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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | d32f0f04-48eb-4a63-bae0-705aed8793a3 | [{'content': 'Binding of Eukaryotic mRNA to Ribosomes is facilitated by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Capping, B. Poly-A tail, C. tRNA, D. Shine-Dalgarno sequence', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Capping* In E. coli mRNA, a leader sequence upstream of the first AUG codon, called the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (also known as the ribosomal binding site AGGAGG), interacts through complementary base pairing with the rRNA molecules that compose the ribosome.* In eukaryotic initiation complex recognizes the 5' cap of the eukaryotic mRNA, then tracks along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction until the AUG sta codon is recognized. At this point, the 60S subunit binds to the complex of Met-tRNAi, mRNA, and the 40S subunit.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 4cbe210a-0779-4ba7-b599-e9b89fa5a0b1 | [{'content': 'A 5-year-old child from a rural area presented to the OPD with pustular lesions on the lower legs. The cuture from the lesion showed hemolytic colonies on the blood agar which were Gram-positive cocci. Which of the following reactions would help to provisionally confirm the diagnosis of group A streptococcal pyoderma? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Optochin sensitivity, B. Bacitracin sensitivity, C. Catalase positivity, D. Bile solubility', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer: b. Bacitracin sensitivity (Ref Ananthanaravan 8/e pe p205-206)Gram-positive cocci with alpha hemolytic colonies on sheep agar are Streptococcus viridians and Streptococcus pneumoniae.They can be fuher differentiated on basis of optochin sensitivity, Streptococcus viridians-optochin resistantor Streptococcus pneumonia-optochin sensitive.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 185c4942-7886-4e49-b242-6634e83b0efb | [{'content': 'Which of the following amino acids does not include post-translational modification? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Selenocysteine, B. Triiodothyronine, C. Hydroxyproline, D. Hydroxylysine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. SelenocysteinePeptidyl selenocysteine is not the product of a posttranslational modification, but is inseed directly into a growing polypeptide during translation. Selenocysteine is commonly termed as the "21st amino acid." However, incorporation of selenocysteine is specified by a large and complex genetic element for the unusual tRNA called tRNASec which utilizes the UGA anticodon that normally signals STOP.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 12cd753a-42ac-4773-a89b-7869b1185af1 | [{'content': 'Centre of activity of autonomic nervous system is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Midbrain, B. Cerebrum, C. Hypothalamus, D. Pons', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4af61718-923a-4242-8090-532d83bed044 | [{'content': 'Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells found in pulp are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Multipotent, B. Totipotent, C. Polypotent, D. Monopotent', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Reserve Cells/Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells\n\nUndifferentiated mesenchymal cells are descendants of undifferentiated cells of dental papilla, which can dedifferentiate and then redifferentiate into many cell types.\nDepending on the stimulus, these cells may give rise to odontoblasts and fibroblasts.\nThese cells are found throughout the cell-rich area and the pulp core and often are related to blood vessels.\n\nKey concept\nMultipotent cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | a8741f5b-b523-461f-b335-3dbe021ad8de | [{'content': 'In postductal coarctation of the aorta, blood flow to the lower limb is maintained through which of the following arteries – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Umblical artery and subcostal arteries, B. Thoracic and pericardiophrenic arteries, C. Intercostal arteries and superior epigastric artery, D. Ant and post circumflex arteries', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The coarctaion may be :\n\n\nPreductal - where is narrowing is proximal to the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum. or\nPostductal - where the narrowing is distal to the ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arterosuin.\n\n\nCollateral circulation connects the proximal and the distal aspects of the vessels over time. This collateral circulation will develop mainly from the : -\n\n\nSubclavian,\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 u Internal thoracic\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 u Intercostal arteries\n\nu Axillary,\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 u Superior and inferior epigastric and\n\nFollowing collateral connections may be seen :\n\n\nIn the anterior thoracic wall, the internal mammary arteries (arising from subclavian arteries) and the epigastric arteries join to form collaterals which supply the abdominal wall and the lower extremities.\nInternal mammary artery gives rise to anterior intercostal arteries which forms anastomoses with the posterior intercostal (post intercostals arise from descending aorta).\nSuperior epigastric artery is terminal branch of internal mammary artery and forms anastomoses with inferior epigastric artery which arises from external iliac artery.\nMusculophrenic artery is terminal branch of internal mammary artery and forms anastomoses with inferior plirenic and post intercostals.\nThe Para scapular arteries (arising from subclavian artery and axillary arteries) connect with the posterior intercostal arteries to form collaterals which supply the distal aortic compartment.\nThe suprascapular artery from the subclavian; and the thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic and subscapular arteries from the axillary; and the first and second posterior intercostal arteries from the costocervical trunk anastomose with other posterior intercostal arteries.\nOne route of collateral formation can be subclavian artery - vertebral artery-spinal arteries - post intercostals and lumbar artery - aorta.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 1fe1bd49-93cd-4bea-8beb-fdf6cc819421 | [{'content': 'Absence of which of the following milestone in 3 yr old chitd is called delayed development? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hopping on one leg, B. Drawing a square, C. Feeding by spoon, D. Passing a ball to someone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Feeding by spoonRef: Ghai Essentiul Pediatrics, 8"\' ed., pg. 49Hopping on one leg - Should be attained by 4 years ofageDrawing a square - Should be attained by 4Il2 years of ageFeeding by spoon Should be attained by l8 months of agePassing a ball to someone- Should be attained by 3 years', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | a5b0d222-214a-4d53-9dda-e37cf9f4d3f4 | [{'content': 'A patient of diabetes and hypeension comes to your clinic. As a doctor, you explain to him the risks of various complications. Which of these is the best tool to demonstrate the complications? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pie cha, B. Histogram, C. Scatter plot, D. Venn diagram', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Venn diagram(Ref https://en.itikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram)A Venn diagram is an easy tool to make people understand overlapping risk factors, complications and comorbidities to a patient in a simple language.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2da5d321-66a2-4413-aa80-6fa7440b36c1 | [{'content': 'Distal palatal termination of the maxillary complete denture base is dictated by the: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vibrating line, B. Fovea palatine, C. Tuberosity, D. Maxillary torus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 6b5b69d0-83bf-4cd0-bb15-8f99cc9ea3d7 | [{'content': 'Which of the following hormones increases the sensitivity of heart to epinephrine: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Parathyroid, B. Insulin, C. Thyroid, D. Glucagon', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 28f5eac6-7388-4ab6-93f7-80f5a045c11e | [{'content': 'Heroin, an addict drug contains \nSelect and explain. \nA. ASA, B. Acetyl morphine, C. Pentazocine, D. Propoxyphene', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pathology | c685b3d6-fb2e-4ca5-9fb2-a5b217cff79b | [{'content': 'Hepcidin inhibits which of the following? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hepheastin, B. DMT-1, C. Cerruloplasmin, D. Ferropoin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Iron absorption is regulated by hepcidin, a small circulating peptide that is synthesized and released from the liver in response to increases in intrahepatic iron levels. Hepcidin inhibits iron transfer from the enterocyte to plasma by binding to ferropoin and causing it to be endocytosed and degraded.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 8596a34a-71fb-4c8a-847d-c1d5c274e6ce | [{'content': 'The weakest part of the pharynx is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sinus of morgagni, B. Between thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal sphincter, C. Piriform fossa, D. Pharyngeal recess', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: In the posterior wall of the pharynx, the lower part of the thyropharyngeus is a single sheet of muscle, not overlapped internally by the upper and middle constrictors. This weak part lies below the level of the vocal folds or upper border of the cricoid\xa0lamina and is limited inferiorly by the thick cricopharyngeal sphincter. This area is knows as Killian’s dehiscence.\n\n\xa0Pharyngeal diverticula are formed by outpouching of the dehiscence. Such diverticula are normal in the pig. Pharyngeal diverticula are often attributed to neuromuscular incoordination in this region which may be due to the fact that different nerves supply the two parts of the inferior constrictor.\n\xa0The propulsive thyropharyngeus is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus, and sphincteric cricopharyngeus, by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. If the cricopharyngeus fails to relax when the thyropharyngeus contracts, the bolus of food is pushed backwards, and tends to produce a diverticulum.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8d6cd2e6-9912-4bb5-b276-289f11e6371f | [{'content': 'The KRI paste is composed of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Iodoform, camphor, parachlorophenol and menthol, B. Iodoform and ZOE, C. Parachlorophenol, camphor and menthol, D. Calcium hydroxide and iodoform', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a5111f37-cbc9-4c4b-8106-47acb7d4e164 | [{'content': 'Curve of occlusion touching the buccal and lingual surfaces of mandibular buccal cuspal teeth is called as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Curve of Wilson, B. Curve of Spee, C. Curve of Monsoon, D. Catenary curve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: CURVE OF WILSON\nIt is a curve that contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the mandibular posterior teeth. The curve of Wilson is mediolateral on each side of arch. It results from the inward inclination of the lower posterior teeth.\nThe curve helps in two ways:\n\nTeeth aligned parallel to the direction of medial pterygoid for optimum resistance to masticatory forces.\nThe elevated buccal cusps prevent food from going past the occlusal table.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | d43fc90d-cbde-4b19-8b2d-a82f66c58186 | [{'content': 'All of the following are good progonostic factor for ALL except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Age of onset between 2-8 years, B. Initial WBC count less than 50000, C. Hyperdiploidy, D. t (9 : 22), t (8 : 14), t (4 : 11)', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Acute Myelogenous leukemia', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | f3eb76db-cf8e-4272-b6ce-02684ad5a7b2 | [{'content': 'After I.V. administration of which of the following anesthetic agent, there is rapid recovery and less headedness? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Propofol, B. Diazepam, C. Droperidol, D. Midazolam', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 9b8ebf6f-3451-401c-838d-f2f50a3e7d8a | [{'content': 'Which of the following is associated with HIV infection \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hairy leukoplakia, B. Erythroplakia, C. Oral Lichen planus, D. Bullous pemphigoid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 9b357d4d-8a53-4939-9ff7-bb6f72c53bb6 | [{'content': 'In aerial blood gas analysis of a patient with pCO2- 30, p02-115 and pH-7.45, patient has compensated: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Respiratory alkalosis, B. Metabolic alkalosis, C. Respiratory acidosis, D. Metabolic acidosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Respiratory alkalosis (Ref Oxford Handbook of Medicine 5/e p684)In aerial blood gas analysis of a patient with pCO2-30, p02-115 and pH-7.45, patient has compensated respiratory alkalosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 2ec2fe4c-bcd0-4294-8641-2e197917625a | [{'content': 'Acetyl Co-A acts as a substrate for all the enzymes except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. HMG-CoA synthase, B. Malic enzyme, C. Malonyl CoA synthetase, D. Fatty acid synthetase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 809b34a3-21fc-447c-a780-7568741d67e2 | [{'content': 'Flow of a material refers to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Continued change of the material under a given load, B. The consistency of a material when mixing, C. The homogeneity of gypsum products, D. Dimensional change of the material during settings', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The term flow, rather than creep, has generally been used in dentistry to describe the rheology of amorphous materials.\nCreep\xa0is\xa0defined\xa0as\xa0the\xa0time-dependent plastic strain of a material under a static load or constant stress.\nThe creep or flow is measured as the percentage decrease in length that occurs under these testing conditions.\nKey Concept: Flow of a material refers to continued change of the material under a given load.\nReference: PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS, 12th ed page no 33, 34', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6a044e4b-cf5d-42c8-bd7c-e105cd9c4f98 | [{'content': 'During which stage of tooth formation the size of the tooth is determined? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apposition, B. Histodifferentiation, C. Morpho differentiation, D. Calcification', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Morphodifferentiation establishes the morphologic pattern, or basic form and relative size of future tooth.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Microbiology | 80b1797f-6a00-42e2-92a1-6f913e5deded | [{'content': 'In which of the following, viral load done by Real Time PCR is of no role in investigative procedures? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Person with hepatitis B on Tenofovir therapy, B. HSV causing temporal encephalitis, C. BK virus in patient of allograft renal transplant, D. CMV PCR in blood of patient of liver transplant', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: In person with Hepatitis B on Tenofovir therapy along with patients infected with BK virus in patient of allograft renal transplant and in cytomegalovirus PCR in blood of patient of liver transplant viral load is necessary so viral load is done by real time PCR but it in hsv causing temporal aeritis there is a search no role of viral load so there is no such need of real time PCR This is replaced by HSV DNA in CSF by PCR', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 4f4aa2a7-2a48-4be3-bbe5-83055990a05e | [{'content': 'Adeno ameloblastoma treatment \nSelect and explain. \nA. Enbloc resection of maxilla, B. Marsupialization, C. Enucleation, D. No treatment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | d8a284c5-175a-4439-8ef2-5ff24b41f3cc | [{'content': 'A 30 year old female is on antibiotics with prolonged IV cannulation, has spike of fever, the likely cause is : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pseudomonas aerugenosa, B. Coagulase negative staphylococcus, C. Streptococcus agalactiae, D. E. coli', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Staph. epidermidis is MC cause of infection on implanted foreign bodies.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 39e499a6-b162-4cdf-81e4-c131f7d157c5 | [{'content': 'Which is a gypsum product? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stone, B. Plaster, C. Investment, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 832c9aa4-702e-49ba-b63b-8044bc8fbd9f | [{'content': 'Which of the following cements are not be used to cement acrylic temporary crown: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Zinc oxide eugenol, B. Zinc phosphate, C. Glass ionomer, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 1821da63-79b6-4ad9-bae2-f3565b857f97 | [{'content': 'In hemorrhagic shock, hypotension occurs when blood loss is more than: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 10% - 15%, B. 15% - 30%, C. 30% - 40%, D. More than 40%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 02d36d4b-a89c-4756-b20a-51cb7c392eec | [{'content': 'Best test that shows the integrity of intrinsic pathway of clotting mechanism \nSelect and explain. \nA. bleeding time, B. aPTT, C. prothrombin time, D. clotting time', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B (aPTT)The aPTT measures the time necessary to generate fibrin from initiation of the intrinsic pathway.PTT measures the integrity of the intrinsic system (Factors XII, XI, VIII, IX) and common clotting pathways.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a8c33cc0-c274-4e1b-9ff2-8ced913073f0 | [{'content': 'Alginate impression material is similar to agar-agar impression material in the following respect: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gelation increases in both on increase in temperature, B. Mixing time is increased to reduce the setting time, C. Deformation during removal of impression occurs due to distortion of gel. fibers, D. Both can be re-used for fresh impressions', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 61908ad9-32f1-4cde-a77e-758ab0134bda | [{'content': 'Spaces in deciduous dentition \nSelect and explain. \nA. Physiological, B. pathological, C. Incisal liability, D. none of above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 37dda658-5f35-46d8-b34d-247e81ac0536 | [{'content': 'Pigmentation of nail is caused by all of these drugs except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cyclophosphamide, B. Chlorpromazine, C. Chloroquine, D. Amiodarone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Amiodarone(Ref: KDT 7//e p534)Amiodarone:Cause corneal deposits.Not causes nail pigmentation.Causes of Melanonychia or Nail PigmentationPhenothiazines like ChloroquineMinocyclineArsenicClofazimineClomipramineCyclophosphamidFluconazoleFluorideGold saltsIbuprofenKetoconazoleLamivudineMercuryPhenytoinPsoralenRoxithromyciSteroidsSulfonamideTetracyclineThalliumTimoloZidovudine', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | d1ef23c9-e756-4ae2-a91c-992fa658c4c3 | [{'content': 'Immediate treatment of CSF Rhinorrhoea requires- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Antibiotics and observation, B. Plugging with paraffin guage, C. Blowing of nose, D. Craniotomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Early cases of post traumatic CSF rhinorrhea are managed conservatively (by placing the patient in propped up position, avoiding blowing of nose, sneezing and straining) and\nProphylactic antibiotics (to prevent meningitis).\nPersistent cases are treated surgically by nasal endoscopy or by intracranial route.\n\nAccording to Scott-Brown’s\nEndoscopic closure of CSF leak is now the treatment of choice in majority of patients but it should not be done immediately.\nFirst patient should be subjected to diagnostic evaluation and after site of leakage is confirmed, it should be closed endoscopically.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 04d0e5cc-1355-4028-8d94-47046d188bd2 | [{'content': 'Interdental papilla protruding from the rubber dam, most common cause is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inflammation of interdental papillae, B. Use of light weight rubber dam, C. Punch are placed too far, D. Punch are placed too close', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | d21c92e6-398f-4f09-9a96-6e6668e01e8f | [{'content': 'Paograph represents various stages of labor with respect to time. True about paograph is all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Each small square represents one hour, B. Ale and action lines are separated by a difference of 4 hours, C. Paograph recording should be staed at a cervical dilation of 4 cm, D. Send the patient to first referral unit if the labor progression line crosses the ale line', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Paograph recording should be staed at a cervical dilation of 4 cm(Ref: Williams 24/e p452)Paograph recording:Staed after a cervical dilation of 3 cm (not the 4 cm).i.e. During active stage of labor.Designed by WHO for use in developing countries.Stages of labor:Labor a Divided into latent phase.Latent phase should last no longer than 8 hours.Active phase - Stas at 3 cm dilatation a progress should be no slower than 1 cm/hr.Recommended wait period:4-hour before intervention for slow active phase.Labor is graphed & analysis includes use of ale action lines.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 46ad7b87-21e1-41da-bc30-50e96b3acd45 | [{'content': 'A patient with Suspected Poisoning with meiosis, Increased Bronchial Secretions & salivation from Angle of mouth. What type of Antidote is to be Given. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atropine, B. EDTA, C. Neostigmine, D. Belladonna', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer-A. Atropine* Atropine is a medication used to treat ceain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow hea rate and to decrease saliva production.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7c0c81f1-bc0c-4dd2-90a6-65566b02a6f2 | [{'content': 'Cells with greatest affinity to bisphosphonates are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Osteoprogenitor cells, B. Osteoblasts, C. Osteoclasts, D. Osteocytes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 257dad94-ab08-4ffc-9ddf-ac3ee3ef4c32 | [{'content': 'Guiding cusps occlude in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccal groove., B. Lingual groove., C. Embrassures., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | f60cbc85-478b-4734-ac8d-4ec9b707f84b | [{'content': "The radiographic view of choice for demonstrating a nasal fracture is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reverse towne's, B. PA view, C. True lateral, D. OPG", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | eb2cf703-b3b6-492b-b8db-9ed90e16beea | [{'content': 'An oral hypoglycemic agent is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Warfarin, B. Insulin, C. Glibeneclamide, D. Gluengon', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 816f3299-77e1-4cb4-895f-92adcccb3b36 | [{'content': 'Genes involved in X-Linked SCID- \nSelect and explain. \nA. EGFR, B. CD23, C. IL6, D. IL2RG', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer-D. IL2RG* X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an inherited disorder of the immune system that occurs almost exclusively in males.* Mutations in the IL2RG gene cause X-linked SCID. The IL2RG gene provides instructions for making a protein that is critical for normal immune system function.* Mutations in the IL2RG gene prevent these cells from developing and functioning normally. Without functional lymphocytes, the body is unable to fight off infections.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 301e1ac7-ab03-41f2-9648-92ab9a34983f | [{'content': 'Dentin conditioner has the following function. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Removes smear layer, B. Increases surface energy of dentin, C. Forms a thin resin layer over exposed collagen fibrils, D. Helps in bonding with composite', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 28edac0b-502c-4aa9-a4ad-8ed4b20f9154 | [{'content': 'A patient underwent extraction of 3rd molar experiences pain in socket on 3rd day; socket is tender with no fever and swelling: what treatment should be done \nSelect and explain. \nA. Irrigation of socket with sedative placement and analgesic, B. Curettage of socket and induces bleeding, C. Left untreated and observe for few days, D. Start antibiotics followed by curettage of socket', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5fd61c9e-450e-415b-a055-24f62de4cdd6 | [{'content': 'In case of wider osteotomy planned happen which should not be done \nSelect and explain. \nA. Press buccal and lingual plate, B. Wider implant, C. Bone graft plus implant, D. Deep osteotomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | d5070ff9-a3de-4f6c-a9ba-12918fa6ef04 | [{'content': 'Which among the following is not a risk factor for contrast-induced nephropathy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diabetic nephropathy, B. High osmolar agent, C. Obesity, D. Dehydration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. CSide effects of iodinated contrast material are:Idiosyncratic - Anaphylactoid reaction. They are complement-mediated reactions and not IgE. The patient develops bronchospasm and hypotension.Dose-dependent side effect - Contrast-induced nephropathy and seen especially with high osmolar agents.Contrast-induced nephropathy:The patient has non-oliguric transient nephropathy and occurs due to tubular damage. It is defined as the impairment of renal function and is measured as either a 25% increase in serum creatinine from baseline or 0.5 mg/dl increase in absolute value, within 48-72hrs of intravenous contrast administration.Risk Factors for Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy:Patient-related:eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 before intra-aerial administrationeGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 before intravenous administrationIn paicular in combination with:Diabetic nephropathyDehydrationCongestive hea failure (NYHA grade 3-4) and low LVEFRecent myocardial infarction (Intra-aoic balloon pumpPeri-procedural hypotensionLow hematocrit levelAge over 70Concurrent administration of nephrotoxic drugsKnown or suspected acute renal failureProcedure-related:Intra-aerial administration of contrast mediumHigh-osmolality agentsLarge doses of contrast mediumMultiple contrast medium administrations within a few daysIf the patient is on Metformin and is having de-arranged RFT, then before giving contrast agent metformin should be stopped since it can precipitate lactic acidosis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 7754fac4-e0d5-4ae7-9df8-9fd6bef4e4db | [{'content': 'Which of the following statements is not true about incidence? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Incidence decreases when a programme is effective, B. Vaccination strategies decrease the incidence of a disease, C. Newer and effective treatment modalities decrease the incidence, D. Incidence implies number of new cases detected over a fixed time', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Newer and effective treatment modalities decrease the incidenceRef: Park 24Ic p67, 23Ie p62, 22/c p59).Newer and effective treatment modalities do not decrease the incidence.Improvements in treatment may decrease the duration of illness and may decrease prevalence.Relation between Incidence & PrevalenceGiven the assumption that population is stable & incidence and duration are not changing.Prevalence = Incidence x Mean duration of diseasePrevalence describes balance between incidence, moality & recoverye.Incidence reflects causal factorse.Duration reflects prognostic factorse', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | 57b1ba32-ffad-47ac-b906-d1b6dbca3bc6 | [{'content': 'A hypeensive patient was on metoprolol treatment. Verapamil was added to the therapy of this patient. This can result in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atrial fibrillation, B. Bradycardia with AV block, C. Torsades de pointes, D. Tachycardia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Metoprolol (Cardioselective beta blocker) decrease hea rate and AV conduction. Verapamil and Diltiazem: CCB (calcium channel blocker): These also inhibits SA Node and AV Node, hence depress the hea. So, when verapamil (or Diltiazem) is combined with metoprolol, they both depress hea and lead to bradycardia with AV block. Other CCBs include dihydropyridines (like amlodipine etc). These dipines can be used with Metoprolol as they cause reflex tachycardia.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | e8b18049-9725-4ab5-89ad-2799af470822 | [{'content': 'The cannula infuse maximum fluids in dehydration and diarrhea is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Grey, B. Green, C. Pink, D. Blue', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Grey Grey cannula- 16 G -236 ml/minUses:Trauma Patients, Major Surgery, Intra Paum/Post Paum, GI bleeds, Multiple blood transfers, High volume of Fluids.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 55831408-b187-4a8f-bf63-c5c750a39a74 | [{'content': 'Example of synarthroses is / are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Suture, B. Syndesmosis., C. Gomphosis., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | aa8da3cd-fdc2-42ef-96f5-9de78597f924 | [{'content': 'Which of the following antibiotics is most frequently associated with pseudomembranous colitis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ampicillin, B. Penicillin, C. Clindamycin, D. Cephalosporin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 081b84ad-60a8-4c82-b570-8297ffd15934 | [{'content': 'According to American association of Endodontics, which of following terminology is not mentioned in the glossary of terms: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chronic apical periodontitis, B. Acute apical abscess, C. Chronic apical abscess, D. Symptomatic apical periodontitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 044eb6e0-ca6d-44bb-8294-c858f9d68de0 | [{'content': 'Finishing and Polishing of Amalgam make the restoration: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase in tarnish and corrosion resistance, B. Increase the marginal strength, C. Decrease the tarnish and corrosion resistance, D. Increased compressive strength', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 77a4b51b-b0d3-44fc-bed3-2ecccad80de0 | [{'content': 'A 2 year old boy has vitamin D refractory rickets. Investigations show serum calcium 9 mg/dl. Phosphate 2.4 mg dl, alkaline phosphate 1040 parathyroid hormone and bicarbonate levels are normal. The most probable diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Distal renal tubular acidosis, B. Hypophosphatemic rickets., C. Vitamin D dependent rickets, D. Proximal renal tubular acidosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 89e0b62e-fa1d-4964-8870-d57cb8b871f4 | [{'content': 'According to WHO, anemia in pregnancy is diagnosed, when hemoglobin is less than: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 10.0 gm%, B. 11.0 gm%, C. 12.0 gm%, D. 9.0 gm%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: “According to the standards laid by WHO – Anemia in pregnancy is defined as when hemoglobin is 11 gm/100 ml or less or hematocrit is less than 33%”.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | cf9116f0-d344-4b8d-b010-050ac77a8dd1 | [{'content': 'Premature baby of 34 weeks was delivered. Baby had bullous lesion on the body. X ray shows periosistis what is the next investigation: \nSelect and explain. \nA. VDRL for mother and baby, B. ELISA for HIV, C. PCR for T.B., D. Hepatitis surface antigen for mother', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | f4a4fc55-bc04-42eb-8f8d-d6d48a5b1c5a | [{'content': 'The trivalent influenza vaccine contains all of the following strains except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. H IN I, B. H3N2, C. H2N 1, D. Influenza B', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. H2N 1Each seasonal influenza vaccine contains antigens representing three (trivalent vaccine) or four (quadrivalent vaccine) influenza virus strains: one influenza type A subtype H1 N1 virus strain, one influenza type A subtype H3N2 virus strain, and either one or two influenza type B virus strains.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | dd032c3c-d1fc-42c9-bdbf-09d5fcef74fd | [{'content': 'VLDL is synthesised in \nSelect and explain. \nA. GIT, B. Liver, C. Liver and GIT, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Four major groups of lipoproteins have been identified that are important physiologically and in clinical diagnosis. These are,\n\nChylomicrons, derived from intestinal absorption of triacylglycerol and other lipids.\nVery low density lipoproteins (VLDL), derived from the liver for the export of triacylglycerol.\nLow-density lipoproteins (LDL), representing a final stage in the catabolism of VLDL.\xa0\nHigh-density lipoproteins (HDL), involved in cholesterol transport and also in VLDL and chylomicron metabolism. Triacylglycerol is the predominant lipid in chylomicrons and VLDL, whereas cholesterol and phospholipid are the predominant lipids in LDL and HDL, respectively.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 44d88df4-2f63-4957-ae74-50422b03a7d9 | [{'content': 'Cephalosporins have all of the following interactions & uses, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Show cross sensitivity with penicillins, B. Are penicillinase resistant, C. Have a broad spectrum but are inactive against anaerobes, D. Are used in upper respiratory tract infections', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: CEPHALOSPORINS\xa0\n\nThese are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from 'cephalosporin-C obtained from a fungus Cephalosporium. They are chemically related to penicillins; the nucleus consists of a beta-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring, (7-aminocepha losporanic acid). By addition of different side chains at position 7 of beta-lactam ring (altering spectrum of activity) and at position 3 of dihydrothiazine ring (affecting pharmacokinetics), a large number of semisynthetic compounds have been produced.\xa0\n\nSome salient features are:\n\nThese are not penicillinase resistance (just like penicillins).\nAttributed to the similar chemical structure to penicillins they show cross sensitivity with penicillins.\nThese are broadspectrum antibiotics but are inactive against anaerobes.\nThese can be used effectively in upper respiratory tract infection.\n\nReference: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology Eighth Edition KD\xa0TRIPATHI\xa0page no 775,776", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | bd13f4ea-331e-4052-81b4-cda8fa68e216 | [{'content': 'Magnesium deficiency has been reported as an etiological cause for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bruxism., B. Nail biting., C. Thumb sucking., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 455e1f05-93a4-4ada-ad62-c77d05c6c946 | [{'content': 'In determining the posterior Limit of a maxillary denture base, which of the following is on the posterior border? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hamular notch, B. Hamular process, C. Fovea palatine, D. Vibrating Line', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 778a2563-fd4e-4c60-8c72-892dc8e3429c | [{'content': 'A 5 year old child is rushed to casualty reportedly electrocuted while playing in a park. The child is apneic and is ventilated with bag and a mask. Which of the following will be the next step in the management – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Check pulses, B. Start chest compressions, C. Intubate, D. Check oxygen saturation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: After airway has been opened and two rescue breaths provided, determine the need for chest compression. For this check the pulse in carotid (in children) or branchial artery (in infants).\nIf the pulse is not palpable or heart rate is <60/min, begin chest compression.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 215befbd-3775-40ea-b2e5-6537ba16ff86 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is maximum in HDL as compared to other lipoproteins? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cholesterol, B. Apoproteins, C. Triglycerides, D. Fatty acids', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Apoproteins(Ref Harper 30/e p2541).HDL:Highest apoproteins propoion.Has highest density & migrates the least during electrophoresis.Also contains maximum phospholipids.Apolipoprotein or apoprotein:Protein moiety of lipoprotein.Constituting nearly 70% of HDL & 1% chylomicrons.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 6431d5e7-7313-4999-9dc9-830ab944437b | [{'content': 'Asseion - Distal pole of scaphoid goes to avascular necrosis after scaphoid fracture.Reason- Blood supply of scaphoid is from distal to proximal. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Asseion is true but reason is false, B. Both asseion reason are true and reason explains asseion, C. Both asseion and reason are false, D. Reason is true but asseion is false', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D. Reason is true but asseion is falseThe main blood supply to the scaphoid enters through the non-aicular dorsal ridge at the waist of the bone and the volar tubercle at the distal aspect of the bone.A dorsal branch of the radial aery accounts for 80% of the blood supply of the scaphoid.A separate volar aerial branch to the scaphoid enters the tubercle and accounts for 20-30% of the scaphoid's blood supply, mainly to the distal poion.The proximal pole of the scaphoid relies entirely on intramedullary blood flow.The unusual retrograde nature of the scaphoid's blood supply renders it especially prone to non-union and proximal pole avascular necrosis", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pathology | f7c04393-b875-4566-9342-0dba89656d27 | [{'content': 'A 30 year old male presented with severe dyspnea. His investigations showed mitral stenosis with left atrial enlargement. The histopathology repo from his mitral valve is shown below. What is the likely diagnosis of these patients? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sarcoidosis, B. Fungal granuloma, C. Tuberculosis, D. Rheumatic hea disease', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: The above picture shows the presence of Aschoff bodies, which are pathognomic for Rheumatic Hea Disease. Rheumatic fever (RF) is an acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease classically occurring a few weeks after an episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis; occasionally, RF can follow streptococcal infections at other sites, such as the skin. Acute rheumatic carditis is a common manifestation of active RF and may progress over time to chronic rheumatic hea disease (RHD), mainly manifesting as valvular abnormalities. RHD is characterized principally by deforming fibrotic valvular disease, paicularly involving the mitral valve; indeed, RHD is viually the only cause of mitral stenosis Type of necrosis seen in RHD - Fibrinoid necrosis. Morphology: Distinctive lesions occur in the hea, called Aschoff bodies, consisting of foci of T lymphocytes, occasional plasma cells, and plump activated macrophages called Anitschkow cell (pathognomonic fo RF).These macrophages have abundant cytoplasm and central round-to-ovoid nuclei (occasionally binucleate) in which the chromatin condenses into a central, slender, wavy ribbon (hence the designation "caterpillar cells").', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | cb562414-2015-43ec-88f7-78a52605b511 | [{'content': 'In the management of anaphylaxis, which action of adrenaline is not observed? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bronchodilation by beta-receptors, B. Cardiovascular effects of beta-receptors, C. Action on blood vessels by alpha-receptors, D. Action on presynaptic alpha-receptors', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Action on presynaptic alpha-receptors(Ref: Goodman Gilman 12/e p209, 302, 308)Activation of presynaptic ?2 receptors inhibits the release of NE and other co-transmitters front peripheral sympathetic nerve endings.Activation of ?2 receptors in the pontomedullary region of the CNS inhibits sympathetic nervous system activity and leads to a full in blood pressure.Action on presynaptic alpha-receptors (a2 receptors) is not helpful in management of anaphylactic shock.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e05a465a-5c90-4c80-afda-56d0e6070792 | [{'content': 'Normally Maxillary first molar has \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3 roots and 3 canals, B. 3 roots and 4 canals, C. 2 roots and 3 canals, D. 2 roots and 4 canals', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 92b9ce44-5d98-4f45-9366-e83649016e84 | [{'content': "Mark true or false among the following:Content 's of Carotid Sheath areA. Internal jugular veini) trueii) falseB. Cervical sympathetic trunki) trueii) falseC. Vagus nervei) trueii) falseD. Internal carotid aeryi) trueii) falseE. Deep cervical lymph nodesi) trueii) false \nSelect and explain. \nA. A. ii) B. ii) C. i) D. i) E. i), B. A. i) B. ii) C. ii) D. i) E. i), C. A. i) B. ii) C. i) D. i) E. ii), D. A. i) B. ii) C. i) D. i) E. i)", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D: A. i) B. ii) C. i) D. i) E. i)The carotid sheath also is a tubular fascial investment that extends superiorly between the cranial base and inferiorly to the root of the neck. The carotid sheath contains the common and internal carotid aeries, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve . In addition, the carotid sheath contains deep cervical lymph nodes, sympathetic fibers, and the carotid sinus nerve. The cervical sympathetic trunk lies behind the sheath but is not included within it.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Orthopaedics | b6b91d49-7a30-4a9a-91e6-b2f20341470c | [{'content': 'Normal Curvature seen in Lumbar \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lordosis, B. Kyphosis, C. Scoliosis, D. Recurvatum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: * Normal curvature of spine:Lordosis(concavity) ? cervical spine, lumbar spineKyphosis (convexity) ? thoracic & sacral spine * Causes of | lumbar lordosis: (excessive posterior concavity)- Spondylolisthesis- Obesity / Osteoporosis- Achondroplasia- Postural* Scoliosis -abnormal lateral curvature of veebral column * Kyphosis - abnormal curvature of the veebral column in the thoracic region causing "hunchback" deformity.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 938a6fd0-f60a-4d86-91c0-0cb8786028ae | [{'content': 'In class III composite preparation, retention points should be placed: \nSelect and explain. \nA. In the axial wall, B. Entirely in dentine, C. At the dentinoenamel junction, D. At the expense of facial and lingual wall', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3e92f1af-86fd-4c31-9a0d-4e75e4e5b90f | [{'content': 'Rotation speed of profile instruments \nSelect and explain. \nA. 50-100 RPM, B. 100-3000 RPM, C. 300-500 RPM, D. 150-300 RPM', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Direct lines from Cohen: The recommended rotational speed for Profile instruments is 150 to 300 rpm, and to ensure a constant rpm level, the preferred means is electrical motors with gear reduction rather than air-driven motors.\nAlso know\n\nThe profile system was first sold as the "Series 29" hand instruments in .02 taper, but available in .04 and .06 taper\nTips of the Profile Series 29 rotary instruments - constant proportion of diameter increments (29%)\n\nProfile instrument specifications\nCross sections: U-shape design with radial lands and a parallel central core\nLateral view: 20° helix angle, a constant pitch, and bullet shaped noncutting tips\n\nBlades have Neutral or slightly negative rake angle\nActs like Reaming action on dentin rather than cutting', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 6ba7a8b3-b653-4208-8815-75c03f1088b4 | [{'content': 'In biopsy true about formalin as fixative is all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. To prevent autolysis, B. To make tissue rigid, C. To kill micro organisms, D. 2% forrnaline is used', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | feecbe83-6510-4c8d-bbac-3a4c02b96915 | [{'content': 'A 50 years old patient presented with progressive jaundice. Liver function test was done in which conju!gated serum bilirubin-4.8% and total bilirubin-6.7%, alkaline phosphatase- 550 IU, SGOT-50, SGPT-65. Most probable diagnosis is; \nSelect and explain. \nA. Jaundice due to choledocholithiasis, B. Dubin-Johnson syndrome, C. Viral hepatitis, D. Malignant obstructive jaundice', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Jaundice due to choledocholithiasisThe maximum bilirubin level is seldom >256.5 micromol/L (15.0 mg/dl) in patients wilh choledocholithiasis unless concomitant hepatic disease or anotherfactor leading to marked hyperbilirubinemia exists.'-Harrison I8/e p2625.'Serum bilirubin levels >342.0 micromol/L (20 mg/dL) should suggest the possibility of neoplastic obstruction.'-Harrisonl8/e p2625CholedocholithiasisCBD stones should be suspected in any patient with cholecystitis whose serum bilirubin level is >85.5 micromol/L (5 mg/dL).The maximum bilirubin level is seldom >256.5 micromol/L (15.0 mg/dl) in patients with choledocholithiasis.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | e7b8728f-9131-4f14-a004-68731f829ef6 | [{'content': 'Continuous GnRH therapy is used in All EXCEPT. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Precocious pubey, B. Prostate cancer, C. Male infeility, D. Endometriosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: GnRH agonists Precocious pubey in boys & girls Prostate cancer, breast cancer Estrogen dependant disorders: endometriosis, menorhhagia, fibroid uterus, adenomyosis Infeility: in women for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for A', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 813fa226-a21b-480a-b13e-ce842640ec7a | [{'content': 'All are manifestation of dengue virus infection in eye except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cataract, B. Maculopathy, C. Vitreous hemorrhage, D. Optic neuritis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The ocular manifestations of dengue include:- Maculopathy - most common Optic neuritis - 2nd most common Vitreous hemorrhage - rarely seen', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 167c89ae-1898-497f-87c4-805a65c7a9bd | [{'content': 'Supporting cusps occlude in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Central fossa, B. Marginal ridges., C. Embrassures., D. Both AB', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | 86e26dc5-2f48-45b1-82df-b14ffbc11fcb | [{'content': 'Which is the most common site for congenital cholesteatoma \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior superior quadrant of tympanic membrane, B. Posterior superior quadrant of tympanic membrane, C. Anterior inferior quadrant of tympanic membrane., D. posterior inferior quadrant of tympanic membrane', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A .Anterior superior quadrant of tympanic membrane followed by posterior superior quadrant.Congenital cholesteatoma was defined as a white, pearly lesion behind an intact tympanic membrane, which after removal was identified on pathological examination as a cholesteatoma.It is the more common causes for onset of childhood conductive hearing loss unrelated to middle ear effusion.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | e262d5f1-129a-4aa9-9c08-5b875b97ebb6 | [{'content': 'Iodine is primarily important in the biochemical synthesis of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. ACTH, B. Thyroxine, C. Adrenaline, D. Calcitonin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 2690d305-171f-4fbe-8053-c8ac73b7e550 | [{'content': 'Steroids: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Steroids reduce the rate of repair of tissues thus delays the healing, B. Exacerbate the inflammatory response, C. Can be safely given to immunocompromised patients, D. Indicated in oral thrush', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Anatomy | 95711cf9-001b-4ebc-8ca6-e5b8d2c138b8 | [{'content': "Which of the following DOESN'T supply dura mater \nSelect and explain. \nA. Middle meningeal aery, B. Meningeal branch of internal carotid aery in posterior cranial fossa, C. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal aeries, D. Accessory meningeal aery", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Meningeal branch of int carotid aery in post cranial fossa. Explain: AERIAL SUPPLY OF DURA MATER Aerial supply travels in the outer periosteal layers of dura. ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: Ophthalmic division of internal carotid Ethmoidal aery (meningeal branches) Anterior division of middle meningeal aery. MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA: Anterior & posterior divisions of MMA Accessory meningeal aery (br. Of maxillary aery of ICA) Meningeal branches from internal carotid aery POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA: Posterior branch of middle meningeal aery Meningeal branches. 2. Ascending pharyngeal aery 3. Occipital aery 4. Veebral aery', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 7d3de981-356d-475d-b469-5cdfa0190f93 | [{'content': 'A young girl with the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) was treated medically. On day 3 of treatment, she developed tachypnea and fever. Chest X-ray shows bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Which of the follow ing drug should be given next? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dexamethasone, B. Cytarabine, C. Dacarbazine, D. Doxorubicin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- DTretinoin plus concurrent anthracycline-based (i.e., idarubicin or daunorubicin) chemotherapy appears to be among The most effective treatment for APL. leading to CR rates of 90-95%Arsenic trioxide has significant antileukemic activity and is being explored as pa of initial treatment in clinical trials of APL. Arsenic trioxide increases the risk of APL differentiation syndrome & may prolong the QT interval.As of 2013 the standard of treatment for concurrent chemotherapy has become arsenic trioxide, which combined with ATRA is referred to ATRA-ATO.Before 2013 the standard of treatment was anthracycline (e.g.daunorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin or mitoxantrone)-based chemotherapy.Side effect of ATRA therapy as dyspnea, fever, weight gain, peripheral edema and is treated with dexamethasone.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6e500f1f-ac66-448a-9739-bd8e50f83813 | [{'content': 'Fear of closed space, open space, and crowded space is called as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acrophobia, B. Agoraphobia, C. Claustrophobia, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: According to recent concept Agoraphobia is the fear of closed space, open space and crowded space', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | da79693f-973b-4bcf-8b42-3f5f8ccf46f1 | [{'content': 'Maximum chances of injury in a child patient occurs during: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8 months, B. 10-12 months, C. 12-15 months, D. 16 months', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: As during 12-15 months child starts walking without support.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 79e76d7d-4187-4f59-8e23-65d9e8f51aba | [{'content': 'Gjessing canine is made up of \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0.18 x 0.25 stainless steel rectangular wire, B. 0.16 x 0.22 stainless steel rectangular wire, C. 0.17 x 0.25 TMA wire, D. 0.15 x 0.22 TMA wire', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The PG spring is made in 0.016″x.022″ stainless steel rectangular wire. It has gingivally directed overlapping double helices, ovoid in shape, 10 mm in height and 5.5 mm at its widest part. It also has a small occlusal helix 2 mm in diameter.\nThe spring induces bodily movement of teeth and anchorage, reinforcement by a Nance button or headgear is needed in moderate to high anchorage cases. A prerequisite before placing this spring is good rotational correction as well as leveling and alignment of the three teeth involved.\nPG canine retraction spring was introduced to the orthodontic profession way back in 1985 by Poul Gjessing, hence also known as Gjessing Canine.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ee25e128-1656-4e30-b7a0-1a3487104989 | [{'content': 'The maximum shrinkage during firing process in ceramic occurs in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. High Bisque stage, B. Low Bisque stage, C. Medium Bisque stage, D. Fusion stage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d5a0c042-97e7-47a6-b4aa-e3900f02c511 | [{'content': 'Least amount of mercury is required in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Admixed alloy, B. Spherical, C. Hybrid, D. Lathe cut alloy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 37c2d828-130c-4ebd-ae35-03c852064141 | [{'content': 'In human the Hb is : \nSelect and explain. \nA. HbH, B. HbA, C. HbM, D. HbS', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | f91736e8-259c-4655-a68c-453dd490a7b7 | [{'content': 'Segmentation of blood in blood vessel after death is known as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Kevorkian sign, B. Rokitansky sign, C. Kennedy phenomenon, D. Tache noir', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A.Kevorkian signKevorkian sign:Fragmentation or segmentation (trucking or shunting) of blood columns after death.Appears in retinal vessels within minutes after death & persists for about an hour.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9cc26246-cc08-4a64-ab6e-9d75418aeb6d | [{'content': 'If Patient is identified with Hepatitis B positive, after treatment what should be done with instrument \nSelect and explain. \nA. Clean with water for 2 min, B. Instruments should be burnt in flame, C. Instruments should be washed and sent for autoclave, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6944b9e7-b49f-46ac-ac6f-b748f2c4cc46 | [{'content': "Which of the following is not done for antenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amniotic fluid volume estimation, B. Alpha-fetoprotein estimation, C. Cordocentesis, D. Chorionic villous biopsy", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 9a21d76c-9104-4bd2-be55-a37c3b71c0f5 | [{'content': 'Which type of radiation effect results in radiation induced thyroid cancer? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Somatic, B. Genetic, C. Teratogenic, D. Autosomal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Based on the object that shows the effects:\n\nSomatic Effects: \n\tThese are biological effects that occur on the exposed individuals. Somatic effects can be of 2 types.\n\t\nPrompt somatic effect occur after an acute dose.\n\t\tEg: Temporary hair loss occurs about three weeks after a dose of 400 rad to scalp.\nDelayed somatic effects are those that occur years after radiation doses are received.\n\t\tEg: Increased potential for development of cancer and cataracts.\n\n\nGenetic or heritable effects:\n\tAppear in the future generations of the exposed person as a result of radiation damage to reproductive cells.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 561aefb5-77c7-433e-8029-096d77ad3099 | [{'content': 'A 5 years old child brought to the hospital with history of loose stools but no history of fever or blood in stools. Mother says he is irritable and drinks water hastily when given. On examination eyes are sunken and in skin pinch test, the skin retracted within two seconds but not immediately. What is the treatment for this child? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Administer the first dose of IV antibiotic and immediately refer to hither center, B. Give oral fluids and ask the mother to continue the same and visit again next day, C. Consider severe dehydration, sta IV fluids, IV antibiotics and refer to higher center, D. Give Zinc supplementation and oral rehydration solution only and ask mother to come back if some danger signs develop', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Give Zinc supplementation and oral rehydration solution only and ask mother to come back if some danger signs developThe child in this given scenario is having some dehydration, as the child is restless and irritable, drink water readilyand skin pinch goes back slowly (< 2 seconds) with sunken eyes. Treatment includes oral rehydration therapy, zincsupplementation and continued breastfeeding according to the WHO IMNCI protocol plan B.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pathology | 97f2545e-5688-4cc1-9837-9a9ec14d6f3d | [{'content': 'Basophils are activated by \nSelect and explain. \nA. IL - 5, B. Neutrophils, C. Killer inhibitory peptide, D. Cell fixed Ig E', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Cell fixed IgE are the activators of basophils . MAST CELL BASOPHIL Foreign antigen binds to the IgE bound to cell and leads to the activation of mast cell or basophil which leads to Type 1 hypersensitivity. IL-5 leads to activation of eosinophils.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | fa8d86dc-9efc-454c-8b47-beccf53b41e3 | [{'content': 'Custom tray is better than stock tray for impression of crown due to following reasons except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Custom tray is easy to adapt, B. Stock tray may not record full flange, C. Custom tray is cheaper, D. Stock tray can distort easily', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 23cdcc3c-aabd-403a-b2f7-59ecfab6ed23 | [{'content': 'Palpable purpura is seen in all. except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. H.S. Purpura, B. Mixed cryoglobulinemia, C. Giant cell arteritis, D. Drug induced vasculitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8136d06e-6ae0-48e5-acdf-3d70593d886a | [{'content': 'In class II malocclusion, ANB angle is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Greater than normal, B. Less than normal, C. Not altered, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 2e81781f-8c3e-4d9a-86b3-a2651e07dce9 | [{'content': 'Blood brain barrier is absent in all of the following areas except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Subfornical region, B. Habenuclear trigone, C. Area posterma, D. Neurohypophysis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4d60bdc9-a192-424b-96f8-8ce60b75208b | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not a major maxillary metal partial denture frame work: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lingual U plate, B. Palatal strap, C. Palatal plate, D. Single palatal plate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 01409140-2453-4880-b3bd-f16772156d0f | [{'content': 'Fracture passing through mental foramen in mandible with less than 10 mm of bone can be best managed by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reconstruction plate, B. MMF, C. Lag screws, D. 3-D plate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | fffb00bf-d5e6-4975-9299-12beacacb8ad | [{'content': 'To establish the diagnosis of H-type trachea-esophageal fistula, which if the following is required? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chest X-ray, B. Tracheo-bronchoscopy, C. CT scan, D. Esophagoscopy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Tracheo-bronchoscopyIsolated tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) (H-type fistula):Congenital isolated TEF (H-type) is a rare disorder posing diagnostic and management problems.H-type TEF is more frequent than H-type, owing to the oblique angle of the fistula from the trachea (carina or main bronchi) to the oesophagus, anatomically at the level of the neck root (c7-T1).Pressure changes between both structures can cause entry of air into the oesophagus, or entry of oesophageal content into the trachea.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Anatomy | 710786df-02cc-4b3f-9ac1-31bc90e56426 | [{'content': 'What is normally seen in lumbar spine:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Scoliosis, B. Lordosis, C. Kyphosis, D. Recurvatum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Curvatures of spine: concave anteriorly Fetus - Universal flexion - 10 curvature After bih - Cervical lordosis - 20 curvature begins when child stas to gain head stability Lumber lordosis - Convex anteriorly Cervical lordosis - 2o Thoracic kyphosis - 1o Lumbar lordosis - 2o Sacral kyphosis - 1o', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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