 has a normal distribution with a mean of 130 in a sample of 100. People with systolic blood pressure more than 130 will be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 100, B. 75, C. 50, D. 25', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | b3aa72de-f85c-407f-892b-9dae7d953417 | [{'content': 'Which of the following drugs does not affect DNA synthesis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rifampicin, B. Linezolid, C. Nitrofurantoin, D. Metronidazole', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Linezolid(Ref Goodman Gilman I3/e p796, 12/e p1537; Katzung 12/e p817; KDT 7/e p758, 817, 6/e p669)Linezolid inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the P site of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing formation of the larger ribosomal-fMet-tRNA complex that initiates protein synthesis.Nitrofurantoin - Works by damaging bacterial DNA.Metronidazole - Forms toxic free radical metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA.Rifampicin - Inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 89012d04-ecf7-4f9e-8885-2d75767323a0 | [{'content': 'Periodontosis manifests itself mainly in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Molars, B. Upper incisors, C. Molars and incisors, D. Premolars', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | cf208fc9-f8b2-47d0-b02e-df0f6acf4f59 | [{'content': 'Nerve fibres in pulp are \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sympathetic efferent post ganglionic, B. Parasympathetic post ganglionic, C. Motor fibres, D. Both autonomic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pharmacology | 9faa00b2-c959-441b-a202-4667f165ba64 | [{'content': 'A patient was schedule for surgery. Before giving anaesthesia, he was administered glycopyrrolate. What is rationale of giving glycopyrrolate before anaesthesia? \nSelect and explain. \nA. To allay anxiety, B. To decrease secretions, C. As inducing agent, D. For muscle relaxation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Preanaesthetic medication refers to the use of drugs before anaesthesia to make it safe and less unpleasant. When inhalation anaesthetic are given they inhibit the ciliary function therefore secretions in the respiratory pathway are not removed so we have to stop the secretions by administration of anti cholinergic drugs like atropine or glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrrolate is twice as potent and longer acting quaternary antimuscarinic which does not produce central effects. Antisecretory action is more marked than atropine and tachycardia is less marked. It acts rapidly when given i.v. and is the preferred antimuscarinic in anaesthetic practice.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | a45d9322-2e84-4b76-aa18-537bd856d604 | [{'content': 'All of the following are true about Ifosfamide except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is nitrogen mustard, B. Metabolised by CYP3A4 to form active metabolite, C. Chloracetaldehyde is active form, D. Less neurotoxic than cyclophosphamide', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Less neurotoxic than cyclophosphamideAt equivalent doses, the rate of chloroacetaldehyde generation with ifosfamide is 40 times greater than with cyclophosphamide. At equivalent doses, the rate of chloroacetaldehyde generation with ifosfamide is 40 times greater than with cyclophosphamide therefore it produces more platelet suppression, neurotoxicity and urothelial damage.IfosfamideIfosfamide is a synthetic analogue of cyclophosphamideIt is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agentMetabolism:Ifosfamide is a prodrug that requires metabolic activation by microsomal liver enzymes to produce biologically active compounds.Activation is mediated by cytochrome p450 --> CYP3A4 and deactivated by CYP3A-4 and CYP2B6The metabolic activation of Ifosfamide is an autoinducible process and besides producing active cytotoxic metabolites it also results in generation of some toxic metabolic byproducts that are responsible Side-Effects/Toxicity:Ifosfamide is a cyclophosphamide analogue, it has all the potential adverse effects Ifosfamide metabolite, rather than the parent drug is responsible for toxicity.Well known toxic metabolites of Ifosfamide: Acrolein and chloroacetaldehyde.Acrolein is responsible for Ifosfamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis.Chloroacetaldehyde is responsible for renal tubular damage and neurotoxicity.At equivalent doses, the rate of chloroacetaldehyde generation with ifosfamide is 40 timescyclophosphamide therefore it produces more platelet suppression, neurotoxicity and urothelial', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 97ef7cca-90c3-4c3c-bc58-28d2d5e1bc0b | [{'content': 'The organism which is involved in anaerobic infections of head and neck region is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Staphylococcus aureus, B. S. albus, C. Streptococci, D. Bacteroids', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 114fa1dd-9f36-4b84-9f6a-68303bc63931 | [{'content': 'Earliest diagnosis of pregnancy can be established safely by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. USG for fetal cardiac activity, B. Fetal cardiac Doppler study, C. hCG levels, D. MRI pelvis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. USG for fetal cardiac activity (Ref Williams 24/e p196; Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011; 37:625-628; Dutta 8/e p77-78, 7/e p68)Earliest diagnosis of pregnancy:Most accurate & safest method diagnose ble pregnancy at 6 weeks = USG for fetal cardiac activity.Transvaginal sonography:By 5 weeks:Reliably visualizes intrauterine gestational sac.Embryo visible transvaginally once mean sac diameter is 20 mm.Otherwise is anembryonic gestation.By 6 weeks:Embryo with cardiac activity.Cardiac motion visible when embryo length is 5 mm.If embryo <7 mm is unidentified with cardiac activity - Subsequent examination recommended in 1 week (American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2013a).Doppler:Most sensitive but unsafe in early pregnancy.Doppler examination of fetal vessels in early pregnancy should not be performed without a clinical indication.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | ceaefd37-4bad-48ef-a750-ff288990c99d | [{'content': 'Infarction of anterior inferior cerebellar artery may cause damage to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pyramidal tract, B. Lateral spinothalamic tract, C. Vestibular nuclei, D. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 133e30cf-e988-44dc-b6ab-6e3eee5f1197 | [{'content': 'Oral mucosa is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. keratinized squamous, B. stratified squamous, C. Squamous, D. Columnar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | aa2241ec-9245-4448-81c8-523222ef466f | [{'content': 'All of the following statements about cast cobalt\nalloys are true EXCEPT: \nSelect and explain. \nA. They have a modulus of elasticity twice that of gold alloys., B. They are more rigid than gold alloys., C. They have higher ductility than gold alloys., D. They have a lower proportional limit than gold alloys.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Gold\xa0is\xa0the\xa0most\xa0ductile\xa0and\xa0malleable\xa0metal.\xa0This\xa0property\xa0enables manufacturers to beat it into thin foils. Silver is second. Among other metals platinum ranks third in ductility and copper ranks third in malleability.\nMannapalli 3 ed page no 16', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 4422e6ec-c7c4-432f-808c-246ce51de206 | [{'content': 'Initial clicking of TMJ while opening is due to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Protruded condyle in respect to articular disc, B. Retruded condyle in respect to articular disc, C. Perforated disc, D. Lateral displacement of the condyle', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | ba74314a-2adf-4b6a-8c74-2c8c7f5b641f | [{'content': 'A 5-year old boy passed 18 loose stools in last 24 hours\nand vomited twice in last 4 hours. He is irritable but drinking fluids. The optional therapy for this child is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intravenous fluids, B. Oral rehydration therapy, C. Intravenous fluid initially for 4 hours followed by oral fluids, D. Plain water ad libitum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7d729666-d52d-4249-8e21-3636c121ed81 | [{'content': 'Nickel is added to wrought gold alloys as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Strengthener, B. Hardener, C. Whitens the alloy, D. Scavenger', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5c6f357f-dbae-4930-9dbc-e3f3a4d064b1 | [{'content': 'All of these are dental auxiliary dental materials except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dental impression wax, B. Ceramic, C. Casting investment, D. Impression compound', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Auxiliary dental material—Substance that is used in the construction of a dental prosthesis but that does not become a part of the structure.\nAuxiliary dental materials are substances used in the process of fabricating dental prostheses and appliances but that do not become part of these devices. These include acid-etching solutions, impression materials, casting investments, gypsum cast and model materials, dental waxes, acrylic resins for impression and bleaching trays, acrylic resins for mouth guards and occlusion aids, and finishing and polishing abrasives.\nReference: PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS, 12th ed page no 3, 5', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a28f499d-4b8d-4fb1-a6fa-b63497539f72 | [{'content': 'Treatment resins are given for which type of edentulous \nridges? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Abused ridges, B. Flabby ridges, C. Ridges with large tori on them, D. Ridges with bony resorption', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | be5656ab-bce8-4905-827d-45d9e99a9e1c | [{'content': 'Resilient silicone denture lining materials are superior \nto plasticized acrylic resin as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bond strength with a denture is increased, B. They remain resilient for a short time, C. They do not support fungal growth, D. Tissue adaptation is better', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Skin | 8e12446e-b9b5-4152-8cc5-9ef959931a31 | [{'content': 'A patient presents with focal alopecia areata. All of the following are associations of alopecia areata except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nail pitting, B. Atopy, C. Geographic tongue, D. Exclamatory mark', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Geographic tongueGeographic tongue (also known as benign migratory glossitis, erythema migrans lingualis, glossitis areata migrans, and transitory benign plaques ofthe tongue). An inflammatory condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 03efd4d9-076b-48c8-b17e-f13e3c87fd6e | [{'content': 'Delayed eruption of at least part of the dentition is a recognized feature of all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rickets, B. Congenital hyperthyroidism, C. Cleidocranial dysplasia, D. Cherubism', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 5dd40005-ebc1-4136-9b9b-70705d09e384 | [{'content': 'After the appearance of rash, prophylactic isolation of measles case is necessary for a minimum of:September 2007 \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2 days, B. 5 days, C. 7 days, D. 9 days', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B: 5 days', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7e0a6533-733d-48a0-88dd-3359674187b8 | [{'content': 'The usefulness of a screening test depends upon it \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sensitivity, B. Specificity, C. Reliability, D. Predictive value', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 420bd3ce-8f20-44dc-b74f-2dcb97069594 | [{'content': 'Brushing technique for gingival recession \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bass, B. Stillman, C. Charter, D. Modified stillman', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | a54d8e6b-93a9-4ed1-b7fa-c6b7882342e9 | [{'content': 'The intramuscular administration of 0.6 mg of atropine sulphate to a 50 kg adult may produce all of the following effects except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bradycardia, B. Decreased salivation, C. Decreased sweating, D. Mydriasis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7180b273-ff8e-4ef1-ba53-231ad5eba164 | [{'content': "In a 19 years old patient, with a swelling over the left angle of the mandible, temperature of 38°C and negative history of trauma, one should suspect: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spontaneous fracture of the mandible, B. Pericoronal infection, C. Mumps, D. Sjogren's syndrome", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 97e96705-d952-463a-90bd-a03aa16d4772 | [{'content': '2nd optimal landmark for termination of cleaning, shaping and obturation is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apical constriction, B. Cementodentinal junction, C. Major diameter, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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