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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | acb04c70-4617-4968-9f93-ad46bc9fb8e8 | [{'content': 'Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oxaloacetic acid, B. Glutamic acid, C. Nitric acid, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 067ce5ef-1dae-4f0a-8a61-bcd7750dd379 | [{'content': 'Foramen caecum is seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ethmoid bone, B. Tongue, C. Sphenoid, D. Option 1 and 2', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 6e7a5d33-133c-414b-9ea5-d7eaa60ff853 | [{'content': 'A 48-years-old male reported to you with fractured central incisor with fracture line extending 4 mm gingival below CEJ with thin bone buccally and thick apicopalatally, treatment of choice is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Socket shield technique, B. Post and core, C. Extraction and implant, D. Socket preservation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | f54736dd-e5eb-42f4-a813-54274c9a79b5 | [{'content': 'Open reduction & fixation of fracture of mandibular condyle is indicated when \nSelect and explain. \nA. Shortening of ramal height is more than 5 mm, B. Superior 5 mm condyle is fractured, C. Green stick fracture in children, D. Condylar fracture which is not dislocated', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | cfd037d5-868e-49d9-89e8-a084e84ce0dc | [{'content': 'A child presented with respiratory distress was brought to emergency with bag and mask ventilation. Now child is intubated. Chest X–ray shows right–sided deviation of mediastinum with scaphoid abdomen. His Pulse rate is increased. What is the next step ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Endotracheal intubation, B. Put a nasogastric tube, C. Surgery, D. End tidal CO2 to confirm intubation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Mediastnal deviation, scaphoid abdomen with respiratory distress suggest the diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).\nThe resuscitation of CDH patient consist of\n\n\nStabilization by mechanical ventilation with 100% 02.\nNasogastric suction\n\n\nThis child has already been intubated.\nNow nasogastric suction should be done to aspirate swallowed air and to prevent distension of the herniated bowel. which would further compress the lung.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Anatomy | 6f347bff-3755-44af-8c27-2b9450be9ac7 | [{'content': 'In the following diagram, the structure marked with arrow has all of the following cell junctions except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Zona occludens, B. Zona adherens, C. Macula adherens, D. Gap junction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The image given is cardiac muscle, as it is showing Intercalated discs which is typical for cardiac muscle & Perinuclear halo is seen. It is striated muscle (not as striated as skeletal muscle) Usually in a cell, the following cell junctions are seen in a sequence Surface of cell Tight junctions (most superficial) - Absent in cardiac muscle Zona adherens (20nm) Desmosomes/Macula adherens (25mm) - holds 2 cells together Gap Junctions - imp in cardiac muscle Gap Junctions are narrow gaps usually working as electrical synapses, they let pass ca+2 ions & maintain quick transfer of cardiac impulses & maintain rhythmic contractions If gap junctions are compromised, Problem occurs in electrical synapses which leads to arrhythmia. Tight junctions (Zona occludens) are absents in cardiac muscle. Hemi-desmosomes attach cell to basement membrane. Given structure is not skeletal muscle because skeletal muscle is more striated & there is no peri-nuclear halo in it. It is not smooth muscle because smooth muscle is spindle shaped and is not striated.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 5a236a74-118f-49b5-adde-21dba36a8bee | [{'content': 'Best graft for alveolar cleft surgery\n(Or)\nPatient with cleft palate graft taken from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterior iliac crest, B. Anterior iliac crest, C. Clavicle, D. Rib', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | ff70acbd-354f-4d68-bf18-74a4c6489695 | [{'content': 'Calculate the base deficit in a patient of weight 75 kg with a pH = 6.96, pCO2 = 30 mm Hg and HCO3- = 6 mEq/L: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 300 mEq, B. 400 mEq, C. 500 mEq, D. 800 mEq', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. 500 mEq(Ref Harrison 19/e p317, 12/e p368).Base deficit in question = 400 mEq.Base excess & base deficit:Refer to an excess or deficit respectively in amount of base present in blood.Total bicarbonate deficit = 0.3 x weight (kg) x base deficitBase deficit in mEq = 0.4 x weight (kg) x Total Base Deficit = (24-6) x 0.4 x 75 = 540 mEq = 500 mEq (approx.)To obtain deficit in grams, divide mEq by 12.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 83cbb1ff-e31f-4eec-b198-b39874f05c2a | [{'content': 'About zinc oxide eugenol all are true except \nSelect and explain. \nA. ZnO is converted to Zn(OH)2, B. Reaction is autocatalytic, C. Water is the byproduct of reaction, D. Dehydrated ZnO reacts with dehydrated eugenol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a3021fa5-54f3-4728-a443-9c639d0d4f75 | [{'content': 'In the triangle formed by projection of the orifices of the canals of maxillary molars \nSelect and explain. \nA. Line connecting lingual with mesial is longest, B. Line connecting mesial to distal is longest, C. Line connecting distal to lingual is longest, D. All lines are equal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | 97194c13-bb56-4e06-ac35-79f69cb41bb3 | [{'content': 'Storage temperature of RBC, Platelet, and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. RBC 2-6oC, Platelet 20-22oC, FFP-30oC, B. RBC - 30oC, FFP 2-6oC, Platelet 20-22oC, C. RBC 20-22oC, Platelet 2-6oC, FFP-30oC, D. RBC 20-22oC, FFP-30o C, Platelet 2-6oC', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Platelets are stored at 20-24?C with continuous agitation. Since they are present at room temperature transfusion related infections are high with platelet transfusion Packed RBC's are stored at a temperature of 2-6?C FFP and cryoprecipitate are stored at -18 to -30? C", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b93d50ff-b9a6-4a82-adaa-4436036de0dd | [{'content': 'C shaped root canals are preferably found in (Maximum incidence) \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mand 1st molar, B. Maxillary 2nd molar, C. Maxillary 1stmolar, D. Mand 2nd molar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | cc20caec-1219-4388-900c-9ff80cf897e9 | [{'content': 'A patient underwent thyroidectomy for hypehyroidism. Two days later he was presented with features of thyroid storm. What is the most likely cause? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Poor antibiotic coverage, B. Rough handling during surgery, C. Removal of parathyroid, D. Inadequate preoperative preparation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer DThyrotoxic crisis (storm)- This is an acute exacerbation of hypehyroidism.It occurs if a thyrotoxic patient has been inadequately prepared for thyroidectomy and is now extremely rare.Features: They present in 12-24 hours after surgery; with severe dehydration, circulatory collapse, hypotension, hyperpyrexia, tachypnoea, hyperventilation, palpitation, restlessness, tremor, delirium, diarrhea, vomiting, and cardiac failure; later coma.Treatment: Injection hydrocoisone, oral antithyroid drugs, tepid sponging of the whole body, beta-blocker injection, oral iodides, a large amount of IV fluids for rehydration, digitoxin, cardiac monitor, often ventilator suppo, with close observation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 20e32c25-c198-4018-9a87-77990296f2ab | [{'content': 'A 27 years old lady with 20 weeks pregnancy presented with a thyroid nodule on right side. FNAC from the nodule was suggestive of papillary carcinoma. Which of the following is contraindicated in her management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Total thyroidectomy plus neck node dissection, B. Right lobectomy, C. Radioactive iodine ablation, D. Total thyroidectomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- BRadioactive iodine ablation is contraindicated in pregnancy because of severe teratogenic effects.Contraindications-ChildhoodPregnancyLactationThe standard primary treatment for patients with thyroid cancer remains total or near total thyroidectomy. In a pregnant woman, both maternal and fetal outcomes shall be considered before taking the decision of surgery.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | d9ed2e31-f28c-470c-a0f1-38749131b723 | [{'content': 'All the following features of skull of a newborn are true except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diploe not formed, B. Styloid process has not fused with rest of temporal bone, C. Anterior fontanelle open, D. Mastoid process is of adult size', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Features of foetal skull:\n\nLarge skull / calvaria.\xa0\nNo diploe, which appears by 4th\xa0year of life.\nProminent frontal and parietal protuberance.\nPresence of metopic suture between 2 halves of frontal bone.\nPresence of unossified 6 fontanelles at angles of parietal bones.\nNon fusion of styloid process with rest of temporal bone.\nMastoid process is absent, which appears by 2nd\xa0year of life.\nParanasal air sinuses are rudimentary/absent.\nInternal ear, tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum and ear ossicles are of adult size.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 5d66114f-40b7-4270-92d5-50be1cda6b61 | [{'content': 'Diminution in normal size of the body, well proportioned body, fine sparse hair on the head and other hairy regions wrinkled atrophic skin and often hypogonadism could be diagnosed as suffering from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypothyroidism, B. Hypopituitarism, C. Hyperthyroidism, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | 762824c1-92d7-4a9e-9fcb-3a7fb3adfe69 | [{'content': 'In Dysphonia plica ventricularis, sound is produced by - \nSelect and explain. \nA. False vocal cords, B. True vocal cords, C. Ventricle of larynx, D. Tongue', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: In dysphonia plica ventricularis voice is produced by false vocal cords (ventricular folds).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Skin | 26124571-60c3-4509-9c33-981bc3b40054 | [{'content': 'Maculopapular rash is not seen in ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dengue, B. Rubella, C. measles, D. Zoster', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D. ZosterMaculopapular rashes are seen in:* Rubella* Dengue(febrile phase)* Measles* Chikungunya (acute infectious phase)* Erythema infectiosum* Zika virus* West nile virus* Infectious mononucleosis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 872eb991-48a8-486f-8dd8-c19b8f3cd096 | [{'content': 'Which anesthetic agent can cause pain on IV adminis-tration? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ketamine, B. Propofol, C. Thiopentone, D. Midazolam', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Propofol(Ref: Miller 6/e p318-320: Morgan 4/e p200-202: Lee 13/e p158-160).Propofol:Oil-based preparation containing soyabean oil, egg lecithin & glycerol.As it contains oil - Hence painful injection IV administration.Should be preceded or mixed with lignocaine.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 156c414c-5dab-43e2-bf06-11e0fea7b978 | [{'content': 'Bacteria responsible for post-operative endocarditis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Streptococcus viridans., B. Staphylococcus epidermidis., C. Streptococcus aureus., D. Streptococcus pneumoniae.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7b32d1d8-6d89-4615-a1e4-f56d02b7339f | [{'content': 'Which tooth has a non functional cusp \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lower 1st premolar, B. Upper 1st premolar, C. Lower 2nd premolar, D. Upper 1st premolar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 39d7873b-873e-45e3-8377-f6145692b8e5 | [{'content': 'In periodontal flap most important factor to be considered is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Depth of vestibule, B. Frenum attachment, C. Amount of attached gingiva, D. Free gingiva', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 7b72d179-65aa-41e3-aeb6-98b35bf0af83 | [{'content': 'A young donor came to the blood bank for the first time for platelet apheresis with platelet count of 1.9L. During the course he developed paresthesias, circumoral numbness during donation. His vitals remain stable though. ECG showed tachycardia with ST-T changes. What is the reason for his symptoms? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypovolemic shock, B. Hypocalcemia, C. Seizures, D. Allergic reaction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. HypocalcemiaClinical findings of paresthesias, circumoral numbness and ECG showing tachycardia with ST-T changes are highly suggestive of hypocalcemia, which has been caused by extensive transfusion of citrated blood."Citrate, commonly used to anticoagulate blood components, chelates calcium and thereby inhibits the coagulation cascade. Hypocalcemia, manifested by circumoral numbness and/or tingling sensation of the fingers and toes, may result from multiple rapid transfusions."-H,"Transient hypocalcemia is seen with severe sepsis, burns, acute kidney injury, and extensive transfusions with citrated blood.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a36f6ff1-cb98-42fc-953f-79b16753d993 | [{'content': 'Mesiolingual developmental groove is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxillary 1st premolar, B. Mandibular lateral incisor, C. Maxillary lateral incisor, D. Mandibular 1st premolar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Mesial Aspect\n\n\xa0Lingual cusp is around two third the size of the buccal cusp\n\xa0Extreme lingual slope is seen at the mesial marginal ridge\n\xa0Between the mesial marginal ridge and the mesiolingual cusp ridge is the mesiolingual developmental groove\n\xa0Mesial contact area is in the middle third', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 4c193618-d7aa-41b5-a04c-0ff57cabbb3a | [{'content': 'Most common cause of post neonatal mortality is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Genetic cause, B. Maternal health during pregnancy, C. Environmental causes, D. Conditions effecting in early neonatal period', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Deaths occurring from 28 days of life to under one year are called postneonatal death.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 3a0f1fe5-a2b8-49a5-b032-13e2e508e682 | [{'content': 'A patient has normal blood glucose level as estimated by glucose-oxidase peroxidase method, shows positive Benedicts test in urine. Which of the following is the most likely cause? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fructosemia, B. Denaturation of glucose, C. Galactosemia, D. False positive', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Galactosemia(Ref Harper 30, e p205,- Actsan 20,c p726,- Harrison I9/e p433e-5)Galactosemia:Apa from glucose, both fructose & galactose gives positive Benedict's test.Classic galactosemia:Caused by galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) deficiency.Diagnosis:Urine of patient shows reducing sugar (galactose) - Detected by Benedict's reagent.Negative glucose oxidase test - Specific for glucose.Presence of reducing sugar (galactose) in urine.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | a1546ddd-5e66-42f2-897f-90fce5601b72 | [{'content': 'Which of the following inborn errors of metabolism is associated with mental retardation –a) Alkaptonuriab) Homocystinuriac) Pentosuriad) Galactosemia \nSelect and explain. \nA. c, B. d, C. bd, D. ac', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Metabolic disorders associated with mental retardation.\n\nAminoaciduria —› Phenylketonuria, homocystinemia, histidinemia\nGalactosemia\nMucopolysaccharidosis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | d6e82b03-66cb-479a-950a-3f75ab8e99d6 | [{'content': 'A 6 weeks old baby presents with cough and cold for the last three days. Respiratory rate is 48/min. Patient is febrile, there are no chest retractions but wheezing is present. Which of the following statement is not true? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Antibiotics are not required, B. Child is suffering from pneumonia, C. Treat only wheezing, D. Treat only fever', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Child is suffering from pneumoniaPneumonia:The World Health Organization has defined pneumonia in children clinically based on either a cough or difficulty breathing and a rapid respiratory rate, chest indrawing, or a decreased level of consciousness.A rapid respiratory rate is defined as >60 breaths/minute in children <2 months old, 50 breaths/minute in children 2 months to 1 year old, or >40 breaths/minute in children 1 to 5 years old.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | c9c266bf-134a-477c-a88a-02f41cb10f46 | [{'content': "A patient with Ludwig's angina comes to you. What will be your first treatment step: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Incision and drainage, B. Start IV antibiotics and ICU admission, C. Tracheostomy under GA, D. Fiberoptic intubation/tracheostomy under LA", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 32336cbc-cd64-4a31-b863-7cfa4d53d654 | [{'content': 'Single accessory canal arising from coronal third of the mandibular molars arises majorly in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Distal root, B. Mesial root, C. Both equally, D. Does not arise at all', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1b9ecfa4-d168-458c-891c-e3a30b5f6e77 | [{'content': 'Indirect Retainer is placed: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Near direct retainer, B. As far as possible from fulcrum line, C. Near fulcrum line, D. Near edentulous area', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 5907e711-096f-4251-aea5-042f65debd5b | [{'content': 'Post operative thromboprophylaxis by low molecular weight heparin is best done by which route of administration? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Subcutaneous, B. Intravenous, C. Inhalational, D. Intramuscular', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Subcutaneous* Both heparin 5,000 units subcutaneously every 8 hours and enoxaparin 40 mg subcutaneously once daily provide highly effective and safe prophylaxis for patients undergoing colorectal surgery.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c0548093-a9d1-4cbf-82e1-e04613825ddf | [{'content': 'Most important initiative factor for periodontitis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dental plaque, B. Calculus, C. Trauma from occlusion, D. Food debris layer', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 3b6a211f-c575-44fd-b0c4-77bf1152bcb6 | [{'content': 'According to WHO guidelines, latent TB should be ruled out in all the following situations except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Before treatment with TN F-alpha inhibitors, B. Chronic alcoholics, C. Silicosis, D. Hemodialysis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Chronic alcoholicsAccording to WHO guidelines, latent TB should be ruled out before treatment with TNF-alpha inhibitors, in patients of silicosis and patients undergoing hemodialysis among the provided options.Specific High-risk PopulationsHIV infectiondegRecent contact with an infectious patientInitiation of an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatmentdegReceiving dialysisdegReceiving an organ or hematologic transplantation SilicosisdegBeing in prisonBeing an immigrant from highTB burden countriesBeing a homeless personBeing an illicit drug user', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | ef9a0bee-7dbf-44e3-bc03-908430db2007 | [{'content': 'Maximum recommended dose for dental X-ray operator in a week is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 100 milliroentgen, B. 10 roentgen, C. 100 roentgen, D. 300 roentgen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 0faae553-71d7-467d-ab9e-1d542bfd3f23 | [{'content': 'When adequate bone buttressing is present, the AO system of fixation suggests \nSelect and explain. \nA. Compression Osteogenesis, B. Load bearing fixation, C. Load sharing fixation, D. Non-rigid fixation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | ed5e1979-1d14-4bcb-a2b1-8fa0f334b982 | [{'content': 'A 36 years old patient underwent breast conservation therapy and chemotherapy for a 1.5 x 1.2 cm ER positive breast cancer with one positive axillary lymph node. She is now on tamoxifen. How will you follow-up the patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Annual bone scan, B. Assessment of tumor markers 6 monthly, C. Routine clinical examination 3 monthly in 1st year with annual mammogram, D. Routine clinical examination 3 monthly and 6 monthly liver function tests', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Routine clinical examination 3 monthly in 1st year with annual mammogramBreast cancer follow-up should be done with history & physical examination Every 3 to 6 months for the first 3 years, every 6 to 12 months,4 and 5 years, annually thereafter; Mammography annually, beginning no earlier than 6 months after radiation therapy. There is currently no routine role for repeated measurements of tumour markers or imaging other than mammography.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | cf3f103b-e4d8-4f34-86aa-b69f3b31fe55 | [{'content': 'On laboratory investigations in a patient, LDL was highly elevated but the level of LDL receptors was normal. Which of the following is most probable cause? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Phosphorylation of LDL receptors, B. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency, C. Apo B-100 mutation, D. Cholesterol Acyl Co-A transferase deficiency', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Apo B-100 mutationIn Type Ila Familial hypercholesterolemia:Highly elevated levels of LDL with normal level of LDL receptors.Characterized mutation in ligand region of apoB-100.Differential diagnosis:"Familial Defective apoB-100 (FDB)"/"Autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) type 2":Dominantly inherited disorder.Clinically resembles heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with elevated LDL-C levels and normal TGs.FDB - Caused by mutations in gene encoding apoB-100, specifically in LDL receptor-binding domain of apoB-100.Ref (Harrison 19/e p2438-2447, 18/e p3148)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 893ca2c8-2183-478a-abd1-3572843381fd | [{'content': 'Which is true regarding lathe cut silver alloy: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Requires least amount of mercury, B. Achieves lowest compressive strength at 1 hr., C. Has tensile strength both at 15 min & 7 days comparable to high copper unicompositional alloy, D. Has Low creep', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 7de13c5c-b968-4884-87c7-d2b5c8b1840c | [{'content': 'All of the following are indications for thrombolysis in a patient with stroke except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Age <18 years, B. Sustained BP >185/110 mm Fig despite treatment, C. On CT scan, edema less than 1/3rd of middle cerebral aery territory, D. Acute ischemic stroke within 3 hours of onset', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Sustained BP >185/110 mm Fig despite treatment(Ref: Harrison 19/e p759, 1605, 18/e p3273)A sustained BP >185/110 mull Hg despite treatment is a contraindication for thrombolytic therapy as it may lead to hemorrhage. Administration of IV Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (PA) for Acute Ischemic Stroke:IndicationContraindicationClinical diagnosis of strokeOnset of symptoms to time of drug administration <3 hoursCT scan showing no hemorrhage or edema of >1/3 of the MCA territoryAge > 18 years Sustained BP >185/110 mm Hg despite treatmentPlatelets <100,000; HCT <25%; glucose <50 or>400 mg/dLUse of heparin within 48 hours & prolonged PTT, or elevated INR', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | 09ce3345-10ca-4ade-91b7-8b1361c55c99 | [{'content': 'Morphine should not be used in the treatment of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ischemic pain, B. Biliary colic, C. Cancer pain, D. Post operative pain', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Morphine (an opioid) is a strong analgesic. It is used in treatment of all types of pain like Crush injury, Fracture, MI, cancer pain, post-operative pain etc. However in Biliary colic (e.g. due to any stone blocking bile duct), morphine constricts sphincter of Oddi and increase the intrabiliary pressure. This increases the chances of rupture of bile duct. Therefore opioids like morphine are contra-indicated in biliary colic.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 1e6928e0-01e6-4346-8ea7-25cecbb99932 | [{'content': 'Most common site of esophageal carcinoma? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Middle 1/3rd of esophagus, B. Upper 2/3rd of esophagus, C. Lower 2/3rd of esophagus, D. Middle 2/3rd of esophagus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Middle 1/3rd of esophagus* Esophageal Carcinoma Most common site of ca esophagus is middle 1/3 of esophagus.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | c41e6817-ab7a-4208-aa4b-d89da0668ac9 | [{'content': 'Serum chemistry analysis in a patient reveals pCo2=30mm Hg, pO2=105mm Hg, pH=7.46. This profile indicates \nSelect and explain. \nA. Metabolic alkalosis, B. Metabolic acidosis, C. Respiratory alkalosis, D. Respiratory acidosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | eee44fc5-ad97-4eaa-9720-02f6096eece5 | [{'content': 'If impacted 3rd molar is to be extracted in patient planned for bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, then extraction should be done \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8-12 weeks after surgery, B. At the time of surgery, C. 1 month after surgery, D. 6 month before surgery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 094dab31-8d6f-48ad-8516-3c2d9b77ca17 | [{'content': 'To remove any occlusal pre-maturity, what should be the first step to be done: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Check working side interference., B. Check non working interference., C. Check the occlusion in centric., D. Any of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: To remove any occlusal pre maturity, we should always check the occlusion in centric first.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | d5501e81-deb1-4fc4-bbf8-d8344d44f673 | [{'content': 'Swollen joint, anemic, loose teeth & dentin dysplasia are\nbecause of deficiency of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vitamin C, B. Vitamin D, C. Vitamin B1, D. Vitamin E & D', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 8fe12f62-9e59-408b-899d-72def6e9e16e | [{'content': 'Which of the following structure is disrupted by Vibrio cholerae? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hemi desmosome, B. Gap junctions, C. Zona occludens, D. Zona adherens', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Zona occludens(Ref Sleisenger and Fordtran\'s textbook of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease 10/e p1903).vibrio cholerae also produces additional toxins that may contribute to disease, including the zonula occludens toxin (ZOT) that alters intestinal permeability by acting on intestinal epithelial cells tight junctions, and the accessory choleraendotoxin (ACE)." Cholera toxin:Vibrio cholerae secretes enterotoxin protein.Encoded by bacteriophage (CT Xfi resident in V. cholera).Enterotoxin:Made up of 1A subunit (composed of 1A1 & 1 A2 peptide joined by disulfide link) & 5B subunits.Other toxins:Zonula occludens toxin (ZOT):Alters intestinal permeability by acting on intestinal epithelial cells tight junctions.Accessory cholera endotoxin (ACE).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | abe0ec0b-3b93-4151-b93a-3ce5e4f29328 | [{'content': 'In which of the following glucocoicoid is used? \nSelect and explain. \nA. E.coli septicemia, B. Severe typhoid, C. Cerebral Malaria, D. Leishmaniasis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Severe typhoidIn critically ill patients with enteric fever, the administration of dexamethasone with chloramphenicol was asssociated with a sabstantially lower moality rate than was treatment with chloramphenicol alone.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 0ef0297d-91cb-4320-9d3e-6d04ae3e9c07 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not required for protein synthesis of eukaryotes: \nSelect and explain. \nA. RNA polymerase, B. Ribosomes, C. Peptidyl transferase, D. Amino acyl tRNA synthetase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. RNA polymerase (Ref Harper 28/e p362) RNA polymerase enzyme is involved in transcription process, not in translation.The a-amino group of the new aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site carries out a nucleophilic attach on the esterified carboxyl group of the peptidyl-tRNA occupying the P site (peptidyl or polypeptide site).Peptidyl transferase: Catalyses two reactions, peptide bond formation between amino acids and together with release factor, peptide release.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e9f755a1-3316-491b-8c3b-e0ace0866967 | [{'content': '3 weeks after insertion of distal extension partial denture, the patient reports to the dental clinic with complaint of sensitivity to chewing pressure. The most probable reason would be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Improper occlusion, B. Abrasion of tooth by clasp, C. Wearing off the cement base, D. Passive retentive arm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | efd270a2-fc23-4227-9900-8410e5e21254 | [{'content': 'In the formula for urea clearance, C = U x V/P, U denotes: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Urinary concentration in gm/24 hours, B. Urine osmolarity, C. Urinary concentration in mg/ml, D. Urine volume per minute', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Urinary concentration in mg/ml In the Given Formula:C = Clearance of the substanceU = Urinary concentration of the substance in mg/mlP = Plasma concentration of the substance in mg/mlV = Volume of urine', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b7f9b1e3-c48a-4660-acce-2bbfbc7637b2 | [{'content': 'Prevention of any incipient lesion at initial stage comes under \nSelect and explain. \nA. Primary prevention, B. Secondary prevention, C. Tertiary prevention, D. Primordial prevention', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | fcf2426c-5371-4141-b4ba-5a941e305824 | [{'content': 'Relative bradycardia is uncommon in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Brucellosis, B. Typhoid, C. Malaria, D. Factitious fever', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. MalariaRelative bradycardia at the peak of high fever is the early findings in <50% cases of typhoid.The presentation of Brucellosis often fits three patterns, among one febrile illness that resembles to thyroid, but it is less severe. Relative bradycardia seen in this case.In malaria relative bradycardia is uncommon.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 4719558d-09ca-4c85-9bf8-454e80a138aa | [{'content': 'The treatment of choice for stage-I cancer larynx is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Radical surgery, B. Chemotherapy, C. Radiotherapy, D. Surgery followed by radiotherapy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | aa654bb2-617b-4216-af79-a578a513ca7b | [{'content': 'Least pain sensitivity in oral cavity is in which mucosa \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gingiva, B. Buccal mucosa, C. Labial mucosa, D. Dorsal mucosa of tongue', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 876a5607-e467-4745-b315-13812c405904 | [{'content': 'A 16 years old girl came for evaluation of primary amenorrhea. She was having hirsutism, irregular bleeding and infeility, diagnosed as PCOS. Which of the following drugs should not be given? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spironolactone, B. Tamoxifen, C. OCPs, D. Clomiphene citrate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. TamoxifenMedical Treatment of PCOSEstrogen best given with progesterone (combined OCPs) with no androgenic propeiesHirsutism is treated with cyproterone acetate or spironolactone.Infeility is treated with Clomiphene, 80% ovulate and 40% conceive.In Clomiphene failed group, ovulation can be induced with FSH or GnRH analogues.Metformin treats the root cause of PCOS, rectifies endocrine and metabolic functions and improves feility and isdrug of choice.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 60000767-457b-4528-8918-b4da0bc900e4 | [{'content': 'Which of the following are characteristic feature of high copper amalgam alloy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Low compressive strength, B. High marginal breakdown, C. Less marginal #, D. High creep', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | b0b23ecd-6076-476c-935b-a6384c8474ff | [{'content': 'Low apparent volume of distribution of a drug indicates That \nSelect and explain. \nA. Drug has low half life, B. Drug has low bioavailability, C. Drug has low efficacy, D. Drug is not extensively distribution to tissue', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Vd means "the plasma volume that would accommodate all the drug in the body, if the concentration throughout was same as in plasma". Drugs with high volume of distribution are more distributed in body and vice-versa. Low volume of distribution tells that most of the drug is retained in plasma.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9c730300-2694-442a-8a72-089982d739f8 | [{'content': 'The tissue response to oral hygiene instruction is best\nassessed by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Probing the base of the socket, B. Changes in plaque scores, C. Reduced tendency to bleed on probing the gingival margin, D. Reduced tooth mobility', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 2719953f-15c7-4003-83ed-0baf2654d35a | [{'content': 'A pregnant lady had no complaints but mild cervical lymphadenopathy in first trimester. She was prescribed spiramycin but she was noncompliant. Baby was born with hydrocephalus and intracerebral calcification. Which of these is likely cause ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rubella, B. Toxoplasmosis, C. CMV, D. Herpes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Hydrocephalus and intracerebral calcification can occur in all the four options either commonly (Toxoplasma, CIVIV) or uncommonly (HSV, rubella). See previous explanation.\nHowever, spiramycin in pregnancy is given for toxoplasmosis.\nAcute maternal toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic, some patients may present with posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, fatigue, lassitude and maculopapular rash.\nSpiramycin reduces the risk of congenital infection in acute toxoplasmosis during pregnancy.\nAs the patient was not compliant with spiramycin, baby developed congenital toxoplasmosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bbc11393-3dfe-49f8-a57d-2ab6e0e8e46f | [{'content': 'Rampant caries should be applied to a caries rate of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5 or more new lesions per year., B. 7 or more new lesions per year., C. 10 or more new lesions per year., D. 15 or more new lesions per year.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 3844fc33-c5f5-48b4-ad6b-45dc4a3ec3c4 | [{'content': 'Unpaired structures in the brain: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Basilar artery, B. Vertebral artery, C. Middle cerebral artery, D. Anterior cerebral artery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Unpaired structure in the brain is basilar artery.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | 5e446222-7eea-4c61-9769-7b62fedae0b2 | [{'content': 'A paediatrician was called for attending a new born baby in the labour ward. The serum unconjugated bilirubin of this baby was 33 mg/dL. Which of the following drug taken by mother in late 3rd trimester may have lead to this problem? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cotrimoxazole, B. Azithromycin, C. Ampicillin, D. Chloroquine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Bilirubin given in question is very high; Bilirubin binds to Albumin in blood, so when any drug displaces bilirubin from albumin, it can lead to increased free bilirubin. Cotrimoxazole is a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide). Sulfonamides (acidic drugs) can displace bilirubin from albumin resulting in excessive free bilirubin. This can cross blood brain barrier in newborn babies which can cause Kernicterus; hence avoided in pregnancy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 53060ead-48de-44e0-8b8d-047e1071b424 | [{'content': "Which of the following is not a small round cell tumor? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neuroblastoma, B. Retinoblastoma, C. Ewing's sarcoma, D. Hemangiosarcoma", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., hemangiosarcomaSmall round blue cell tumors:* Histologically many of the malignant paediatric neoplasms are unique.* They tend to have a more primitive (embryonal) rather than pleomorphic anaplastic microscopic appearance.* Often characterized by sheets of cells with small round nuclei.* Frequently exhibit features of organogenesis specific to the site of tumour origin (therefore these tumours are frequently designated by suffix - blastoma).* Owing to their primitive histological appearance many childhood tumours have been collectively referred to as small round blue cell tumourThe differential diagnosis of small round blue cell tumours includesNeuroblastomaRhabdomyosarcomaRetinoblastomaWilms tumoursEwings sarcomaMedulloblastomaLymphomaPrimitive neuroectodermal tumoursBurkitt lymphoma", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | fe12f221-b75a-4418-b14d-642a0d3b8289 | [{'content': 'Increased collum angle is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Class I bimaxillary protrusion, B. Class II div 1, C. Class II div 2, D. Class III', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Collum angle\nThe angulation of the root to the crown, particularly of the single rooted anterior teeth is\xa0 known as Collum angle. It is the angle formed by the intersection of the long axis of the\xa0crown and root and it is measured using the lateral cephalogram.\nDental features of class II div 2 include a class II molar and canine relationship, deep\xa0traumatic bite, retroclined upper four incisors or retroclined central incisors with a labial\xa0inclination of the laterals and supra-erupted, upright lower incisors. The tooth size may be\xa0 small, and upper incisors may have increased collum angle between the crown and the root.\nThe maxillary incisors in class II division 2 malocclusions are about 12° more vertical than\xa0those in normal occlusion. The mandibular incisors are upright in a class II division 2\xa0malocclusion, but to a lesser extent than the upper incisors.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | a36b6f9e-f19b-48b1-9d33-4845fffe975f | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not a vitamin K dependent procoagulant? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Factor II, B. Factor VII, C. Factor IX, D. Factor XI', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 2206080a-db6e-484e-a1da-7776cfbfb907 | [{'content': 'A patient got trauma and a metal rod inserted in superior orbital fissure causes damage of? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Occulomotor nerve, B. Occulomotor and ophthalmic nerve, C. Only ophthalmic nerve, D. Trochlear and vagus nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Superior orbital fissure-\nPresent between lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid within the orbital cavity.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 82b0de7a-8e54-4c49-a872-9170f2d7b599 | [{'content': 'Which of the following defines the pressure in the vascular system in the absence of blood flow? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulse pressure, B. Critical closing pressure, C. Mean circulatory filling pressure, D. Perfusion pressure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Mean circulatory filling pressureMean Circulatory Filling pressure (MCFP) is equilibrium pressure that is reached throughout the cardiovascular system when cardiac output is stopped completely. MCFP can be measured by stopping blood flow (e.g., by stopping hea pumping by giving shock to hea with electricity) and allowing the pressure throughout the circulatory system to reach equilibrium. MCFP is equilibrium pressure everywhere in circulation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 52d643b9-6455-43f0-a04e-a838bf1ba1c8 | [{'content': 'Pure left sided failure may be seen with –a) ASDb) Aortic stenosisc) Patent ductus arteriosusd) Pulmonary valvular obstruction \nSelect and explain. \nA. a, B. c, C. bc, D. ad', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: ASD usually does not cause HF.\nAS & PDA increase the strain on left ventricle\xa0-> LVF.\nPS increases the strain on right ventricular failure ---> RVF.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 2f7908da-9948-4630-b854-fbd0d2212d0c | [{'content': 'What is the advantage of chromic gut over plain\ngut suture in deep wounds? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Greater strength, B. Greater ease of use, C. Delayed resorption, D. Less tissue irritation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 07565ce7-5824-4600-929c-e98c7d21d1d3 | [{'content': 'Pellicle formation involves \nSelect and explain. \nA. Adsorption of acidic glycoproteins from saliva, B. Focal areas of mineralisation, C. Focal areas of necrosis, D. Bacterial colonization', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e218a65d-5637-4f85-83ed-b21c1eb3e025 | [{'content': 'Increase in the residual mercury in silver amalgam filling can: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cause fracture of the filling, B. Tarnish and corrosion, C. Increase the strength, D. Decrease condensation pressure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 60522ee9-d25d-4890-a184-59a47df07377 | [{'content': 'Not included in the human poverty index is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. % of population not surviving up to 40 yrs age, B. Occupation, C. Underweight for age, D. % population not using safe water supply', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | f80230e3-6a41-4a2d-81a0-86cacead9dcf | [{'content': 'A 33 years old male came with pain and watering in the right eye for 36 hours. On examination, a 3 x 2 cm corneal ulcer is seen with elevated margins, feathery hyphae, finger like projections and minimal hypopyon in cornea. What is the likely causative organism? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Aspergillosis, B. Pseudomonas, C. Acanthamoeba, D. HSV-1', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. AspergillosisRef: Yanoff & Duker 4/e p225; Parson 22/e p203, 21/e p199)Finding suggestive of fungal corneal ulcer. In the question, Aspergillus is the only fungus.Mycotic or fungal keratitis:Commonly due to Aspergillus, Fusarium or Candida albicans.Fungal ulcers are typically seen after injury with vegetable matter such as a thorn or wooden stick and are characterized by a relatively indolent course.Symptoms are much milder than the clinical signs would suggest.Dry slough with feathery borders, surrounded by a yellow line of demarcation, which gradually deepens into a gutter.An immune ring (Wessely) may be visible due to deposition of immune complexes and inflammatory cells around the ulcer.Marked ciliary and conjunctival congestion.Hypopyon is thick and immobile - Due to direct invasion into the anterior chamber of fungal hyphae enmeshed in thick exudates.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 93899801-2aa6-4bd0-b20f-ca5835a0721f | [{'content': 'In a patient of oral & maxillofacial trauma, cervical injury is not ruled out, intubation of preference will be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. LMA, B. Combitube, C. Normal laryngoscopy & endotracheal intubation, D. Fiberoptic intubation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 4d936cfe-6c83-463a-944c-0069a8f5f11c | [{'content': 'Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is not enough to diagnose: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid, B. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid, C. Carcinoma breast, D. Adenocarcinoma lung', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid(Ref: Robbin's 9/e p1094, 8/e p1123).FNAC:Not enough to diagnose follicular carcinoma.Since follicular carcinoma is differentiated from follicular adenoma based on capsular invasion & vascular invasion (not diagnosed by FNAC).Limitations of FNAC in Thyroid Diseases:Not able to distinguish follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma.Not able to distinguish Huhle cell adenoma from Huhle cell carcinomaUseless in Reidel's thyroiditis (Biopsy is preferred).FNAC is less reliable in patients who have a history of head & neck irradiation or family history of thyroid cancer due to the higher likelihood of multifocal lesions & occult cancer.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 35a8a5f6-b1f9-43ce-9d49-6dfd21e6951e | [{'content': "Animal test to check the biocompatibility of dental material are all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buehler test, B. Implantation test, C. Ame's test, D. Sensitization test", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Medicine | 6fe48790-f8f0-4c37-8dae-a76ddbac8a7a | [{'content': 'Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis seen in all except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Proximal A, B. Severe pancreatitis, C. Diarrhea, D. Salicylates poisoning', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Classification of Anion GAP: High anion gap M.A Normal Anion gap M.A High Mud FLES Normal USed CARP Methanol Uremia DKA Paraldehyde IEM, Iron, INH Lactic acidosis Ethanol, athylene glycol Salicylate Ureterostomy Small bowel fistula Extra chloride Diarrhea Carb anhydrase inhibitor Adrenal insufficiency RTA Pancreatic Fistula', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Psychiatry | e99aa66e-4f63-4a4a-afc7-49c96eb9540c | [{'content': 'A 40 years old male with history of fall and one episode of vomiting near an alcohol shop. He was brought to casualty and he was awake with open eyes and had retrograde amnesia. Which of the following is most likely cause? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diffuse axonal injury, B. Concussion, C. Drunkenness, D. Cerebral venous thrombosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans.BConcussion: It is the most common type of traumatic brain injury.During head trauma, the head usually moves back and foh violently and there is a mismatch between the rapid deceleration and acceleration of the skull and the brain so that the brain hits repeatedly against the skull leading to concussion injury.Anterograde amnesia/Posttraumatic amnesia is a hallmark of concussion.In this type of amnesia, the events following the injury cannot be recalled.Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting like symptoms may present', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 9aaf675f-b867-4cd9-ad9c-ee2dabb0a535 | [{'content': 'DOPA and 5 - Hydroxytryptophan are clinically\nimportant because \nSelect and explain. \nA. They cross Blood Brain Barriers, B. They are acidic precursors of Brain amines, C. They act as neuromodulators, D. They are metabolites of various neurogenic amines', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | ce1788e6-7e9b-4e7c-b12c-0659f6ca6f65 | [{'content': 'Which among the following should be the last resort for giving L.A technique to the patient \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intrapulpal, B. Intraligamentary, C. Intraosseous, D. Infiltration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 4fbd9ccb-2efb-4e4a-bcea-2db337a825ff | [{'content': 'Which of the following drug is used to counter act the gastric irritation produced by administration of NSAID: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Roxatidine, B. Pirenzipine, C. Betaxolol, D. Misoprostol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | f23d2f9b-0dd0-49b4-88de-b7b8570ee171 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is associated with defective apoptosis and increased cell survival \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neuro degenerative diseases, B. Auto immune disorders, C. Myocardial infarction, D. Stroke', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 7801e0bc-129a-47f5-a8f2-5c78981b28d8 | [{'content': 'A 16-year-old girl comes to a doctor with fractured forearm. She told she tripped and fell but cigarette burns were observed on her forearm. What will be your Next step? \nSelect and explain. \nA. To inform higher authorities, B. To do a complete physical examination, C. To tell or discuss with colleagues that she is a case of abuse, D. To call local social worker for help', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. To do a complete physical examinationThe first step after suspecting s case of abuse is to do a complete detailed history taking & physical examination of the patient to see any other injuries which can confirm the findings.Concluding just by seeing a burn that looks like a cigarette burn on the forearm can be misleading at times so a thorough examination of the whole body is mandatory to confirm the above finding to child abuse.after confirmation According to the POSCO Act, every crime of child sexual abuse should be repoed. If a person who has information about any abuse fails to repo, they may face imprisonment up to six months or maybe fined or both', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 25dc40da-7399-4011-b617-3b9c42d88277 | [{'content': 'Which of the following Is not an etiological agent for gingival recession \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gingival abrasion, B. Gingival ablation, C. Gingival inflammation, D. TFO', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 0c879562-cc36-4620-a809-fd26c1275a47 | [{'content': "Maximum risk of ureter injury is seen after: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vaginal hysterectomy, B. Weheim's hysterectomy, C. Laparoscopic abdominal hysterectomy, D. Anterior colporrhaphy", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Weheim's hysterectomyRadical or Weheim's hysterectomy is associated with the highest risk of ureteric injury. The risk of ureteral injury at vaginal hysterectomy is higher (0.6%) than with an open abdominal approach (0.07%).", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Medicine | c6f3ec1d-e3d8-4677-a31d-8a6450e9e5de | [{'content': 'A 45 year patient working in a factory for past 20 years presents with breathlessness. HRCT chest shows pleural thickening and fibrosis. Histopathology of the lesion shows? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Asbestosis, B. Cotton fiber, C. Coal worker pneumoconiosis, D. Silicosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Option A: In interalveolar septa There is presence of Irregular lobulated fusiform beaded bodies Ferruginous bodies- Diagnostic of asbestosis Pleural thickening Option B: Cotton Fiber-Byssinosis Option C: Coal worker pneumoconiosis Pleural thickening manifestation not seen. Option D: Silicosis is associated with Bilateral HilarLymphederopathy & development of infiltrative lung disease.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 69b97752-ee1c-4234-b3d1-0402e1235986 | [{'content': 'All of the following can be used to decrease IOP in glaucoma except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mannitol, B. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, C. Apraclonidine, D. Dexamethasone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer: D. DexamethasoneSteroids cannot be given in glaucoma as they can themselves lead to increase in intraocular pressure', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 18feef0f-7e8e-4eca-b9b3-57f3973b9a5b | [{'content': 'In which of the following conditions is the role of microbial plaque most obscure: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Periodontitis, B. Juvenile periodontitis, C. Desquamative gingivitis, D. Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 641fe4d1-8fc4-4393-ada9-0f1fc1c25462 | [{'content': 'What is the first sign of pubey in a girl? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thelarche, B. Menarche, C. Adrenarche, D. Pubarche', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. ThelarcheThe first physical sign of pubey in girls is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the areola of one or both breasts; occurring on average at about 10.5 years of age. This is referred to as thelarche.Order of Signs of PubeyMales (TPAM)Females (TPM)Testicular enlargement (First sign)degPubarchedegAdrenarchedegMoustache & BearddegThelarche (First sign)degPubarchedegMenarchedeg Onset of PubeyMalesFemalesGrowth of testes ( 24 mL in volume or 2.5 cm in longest diameter) & thinning of scrotum are first signs of pubey (11- 12 year)deg.These are followed by pigmentation of scrotum & growth of penis & by pubarchedeg.Appearance of axillary hair usually occurs in mid-pubeydeg.In males, unlike in females, acceleration of growth is maximal at genital stages IV-V (typically between 13 & 14 years of age)deg.In males, growth spu occurs approximately 2 year later than in females & growth may continue beyond 18 years of agedeg.Breast development (thelarche) is usually first sign of pubey (10-11 years of age)Followed by the appearance of pubic hair (pubarche) 6-12 months laterdeg.Interval to the onset of menstrual activity (menarche) is usually 2-2.5 years, but may be as long as 6 yearsdeg.Peak height velocity occurs early (at breast stages 11-81 typically between 11-12 years of age) in girls and always precedes menarchedeg.Mean age of menarche is approximately 12.75 yearsdeg.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | e16742f8-aa56-4a27-9d8d-b7643e5f27c5 | [{'content': 'Hypoxic Ischemic encephalopathy true is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lower limbs affected more than upper limbs, B. Prox. Muscles > distal muscles, C. Seizure, D. Trunk involved', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Clinical features of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy\n\nEncephalopathy progress over time -\n\n\nBirth to 12 hours --> Decreased level of conciousness, poor tone, decreased spontaneous movement, periodic breathing or apnea, seizures.\n12-24 hours --> More seizuers, Apneic spells, jitteriness, weakness.\nAfter 24 hours —> Hypotonia, conciousness, poor feeding, brainstem signs (oculomotor) and pupillary disturbances.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pathology | bb0813aa-65ec-4eb5-8101-76df41f138e5 | [{'content': 'Which is the best anticoagulant to send sample for serum electrolyte measurement? \nSelect and explain. \nA. EDTA, B. Lithium heparin, C. Sodium fluoride, D. Citrate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: EDTA- it is an anticoagulant that is preferred when we want to look at the morphology or we want to do any of the blood counts. Sodium fluoride - it inhibits enolase enzyme thus inhibits glycolysis process , so it is used for glucose estimation . Citrate - 3.2%Trisodium citrate - it is used for the determining the value of ESR and is also used for doing any kind of coagulation study. All the three (sodium EDTA, sodium fluoride, trisodium citrate) above use sodium. therefore, if we use any of these chemicals for the purpose of Serum Electrolyte measurement, the value of sodium and other electrolytes are going to be altered. So WHO recommends that for the purpose of Serum Electrolyte measurement we use an anticoagulant Lithium Heparin. It doesn't cause any alterations in the serum electrolytes.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a20495a2-6aba-40db-b41b-fb328e3a8d00 | [{'content': 'Known Hypertensive patient with BP of 170/120, what will be done for oral prophylaxis \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sent him back to physician, B. Wait, monitor & do the treatment, C. Give him intravenous drug and do the oral prophylaxis, D. Not recalled', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 65085eb7-8614-4c6a-b1e2-732511920f37 | [{'content': 'The two roots of auriculotemporal nerve encircles which structure \nSelect and explain. \nA. Superficial temporal vein, B. Superficial temporal artery, C. Anterior tympanic artery, D. Middle meningeal artery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | e068fa99-4331-4dbd-b6f8-ae387f5bae10 | [{'content': 'The most effective way of preventing tetanus is : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Surgical debridement and toilet, B. Hyperbaric oxygen, C. Antibiotics, D. Tetanus toxoid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Remember :\nBest way of prevention = Active immunization = TT\nBest passive immunization = Antitoxin = Human tetanus immunoglobulin.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | f170a504-a8b2-4de8-9fe9-6a700e40d8c3 | [{'content': 'Erosive lichen planus resembles which of the following \nSelect and explain. \nA. Monilial gingivitis, B. Desquamative gingivitis, C. Herpetic gingivitis, D. Acute ulcerative gingivitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Desquamative gingivitis represents oral manifestations of various diseases like\n\nLichen pLanus (Erosive or atrophic form),\nCicatrialpemphigold or Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid\npemphigus.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | acf13a25-349e-4480-bc59-50c9f8e752fd | [{'content': 'A patient taking which of the following drug should not eat cheese, etc: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tetracycline, B. Amoxycillin, C. Doxycycline, D. Triamterene', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | eeb02024-8888-40b6-95f1-297b5423f5f7 | [{'content': 'Need for tooth separation is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diagnosis, B. Cavity preparation, C. Matrix placement, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | cf86437d-6450-4196-9f54-8f69c84e89ba | [{'content': 'Stress breakers are not used in partial denture construction because: \nSelect and explain. \nA. They are expensive, B. Increase the vertical dimension, C. They are difficult to design and fabricate, D. Harmful effect on the abutment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | c5641329-23a5-4f95-a7c9-3be2882bcbcf | [{'content': 'What is the sequence of clotting factors in coagulation pathway? \nSelect and explain. \nA. XII, XIII, X, XI, B. XIII, XII, XI, X, C. XII, XI, IX, X, D. X, XIII, XII, XI', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. XII, XI, IX, X', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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