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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | cfff846f-f37f-4866-9a45-7f903b5e80fe | [{'content': "Which one of the following is the earliest manifestation of Cushing's syndrome : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Loss of diurnal variation, B. Increased ACTH, C. Increased plasma cortisol, D. Increased urinary metabolites of cortisol", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Nelson writes :\n"Laboratoiy .findings (for Cushing Syndrome)"\nCortisol levels in blood are normally elevated at 8 AM and decrease to less than 50% by midnight except in infants and young children in whom a diurnal rhythm is not always established. In patients with cushing syndrome this circadium rhythm is lost, and cortisol levels at midnight and 8 AM are usually comparable. Obtaining diurnal blood samples present logistical difficulties as part of an outpatient evaluation, but cortisol can be measured in saliva samples, which can be obtained at home at the appropriate times of day. Night time salivary cortisol levels are elevated and may be a screening test in obese children.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 90896a33-2ebb-4fee-b954-d37984ba6847 | [{'content': "What is under-5 moality' rate in world by 2010? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 6 million, B. 8 million, C. 10 million, D. 12 million", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. 8 millionIn 2012, 6.6 million, 2011, 6.9 million children underfive died, down from 7.6 million in, 8.1 million in 2009 and 12.4 million in 1990.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 773c79b5-7250-4c25-84d0-93a163291d85 | [{'content': 'Position and movement of articular disc of TMJ is controlled by fibers of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle, B. Sphenomandibular ligament, C. Superficial head of medial pterygoid muscle, D. Upper head of lateral pterygoid muscle', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 0383dfdc-42eb-43db-9fc1-34779d337f2e | [{'content': "Which of the following should be considered a 'High risk infant'? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mal-presentation, B. Folic acid tablet not consumed, C. Working mother, D. Antenatal preeclampsia", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: - High risk infant includes, Bih weight < 2.5 kg Bih order > 5 Twin delivery Aificial feeding Weight < 70% of expected Failure to thrive Diarrhea/Protein energy malnutrition Working Mother /single parent', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 3149d45d-d152-4d8a-a992-430c0d1bed57 | [{'content': 'The number of patients required in a clinical trial to treat a specify disease increases as \nSelect and explain. \nA. The drop-out rate increases, B. The significance level increases, C. The size of the expected treatment effect increased, D. The incidence of the disease decreases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Physiology | 3bd6c1d7-7d78-4279-8347-7fd70f37a262 | [{'content': 'Myosin head detachment from actin is triggered by:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Change in troponin c configuration, B. Entry of Ca into sarcoplasmic reticulum, C. Binding of ATP to head, D. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: At rest, myosin heads are bound=adenosine diphosphate(are said to be in a "cocked" position)in relation to the thin filament = does not have Ca 2+ bound to = the troponin--tropomyosin complex. Ca 2+ bound to = troponin--tropomyosin complex induces = conformational change in the thin filament = that allows for myosin heads to cross-bridge with thin filament actin. Myosin heads rotate = move the attached actin and shoen the muscle fiber = forming power stroke. At the end of power stroke = ATP binds = exposed site = causes = detachment = from actin filament. ATP is hydrolyzed = into ADP and inorganic phosphate (P i ). This chemical energy is used to "re-cock" the myosin head.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | b3c00c97-b6ca-4475-95e2-42343c8959cc | [{'content': 'Immunization that could help post-disaster includes \nSelect and explain. \nA. Measles, B. Cholera, C. Typhoid, D. All', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. MeaslesVaccines recommended in disastersFollowing vaccines are recommendedChildren < 10 years:- DPT, inactivated polio (IPV), H.influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), varicella vaccine, influenza, hepatitis A and rotavirus.Children and adolescents (11-18 years):- Tetanus, diphtheria, peussis, meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV), Influenza.Adults (>18 years):- Tetanus, diphtheria, peussis, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), and influenza.Vaccination against typhoid and cholera is not recommended.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | c061f6c7-13f9-4de3-8121-282c9adfcf2b | [{'content': 'Sphenoidal air sinus is supplied by which nerve: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Posterior ethmoidal, B. Posterior superior, C. Sphenoidal, D. Infratemporal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Posterior ethmoidal nerve enters the posterior ethmoidal foramen and supplies the ethmoidal and sphenoidal air sinuses.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | a497ae07-aaf0-4410-a034-665f087f1d83 | [{'content': 'Lower two pas of sternal body is fused by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 8 years, B. 10 years, C. 12 years, D. 14 years', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. 14 yearsLower two pas of sternal body is fused by 14 years.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | fc64fd3a-e114-404f-af63-dfaada2cdbf6 | [{'content': 'Sensory nerve fibres to posterior one third of the tongue is supplied by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. XII cranial nerve, B. IX cranial nerve, C. X cranial nerve, D. VII cranial nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 9ba605e2-bf6d-427b-a4ed-c8948569ac22 | [{'content': 'Nobel prize for medicine/physiology in 2018 for the discovery of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Apoptotic pathway, B. Crispr-Cas9, C. Negative immune regulation, D. Molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. Negative immune regulationNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly, has been awarded to James P. Allison/Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation.James P. Allison studied a known protein that functions as a brake on the immune system. He realized the potential of releasing the brake and thereby unleashing our immune cells to attack tumors.Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoints are negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of these targets, resulting in increased activation of the immune system, has led to new immunotherapies for melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and other cancers.For several types of cancer, including lung cancer, renal cancer, lymphoma and melanoma checkpoint therapy against PD-1 has proven more effective and positive results found.But recent clinical studies indicate that for melanoma the combination therapy of both CTLA-4 and PD-1 is more effective.Thus, Allison and Honjo combine different strategies to release the brakes on the immune system with the aim of eliminating tumor cells even more efficiently.Their paper formed the basis of current cancer immunotherapy.But the original concept of cancer immunotherapy was discovered by William Bradley Coley (1872).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | ae05f0f4-de2f-43c0-9233-6ba28a77c8d3 | [{'content': 'A child with fever and sore throat developed acute cervical lymphadenopathy most likely investigation to be done is : \nSelect and explain. \nA. Open biopsy of node, B. Radical neck dissection, C. Neck X–ray, D. Complete hemogram', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Cervical lymphadenopathy with signs of infection such as fever and sore throat points towards any infectious etiology.\nIn this case the most likely investigation to be done should be complete hemogram.\nComplete hemogram can provide useful datas for diagnosis of :\n\n\nPyogeizic infections.\nViruses such as EBV CMV & HIV.\nLeukemias (acute or chronic).\n\nBiopsy should be done if the patients history and physical findings suggest malignancy. These features are :\n\nSolitary, hard non-tender cervical nodes in an older patient.\nNeck X-ray does not provide much information except for giving some idea about swollen soft tissues of neck.\nRadical neck dissection is absurd option.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | b5aac757-6fb7-48f0-8179-21ffde466c0d | [{'content': 'Dose of dexamethasone given to mother in anticipated preterm delivery: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 12 mg 12 hourly 2 doses, B. 12 mg 24 hourly 4 doses, C. 6 mg 24 hourly 2 doses, D. 6 mg 12 hourly 4 doses', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. 6 mg 12 hourly 4 doses(Ref Dutta 8/e p367, 7/e p316: Nelson 20/e p 852)Dose of dexamethasone given to anticipated preterm delivery mother - 6 mg 12 hourly 4 doses.Antenatal coicosteroids:Single course recommended for 24-34 weeks gestation with preterm delivery risk.Drugs & dosage:Dexamethasone (6 mg, 12 hourly, 4 doses).Betamethasone (12 mg, 2 doses, 24 hours apa).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | ad0f4284-cf88-4196-89d4-75c75cdae0f9 | [{'content': 'Not a part of ethmoid bone is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inferior turbinate, B. Agar nasi cells, C. Uncinate process, D. Crista galli', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The ethmoid bone is cuboidal in overall shape\xa0and contains the ethmoidal cells (ethmoidal sinuses). It is composed of\n\nTwo rectangular box-shaped ethmoidal labyrinths, one on each side.\nThey are united superiorly across the midline by a perforated sheet of bone - the cribriform plate. \nThe perpendicular plate\xa0- A second sheet of bone descends vertically in the median sagittal plane from the cribriform plate to form part of the nasal septum.\n\nEthmoidal labyrinth:\nEach ethmoidal labyrinth is composed of two delicate sheets of bone, which sandwich between them the ethmoidal cells.\n■ The lateral sheet of bone (the orbital plate) is flat and forms part of the medial wall of the orbit.\n■ The medial sheet of bone forms the upper part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and is characterized by two processes and a swelling—\n\nThe two processes are curved shelves of bone (the superior and middle conchae), which project across the nasal cavity and curve downward ending in free medial margins, while inferior to the origin of the middle concha, the middle ethmoidal cells form a prominent bulge (the ethmoidal bulla), on the medial wall of the labyrinth.\nAgger nasi - runs forward and downwards from upper end of anterior border of middle concha.\n\nTO NOTE: Inferior concha/ inferior nasal turbinate is an independant bone, not a projection of ethmoidal labyrinth.\nEthmoidal infundibulum:-\xa0Extending anterosuperiorly from just under the bulla is a groove (the ethmoidal infundibulum), which continues upward, and narrows to form a channel that penetrates the ethmoidal labyrinth and opens into the frontal sinus. This channel is for the frontonasal duct, which drains the frontal sinus.\nUncinate process:-\xa0A delicate irregularly shaped projection (the uncinate process) on the anterior aspect of the inferior surface of the ethmoidal labyrinth.\nCribriform plate:\n\nThe cribriform plate is at the apex of the nasal cavities and fills the ethmoidal notch in the frontal bone\xa0and separates the nasal cavities below from the cranial cavity above.\nSmall perforations in the bone allow the fibers of the olfactory nerve to pass between the two regions.\nA large triangular process (the crista galli) at the midline on the superior surface of the cribriform plate anchors a fold (falx cerebri) of dura mater in the cranial cavity.\n\nPerpendicular plate of ethmoid:\n\nThe perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone is quadrangular in shape, descends in the midline from the cribriform plate, and forms the upper part of the median nasal septum.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 587ef917-abf4-4b32-985c-e2020bd397cb | [{'content': 'Anaerobic glycolysis of which of these produces 3 ATPs per unit glucose consumed? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amino acid, B. Fructose, C. Galactose, D. Glycogen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. GlycogenAnaerobic glycolysis of glycogen produces 3 ATPs per unit glucose consumed.Consumption of ATP at the level of hexokinase is not required when we sta from glycogen as a substrate. As there is no glucose-6- phosphatase in muscle, glucose-6-phosphate directly enters into glycolysis. Hence, net ATPs are 4-1 = 3 ATPs.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Biochemistry | ca4a3fbe-1441-4f97-84d8-568aa04c4fa8 | [{'content': 'In which of the inheritance, if father is affected no offspring is affected, but if mother affected, all offspring affected? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mitochondrial, B. X linked recessive, C. Autosomal dominant, D. Autosomal recessive', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Mitochondrial Inheritence Mitochondria is derived only from mother Mitochondrial disease has high incidence as : - Mitochondrial DNA repair cannot occur - Introns are not present - Continuous exposure to the oxygen free radicals Therefore have more chances of mutations in mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial Inheritence Affected mother will transmit disease to all offsprings X linked disease No male to male transmission Y linked disease Affected father will transmit disease to all son Autosomal disease Equal frequency of these disease in male and female', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pharmacology | 6f0b2cc4-de54-4d80-8aa6-e9dc3acc4bb0 | [{'content': 'A patient on anti-tubercular drug therapy developed tingling sensation on lower limb. Which of the following drug should be used for the treatment? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thiamine, B. Folic acid, C. Pyridoxine, D. Vitamin B-12', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Patient is developing tingling sensation (peripheral neuropathy) which is a side effect of Isoniazid (INH) a first line antitubercular drug. INH is extensively metabolized in liver; most impoant pathway being N-acetylation by NAT2. The acetylated metabolite is excreted in urine. The rate of INH acetylation shows genetic variation. There are either: Fast acetylators: (30-40% of Indians) t1/2 of INH 1 hr. Slow acetylators: (60-70% of Indians) t1/2 of INH 3 hr. Slow acetylators will not be able to metabolize the drug quickly and there will be accumulation of isoniazid. Isoniazid inhibits pyridoxal phosphokinase enzyme and hence causes peripheral neuritis, paraesthesias, numbness etc. Pyridoxine given prophylactically (10mg/day) prevents this neurotoxicity. On the other hand, fast acetylators are more prone to develop.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 7cacd6ea-ee7d-481d-bc66-467c47dc315c | [{'content': 'DPT Vaccine is not contraindicated in? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Progressive neurological disorder, B. Severely immunocompromised patient, C. High allergic response to 1st dose, D. Severe convulsions in a patient', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | b5d6f664-7734-48e9-8a58-0966937fe271 | [{'content': 'A non synovial joint with connective tissue in between is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Syndesmosis, B. Synchondrosis, C. Saddle, D. Suture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 027df73a-b277-4ad7-aba2-824c58fc78e1 | [{'content': 'According to WHO guidelines for excess sugar control by all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fiscal policies, B. Chair side council, C. Marketing, D. Food Labelling', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Pathology | 761112a0-5f57-46c6-9b94-ffe755d8aba0 | [{'content': 'All of the following decrease in iron deficiency anemia except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ferritin, B. TIBC, C. Serum iron, D. Transferrin saturation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia ultimately rests on laboratory studies. Both the hemoglobin and hematocrit are depressed, usually to a moderate degree, in association with hypochromia, microcytosis, and modest poikilocytosis. The serum iron and ferritin are low The total plasma iron-binding capacity (reflecting elevated transferrin levels) is high. Low serum iron with increased iron binding capacity results in a reduction of transferrin saturation to below 15%. Reduced iron stores inhibit hepcidin synthesis, and its serum levels fall. In uncomplicated iron deficiency, oral iron supplementation produces an increase in reticulocytes in about 5 to 7 days that is followed by a steady increase in blood counts and the normalization of red cell indices Earliest parameter to be affected in the Iron deficiency anemia patient - Serum ferritin. Gold standard for making the diagnosis of Iron deficiency anemia - Bone marrow examination (storage iron in the form of ferritin or protein hemosiderin can be detected with the help of stain Prussian blue.)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | e0f9e4af-3c3f-49d3-a19a-f8b884951de6 | [{'content': 'What is the ratio of chest compressions and breaths when a lone person is giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 10:01, B. 15:01, C. 30:01:00, D. 30:02:00', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. 30:2(Ref AHA 2015 CPR Guidelines " wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-AHA!Guidclinet.-Hilivhtv-En,cgish ficIf.)Ratio of chest compressions to rescue breath in all adults (Even with 1 or 2 rescuers) = 30:2.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | e14c42e1-754e-40a6-9b50-5d27b40e5a7d | [{'content': 'Hydrolysis of IgG with papain will lead to formation of following fragments: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 Fc and 2 Fab fragments, B. 2 Fc and 1 Fab fragment, C. 1 variable chain and 1 constant chain, D. 1 Fab and 1 hypervariable region', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. 1 Fc and 2 Fab fragmentsHydrolysis of IgG with papain will lead to the formation of 1 Fc and 2 Fab fragments. Papain hydrolyzes IgG at the hinge region, which lyses IgG into one constant Fc region and two Fab fragments.When studying the Ig molecule structure, it was identified experimentally thot an antibody molecule, such as IgG, can be split into two fragments by the proteolytic enzyme, papain. When this happens, the peptide bonds in the hinge region are broken.The antigen-binding activity is associated with one of these fragments, the Fab poion- The second fragment is the Fc poion that is involved in the placental transfer, complement fixation, attachment to various cells, and other biologic activities.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 8be32dbe-9a46-4a8a-8c08-ff89c3e78c3d | [{'content': 'Fetal adrenals release which hormone predominantly:March 2009, September 2010 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oestrogen, B. Testosterone, C. Aldosterone, D. Coisone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D: CoisoneFetal adrenals shows hyperophy of the reticular zone (fetal zone), which is the site of synthesis of oestriol precursor, coisol and dehydroepiandrosterone.After 12 weeks of gestation, the activity of 3 p-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B) decreases in fetal adrenal and sulfokinase activity increases.At that time (during the mid-gestation, 12 to 22 weeks) the major steroid products are DHEA and DHEA Sulfate (DHEA-S).During the mid-gestation (12 to 22 weeks), the aromatase activity and sulfokinase activity increases. So Placenta itself utilizes fetal DHEA and DHEA-S as substrate for estrone and estradiol as precursors.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3bd5b6d0-dd76-46b4-9e6c-6a07adfd138a | [{'content': 'Fear developed in a patient due to previous experience, events, objects: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Innate fear., B. Subjective fear., C. Objective fear., D. None.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Types of fear:', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 874a1d82-0b88-40a1-a7d9-6b62376ccf24 | [{'content': 'Sterilization of hand piece will cause: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Rust of hand piece, B. Turbine wear, C. Fibre loss, D. Loss of torque', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 95c1aa52-1bd1-45d3-ad1e-3303a4955a1c | [{'content': 'A pregnant lady develops chickenpox. During which part of her pregnancy will it lead to highest chance of neonatal infection: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Last 5 days, B. 12-16 week, C. 8-12 week, D. 16-20 week', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 8e64201e-6d6b-4187-98df-bb12e0945c78 | [{'content': "A male child with coarse facial features, macroglossia, thick lips presents with copious mucous discharge from nose at 10 months of age. The child was absolutely normal at bih. On examination he was found to have enlarged Liver and Spleen. Diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hurler's syndrome, B. Beckwith-Weidman syndrome, C. Hypothyroidism, D. Proteus syndrome", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Hurler's syndrome(Ref Nelson 20/e p739)Likely diagnosis = Hurler's syndrome.Hurler's syndrome:Type 1 mucopolysacharidoses.AR disorder.Characterized by alpha L-iduronidase deficiency resulting in accumulation of dermatan > heparin-sulfate.Clinical features:Presents with Goesque gargoyle facies:Coarse and heavy face.Enlarged head - Due to hydrocephalus caused by meningeal deposits.Low forehead & ears.Eyes wide set.Wide nosePoorly formed & widespread teeth.Open mouth, enlarged tongue & eveed lips.Hepatosplenomegaly.Sho neck.Thoracolumbur kyphosis.Gibbus deformity with motor delays.Flexion contracture of joints.Sho stature.Genu valgum.Fiat feet.Broad-sho hand, radially curved little finger.Carpal tunnel syndrome in children.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ff15f943-5815-44a6-a8cf-5513f692fde6 | [{'content': 'G3 with previous second trimester abortion presents with 22 week of gestation, abdominal pain, USG shows funneling of internal os. What is the ideal management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dinoprost and bed rest, B. Misoprost and bed rest, C. Fothergills stitch, D. Mc Donald stitch', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Patient presenting at 22 weeks with:\n\nFunnelling of cervix on ultrasound examination and history of second trimester abortions indicating cervical incompetence as the cause of preterm labor. In this case Mc Donald stitch will be the ideal treatment as it will prevent preterm labor.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 90ed60d8-c46e-47be-8db0-e2e0f9ec825f | [{'content': 'The neutralization of saliva is due to \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mucin, B. Ammonia, C. Amino a cids, D. Bicarbonates', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 836b4e61-8568-4d55-9acf-3a1695081981 | [{'content': 'A 45 y ears old patient presented to you with ongoing massive hematemesis. The patient is ale and hemodynamically stable. What will be the first step in management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Do an urgent upper GI endoscopy, B. Put the patient in recovery position and secure airway, C. Inse a cannula and sta IV fluids, D. Send for blood transfusion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Put the patient in recovery position and secure airway(Ref BLS/ACLS Guidelines: resuscitation guidelines /adult- aclvanced-lik-suppo: Harrison 19/e p1768: Bratinwald's 10/e p844-845)BLS algorithm:Sta airway management in any patient who is collapsed/expected to collapse.Patient here is hemodynamically stable.Airway - Most impoant component at risk in this patient & requires immediate attention.Put patient in recovery position.i.e. left lateral decubitus position to prevent the risk of aspiration.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a176a27c-5514-46e8-8fe4-3871c7982706 | [{'content': 'Extraction of a tooth during acute infection: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Can cause extensive spread of infection, B. Helps drainage and relieves pain if proper antibiotic is given and its adequate blood level is reached, C. Can cause sudden death due to pulmonary embolism, D. Can Lead to trigeminal neuralgia in post operative period', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | b3554a03-5d0e-42ef-8033-6b3062193ae1 | [{'content': 'Kamla 4 yrs of age presented in emergency with mild respiratory "stress. On laryngoscopy she was diagnosed to have multiple juvenile papilomatosis of the larynx. Next line of management is - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tracheostomy, B. Microlaryngoscopy, C. Steroid, D. Antibiotics', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The patient (a 4 years girl) in the question is presenting with mild respiratory distress due to multiple Juvenile papillomatosis of larynx.\nThe management in such a case is microlarygoscopic surgery using CO2 laser to ablate the lesion.\nSteroids and antibiotics have no role.\nTracheostomy is reserved for those patients who have severe respiratory distress.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 21b1c2e4-dd6c-49c6-b432-ca5633eca31d | [{'content': 'Unconjugated bilirubin is increased in all, except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Criggler Najjar syndrome, B. Dubin Johnson syndrome, C. Gilbert syndrome, D. Hemolytic anaemia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Dubin Jhonson syndrome is a cause of congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.\nCongenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia\n1)Dubin Jhonson syndrome \n\nDJS is a type of congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.\nIt is autosomal recessive.\nConjugated bilirubin is increased because of defective biliary excretion of bilirubin glucuronides due to mutation in canalicular multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP 2).\nLiver function tests are normal\nA cardinal feature of DJS is the accumulation in the lysosome of centrilobular hepatocytes of dark, coarsely granular pigment. As a result, the liver is black in appearance. This pigment is thought to be derived from epinephrine metabolites that are not excreted normally.\nThere is increased urinary excretion of coproporphyrine I (normal coproporphyrine III is more excreted), but total coproporphyrine level is normal.\nGall bladder is not visualized on oral cholecystography.\nAfter iv administration, there is reflux of conjugated sulfobromophthalein (Bromsulphalein, BSP) from liver to circulation.\n\n2)Rotor syndrome\n\nRotor syndrome is a type of congenital conjugated hyperbilimbinemia.\nIt is autosomal recessive.\nIt is due to decreased biliary excretion of conjugated bilirubin and also due to decrease hepatic uptake & storage of bilirubin.\nDifferentiating features of rotor syndrome (from DJS) -\n\n\nLiver is not pigment\nCoproporphyrine I is increased in urine but total coproporphyrine level is also increased.\nGall bladder is visualized\nThere is no reflux of conjugated BSP.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 77455482-e309-477c-a662-c2d26da66b19 | [{'content': 'Which of these is not a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase, an impoant enzyme of the glycogenolysis pathway? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Calmodulin, B. c-AMP, C. Protein Kinase A, D. Glycogenin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Glycogenin(Ref Harper 30/c p 181)Glycogenin:An enzyme involved in glucose conversion to glycogen.Acts as a primer - By polymerizing first few glucose molecules a enzymes take over.Involved in glycogen synthesis pathway rather than glycogenolysis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 3164ca7d-4050-4da4-87c2-41f1a8d10cb0 | [{'content': "In which type of lesion 'eburnation' of the dentine is seen? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Acute caries, B. Chronic caries, C. Arrested caries, D. Root Caries", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4f6953cf-b4b2-491a-8886-eb2546b97582 | [{'content': 'In case of a deep carious lesion incomplete debridement is done to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Allow secondary dentin formation first, B. To seal the cavity and create aseptic field, C. Prevent pulp exposure and allow a thin layer of a dentin to remain, D. Avoid microleakage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Microbiology | a5fcd994-859d-49cc-b3c2-5fa501e726e6 | [{'content': 'In chronic allergy which lg are more persistent in the body? \nSelect and explain. \nA. lg G, B. lg E, C. lg A, D. lg M', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: IgE is highly potent and mediates type I hypersensitivity reactions by binding to the mast cells causing its degranulation. lgE response is seen in various allergic (both acute and chronic) conditions, such as asthma, anaphylaxis, hay fever, etc. lgE has : lowest serum concentration, Shoest half-life, minimum daily production, only heat labile antibody (inactivated at 56degC in one hour), has affinity for the surface of tissue cells (mainly mast cells) of the same species (homocytotropism).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 1cf99105-7487-4c44-8c8b-8f8caa90225c | [{'content': 'Which of the following drug is not used for medical management of ectopic pregnancy: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Potassium Chloride, B. Methotrexate, C. Actinomycin D, D. Misoprostol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: A number of chemotherapeutic drugs have been used either systemically or directly (surgically administered medical management - SAM under sonographic or laparoscopic guidance) for the medical management of ectopic pregnancy.\nDrugs commonly used for medical management:', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 409873c7-dd6c-4284-a0b2-dda6e861d639 | [{'content': 'The following is characteristic feature of staphylococcus food poisoning except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Optimum temperature for toxin production is 370C, B. Intradietic toxin are responsible for intestinal symptoms, C. Toxin can be destroyed by boiling for 30 minutes, D. Incubation period is 1-6 hours', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Staphylococcal food poisoning:\n\nStaphylococcal food poisoning is due to heat-stable preformed toxin mostly after consuming milk products.\nToxin is produced optimally at 350C to 370C.\xa0\nMechanism - Acts by stimulating vagus nerve and vomiting centre of brain. No antibiotics are given for Staphylococcal food poisoning.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 592c91f5-5a59-44d3-b19b-08d036762a1b | [{'content': 'A 22-year-old female gives the history of recurrent joint pains. She has now developed petechial hemorrhages. She is most likely to have: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, B. Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, C. Platelet function defects, D. Acquired factor VIII inhibitors', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer:. d. Acquired factor VIII inhibitors (Wintrobes p1442-144-.'74;Harrison19/ep734-735, 740, 18/e p982).The clinical presentation in a young female of recurrent joint pains with petechial hemorrhage is suggestive of an autoimmune disease.A female patient is unlike to have hemophilia, as it is an X-linked disorder. However, she can have autoantibodies against factor VIII.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | dbd611a1-4294-43fb-b290-49a0746eb7f2 | [{'content': 'The red zones of lips have: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 30% sebaceous glands, B. 75% sebaceous glands, C. very small number of sebaceous glands, if any, D. absolutely no sebaceous glands', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 2f0e50d9-79cb-4de8-b650-3b3815da5266 | [{'content': 'A 2-year-old child was brought to the emergency depament at 3 AM. The child presented with fever and cough. On examination, respiratory rate was 36/ min, temperature was 39degC and saturation on pulse oximetry was 96%. The child had barking cough and stridor only on crying. Otherwise, the child was hydrated, able to drink and consolable. The nest step in management would be: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Racemic epinephrine nebulization, B. Single dose of dexamethasone, C. Complete blood count and culture, D. Nasal washings for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and influenza', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B (Single dose of dexamethasone)Coicosteroids decrease the edema in the laryngeal mucosa through their anti-inflammatory action.Oral steroids are beneficial, even in mild croup, as measured by reduced hospitalization, shoer duration of hospitalization, and reduced need for subsequent intimations such as epinephrine administration.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | bf1695d4-b341-49a2-9144-aa52d346c645 | [{'content': 'The virus HIV is produced and propagated in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dendritic cells of the lymphnode germinal epithelium, B. Circulating T4 lymphocytes, C. B- lymphocytes, D. Epithelial cells of the sex organs', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | b941a672-c231-45ad-a086-11c1726a8d09 | [{'content': 'Deficiency of nicotinic acid results in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Beri-beri, B. Pellagra, C. Night blindness, D. Pernicious anemia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 5587f082-44da-4a6e-9c8a-d1ee7760bf60 | [{'content': 'At 28 weeks gestation, amniocentesis reveals a AOD 450 of 0.20 which is at the top of third zone of the liley curve. The most appropriate management of such a case is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Immediate delivery, B. Intrauterine transfusion, C. Repeat Amniocentesis after 1 week, D. Plasmapheresis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Management of Rh negative females depends on whether the female is immunized/ nonimmunized. The question which says- what should be done in case of the paitent with 28 weeks pregnancy if ∆ OD lies at the top of Zone 3.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | d29bcd44-fb81-4521-8d9d-9f2e0bfd9a87 | [{'content': 'After a midline laparotomy, you have been asked to suture the incision. What length of suture material will you choose? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 2x incision length, B. 4x incision length, C. 6x incision length, D. 8x incision length', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 4x incision length (Rel. Bailey 27/e p1041, 26/e p965, 25/e p234)According to Jenkins\' rule, optimal ratio of suture length to wound length = 4:1.If less length used than ratio a suture bites are too far apa or too tight.Converse applies if more length than ratio used."', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e261b9d5-6417-4f0e-968d-91fb3dab67e8 | [{'content': 'In response to traumatic occlusal forces, alveolar bone has \nSelect and explain. \nA. Osteoblasts in areas of tension and osteoclasts in areas of pressure, B. Osteoblasts in areas of tension and osteoblasts in areas of pressure, C. Osteoid in areas of tension and osteoblasts in areas of pressure, D. Afunctional atrophy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Surgery | 86c24b0d-be4b-477d-8683-af6094c476d6 | [{'content': 'Class 3 hemorrhagic shock refers to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Blood loss less than 15 %, B. Blood loss between 15 % - 30%, C. Blood loss between 30% - 40%, D. Blood loss more than 40%', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Four classes of Haemorrhagic Shock (According to the ATLS course ) Class Parameter I II III IV Blood loss (%) 0-15% 15-30% 30-40% >40% CNS Slightly anxious Mildly anxious Anxious or confused Confused or lethargic Pulse (Beats/min) < 100 >100 >120 >140 Blood pressure Normal Normal Decreased Decreased Pulse pressure Normal Decreased Decreased Decreased Respiratory rate 14-20/min 20-30 / min 30-40/min > 35/ min Urine (mL/hr) >30 20-30 5-15 Negligible Fluid Crystalloid Crystalloid Crystalloid + Blood Crystalloid + blood Base deficit 0 to -2 mEq/L -2 to -6 mEq/L -6 to -10mEq/L -10mEq/L or less', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Surgery | 139372ab-2365-445d-a053-e978dc9ca6af | [{'content': 'In a school bus accident, which of the following victim you will attend first? \nSelect and explain. \nA. A child with Airway obstruction, B. A child with shock, C. A child with flail chest, D. A child with Severe head injury', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Initial assessment, also termed the primary survey, follows the mnemonic ABCDE: Airway and cervical spine protection, Breathing, Circulation, Disability or neurologic condition, Exposure and environmental control.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2d260373-a96d-47c4-9900-eb490528b37b | [{'content': 'Supplementary retention on the abutment tooth is made\npossible by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Greater bulk of metal, B. Proper cementation technique, C. Shoulder preparation, D. Proper use of pins and grooves', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 2dbbf01a-5a68-40c9-a24f-fd4af9d314e8 | [{'content': 'According to WHO definition, what is the criteria for considering a high endemic area for meningococcal meningitis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. <2 per 1,00,000 population, B. 2-10 per 1,00,000 population, C. >10 per 1,00,000 population, D. >100 per 1,00,000 population', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. >10 per 1,00,000 population (Ref: Park 23/e p165, 22/e pl56)WHO defines highly endemic areas where incidence of meningococcal meningitis as number of cases per 1,00,000 population is >10 cases.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | a0f06c63-7f2e-41cc-807e-d241c0c1f5ee | [{'content': 'Augmented genioplasty is done by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sliding horizontal osteotomy, B. Bone grafts, C. Silicone implants, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 893ad532-01e8-421e-ac71-d5e8dfb882e5 | [{'content': "Which is not a feature of wilson\\'s disease in a child – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fanconi syndrome, B. Sensory changes, C. Hemolytic anemia, D. Chronic active hepatitis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Clinical features of wilson disease in children\n\nAcute or chronic liver disease\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o KF ring\nPsychiatric disturbances\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Hemolytic anemia\nNeurological --> Rigidity, tremer, Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia.\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 o Fanconi syndrome', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9057e801-66cf-41cf-bd68-6c79f8b03a12 | [{'content': 'Which of the following zones is used for melting alloy during casting: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Reducing flame, B. Oxidizing flame, C. Green flame, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 2c4e0c71-ef7f-4f02-a2d3-a7a8860fe37e | [{'content': 'Most important prognostic factor in congenital diaphragmatic hernia – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulmonary hypertension, B. Size of hernia, C. Timing of surgery, D. Gestational age', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: "Compression of the lung results in pulmonary hypoplasia involving both lungs, with the ipsilateral lung being the most affected. In addition to the abnormal airway development, the pulmonary vasculature is distinctly abnormal in that the medial muscular thickness of the arterioles is excessive and extremely sensitive to the multiple local and systemic factors lcnown to trigger vasospasm. Thus, the two main factors that affect morbidity and mortality are pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension."-Sabiston 18th/e p2073', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 77f42ec8-d712-43b7-8160-dd99cad04643 | [{'content': 'A 10 years old child has intrusion of permanent maxillary central incisor. The choice of treatment is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Put tooth in its place and splint it, B. Allow tooth to erupt on its own (spontaneous eruption), C. Treat it orthodontically, D. Do nothing', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 4b912603-51df-4c8b-89de-6d845f666cb1 | [{'content': 'True about diabetic mother is:a) Hyperglycemia occurs in all infants of diabetic mothersb) High incidence of congenital heart anomalies is commonc) Small babyd) Beta agonist drugs are CI during delivery \nSelect and explain. \nA. c, B. d, C. ab, D. bd', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2dc96b3f-39a1-4d38-8177-c3710ed7e586 | [{'content': 'The advantage of metal base denture is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase in tissue tolerance, B. Easy laboratory procedure, C. Rebasing and relining are quite easy, D. Increase in restorative cost', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | a9593a3b-34bf-4de3-b53b-f9e957a0dad5 | [{'content': 'Anti D prophylaxis is administered in all except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. MTP at 63 days, B. Amniocentesis at 16 weeks, C. Manual removal of placenta, D. Intra-uterine transfusion 28 weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D. Intra uterine transfusionAnti D prophylaxis is not given after intrauterine transfusion.Intrauterine transfusion is done to prevent the fetus from dying.If the hydropic fetus is too immature for early delivery, intrauterine transfusion is done.Transfusion is done through intraperitoneal and intravascular routes.This is performed using O-negative, cytomegalovirus negative, washed irradiated packed red cell.The volume to be transfused is roughly calculated by the formula: (weeks of gestation-20) multiplied by 10.Transfusion is repeated whenever fetal hemoglobin levels falls below 10gm/dl.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 376472be-1031-446f-abbd-f35a14669d7f | [{'content': '8 year-old child had fractured his maxillary central incisor\n10-months ago. The pulp shows no response. There is no periapical lesion in the radiograph. The treatment of choice is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ca(OH)2 pulp capping, B. Formocresol pulpotomy, C. Conventional root canal treatment, D. Complete debridement and apexification', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Apexification \nDefinition\n“Apexification is defined as chemically induced root formation by calcium\xa0hydroxide\xa0or\xa0CMCP\xa0in\xa0nonvital\xa0immature,\xa0blunderbuss canals of young permanent teeth.”\nAPEXIFICATION\xa0\nIt is a method of inducing apical closure by formation of mineralized tissue in the apical region of a nonvital permanent\xa0tooth with an incompletely formed root apex.\xa0\nIt is defined as a method to induce development of the\xa0root apex of an immature pulpless tooth by formation of\xa0osteocementum/bone-like tissue (Cohen).\xa0\nApexification is a method of inducing apical closure\xa0through the formation of mineralized tissue in the apical pulp\xa0region of a nonvital tooth with an incompletely formed root\xa0and an open apex (Morse et al. 1990).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 71a5084e-36a1-4cc3-bee0-9de613f5fd24 | [{'content': 'Marked reduction in amount of dentin, widening of predentin layer, presence of large area of interglobular dentin and irregular pattern of dentin is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypocalcified dentin, B. Odonto dysplasia, C. Dentin dysplasia, D. Dentinogenesis imperfecta', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c4caf8e5-f647-49b9-8e91-b5f18d3c24e5 | [{'content': 'One common radiographic finding in clinical gingivitis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vertical bone loss, B. Normal bone pattern, C. Horizontal bone loss, D. Increase in bone density', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 12a8e0d0-21d1-4edf-905d-5e9c415b1a80 | [{'content': "An 11-year-old boy complains of spacing between maxillary incisors. The appropriate treatment is with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hawley's appliance, B. Fixed appliance, C. No treatment, D. Oral screen", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | dfe219a6-198c-476c-9d38-195856bc9b00 | [{'content': 'A traumatized tooth nonvital with or without crown\nfracture is classified as \nSelect and explain. \nA. Class-III, B. Class-IV, C. Class -V, D. Class-VII', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0538f9f4-4dfd-45b8-af71-b9378965104b | [{'content': 'Habits are classified as Intentional and Unintentional by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. William James, B. Kingsley, C. Earnest Klein, D. Finn and Sim', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 04e13397-4705-42d1-acbf-06e59fd3c4ee | [{'content': 'Gingiva is most commonly affected by deficiency of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vitamin A, B. Vitamin D, C. Vitamin C, D. Vitamin B', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | cf0999e9-859a-493a-9746-bd5bbdc4f664 | [{'content': 'Injection of Glucagon is effective for management of persistent hypoglycemia in all EXCEPT – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Large for date baby, B. Galactosemia, C. Infant of diabetic mother, D. Nesidioblastosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Hypoglycemia in hyperinsulinmic state require IM glucagon as treatment.\nGlucagon increases glucose level in blood by Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis.\nBut in galactosemia - Liver is the first organ to be affected, so glucagon will unable to increase glucose as glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis can not occur ion already damaged liver.\n\nNesidioblastosis :\n\nIt is persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia occurs due to 0 - cell hypertrophy in infant of diabetic mother due to continuous maternal hyperglycemia.\nGlucagon is effective in controlling such a hypoglycemic condition.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | db180b6d-8b4e-487e-a47d-7c554c8dad2e | [{'content': 'Which of the following show chemical bond with enamel (calcified tissues)? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Composites, B. Direct filling resins, C. Polycarboxylate cements, D. BIS-GMA resins in pit and fissure sealants', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: When the powder and liquid are mixed, the surface of powder particles are attacked by the acid,\xa0releasing zinc, magnesium and tin ions. These ions bind to the polymer chain via the carboxyl\xa0groups. They also react with carboxyl groups of adjacent polyacid chains to form cross-linked salts. Structure of set cement the hardened cement consists of an amorphous gel matrix of zinc polyacrylate in which unreacted powder particles are dispersed.\nKey concept:-\nZinc polycarboxylate cement was the first dental cement to exhibit chemical bonding to teeth, marking an improvement\xa0over the mechanical bonding of zinc phosphate cement. Zinc polycarboxylate cement is not used for restorative purposes\xa0because the cement is opaque.\nRef: Phillips Ed 12th P: 318', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | 25ad5741-fdb7-49d7-b985-aa021e70a967 | [{'content': "'Store in a cool place' is written on a drug label. It means drug should be stored at a temperature of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. -2 degree Celsius, B. 0 degree Celsius, C. 2-8 degree Celsius, D. 8-15 degree Celsius", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: STORAGE TEMPRATURES: LABEL WHERE TO KEEP TEMPRATURE Keep frozen Inside freezer -20 degree celsius Keep cold Inside refrigerator; outside freezer 2-8 degree celsius Keep cool Outside refrigerator 8-15 degree Celsius(in USA); 8-25 degree Celsius (in India)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 08fc1a87-43dd-42aa-97ba-3510c4944fdb | [{'content': 'During autopsy of a patient died due to suspected myocardial infarction, the hea was stained with triphenyltetrazolium tetrachloride dye. What will be the color of the ble myocardium? \nSelect and explain. \nA. White, B. Red, C. Blue, D. Dark Brown', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B(Ref: Robbins 9/e p544)Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain:Impas a brick-red color to intact, non-infracted myocardium where dehydrogenase enzymes are preserved.Acute Ml - Early morphologic recognition:Infarct preceding death by 2 to 3 hours:Highlighting area of necrosis by immersion of tissue slices in a solution of triphenyltetrazolium chloride.Gross histochemical stain impas brick-red color to intact, non-infarcted myocardium where lactate dehydrogenase activity is preserved.Dehydrogenases leaks out damaged membranes of dead cells.Hence, an infarct appears as an unstained pale zone.By 12 to 24 hours after infarction:MI identified grossly as a reddish-blue area of discoloration.Caused by stagnated, trapped blood.By 2 days to 10 days:Infarct becomes progressively more sharply defined, yellow-tan & soft.By 10 days to 2 weeks:Rimmed by a hyperemic zone of highly vascularised granulation tissue.Over succeeding weeks:Fibrous scar', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 361849c8-ca2f-4200-89c4-8642afe7a273 | [{'content': 'ADA specification for orthodontic wires is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 32, B. 30, C. 27, D. 25', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: 26 - Dental X-ray Equipment\xa0\n27 - Resin-Based Filling Materials (Direct filling materials)\xa0\n28 - Endodontic Files and Reamers (Hand Use)\xa0\n30 - Dental Zinc Oxide Eugenol and Zinc Oxide Non-Eugenol Cements\xa0\n31 - Exposure time designation for timers of dental X-ray machines\n32 - Orthodontic Wires\n33 -\xa0Dental Terminology / Vocabulary', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1879dad4-5bba-48db-bc78-07c64447bf24 | [{'content': 'Frankfort - horizontal is a reference plane constructed by joining which of the following landmarks? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nasion and Sella, B. Porion and Sella, C. Porion and Nasion, D. Porion and Orbitale', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f9d91919-027f-4873-9eae-833e671bcd87 | [{'content': 'Gum pads are divided into following segments: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 3 in each quadrant, B. 2 in each jaw, C. 5 in each quadrant, D. 2 in each quadrant', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1e199c58-ba61-4f85-b84a-578c3f10a294 | [{'content': 'A youthful feminine smile have all the characteristics except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Golden proportion is followed, B. Closure of incisor embrasure, C. Rounding of incisal line angles, D. Softened facial line angles', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 01c2e93f-70e6-417c-b779-c037ee975bff | [{'content': 'Release of synaptic vesicle from presynaptic terminal is inhibited by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Inhibition of conduction of nerve impulse, B. Prevention of sodium influx, C. Prevention of calcium influx, D. Prevention of depolarization of nerve terminal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C (Prevention of calcium influx)-The release of the synaptic vesicles from the presynaptic terminal is inhibited by the prevention of Ca2+ influx.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | ce006581-8574-4698-a860-c156bca0c8be | [{'content': 'What will be the 95% confidence interval (CI) for an estimated prevalence of 10% and a sample size of 100? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 18-Feb, B. 16-Apr, C. 13-Jul, D. Given data inadequate for calculation of class intervals.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. 4-16', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 34767783-a55d-4afd-a841-a8e38b6696ae | [{'content': 'Greatest movement is seen in which type of joint: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amphiarthroses., B. Diarthroses., C. Synarthroses., D. None.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | ce41e98c-3f43-4c6a-9dbb-74c77dc10584 | [{'content': 'Extra-embryonic mesoderm is derived from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epiblast, B. Primary yolk sac, C. Secondary yolk sac, D. Hypoblast', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Primary yolk sac(Ref Gray's. 41/e p169, 40/e p167, 173, 186-189; Langmuir S 13/e p45,'Pe p54-55)Extra-embryonic mesoderm is derived from primary yolk sac.Formed by delamination of yolk sae cells - later by migration of cells through primitive streak during gastrulation.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | a1a5bb6c-c9f8-4c6f-874c-8be9255e7314 | [{'content': 'Not true about vibrio cholera is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase water and sodium loss by debilitating diarrhoea, B. Toxic protein is cholera toxin, C. Activate adenylatecyclase, D. Gram positive rod', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f99d10c3-4fe6-41bd-a6f7-e5aa85014103 | [{'content': 'A 7-years girl with single tooth crossbite came to clinic what should be treatment plan: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Wait till all permanent teeth erupt, B. Removable appliance therapy, C. Immediate intervention therapy, D. Extraction of tooth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7845514d-6bb2-460f-a203-351dffc13abf | [{'content': 'Most prominent lingual fossa in Incisors is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Upper Lateral incisor, B. Lower Lateral Incisor, C. Upper Central Incisor, D. Lower Central Incisor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 34c40855-d9e8-48a6-aedd-c214e19de1fd | [{'content': 'Finger with two dorsal interossei attached? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Little, B. Index, C. Middle, D. Ring', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans.C. Middle1st: largest; lateral side of index finger2nd and 3rd: both attach to either side of 3rd (middle) finger4th: medial side of 4th (ring) finger', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | dc99feed-a4eb-42de-84bb-f86f4f1812ac | [{'content': 'Most common malignant bone tumor in child: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Osteosarcoma, B. Ewing sarcoma, C. Metastatic carcinoma, D. Osteoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 4982eef9-e03f-4b52-af7d-e0e2f588358e | [{'content': 'A 29-year-old, 4 months pregnant primigravida has history of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. She has been regularly taking sodium valproate and now presents requesting for an opinion for a change in her anti-epileptic treatment. What would you sugeets her? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Immediately taper off valproate and sta lamotrigine, B. Switch to carbamazepine, C. Continue valproate and serial drug monitoring in blood, D. Add lamotrigine to valproate', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer: c. Continue valproate and serial drug monitoring in blood (Ref Harrison I9/e p2544, 18/e p3269)Continue valproate with serial drug monitoring in the blood of the 4-month old patient having history of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | ee5093ed-0f38-4c1f-a70a-13548b8779f7 | [{'content': 'Which of the following would you consider ohostatic hypotension? \nSelect and explain. \nA. SBP fall by 20 mm hg, DBP fall by 10 mm hg within 3 minutes, B. SBP fall by 20 mm hg, DBP fall by 10 mm Hg within 6 minutes, C. SBP fall by 30 mm hg, DBP fall by 20 mm Hg within 3 minutes, D. SBP fall by 30 mm hg, DBP fall by 20 mm hg within 6 minutes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. SBP fall by 20 mm hg, DBP fall by 10 mm hg within 3 minutesOhostatic hypotension is defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg within three minutes of standing when compared with blood pressure from the sitting or supine position.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | ca2561d2-80a5-439b-949c-98d7c9dfb448 | [{'content': 'What is NOT a major criteria for Rheumatic heart disease – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Arthritis, B. Carditis, C. Subcutaneous nodule, D. Raised ASLO titer', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | af165621-880c-4bde-9256-f9283df3344e | [{'content': 'Which of the following is not used as an antiflux? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Graphite, B. Boric acid, C. Iron oxide, D. Calcium carbonate with alcohol', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: The flow of the flux and hence the solder can be limited by the use of an antiflux, which should be applied to the surface before the flux is applied.\nZinc oxides in alcohol, rouge (iron oxide) in chloroform, whiting (calcium carbonate) in alcohol and graphite suspension are the commonly used antifluxes.\nKey comment :\nThe boric acid/borax acts as flux.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 82d8a2c1-ed91-4fb4-b167-d04a59d3cee0 | [{'content': 'Cerebellar lesion can produce all of the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nystagmus, B. Past pointing, C. Resting tremor, D. Ataxic gait', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Resting tremor(Ref Harrison 19/e p2618, I8/e p3238)Intention tremors - Cerebellar lesions.Resting tremors - Basal ganglia diseases (Parkinsonism).Parkinson disease:Characterized by resting tremor, essential tremor (ET) by a postural tremor (trying to sustain a posture).Cerebellar disease:Tremors by intention or kinetic tremor (on reaching to touch a target).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 425b33ea-99cf-4c20-830d-bcab7bed527c | [{'content': 'Enzymes elevated in the plasma in MI \nSelect and explain. \nA. CPK-MB, B. SGOT (AST), C. LDH, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 838f8aa6-e9c7-4e24-ae4b-d430371f9e27 | [{'content': 'An 18 years old girl presents with primary amenorrhea. On evaluation, she was having a karyotype of 45X0 and infantile uterus. What should he done next? \nSelect and explain. \nA. H to induce pubey, B. Vaginoplasty, C. Clitoroplasty, D. Bilateral gonadectomy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Bilateral gonadectomyHistory of primary amenorrhea, karyotype of 45X0 & infantile uterus is suggestive of Turner's syndrome. Approximately 5% of women with Turner's syndrome have a karyotype with Y chromosome (45X/46XY). It is impoant to identify' a Y chromosome because affected individuals are at significant risk of gonadoblastoma (20 to 30%). Therefore, prophylactic gonadectomy should be performed.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 77e009e5-3114-4561-a767-b0e6940ef658 | [{'content': 'Palatoglossus develops from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Occipital myotomes, B. Lingual swelling of first arch, C. Third arch, D. Mesoderm of sixth arch', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Muscles of tongue develop from occipital myotomes, so the cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve) supplies all intrinsic and three extrinsic muscles. Only palatoglossus is supplied by cranial root of accessory through pharyngeal plexus and is developed from mesoderm of sixth arch.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 1869d0ec-8ec2-4de2-8a71-f30ed89f6c8e | [{'content': 'Benzodiazepine antagonist is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Flumazenil, B. Furazolidone, C. Naloxone, D. Naltrexone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | caf724b6-82da-46cf-8d55-ed16513faf46 | [{'content': 'In which of the following tumor MRI is better than CT Scan.. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Brochogenic Carcinoma, B. SCC of lung, C. Mesothelioma, D. Pancost tumor', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. Pancost tumorMRI: An at uncovering the extent to which a tumor has invaded other structures', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | f7440f57-de36-4bf3-9fd7-f2b6048a472a | [{'content': 'Glucocorticoids decrease inflammatory reaction by reducing: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Activity of histamine, B. Release of histamine, C. Fibroblastic activity, D. Neutrophils', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 7e7eb34c-f362-459d-8bf5-7c485e460260 | [{'content': "Inca bone or Goethe's ossicles is a sutural bone present in? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bregma, B. Lambda, C. Pterion, D. Asterion", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Wormian bones, also known as intra sutural bones, are extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium. These are irregular isolated bones that appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium. An isolated wormian bone at the lambda is referred as an Inca bone or Goethe\'s ossicle. Inca bones are also named as interparietal bones as they lie in between the two limbs of the lambdoid suture of the parietal bones.\nWormian bones are a marker for some diseases and important in the primary diagnosis of brittle bone disease: osteogenesis imperfecta.\nWormian bones may also be seen in:\n\nPycnodysostosis\nOsteogenesis imperfecta\nRickets "Kinky-hair: Menke\'s syndrome\nCleidocranial dysostosis\nHypoparathyroidism and hypophosphatasia\nOtopalatodigital syndrome\nPrimary acro-osteolysis\nDown syndrome', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | 425262d7-1238-4195-a713-1cb8befefd2d | [{'content': 'Anti-centromere antibodies are seen in which of the following conditions? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Drug-induced lupus, B. SLE, C. Sjogren syndrome, D. Scleroderma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: It is seen in Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma). Limited form of scleroderma known as CREST syndrome is characterised by presence of anti-centromere antibodies positive and generalized form shows anti-topoisomerase antibodies Anti-histone antibodies are positive in drug-induced lupus. Anti-SS-A (RO) antibodies and anti-SS-B(LA) antibodies are positive in Sjogren's Syndrome. Most specific in SLE: anti ds-DNA and Anti-Smith antibodies", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 47987536-7408-420b-9f9a-9e968f645ae6 | [{'content': 'You have been called to declare a brain dead l2-year-ord chitd in pICU, all ofthe given are signs of brain death except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Normal BP without pharmacological suppo, B. Positive spinal reflexes on stimulation, C. Sweating and tachycardia, D. Decoicate and decerebrate posturing', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Decoicate and decerebrate posturingRef Dhanwate AD. Brainstem death: A comprehensive review in Indian perspective' [ndian Journal o/ Critical Care Medicine : Peer-reviev,ed, o.fficiat pul.tlicalion of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine. 2014;18(9):596-605. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.140151. Goila AK, Pawar M. The diagnosis of brain death. Indian Jrurnal of Critical Care Medicine; Peer-reviewed, o.fficial publication of Indian Society of Critical Corc Madicine. 2009;I 3(I ):7-11. doi: I 0.4103/0972-5229.53 I0t.Diagnosis of brain death in India:Who should diagnose:Team of four medical expes includingMedical Administrator In charge of the hospital.AuthorizedSpecialistAuthorized Neurologist/Neuro-SurgeonMedical Officer treating the patient.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 0a886092-8f73-480c-a0e5-c3703a4f6c03 | [{'content': 'All of the following are derived from mesonephros except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Paroophoron, B. Vas deferens, C. Epididymis, D. Glomerulus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. GlomerulusMesonephric / Wolffian duct (Main genital duct of males):I. Structure formed: "PUT A DEEP semen"Posterior wall of prostate urethra, cranial to openings of ejaculatory duct.Ureteric buds forming ureter, pelvis, calyces & collecting tubule.Trigone of bladder.Appendix of epididymis (not testis).Ductus deferens.Epididymis.Ejaculatory ducts.Prostate (mesodermal pa).Seminal vesicles.II. Remnants: "SIP":Superior aberrant ductile (epigenital tubule)Inferior aberrant ductile.Paradidymis (para-genital tubule).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | f8dab76a-a9f8-408d-ad30-fd8a5d1b74ab | [{'content': 'A phenomenon by which a sustance appears different under varying conditions of colour is called as? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mesomerism, B. Metamerism, C. Fluorescence, D. Refractive index', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Metamerism: Objects that appear to be color matched, under one type of light may appear different when viewed under another source of light. This phenomenon is called as metamerism. if possible the color matching, therefore, should be done two different sources of light, one of them preferably should be daylight. Phenomenon in which porcelain appears different under varying light condition is metamerism\nFluorescence: Natural tooth sometimes absorbsthe light of a shorter wavelength in addition to the wavelengths of the normal visible light. The energy the tooth absorbs by ultraviolet radiation is converted into the visible light of larger wavelengths. In such cases, the tooth itself becomes a source of light and this phenomenon is called fluorescence. Fluorescence contributes to the brightness and a vital appearance of the tooth.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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