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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | 6beed60d-08f5-4efa-bd22-4a6901e451a2 | [{'content': "Most common cause for nose bleeding is- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trauma to little's area, B. A.V. aneurysm, C. Postero superior part of nasal septum, D. Hiatus - semilunaris", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Little area (also called as Kiesselbach’s plexus) is a highly vascular area in the anteroinferior part of nasal septum just above the vestibule\nIt is the most common site for nasal bleeding as this area is exposed to the drying effect of inspiratory current and to finger nail trauma.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Medicine | a52dd788-59ff-4e7b-a151-b8d111caa1ab | [{'content': 'Hyperkalemia management includes all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calcium gluconate, B. Insulin drip, C. Salbutamol nebulisation, D. MgSO4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Option A- Given to antagonize the effect of potassium on hea. Option B & C - K+ influx helps in reducing the load of K+ in blood Option D- used in TDP/Eclampsia/ status asthmaticus', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 89e4fd81-0a6a-4702-8229-b393fcf8bf91 | [{'content': 'Which of the following antihypertensives is not safe in pregnancy: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Clonidine, B. ACE inhibitors / Enalapril, C. α − Methyldopa, D. Amlodipine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 42f2f76c-53be-4d1a-a728-e977410cfc17 | [{'content': 'In an inferior alveolar nerve block given to a child, the\nposition of the needle as compared to that in an adult is more \nSelect and explain. \nA. Superior, B. Inferior, C. Buccal, D. Lingual', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 83d4ffd3-ac6f-4c98-88c6-96ddbe0db146 | [{'content': 'In which of the following heart diseases is materanl mortality during pregnancy found to be the highest: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Coarctation of aorta, B. Eisenmenger syndrome, C. AS, D. MS', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pediatrics | 605c9835-95d4-4a5e-b400-09bf38e75e4c | [{'content': 'An adolescent school girl complaints of dropping objects from hands, it gets precipitated during morning and during exams. There is no history of loss of consciousness and her cousin sister has been diagnosed with epilepsy. EEG was done and was suggestive of epileptic spikes. What is the diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, B. Atypical absence, C. Choreo - athetoid epilepsy, D. Centrotemporal spikes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: - History given suggests the diagnosis of Juvunile myoclonic epilepsy Juvunile myoclonic epilepsy ( Janz Syndrome ) - Most common generalized epilepsy in young adults. - Stas in early adolescence with 1 or more of: Myoclonic jerks in morning, causing patient to drop things Generalized tonic-clonic seizures upon awakening Juvenile absences. - Sleep deprivation and photic stimulation can act as precipitants. - EEG shows generalized 4-5 Hz polyspike and slow wave discharge. OTHER OPTIONS: Atypical absence seizures - Less abrupt onset and offset of loss of awareness - Associated myoclonic components and tone changes of head and body - Precipitated by drowsiness - Accompanied by 1 to 2 hz spike and slow wave discharge. Benign childhood epilepsy syndrome with centrotemporal spikes - Rolandic epilepsy - Stas during childhood and is outgrown in adolescence. - Child wakes up at night owing to focal seizures causing buccal and throat tingling and tonic clonic contractions of 1 side of face, with drooling and inability to speak but with preserved consciousness and comprehension. - EEG shows typical broad based centrotemporal spikes that are markedly increased in frequency during drowsiness and sleep. - MRI is normal. - Patient respond well to carbamazepine.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Physiology | 6bfb7ced-ef9e-4df7-ae35-ce5699bbc7a5 | [{'content': 'Not a monomeric intermediate filament: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vimentin, B. Keratin, C. Tubulin, D. Desmin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Filamentous protein - Are of 3 types based on their diameter. Diameter Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules <8 nm 8 - 25 nm >25 nm Function Involved in contractility Provide structural suppo Involved in motility (beating of cilia, flagella) Examples Actin Vimentin, keratin, Desmin. Tubulin (a & b tubulin constitutes microtubules)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | e0ec575f-4a30-4a42-a1c8-a0faed766b8b | [{'content': '46.\tA 9 year old child has increased Horizontal anterior bone loss, less cementum and on test shows excretion of phosphoethanolamine in the urine. The child is suffering from. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypophosphatasia, B. Vit. D resistant Rickets, C. Juvenile periodontitis, D. Osteomalacia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | cb022556-5a47-402a-b52c-725b6c314e83 | [{'content': 'Sodium nitroprusside is metabolized to form an active metabolite. This active metabolized to form an active metabolite. This active metabolite of sodium nitroprusside act activation of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Phospholipase A, B. Phospholipase C, C. Guanylate cyclase, D. Protein Kinase C', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Nitoprusside and nitrates act by production of NO (nitric oxide). NO stimulates guanylate cyclase in smooth muscles which leads to formation of cGMP. cGMP act on smooth muscles to cause vasodilation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | bc46c956-a37d-4804-91ac-fa804db85897 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the most useful parameter according to WHO in assessing adequacy of sperms for feilization? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spermatocyte count, B. Spermatocyte motility, C. Semen volume, D. Spermatocyte morphology', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Spermatocyte morphologyEvaluation and assessment of semen is very impoant for both diagnosis of male infeility and selection of patienti for treatment with IVF or ICSI. It has been shown that sperm morphologt assessed strictly is most strongly related to feilization rafe than other parometers. In the WHO guidelines for Normal semen analysis, Sperm morphology, ie. > 4% normal forms is the only strict criteria for sperm adequacy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | c5e9dc1a-58ce-4be0-81bc-cb909c312257 | [{'content': 'A 3 year old child has a fever of 102 degrees F; and\nfollowing upper respiratory tract infection discrete vesicles and ulcers on the soft plate and pharynx are noted. The most probable diagnosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Herpangina, B. Scarlet fever, C. RubeLlla, D. Herpetic gingivostomatitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 21428c77-d386-4507-bb71-20c05b5f32b6 | [{'content': 'Acrocephaly is also known as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oxycephaly., B. Turticephaly., C. Dome shaped skull., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 51009d05-2b8f-491d-8865-d2f01cf3647b | [{'content': 'The reverse bevel incision is made to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Allow atraumatic reflection of the gingival margin., B. Remove the infected tissue in the sulcus., C. Provide access to the alveolar crest., D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Internal bevel incision is also known as reverse bevel incision. It is the incision from which the flap is reflected to expose the underlying bone and root.\nObjectives:\n• It removes pocket lining\n• Conserves the uninvolved outer surface of the gingiva\n• Produces a sharp, thin flap margin for adaptation to the bone-tooth junction', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 1c4db599-706a-4089-9b53-5ec331a651af | [{'content': 'Enzymes, which play an important role in calcification, are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Enolase and Calcitonin, B. Alkaline phosphatase and catalase, C. Alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase, D. Pyrophosphatase and carbonic anhydrase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | c2b92bd3-f89c-429e-be8d-25d2d6c5806e | [{'content': 'What does forward scatter in flow cytometry used to assess? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cell death, B. Cell size, C. Cell granules, D. Cell fluorescence', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Cell sizeFlow cytometry:Technique for counting, examining & soing microscopic paicles suspended in a stream of fluid.Allows simultaneous multi-parametric analysis of physical and/or chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electronic detection apparatus.Measures optical & fluorescence characteristics of single cells.Direction of light & interpretation:Direction of light scattered in forward Scatter (FS):For cell size.Liver cells will have more forward scatter (FS) than dead and apoptotic cellsDirection of light scattered in side scatter (SS):For density of cells (granularity, vacuoles & membrane size).Granulocytes/monocytes have more granularity or vacuoles a more side scattering (SS).(Ref Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications/p456).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 26dd7eda-3dde-43f0-a734-392796fdc8e2 | [{'content': 'Which inflammatory mediator involve in intracellular killing of microbes? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Catalase, B. Oxidase, C. Lysozyme, D. IL6', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The killing of microbes and the destruction of ingested materials are accomplished by reactive oxygen species (ROS, also called reactive oxygen intermediates), reactive nitrogen species, mainly derived from nitric oxide (NO), and lysosomal enzymes.\nNeutrophils and monocytes contain granules packed with enzymes and anti-microbial proteins that degrade microbes and dead tissues and may contribute to tissue damage. These granules are actively secretory and thus distinct from classical lysosomes.\xa0\nNeutrophils have two main types of granules:\n\nThe smaller specific (or secondary) granules contain lysozyme, collagenase, gelatinase, lactoferrin, plasminogen activator, histaminase, and alkaline phosphatase.\xa0\nThe larger azurophil (or primary) granules contain MPO, bactericidal factors (such as defensins), acid hydrolases, and a variety of neutral proteases (elastase, cathepsin G, nonspecific collagenases, proteinase 3).\n\nKumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins basic pathology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017. Page 68', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 19ab18c0-bfef-4a74-a23c-07e482e7f812 | [{'content': 'The most effective, scientifically proven and cost efficient caries prevention program in children is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Enameloplasty, B. Oral health education, C. Pit and fissure sealants, D. ART', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7aa4c76d-e28b-480d-86b5-5a3c2ab2e6f3 | [{'content': 'A 24 years old college student while playing hockey injured his right knee. This patient presents after 3 months with instability of knee joint in it full extension without instability at 90 degree of flexion. The structure most commonly damaged is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterolatilal pa of anterior cruciate ligament, B. Anteromedial pa of anterior cruciate ligament, C. Posterior cruciate ligament, D. Anterior hom of medial meniscus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Posterolateral pa of anterior cruciate ligament', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pharmacology | fe55c8c7-c6ba-4882-a3c0-15171d62e603 | [{'content': 'Drug of choice for scrub typhus is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Azithromycin, B. Ciprofloxacin, C. Doxycycline, D. Chloramphenicol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Scrub typhus is caused by rickettsia. DOC for rickettsia is Doxycycline(tetracycline). It is the DOC for all kind of typhus like endemic typhus, epidemic typhus, and other rickettsial infections like Q fever, rocky mountain spotted fever. Azithromycin is a macrolide and a protein synthesis inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone. Chloramphenicol is also a protein synthesis inhibitor.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 297ab88f-0697-406b-8994-332269314289 | [{'content': 'VLDL is concerned with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Delivery of endogenous FA to extrahepatic tissue, B. Delivery of exogenous FA to extrahepatic tissue, C. Delivery of cholesterol to extrahepatic tissue, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: VLDL metabolism:\n\nDelivery of endogenous FA to the extra-hepatic tissue.\nVLDL converted to LDL and delivers cholesterol to tissue.\nVLDL is formed in liver.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 15417774-021b-4c2c-8d47-6d80322fe687 | [{'content': 'Malignant pustule is referred to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Facio-cervical actinomycosis, B. Cutaneous anthrax, C. Infected squamous cell carcinoma, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | db481d43-eaa9-45e9-8e23-4416d4894eb4 | [{'content': 'A 56yr old underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for pituitary tumour. Now he has low ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH. Which of the hormone will not be given to the patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glucocoicoids, B. Mineralocoicoids, C. Levothyroxine, D. Estradiol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. MineralocoicoidsThis patient does not need supplementation with mineralocoicoids.It is due to the fact that post-hypophysectomy, the basal levels of mineralocoicoids (principally aldosterone) remain normal as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone feedback loop remains intact.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f186d21a-67e0-4532-bb17-a3b4ac7ccbd2 | [{'content': 'Cobalt-Chromium alloys contains: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 30% cobalt and 60% chromium, B. 60% cobalt and 30% chromium, C. 1% palladium, D. 20% gold', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8b0ca482-a870-42ed-ba9a-f80aa451c604 | [{'content': 'Surveyor is used on master cast to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Locate guiding planes, B. Determine aesthetics, C. Delineate areas of maximum convexity, D. Locate undercuts to be used for retention or to be blocked out', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | db661878-b25b-42f5-9cc6-2dffda4cb3b2 | [{'content': 'COPRA came into action on: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 15th April 1987, B. 15th April 1989, C. 25th April 1988, D. 15th April 1986', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT\n(CPA/COPRA)\xa0\nThe Consumer Protection Act, 1986 that came into force on 15th April, 1987 is a\xa0milestone in the history of socio-economic legislation in the country. It is one of the most progressive and comprehensive pieces of legislation enacted.\nEssentials of preventive and community dentistry\nSoben Peter\n5th edition', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Microbiology | 24ba87cd-83d3-4768-b6fa-c246bde2b821 | [{'content': 'Cyst of parasite seen in stool microscopy. What is the organism? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Entamoeba dyspar, B. Balantidium coli, C. Giardia lambia, D. Taenia solium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The given cyst have axostyle and 4 nuclei are present - features of Giardia lamblia. Trophohozoites of Giardia lamblia have 4 pairs of flagella and have falling leaf like motility. Balantidium coli- cyst are binucleated Entamoeba dyspar- quadrinucleated cyst no axostyle Taenia solium-no cyst eggs are seen in faeces', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | fb493e7d-519b-4534-940f-cc3fb93f4b6b | [{'content': 'Active form of vitamin D in kidney is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 dihydroxy cholecalciferol, B. 25 hydroxy cholecalciferol, C. 1, 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol, D. 7 dihydroxy calciferol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0d4f60ed-dd1c-4e67-9f18-91f79a392d09 | [{'content': 'Enamel lamellae \nSelect and explain. \nA. Elevation on outer surface of enamel, B. Dentinal tubule in enamel, C. Uniform arrangement of enamel rods, D. Enamel projection in dentin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 52d47274-fbea-4be7-9712-040318ef01f2 | [{'content': 'The drug for choice for treatment of infection\ninvolving\tnon-penicillinase\tproducing\nstaphylococcus is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ampicillin, B. Erythromycin, C. Penicillin G, D. Methicillin sodium', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 40039a69-08af-4bf9-b56d-9616f6659e4d | [{'content': 'Before pouring an elastic impression, it is washed with slurry of water and stone to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase gel strength, B. Prevent syneresis, C. Prevent distortion, D. Wash off saliva on impression', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | eb9e9551-a8a7-47a4-8531-2633fbb69a52 | [{'content': 'Cleaning of files in between of endodontic treatment is done by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gauze soaked in hypochlorite solution, B. 15 seconds in glass bead sterilizer, C. 30 seconds in glass bead sterilizer, D. Chlorhexidine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | e6d619bc-90fe-44e0-b5c6-59c4b3a15720 | [{'content': 'A 10 year old child presented with headache, vomiting, gait instability and diplopia. On examination he had papilledema and gait ataxia. The most probable diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hydrocephalus, B. Brain stem tumour, C. Suprasellar tumour, D. Midline posterior fossa tumour', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: "The classical triad of headache, nausea and vomiting, and papilledenaa is associated with midline or infratentorial\xa0tumors".\n\xa0\nSign and symptoms of Brain tumors in children\n\nChildren with brain tumors frequently have symptoms and signs that strongly suggest the appropriate diagnosis.\nThe clinical triad of symptoms associated with increased ICT -4 headache, vomiting, blurred vision / diplopia, is the hallmark of brain tumors in childhood.\nThese symptoms occur more frequently with mid-line posterior fossa (infratentorial) tumors owing to the propensity of lesions close to the ventricular CSF flow system.\nSymptoms of the brain tumors vary depending upon which part of the brain the tumor is found :\xad\n\nBrain tumor in cerebrum (supratentorial)\n\nSeizures\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Hemiperes is or Hemiplegia\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Drowsiness / confusion\nVisual changes\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o T ICT (less common)\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Personality changes\n\nBrain tumor in brain stem\n\nSeizures\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Diplopia\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Respiratory changes o T ICT (Rare)\nEndocrine problem (DM) o Headache\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Cranial N. palsy\n\nBrain tumor in cerebellum\n\nT ECT (most common)\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Headache\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Uncoordinated movement\nVomiting\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Ataxia\n\nSymptoms due to raised ICT --> These are mainly caused by midline posterior fossa tumor --> Medulloblastoma.\n\nHeadache\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Nausea\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Drowsiness\nVomiting (usually in the morning)\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Personality changes\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Papilledema\nDiplopia / blurred vision\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Irritability\n\nNote - Brain-stem tumors are also posterior fossa tumors, but they do not present with increased ICT.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | d17b270d-86c3-4b7d-ad1b-d1175e0b406a | [{'content': 'What should be the time of termination of pregnancy of a female with insulin dependent diabetes? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 40 weeks, B. 38 weeks, C. 37 weeks, D. 34 weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. 40 weeksIn diabetic mothers, the fetal lung maturation delays due to delay in the completion of surfactant formation in fetal lung. Hence 40 weeks is the choice, the expected delivery can be delayed up to 40 weeks.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 4cd9cf13-3bf7-438a-ae19-02288af1e943 | [{'content': 'Following a A, a young man was brought to ER. Due to massive blood loss, 2 units of PRBC and 4 platelets obtained from blood bank. Only one IV line was accessible. What will you do? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sta PRBC 1st mid store platelet in room temperature, B. Sta platelet and store PRBC in room temperature, C. Only transfuse PRBC, D. Transfuse PRBC and store platelet at 2-6 degrees', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Sta PRBC 1st and store platelet in room temperatureRefi ATLS 18th edn; 2018, Chapter 3 ShockFirst preference is PRBC followed by plateletsIn mean time, store platelets at room temperature.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 39c933d9-6014-4f3d-9b81-cb67eb2ec6b9 | [{'content': 'Amount of heat that is required to change boiling water into vapor is referred to as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Latent Heat of vaporization, B. Latent Heat of sublimation, C. Latent Heat of condensation, D. Latent heat of fusion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3b2ef8ce-ddbe-4e5f-845f-f0085dc98bf7 | [{'content': 'A continuum to sedation, anxiolysis is referred to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Conscious sedation, B. Deep sedation, C. Minimal sedation, D. General anaesthesia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 153520b6-6e0a-4180-9416-9a7417bc76f9 | [{'content': 'Peg-shaped incisors which taper towards the indsal edge\nare typically seen in all of the following conditions EXCEPT \nSelect and explain. \nA. Congenital syphilis, B. Rickets, C. Anhyirotic ectodermal dysplasia, D. Supernumerary teeth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 5b24780b-7e65-4727-ae71-7b42228280ce | [{'content': 'Pick out odd drugs for anaesthetic emergencies are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. AminophylLine, B. Epinephrine, C. Atropine sulphate, D. Amoxycillin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e76e4afb-db7c-4a0e-99bd-1be821e11adf | [{'content': 'A study was done where the sale of anti-asthma drug was recorded and the number of deaths because of asthma was measured over a period of 15 years (1975-1990). This is which type of study. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ecological, B. Case reference, C. Experimental, D. Psephology', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 72d767a5-261a-4055-b23a-fb1e1a5acb23 | [{'content': 'The fear of a 6 year old related to dentistry is primarily: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Subjective, B. Objective, C. Subjective & objective, D. Psychological', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7fbae46b-3f4f-4c9e-94b8-d16d60e8e100 | [{'content': 'The sulcular epithelium acts as a semi permeable membrane through which \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bacterial products pass in to the gingiva, B. Fluids from the gingiva seeps in to the sulcus, C. Both of the above, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 97d223c0-93ff-48c6-8cd4-3492c596b22b | [{'content': 'A patient inhales a tidal volume of 500 mL. The intrapleural pressure was measured as - 4 cm of water before inspiration and - 9 cm of water after inspiration. Calculate the pulmonary compliance in this patient: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0.1 L/cm, B. 0.3 L/cm, C. 0.2 L/cm, D. 0.4 L cm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. 0.1 L/cmThe pulmonary compliance in this patient is 0.1 L/cm H2O.Measure of the lung's ability to stretch & expand (distensibility of elastic tissue).Pulmonary surfactant increases compliance by decreasing the surface tension of water.Pulmonary compliance = DV/ DB", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pediatrics | 157f841a-269b-4207-825d-2a62dd8cd197 | [{'content': 'Maximum steroid produced by fetal adrenal:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. DHEA-S, B. Coisol, C. Coicosterone, D. Progesterone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: - steroid hormones are synthesized in adrenal coex. - coisol is major steroid predominantly synthesized by fetal adrenal gland.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6fd97ba4-209d-4683-b354-991c93cc0572 | [{'content': 'Semi colon shaped C shaped canal is classified as (according to Melton and Seitzor) \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type 1, B. Type 2, C. Type 3, D. Type 4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Dental | e8109ada-ec65-4e42-ad7f-588f47d7c8d8 | [{'content': 'Which nerve biopsy is taken to diagnose neuritic leprosy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Median nerve, B. Radial cutaneous nerve, C. Ulnar nerve, D. Radial nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Neuritic leprosy - only nerve involved no skin involvement. - Slit Skin smear(SSS) - negative - Nerve thickening - confirms diagnosis. A purely sensory thickened peripheral nerve should be sampled as there are chances of nerve damage during biopsy If its a motor nerve--> deformity . Therefore, option median & ulnar are ruled out. So Radial cutaneous branch is used for sampling during nerve biopsy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 3a1eb56a-436a-449b-8920-d7bb2d5e10e4 | [{'content': "Low grade infection which leads to localized periosteal reaction is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Garre's osteomyelitis, B. Acute osteomyelitis, C. Condensing csteitis, D. Local alveolar osteitis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 3b952daf-c786-4ed6-87f3-02f21e1a2997 | [{'content': '72-y ear-olo gentleman with normal renal functions presents with new onset focal seizures. Which of the following is the best drug to manage the patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sodium valproate, B. Oxcarbazepine, C. Leviteracetam, D. Pregabalin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer: b. Oxcarbazepine (Ref: Harrison 194, p2552. 18/e pc 1)3262)Among the options provided, oxcarbazepine is the best drug to manage this old patient with normal renal functions presents with new onset focal seizures', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 7d728f72-4c79-421d-abbf-da809c42c558 | [{'content': 'Injury to which of the following deep pa of perinea! body causes cystocele, enterocele and urethral descent? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pubococcygeus, B. Ischiocavernosus, C. Bulbospongiosus, D. Sphincter of urethra and anus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Pubococcygeus When the pubococcygeus muscle contracts, it pulls the rectum, vagina, and urethra anteriorly toward the pubic bone and constricts the lumens of these pelvic organs. It is this contractile propey that is so impoant in maintaining urinary and fecal continence and in providing suppo for the genital organs (vagina, cervix, uterus) that lie upon and are suppoed by the levator plate. Injury to pubococcygeus can lead to rectocele, cystocele and urinary incontinence.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 3171c368-25b8-4025-b7ae-ef22cc2f3f8c | [{'content': "Which of the following is not a post transcriptional modification of RNA? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Splicing, B. 5' capping, C. 3' polyadenylation, D. Glycosylation", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5a081b96-4228-4b6a-b775-6a70e294cbb5 | [{'content': 'Largest Faciolingual dimension is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lower 1st molar, B. Upper 1st molar, C. Lower 2nd molar, D. Upper 2nd molar', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 1e5b509f-35b6-4133-95ab-dbd33122ed8f | [{'content': 'Children with germline retinoblastoma are more likely to develop other primary malignancies in their later lifetime course. Which of the following malignancy can occur in such patients? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Osteosarcoma of lower limbs, B. Thyroid carcinoma, C. Seminoma, D. Renal cell carcinoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Osteosarcoma of lower limbsChildren with germline retinoblastoma are more likely to develop other primary malignancies in their later lifetime course.Osteosarcoma of lower limbs can occur in such patients.Retinoblastoma Syndrome (Primary site malignancy)- Familial Retinoblastoma', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 44f185f0-7a8e-406c-a33a-b2d7d54e7a25 | [{'content': 'Which of the following drug is commonly used for community acquired pneumonia in OPD? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vancomycin, B. Ceftriaxone, C. Azithromycin, D. Streptomycin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. AzithromycinRef: n e u m o n ia- i n- a d u I t s -in -t h e - o u tp atie n t - s e tt in g H 4Only one drug which is active orally i.e. Azithromycin.We require OPD based treatment; hence Azithromycin is the best answer here.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Psychiatry | 5a2f9e25-3acb-4830-9f18-009480595be1 | [{'content': 'Not a side effect of Escitalopram? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nausea, B. Vivid dreams, C. Anorgasmia, D. Sialorrhoea', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Side effects of Escitalopram GI side effects: MC Vivid Dreams Sexual dysfunction on long term intake Sialorrhea is a side effect of clozapine', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 0f5f3f7f-c04c-49a6-92d0-9a58990d6c68 | [{'content': 'Death due to smoke inhalation is due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypoxemia, B. Anemic hypoxia, C. Ischemic hypoxia, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. Anemic hypoxiaIn smoke/fire patient generally dies of excess CO poisoning (most frequent cause of death).If there is low PaO, - it is called as hypoxic hypoxia.In smoke (CO poisoning) PaO, will be normal and the problem is COHb.An abnormal Hb or Reduced Hb concentration comes under anemic hypoxia.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 02e841ba-5ecf-4f3b-974e-e1a077bcae5a | [{'content': 'Child has received full rabies vaccination in December 2018 and now presented with oozing wound on great toe and the pet had vaccination also, what would you do now? \nSelect and explain. \nA. No vaccine, B. 2 doses of vaccine on day 0 and 3, C. Full 5 doses of vaccines, D. Rabies Ig and full vaccination', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer B. 2 doses of vaccine on day 0 and 3Two doses of vaccine on Day 0 & 3 should be administered to this boy.This case is classified under WHO category III since the bleeding was present at the site of dog-bite(toe). This kid should receive PEP without any delay as his immunization was done more than 3 months ago.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | f04e3d13-d50f-45d8-9fc2-82ef57da3aa9 | [{'content': 'Oral infection by penicillinase producing organisms should be treated with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ampicillin, B. Dicloxacillin, C. Erythromycin, D. Any of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 9998be8f-9725-46f3-9891-4ec3f18812ce | [{'content': 'Babu, a 49-year-old patient, complains of foul breath and regurgitation of food eaten few days back. He also complains of dysphagia. The probable diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gastrophoresis, B. Achalasia, C. Diabetes, D. Pharyngeal pouch', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 2bbccb20-80ef-4575-9a4f-ff88b33d34ff | [{'content': 'False statement about Thyroglossal Duct cyst is- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Infected thyroglossal cyst from sinus, B. Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, C. 40% cases have sub hyoid location, D. It is due to congenital', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Infected thyroglossal cyst from sinusThyroglossal cysts are the most common cause of midline neck masses and are generally located caudal to (below) the hyoid bone.Thyroglossal Duct Cysts are a bih defect.A thyroglossal cyst is lined by pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium while a thyroglossal fistula is lined by columnar epithelium.A thyroglossal duct cyst may rupture unexpectedly, resulting in a draining sinus known as a thyroglossal fistula.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 77d35e3d-ce5c-426c-91da-17f5259efafa | [{'content': 'A 2 year old premature neonate develops GTCS. What is the best investigation done to diagnose the pathology? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Transcranial ultrasound, B. CT Head, C. MRI brain, D. X-ray', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Transcranial ultrasound Diagnostic Procedures:Polygraphic video-EEG recording ofsuspected events is probably mandatory for an incontroveible seizure diagnosis.It is performed at the bedside and provides effective assessment of ventricular size and other fluid-containing lesions as well as effective viewing of haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions and their evolution.CT brain scan is often of secondary or adjunctive impoance to ultrasound. Last-generation CT brain scan imagesare of high resolution, can be generated within seconds and can accurately detect haemorrhage, infarction, grossmalformations and ventricular and other pathological conditions.MRI is much superior for abnormalities of coical development used for the detection of structural abnormalitiessuch as malformations of coical development, intracranial haemorrhage, hydrocephalus and cerebral infarction.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a100782e-deb2-460a-87f1-eea60d760230 | [{'content': 'Binder in investment for dental castings: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Brings about reduction in expansion, B. Provides adequate strength to the investment, holds ingredients together and provides rigidity, C. Is usually a form of silica, D. Can be safely heated above 700°C when present in the form of gypsum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | e5738b76-f11a-4599-9a5d-479116b993c1 | [{'content': 'Vasodilatation is caused by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Serotonin, B. Histamine, C. LT C4, D. Thromboxane A2', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B. Histamine* Histamine causes marked dilatation of smaller blood vessels that include aerioles, capillaries, and venules.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 9f529003-8d44-442b-8dfc-f839e7f96a72 | [{'content': 'A 56 years old patient came to casualty with history of massive hemoptysis. His routine investigations and chest X-ray was normal. Which of the following is not done to prevent hemoptysis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bronchial aery embolization, B. Pulmonary aery embolization, C. Bronchoscopic laser cauterization, D. Lobectomy of the affected segment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Lobectomy of the affected segmentAll of the given options are used for control of hemoptysis in the following order: Bronchoscopic laser cauterization +Bronchial aery embolization + Pulmonary aery embolization + Lobectomy of the affected segment."Large-volume hemoptysis, referred to as massive hemoptysis, is variobly defined as hemoptysis of >200-600 mL in 24h. Massive hemoptysis should be considered a medical emergency.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7afc4435-27d1-4452-b75f-eb28164eaa06 | [{'content': 'While doing emergency laparotomy for an intestinal obstruction, which organ will you first visualize to say whether it is small bowel or large bowel obstruction? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ileum, B. Sigmoid colon, C. Cecum, D. Rectum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. CecumCecum is always the first structure which should be seen in bowel obstruction. If it is dilated, then it suggests large bowel obstruction, where as if it is collapsed, then it is signifying small bowel obstruction.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b0850f0d-2018-4502-ae2d-24f19d2053db | [{'content': 'For deep gingival sheath preparation, shape of wedge should be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Round, B. Triangular, C. Square, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Wedges are devices which are usually preferred for rapid tooth separation. These are used for tooth preparation and restoration.\nTriangular wedge:\n\nMost commonly used.\nIt has two positions — apex and the base.\nApex of the wedge usually lies in gingival portion of the contact area.\nBase lies in contact with gingiva. This helps in stabilization and retraction of gingiva.\nUsed in tooth preparations with deep gingival margins.\n\nRef : Textbook of Operative Dentistry, Nisha and Amit Garg, 3rd edition, Pg no:209', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | cc495e6f-ff1e-491b-8c15-17554a45d3ad | [{'content': "The knowledge about the biomechanics of the muscles attached around the shoulder joint, known as 'rotator cuff muscles' has increased exponentially. However, the role of one of the rotator cuff muscles, which is also now known as 'forgotten rotator cuff muscle' has been ignored or less impoance has been attached to its role. Which of the following muscles best describes this description? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Supraspinatus, B. Infraspinatus, C. Teres minor, D. Subscapularis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D (Subscapularis)Subscapularis is the major and most powerful muscle of the rotator cuff and has an enormous meaning in the gleno-humeral stability.Lo and Burkha even tagged the subscapularis tendon hypercritically as the 'forgotten tendon'.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | ab9b2188-4674-4115-9415-f6c1666f32c0 | [{'content': 'Electromyography is used to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. To study muscle activity, B. Determine class II malocclusion, C. Determine the centric relation, D. Determine the centric occlusion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 00a9d0ce-1638-4a3d-98a6-59e99938c5db | [{'content': 'Which of the following drugs acting on dilator pupillae has an action analogous to that of pilocarpine on sphincter papillae? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Timolol, B. Epinephrine, C. Neostigmine, D. Tropicamide', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Epinephrine(Ref Goodman Gilman 12/e p326,. Katzung, 13/e p162, 12/e p160,. KDT 7th/e p153. 6th/e p123).Epinephrine acts on dilator pupillae, causing the dilatation of pupil analogous to that of pilocarpine on sphincter papillae.Sympathetic stimulation of adrenergic receptors causes the contraction of the radial muscle and subsequent dilation of the pupil.Parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of the circular muscle and constriction of the pupil.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | cd4a4452-2cfc-41d0-be4f-ab2c29778feb | [{'content': "A neonate presented with jaundice on first day of life. His mother's blood group is `0' positive. How will you manage this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Observe only as it is mostly physiological jaundice, B. Exchange transfusion, C. Liver function tests and liver biopsy as it is mostly due to cholestasis, D. Phototherapy", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Phototherapy(Ref: Nelson 20/e p873)Jaundice on day 1 of life - Due to some hemolytic disease or congenital infections.Treated using phototherapy.Possibility of Rh incompatibility ruled out as mother blood group is 0+.Ideally basic investigations for hemolytic anemia should be sent simultaneously (not given in the option).Best option would be phototherapy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | dc59a224-08b1-4438-8176-03e96dcf8392 | [{'content': 'After brushing dryness of mouth is caused by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glycol, B. sodium Lauryl sulphate, C. Friction due to brushing, D. Sweetner', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 29f210a1-e9b8-41d8-913a-9f1c4f894106 | [{'content': 'Rhodopsin deficiency is chiefly associated with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vitamin D deficiency, B. Rickets, C. Vitamin A deficiency, D. Scurvy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 921b7c8e-688e-41d2-a1fd-30fbaa01f513 | [{'content': 'The maxillary teeth if placed too far anteriorly and superiorly in a complete denture results in the faulty pronunciation of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. F and V sounds, B. S and T sounds, C. Vowels, D. Consonants', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7aa31059-c5b9-44c9-ad4e-8ebe58dca18a | [{'content': 'Fill the missing data in the common risk factor approach diagram. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Diet and smoking, B. Smoking and disease, C. Smoking and prevention, D. Prevention and diet', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b482ac20-7d0a-46a2-a5b6-8833ca5adbae | [{'content': 'The logical explanation for the unique anticariogenic property of most silicate cements is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. The reduction in enamel solubility due to fluoride uptake by enamel, B. That beryllium flux is used in silicates, C. That silicates show very little leakage at the margins of the restoration, D. Due to the high silica content', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The incidence of secondary caries is markedly less around silicate restorations. This is surprising when considering that severe leakage takes place at its margins.\xa0\nAlso, the incidence of contact caries is less when compared to amalgam restorations (contact caries is the term applied to caries occurring on the proximal surface of the tooth adjacent to the restoration).\xa0\nThe anti-cariogenic property is due to presence of 15% fluoride. Fluoride release is slow and occurs throughout the life of the restoration.\xa0Silicate cement was classed as a severe irritant to the pulp because of its low pH (acidic).\xa0\nFor many years, silicate served as a standard for comparing the pulpal response to other materials. In deep cavities, the pulp had to be protected with varnish or calcium hydroxide.\n\nManapallil 3rd Ed P: 88', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 90a1a7e3-3ff3-4653-8d13-3de6811b4eca | [{'content': 'An unknown drug is being tested in experimental setup. The results obtained are given in the table. From these actions, new drug is likely to be:ParameterPlacebo treatedNew drug treatedHea rate7286Systolic BP110150Diastolic BP8068TremorsAbsentPresent \nSelect and explain. \nA. Beta-I and beta-2 agonist, B. Alpha-1 antagonist and beta-2 agonist, C. M2 and M3 agonist, D. Alpha-1 and beta-1 agonist', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Beta-1 and beta-2 agonistBeta-1 stimulation increases hea rate and systolic blood pressure. Beta-2 stimulation cause vasodilation and thus decreases diastolic blood pressure and tremors. Hence, the drug appears to be beta-1 and beta-2 agonist.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | c5cb18f5-77e4-443a-820e-5c5759aa5439 | [{'content': 'All are true regarding Pseudotumour cerebri except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ventricular system is of normal size or small, B. CT Scan shows punctate hypodense areas, C. No focal neurological deficit, D. Intracranial pressure is raised', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Pseudotumor cerebri\n\nPseudotumor cerebri is characterized by increased intracranial pressure in the absence of an identifiable intracranial mass or hydrocephalus.\nCardinal features of pseudotumour cerebri\n\n\nHeadache, Clinically resembling that of brains tumor\nNormal cerebrospial fluid\nNormal or sin all ventricular size\nCT & 111R1 Normal\nNo focal neurological deficit\nTransient visual obscurations and papilledema with enlarged blind spots.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | ed92d804-ac83-440a-b908-df404df935ad | [{'content': 'Changes seen in conjunctiva after vitamti. A deficiency: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Actinic degeneration, B. Hyperplasia of goblet cells, C. Hyperkeratosis of squamous epithelium, D. Stromal infiltration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Hyperkeratosis of squamous epitheliumChange seen in coniunctiva after vitamin A deficiency is hyperkeratosis of squamous epithelium.'Vitamin A is necessary for normal differentiation of nonsquamous epithelium; keratinization is a direct consequenceof its deficieny.Reduced aqueous tear production, and irregularities of the keratinized surface may all contribute to stromal melting, which can occur in the absence of inflammatory infiltration or bacterial invasion.Squamous metaplasia and keratinization.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f4640853-99a7-40e8-837c-70e300ae8773 | [{'content': 'Mandibular 1st premolar normally has \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 root, B. 2 roots, C. May have any, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 62b4984a-2bd0-47b0-ab7c-8cc7027c8303 | [{'content': "Which one of the following is not a criterion for making a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Blasts 10-19% of WBC's in peripheral blood, B. Basophils 10-19% of WBC'S in peripheral blood, C. Increasing spleen size unresponsive to therapy, D. Persistent thrombocytosis (>1000 x 109/L) unresponsive to therapy", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer is D (Persistent thrombocytosis > 1000 x 109/L positive to therapy)Accelerated phase is associated with thrombocytopenia (9/L) and not thrombocytosis.Although multivariate analysis derived criteria also place blood or marrow basophils > 20% in disease criteria, other criteria do consider marrow and peripheral basophils > 10% as a criteria and hence option (D) is the single best answer here.Accelerated phase of CML: It is defined by the development of increasing degrees of anemia unaccounted for by bleeding or chemotherapy and is defined by several criteria. Multivariate analysis derived criteria Other commonly used criteriaCytogenetic clonal evolution Blood or marrow blasts between 10 and 20% Increasing drug dosage requirementBlood or marrow basophils > 20% Marrow reticulum or collagen fibrosis Platelet count < 100 x 10deg/L unrelated to therapy Marrow or peripheral blasts > 10%Marrow or peripheral basophils eosinophils - 10% Triad of WBC > 50 x 109/L, haematocrit < 25% and Mai,100 liP/L not controlled ii1111 therapy Unexplained fever or bone pain', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6aa721d5-4f94-45a2-84f7-b63b99eec763 | [{'content': 'Desensitization was given by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bandura., B. Joseph wolpe., C. Addleston., D. Wright.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | d98f10a4-8b10-44bd-8160-ec5719d2f4c1 | [{'content': 'Which of the following hea sound may be a normal finding during pregnancy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fixed splitting of S2, B. S3, C. S4, D. Pericardial knock', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. S3Ref Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 2511' edn; Page no. 542Hea SoundsCauseCharactersSite of auscultationPhonocar- diogramECG correlation51-Vibrations set up by suddenclosure of AV valvesat the sta of ventricular systole, during phaseof isovolumetric contraction. Long & soft LUBB Duration -0.15 sFrequency- 25 - 45 HzBest heard over mitral and tricuspid areaSingle group of 9-13 waves - rescendoand diminuendo series of wavesCoincides with peak of R wave52 - Vibrations with closure ofsemilunar valves ust at the onset of ventricular diastole.Heard as a single sound during expiration but during inspiration the increased output of the right hea causes a physiological splitting. Sho,loud High Pitched DUBB Duration0.12 s Frequency 50 HzBest heard over aoic and pulmonary area Single group of 4-6 waves having same amplitudeCoincides with end of T wave CauseCharactersSite of auscultationPhonocar- diogramECG correlation53 -- Vibrations set up in cardiac wallby inrush of blood during rapid fillingphase of ventricular diastole. It may be heard duringlate pregnancy. In children and young adults, is a normalfinding.Sho, soft Low pitched Duration --0.1 sNormally cannot be heard byauscultation with stethoscope 1-- 4 waves grouped togetherAppears between T and P waves54 -- Vibrations set up during atrialsystole Coincides with last rapid filling phaseof ventricular diastole. Examples include concentrichyperophy, aoic stenosis, and myocardial infarction. Sho, low pitched Duration -- 0.03 sFrequency --3 HzNormally cannot be heard by auscultationwith stethoscope1-2 waves with very low amplitudeCoincides with interval betweenend of P wave and onset of Q wave", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 02b97bc8-316d-45fb-b372-606a62db2218 | [{'content': 'All of the following about Vitamin D metabolism are true except \nSelect and explain. \nA. 25–α hydroxylation takes place in liver, B. 1–α hydroxylation takes place in kidney, C. Daily requirement in the absence of sun–light is 450-6001U/day, D. Williams syndrome is associated with obesity, mental retardation, precocious puberty', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: In Williams syndrome there is failure to gain weight (not obesity) and delay in development (not-precocious puberty)\n\nWilliams syndrome\n\nWilliams syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by:\n\n\nUnusual facial features: Elfin facial appearance, widely spaced teeth, a long philthrum along with a low nasal bridge, an unusually cheerful demeanor and ease with strangers.\nHeart defects: Supravalvular aortic stenosis.\nDevelopment delay: Mental retardation, failure to gain weight (failure to thrive), low muscle tone.\nTransient hypercalcemia\n\n\nOther features include GI problems (Colic, abdominal pain, diverticulitis), nocturnal enuresis, dental irregularities, hypothyroidism, hyperacussis and photophobia.\n\nVitamin D \n\nIt occurs mainly in two forms\n\n\nVit D3 —> Cholecalciferol - synthesized in skin under the influence of UV rays from 7-dehydrocholesterol.\nVit D2 —) Calciferol - present in irradiatiate food-yeast, fungi, bread.\n\n\nActivation of Vit D takes place in following manner.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | d4bab786-97f4-4ab9-be9f-f4fdf77c4c7f | [{'content': 'Oral hairy leukoplakia is seen in AIDS patients. The most\nlikely site of appearance is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lateral borders of tongue, B. Sublingual mucosa, C. Soft palate, D. Buccal mucosa', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 139bf567-af01-4e7d-b056-a64cd96b28ba | [{'content': 'Most appropriate pontic design is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. It should fill the missing teeth area, B. Greater lingual embrasure, C. Should contact mucosa but should not irritate it, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 5641b32f-91e7-4a52-bd8a-a1db071d0d45 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not a general compartment of body fluid ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Peritoneal, B. Intracellular, C. Interstitial, D. Blood plasma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | c2cd4a53-f3d9-453e-a2ac-136bbdd4b585 | [{'content': "Which of the following is true about carbamazepine? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Not associated with agranulocytosis, B. Has been known to cause Steven-Johnson's syndrome, C. Causes serious nephrogenic toxicity, D. Drug monitoring is not required", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Has been known to cause Steven-Johnson's syndromeCarbamazepine has been known to cause Steven-Johnson's syndrome.High risk-NevirapineOxicam (NSAlDs)ThiacetazoneAllopurinolCarbamazepineLamotrigine", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | a0f9a92a-4321-4213-aa23-7b60a5f06864 | [{'content': 'Regarding Evidence Based Medicine (EBM), all of the ing arc true, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. EBM depends on clinical model and decision analysis to base its recommendations, B. EBM objectively evaluates the quality of clinical research by critical assessing techniques repoed by researchers in publications, C. The strongest argument for the therapeutic intervention is systemic review or meta-analysis of triple blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with allocation concealment and complete follow-up involving a homogenous population of patients or medical disorders, D. The weakest argument is the opinion of expes or medical boards', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer: a. EBM depends on clinical model and decision analysis to base its recommendations It aims to apply the best available evidence gained from the scientific method to medical decision-makingand it seeks to assess the quality for evidence of the risks and benefits of treatments.EBM is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 14c24fcb-ed9d-4790-981e-85200ec35558 | [{'content': 'Pharyngotympanic tube is supplied by all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ascending pharyngeal, B. Ascending palatine, C. Middle meningeal artery, D. Artery of pterygoid canal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | a42b0e53-041f-4bcc-b415-83f7d7ff89a1 | [{'content': 'Which one of the following is a connective tissue tumour: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lipoma, B. Melanoma, C. Carcinoma, D. Papilloma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 49742408-b907-4963-a7b7-3e23f073e1bb | [{'content': 'In a patient with thrombocytopenia, what is the target platelet count after transfusion to perform an invasive procedure? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 30,000, B. 40,000, C. 50,000, D. 60,000', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. 50,000(Ref Bailey 27/e p22-23, 26/e p23, Nelson 20/e p2374).Target platelet count after transfusion for performing invasive procedure in thrombocytopenic patient = 50, 000.Blood ProductStandard GuidelinesFFPIf prothrombin time (PT) or paial thromboplastin time (PTT) > 1.5 times normal.CryoprecipitateIf fibrinogen < 0.8 g/LPlateletsIf platelet count <50 x 109/mL', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 143fc0f8-8075-4833-a0e5-900ed6562a3a | [{'content': "Sjogren's syndrome includes all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Xerostomia, B. Keratoconjunctivitis, C. Arthritis, D. Lymphoma", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | c1de4352-f68b-4953-a451-778c7f8b88b0 | [{'content': 'Which of the following occurs most commonly on tongue? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lymphangioma and granular cell myoblastoma, B. Lipoma and fibroma, C. Neuroblastoma and lipoma, D. Lymphangioma and fibroma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b4327861-b710-45cf-b4d1-5ccd2c826799 | [{'content': 'Vitamin D deficiency \nSelect and explain. \nA. Does not affect enamel, B. Does not affect dentin, C. Does not affect tooth development, D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2b0cdfcc-e8e7-4a8e-9e36-3af3338a6eff | [{'content': 'Pulp proper resembles \nSelect and explain. \nA. Loose connective tissue, B. Fine nerve fibers and blood vessels, C. Multipotent cells, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: ENT | 1fc80d00-8929-4d18-9f07-25d005ceec59 | [{'content': 'Best surgery to relieve intractable veigo in a menieres disease patient is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Surgical Labyinthectomy, B. Vestibular neurectomy, C. Endolymphatic sac decompression, D. Cochleosacculotomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Gold standard treatment for intractable veigo in patient of Menier's disease - Surgical Labyinthectomy Rx of Menier's disease Acute episode: Labyrinthine sedatives Maintenance phase Medical K+sparing diuretics B blockers Antihistamines Surgical Conservative :Decompression of endolymphatic sac ,Vestibular neurectomy. Radical :Surgical Labyinthectomy Intratympanic Gentamycin therapy Silverstein microwick microcatheter Meniett's device", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 8ad384bd-4443-4440-aab0-3766aa07e450 | [{'content': 'A G6+0+0 lady with h/o recurrent missed aboions at 14-16 weeks comes to you with a missed aboion at 12 weeks. Which of the following tests is not warranted? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lupus anticoagulant, B. VDRL for husband and wife, C. Anticardiolipin antibody, D. Fetal karyotype', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. VDRL for husband and wife(Ref Williams 24/e p358-359; Dutta 8/e p343, 7/e p167)VDRL:Simple test.Performed in initial work-up for all multiple aboion cases.All aboions are by 16th week while in syphilis, usually there is a improvement in the duration of pregnancy (Kassowitz Law).Kassowitz law:For untreated syphilis woman with series of pregnancies - Have lesser likelihood of infection of fetus from later pregnancies.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 96eca5a9-adfb-4895-8b2a-0b96ffc801fc | [{'content': 'The cyst that moves by protruding the tongue is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thyroglossal cyst, B. Median rhomboid cyst, C. Ranula, D. Tracheal cyst', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 476fc39f-b59d-4878-839c-006da1da3f70 | [{'content': 'A woman comes with postdated pregnancy at 42 weeks. The initial evaluation would be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Induction of labour, B. Review of previous menstrual history, C. Cesarean section, D. USG', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: A pregnancy continuing beyond two weeks of the expected date of delivery (> 42 weeks or >294 days) is called postmaturity or post-term pregnancy. Pregnancy between 41-42 weeks is called prolonged pregnancy.\nMost common cause of post term pregnancy is wrong dates so, a careful review of menstrual history is important in all\nsuch cases –\n“If the patient is sure about her date with previous history of regular cycles, it is a fairly reliable diagnostic aid in the calculation of the period of gestation. But in cases of mistaken maturity or pregnancy occurring during lactational amenorrhoea or soon following withdrawal of the pill’, confusion arises. In such cases, the previous well documented antenatal records of first visit in first trimester if available, are useful guides.”\nDutta Obs. 6/e, p 319\nOnce the menstrual history is confirmed, investigations like USG and amniocentesis are done:\n\nTo confirm fetal maturity\nTo detect any evidence of placental insufficiency', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3d2b968e-f973-423f-a0e9-1aab41489e9f | [{'content': 'Lingual ridge is most prominent in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Upper Canine, B. Lower Canine, C. Upper Central Incisor, D. Lower central incisor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4f4c9567-a316-45fb-8968-1324e31933ed | [{'content': 'Euphemism pudding paste is used for: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sealants., B. Varnish., C. GIC., D. Alginate.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | c0a989ca-6fdf-4c72-9407-44ef61bfceee | [{'content': 'In heart patient the worst prognosis during pregnancy is seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mitral regurgitation, B. Mitral valve prolapse, C. Aortic stenosis, D. Pulmonary stenosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Remember 3 ‘FUNDAS: Highest maternal mortality is associated with Class III of clarkes cl;assification, so any of those diseases are given they will have the worst prognosis. Amongst them also Eisenmengers syndrome has the worst prognosis.\n↓\n2. Stenotic heart disease have a worse prognosis than regurgitant lesions.\nAmong stenotic disease-(in alphabetical order)-Aortic stenosiswill have the worst> Mitral stenosis>Pulmonary stenosis.\n↓\n3. Congenital heart disease and Mitral valve prolapse have the best prognosis\nSo now this question becomes very easy-Mitarl vave prolapse has the best prognosis, so it is ruled out; Regurgitant lesions have a better prognosis than stenotic lesions so mitral regurgitation is also ruled out. Now we are left with 2 options, aortic stenosis and pulmonary stenosis-as I said go alphabetically, aortic stenosis will have a worse prognosis than pulmonary.\nLet’s consider each of the options one by one and see what Williams has to say about each of them.\nOption “a” Mitral regurgitation\n“M R is well-tolerated during pregnancy probably due to decreased systemic vascular resistance which actually results in less regurgitation. Heart failure only rarely develops during pregnany.”\nWilliams Obs. 22/e, p 1026, 23/e, p 966\nOption “b” Mitral valve prolapse\n“Pregnant women with mitral valve prolapse rarely have cardiac complications. In fact pregnancy induced hypervolemia may improve alignment of mitral valve.”\nWilliams Obs. 22/e, p 1030, 23/e, p 971\nOption “c” Aortic stenosis\n“Although mild to moderate degree of aortic stenosis is well tolerated but severe degree is life threatening.”\nWilliams Obs. 22/e, p 1026, 23/e, p 967\nOption “d” Pulmonary stenosis\n“It is well tolerated during pregnancy and rarely causes any complication.”\nWilliams Obs. 22/e, p 1027, 23/e, p 968', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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