prompt
stringlengths 152
296
| prompt_id
stringlengths 36
36
| messages
stringlengths 145
22.8k
|
|---|---|---|
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 9bd6256f-3625-4877-8fe7-63c2688a39ce | [{'content': 'Calcification of brain is seen in which of the following: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Papillon lefevre syndrome, B. Gorham stout syndrome, C. Menke syndrome, D. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 35b7ba5c-3e71-46c8-9df4-ed3b2a17f3b9 | [{'content': 'Cardiac dysarrythmia during extraction is caused by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trochlear nerve, B. Facial nerve, C. TrigeminaL nerve, D. Occulomotor nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 82fcb071-ca41-45d4-9f0c-ce7a0f5dd6b4 | [{'content': 'A 35-year-old male farmer presents with multiple discharging cervical sinuses. Which of these stains will be useful for the diagnosis? Where does this organism normally colonise in the body? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Grocott Methenamine silver, skin, B. PAS, intestine, C. AFB, mouth, D. Gram-stain, oropharynx', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. AFB, mouth(Ref Ananthanarayan 10/e p398, 8/e p391-391' I larrison 19/e p1088)In this farmer, who presented with multiple discharging cervical sinuses, the most likely diagnosis is actinomycosis.Actinomyces - Not acid-fast organism.Actinomycosis:Occurs most commonly at an oral, cervical, or facial site, usually as a soft tissue swelling, abscess, or mass lesion that is often mistaken fir a neoplasm.The angle of the jaw is generally involved, but a diagnosis of actinomycosis should be considered with any mass lesion or relapsing infection in the head and neck.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | ca435de5-729e-4d62-8d92-116f5afb5a48 | [{'content': 'The concentration of a negative ion is 100 mMoUL extracellular and 10 mMo1/1 intracellular. What will be the Nernst potential for this ion? \nSelect and explain. \nA. --10 mV, B. +10 mV, C. --61 mV, D. +61 mV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. --61 mVRef: Ganong 25Ie p9, p24Ie p9-10; Guyton 13Ie p61Ek = 61.5 log Ci/CeIntracellular concentration Ci = 100Extracellular concentration Ce = 10EK = 61 C log100/10 = -61 mV.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | a5e849d9-c662-4105-9637-5d870028c593 | [{'content': 'A Pediatrician was called for attending a new born baby in the labour ward. The serum unconjugated bilirubin of this baby was 33 mg/dL. Which of the following drug taken by mother in late 3rd trimester may have lead to this problem? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cotrimoxazole, B. Azithromycin, C. Ampicillin, D. Chloroquine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Bilirubin given in question is very high; Bilirubin binds to Albumin in blood, so when any drug displaces bilirubin from albumin, it can lead to increased free bilirubin. Cotrimoxazole is a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (a sulfonamide). Sulfonamides (acidic drugs) can displace bilirubin from albumin resulting in excessive free bilirubin. This can cross blood brain barrier in newborn babies which can cause Kernicterus; hence avoided in pregnancy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 635aedc6-993c-483d-a192-04e327b6a438 | [{'content': 'Syncope is usually caused by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vasoconstriction, B. Cerebral ischemia, C. Cerebral hyperemia, D. Decrease in the vascular bed', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 515dde1e-02e3-41d5-a88f-3d2a99421bde | [{'content': 'The enamel has no capacity of self —repair because \nSelect and explain. \nA. It has only a small percent of organic content, B. Its formative cells are lost once it is completely formed, C. It is essentially a keratin tissue and has no blood vessels, D. It has no direct connection with the active cells of the dental pulp', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a6f9c0c6-3b93-436b-89ea-3c2217313d75 | [{'content': 'If resin is packed in sandy stage what will be seen in the processed denture? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Distortion, B. Porosity, C. Inhomogeneous colour, D. Increased strength', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 514f2979-8893-455e-9b88-5979370081c4 | [{'content': "Endocrine disorder is the primary cause of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acromegaly, B. Albright's syndrome, C. Paget's disease, D. Fibrous dysplasia", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 4babb6af-7f56-4e4b-a5b5-df775b7928c5 | [{'content': 'All parasites are in hepatocytes Except ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Toxoplasma, B. P. falciparium, C. Leishmania, D. Babesia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Babesia* Babesia is an parasite which parasitizes RBCs like Plasmodium* visceral leishmaniasis is an infection in hepatocytes ,* Malaria especially with Plasmodium falciparum hepatomegaly can develop early and subsides with treatment.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 94f81251-43c1-4ba0-a67c-4f6412742774 | [{'content': 'The speed with which the electrons travel from the\nfilament of cathode to the anode depends upon \nSelect and explain. \nA. Potential difference between the two electrodes, B. Number of milliamperes in the tube circuit, C. Angle between the filament and target, D. Voltage of the filament', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The primary functions of the power supply of an X-ray machine\xa0are to:\n\nProvide a low-voltage current to heat the X-ray tube filament.\nGenerate\xa0a\xa0high\xa0potential\xa0difference\xa0to\xa0accelerate\xa0electrons\xa0from the cathode to the focal spot on the anode. The X-ray tube\xa0and two transformers lie within an electrically grounded metal\xa0housing called the head of the X-ray machine.\n\nWhite and Pharoah, pg-6', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 25c67dc6-f8bd-4ef4-ac07-6ae8a02e0412 | [{'content': 'Recurrent abdominal pain in children in most often due to – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Roundworms, B. Emotional/behavioural problems, C. Amoebiasis, D. Giardiasis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Chronic and recurrent abdominal pain in children \n\nChronic abdominal pain is defined as recurrent or persistent bouts of abdominal pain that occur over a minimum of 3 months.\nThe commonest cause of chronic abdominal pain in older children is functional (non organic) that may be due to emotional or behavioral problems.\n\nCauses of chronic and recurrent Abdominal pain', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 176b116a-244a-4bb5-a162-f43d5a340a0e | [{'content': "A child presented in the OPD with multiple permeating lesions involving all the bones of the body which of the following is the most probable diagnosis : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neuroblastoma, B. Metastasis from osteosarcoma, C. Histiocytosis X, D. Metastasis from Wilm's tumour", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Osteolytic lesions in a child involving all the bones of the body points towards the diagnosis of Histiocytosis X.\nThe bony lesions in Histiocytosis x can present as a single lesion or as a wide spread disease involving virtually any bone of the body.\nThe lesions are osteolytic and the common sites of involvement are --> Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs & Clavicle.\n\n\u200bAbout other choices :\n\nMetastasis from Wilm's tumour\xa0 -\xa0 \xa0It can be easily be excluded as the metastatic from Wilms' tumour\xa0does not involve bones.\nNeuroblastoma\xa0 -\xa0\xa0Though it can involve any bone of the body, but simultaneously\xa0involvement of all the bones of the body without any common manifestation is very unlikely to be neuroblastoma.\nMetastasis from Osteosarcoma -\xa0Metastasis from osteosarcoma commonly goes to lung not bones.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 4ae28007-4e30-4358-b6ad-a13c7a4d8015 | [{'content': 'A patient with suspected cardiac tamponade presents to the AIIMS emergency. You are asked to monitor BP of this patient. All the following precautions should be taken except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Patient should be asked to take deep breaths, B. The cuff pressure should be increased to 20 mm over systolic pressure, C. The cuff should be slowly deflated until the first Korotkoff sound is heard only during expiration, D. Pulses paradoxus may not be present', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. The cuff should be slowly deflated until the first Korotkoff sound is heard only during expiration(Ref: Harrison 19/e p1621, 1446 18/e p1825; Ganong 25/e p517)The cuff is slowly deflated and the paradoxical pulse is recorded from the point when first Korotkoff sound is heard only during expiration to when it is heard in both expiration and inspiration.Pulsus paradoxus:Quantified using a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope (Korotkoff sounds), by measuring the variation of the systolic pressure during expiration and inspiration.Inflate cuff until no sounds (as is normally done when taking a BP) slowly decrease cuff pressure until systolic sounds are first heard during expiration but not during inspiration, (note this reading), slowly continue decreasing the cuff pressure until sounds are heard throughout the respiratory cycle, (inspiration and expiration) (note this second reading).If the pressure difference between the two readings is >10mm Hg, it can be classified as pulsus paradoxus.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 1a31abe7-fbc1-41bc-b42d-fab66edfef39 | [{'content': 'The most important career of cholesterol in plasma is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. VLDL, B. LDL, C. HDL, D. Chylomicrons', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Transport of Cholesterol between tissues:\n\nDietary cholesterol is incorporated into Chylomicrons.\n95% of Chylomicron cholesterol is delivered to liver in Chylomicron remnant.\nThe cholesterol is secreted from liver in VLDL.\nMost of the cholesterol secreted in VLDL is retained in IDL and ultimately LDL.\nLDL cholesterol is taken up by liver and extrahepatic tissues (peripheral tissues).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 44bb378d-cada-475a-88a0-1383d314bae0 | [{'content': 'An asymptomatic tooth has deep caries on occlusal surface. Radiograph shows radiopaque mass at apex of the tooth; this mass is most likely to be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cementoma, B. Condensing osteitis, C. Chronic apical periodontitis, D. Acute apical periodontitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 21a40530-4007-4c8b-8427-dfadec028afd | [{'content': 'Best diagnostic investigation for acute appendicitis in children is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. MRI, B. CECT, C. USG, D. X-ray.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. USGUltrasonography has a sensitivity of approximately 85% and a specificity of more than 90% for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.Ultrasonography has the advantages of being a noninvasive modality requiring no patient preparation that also avoids exposure to ionizing radiation.Thus, it is commonly used in children and in pregnant patients with equivocal clinical findings suggestive of acute appendicitis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 164a4811-8e5b-48ed-b13e-798f2ca0d513 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is true about WILSON disease \nSelect and explain. \nA. High copper in urine, high copper in serum, B. High ceruloplasmin, C. Low serum copper, D. Low urinary copper', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. Low serum copperWilson disease is characterized by low serum copper, low ceruloplasmin and high urinary excretion of copper. Wilson disease is characterized by: ATP7B protein deficiency impairs biliary copper excretion, resulting in positive copper balance, hepatic copper accumulation, and copper toxicity from oxidant damage.Defective copper incorporation into apoceruloplasmin leads to excess catabolism and low blood levels of ceruloplasmin.Serum copper levels are usually lower than normal because of low blood ceruloplasmin, which normally binds >90% of serum copper. As the disease progresses, nonceruloplasmin serum copper ("free" copper) levels increase, resulting in copper buildup in other pas of the body, such as the brain, leading to neurologic and psychiatric disease.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | c392ae6f-bcce-4129-9357-c99cf10dbafa | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not true regarding iron supplementation in iron deficiency anemia? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Administer a small diluted dose first prior to infusion to look for any allergy to iron preparation, B. Oral iron therapy should be stopped once the patient achieves a hemoglobin of >12 mg/dL, C. If gastric intolerance to oral iron therapy occurs, all patients should be administered parenteral forms, D. Parenteral iron supplementation is required in a patient with Hb of less then 7 mg/dL', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Oral iron therapy should be stopped once the patient achieves a hemoglobin of >12 mg/dL(Ref: Harrison 19/e p629. 18/e p849)Iron-deficiency anemia - Goal of therapy:Not only repair anemia.Provide stores of at least 0.5-1 g of iron.Sustained treatment for period of 6-12 months after anemia correction necessary to achieve stores.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 240aaafe-ec41-447b-85eb-d8da168c1430 | [{'content': 'According to piagets, the period of pre operational stage is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Birth to 18 months, B. 12 years onwards., C. 2-6 years., D. 7-12 years.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: According to Piaget Cognitive theory, the sequence of development has been categorized into 4 major stages:\n\nSensorimotor stage (0 to 2 yrs)\nPre-operational stage (2 to 6 yrs)\nConcrete operation stage (7 to 12 yrs)\nFormal operation stage (11 to 15 yrs)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 33a771be-dfbc-4cdd-bb77-09b838ffea2a | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not the diagnostic feature of Apert syndrome: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bicoronal craniosynostosis, B. Midface hypoplasia, C. Mandibular hypoplasia, D. Complex syndactyly', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | bbc48467-ba17-44ca-8fc0-133a81ae3b85 | [{'content': 'Increase in muscle mass at adolescence is probably caused by – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thyroid hormone, B. Adrenal hormone, C. Growth harmone, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: During adolescence, there is increased in muscle mass with loss of body fat.\nThe maximum loss of fat and increase in muscle mass correspond to the time of peak hight velocity.\n"Both GH and gonadal steroids must be present for normal pubertal growth". __________ Laurence D. Steinberg\nNote - thyroid hormone and cortisol (adrenal steroids) are also required but this requirement is not different from that is required during childhood. Gonadal steroids (most imp) and GH are the major hormone for pubertal growth.\nSo, best answer of this question would be all of the above.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 94f8a4d4-c1b9-4c3e-a71a-dd4658d92dd7 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not an obstructive cause of mouth breathing: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Deviated nasal septum., B. Short lip., C. Narrow maxilla., D. Obstructive adenoids.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Short lip is an anatomic cause.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6d599732-8a50-4969-a176-ce4f99bd4b03 | [{'content': 'Epidemiological surveillance is defined as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Active surveillance, B. passive surveillance, C. Sentinel surveillance, D. Epidemiological surveillance', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | daddcf25-312b-4f87-a88a-e2c2985d8502 | [{'content': 'Hydrocephalus is best detected antenately by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. X-ray abdomen, B. Amniocentesis, C. Clinical examination, D. Ultrasonography', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal increase in cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces of brain.\n“The prenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus is usually made by demonstration of a dilated ventricular system in an ultrasound examination.”\nFernando Arias 2/e, p 331\n\nEarliest and most accurate sonographic sign of hydrocephalus – Enlarged lateral ventricles.\nThe lateral ventricle is measured at the level of atrium.\nNormal transverse diameter of atrium is 7 mm + 1 mm (It remains constant during the second and third trimester).\nWhen diameter of atrium is >10 mm, it is called as Ventriculomegaly/Hydrocephalus.\n\nOther signs of hydrocephalus on USG:\n\nDangling choroid plexuses.\nThinning out of cerebral cortex.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5500b2d2-160b-49e6-ad2d-ba0416605b68 | [{'content': 'If the pulp of the single rooted canal is triangular in cross-section with the base of the triangle located facially and apex located lingually with the mesial arm longer than the distal, the tooth is most likely: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Max. central incisor, B. Max. lateral incisor, C. Mand. second premolar, D. Mand. central incisor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: SHAPE OF ACCESS CAVITY:\nMaxillary Incisors -\xa0Rounded triangle with the apex towards cingulum.\nMaxillary Canine -\xa0Ovoid labiolingually.\nMaxillary Premolar -\xa0Ovoid in Buccolingual direction (Slot shaped).\nMaxillary Molars -\xa0Triangle in the mesial half base towards buccal and apex towards palatal side.\nNote if asked in exams:\n\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0- Rhomboidal (1st choice)\xa0\n\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0- Rounded Triangle (2nd\xa0choice)\nModified Access Cavity in maxillary molars (to accommodate\xa0accessory orifice):\n\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0-\xa0Clove leaf.\n\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0- Shamrock preparation.\nMANDIBULAR TEETH:\nMandibular Incisors -\xa0Narrow rounded triangle or ovoid.\nMandibular Canine -\xa0Ovoid / funnel shaped.\nMandibular Premolar - Ovoid buccolingually.\nMandibular Molars - Trapezoidal (1st choice)\n\xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 \xa0 - Rounded Triangle (2nd choice)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 53859b89-21cf-4b09-a595-6c48293c2093 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is true for octreotide? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stimulates growth hormone secretion, B. Used in secretory diarrhea, C. Orally active, D. Contraindicated in acromegaly', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. Used in secretory diarrhoea (Ref Goodman Gilman 12/e p1338-1339. 1346: Katling 11/e p650)Octreotide is used in secretory diarrheaOctreotide is an octapeptide analog of somatostatin, effective in inhibiting the severe secretory diarrhea brought about by hormone-secreting tumours of the pancreas and the GI tract."', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Physiology | 0129977e-f5cf-4025-b727-dbf1a4d99c14 | [{'content': 'Slow wave potential originates in which pa of intestine: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Interstitial cells of Cajal, B. Parasympathetic neurons, C. Smooth muscle cells, D. Myentric plexus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL: - These cells synapse with both smooth muscle and neurons of enteric nervous system - They are Pacemaker cell of G.I tract. - Smooth muscle of G.I.T have 2 basic types of electric waves. 1. Slow waves 2. Spikes Slow waves: - Most gastro intestinal contractions occur rhythmically & this rhythm is determined mainly by frequency of 'slow waves' - These are not action potentials, instead they are slow undulating changes in resting membrane potential - These waves are caused by complex interactions among smooth muscle cells & interstitial cells of cajal. - Slow waves usually do not themselves cause muscle contraction (except in stomach) instead they mainly excite appearance of intermittent spike potential & spike potentials in turn actually excite muscle contraction. Parasympathetic neurons - depolarize smooth muscle cell & makes muscle fibers more excitable. Smooth muscle contraction occurs in response to entry of calcium ions into muscle fiber. Enteric nervous system composed of 2 plexuses 1. Myenteric plexus / Auerbach's plexus - outer 2. Submucosal Meissner's plexus - inner Myenteric plexus control G.I movements Submucosal plexus control G.I secretions & local blood flow.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 1919416e-aa4f-4c7f-a845-46186f02f44f | [{'content': 'Glanzmann disease is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Congenital defect of platelets, B. Congenital defect of RBC, C. Defect of Neutrophils, D. Clotting factor deficiency', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 2374ffe7-dc10-4f81-9ec7-0c883fb64c55 | [{'content': "All are true about use of articaine in a child except \nSelect and explain. \nA. It's an amide which is metabolised in both plasma and liver, B. Plasma half-life is 90 min, C. Infiltration produces adequate anaesthesia in primary molar so need for block anesthesia is eliminated, D. More breakdown cause less toxicity", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | b01ee962-68d0-4291-aee2-b978c108f65f | [{'content': 'In which of the following, long spaced collagen present? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diaphragm, B. Cornea, C. Basement membrane, D. Tympanic membrane', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Cornea'Long-spacing collagen is a common component of normal human corneal stroma and its occurrence seems to correlatewith the age-related changes of the tissue.Corneal transparency is mainly dependent on the arrangement of these collagen fibers in stroma.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | aa23e05a-7e73-494b-bc8d-6331b060a964 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the least likely complication of pregnancy-induced hypeension? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Renal failure, B. Pre-eclampsia, C. HELLP syndrome, D. Fetal macrosomia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Fetal macrosomia (Ref- Dutta6/e , pg227)Fetal macrosomia is the least likely complication of pregnancy-induced hypeension among the options provided.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 525c0f64-0789-4991-9192-e8e8b7e65f43 | [{'content': 'Good contacts in primary teeth with lack of spacing predicts? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Normal occlusion in permanent teeth, B. Crowding in permanent teeth, C. Anterior cross bite, D. Spaced permanent dentition', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4d8af4ad-1f62-4bb8-a485-439992b3af49 | [{'content': 'Determining level of fluoride in community water fluoridation programme depends on: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mean annual temperature of the place, B. Economic factors, C. Average weight of children of the area, D. Altitude of area above sea level', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Skin | 344d849d-fe32-41d8-853f-b02b41028d71 | [{'content': 'A 35 years old male comes with complain of baldness. On examination, well-defined bald patches were seen with no scarring. Small broken hairs were seen in the surrounding area. What is the likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Androgenetic alopecia, B. Alopecia areata, C. Anagen effluvium, D. Telogen Effluvium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Alopecia areata(Ref Rooks 8/e p66.13, Fitzpatrick 6/e p732)Findings are highly suggestive of alopecia areata.The scalp appears normal in alopecia areata.In affected areas, anagen is abruptly terminated prematurely and affected hairs move prematurely into telogen, with resultant often precipitous hair shedding.The near pathognomonic 'exclamation point' hairs may be present, paicularly at the periphery of areas of hair loss.These sho broken hairs, whose distal ends are broader than the proximal ends, illustrate their inherent sequence of events: follicular damage in anagen and then a rapid transformation to telogen. White or graying hairs are, frequently spared and probably account, in cases offulminant alopecia areata, far the mysterious phenomenon of 'going gray overnight.'", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 21e05454-2eb6-40fe-b3a4-99d2342e5b9a | [{'content': 'Incomplete casting is the result of \nSelect and explain. \nA. More porous investment in the mold, B. Narrow sprue diameter, C. Hollow sprue pin, D. Large reservoir', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1329d8ef-9606-4cc5-bc3a-02d150a0e860 | [{'content': 'The occlusal clearance of an onlay is best detected by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Depth cuts, B. Visual inspection, C. Wax chew-in, D. Articulating paper', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 157101aa-f928-4f25-8b8a-51e712b3e7ff | [{'content': 'The probability of a test detecting a truly positive person from the population of diseased is the \nSelect and explain. \nA. Specificity of the test, B. Positive predictive value of the test, C. Sensitivity of the test, D. Likelihood ratio', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Sensitivity of a screening test detects: true positives among all diseased.\nSpecificity of a screening test detects: true negatives among all healthy.\nPPV detects: true positives among all those who are positive on a screening test\nNPV detects: true negatives among all those who are negative on a screening test.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7f1066f0-b7c7-4a61-96df-d0873dd2e03e | [{'content': 'Chronic mercury toxicity results from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inhalation while removing old amalgam, B. Skin contact, C. Mercury vapour, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: All the options given in the question lead to mercury toxicity.\nMethyl mercury is the most common form that is transformed by natural processes; it is a more toxic form than ethyl mercury (C2H5Hg+) or elemental mercury. Methyl mercury is a major safety concern because it bioaccumulates through the food chain; its pharmacokinetic half-life is longer (1.5 to 3 months) than that of ethyl mercury (less than 1 week). In air, the concentrations of mercury range from about 0.01 to 0.02 µg/m3.\nMercury accumulates in the kidneys. In the brain, metallic mercury can be converted to an inorganic form that is retained in the brain. Elemental mercury and mercury vapor have a half-life of 1 to 3 months. Mercury leaves the body by excretion through urine and feces.\nExposure to high levels of mercury can injure the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus. Chronic mercury toxicity may be manifested as tremors; memory loss; and changes in personality, vision, and hearing.\nReference: PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS, 12th ed page no 124', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 51973390-3173-4aa1-b318-974ac57a6f7b | [{'content': 'Suitable\ttechnique\tused\tfor\tdiagnosis\tof\tposterior\ninterproximal caries in children \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bite wing with Bisecting angle technique, B. Bite wing with Paralleling technique, C. Bite wing with RVG, D. Panoramic Radiography', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d0bb44e4-6d29-4b19-8046-c47c28b48bc5 | [{'content': 'Dentin is composed of \nSelect and explain. \nA. 70% inorganic, B. 30% inorganic, C. 50% inorganic, D. 96% inorganic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 60939f68-783d-41ae-9ff7-713b3af065b2 | [{'content': 'The optimal time to employ an orthodontic appliance that takes advantage of growth is during: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Late mixed dentition, B. Early mixed dentition, C. Late primary dentition, D. Early permanent dentition', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 81e3e53e-27fc-4de4-b01a-841309e3f122 | [{'content': 'Guiding planes on abutment teeth provide: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Predictable clasp retention, B. Increased resistance towards horizontal movement, C. Transmit forces along long axis of tooth, D. Guides the key into the key way', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 52f7f99f-7b39-4c16-97c3-df2c2229c041 | [{'content': 'One of the following is not an amino acid: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glycine, B. Hydroxy proline, C. Glutamic acid, D. Choline', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 10f55205-d1e0-47cb-8ebf-db94890cda19 | [{'content': 'Square knot is composed of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Two single loops thrown in opposite direction, B. Two double loops thrown in opposite direction, C. Two single loops thrown in same direction, D. Two double loops thrown in Same direction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9baf46e0-b16f-48a5-b761-334765784402 | [{'content': 'Largest incisal embrasure seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Between upper Lateral incisor and Canine, B. Between lower Central incisor and Lateral incisor, C. Between upper canine and premolar, D. Between lower canine and premolar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Largest embrasure\nIncisal embrasure : between upper LI and Canine\nOcclusal embrasure: between upper canine and 1st premolar', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Physiology | 6b63e6bd-ebb1-439d-a8f6-c35a37b7436c | [{'content': "Patient's lab value of Na+ 137, K+4, Urea 54, Bicarbonate 15, Phosphate 3, Chloride 110, Calcium 10. Calculate the Anion gap? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 12, B. 16, C. 10, D. 8", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Anion gap - All Cations can be measured but some of the anions can't be measured, this creates a viual GAP, called as - Anion gap Measured by: - (Na+) + (unmeasured cations) = (CL-) + (HCO-3) + Unmeasured anions - Since cations do not remain unmeasured, all cations gets measured, therefore :- Anion gap = Na minus - - - 137 - 125 - 12", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | ed8cb5ce-10b7-4f7f-82b9-78d81ca404e0 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not true regarding trigeminal nerve? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Roots of trigeminal nerve are attached to Pons, B. It has three main divisions, C. Trigeminal nerve supplies the dura mater of middle cranial fossa, D. The trigeminal ganglion contributes to the sensory root only', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | 37e6c503-59f9-4ba2-80b3-a7acb789c118 | [{'content': 'Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents is contraindicated in epileptic patients posted for general anaesthesia \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ketamine, B. Thiopentone, C. Propofol, D. Midazolam', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. KetamineKetamine should be avoided in patients with history of seizures as it fuher increases ICP and also causes delirium and hallucinations. Contraindications of Ketamine:Head injury, intracranial space occupying lesion, eye injuryQ (increases ICT, IOT)Ischemic hea disease, vascular aneurysm and hypeensionQ (increases myocardial oxygen demand and hypeension)Psychiatric diseases and drug addictsdeg (more incidence of hallucination and emergence reaction)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | db2562a5-ebac-4c80-a00f-81fe10073c96 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is most common developmental cyst \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nasopalatine cyst, B. Naso-alveolar cyst, C. Globulomaxillary cyst, D. Median palatal cyst', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | af27a86f-cda7-4eb1-a1f3-fef11b9a25cf | [{'content': 'What does the red cell distribution width represents? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anisocytosis, B. Poikilocytosis, C. Level of hypochromia, D. Anisochromia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Anisocytosis Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a parameter that measures variation in red blood cell size or red blood cell volume.RDW is elevated in accordance with variation in red cell size (anisocytosis).The "width" in RDW refers to the width of the volume curve (distribution width, here presented as the Coefficient of Variation, or CV), not the width of the cells.Anisocytosis is a medical term meaning that a patient\'s red blood cells are of unequal size.Poikilocytosis is variation in cell shape: poikilocytes may be oval, teardrop-shaped, sickle-shaped or irregularly contracted.Anisochromia is a marked variability in the color density of erythrocytes (red blood cells), which indicates unequal hemoglobin content among the red blood cells.Hypochromia means that the red blood cells have less color than normal when examined under a microscope.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | ae005492-038e-49ae-a154-609fc852b6f0 | [{'content': 'Sublingual salivary gland lies: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Superior to mylohyoid, B. Inferior to mylohyoid, C. Deep to genioglossus, D. Deep to geniohyoid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Sublingual salivary gland:\n\nThis is smallest of the three pairs of large salivary glands.\xa0\nIt lies in the floor of the mouth between the mucus membrane and superior to mylohyoid muscle.\xa0\nIt is almond shaped and rests in the sublingual fossa of the mandible.\xa0\nIt is separated from the base of the tongue by the submandibular duct.\xa0\nIt is mostly mucus in nature and weighs about 3–4 g.\xa0\nThe gland pours its secretion by a series of ducts, about 15 in number, into the oral cavity on the sublingual fold, but a few of them open into the submandibular duct.\n\nKey Concept:\nSublingual salivary gland is present superior to mylohyoid muscle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 373e5596-6095-431f-bea1-88cccaccfef3 | [{'content': 'All of the following are sequelae of fetal alcohol syndrome except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Macrocephaly, B. Holoprosencephaly, C. Microcephaly, D. Thinning of corpus callosum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer--A. MacrocephalyFetal alcohol syntlrome is ussociated with microcephuly rather lhan macntcephaly. Holoprosencephaly can occur in extreme forms of fetal alcohol syndrome along with midline hypoplasia."Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) No single malformation or characteristic malformation complex has been described in few cases of FAS in wihch neuropathology has been repoed. The neuropathologic changes are varied and nonspecitic and include microcephaly, hydrocephalus, leptomeningeal, white matter and periventricalar neuroglial heterotopias, agenesis of corpas callosum and the cerebellar vermis, incomplete holoprosencephaly, and neural tube defects', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | f6445d02-67c1-458d-8983-debf90b50ebc | [{'content': 'Which of the following nucleus has cardio inhibitory function? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nucleus Ambiguus, B. Nucleus Tractus Solitarius, C. Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla, D. Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Nucleus AmbiguusThe nucleus ambiguus in its "external formation" contains cholinergic preganglionic parasympathetic neurons for the hea.These neurons are cardioinhibitory.This cardioinhibitory effect is one of the means by which quick changes in blood pressure are achieved by the central nervous system (the primary means being changes in sympathetic nervous system activity, which constricts aerioles and makes the hea pump faster and harder).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | e6cba7bc-8cd8-43cb-a3e5-37725a07a3b4 | [{'content': 'Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is primarily located in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lamina propria, B. Submucosa, C. Muscularis, D. Serosa', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Apart from its other functions, gastrointestinal tract is a lymphoid organ. The lymphoid tissue within it is collectively known as Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue, known as GALT.\nGut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) is primarily located in lamina propria.\xa0\nIt may be present diffusely or as solitary or aggregated nodules, known as Peyer's patches in the small intestine.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3689c9bb-4b1f-463e-bedd-abda1a6c24ea | [{'content': 'Which of the following is rare in children? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Herpangina, B. Dental cysts, C. Cherubism, D. Small pox', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 70d4ab20-c407-4b78-a52f-cd38f5d86567 | [{'content': 'In a patient with acute pulpitis, it is difficult for the patient to locate the pain. This is because? \nSelect and explain. \nA. No nociceptors are present in the pulp, B. Less proprioceptors are present in the pulp, C. Patient cannot speak, D. Patient is not cooperative', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | ab70624e-01f3-42b9-b918-1fa3d2c7f3ce | [{'content': 'In an adult, the spinal cord ends at the level of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lower border of L1, B. L2, C. L3, D. L4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: In an adult, the terminal end of the spinal cord, called the conus medullaris, ends at about the L1-L2 level of the spinal column and the lumbar and sacral nerve roots descend as the cauda equina below this level to the lower lumbar and sacral exit neuroforamina.\nSpinal cord in adult\xa0 ends at lower border\xa0 of lumbar one vertebra.\nSpinal dura mater and arachnoid\xa0 mater extend till sacral two vertebra.\nSpinal pia mater comprises\xa0 an outer epi-pia\xa0 and an inner pia-intima.\n\nReference: B D Chaurasia’s Head and Neck anatomy 6th ed page no 187', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 406dfa1b-f27b-4db0-8c21-7c300498f63d | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the least important prognostic factor in congenital diaphragmatic hernia ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulmonary Hypertension, B. Delay in emergent surgery, C. Size of defect, D. Gestational age at diagnosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Timing of surgical repair has gradually shifted from an emergency repair, to a policy of stabilization using a variety of ventilatory strategies prior to operation. •\nCurrent recommendation is to adopt a conservative approach and delay surgical repair of the CDH until the infant stablizes from a hemodynamic and respiratory point of view.\n\nPrognostic factors in CDI-1 \n\nPrognostic factors can be divided into:\n\n(A) Primary prognostic factors (Pathophysiological)\n\nThese are the most important prognostic factor which affect morbidity and mortility.\nThese factors are:\n\n\nPulmonary hypoplasia (most important)\nPulmonary hypertension (2nd most important)\n\n(B) Secondary or relative predictors (diagnostic/clinical)\n\nThese poor prognostic factors are:\n\n(a)\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 tinatal\n\nDetection at an early gestational age (<24 wks)\nAssociated extradiaphragmatic congenital anomalies\nLiver herniation into thorax (Liver above diaphragm)\n\n\nStomach herniationinto thorax (Stomach above diaphragm)\nPresence of polyhydraminios\nSmall lung to head circumference ratio (LI-IR ratio)\nSmall fetal abdominal circumference (< than 5th percentile)\n\n(b) Postnatal\n\nEarly age (< 6 hours) of presentation\nPG, and PCO, unresponsive to ventilation\nNeed for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECM0)\n\n(c) Side of defect\n(i) Right sided defect', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bcda201c-3107-4751-8888-741d21455124 | [{'content': 'Currently used step back technique is modified, it was given by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Clam, B. Wein, C. Schilder, D. Mullaney', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 678018c2-3154-4411-937e-0e5d4116739f | [{'content': 'Which of the following does not or permissive euchromatin due to changes occurring at cytosine residues at CpG islands in DNA? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Methylation, B. Alkylation, C. Phosphorylation, D. Sumoylation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Methylationref: Harper's illustrated biochemistry, 30th editon., pg. 560.Methylation of cpG sites in the promoter of a gene may inhibit gene expression.There is also evidence that low folate status results in impaired methylation of cpG islands in DNA, which is a factor in the development of colorectal and other cancers.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1cc77b91-e4a8-42ce-8182-c61f6c7cffea | [{'content': 'Which of the following to reduce for occlusal equilibration: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Upper buccal, B. Lower buccal, C. Upper lingual, D. Both AB', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 738bc1f0-c4bd-4cf6-8285-24de15737179 | [{'content': 'Upper 1st premolar resembles upper 2nd premolar from which aspect \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccal, B. Occlusal, C. Lingual, D. Proximal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 91aa0a58-78a7-4c75-ae0b-5dc0ada32999 | [{'content': 'Embrasure characterized by a slight to moderate recession of interdental papilla are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type I, B. Type II, C. Type III, D. Type IV', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0d3453ee-77ef-400b-9e64-4ff5b6cbfcc8 | [{'content': 'In Ricketts esthetic plane, lower lip rests: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 mm anterior to plane, B. On the plane, C. 2 mm posterior to plane, D. 1 mm posterior to plane', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ricketts’ E line:\nR. M. Ricketts suggested using an esthetic (E) plane to evaluate the relationship between the nose, lips and chin. Ricketts’ E line is drawn from the tip of the nose to the soft tissue chin. A quick method to look at one profile is to imagine a line tangent from the lower chin to the nose tip. Cephalometrically, Ricketts’ E line is drawn from the tip of the nose to the soft tissue chin. Normal values suggest that the upper lip is 4 mm behind the E line, while the lower lip lies 2 mm behind this reference line. It is important to mention that, this reference line is influenced a great deal by the growth of the nose and also varies with age and sex. Ricketts recommended that lip position should be analyzed using the nose–chin line as a reference point. These values are for Caucasians and clearly cannot be applied to all races.\nRef: Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities, 3e, Om P. Kharbanda pdf no 1097', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c8061a66-f213-4e01-8496-819313264e2d | [{'content': 'Which of the following may result if an excessive amount of monomer is incorporated into an acrylic resin mixture? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Excessive expansion, B. Low impact strength, C. Excessive shrinkage, D. Excessive brittleness', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Curing\xa0shrinkage\xa0arises\xa0as\xa0the\xa0monomer\xa0is\xa0converted\xa0to polymer and the free space it occupies reduces (approximately 20% less than that among unreacted monomers).\nReference: PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS, 12th ed page no 293', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 65981270-0578-4774-8c79-e11a22df3497 | [{'content': 'To prevent porosity in dental porcelain it should be\nbaked: \nSelect and explain. \nA. In presence of air, B. In vacuum, C. For long period, D. Under pressure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: To prevent porosity in dental porcelain, it should be baked in vacuum.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 23c2e953-ff3a-48f2-9056-939ee23af812 | [{'content': 'Treatment of simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia in 45 yr female: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hysterectomy, B. Progestin, C. Mirena, D. Postmenopausal women', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Risk of malignancies Management Simple Hyperplasia without Atypia- 1% Complex Hyperplasia without Atypia- 3% Progestin Therapy Simple Hyperplasia with Atypia- 8% Complex Hyperplasia without Atypia - 29% Hysterectomy Hysterectomy is the best treatment at any age with atypical endometrial hyperplasia because of the risk of invasive cancer.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | fe3802ce-0adf-40e0-a69b-1c70aec9fe94 | [{'content': 'Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of refractory histiocytosis : \nSelect and explain. \nA. High dose methotrexate, B. High dose cytarabine, C. Cladribine, D. Fludrabine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Treatment of LCH :\n1. Single system disease\xa0 :\n\nThe clinical course of single system disease is usually benign with a high chance of spontaneous remission.\nTherefore, treatment should be minimal and should be directed at arresting the progression of a bone lesion that could result in permanent damage before it resolve spontaneously.\nCurettage or less often low dose local radiotherapy may accomplish this.\n\n2. Multisystem disease :\n\nIt should be treated with systemic multiagent chemotherapy.\nAny one, of following two should be included in regimen :\xa0\n\ni) Etoposide\xa0\xa0\n\u200bii) Vinblastin\n\nFor unresponsive disease following therapies are available :\n\ni) Cyclosporine / antithymocyte globulin.\nii) Imatinib.\niii) 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (Cladribine).\niv) Stem cell transplantation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7f1e6ce7-7564-47b0-9071-77daee60e4cf | [{'content': 'The highest (longest) and sharpest cusp on the deciduous mandibular first molar is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mesiolingual, B. Distolingual, C. Mesiobuccal, D. Distobuccal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 03072fac-4647-4c94-816b-41a3e44a72a1 | [{'content': 'Calcification of roots of deciduous teeth is completed by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2 years, B. 4 years, C. 6 years, D. 8 years', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | b65ef6a8-7a2f-4538-926c-4bc0c0640313 | [{'content': 'To evaluate post-operative vision effects after cataract extraction surgery under PCB, which of the following is used? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Active surveillance, B. Sentinel surveillance, C. Passive surveillance, D. Routine checkup of all operated cases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Routine checkup of all operated casesTb evaluates postoperative vision effects after cataract extraction surgery under NPCB, routine checkup of all operated cases is used.Strategies under National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB)Improving follow-up services of cataract operated patients and treating other causes of epidemics like glaucomaShift eye camp approval to a fixed surgical approach and from conventional surgery to IOL installation for better quality of postoperative vision to operated patients.Expand World Bank Project activities like construction of dedicated eye operation theatres, eye wards at district level, training of other ophthalmic equipment's to the work community.To strengthen paicipants of voluntary organizations in the programme.To enhance the coverage of eye care services in the tribal and underserved areas.Screening of refractive errors in school going children.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | c54f6d65-4afa-4778-8c98-b32ff9a9782d | [{'content': 'An adult came to casualty with complaints of rapid hea rate. On examination everything else was normal except for episodic tachycardia and occasional extra-systole and amblyopia. Which of the following is the cause of it? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nicotine, B. Cannabis, C. Atropine, D. Cocaine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. NicotineNicotine chronic poisoning can lead to cough, wheezing, dyspnoea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, anaemia, faintness,tremors, impaired memory, amblyopia, blindness, irregularities, of the hea with extra-systoles and occasionally attacks pain suggesting angina pectoris.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 57336e68-8096-4fa9-89f5-36c05dcd5482 | [{'content': "In which one of the following mixed dentition analysis of deciduous dentition, there is no use of radiographs? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Carey's analysis, B. Moyer's analysis, C. Nance Carey's analysis, D. Pont's index", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Moyer’s analysis\xa0\nThis mixed dentition analysis utilises Moyer’s prediction tables. Prediction is based on the premise that there is a reasonably good correlation between the size of erupted permanent incisors and the unerupted canines and premolars.\nIt is a non-radiographic method. The main advantage of non-radiographic prediction methods is that they can be performed by measuring the erupted mandibular incisor(s) without the need of additional measurements from radiographs.\nReference: Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities 3rd O P Kharbanda, pdf no 841', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | b082bda7-8ae6-439e-8971-5f34af8624e3 | [{'content': 'During exercise: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cerebral bood flow increases if there is increase in systolic blood pressure, B. Body temperature increases, C. Blood flow to muscle increases after 1½ minute, D. Lymphatic flow from muscle decreases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Surgery | 0adb3713-fdcf-4c09-96c3-a0d2423f9684 | [{'content': 'An intubated patient with eye opening to pain with abnormal flexion. What is the GCS score? \nSelect and explain. \nA. E2VNTM3, B. E2VTM3, C. E2V1M3, D. E2VTM4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Revised Glasgow Coma Scale 2014 Revised GCS (2014) Eye Opening Verbal Response Best Motor Response(M) Spontaneous 4 Oriented 5 Obeying commands 6 To speech 3 Confused 4 Localizing 5 To pressure 2 Words 3 Normal flexion(withdraw) 4 None 1 Sounds 2 Abnormal flexion 3 None 1 Extension 2 None 1 GCS specifically recommends avoiding sternal rubs as it causes bruising & responses can be difficult to interpret. They also do not recommend routine use of retromandibular pressure. Revised GCS (2014) changes are highlighted in the above table Best predictor of outcome: Motor response Repoing of non-testable score Aspects: In case of a non-testable aspect, the new GCS should be marked as NT, for "Not teste stable" For intubated patients or patients with tracheostomy, VNT is used it is no longer recommend to assign 1 point to non-testable elements, therefore a combined score should not be used.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | f247366c-a835-43f6-91ee-95fdd28a834c | [{'content': 'In a male after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the specimen is sent for histopathology which shows carcinoma gallbladder stage T1a. What is the most appropriate management in this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Conservative and follow up., B. Extended cholecystectomy, C. Simple cholecystectomy, D. Radiotherapy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: With the finding of carcinoma following cholecystectomy, subsequent treatment depends on the depth of penetration of the gallbladder wall and surgical margins.With T1a lesions, in which the carcinoma penetrates the lamina propria but does not invade the muscle layer, simple cholecystectomy should suffice for therapy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | d2b3831a-7ab7-4586-96ed-54d88b39d5f5 | [{'content': 'Mechanism of action of chlortetracycline: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Interfere with metabolism, B. Inhibition of protein synthesis, C. Inhibition of cell wall formation, D. Interfere with DNA function', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 381822c7-9bac-41d4-9e81-af0d3b9a3eea | [{'content': 'A glass factory worker presented with complaints of numbness in hands and feet, generalized weakness and constipation. Radiograph showed linear lines on metaphyses of knee and wrist joints. How will you diagnose this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Serum mercury levels, B. Vitamin D levels, C. RBCcholinesterase levels, D. Amino levulinic acid levels in urine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Amino levulinic acid levels in urine(Ref: Harrison 19/e p2689, 427e-2; Harper 30/e p329)High levels of lead can affect bone metabolism by combining with SH groups in enzymes such as ferrochelatase and ALA (delta-amino levulinic acid) dehrdratase.Elevated levels of protoporphyrin are found in red blood cells, and elevated levels of ALA and of coproporphyrin are found in urine.Lead Poisoning:Abdominal pain, irritability, lethargy, anorexia, anemia, Fanconi\'s syndrome, pyuria, azotemia in children with blood lead level (BPb) >80 i.g/ dL; may also see epiphyseal plate "lead lines" on long bone x-rays.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 08472a83-8586-4869-b23a-4dd3196fd1a8 | [{'content': 'In symphyseal fracture with lag screw fixation? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Load bearing, B. Load sharing, C. Adaptation osteosynthesis, D. Compression osteosynthesis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7973cdd2-2971-46bd-aec3-3100119af946 | [{'content': 'The highest critical surface tension is for which of the orthodontic brackets? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stainless steel, B. Polycarbonate, C. Ceramic alumina, D. Titanium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 9d0da0b2-711a-4c74-bbbb-5403c601ec88 | [{'content': 'Non-visualization of gallbladder in hepatic scintigraphy is suggestive of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chronic cholecystitis, B. Carcinoma gallbladder, C. Acute cholecystitis due to gallstones, D. Gallstones obstructing CBD', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Acute cholecystitis due to gallstones(Ref. Sabiston 20/e p1488, 19/e pi 462, Schwuz 10/e p1315, 1320, Bailey 27/c 1)1192. 26/ep1101. Hlumgari 5/e p254-270: Shackelford 7/e p 1306)Non-visualization of gallbladder in hepatic scintigraphy is suggestive of Acute cholecystitis.HIDA Scan:Allows visualization of biliary tree & gall bladder.GB visualized within 30 min of isotope injection in 90% of normal individuals and within 1 hour in the remainder.Bowel is usually seen within 1 hour in majority of patientse.Non-visualization of GB:Suggestive of acute cholecystitis.(Sensitivity & specificity-95%).Delayed/reduced visualization of GB:Suggestive of chronic cholecystitis.Due to contracted gall bladderBiliary scintigraphy:Helpful in diagnosing bile leaks & iatrogenic biliary obstruction.Confirms presence & quantifies leakage.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5b0c9583-ed81-4ba8-bbd6-a129d6b6a0fc | [{'content': 'Bismuth Oxide incorporated in MTA results in grey discolouration of crown. In newer material this Bismuth Oxide is replaced with? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Terbium-Dysisopropium, B. Tantalam Oxide, C. Bismuth Carbonate, D. Titanium Oxide', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | f7da4d3a-cd77-4744-a67a-720973e1eb12 | [{'content': 'All are true about CRISPR cas 9 Except \nSelect and explain. \nA. gRNA ensures that the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome, B. NHEJ repair & HDR pathway, C. C9 enzyme is used in CRISPR gene editing, D. All of these', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer-D. All of theseCRISPR-Cas9 was adapted from a naturally occurring genome editing system that can generate double standard Breaks (DSBs).Cas9 is the enzyme that is used most often, other enzymes (for example Cpf1) can also be used- these enzymes can can repair by homologus repair system or by non-homologous end joining in the absence of DNA template.Two general repair pathways:The efficient but error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathwayThe less efficient but high-fidelity homology directed repair (HDR) pathway', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 8ecb4d6b-8ab1-40d7-af48-fa8fe50bd21f | [{'content': 'Centrineuraxial (spinaland epidural) anaesthesia is not contraindicated in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Platelets <80,000, B. Patient on aspirin, C. Patient on oral anticoagulants, D. Raised intracranial pressure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | c645bdbb-5733-46ca-a24e-2b4e4ba7e4d1 | [{'content': 'In Prinzmetal’s angina \nSelect and explain. \nA. Generally Right Coronary Artery presents as inferior wall MI, B. Coronary artery spasm most commonly occurs distal to atherosclerotic area., C. No changes in ECG, Q wave become normal after few hours., D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Pain at rest.\nVariant may hence ST↓.\nAn\xa0inferior wall myocardial infarction\xa0— also known as IWMI, or\xa0inferior MI, or\xa0inferior\xa0ST segment elevation\xa0MI, or\xa0inferior STEMI\xa0— occurs when\xa0inferior\xa0myocardial tissue supplied by the\xa0right coronary artery, or\xa0RCA, is injured due to thrombosis of that vessel.\nLAD (Left Anterior Descending Artery) may be involved.\nECG no change.\nWave become normal after few hours.\nCoronary artery may be normal.\nCoronary artery\xa0Spasm most commonly occurs\xa0distal to the atherosclerotic area.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 590248a6-74f4-45bf-a54a-d9b9b09b78b8 | [{'content': 'Foramen magnum transmits all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vertebral artery, B. Spinal branch of 10th nerve, C. Spinal cord, D. Both option 2 and 3', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Structures passing through foramen magnum are:\n\nThrough anterior part \nApical ligament of dens\nMembrana tectoria\nThrough subarachnoid space \nSpinal accessory nerve\nVertebral arteries\nAnterior and posterior spinal arteries\nThrough posterior part \nLower part of medulla\nTonsils of cerebellum\nMeninges', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ca32e45e-0aa2-4340-beb5-8069626c445e | [{'content': 'Most appropriate method of isolation during tooth preparation in vital tooth: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cotton rolls, B. Salivary ejector, C. Isolation with rubber dam, D. Svedopter', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 858e30be-1165-463c-9661-a1c78272d775 | [{'content': 'Of all the pulpal sensibility test, which is best in a patient who is restored with Porcelain fused to metal crown? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cold test, B. Heat test, C. EPT, D. Pulse oximetery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3cbfd65a-92f2-4c67-919d-847dccb7e6d8 | [{'content': 'Teeth selected for scoring of PHP-M (Personal Hygiene Performance Modified) are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Six, B. Twelve, C. Eighteen, D. Twenty four', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 16bc295d-3db6-4565-a611-b677ced1de6b | [{'content': 'Treatment of postpartum hemorrhage is all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oxytocin, B. Syntometrine, C. Oestrogen, D. Prostaglandins', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Physiology | 3b566437-e44a-4c6a-a0e1-973042e5819c | [{'content': 'Fibers reaching directly to Purkinje cell of cerebellum arise from which of the following: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vestibular nucleus, B. Inferior olivary nucleus, C. Raphe nucleus, D. Locus ceruleus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Functional unit of cerebellum = Purkinje cell neuronal circuit of the Purkinje cell: - Afferent inputs of cerebellum Climbing fiber type Mossy fiber type Originate from inferior olives of the medulla. Enter cerebellum from multiple sources - cerebrum, brainstem &spinal cord. Send collaterals to excite deep nuclear cells & then proceed to synapse with granule cells. Output from - deep nuclear cell Excitatory influence from direct connection with cerebellum from the brain or periphery Inhibitory influence from Purkinje cell', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 5a7cda67-bf66-44be-95b0-ff347d55c01a | [{'content': 'Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by all except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Microcephaly, B. Low intelligence, C. Large proportionate body, D. Septal defects of heart', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Fetal alcohol syndrome\n\nHigh level of alcohol ingestion in pregnancy can cause damage to fetus, known as fetal alcohol syndrome.\nThe harmful effects may be due to alcohol itself or due to one of its breakdown products. Some evidence suggests that alcohol may impair placental transfer of essential amino acids and zinc, both necessary for protein synthesis, which may account for IUGR.\nCharacterististics of fetal alcohol syndrome include : -\n\n\nHIG1? (not large proportionate body)\nMicrocephaly\nCongenital heart defects (ASD, VS )\nMental retardation\nFacial abnormalities -3 Short palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, maxillary hypoplasia, micrognathia, low set ears, smooth philthrum, thin smooth upper lip.\nMinor joint anomalies\nHyperkinetic movements', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b84e818e-f4e5-4cf9-a6a6-4e13640d3fcf | [{'content': 'A layman before introduction of fluoride in prevention of dental caries knew about it as a constituent used in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pesticide, B. Industrial use, C. Fertilizers, D. Irrigant', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 458e5d53-87fd-44da-b3a1-487305e2adef | [{'content': 'A child presents with abdominal colic and hematuria on ultrasonography a stone 2.5 cm in diameter is seen in the renal pelvis. The next step in management of this case is : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pyelolithotomy, B. Nephroureterostomy, C. Conservative, D. ESWL', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Although there are many methods of renal stone removal, the best is ESWL (extracorporeal shock-wave lithrotripsy].\nA conservative approach is chosen only when the stone is upto 0.5 or 0.6 cm.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 31a240fd-6563-4450-a2c1-9dd108c57a84 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not used in polymerase chain reaction? \nSelect and explain. \nA. DNA Polymerase, B. Taq polymerase, C. Dideoxyribonucleotides, D. DNA template', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: PCR is an in vitro DNA amplification procedure in which millions of copies of a paicular sequence of DNA can be produced within a few hours.The reaction cycle has the following steps:Step 1: Separation (Denaturation): DNA strands are separated (melted) by heating at 95degC for 15 seconds to 2 minutes.Step 2: Priming (Annealing): The primers are annealed by cooling to 50degC for 0.5 to 2 minutes. The primers hybridize with their complementary single-stranded DNA produced in the first step.Step 3: Polymerization: New DNA strands are synthesized by Taq polymerase. This enzyme is derived from bacteria Thermus aquaticus that are found in hot springs.The steps of 1,2 and 3 are repeated. In each cycle, the DNA strands are doubled. Thus, 20 cycles provide for 1 million times amplifications. These cycles are generally repeated by automated instrument, called Tempcycler.5. After the amplification procedure, DNA hybridization technique or Southern blot analysis with a suitable probe shows the presence of the DNA in the sample tissue.Dideoxyribonucleotides are not used in the polymerase chain reaction.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2cd59a69-5eb2-46ae-b71c-92d5ebc105a1 | [{'content': 'Imaginary line joining MB1, Distal and Palatal orifices in maxillary 1st molar forms \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxillary triangle, B. Molar Triangle, C. Molar quadrilateral, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6db0be4d-9458-4e57-98f2-1755ea19876b | [{'content': 'What is the approved dose of misoprostol in emergent management of postpaum hemorrhage? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 200 mcg, B. 400 mcg, C. 600 mcg, D. 1000 mcg', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. 600 mcg(Ref Williams 24/e p785)Approved dose of misoprostol in emergent management of postpaum hemorrhage = 600 pg.Misoprostol:Derman (2006) compared a 600 pg oral dose given at delivery against placebo.Drug decreased hemorrhage incidence from 12 to 6 percent & severe hemorrhage from 1.2 to 0.2 percent.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | eff524ae-ed1d-4b56-815a-2b4aad9bcdcb | [{'content': 'Transmission assessment survey (TAS) is done in the following? \nSelect and explain. \nA. To determine when infections have been reduced below these target thresholds, B. For assessing primary immunization coverage, C. To provide reliable estimates of bih rate, death rate and infant moality rate, D. All', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans.A. To determine when infections have been reduced below these target thresholdsWHO recommends the transmission assessment survey (TAS) to determine when infections have been reduced below these target thresholds and MDA can stop.Once MDA has stopped, TAS is used as a surveillance tool to determine that infection levels are sustained below target thresholds.Mass drug administration (MDA) is needed to reduce infection in the community to levels below a threshold at which mosquitoes are unable to continue spreading the parasites from person to person and new infections are prevented.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 2e4f5929-8c85-4561-9656-44bc930b581b | [{'content': 'Autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia type II is due to deficiency of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. LDL receptor, B. Apoprotein B-100, C. Apoprotein C, D. Lipoprotein lipase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.