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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | aa676348-78a3-4571-a4a9-2c38c97d6fb2 | [{'content': 'If rate of loading is decreased, the mechanical properties of material: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Remains unchanged, B. Increases, C. Decreases, D. Becomes unpredictable', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Mechanical events are both temperature and time dependant. As the temperature increases, the mechanical property values decrease. The stress strain curve appears to move to the right and downward. The opposite occurs\xa0 during cooling. As the rate of loading decreases, the mechanical properties decrease. This is called 'Strain rate sensitivity' and has important clinical implications. To momentarily make a material's behaviour stiffer or elastic, strain it quickly.\nEg.: Remove elastic impressions rapidly so that it will be more elastic and more accurately records the absolute dimensions.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 4a406504-84b2-4e13-8bd3-c149c1c0e0eb | [{'content': 'In relaxed state, chest wall and lung recoil are balanced at: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Minute volume, B. TLC, C. Residual volume, D. FRC', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. FRC(Ref: Ganong 25/e p629, 24/e p629; Guyton 13/e p502)In relaxed state, chest wall and lung recoil are balanced at functional residual capacity (FRC).Compliance is developed due to the tendency for tissue to resume its original position after an applied force has been removed.After an expiration during quiet breathing (e.g., at the FRC), the lungs have a tendency to collapse and the chest wall has a tendency to expand.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | b3f12eb4-3ba5-4b60-b3fe-38c163ee5d18 | [{'content': 'A 35 years old lady has chromosomal translocation 21/21. The risk of down syndrome in the child is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. 100%, B. 0%, C. 10%, D. 50%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Cvtogenetic aspects of own's syndrome -\n\nThe most common finding is trisomy 21.\nMolecular studies have revealed that the additional number 21 chromosome is derived from the mother in 95% of Cases. (The recurrence risk in these families is approximately 1%.)\nIf a female with Down syndrome due to trisomy 21 conceives then there is a risk of 50% that the baby will also have trisomy 21.\nMales with Down syndrome have rarely if ever reproduced.\n\nChromosome findings in Down syndrome\n\nTrisomy 21, e.g. 47, XY, + 21\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 -\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 95%\nMosaicism, e.g. 46, XX, / 47, XX, + 21\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0-\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa02%\nRobertsonian translocation,\n\ne.g. 46 XX, - 15,+ t (15q21q)\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0-\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa03%\nInheritence in Mosaic if own's syndrome\n\nChildren with mosaic Down syndrome are usually less severely affected than in the full-blown syndrome, and if only a small proportion of cells are trisomic then these individuals may lead normal lives.\nIn the event of reproduction, of these individuals there is a relatively high risk that the baby will have full trisomy 21 with the precise risk equalling the proportion of gametes which carry an additional number 21 chromosome.\n\nInheritance in Down's syndrome with tranclocation\n\nWhen a child has Down syndrome as a result of an unbalanced Robertsonian translocation, there is a probability of around 25% that one of the parents will carry this in a balanced form. The remaining 75% of cases arise as de novo events and convey a low recurrence risk of approximately 1%\nIf, however, a parent is shown to be a carrier then there will be a significant risk that a future child will be affected, usually of the order of 2-5% for a carrier male and 10-15% for a carrier female.\nIn the very rare event that a parent carries a balanced 21q21e Robertsonian translocation, the risk of Down's\xa0\xa0 drome in liveborn offs rin• will be 100%.\n\n\u200bRisk of abnormal offspring for a carrier of a balanced translocation", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | f231bced-c88c-469e-a5e7-0442efe932a1 | [{'content': 'Suganti Devi is 30 weeks pregnant with idiopathic cholestasis, is likely to present with following features except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Serum bilirubin of 2 mg/dl, B. Serum alkaline phosphatase slightly elevated, C. SGPT of 200 units, D. Prolongation of prothrombin time', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Let’s see each option separately.\nOption “a” Serum bilirubin of 2 mg/dL.\nBilirubin level rarely exceed 5 mg%.\nBilirubin levels are usually between 2-5 mg/dL i.e. Option “a” is correct.\nOption “b” Serum alkaline phosphatase of 30 KAU.\n“Alkaline phosphatase may be mildly elevated.”\nRobbins 7/e, p 921\ni.e. alkaline phosphatase levels may be normal also. Hence, option b is correct.\nOption “c” SGPT of 200 units.\n“Serum transaminases levels are normal to moderately elevated but seldom exceed 250 IU/L.”\nWilliams Obs. 23/e, p 1064\ni.e. Serum transaminases (SGPT) may be 200 units.\nOption “d” Prolongation of prothrombin time\n“Prothrombin time is usually normal unless there is malabsorption.”\nMgt of High Risk pregnancy – SS Trivedi, Manju Puri, p 356\nProthrombin is coagulant factor II. Its formation in liver is dependant on fat soluble vitamin K. Absorption of vitamin K occurs with bile acid. In cholestasis absorption of bile acid (vitamin K) is not affected, rather there is accumulation of bile acids, so levels of vitamin K and clotting factors dependant on vitamin K are also normal. The prothrombin time therefore, remains normal in cholestasis.\nOnly when ursodeoxycholic acid or cholestyramine are being given to patients of cholestasis. Prothrombin time needs to be monitored because these drugs decrease the absorption of bile acids and can therefore cause prolongation of prothrombin time.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ea52cf79-3622-4578-bbea-b66cb2833ca2 | [{'content': 'TMJ develops at the age of \nSelect and explain. \nA. 18 weeks, B. 10 weeks, C. 6 weeks, D. 29 weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: TMJ develops at 8-12 weeks of gestation. It is the last joint to develop in the body.\nThe work in the above quoted article establishes three phases in TMJ development:\n(1) the blastematic stage (weeks 7-8 of development);\n(2) the cavitation stage (weeks 9-11 of development); and\n(3) the maturation stage (after week 12 of development).\nThis study identifies the critical period of TMJ morphogenesis as occurring between weeks 7 and 11 of development.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a4e71725-0ed0-4088-bec3-6cfc37490df4 | [{'content': 'Light cure system, side effect is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Iritis, B. Cataract, C. Conjunctivitis, D. Retinal damage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 599296cf-99e1-4a99-8322-cc24fef094a7 | [{'content': 'A Rh-negative mother, who has Indirect Coombs Test (ICT), negative was given Anti-D during 28 weeks of pregnancy. Which of the following is the ideal one? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Give another dose of Anti-D 72 hours postpaum depending on the baby blood group, B. Give another dose of Anti-D 72 hours postpaum irrespective of baby blood group, C. No need of additional dose since she is ICT negative, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Give another dose of Anti-D 72 hours postpaum depending on the baby blood groupACOG (2010) recommends anti-D immune globulin to be given prophylactically to all Rh D-negative, unsensitized women at approximately 28 weeks, and a second dose given after delivery if the infant is Rh D-positive. Before the 28-week dose of anti-D immune globulin, repeat antibocly screening is recommended to identify individuals who have become alloimmunized. Following delivery, anti-D immune globulin should be given within 72 hours.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | a1111432-f1c4-4e04-b61b-449b435e99ad | [{'content': "Which syndrome consists of flushing, warmness and perspiration over the cheek and pinna of the ear on the side following the ingestion of highly seasoned food? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fanconi's syndrome, B. Auriculotemporal syndrome, C. Horner's syndrome, D. Cushing's syndrome", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Auriculotemporal\xa0Syndrome (Frey's Syndrome, Gustatory Sweating)\nThe auriculotemporal syndrome is an unusual phenomenon, which arises as a result of damage to the auriculotemporal nerve and subsequent reinnervation of sweat glands by parasympathetic salivary fibres.\nClinical\xa0Features\xa0\nThe\xa0patient typically exhibits\xa0flushing and sweating of the involved side of the face, chiefly in the temporal\xa0area, during eating.\xa0The severity of this sweating may often be increased by tart foods.\xa0Of further interest is the fact that profuse sweating may be evoked by the parenteral administration of pilocarpine or eliminated by the administration of atropine or by a procaine block of the auriculotemporal nerve.\nThere is a form of gustatory sweating which occurs in otherwise normal individuals when they are eating certain foods, particularly spicy or sour ones.\xa0This consists of diffuse facial sweating, not simply a perioral sweating\xa0and may even be on a hereditary basis.\nReference:\xa0Shafer’s Textbook of ORAL PATHOLOGY Eighth Edition page no 575", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a861b551-1fc4-4b04-a719-def8b4d7810e | [{'content': 'According to Tweed inclination of lower incisors by 1° labially increases the arch length by \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0.5 mm, B. 0.8 mm, C. 1.0 mm, D. 1.2 mm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 8870f48b-468f-484c-8070-3b135b2c7ada | [{'content': 'Foltowing are the features of the color of normal amniotic fluid during delivery? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Milky to yellowish green with mucus flakes, B. Amber colored, C. Clear colorless to Pale Yellow, D. Golden color', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Clear colorless to Pale YellowRef: DC Dutto's textbook of Obstetrics, 9't' ed.Green yellow with flakes (meconium stained)- Fetal distressGolden color- Rh incompatibilityGreenish Ye11ow (saffron)- postmaturityDark colored - concealed accidental hemorrhageDark brown (tobacco juice)- Intruterine demise", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 80613325-b0b3-41a1-85eb-7be6749e1114 | [{'content': 'The shape of the occlusal surface of the permanent maxillary first molar is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oval, B. Trapezoidal, C. Triangular, D. Rhomboidal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | f4d51744-50f2-42e9-8ec7-5b0e7e55d31e | [{'content': 'A patient presented with a steering wheel injury to the right side of chest with breathlessness and shock. How will you differentiate tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulse pressure, B. JVP, C. Breath sound, D. Hea sounds', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Breath sound(Ref Harrison 19/e p1573, 1719, 18/e p1972)Raised JVP, pulse pressure and muffled hea sounds along with pulsus paradoxus are seen in both cardiac tamponade and tension pneumothorax.These are differentiated by auscultation for breath sounds, which are normal in cardiac tamponade but absent in tension pneumothorax patients.Pericardial Tamponade:The three principal features of tamponade (Beck's triad) are hypotension, soft or absent hea sounds, and jugular venous distention with a prominent x-descent but an absent y-descent.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pathology | 17180bef-99d8-42c7-9add-372aae82e08e | [{'content': 'Which of the following causes vasodilation? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thromboxane A2, B. Prostaglandin E2, C. Histamine, D. Serotonin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Major vasoactive amine responsible for vasodilation is Histamine. It causes dilation of aerioles and increases the permeability of venules. Prostaglandins can also cause vasodilation but major chemical responsible is histamine. Serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine) is a preformed vasoactive mediator present in platelets and ceain neuroendocrine cells, such as in the gastrointestinal tract, and in mast cells in rodents but not humans.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 04c3b35b-a3b2-41a1-b540-12a59137a97c | [{'content': 'A I 6-y ear-old girl presented with abdominal pain after administration of a sulfa drug. She was incoherent and suffered a seizure. Which of the following is the most likely possibility? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acute intermittent porphyria, B. Congenital erythropoetic porphyria, C. Adenosine deaminase deficiency, D. HGPase deficiency', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans.a Acuteintermittentporphyria (Re/: Harrison 19/ep2521, 18/ep3168-3169)Acute intermittent porphyria is precipitated by barbiturates, alcohol, exposure to heavy metals, sulfa drugs.Acute Intermittent Porphyria:Precipitated by barbiturates, alcohol, exposure to heary metals, sulfa drugsPresent with nonspecific neurovisceral pain: Abdominal pain, psychiatric disorders, seizures, coma and bulbar Paralysis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 11e91efd-b528-4686-bc2c-3c654cea7a6b | [{'content': 'Microdontia is most commonly seen affecting: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Max. Lateral incisor, B. Mand. second premolar, C. Mand. central incisor, D. Mand. first premolar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 64cf8a01-0c3b-412e-815f-0cd5f86fd4a4 | [{'content': 'Condylar fracture which leads to disruption of TMJ anteriorly is an example of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Simple fracture, B. Compound fracture, C. Complex fracture, D. Comminuted fracture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 084820b0-75b4-43ae-adf9-83fb0e20f4eb | [{'content': 'Which of the following tests is most sensitive for the detection of iron depletion in pregnancy ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Serum iron, B. Serum ferritin, C. Serum transferrin, D. Serum iron binding capacity', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Serum ferritin is the most sensitive test as it correlates best with iron stores and is the first test to become abnormal in case of iron deficiency.\nRemember: \n\nStorage form of iron : – Ferritin\nTransport form of iron – Transferrin\n\nAs per CDC serum ferritin less than 15 mg/l confirms iron deficiency anemia.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | a5c1e6f2-390a-4459-804e-4f27fde3571d | [{'content': "Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas are all of these except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. NK T-cell lymphoma, B. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, C. Plasmablastic lymphoma, D. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma(Ref: Robbins 9/e p327, 609)Among Hodgkin's lymphomas, EBV is not associated with nodular sclerosis & lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma.Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV):Member of the herpes virus family.Causative agent for African form of Burkitt lymphoma.B-cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed individuals (paicularly in those with HIV infection or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy after organ or bone marrow transplantation).Subset of Hodgkin lymphoma.Nasopharyngeal.Some gastric carcinomas.Rrare forms of T-cell lymphoma.Natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | b20d6d5a-8860-4dd0-9065-e613a34ac615 | [{'content': 'Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Internal thoracic artery, B. Thyrocervical trunk, C. Dorsal scapular artery, D. Costocervical trunk', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Thyrocervical trunk is a short, wide vessel which arises from the front of the first part of the subclavian artery, close to the medial border of the scalenus anterior, and between the phrenic and vagus nerves. It almost immediately divides into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular and transverse cervical arteries.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: ENT | 8616b528-3a38-4bc5-b002-2e5133f56496 | [{'content': "A person presented to OPD with complaints of rotatory veigo and nausea in the morning on change in position of the head. WHat is your diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Labyrinthitis, B. BPPV, C. Vestibular neuronitis, D. Meniere's disease", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Positional veigo/ BPPV: It is characterized by veigo when the head is placed in a ceain critical position. There is no hearing loss or other neurologic symptoms. Positional testing establishes the diagnosis and helps to differentiate it from positional veigo of central origin. Disease caused by a disorder of posterior semicircular canal though many patients have history of head trauma and ear infection. It has been demonstrated that otoconial debris, consisting of crystals and calcium carbonate, is released from the degeneration macula of the utricle and floats freely in the endolymph. When it settles on the cupula of posterior semicircular canal in a critical head position, it causes displacement of the cupula and veigo. The veigo is fatigable on assuming the same position repeatedly due to dispersal of the otoconia but can be induced again after a period of rest. Thus, typical history and Hallpike maneuver establishes the diagnosis. The condition can be treated by performing Epley's maneuver. The principle of this maneuver is to reposition the otoconial debris from the posterior semicircular canal back into the utricle. The doctor stands behind the patient and the assistant on the side. The patient is made to sit on the table so that when he is made to lie down, his head is beyond the edge of the table as is done in Dix-Hallpike maneuver. His face is turned 450 to the affected side. The maneuver consists of five positions * Position 1. With the head turned 450, the patient is made to lie down in head-hanging position (Dix-Hallpike). It will cause veigo and nystagmus. Wait till veigo and nystagmus subside. * Position 2. Head is now turned so that affected ear is facing up at a 900 rotation. * Position 3. The whole body and head are now rotated away from the affected ear to a lateral recumbent position in a 900 -rotation face-down position. * Position 4. Patient is now brought to a sitting position with head still turned to the unaffected side by 450. * Position 5. The head is now turned forward and chin brought down 200. There should be a pause at each position till there is no nystagmus or there is slowing of nystagmus, before changing to the next position. After maneuver is complete, patient should maintain an upright posture for 48 h. Eighty percent of the patients will be cured by a single maneuver. If the patients remain symptomatic, the maneuver can be repeated. A bone vibrator placed on the mastoid bone helps to loosen the debris. - Meniere's disease: Has an episodic veigo and it lasts for >20 minutes. - Vestibular neuronitis: Veigo lasts for many days. - Labyrinthitis: There is a history of fever and trauma, and the veigo lasts for days.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 9b9120e8-6675-4e3d-8dc1-4c7b261957f1 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is an obligate intracellular parasite? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tropheryma whippelii, B. Baonella henselae, C. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, D. Coxiella burnetii', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Ref: Ananthanarayan 10/e p416, 8/e p409; Jawetz 27/e p346, 347; Harrison 19/e p1159, 1162)Though both Coxiella and Ehrlichia are obligate intracellular pathogens, in 2009 scientists repoed a technique allowing the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii to grow in an axenic culture and suggested the technique may be useful for study of other pathogens.Hence, Ehrlichia is a better answer in this case.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | cd0df6a2-1e8f-41e9-8304-1b8742ea993d | [{'content': 'Anti-epileptic which is not associated with congenital malformation when used in pregnant woman is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Phenytoin, B. Phenobarbitone, C. Carbamazepine, D. Valproate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Phenobarbitone is considered as safest antiepileptic drug in pregnancy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f6c4ff25-9770-4650-88f6-82b6b83d7e31 | [{'content': 'Portion of tooth covered by calculus or altered cementum is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Toxic zone, B. Deposit zone, C. Instrumentation zone, D. Take away zone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Calculus is removed by a series of controlled, overlapping, short, powerful strokes primarily using wrist-arm motion . As calculus is removed, resistance to\xa0 the\xa0 passage\xa0 of\xa0 the\xa0 cutting\xa0 edge\xa0 diminishes\xa0 until\xa0 only\xa0 a\xa0 slight roughness\xa0 remains.\xa0Longer,\xa0lighter\xa0 root-planing\xa0 strokes\xa0 are\xa0 then activated with less lateral pressure until the root surface is completely smooth and hard. The instrument handle must be rolled carefully between the thumb and fingers to keep the blade adapted closely to the tooth surface as line angles, developmental depressions, and other changes in tooth contour are followed. Scaling and root-planing strokes should be confined to the portion of the tooth where calculus or altered cementum is found; this area is known as the instrumentation zone. Sweeping the instrument over the crown where it is not needed wastes operating time, dulls the instrument, and causes loss\xa0 of control.\nKey Concept:\nScaling and root-planing strokes should be confined to the portion of the tooth where calculus or altered cementum is found; this area is known as the instrumentation zone. Sweeping the instrument over the crown where it is not needed wastes operating time, dulls the instrument, and causes loss\xa0 of control.\nRef: Newman and Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology, thirteenth edition; page no 545.e15', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 098dae62-49e8-426a-a58e-8fecf341cd05 | [{'content': 'Annealing is also known as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Soft hardening treatment, B. Hard hardening treatment, C. Precipitating heat treatment, D. Stress relieving heat treatment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 17b84a1e-02fc-4250-a93a-194093782811 | [{'content': 'Fetal ECHO shows congenital hea block, what should be the mother screened for? \nSelect and explain. \nA. SLE, B. Myxoma, C. APLA, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a). SLECongenital hea block is a rare disorder that occurs in about one out of 22,000 live bihs.In most cases, the cause is not known, but babies of mothers with lupus or other autoimmune diseases, or babies with congenital hea disorders, are at higher risk.Pregnant women who have autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or Sjogren's syndrome, are at an increased risk of having a baby with congenital hea block.Also, a tumor on the baby's hea can cause hea block.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Physiology | 97a54f46-0d5e-4979-820c-ab311c30f08a | [{'content': 'During exercise in physiological limits what is the effect on end systolic volume? \nSelect and explain. \nA. ESV decreases, B. ESV increase, C. ESV remain unchanged, D. ESV first decrease and then increases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: During exercise, there is increased sympathetic discharge and venous return to hea. This causes increased stroke volume mainly due to increased myocardial contractility. Due to increased stroke volume, the ESV decreases. In the image given the stoke volume is indicated by the width of the loop and LV pressure by the height of the loop. Three major effects occurring during exercise are : Sympathetic nervous system activation in many tissues with stimulatory effects on circulation. Increase in aerial pressure Increase in cardiac output.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 860f5673-7e87-4a35-ba17-628c738929fa | [{'content': 'Which of the following drug is commonly used in treatment for cancer associated thromboembotismt \nSelect and explain. \nA. Low molecular weight heparin, B. anti-thrombin III inhibitors, C. Direct Xainhibitors, D. Warfarin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Low molecular weight heparinCurrent guideline-endorsed therapy options for cancer-associated thrombosis include low molecularweight heparin (LMWH), unfractionated heparin (UFH), warfarin & fondaparinux.All current guidelines recommend LMWH for at least 3-6 months in cancer-associated VTE.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 77751054-8726-4033-9baa-2e935dba4032 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not responsible for endogenous staining of teeth during development? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tetracycline, B. Rh incompatibility, C. Neonatal liver disease, D. Vitamin-C deficiency', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Psychiatry | 937dd47d-2d03-4bb7-a36d-d82a58f565d5 | [{'content': 'A young girl hospitalised with anorexia nervosa is on treatment, Even after taking adequate food according to the recommended diet plan for last 1 week, there is no gain in weight, what is the next step in management: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase fluid intake, B. Observe patient for 2 hours after meal, C. Increase the do se of anxiolytics, D. Increase the caloric intake from 1500 kcal to 2000 kcal per day', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B. Observe patient for 2 hours after mealIn this condition because the food is often regurgitated after meals, the staff may be able to control vomiting by making the bathroom inaccessible for at least 2 hours after meals or by having an attendant in the bathroom to prevent the oppounity for vomiting.The hospital staff should give the patients about 500 calories over the amount required to maintain their present weight (usually 1500 to 2000 calories a day).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 3728d7be-8279-4b79-a826-e568441ff21a | [{'content': 'Which of these amino acids does not enter the Krebs cycle by forming Acetyl-CoA pyruvate? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glycine, B. Tyrosine, C. Hydroxyprolinc, D. Alanine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Tyrosine(Ref: Harper 30Ie p165)Tyrosine enters Krebs cycle fumarate, while all others form pyruvate to enter the Krebs cycle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 91430721-6b45-4be5-acfb-29e96d31d077 | [{'content': 'Which of the following type of flow occurs, when on applying critical shear stress, a material turns to liquid? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bingham body behaviour, B. Newtonian body, C. Dilatant, D. Pseudoplastic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The viscosity of many dental materials decreases with increasing strain rate until it reaches a nearly constant value. That is, the faster they are stirred, forced through a syringe, or squeezed, the less viscous and more fluid they become. This is pseudoplastic viscosity and is illustrated by the change in slope of the plot in the figure.\nThe viscosity of a pseudoplastic fluid decreases with increasing shear rate.\xa0\nThe tomato-based food condiment ketchup is also pseudoplastic, which makes it difficult to remove from a bottle. Shaking the bottle or rapping the side of the bottle increases its shear rate, decreases its viscosity, and improves its pourability.\xa0\n\xa0\nA Bingham plastic is a viscoplastic material that behaves as a rigid body at low stresses but flows as a viscous fluid at high stress. It is named after Eugene C. Bingham who proposed its mathematical form.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e85ab3af-b295-4750-853a-9fb9389bf2bb | [{'content': 'Facial nerve is located? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Above SMAS and below parotidomassetric fascia, B. Below SMAS and below parotidomassetric fascia, C. Above SMAS and above parotidomassetric fascia, D. Below SMAS and above parotidomassetric fascia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | be9a2669-d3a5-41a7-9b1b-608757751254 | [{'content': 'RBCs are stored at what temperature? \nSelect and explain. \nA. -2 to -4 degC, B. 2-6 degC, C. 20-25 degC, D. 37 degC', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 2-6 degC(Ref UK-NHS Guidelines; Harrison 19/e p138e-2).RBCs should be stored at a temperature of 2-6 "Celsius.ComponentStorage & durationWhole Blood2-6degC for 42 daysdegPacked RBCs2-6degC for 42 daysdegPlatelets22-24degC for 5 daysdegFFP-18degC for 1 yeardeg -18degC for 1 yeardeg -18degC for 1 year', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bdb5ddab-b229-4775-a698-62d03c559af1 | [{'content': 'Most common complication during ridge split or bone spreading is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dehiscence, B. Facial plate splitting, C. Implant micro movement, D. Poor position of implant', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8f43a8ec-ba0a-42bb-ba96-0d5fdc6a87ae | [{'content': 'Etching time in teeth with fluorosis \nSelect and explain. \nA. 10-15 sec, B. 15-30 sec, C. 60-90 sec, D. Can’t be etched', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Generally, a 20 second time is recommended.\nEnamel rich with Flourohydroxy apatite may be resistant\xa0to etching and may need\xa0to be exposed for longer periods.\nEtching time\xa0for enamel varies\xa0depending on the type and quality of enamel.\nGenerally, a 15 sec etching with 30 to 40% phosphoric acid is sufficient to reach the characteristic clinical endpoint of a frosty enamel appearance.\nDeciduous\xa0enamel generally contains same prismless enamel that has not yet worn\xa0away and requires longer etching time (20-30sec) to create a etched\xa0pattern.\n5-40% phosphoric acid recommends\xa0longer etching times for primary teeth, approximately 30sec.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 4a911d25-db46-4f7f-851b-6e2ffa30d8b3 | [{'content': 'Compression of bone is resisted by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Protein component, B. lipid component, C. Collagen component, D. Mineral component', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | b4d9ead1-e3c7-446d-b49b-7e4dcbdada18 | [{'content': 'Golgi tendon organs detect: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Static muscle length, B. Dynamic muscle length, C. Muscle tension, D. Muscle action', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: STRUCTURE OF GOLGI TENDON ORGAN\nGolgi tendon organ\xa0 is\xa0 situated\xa0 in\xa0 the\xa0 tendon\xa0 of skeletal\xa0 muscle near the attachment of extrafusal fibers. It is placed in series between the muscle fibers and the\xa0 tendon. Golgi tendon organ is formed by a group of nerve endings covered by a connective tissue capsule.\nNERVE SUPPLY TO GOLGI TENDON ORGAN\nSensory nerve fiber supplying the Golgi tendon organ belongs to Ib type. The nerve fiber supplying Golgi tendon organ ramifies into many branches. Each branch ends in the form of a knob.\xa0\nFUNCTIONS OF GOLGI TENDON ORGAN\nGolgi tendon organ gives response to the change in the force or tension developed in the skeletal muscle during contraction. It is also the receptor for inverse stretch reflex and lengthening reaction and thereby prevents damage of muscle due to overstretching.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | fb9d4717-0a12-4fdf-bad8-0fe7bd66e722 | [{'content': 'A properly designed rest on lingual surface of a canine is preferred to a rest on incisal surface because: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Less Leverage is exerted against the tooth by Lingual rest, B. Enamel is thicker on lingual surface, C. Visibility and access is better on lingual surface, D. The cingulum of canine produces a naturalsurface for recess', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 93308f4a-1927-4596-981a-58f373a9707e | [{'content': 'For supporting complex amalgam restoration, which of the following cement has best modulus of elasticity? \nSelect and explain. \nA. ZOE, B. GIC, C. Polycarboxylate, D. Zinc phosphate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Zinc phosphate cement has compressive strength of 104 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 13 GPa.\n\nIn very deep cavities with microscopic exposure, it is recommended that calcium hydroxide should be applied followed by zinc oxide eugenol or zinc phosphate under the restoration.\xa0\nFor amalgam restorations, zinc phosphate is recommended as cavity base.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 358f187f-d762-4355-b654-67996e08ed96 | [{'content': 'Perfect example of transition of anterior to posterior is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mandibular canine, B. Maxillary canine, C. Mandibular 1st premolar, D. Maxillary 1st premolar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | d1bdce43-2f6d-47ee-9957-2bff4b27d2ce | [{'content': 'Sequential order of sperm formation: Spermatogonia Spermatocyte Spermatids Spermatozoa \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2314, B. 3214, C. 3124, D. 1234', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 624fae5e-1711-4d3f-8efc-763e77a09335 | [{'content': 'Inlay wax is used to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Temporarily cement inlays, B. Make inlay wax patterns, C. Invest inlay patterns, D. Box models', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 31913a50-8459-47c0-b142-7a31df3f16c3 | [{'content': 'find false statement regarding sensory endings \nSelect and explain. \nA. Annulospiral wrap the ends, B. Primary ending is annulospiral, C. Primary ending conduct 1a fibres, D. Flower spray is secondary', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 25a152c6-7c2b-4da4-b89d-cf75e2b780aa | [{'content': 'Dentition of humans is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Herbivorous, B. Omnivorous, C. Carnivorous, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 335e8fc5-5039-4876-a07e-42364a9c8cfb | [{'content': 'Glycogen synthesis and breakdown takes place in the same cell, having enzymes necessary for both the pathways. Why the glucose-6-phosphate, freshly synthesized during glycogenesis in cytoplasm of hepatocytes, is not immediately degraded by the enzyme glucose!6-phosphatase? \nSelect and explain. \nA. The thermodynamics does not or such a reaction to occur, B. Glucose-6-phosphatase is present in the endoplasmic reticulum and cannot act on glycogen formed in the cytoplasm, C. Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are tightly regulated such that enzymes of only one of those is present at a time., D. Steric hindrance due to albumin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Glucose-6-phosphatase is present in the endoplasmic reticulum and cannot act on glycogen formed in the cytoplasm(Ref Harper 30/e p178)Glucose-6-phosphate:Formed in cytoplasm of hepatocytes.Glucose-6-phosphatase:Present in lumen of smooth endoplasmic reticulum of cell.Reaction does not take place until gluconeogenesis is ored.Glucose-6-phosphatase catalyzes hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate in liver - Expos glucose a increases blood glucose concentration', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 5266b717-91e2-4c9f-94aa-2be119379a81 | [{'content': 'Number of vision centers under vision 2020, a national program for control of blindness are - \nSelect and explain. \nA. 20, B. 200, C. 2000, D. 20000', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., 20000 The proposed structure for vision 2020, NPCB : Vision centres 20,000 (Primary level)Service centres 2,000 (Secondary level)Tranning centres 200 (Teiary level)Centres of Excellence 20 (COE)", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 959f8a7b-ea3c-40f9-a6a3-f90248f7e8d2 | [{'content': 'Tachycardia in a patient in shock is response to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypotension, B. Vasoconstriction, C. CNS anoxia, D. Anxiety', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 25027d40-3f29-40e0-a29b-23bd913f2152 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not a branch of external carotid artery \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterior auricular artery, B. Occipital artery, C. Maxillary artery, D. Ophthalmic artery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Branches of ECA:-\nAnterior - superior thyroid, lingual a., Facial a.\nPosterior - Occipital a., Posterior auricular a.\nMedial - Ascending pharyngeal a.\nTerminal - Maxillary a., Superficial temporal a.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: ENT | 4d1e7661-fffc-42d0-8bed-1e4ecc040fe8 | [{'content': "A 35 years old female patient present with hearing loss with improvement in hearing in noisy environment. On examination Rinne's is negative and weber's is centralized. Following is the audiometry repo. What is the most likely diagnosis: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Meniere's disease, B. Perilymph fistula, C. Stapedial Otosclerosis, D. Vestibular Schwannoma", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: POINTS OURING STAPEDIAL OTOSCLEROSIS: - Conductive hearing loss. - MC seen in females 20-30 yrs. - hears better in noisy surrounding (Paraacusis willisii) - Audiometry repo a dip at 2000Hz (Carha's notch) Meniere's disease causes SNHL. Perilymph fistula will cause SNHL. Vestibular schwannoma also will cause SNHL.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 643c04b4-2478-4bb6-972d-196073f07322 | [{'content': 'Myocardial infarction; signs are all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. ‘a’ wave elevation, B. Levine’s sign, C. Kussmaul’s sign, D. Bradycardia in case of infarction of anterior portion of heart', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Kussmaul sign is a paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure (JVP) on inspiration, or a failure in the appropriate fall of the JVP with inspiration\nLevine's sign is a clenched fist held over the chest to describe ischemic chest pain\nBradycardia, in case of ischaemia of inferior part of the heart.\nTachycardia, in case of ischaemia of anterior portion of heart.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | ac1196e0-224c-4c6c-a6b8-2853a776ade6 | [{'content': 'Which one of the following is NOT a socio-economic indicator? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Literacy rate, B. Life expectancy at birth, C. Housing, D. Family size', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Socio-economic indicators:\n\n\nHousing\nFamily size\nLiteracy rate\nAvailability per capitacalorie\nPer capita GNP\nGrowth rate\nLevel of unEmployment\nDependency ratio', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 2d331aa6-39b9-4d4b-b065-fc3f03e7331c | [{'content': 'LA acts on nerve membrane by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Blocking conductance of Na+ from interior to exterior, B. Blocking conductance of Na+ from exterior to interior, C. Blocking conductance of K+ from interior to exterior, D. Blocking conductance of K+ from exterior to interior', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 92ee38b6-68d0-4626-8c03-053db30d77dc | [{'content': 'Sudden death in a patient with an acute myocardial\ninfarction is most commonly due to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Aortic dissection, B. Atrial fibrillation, C. Cardiac tamponade, D. Ventricular fibrillation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 42db9931-1f80-46a1-8c80-4e7f3d76051c | [{'content': 'Inferior thyroid artery ligation during thyroidectomy is done \nSelect and explain. \nA. For recurrent Laryngeal nerve, B. Superior laryngeal nerve, C. Vagus nerve, D. Glossopharyngeal nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Inferior thyroid artery:\nIt is a branch of thyrocervical trunk from the first part of the subclavian artery. It first runs upwards along the medial border of\xa0 scalenus anterior, and then passes medially behind the carotid sheath to reach the back of the thyroid lobe, where it is intimately related to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerve presents a variable relationship with the artery. It may pass behind or in front of the loop of the artery or between the branches of the artery. The artery gives 4 or 5 branches.\nKEY CONCEPT:\nDuring thyroidectomy, the superior thyroid artery is ligated near the gland to save the external laryngeal nerve; and the inferior thyroid artery is ligated away from the gland to save the recurrent laryngeal nerve.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Microbiology | e3d7bd81-ad55-4017-8c33-b8fecae9dab2 | [{'content': 'Pulmonary manifestation for inhalational anthrax \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hemorrhagic mediastinitis, B. Lobar consolidation, C. Bronchopneumonia with type two respiratory failure, D. Can cause pneumonia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Wool soer's disease or pulmonary anthrax manifests by hemorrhagic mediastinitis causing bloody fluid to accumulate in the chest cavity. It causes initially flu like symptoms fever, shoness of Breath, cough, fatigue and second stage in form of pneumonia occurs.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3341d406-7f8f-4f77-8418-bd773284d491 | [{'content': 'The inter radicular bone is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Compact, B. Cancellous, C. Exophytic, D. Osteophytic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 200d5368-a4f1-4180-b13a-1103d9f06737 | [{'content': "Investigation of choice for diagnosis of Zenker's diveiculum is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. CECT, B. Endoscopy, C. Esophageal manometry, D. Barium swallow", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Barium swallowInvestigation of choice for diagnosis of Zenker's diveiculum is a barium swallow.It is not a true esophageal diveicula, as it rises above the upper esophageal sphincter (the cricopharyngeal sphincter)Usually seen in patients over 50 years aMC symptom is dysphagia.Undigested food is regurgitated into the mouth, especially when the patient is in the recumbent position.Swelling of the neck, gurgling noise after eating, halitosis, and a sour metallic taste in the mouth are common symptomsCervical webs are seen associated with 50% of patients with Zenker's diveiculum, which can cause dysphagia postoperatively if not treated.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | d4c4bf0d-08ef-47e6-b8e2-e530082fa63a | [{'content': 'Which of the following drug should not be given in a patient of narrow angle glaucoma? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Phenylephrine, B. Timolol, C. Acetazolamide, D. Homatropine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. HomatropineHomatropine is a mydriatic, which can precipitate angle closure glaucoma and contraindicated in angle closure glaucoma.Phenylephrine, Timolol and Acetazolamide are used for the treatment of angle closure glaucoma.'Mydriatic drugs such as atropine, Homatropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide and phenylephrine are precipitating factorsfor angle closure glaucoma, so contraindicated in angle closure glaucoma.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f0d305f8-9c80-4091-bf91-9121f03ef067 | [{'content': 'The bacteria of oral flora which plays least role in periodontitis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Actinomyces, B. Actinomycetam comitans, C. Spirocheates, D. Bacteriodes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 31d2fae2-b491-4feb-b871-d889d9ac4efe | [{'content': 'crossed extensor reflex is a \nSelect and explain. \nA. Withdrawal reflex, B. Postural reflex, C. Sympathetic, D. Monosynaptic reflex', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 2e79e459-d4f0-4293-8e05-eb282fa25772 | [{'content': 'Cell membrane consists of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lipids and proteins, B. Lipids only, C. Protein only, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | c848ac2e-6165-47e9-82ac-a59fb2ac705b | [{'content': 'A patient complains of numbness of lower lip. There is no history of tooth extraction . It could be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Infection, B. Metastatic neoplasia., C. Dental menipulation., D. CNS disease.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 46d8350b-3f1d-4199-9c82-aaff47498fdd | [{'content': 'Lymph from lower lip-middle part drains directly into: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Submandibular nodes, B. Submental nodes, C. Sublingual nodes, D. Preauricular nodes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 3102aef1-11c7-48b5-8e62-1b7aefca4de7 | [{'content': 'Saliva is increased by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cholinergic drugs, B. Anticholinergic drugs, C. Adrenergic drugs, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8ebdd274-45aa-4055-bc13-746368d44148 | [{'content': 'False regarding protective co-contraction muscle splinting: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reduced mouth opening due to infection, B. Protective co-contraction is not a pathologic condition, C. There is no pain reported when the muscle is at rest, but use of the muscle will typically result in increased pain., D. Altered sensory input or pain, antagonistic muscle groups fire during movement in an attempt to protect the injured part.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Protective Co-contraction (Muscle Splinting) \nProtective co-contraction is the initial response of a muscle to altered sensory or proprioceptive input or injury (or threat of injury). This response has also been called protective muscle splinting or coactivation. It is not associated with reduced mouth opening due to infection.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 17b12130-371e-4713-9135-28d973da9706 | [{'content': 'Inferior oblique muscle of the eye is responsible for all of the following, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Downward rotation, B. Lateral rotation, C. Extortion, D. Upward rotation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | ddd74ca8-115f-444b-a754-28567fb618b1 | [{'content': 'Craniopagus is defined as fusion of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Head and spine, B. Head only, C. Thorax and spine, D. Thorax only', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Head onlyRef: Coran Pediatric Surgery 7u ed., pg. 1728Craniopagus:Extent of union:Cranial neuroporeSkull venous sinus &meninges l00%Cerebral coex 37%', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 0fd8b1cf-309f-4bcd-b1d6-d6a1f07d440f | [{'content': '11 yr female in the school brought to principle by teacher that she is always crying unattentive not taking interest in any activity. On fuher investigation the girl told that she was inappropriately touched by her uncle at private pas at her home. Principle inform to whom ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Child welfare, B. Parents, C. Police, D. Magistrate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL OFFENCES (POCSO) ACT, 2012 * Repoing the offence to the police is mandatory. Failure to repo, attracts punishment with imprisonment of up to 6 months or fine or both. Section 19 of the POCSO Act, 2012 provides mandatory repo of child sexual offences to the Special Juvenile Police Unit or the local police', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 7ddb4b66-7d59-42e8-9714-04fdb5741670 | [{'content': 'Mw vaccine is made from which bacteria? \nSelect and explain. \nA. M. Welchii, B. M. Bovis, C. M. Indicus pranii, D. none of these', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer-C- M. Indicus praniiKilled Mycobacterium indicus pranii (previously known as Mycobacterium w, popularly known as Mw) vaccine has earlier been investigated in genital was with encouraging resultsMycobacterium w vaccine, a useful adjuvant to multidrug therapy in multibacillary leprosy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7ac6c505-a563-4d72-a4c7-8c9681df35b0 | [{'content': 'Wound that does not involve dermis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Abrasion, B. contusion, C. Laceration, D. Incision', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Microbiology | 2c4a6f65-70ac-45ad-9bd5-54de396908fd | [{'content': 'Which is not a dimorphic fungi? \nSelect and explain. \nA. P. marneffi, B. Histoplasma capsulatum, C. Blastomyces dermatitidis, D. Pneumocystis jirovecii', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Dimorphic fungi :- They exist as molds in the environment at ambient temperature(250C) and as yeasts in human tissues at body temperature(370C). several medically impoant fungi are thermally dimorphic such as:- Histoplasma capsulatum Blastomyces dermatitidis Coccidiodes immitis Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis Penicillium marneffei Sporothrix schenckii All of the above mentioned dimorphic fungi causes systemic mycoses except sporothrix which is responsible for sub cutaneous infection.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 46669fd0-e19c-4e9c-bdc4-836d0d9771f4 | [{'content': 'True about bisphosphonate mechanism of action \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inhibit osteoclast mediated resorption, B. Increases rate of osteoid formation, C. Increases mineralization of osteoid, D. All of above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 27c9ead8-7baf-4c63-bf48-a03e57812c44 | [{'content': 'All of the following are true about iron deficiency anemia except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Transferrin saturation <16%, B. Detected by serum ferritin levels even in earlier states, C. Mostly presents without any symptoms with abnormal laboratory findings, D. Latent anemia is most prevalent in India', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Mostly presents without any symptoms with abnormal laboratory findingsIron deficiency anemia is widely prevalent in India.IDA is preceded by a stage of latent iron deficiency, where serum ferritin is reduced but hemoglobin is normal.Iron Deficiency Anemia:Decreased MCV and MCHElevated red cell distribution widthIncreased TIBCDecreased serum ironDecreased serum ferritinTransferrin saturation <10.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | f3d65283-cf60-4fd3-a23a-804ca33bc8e9 | [{'content': 'If the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is 2 mm Hg, interstitial oncotic pressure is 7 mm Hg and capillary hydrostatic pressure is 25 mm Hg. What should be the capillary oncotic pressure to allow a net filtration pressure of 3 mm Hg? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 20, B. 21, C. 23, D. 27', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. 27Formula - GFR = Kf l(PGC- PT) - (7r GC-)I* Kf- Glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient. - Product of glomerular capillary wall hydraulic conductivity (i.e. its permeability) & effective filtration surface area.* PGC - Mean hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries = 25* PT - Mean hydrostatic pressure in tubule (Bowman's space) = 2* GC - Oncotic pressure of plasma in glomerular capillaries* T - Interstitial colloidal oncotic pressure = 7* In this question, - GFR, 3 = Kf Kf Kf . - GC = 27 mm/Hg.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 80d140b3-ecea-49ed-a805-775b3f067383 | [{'content': 'In BSSO setback, fixation in neutral posterior zone is best achieved with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lag screw, B. Position screw, C. Miniplate, D. No fixation is required in neutral position', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pharmacology | 24662938-a2a7-4328-846d-1887c22ff54c | [{'content': 'A patient was given ampicillin 2 g intravenously. After that, the person developed rash on skin, hypotension and difficulty in breathing. The patient should be managed by \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0.5 ml of 1:1000 adrenaline by intramuscular route, B. 0.5 ml of 1:1000 adrenaline by intravenous route, C. 0.5 ml of 1:10000 adrenaline by intramuscular route, D. 0.5 ml of 1:10000 adrenaline by intravenous route', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Penicillins are prone to cause allergic reactions features like rash on skin, hypotension ,difficulty in breathing are suggestive of anaphylactic shock. Drugs Frequently causing allergic reactions Penicillins Aspirin Cephalosporins Indomethacin Sulfonamides Carbamazepine Tetracyclines Allopurinol Quinolones ACE inhibitors Metronidazole Methyldopa Abacavir Hydralazine Antitubercular drugs Local anaesthetics Phenothiazines In case of anaphylactic shock the resuscitation council of UK has recommended the following measure : * Put the patient in reclining position, administer oxygen at high flow rate and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation if required.* Inject adrenaline 0.5 mg (0.5 ml of I in I 000 solution for adult, 0.3 ml for child 6-12 years and 0.15 ml for child upto 6 years) i.m.; repeat every 5-10 min in case patient does not improve or improvement is transient. This is the only life saving measure. Adrenaline should not be injected i.v. (can itself be fatal) unless shock is immediately life threatening. If adrenaline is to be injected i. v., it should be diluted to 1:10,000 or 1:100,000 and infused slowly with constant monitoring. * Administer a H1 antihistaminic (pheniramine 20-40 mg or chlorpheniramine I 0-20 mg) i.m./slow i.v. It may have adjuvant value.* Intravenous glucocoicoid (hydrocoisone sod. succinate 200 mg) should be added in severe/recurrent cases. It acts slowly, but is specially valuable for prolonged reactions and in asthmatics. It may be followed by oral prednisolone for 3 days.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 074d6dbc-2825-4387-ada2-01725dd954e2 | [{'content': 'Interstitial fluid volume can be determined by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Radioactive iodine and radiolabelled water, B. Radioactive water and radiolabelled albumin, C. Radioactive sodium and radioactive water, D. Radioactive sodium and radioactive labelled albumin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Radioactive sodium and radioactive labelled albumin(Ref Ganong 25/e p3, 24/e p2; Guvton I p309, 310)Fluid volumeIndicator usedTotal body water volumeDeuterium oxide: D20 (MC used)degTritium oxidedeg, Aminopyrinedeg, AntipyrinedegExtracellular fluid volumeInulin (most accurate)degs22Na, 1251-iothalamate, thiosulfatedegPlasma volumeEvans bluedegSerum albumin labeled with radioactive iodinedeg (1-125)Intracellular fluid(Calculated as total body water - extracellular fluid volume)Blood volume"Cr-labeled RBCsdeg, or calculated as blood volume = plasma volume/ (1 - hematocrit)Interstitial fluid(Calculated as extracellular fluid volume - plasma volume)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6bb818fb-dbe5-4580-8f45-d6e875bf0516 | [{'content': 'A 28 year old eclamptic woman develop convulsions.The first measure to be done is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Give MgSO4, B. Sedation of patient, C. Immediate delivery, D. Care of airway', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Preeclampsia when complicated with convulsion and / or coma is called eclampsia.\nFits occurring in eclampsia are Generalised tonic clonic seizure.\nIn most cases seizures are self limited, lasting for 1 to 2 minutes.\nManagement:\n“The first priorities are to ensure that the airway is clear and to prevent injury and aspiration of gastric content\nCOGDT 10/e, p 326\nInitial management during eclamptic fit:\n\nPatients should be kept in an isolated room to protect from noxious stimulus which might provoke further fits.\nMouth gag is placed between teeth to prevent tongue bite.\nAir passage is cleared off the mucus.\nOxygen is given.\nCatheterization is done to monitor urine output.\n\nSpecific management:\nA. Medical management\ni. Seizure treatment\n\nThe drug of choice for the control and prevention of convulsions is magnesium sulphate (Pritchard’s regimen) Previously used anticonvulsant regimen for eclampsia was ‘Lytic cocktail regimen’ given by Menon\xa0using pethidine, chlorpromazine and phenargen.\xa0but now it is not used.\n\nii. Treatment of hypertension\n\nDOC in eclampsia is labetalol.\n2nd DOC in eclampsia is hydralazine.\n\nB. Obstetric management in antepartum cases:\n\nImmediate termination of pregnancy should be done.\nVaginal delivery is preferred\xa0but “In current obstetrical practice the large majority of eclamptic women are delivered by cesarean section. The most common exception to cesarean delivery are women with a fetal demise and the rare ones with a very ripe cervix.”\n\nFernando Arias 3/e, p 427', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | d58a8e4e-0f5e-42bb-8b24-75a882eacfa2 | [{'content': 'IOL placed in the young male., After 10 year what should be done..? \nSelect and explain. \nA. IOL should be removed in case of Posterior Capsule ossification, B. Never be removed, C. Remove when presbyopia sets in, D. Should be changed after 10 year', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer A. IOL should be removed in case of Posterior Capsule ossification 1. The indications for removing an intraocular lens (IOL) are:Chronic uveitisEndothelial corneal dystrophyUncontrollalbe glaucomaMetal loop cutting pupillary sphincterGross decentration of IOL (fibrous bands)Extraocular dislocation of IOL G. Recurrent severe hyphemaDevelopment of rubeosis iridisRemoval of iris (1) Iris tumor (2) Epithelial downgrowthEndophthalmitisUnilateral IOL in pending bilateral aphakia 2. The following may be indications for removing and/or replacing and/or replacing an IOL:Wrong dioptric powerForeign body attached to IOLIOL covered with pigmentRepair retinal detachment after extracapsular cataract extractionChoyce lens too shoDannheim IOL with absorbed supramid loop tipsDislocated Ridley IOLSclero-conjunctival erosion of Strampelli\'s "external-fixation" IOL loop Reference - <a href="', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 257b6434-4c38-4b6a-8207-23c436906b0c | [{'content': 'In a coho study, to study association between factor and disease, the risk ratio was calculated to be equal to 1. What does this signifies? \nSelect and explain. \nA. There is no association present between the factor and the disease, B. There is positive association between the factor and the disease, C. There is negative association between the factor and the disease, D. Data insufficient to comment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. There is no association present between the factor and the diseaseEstimation of relative risk (RR):Direct measure (or index) of strength of association between suspected cause and effect.RR=1 - Indicates no association.RR > 1 - Indicates positive association between exposure & disease under study.RR = 2 - Indicates incidence rate of disease is 2 times higher in exposed group (compared with unexposed).Impoant in etiological enquiries.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Orthopaedics | 5ccc26af-b2fb-4d7e-b117-e622359b75a2 | [{'content': 'Minimum age of screening of osteoporosis: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 55 years, B. 60 years, C. 65 years, D. 50 years', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Osteoporosis - screened using DEXA scan staing from the age group of 65 years It measures - bone mineral density and uses a T score to identify osteoporosis. T score: 0 to -1 - normal 1 to -2.5 - osteopenia < -2.5 - osteoporosis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9c728d18-2481-4292-bd23-e13be8e509ed | [{'content': 'The total number of vertebrae present in the vertebral column are? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 22, B. 34, C. 56, D. 52', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | d92b9ee0-6465-4227-9a82-d6a27c619731 | [{'content': 'In a caries-free individual the saliva has: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Low buffering capacity for acids, B. Medium buffering capacity for acids, C. High buffering capacity for acids, D. Independent of buffering capacity for acids', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d18484d7-55a9-4be3-9ba6-59cdd44d1bdf | [{'content': 'Phallic stage of Freud corresponds to which of the following stages of Piaget \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sensorimotor, B. Pre operational, C. Concrete operational, D. Formal operational', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | e5e8e766-7a60-497c-80f9-842c60f4e1a4 | [{'content': 'Most common site of primary for intraocular metastasis is from- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Breast, B. Ovary, C. Cervix, D. Endometrium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. BreastMost common site of primary for intraocular metastasis is from breast.'Breast cancer is the most common tumor to metastasize to the eye followed by lung cancer.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | b90144a7-74cd-40fc-9634-b3a00530cb0c | [{'content': "The cortex of lymph node contains: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cords of billroth, B. Hassall's corpuscles, C. Lymphatic nodules, D. White pulp", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The cortex of lymph node contains lymphatic nodules.\nLymph node consists of 3 parts, i.e.:\n\nCapsule\nCortex\nMedulla', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | ca34b209-b2de-4643-b1a6-a2e8b7c3e356 | [{'content': 'Occluded submandibular salivary duct can be best observed by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Palpation, B. Sialography, C. Occlusal X-ray, D. Thermography', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | d5bf85c8-104a-49dd-ba17-df643bd4756b | [{'content': 'In case of facial injuries with voluntary control lost over tongue, the best emergency treatment to prevent tongue from falling back is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Towel clipping of Tongue, B. Deep traction silk suture of tongue, C. Oropharyngeal airway, D. Definitive treatment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | edb0ef61-a009-4fe9-811e-5b9d6ea40435 | [{'content': 'Chances of ankyloses of mandibular molar which is autotransplanted depends on? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Splinting of mandibular molar, B. Surgical extraction of molar, C. Socket preparation of molar for autotransplantation, D. Root kept moist in cotton', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0a08a713-9a1e-49db-99ed-d0050c717e02 | [{'content': 'Greater crown bulk distal to the faciolingual dissecting plane of the tooth is most typical of mandibular \nSelect and explain. \nA. Central incisor, B. Canine, C. Lateral incisor, D. Second premolar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | b92c7401-27d9-4cc0-80f1-5e6369047365 | [{'content': "Some medicine comes with a label of 'store at a cool place only'. At what temperature should these medicines be kept? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8-15 degC, B. 2-8 degC, C. 0 degC, D. 25-28 degC", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. 8-15 degC(Ref: Park 22/e p100)Some medicines come with label of 'store at a cool place only'.These medicines should be kept at 8-15 degC.Definitions of Storage Conditions of Drugs as per Ip 6 (Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996)ColdAny temperature not exceeding 8degC and usually between 2-8degC. A refrigerator is a cold place in which the temperature is maintained thermostatically between 28degC.CoolAny temperature between 8-25degC.An aicle, for which storage in a cool place is directed may alternately,be stored in a refrigerator unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph.Room TemperatureThe temperature prevailing in a working area.WarmAny temperature between 30-40degC.Excessive heatAny temperature above 40degC.Light resistant containersA light-resistant container protect the content from the effect of actinic light by viue of the specific propeies of the material of which it is made.Well closed containerA well-closed container protects the contents from contamination by extraneous liquid & from loss of the aicle under normal condition of handling, shipment, storage & distribution.Well closed containerA tightly closed container protects the contents from contamination by extraneous liquid & solids or vapor, from loss or deterioration of the aicle from effervescence, deliquescent or evaporation under normal condition of handling, shipment, storage & distribution.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 682e030c-c972-45cf-b2d7-3146876acff7 | [{'content': 'All of the following statements about idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura are true EXCEPT \nSelect and explain. \nA. It is associated with platelet-specific auto-antibodies, B. It causes a prolonged bleeding time, C. It is often controllable by immunosuppressive treatment, D. It causes more prolonged hemorrhage than hemophilia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 278c807b-044f-4e95-85fb-2bda5191cdb1 | [{'content': 'In a MO cavity prepared for inlay, mechanical advantage\nto prevent proximal displacement of the restoration is\nby establishing: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Adequate pulpal depth, B. Parallel walls, C. Occlusal dovetail, D. Acute lingual inclination in axiogingival area', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 711d84b6-7ff9-4ed2-a961-b7c604e3a9c6 | [{'content': 'Major drawback of pro-root MTA is its increased setting time which is decreased by addition of ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3% of NaOH, B. 3% NaCl, C. 5% CaCl, D. Distilled Water', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6365d158-c101-446c-b8d6-978770aade5c | [{'content': 'Apical constriction is ……………mm coronal to Apical foramen \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0-0.5, B. 0.5-1.5, C. 1.5-2.5, D. 2-Jan', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a0f45cea-4081-4953-943a-04c0b89c02b7 | [{'content': 'An elderly male presents 2 months after renal trans-planatation with nephropathy. Which of the following can be a viral etiological agent? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Polymoa virus BK, B. Human herpes virus type 6, C. Hepatitis C, D. Human papillorna virus, high risk types', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Polymoa virus BK Polyoma BK Virus:BK virus is Polyoma virus associated with nephropathy, typically after l-4 moths after transplant.High levels of BK virus replication detected by PCR in urine and blood are predictive of pathology. especially in setting of renal transplantation.Urinary excretion of BK virus and BK virusemia are associated with the development of ureteric strictures, Polyoma virus associated nephropathy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Physiology | 5bb71e79-6495-4b29-a2b4-8af6d9fb4d86 | [{'content': 'Erythropoietin acts on: \nSelect and explain. \nA. CFU, B. Late erythtoblast, C. Normoblast, D. Burst forming unit (BFU)', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Normal duration of erythropoiesis = 7- 9 days Under influence of erythropoietin = 5- 6 days EPO acts on earlier precursors i.e. Formation of burst forming units formation of proerythroblast It has been determined that the impoant effect of erythropoietin is to stimulate the production of proerythroblast from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. In addition, once the proerythroblasts are formed, the erythropoietin causes these cells to pass more rapidly through the different erythroblastic stages than they normally do, fuher speeding up the process Page 488, CH 33. :', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 73bd4537-a8bc-420a-a85e-93d08adc318b | [{'content': 'Expansion of the contrast filled space in myelography is seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intramedullary tumor, B. Intradural extramedullary tumor, C. Spinal dysraphism, D. Extradural tumor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Intramedullary tumor(Ref Sutton 6/e p254: Neurology in Clinical Practice 4/e Vol I p579)Myelography:Expansion of contrast filled space (i.e. subarachnoid space) - Any intramedullaty extradural lesion (meningioma).Sometimes filling defect causing "meniscus sign" demonstrable.Levels of Block in MyelographySiteTypical AppearanceExtradural blockFeathered appearanceIntradural Extramedullary blockMeniscus signWidening of ipsilateral subarachnoid spaceIntramedullary blockWidening of the cordTrouser leg appearance', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | ef116da3-e330-4439-a183-1f19a7ea3fcd | [{'content': 'Tensor veli palatini origin and insertion are \nSelect and explain. \nA. Origin Greater wing of sphenoid and scaphoid fossa; Insertion as palatine aponeurosis into posterior hard palate., B. Origin Lesser wing of sphenoid and scaphoid fossa;Insertion Hamular notch and opposite muscle of same name, C. Origin Lesser wing of sphenoid and scaphoid fossa; Insertion- Posterior hard palate, D. Origin Lesser wing of sphenoid and scaphoid fossa; Insertion: as palatine aponeurosis into posterior hard palate.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b4eb3c97-408a-4f77-84df-620c3a02ebae | [{'content': 'C-factor is associated with? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Condensing force for amalgam, B. Cavity preparation factor for amalgam, C. Root curvature, D. Polymerisation shrinkage in composite', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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