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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 9e56e9b3-c4aa-44a9-ac78-e7aba802f443 | [{'content': 'Acute Barbiturate poisoning results in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Renal failure, B. Liver failure, C. Respiratory failure, D. Convulsions', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e4377e93-c827-4b44-80ed-4faaed4ba750 | [{'content': 'The direct bonded orthodontic stainless steel brackets derive retention with composite because of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. The mechanical interlock with mesh at the bracket base, B. The chemical interlock of composite with bracket base, C. Both mechanical and chemical interlock of composite with the bracket base, D. Biological interlock between the tooth surface and bracket', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 7b08c0f1-55fc-45d7-b4e1-b6e4666a1f88 | [{'content': 'A 26 years old patient c/o foul smelling greyish white discharge diagnosed to be Gardnerella vaginalis infection. Microscopic finding is suggestive of? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Group of bacilli arranged in chain forms, B. Bacteria found to be engulfed by macrophages, C. Bacteria adherent to lining vaginal epithelial cells, D. Bacteria arranged in cluster forms', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans C. Bacteria adherent to lining vaginal epithelial cellsGardnerella vaginalis, facultatively anaerobic gram-variable rod, is one of the organisms responsible for bacterial vaginosis (BV).The vaginal discharge of BV is characteristically described as a thin, gray, homogeneous fluid that is adherent to the vaginal mucosa. A fishy vaginal odour, which is paicularly noticeable following coitusis present.Demonstration of clue cells on a saline smear is the most specific criterion for diagnosing BV.The whiff test may be positive in up to 70% of BV patients.The vaginal discharge of patients with BV is notable for its lack of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), typically 1 or less than 1 PMN per vaginal epithelial cell.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 1e8c037d-b7d9-48c9-8aba-39b01a178619 | [{'content': 'Optic atrophy is not seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Retinitis pigmentosa, B. Methanol poisoning, C. Central retinal aerial occlusion (CRAO), D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathyRetinitis pigmentosa, Methanol poisoning and Central retinal aerial occlusion (CRAO) can lead to optic atrophy.Occurs secondary to retinal disease (disease of inner retina or its blood supply)Its ascending type of optic atrophy.Causes:Retinitis pigmentosaCRAOExtensive retino choroiditis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 85377a0a-3388-46b2-b2ba-43b90a2b7955 | [{'content': 'Which vaccine is effective for Mass vaccination post-disaster? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cholera, B. Typhoid, C. Measles, D. Scrub typhus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Measles vaccine is effective post-disaster. Incubation period - 10-14 days IP of Vaccine Induced Measles(VIM) - 7 days, hence immunity is provided before the natural infection. The highest risk of transmission post-disaster is of diarrhoeal and respiratory diseases, which have an incubation period of a few days. ABSOLUTELY contraindicated in post-disaster phase for mass vaccination Typhoid Cholera Tetanus .', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 2ee6df64-1931-423b-9cf0-e3374dd7f10c | [{'content': 'Dose of radiation for early and locally advanced cancer cervix at point A during brachytherapy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 70-75 Gray and 75- 80 Gray, B. 75-80 Gray and 80-85 Gray, C. 80-85 Gray and 85-90 Gray, D. 85-90 Gray and 90-95 Gray', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. 80-85 Gray and 85-90 GrayEarly stage disease (nonbulky Stage I-II): 80-85 GyAdvanced stage disease (bulky or Stage IIIB): 85-90 Gy', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Psychiatry | f361defb-1a36-496f-b195-9dcb6bb31ea5 | [{'content': 'An individual with a known psychiatric disorder or on treatment and is not a minor can chose to decide the care taker and the course of treatment according to mental health act. This is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Advance directive, B. Treatment directive, C. Mental will, D. Future directive', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: MENTAL HEALTH CARE ACT 2017 (1) Mental health establishment (2) Capacity to make mental health care and treatment decisions Patient Should be able to understand information given to him Should be able to know about consequences about the decision Should be able to express their decision any form (3) Advanced directive - legal document in which a patient write what action should be taken when they are not able to make decision about their health (4) Nominated representative (5) Ban on direct ECT (6) Ban on ECT in minors (7) Ban on psychosurgery (8) Decriminalisation of suicide', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | be5bc61e-a128-4e46-988a-610c3baa4ba9 | [{'content': 'Sealer penetration into dentinal tubule depends mainly on? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type of sealer used, B. Method of obturation, C. Not Recalled, D. Not Recalled', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2e5ee603-8296-40f4-87e3-f8c87a61340c | [{'content': 'Student t test is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Parametric test based on average, B. Non parametric test based on average, C. Parametric test based on variance, D. Non parametric test based on variance', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | f01216e6-e97c-4f6f-8301-c1a37072acc5 | [{'content': 'During maxillary osteotomy, which of the following can be given to prevent bleeding: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acetoacetic acid, B. Lactic acid, C. Heparin, D. Tranexamic acid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 3af1713d-d5c5-485b-964e-cfaec20ccfba | [{'content': 'What is the term for the radio opaque area found at the\nroot apex of young permanent teeth involved with a chronic pulpitis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apical cyst, B. Apical condensing osteitis, C. Chronic apical periodontitis, D. Stage one apical osteofibroses', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7ef3c754-93e0-495b-b2c0-450b883e98bd | [{'content': 'When force are applied on lateral surface at angle region, compression is generated on: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Superior surface, B. Lateral surface, C. Inferior surface, D. Medial surface', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3aed5296-d2c0-4347-8804-d85234302675 | [{'content': 'Child of an Overindulgent mother will be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Shy, submissive., B. Aggressive, display temper tantrums., C. Evasive and dawdling., D. Disobedient.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Maternal attitude and child behaviour', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 39b3ec62-cf74-489a-b61c-8615b27e3e48 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not a behavioral theory: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cognitive theory., B. Hierarchy of needs., C. Social learning., D. Classical conditioning.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 04d3c89a-f5aa-4cb2-8b65-870d81f04d56 | [{'content': 'myasthenia gravis is a disorder of \nSelect and explain. \nA. Peripheral nerve, B. Spinal cord, C. Motor neuron, D. Neuromuscular junction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 175a37d0-a4ea-4c5e-b1c1-bf1fec51d2bc | [{'content': 'In occlusion, the teeth have \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cusp-to-cusp contact, B. Edge-to-edge contact, C. Marginal contact, D. Surface-to-surface contact', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 1ecb45bf-b32c-445a-bc64-919965d3ad90 | [{'content': 'Submental intubation is an alternative to tracheostomy in which type of fractures? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mandibular fracture, B. Nasal fracture, C. Panfacial fracture, D. Styloid process fracture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 582761e9-2e70-4d1e-91d8-c97da4737e47 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stylopharyngeus, B. Palatopharyngeus, C. Geniohyoid, D. Genioglossus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | dc918d5f-2451-47cb-9b33-25b5eb96cab0 | [{'content': 'Cardiac pain may be transmitted to the jaw due to the overlapping of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5th cranial nerve, third cervical nerve and first thoracic nerve, B. 7th cranial nerve, third cervical nerve and first thoracic nerve, C. 5th cranial nerve, second cervical nerve and first thoracic nerve, D. 7th cranial nerve, second cervical nerve and first thoracic nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Cardiac pain may be transmitted to the jaw due to the overlapping of 5th cranial nerve, third cervical nerve, and first thoracic nerve', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d42c3d8b-6495-4aeb-b6a9-bce8b4e95d91 | [{'content': 'Considering the morphology of root and pulp canals, a root canal instrument should be placed in what direction to gain access to the Mesiofacial root of permanent maxillary first molar: \nSelect and explain. \nA. From the mesiobuccal, B. From the distobuccal, C. From the mesiolingual, D. From the distolingual', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f42443ee-9eb1-4055-b75d-6e09a5fd20a2 | [{'content': 'Optimal landmark for termination of cleaning, shaping and obturation is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cementodentinal junction, B. Apical constriction, C. Minor diameter, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 3f5b3234-71dc-4d1e-a1fe-265407c17c5a | [{'content': 'True about congenital diseases in diabetes mellitus is all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Results due to free radical injury, B. 6-10% cases are associated with major congenital abnormality, C. 1-2% of newborns are associated with single umbilical artery, D. Insulin can be given', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Lets see each option separately -\nCongenital disease in diabetes mellitus\nOption a i.e. Results due to free radical injury - True -\nCongenital malformation in a case of diabetes can be due to variety of reasons like, Dutta Obs. 6/e, p 287\n\nGenetic susceptibility\nHyperglycemia - It is seen that good glycemic control indicated by HbAIC levels < %.9 can significantly lower the risk of fetal malformation.\nArachidonic acid deficiency\nKetone body formation\nFree Radical injury\nSomatomedin inhibition.\n\nOption b–6 to 10% cases are associated with major congenital abnormality\nHere we will have to read the option very carefully - the option is talking about Major congenital anomalities and not all anomalies.\nDutta Obs 6/e, p- 287 says overall incidence of congenital Malformations is 6-10%.\nWilliams 24/e p 1128. “The incidence of major malformations in women with type I diabetes is ~ 5%”\nHence option b is incorrect\nOption c - 1 - 2% of newborns are associated with single umbilical artery\nThis option can be taken in + /– status because no where the incidence of single umbilical artery in a case of diabetes has been mentioned separately.\nWhatever little information we have is from Dutta Obs. 6/e, p 220\nSingle umbilical artery:\n\nIt is present in 1-2% cases (overall)\nMay be due to failure of development of artery or due to its atrophy in later months\nIt is seen in case of\n\ni. Twins\nii. Babies born to diabetic mothers\niii. In polyhydramines\n\nSingle umbilical artery has been associated with congenital malformations of the fetus in 10-20% cases viz- Renal & Genital anomalies and fetal Trisomy\nThere is increased incidence of abortions, prematurity, IUGR and increased perinatal mortality.\n\nOption d- insulin can be given\nThere is no doubt as far as this option is concerned as insulin is the TOC for controlling hyperglycemia in case of diabetes in pregnancy.\nSo from above discussion it is clear that option ‘b’ is absolutely incorrect, so we are opting it out.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 5f4b2d07-01cf-4c5f-9140-1d0649ec58ca | [{'content': 'Phenylbutyrate is used in management of urea cycle disorders. What is its role? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Activates enzymes of urea cycle, B. Excretion of products of urea cycle, C. Maintains energy production, D. Scavenges nitrogen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Scavenges nitrogenPhenylbutyrate is used to treat urea cycle disorders, because its metabolites offer an alternative pathway to the urea cycle to allow excretion of excess nitrogen. Urea cycle disorders result in the accumulation of precursors of urea, principally ammonia and glutamine. Phenylbutyrate provides an alternate means of detoxfication of glutamine acetylation, which bypasses the urea cycle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 7b2e3490-4efc-45bd-850e-0435ebb15bc5 | [{'content': 'A 60 years old patient having cardiorespiratory arrest in hospital ward, for oxygenation what should be done immediately? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nasal intubation, B. Oral intubation, C. Cricothyroid membrane puncture, D. Tracheostomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 650ee1f1-18e4-4e45-beaa-94f44eca7de5 | [{'content': "Which of the following doesn't have any effect on pancreatic secretion? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cck, B. Gastrin, C. Secretin, D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Gastric inhibitory polypeptideCCK- As chyme floods into the small intestine, cholecystokinin is released into blood and binds to receptors on pancreatic acinar cells, ordering them to secrete large quantities of digestive enzymes.Secretin-The predominant effect of secretin on the pancreas is to stimulate duct cells to secrete water and bicarbonate.Gastrin- Stimulate acid secretion by the parietal cell, gastrin stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 1b85e9fd-770f-4114-8336-515675db46c9 | [{'content': 'If there is absence of precursor cell of an organ with the subsequent non development of the organ, what is the condition is called as? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Agenesis, B. Aplasia, C. Atresia, D. Atrophy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Aplasia: - Failure of organ to develop with only rudiment of organ present. It occurs, when precursor cells are there but they do not differentiate into the organ.\n\xa0Agenesis: - Complete failure of organ to develop, i.e. e complete absence of the organ, with no rudiment. It occurs when there is not precursor cell of an organ.\n\xa0Atresia: - Ducts in the body or their openings or any orifice or passage is abnormally closed or absent.\n\xa0Atrophy: - Shrinkage in the size of an organ by a decrease in cell size and number.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2ba3c5df-e02c-4031-9529-3315afaac0d8 | [{'content': 'Habit developed under psychological cause is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Non Compulsive habits., B. Unintentional habits., C. Useful habits., D. Intentional habits.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 84ac905e-cd0e-47b9-9eac-0cb6e6c2e186 | [{'content': 'Treatment of fibrous dysplasia is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Radical resection of lesion, B. Radiation therapy, C. If the Lesion is small, dissection is done, if Lesion is large cosmetic surgery has to be carried out, D. Cryosurgery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6e74627b-cb5d-44f2-8200-d62bfa69ec85 | [{'content': 'A 10-year-old girl presents with a mass in lower abdomen involving umbilical and the hypogastrium. On examination it is cystic and mobile and the examiner is unable to insinuate fingers between the mass and the pelvic bone. What is the likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Duplication of small intestine, B. Omental cyst, C. Ovarian cyst, D. Mesenteric cyst', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Ovarian cyst(Ref Shaw 16/e p83, 448, 15/e p79, 385)* Accoording to examination, swelling is typically arising from pelvis & hand cannot be insinuated between mass & pelvic bone.* Best option is only ovarian cyst arises from pelvis.* Swellings arising from pelvis - Identified by abdominal palpation. - Sensitive ulnar border of left hand - Used from above downwards to palpate swellings arising from pelvis. - Upper & lateral margins felt. - Lower border unreached, i.e. the hand cannot be insinuated between mass & pelvis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | a95f4998-4d5f-43c4-ba66-78e1a1cb8b57 | [{'content': 'Improving Quality of Labour room is covered under which program? \nSelect and explain. \nA. LaQshya, B. Improving care of newborn, C. Ayushman Bharat Scheme, D. JSSK', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: 'LaQshya' programme of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Launched in 2017) under the umbrella of NHM aims at improving quality of care in labour room and maternity Operation Theatre (OT). GOAL : Reduce preventable maternal and newborn moality. Morbidity and stillbihs associated with the care around delivery in the labour room and maternity OT. Ensure respectful maternity care.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 193e21b7-1343-4945-a2a8-896d6fce9be3 | [{'content': 'A 26 years old female presented with pallor and hemoglobin of 9.5 mg/dl, PCV 30 mm Hg and RBC count of 2 million/mm. What is the most likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Iron deficiency anemia, B. Sideroblastic anemia, C. Thalassemia, D. Folic acid deficiency', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Folic acid deficiency(Ref Robbins 9/e p631, 648)High MCV, MCH & MCHC - Suggestive of macrocytic, hyperchromic anemia.Typically seen in folic acid deficiency.Folic acid (pteroylmono- glutamic acid) deficiency a results in megaloblastic anemia.Same pathologic features as vitamin B12 deficiency.Interpretation:In question, Hb= 9.5 mg/dL, PCV = 30, RBC count = 2 millions/mm3Hematocrit or PCV = MCV x RBC concentrationMCV PCV/RBC count = 30/0.2 = 150 (increased/Macrocytic)MCH = Hb/ RBC count =9.5/0.2 = 47.5 (increased/Hyperchromic)MCHC = Hb/MCV = 31 (normal)Macrocytic, hyperchromic anemia is typically seen in folic acid deficiency.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | defe1c85-63fe-4a16-ba10-b3749975818a | [{'content': 'The cribriform plate connects: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nasal cavity and anterior cranial fossa, B. Nasal cavity and orbit, C. Nasal cavity and oral cavity, D. Anterior cranial fossa and orbit', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone separates the anterior cranial fossa from the nasal cavity. It is a horizontal perforated bony lamina, occupying ethmoidal notch of frontal bone. The cribriform plate contains foramina for olfactory nerve rootlets', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 10b04be8-a89b-4858-b1b6-8af09fe6a716 | [{'content': 'Major mechanism of transport of drugs across biological membranes is by ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Passive diffusion, B. Facilitated diffusion, C. Active transport, D. Endocytosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Skin | 105be08b-3a40-4e47-831d-f8cae8b90240 | [{'content': 'A child presented with complaint of severe itching over the web of fingers, more at night. Examination revealed burrows. Most probable diagnosis is:September 2009 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tinea cruris, B. Scabies, C. Infantile eczema, D. Papular uicaria', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B: ScabiesScabies is essentially a disease of the children. The itching appears a few days after infestation. It may occur within a few hours if the mite is caught a second time.The itch is characteristically more severe at night and affects the trunk and limbs.It does not usually affect the scalp.Burrow is the pathognomic lesion of scabies.Scabies burrows appear as tiny grey irregular tracks between the fingers and on the wrists.They may also be found in armpits, buttocks, on the penis, insteps and backs of the heels. Microscopic examination of the contents of a burrow may reveal mites, eggs or mite faeces (scybala).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 8d29e115-e566-4499-b283-c3907ba9c5c3 | [{'content': 'Middle constrictor of pharynx has attachment from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Body of hyoid bone, B. Mandible, C. Pterygomandibular raphae, D. Cricoid cartilage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | e49551cd-0938-4688-a453-9913cac000db | [{'content': 'If we know the value of one variable in an individual and wish to know the value of another variable, we calculate - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Coefficient of correlation, B. Coefficient of regression, C. SE of mean, D. Geometric mean', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: REGRESSION:\n\nIs change in measurements of a variable\nProvides structure of relationship between 2 quantitative variables\nRegression Coefficient (b): Measure of change of one dependent variable (y) with change in independent variable (x) or variables (x1, x2, x3……)\n\nEquations of regression,\ny = a + b (x)\ny = a + b (x1) + c (x2) + d (x3),\nwhere y is a dependent variable and x, x1, x2, x3 are independent variables; a is a constant and b, c, d are regression coefficients\n\nTypes of regressions:\n\n– Simple linear regression: Only one dependent variable and one independent variable\n– Multiple linear regression: Only one dependent variable and more than one independent variable\n– Simple curvilinear regression: Only one dependent variable and one independent variable, with some power of independent variable\n– Multiple curvilinear regression: Only one dependent variable and more than one independent variables, with some power of independent variables).\n\nTypes of regression equations:', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | af6b018a-9c4d-4714-82f3-2fab1f1c679d | [{'content': 'Which of the following infections causes a non-centrally distributed rash? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epidemic typhus, B. Measles, C. Secondary syphilis, D. Typhoid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Epidemic typhus(Ref: Harrison p1158, 1051, 1297, 1135)Centrifugal rash:Stas from face or trunk centrally a moves to extremities peripherally.Centripetal rash:Stas from extremities peripherally a moves to trunk & face centrally.Non-centripetally distributed (centrifugal) rash:Seen in epidemic typhus.Epidemic typhus:Rash begins on upper trunk on 50th day.Later becomes generalized - (Involves entire body except face, palms & soles).Initially a macular rash.Progresses to maculopapular, petechial & confluent.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 8b0d7f3b-3c6c-4973-83d1-9e3220b73538 | [{'content': 'Hepcidin decreases iron absorption by inhibition of - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hephaestin, B. Ferropoin, C. Divalent metal ion transpoer, D. Transferrin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans - b). FerropoinIron leaves the mucosal cell a transpo protein ferropoin, but only if there is free transferrin in plasma to bind to. Once transferrin is saturated with iron, any that has accumulated in the mucosal cells is lost when the cells are shed. Expression of the ferropoin gene is downregulated by hepcidin, a peptide secreted by the liver when body iron reserves are adequate. In response to hypoxia, anemia, or hemorrhage, the synthesis of hepcidin is reduced, leading to increased synthesis of ferropoin and increased iron absorption. As a result of this mucosal barrier, only ~10% of dietary iron is absorbed, and only 1 to 5% from many plant foods.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | dcded707-a751-431c-bba8-9b04446cc735 | [{'content': 'Detachment of myosin head from actin is caused by? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Entry of calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum, B. Change in troponin C configuration, C. Binding of ATP, D. Release of ADP and Pi', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans.C. Binding of ATPBinding of ATP on the free site of myosin leads to the detachment of myosin head from thin filament.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 496c34b0-7534-49f2-bf23-d72965013777 | [{'content': 'Integration between blade vent implant and bone Is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fibto-oeseous integration, B. Osseo-integration, C. Osseo vent integration, D. Fibrocartilaginous', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 8cdda5f3-545c-4323-b1a5-6ed9f66ea02f | [{'content': 'Characteristic feature true about outer membrane of peripheral nerve \nSelect and explain. \nA. Relative permeable to sodium ions, B. Relative permeable to potassium ions, C. Permeable to chloride ions, D. Impermeable to potassium ions', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 3fab0d64-1ad4-466a-8a87-c37fee1d1229 | [{'content': "A 14 years old male child presented with abnormal body movements with MRI showing signal changes in corpus striatum, thalami, pons, medulla, centrum semiovale and asymmetric diffuse white matter involvement. Most likely diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Parkinsonism, B. Nigrostriatal degeneration, C. Wilson's disease, D. Hallervorden-Spatz disease", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Wilson's diseaseWilson disease:Wilson disease usually presents with tremors, rigidity, dementia, and pseudobulbar features and has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.Slit-lamp examination of the eyes may reveal a Kayser-Fleischer ring.MRI in Wilson disease exhibits the characteristic changes consisting of high-intensity lesions in the basal ganglia, thalami, and mid brain on T2-weighted images. The normal low intensity of red nuclei and SN surrounded by abnormal high-signal intensity in the tegmentum of the mid brain gives rise to the typical 'face-of-the-giant-panda' sign.Best diagnostic clue is symmetrical T2 hyperintensity.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 1c7de293-5caa-426e-b8e3-4e1d6d14ef1d | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the most likely (among them)\nto turn malignant? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intradermal nevus, B. Junctional nevus, C. Lichen planus, D. Papilloma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 396aa135-c5be-44f3-908c-b1e15116438f | [{'content': 'In case of Condylar fracture dysarthrosis refers to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Disturbance of anatomy but function is alright., B. Disturbance of both anatomy as well as function., C. Disturbance of function only., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: option A is called as Metarthrosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 710f9e19-73b6-46df-94bf-3e1f788a6aa8 | [{'content': 'Gingival deformities are seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. ANUG, B. Internal resorption, C. Cementomas, D. Periapical cysts', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 5515fbdd-b28a-4493-914c-b8cefe901334 | [{'content': 'Numerator in Perinatal moality is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Post neonate death with weight 2.5 kg, B. Early neonatal with weight 1000 grams, C. Aboion of < 500 gram foetus, D. Still bih of fetus > 500 grams', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: - Perinatal perioda 28 weeks period of gestation till 7 days post delivery - Perinatal Deaths Still bihs Early Neonatal death - Cut- off / Indicators for perinatal moality: - Bihweighta > 1000 grams Period of Gestationa > 28 weeks Bih lengtha >35cms - Perinatal Moality Rate (PNMR) = x1000 ( LB = Live bih ; PND = Perinatal death) - PNMR in India= 23 per 1000 live bihs.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5a6d126f-f4cd-4cf2-b58d-6390a88f80f1 | [{'content': 'Most commonly missing primary teeth are: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxillary central incisors, B. Mandibular central incisors, C. Maxillary lateral incisors, D. Maxillary canines', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Developmental agenesis of primary teeth is relatively rare. When several primary teeth fail to develop, other ectodermal deficiencies are usually evident. Most commonly missing primary teeth are maxillary canines.\nReference: McDONALD AND AVERY’S DENTISTRY for the CHILD and ADOLESCENT, 10th ed page no 64', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 90d38496-3baf-4df8-a4ce-5210d0dbfa0f | [{'content': 'In a patient with dehydration, which of the following color intravenous cannula will you place for rapid fluid resuscitation? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Grey, B. Blue, C. Pink, D. Green', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans:. A. Grey GaugeColor codeExternal DiameterLengthFlow Rate14GOrange2.1 mm45 mm240 ml/min16GGrey1.8 mm45 mm180 ml/min18GGreen1.3 mm32/45 mm90 ml/min20GPink1.1 mm32 mm60 ml/min22GBlue0.9 mm25 mm36 ml/min24GYellow0.7 mm19 mm20 ml/min26GViolet0.6 mm19 mm13 ml/min', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 67face05-23f1-43cc-8acc-61af6d1e6285 | [{'content': 'A girl complaints of acute abdominal pain on and off with tingling sensation of limbs. She had a history of eating paint from the wall of newly built house. Which of the following enzyme deficiency will be the cause of her condition? \nSelect and explain. \nA. ALA dehydratase, B. ALA synthase, C. Coproporphyrinogen synthase, D. Heme synthase', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. ALA dehydrataseALA dehydratase is a zinc-containing enzyme and is sensitive to inhibition by lead (present in the paints). High levels of lead can affect heme metabolism by combining with SH groups in enzymes such as ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase.The most common presentation of lead poisoning is an encephalopathy.Laboratory investigation can reveal a microcytic hypochromic anemia with basophilic stippling of erythrocytes, an elevated serum lead level, and an elevated serum coproporplryrin level. A 24-h urine collection demonstrates elevated levels of lead excretion.The neuropathy is characterized by an insidious and progressive onset of weakness usually beginning in the arms, in paicular involving the wrist and finger extensors.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Surgery | b35f0835-c501-4235-bd84-611d6098907a | [{'content': 'Where is the second step of damage control resuscitation carried out? \nSelect and explain. \nA. In emergency, B. In ICU, C. In OT, D. Prehospital resuscitation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Phases of Damage control Surgery Phase (Initial exploration) Phase II (Secondary Resuscitation) Phase III (Definitive Operation) Consists of an initial operative exploration to attain rapid control of active hemorrhage & contamination. Abdomen is entered a middle incision and if exsanguinating hemorrhage is encountered four quadrant packing should be performed Any violation of GI tract should be treated with suture closure or segmental stapled resection External drains are placed to control any major pancreatic or biliary injuries. Following completion of the initial exploration the critically ill patients is transferred to the ICU Invasive monitoring & complete ventilator suppo are often needed. This phase focusses on secondary resuscitation to correct hypothermia, coagulopathy & acidosis It consists of planned re-exploration & definitive repair of injuries. This phase typically occurs 48 & 72 hours following initial and after successful secondary resuscitation Abdomen should be closed primarily if possible Risky GI anastomoses or complex reconstruction should be avoided STAGES OF DCS Stage I Patient selection Stage II Operative control of haemorrhage & Contamination Stage III ICU resuscitation Stage IV Definitive surgery Stage V Abdominal closure', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ee6fc122-f7cc-425b-b372-9c55c4f5f5ab | [{'content': 'A primigravida came to the labor room at 40 weeks + 5 days gestation for induction of labor. On per vaginal examination, the cervix is 1 cm dilated and 30% effaced. The veex is at --1 station and the cervix is soft and posterior. What will be the modified bishop score for this lady? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 0, B. 3, C. 5, D. 8', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. 5(Ref: Williams 24Ie p525-526; Dutta 8Ie p600, 7/e p722)Cervical Station: -1 = 2; Cervical Dilatation: 1 cm = 1; Effacement: 30% = 0 ; Cervix Position: Posterior = 0; Consistency: Soft = 2.Hence, Bishop Score = 5.Bishop Scoring System Used for Assessment of InducibilityCervical FactorDilatation (cm)Effacement (%)Station (-3 to +2)ConsistencyPositionClosed0-30-3FirmPosterior1-240-50-2MediumMidposition3-460-70-1SoftAnterior>_5?80+1, +2--', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 2fe4dd8e-d1a0-484c-a6dd-828ca2ea6dce | [{'content': 'Sensory nerve supply of capsule of TMJ is? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Auriculotemporal nerve, B. Facial nerve, C. Massetric nerve, D. Auricular nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 87bc955e-ce65-4887-9735-bdaaff674162 | [{'content': "Fishman's index is used in relation with \nSelect and explain. \nA. Population, B. Hand wrist radiographs, C. Cephalograms, D. Periodontal diseases", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0dc0ca33-9495-4e3e-a692-eda92b5202da | [{'content': 'Arch space for eruption of 2nd & 3rd molar created by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apposition of Hamular processes, B. Resorption of anterior border of ramus, C. Resorption of posterior border of ramus, D. Apposition of lower border of mandible', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6a0892ca-db19-4c27-9057-2bf9171e9469 | [{'content': 'All of the following are used in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Misoprostol, B. Mifepristone, C. Carboprost, D. Methyl ergometrine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 713b94cf-fc1e-4c32-b28e-f187cf86562d | [{'content': 'IOTN is not used for which malocclusion? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Open bite, B. CLP, C. Bimaxillary protrusion, D. Crowding', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need\xa0\nThis index applies to those malocclusions that are not amenable to orthodontic treatment alone, due to skeletal deformity, and will ordinarily apply to those patients who will have completed facial growth prior to surgery (commonly 18 years of age and older) It relates only to the functional need for treatment and should be used in combination with appropriate psychological and other clinical indicators.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 4f2d9080-e4cc-48f7-a4d1-b06e0a207a76 | [{'content': "A girl comes with symptoms of involuntary movements. Sydenham's chorea and acute rheumatic fever is suspected. Other major criteria of rheumatic fever (ahritis, skin rashes, subcutaneous nodules and carditis) were absent. No evidence of sore throat. Best investigation to prove rheumatic etiology is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Antistreptolysin S, B. Antistreptolysin O, C. Throat culture, D. PCR for M protein", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Antistreptolysin OAntistreptolysin O(ASLO):Marker for recent streptococcal infection.Best investigation to prove rheumatic etiology. Suppoing evidence:Preceding streptococcal infection within last 45 days.Elevated or rising anti-streptolysin O/other streptococcal antibodies.A positive throat culture.Rapid antigens test for group A streptococcus.Recent scarlet fever."Revised Jones" criteria do not include recent scarlet fever as suppoing evidence of recent streptococcal.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 23ce8f17-8358-419a-b2d9-92079d21241b | [{'content': "In which of the following heart diseases maternal mortality is found to be highest ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Eisenmenger's complex, B. Coarctation of aorta, C. Mitral stenosis, D. Aortic stenosis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Eisenmenger’s syndrome is the presence of secondary pulmonary hypertension that develops from any cardiac lesion.\n\nThe syndrome develops when increased pulmonary blood flow due to left to right shunt produces a right side pressure more than left side and hence reversal of shunt occurs and subsequently cyanosis develops.\nIt is the heart disease with the worst prognosis during pregnancy with a maternal mortality of 50%.Q Hence, pregnancy is contraindicated is patients of eisenmengers.\nIf diagnosis of Eisenmenger is made in the first trimester, termination of pregnancy is advised.\nMost common cause of death in Eisenmenger’s syndrome is right ventricular failure with cardiogenic shock.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | c348e60a-061c-4b3d-9192-f54aebed9f8c | [{'content': 'A young patient presented to casualty with a history of some substance abuse. His pulse was 130 beats per minute and respiratory rate was 30 per minute. Blood gas analysis revealed metabolic acidosis and his urea was 100 mg/dL and creatinine was 4 mg/dL. Urinalysis revealed calcium oxalate crystals. He improved symptomatically after management with intravenous fluids, gastric lavage, sodium bicarbonate, calcium gluconate and 4-methylpyrazole administration. What is the most likely substance that he consumed? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Formaldehyde, B. Methyl alcohol, C. Ethylene glycol, D. Paraldehyde', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Ethylene glycolInitial symptoms are vomiting lethargy, ataxia, inebriation, convulsions, and coma. In 12 to 24 hours tachycardia, tachypnoea and circulatory collapse, electrolyte imbalance and metabolic acidosis occur. In one to three days hypocalcemia, oliguria, tubular necrosis, and renal failure occur. Urine contains crystals of calcium oxalate.Ethylene glycol: Clear, colorless, odorless, non-volatile liquid with a bitter-sweet taste.Mainly used as an antifreeze agent; Not absorbed through the skin.Metabolized to glycolaldehyde, glycolic acid & oxalic acid and inhibits oxidative phosphorylationFatal dose: 100-200 ml; Fatal period:3 days', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 14aa507c-4372-4240-857f-3b88999ae85a | [{'content': '3 year old girl having delayed milestones, playing with\nherself, difficulty in learning is likely to be suffering from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mental retardation, B. Autism, C. Specific Learning Disorder, D. ADHD', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Anatomy | 292be6a1-f5da-4d67-8ae1-ae4d05a5f4a4 | [{'content': 'Post parotidectomy, patient feels numb while shaving. Which nerve was involved ? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Facial, B. Mandibular, C. Auriculotemporal, D. Greater auricular', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Greater auricular nerve - supplies sensory innervation for skin over parotid & mastoid process(both surfaces of outer ear) | when damaged after parotidectomy, | causes hyperesthesia / hypoesthesia', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1492f3ef-89dd-4cca-ad28-5fbd374c3e2e | [{'content': 'Articular disc of TMJ is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thickest posteriorly, B. Narrow in the centre, C. Strengthened by lateral pterygoid, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | d181cc7f-0491-4d80-9e53-81c1a87619eb | [{'content': 'All of these are true about microalbuminuria \nSelect and explain. \nA. Urine protein levels range from 20 mg/d to 200 mg/d, B. It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity in diabetic patients, C. It is the earliest marker of diabetic nephropathy, D. It is not detected by routine dipstick method', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Urine protein levels range from 20 mg/d to 200 mg/d Refs Harrison 19/e p2425, 1582, 1813 18/e p2982, 29(SMicroalbuminuria:Defined as 30-299 mg/d in a 24-h collection or 30-299 mcg/mg creatinine in a spot collection.The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recently suggested that the terms previously used to refer to increased urinary protein (microalbuminuria as defined as 30-299 mg/d in a 24-h collection or 30-299ug/mg creatinine in a spot collection or macroalbuminuria as defined as >300 mg/24 h) be replaced by the phrases "persistent albuminuria (30-299 mg/24 lz)" and "persistent albuminuria (>300 mg/24 h)" to better reflect the continuous nature of albumin excretion in the urine as risk factor for nephropathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 9010a09d-b097-4371-afbc-c2532fe02740 | [{'content': 'Phase-contrast microscopy is based on the principle of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Different refractive indices of object, B. Different reflective indices of object, C. Light scattering, D. Light attenuation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Phase-contrast microscopy takes advantage of minute refractive index differences within cellular components and between unstained cells and their surrounding aqueous medium to produce contrast in these and similar transparent specimens.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 46e4c25f-f518-43a9-bad7-481cb1a16416 | [{'content': 'Before an arbitrary face bow transfer record, the dentist must determine: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Physiologic rest position, B. Inclination of each condyle, C. Axial centre of rotation of condyle, D. Kinematic axis of movement of condyle', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 66092ccf-9a06-466a-a08f-8964f3091a9c | [{'content': 'In a 4 year old child with ASOM the infecting of organism is likely to be – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pneumococcus, B. H.influenza, C. Streptococcus, D. Staphylococcus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Three most common organisms causing ASOM -4 S. pneumoniae (40%), H. influenzae (25-30%), Moraxella, catarrhalis (10-15%)\nNote - H.influenzae causing ASOM is nontypable. The incidence of H.influenzae type 'b' has decreased because of widespread use of Hib vaccine.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 59ca3227-50c1-4151-a65f-3bfeb8768028 | [{'content': 'Increased calories required during pregnancy:September 2012 \nSelect and explain. \nA. 300, B. 400, C. 550, D. 800', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A i.e. 300The increased calorie requirement is to the extent of 300 over the non pregnancy state during second half of pregnancy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Biochemistry | a3cbc052-9644-4a98-85de-c4f18d88b9c7 | [{'content': "Klenow fragment is formed by loss of fragment having which activity: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5'- 3' polymerase, B. 3'- 5' exonuclease, C. 5'- 3' exonuclease, D. 3'- 5' polymerase", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Klenow fragment Large fragment produced by Subtilisin mediated proteolytic cleavage of E.Coli DNA polymerase I. Proteolysis removes the 5' -->3' exonuclease activity from N-terminal. Klenow fragment - Functions : Remove 3' overhang Fills 5' overhangs Synthesis of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded templates Preparation of radioactive DNA probes Was used in PCR", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | c0bb2d77-4a90-410c-a7c3-2398f59e3b81 | [{'content': 'A 45 years old female presented with a history of pain!less breast lump of size 6 x 5 cm in left upper quadrant with no axillary lymph nodes. A true-cut biopsy was suggestive of ductal carcinoma in situ. She undergoes surgery with resection of all tumor tissue with adequate margins and postoperative HPE showing DCIS with high grade necrosis with 4 mm clearance on margins. Which of the following is needed? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Adjuvant chemotherapy, B. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, C. Adjuvant radiotherapy, D. No additional treatment', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Adjuvant radiotherapyIn this case, patient is 45 years old (Score 2) with size 5 cm (Score 3), margin of 4 mm (Score 2), necrotic features withouthigh grade (Score 2), the total score is 9. Usually for score 7-9, if local excision is done radiotherapy should be given,If simple mastectomy is done, there is no need of adjuvant trcatment In this patient next best step would be adjuvant radiotherapy.DCIS is predominantly seen in the female breast (accounts for 5% of male breast cancers)DCIS carries a high risk for progression to an invasive cancer.DCIS is classified on the basis of nuclear grade & presence of necrosis', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 6147509e-347c-407e-a498-533631e8811e | [{'content': 'A newly introduced vaccines include all, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rota virus, B. Influenza, C. Dengue, D. Malaria vaccine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b. InfluenzaVaccination Update 2016-2018Rota virusIt has been approved by the government of India for inclusioninto the UIP with the phase 1 launch of the vaccine in 4 states(Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana) inFebruary 2016.It is administered at age 6-15 weeks.Maximum age for administering the last dose of either vaccine should be 32 weeks.Dengue Vaccine It is known as Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV).It is live recombinant as a 3-dose series on a 0/6/12 monthsschedule in Phase-II clinical studies.It has been registered for use in individuals 9-45 years of ageliving endemic areas.April 2016, WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Expes (SAGE) on immunization recommended introduction of the vaccine only in geographic settings (national or subnational) with endemicity. Malaria Vaccine It is known as S, S/AS01It is the first malaria vaccine to have completed phase 3 testing. S, S is a vaccine against plasmodium falciparum.It offers no protection against P. vivax malariaThe vaccine is being considered as a complementary malaria control tool in Africa.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 1fbd609b-f47b-451c-abbd-a33c4e0e96a6 | [{'content': 'A man who had suffered from displaced fracture of mandible complains of pain in-old fracture site near mental foramen. There is a movable tender mass on palpation in the area. The best preoperative diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neuroleiomyoma, B. Neurofibroma, C. Trigeminal neuralgia, D. Traumatic neuroma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 9ed9358f-cdc1-48d6-8147-45ab98516fb0 | [{'content': 'Standard deviation of means measures - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Non-sampling errors, B. Sampling error, C. Random errors, D. Conceptual errors', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | ae07edee-fc24-489b-8c84-b89c77378ed8 | [{'content': "Addison's disease is due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chronic insufficiency of adrenal cortex, B. Chronic insufficiency of adrenal medulla, C. Insufficiency of pancreas, D. Hypofunction of thyroid gland", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | dd8ed71b-5a18-4683-a64f-6187c82c94ed | [{'content': 'Which is the best distribution to study the daily admission of head injury patients in a trauma care centre \nSelect and explain. \nA. Normal distribution, B. Binomial distribution, C. Uniform distribution, D. Poisson distribution', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: POISSON DISTRIBUTION:\n\nIs a ‘discrete probability distribution’ that expresses the ‘probability of a number of events occurring in a fixed period of time’ (if these events occur with a known average rate and independently of the time since the last event)\nIt can also be used for the number of events in other specified intervals such as distance, area or volume\nIs generally used to model the number of events occurring within a given time interval\nIs a discrete distribution which takes on the values X = 0, 1, 2, 3,….\n\nIn the given question, one has to study the daily admission of head injury patients in a trauma care centre, Since, it describes the no. of events in time (no. of head injury patients admitted per day, Therefore, it is a Poisson distribution.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3e05b090-8799-4bda-b2eb-2d6470601177 | [{'content': 'In Inlay and 3 fourth crowns main purpose of bevel is \nSelect and explain. \nA. To remove unsupported enamel rods, B. Increase retention, C. Provide secondary resistance, D. None of above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 6292ae75-7380-488d-adaa-4ebbb4362370 | [{'content': '35 years old female with choriocarcinoma treatment of choice is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dilatation and evacuation, B. Radiotherapy, C. Hysterectomy, D. Chemotherapy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 9ac4d9c7-db9d-4521-83bc-f6f58f6d5db7 | [{'content': 'In post splenectomy patient, chances of Infection with which of these Increases: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Encapsulated bacteria, B. Non capsulated bacteria, C. Anaerobic and gram positive bacilli, D. Anaerobic and grain negative bacilli.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pharmacology | 8cd9acfa-7c86-406b-83f0-49e7e207aef7 | [{'content': 'Which of the following instructions should be given to a lactating mother regarding drug usage? \nSelect and explain. \nA. No advice is required as most of the drugs are secreted negligibly in the milk, B. Take drugs with longer half-life, C. Tell her to feed the baby just before next dose, D. Do not feed the baby if you are consuming any drug', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Just before the next dose, the plasma concentration of drug is minimum; so it is relatively safer to feed at that time. Some drugs are secreted significantly in milk. There is no relation between half-life of a drug and its milk secretion ; So, long half life drugs may also come in milk. Not all the drugs are harmful or significantly secreted in milk so feed should not be stopped. Drugs C/I during lactation: Lithium Aspirin Levetiracetam Atenolol Sulfonamide Metronidazole Methotrexate Metals(Cu).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 39aa0685-41e4-4701-acb9-88abe226e574 | [{'content': 'Which of the following gives the rate of drug absorption in plasma concentration graph? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tmax and Cmax, B. Area under the curve, C. Tmax alone, D. Cmax alone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Tmax and CmaxRef: Sharma & Sharma's Principles of Pharmacolog, j'd ed., pg. 30-31 and hup:// whrw. e a r op e a n r ev i ew. o r g/wp /wp - c o n t e nt/ up I o a d s/6. p df .From the plasma concentration graph, we obtain three impoant parametersCmax is the peak plasma concentrationTmax i.e. time to attain the peak plasma concentration or CmaxAUC (Area under the curve) of plasma concentration time graphThe 1st two parameters i.e. Cmax and the Tmax are the indicators of the rate of absorption.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 3e661f15-9a34-4c14-b4ff-7bac9c57b6be | [{'content': '2 years female has been successfully treated for urinary tract infection. Next step in management is : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Do nothing, B. Ultrasound, C. Ultrasound + DMSA scan, D. 6 monthly culture sensitivity', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: The primary concerns following the diagnosis of UTI are :\n\n\nThe presence of an underlying urological anomaly (obstruction or VUR).\nInvolvement of kidney (Pyelonephritis).\n\n\nRecommended radiological evaluation includes a combination of -\n\n\nUSG.\nMicturating cystourethrogram (MCU).\nRadionuclide scan (DMSA).\n\n\xa0\n\nIndications of detailed radiological investigations are -\n\n\nChild below 3 yr old with first UTI.\nSymptoms of pyelonephritis.\nRecurrent UTI.\nAbnormal voiding (dribbling, straining, abnormal urinary stream).\nPersistently distended bladder.\nFamily history of UTI or hypertension\n\nComing back to question\nAs this child is below 3 year (2 yrs) with first UTI, detailed radiological investigations are recommonded.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 974aa4db-e3d2-49eb-900b-12664edeec0b | [{'content': 'A 4-year-old child has a normal complement of primary teeth, but they are grey and exhibit extensive occlusal and incisal wear. Radiographic examination indicates extensive deposits of secondary dentin in these teeth. Most likely this condition is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neonatal hypoplasia, B. Amelogenesis imperfecta, C. Cleidocranial dysplasia, D. Dentinogenesis imperfecta', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 99ebb66d-a706-49db-aa48-96f3430ce0d4 | [{'content': 'Thermal conductivity of which material is close to dentin: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amalgam, B. Silicate, C. Composite resin, D. Cavity varnish', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 50e6ad3a-808e-4051-9036-f69e2a00fed0 | [{'content': 'Sella tursica lies above: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pons, B. Frontal sinus, C. Foramen ovale, D. Sphenoidal sinus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | bf77a9c9-3c08-43fc-8159-8f8509238024 | [{'content': 'In genomic imprinting. DNA is modified by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acetylation, B. Methylation, C. Phosphorylation, D. Deamination', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Methylation(Ref Robbins 9/e p180, 8/e pl)Genomic imprinting:DNA modified by methylation.An epigenetic process resulting in differential inactivation of either maternal or paternal alleles of ceain genes.Mechanism:DNA methylation at CG nucleotide.Histone H4 deacetylation.Methylation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f578a648-c098-4b5b-af14-2cfb956c3779 | [{'content': 'Numbness and tingling sensation felt in the anterior one third of the tongue can be due to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Over extended lingual borders, B. Sharp and rough lingual borders, C. Allergy to residual monomer of acrylic, D. Excessive vertical dimension', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 24deac61-2a03-4722-ae4f-165611386c14 | [{'content': 'Innervation of pulp is from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trigeminal nerve, B. Facial nerve, C. Glossopharyngeal nerve, D. Hypoglossal nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 26f30f24-dcd8-453d-8553-9ee82ad496e1 | [{'content': "A 62 years old woman presented with acute onset confusion and bumping into th ings. On examination, she was ale, oriented with fluent speech and normal comprehension. Fuher examination revealed impaired writing (acalculia), right-left confusion, impaired arithmetic abilities, difficulty in finger identification. MRI demonstrated foci of coical and sub coical increase T2 signals and areas of leptomeningeal enhancement. Most likely diagnosis: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gerstmann's syndrome, B. Millard-Gubler syndrome, C. Anton syndrome, D. Korsakoff's psychosis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A (Gerstmann's syndrome)The combination of acalculia (impairment of simple arithmetic), dysgraphia (impaired writing)' finger anomia (an inability to name individual fingers such as the index and thumb), and right-teft confusion (an inability to tell whether a hand, foot, or arm of the patient or examiner is on the right or left side ofthe body) is known as Gerstmann's syndrome. When Gerstmann's syndrome is seen in isolation, it is commonly associated with damage to the inferior parietal lobule (especially the angular gyrus) in the left hemisphere.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | a1b1cf05-faa3-4f05-819b-a58bceb86995 | [{'content': 'Which of the following statements about tedizolid is true? \nSelect and explain. \nA. It causes peripheral neuropathy as an adverse effect, B. It is active against gram positive organisms, C. It has poor oral bioavailability, D. It is active against anaerobes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. B. It is active against gram positive organisms* Tedizolid Phosphate is an oxazolidinone-class antibiotic prodrug indicated in adults for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by susceptible isolates of several Gram-positive bacteria.* Following administration oral or intravenous route, tedizolid phosphate prodrug is conveed by plasma phosphatases to its active moiety, tedizolid.* The active metabolite of tedizolid binds to the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis and causing its bacteriostatic effects.* Tedizolid is an effective and potent alternative to linezolid for the treatment of patients with Gram-positive ABSSSI due to MRSA or MSSA.* Increased potency allows for once daily dosing with reduced total dosages, improving the side effect profile of this drug.* Of note, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of tedizolid appear to be largely unaffected by the chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance (cfr) gene, which has been implicated in a number of published linezolid-resistant organism outbreaks.* OPTIC NEUROPATHY,PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY ARE LESS SEEN WITH TEDIZOLID THAN OTHERS IN SAME CLASS', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6c6010db-6a24-4b0f-a627-8522e0d876ce | [{'content': 'Which component of zinc oxide-eugenol cement gives its strength? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rosin, B. Zinc oxide, C. Zinc acetate, D. Oil of cloves', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | a8683027-bf0c-459a-99d6-7b4676278072 | [{'content': 'A healthy volunteer was taken for a blood experiment. A history was taken from the volunteer before the experiment regarding exposure of NSAlDs, which he specifically denied. But on testing, the BT was found to be increased All of the following can be causative agent except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Theophylline, B. Cephalosporin, C. Anti-depressants, D. Multivitamins containing Vitamin K', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Multivitamins containing Vitamin K(Ref. Goodman Gilman 12/e p1043, 1499; Katzung 13/e p1145)Routine use of multivitamins with Vitamin K doesn't cause thrombocytopenia.Vitamin K:Used as Warfarin antidote (anticoagulant) excess.Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP):In acute thrombocytopenia patients.Most Common Causes of DITPAntiplateletAbciximab, Eptifibatide, TirofibanAnalgesicsAcetaminophen, Ibuprofen, NaproxenAntibioticAmpicillin, Piperacillin, Ethambutol, CephalosporinsDrugs acting on CNSCarbamazepine, Haloperidol, Phenytoin, AntidepressantsAnti-CancerIrinotecan, Oxaliplatin (selective thrombocytopenia apa from pancytopenia)", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 88448a03-9101-434a-97d8-a9be98bae8f1 | [{'content': "A patient came with complaints of lower limb weakness. Examiner places one hand under the patient's heel and patient is asked to raise his other leg against downward resistance. What is the name of this test? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hoover test, B. Waddell's test, C. O'Donoghue test, D. McBride test", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Hoover testIn Hoover test, the subject relaxes in a supine position on the table while the examiner places both of the subject's heels into the palm of the examiners hands.Test positioning: The subject relaxes in a supine position on the table while the examiner places both of the subject's heels into the palm of the examiners hands.Action: The subject is asked to perform a unilateral straight leg raisePositive finding: Inability to lift the leg may reflect a neuromuscular weakness. A positive finding is also noted when the examiner does not feel increased pressure in the palm that underlies the resting leg", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pharmacology | 16759fbf-ac94-4ec3-9fde-0702eee3eac5 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is an example of placebo? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Herbal medication with no known effect, B. Physiotherapy, C. Sham surgery, D. Cognitive behavioral therapy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: * In sham surgery, surgery is done without any purpose; we just open the abdomen in one person and close it, in other person appendix is removed; this is done to see whether appendectomy has any advantage.* Placebos (fake drug/dummy medicine) are used in clinical trials to compare the two treatments; it can't produce any effect. * Herbal medication can produce some effects.* Physiotherapy can also produce effects.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | c78509b1-d4e3-473c-9020-3a9dc70e5c97 | [{'content': 'Dietary goals for avoiding Coronary Artery Disease include \nSelect and explain. \nA. LDL cholesterol less than 100 mg/dl, B. Saturated fat <7% of total calories., C. Alcohol consumption of 30 ml/day, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 36c7306a-d28b-4161-af0c-51fc925d3d4a | [{'content': 'Tooth eruption is due to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Osteoclastic activity, B. Proliferation of cells at crypt, C. Exfoliation of primary tooth, D. Eruptive forces', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | b55cdaad-1107-4491-b7dc-64a2a939838b | [{'content': "Steroids do not have a role in management of which of these tumors? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Kaposi sarcoma, B. Chronic lymphoid leukemia, C. Hodgkin's lymphoma, D. Multiple myeloma Gram-stain, oropharynx", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Kaposi sarcoma(Ref Harrison 19/e p1270, 716; Goodman Gilman I2/e p1755; Katzung 13/e p954-955, 12/e p706: KDT 7/e p284-285, 6/e p285)Steroids - Therapeutic uses in cancer:Used as cytotoxic agents in treatment of acute leukemia in children & malignant lymphoma in children & adults.Component of curative regimens for Hodgkin's & non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma & CLL.Glucocoicoids - Extremely helpful in controlling autoimmune hemolytic anemia & thrombocytopenia associated with CLL.Dexamethasone - Used in conjunction with radiotherapy - Reduces edema related to tumors in critical areas such as superior mediastinum, brain & spinal cords.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 1f9b0ca2-f75c-4189-884c-ac150dafc155 | [{'content': 'During 3rd molar surgical extraction, distal incision is curved buccally to prevent injury to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Buccal artery, B. Lingual nerve, C. Temporalis fibers, D. BFP', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | bf338178-cb15-4239-bf94-f6cfcb38d61f | [{'content': 'Infant of diabetic mother with weight 3.8 Kg presented with seizures after 16 hours of birth.What is the cause – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypoglycemia, B. Hypocalcemia, C. Birth asphyxia, D. Intraventricular hemorrhage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Electrolyte disturbances, including hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia, are commonly seen in association with infants of diabetic mother and may result in early-onset seizures.\nSorry friends, I could not find any reference which has directly mentioned that hypoglycemia is a more common cause of seizure than hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mother.\nI was just able to find following two statements : -\n\n"Infants of diabetic mother are most at risk for hypoglycemia which can result in seizure".\n"Infant of diabetic mothers with seizures, that does not respond to glucose should have their serum calcium measured"\n\nFrom these two statements, it seems to me that hypoglycemia is a more common cause of seizures in infants of diabetic mother.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7c4a40cb-8e92-43fb-9404-8888ff65ad3b | [{'content': 'A 12 year old child complains of recurrent pain over right maxillary posterior tooth but clinically no caries can be found. He also reports of cold and fever spells. What should be advised to the patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Extract the primary retained tooth i.e., 54, 55, B. Extract the tooth 16, 54, 55, C. Refer to physician for the evaluation of maxillary sinus, D. Do nothing', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b44f29db-6223-45ed-b3e9-57e7d148c63f | [{'content': 'All of the following device work on traction principle except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ferrier double bow separator., B. Elliot separator., C. Perry separator., D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Elliot separator work on wedge principle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6f3ff710-ea60-42a8-9345-2838c57b4511 | [{'content': 'Extension of odontoblast processes into enamel \nSelect and explain. \nA. Enamel spindle, B. Cracks, C. Primary dentin, D. Secondary Dentine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Enamel spindle-\n\nDiameter (2p)\nExtended odontoblast processes in enamel\nPerpendicular (right angle) to dentin\nDDT (Dark - Dehydrated - Transmitted light)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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