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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | dc8d9432-3981-45b5-b559-6cfaccb013f4 | [{'content': 'Which of the following does not occur in High Copper Amalgam? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Electrochemical Corrosion, B. Chemical Corrosion, C. Penetrating Corrosion, D. Corrosion does not occur at all', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 04b5defc-1a24-4b6f-b647-4f87f2f82fe0 | [{'content': 'Tendon of Gracilis, Sartorius and semitendenous muscles insert on tibia to form Pesanserinus. Similar structure is seen in \nSelect and explain. \nA. TMJ, B. Parotid, C. Submandibular gland, D. Cheek', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | d96e31f1-b13f-4127-bc59-7e3147a02ab7 | [{'content': 'Technique of root coverage called as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Langer and langer technique, B. Pouch and tunnel technique., C. Azis technique., D. Bruno technique', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | b7b14d8f-2501-431e-afcd-e8b43dfb39f1 | [{'content': 'All of these can be used for post-coital contraception except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Desogestrel, B. Copper-T, C. Levonorgestrel, D. OCP', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Desogestrel(Ref Williams 24/e p714).Desogestrel is not used as post-coital contraceptive.Drugs used for Emergency ContraceptionDrugDoseLevonorgestrel0.75 mg stat and after 12 hoursdegEthinyl estradiol 50 pg + Norgestrel 0.25 mg2 tab stat and 2 after 12 hoursdegConjugated estrogen15 mg BD x 5 daysEthinyl estradiol2.5 mg BD x 5 daysMifepristoneInseion of an IUCD within maximum period of 5-7 days after accidental unprotected exposure.It prevents implantation but is not suitable for women with multiple sex paners and for rape victimsCentchroman2 tablets (60 mg) to be taken twice at an in interval of 12 hours within 24 hours of intercourse.UlipristalInseion of an IUCD within maximum period of 5-7 days after accidental unprotected exposure.It prevents implantation but is not suitable for women with multiple sex paners and for rape victims.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 61743cfc-eb0c-46e4-a5ee-a26761c03561 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is known as corner stone of behavior management: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Modelling., B. Tell Show Do., C. Contigency management., D. Communication.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | ca191087-1d29-41a5-bf8b-0bae2acebae3 | [{'content': 'Medial dislocation of fractured condyle in subcondylar fracture is caused by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lateral pterygoid, B. Medial pterygoid, C. Masseter, D. Temporalis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 2dfa15d3-3d8e-49ee-841d-4e3a6fbde317 | [{'content': 'Unstable Angina, True is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chest pain occurs at rest., B. Pain lasts for 10 minutes., C. Pain subsides on rest., D. All of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Unstable Angina\n\nChest Pain at rest\nPain > 10 min\nPain at rest.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | c3912ad4-4fc5-44cb-b861-dbc21f74567e | [{'content': 'A known 60-year-old male Diabetic and hypeensive patient was found unconscious in the morning. On examination pulse- 120, bp- 180/100 and there was positive extensor plantar. What is next step to be done? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Order CT scan, B. Immediately reduces bp with antihypeensives, C. Give I/v mannitol, D. Check blood glucose', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Check blood glucoseQuick assessment of Blood sugar should be done to rule out hypo or hyperglycemia is needed.In hypoglycemic coma, the eyeball tension is normal, there is profuse sweating and the plantar responses are extensor always either normal or subnormal in uncomplicated cases of either condition.It is well to remember that although a comatose patient is a known diabetic, the diagnosis is not always one of 'hyper- or hypo-glycaemia.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | fbeaf59e-0828-4af8-8b1b-024f50e88857 | [{'content': 'Which of the following movement(s) is /are involved in the opening of the mouth? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Only hinge (rotation), B. Only translation, C. Hinge followed by translation, D. Translation followed by hinge', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | b613ede7-ef92-42f9-873b-aa04c229373e | [{'content': 'Dental plaque is formed by reaction of enzymes on: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sucrose and lipids, B. Glucose and proteins, C. Glucose and lipids, D. Sucrose and saliva', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 4391391c-04bb-4ca1-abba-9f4b3a6c2a81 | [{'content': 'A 76 - year - old female presented with non - healing ulcer on labia majora for 6 months measuring 2 x 3 cm with no palpable lymphadenopathy. Biopsy shows Squamous cell carcinoma. Management of this patient includes? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Radical vulvectomy with sentinal LN biopsy, B. Wide excision, C. Simple vulvectomy, D. Chemoradiation with resection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Non- Healing Ulcer, 2x3 cm, no palpable lymphadenopathy concludes to stage Ib of Ca Vulva. Staging of Ca vulva Stage I Limited to vulva IA IB Size - < 2 cm, Invasion - < 1 mm Size - < 2 cm, Invasion - > 1 mm Stage II Adiacent organ femoral LN involvement Lower 1/3rdvagina Lower 1/3rdof urethra, anus Stage III Inguinal femoral LN involvement IIIAi Aii One LN - > 5mm One or Two LN - < 5m IIIBi Bii Two LN - > 5mm More than 3 LN - < 5mm III C LN involvement ?, with extra capsular spread Stage IV IV Ai Aii Upper urethra, upper vagina, rectal involvement Growth stuck to pelvic bone Fixed or ulcerated LN IV B Distant metastasis Pelvic LN Treatment: Stage IA- Wide excision Stage I & II- Radical vulvectomy with sentinal LN biopsy If negative- Radical vulvectomy alone If positive- Radical vulvectomy + LN removal Stage III & IV- Chemoradiation with resection', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 85a6ecaa-1c7f-403c-b2b5-3bda0b47068f | [{'content': 'The most appropriate method of testing the statistical significance of the differences between means of two groups is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chi square test, B. Multiple regression analysis, C. Correlation coefficient analysis, D. Student test', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Surgery | a9eacca0-36c6-4171-996c-d7c4d75f42df | [{'content': 'A 4 years old child was brought to the hospital with right impalpable testsis. During diagnostic laparoscopy for undescended testis, there are blind testicular vessels. What should be done next? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Abdominal exploration, B. Nothing is to be done, C. Inguinal exploration, D. Scrotal exploration', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Undescended test (UDT) Palpable UDT Inguinal Exploration Non- Palpable UDT Diagnostic Laparoscopy', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | deb040bd-9d07-444c-bae9-ae2b1c309ea5 | [{'content': 'A lady presented with fatigue and tingling sensation in both hands and legs. On examination, she is found to have a fissured red tongue, lesions at angle of mouth and peripheral neuropathy with a decreased RBC glutathione reductase activity. What is the likely deficient vitamin? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Riboflavin, B. Vitamin B12, C. Thiamine, D. Vitamin B6', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. RiboflavinClinical Manifestations of Riboflavin deficiency:Cheilosis, glossitis, lingual desquamation seborrheic dermatitisKeratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal vascularisation', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 06c8d324-ca85-489e-a010-da67157a3240 | [{'content': 'Minimum dosage of tetracycline which will show tooth discoloration is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 5 mg/kg body weight, B. 20 mg/kg body weight, C. 50 mg/kg body weight, D. 80 mg/kg body weight', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 189b5073-7b54-4050-a030-0a519558f18e | [{'content': 'Mass Drug Administration is helpful is used/effective for all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lymphatic Filariasis, B. Vit A Deficiency, C. Worm Infestation, D. Scabies', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer. D. Scabies * Mass chemoprophylaxis, i.e, chemoprophylaxis given to a large number of people, is recommended in yaws, pinta, bejel, trachoma,Vit A Deficiency, Worm Infestation, malaria and filaria.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 9b33051b-e39d-4342-acd7-8bc45abdf2d6 | [{'content': 'A person of eonism derives pleasure from. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Wearing clothes of opposite sex, B. Fondling female body pas, C. Rubbing genitalia against body of other person, D. Seeing the opposite paner nude', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Wearing clothes of opposite sexIt is a person whose personality is dominated by the desire to be identified with the opposite sex It is usuallyfound in males who obtain sexual pleasure by wearingfemale dress.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 461c8a4f-a185-459a-879b-c3d15b2a4682 | [{'content': 'Normal growth of maxilla occurs by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Displacement and drift, B. Drift only, C. Apposition, D. Replacement resorption', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Growth of the nasomaxillary complex:\nThe nasomaxillary complex consists of the bones and cartilages of the nose and maxilla. Growth of the nasomaxillary complex occurs by primary growth, secondary displacement and surface remodelling.\nThe maxilla displaces downward and forward due to sutural growth at its posterior margins, while surface resorptive changes lead to deepening of its facial surface. Drift is brought about by deposition on one side and resorption on the opposite side of the same cortical plate. The classical example of cortical drift is provided by growth of the facial surface of the maxilla.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Orthopaedics | 7b9b3255-7a24-4c61-bc2f-cadcb051e294 | [{'content': "All are true about PCL except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. It's a extra synol structure, B. Primary restrain for post dislocation of knee joint, C. Primary restrain for internal rotation around knee joint, D. Attached to medical femoral condyle", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: * Both ACL and PCL are intra-capsular, extra synol structures.* PCL prevents posterior dislocation of knee joint* PCL is attached to medial femoral condyle * It is a restraint for external rotation of the leg hence, PCL is tested by external rotation on Dial test', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 2cf2c4e4-e50a-494e-9894-50ed2d50df63 | [{'content': 'The strength of association between the risk factor and disease is measured by \nSelect and explain. \nA. Attributable risk, B. Absolute risk of the variable, C. Odds ratio/Relative risk, D. P-value', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Odds ratio/Relative riskThe strength of association between the risk factor and disease is measured by the Odds ratio/Relative risk.The estimation of disease risk associated with exposure is obtained by an index known as relative risk (RR) or risk ratio, which is defined as the ratio between the incidence of disease among exposed persons and incidence among non-exposed.Odds ratio (Cross product ratio):From a case-control study, we can derive what is known as the odds ratio (OR) which is a measure of the strength of the association between risk factor and outcome.Odds ratio is closely related to relative risk.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | f681a332-bcb8-4fdf-98da-ca4e560f00d2 | [{'content': 'A researcher wants to (to a study of blood levels of lipids among people who smoke and those who do not. But he is now concerned that the smokers might differ from non-smokers in their diet, exercise, etc as well. This concern is known as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Recall bias, B. Information bias, C. Selection bias, D. Interviewer bias', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Selection bias(Ref Park 24/e p78, 88, 23/e p73, 22/e p71; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics); http://sphweb. hume.hu.echdollt/mph-modules)Selection bias:Groups to be compared are differentially susceptible to outcome of interest, even before experimental maneuver is performed.Also referred as "Susceptibility bias".In the given question, researcher is concerned that the smokers might differ from non-smokers in their diet, exercise, etc.Hence, this concern is known as selection bias.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | eabcc7ad-f64c-4f79-8b3a-987e57863144 | [{'content': 'All of the following are components of manning score/Biophysical score except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Non stress test, B. Oxytocin challenge test, C. Fetal body movement, D. Respiratory activity of child', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 7a163b43-2355-4789-aa99-a116c1a3ca00 | [{'content': 'Carbamazepine has been utilized to successfully diminish attacks in trigeminal neuralgia. During this therapy, which of the following is indicated? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Clinical observation only, B. Clinical observation and complete blood and platelet counts prior to and at frequent intervals during therapy, C. No monitoring, D. Complete blood investigation, only if adverse symptoms arise', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Aplastic anemia and leucopenia are rare complications of carbamazepine therapy. So, the patients receiving carbamazepine must have periodic hematological laboratory investigations.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | 99f0588d-fd2b-405a-ac4e-5615d0533fff | [{'content': 'Patient underwent surgery at the lateral pa of the skull. Postoperatively patient had aspirations without voice change \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vagus, B. RLN, C. Glossopharyngeal, D. SLN', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. D (Superior Laryngeal nerve)* Vagus, RLN involvement leads to hoarseness of the voice* SLN divide into internal and external laryngeal* External laryngeal nerve supplies only one muscle- cricothyroid - tensor* Internal laryngeal nerve- safety nerve of larynx- prevents aspiration and supplies supraglottic pa of larynx.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a59b9fe8-ab81-4f9c-9b65-10df248b3f49 | [{'content': 'Touidine blue is to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Differentiate between malignant transformation, B. Differentiate lichen planus from Leukoplakia, C. Differentiate between pemphigus and lichen planus, D. Differentiate between candidiasis & leukoplakia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | ef35d544-203c-4f85-bfe7-a04f8bae3e96 | [{'content': 'Investigation of choice for a lesion of the temporal bone is \nSelect and explain. \nA. X-ray, B. USG, C. CT, D. MRI', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Anatomy | b5245692-7504-44d2-8cf9-af7148c567dc | [{'content': 'Ligamentum flavum consists of which fibres:- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Type-I collagen, B. Type-II collagen, C. Reticular, D. Elastic', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ligamentum flavum pass b/w the laminae of adjacent veebrae. They consist of predominantly elastic tissue form pa of the posterior surface of the veebral canal. Function: Resist separation of the laminae in flexion & assist in extension back to anatomical position. .', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | d6094ebe-a5b0-49fe-8443-6d9eeabff0fb | [{'content': 'Acanthosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase in mitotic division, B. Increase in thickness of superficial layer, C. Increase in thickness of spinous Layer, D. Disruption of basal lamina', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 014ba2fe-d596-4265-bf46-616641ea4a9f | [{'content': 'A G3P2, pregnant comes to your clinic at 18 weeks of gestation for genetic counselling. She has a history of two kids born with thalassemia major. Which test would you recommend now? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amniocentesis, B. Chorionic villus sampling, C. Cordocentesis, D. Non-invasive prenatal testing', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Cordocentesis(Ref Williams 24/e p300; (Thai 8/e p341-344)Recommended test - Cordocentesis.As patient is presenting at 18 weeks - Quick method diagnosing thalassemia antenatally needed.Note:Legal age of aboion is only till 20 weeks.Fetal blood karyotyping accomplished within 24 to 48 hours.Significantly quicker than (7- to 10-day turnaround time with amniocentesis or CVS).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | d26dbe83-6baf-4be0-bbcc-13285d6e6079 | [{'content': 'Excision of the submandibular gland for calculus or tumours is done by incision below angle of the jaw. Special care should be taken to avoid which nerve? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ansa cervicalis, B. Mandibular branch of facial nerve, C. Posterior auricular nerve, D. Submandibular ganglion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 9e8038c4-e848-450c-8f57-f9bfa7b75fb0 | [{'content': 'The most common problem with blood transfusion is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hemolytic reaction, B. Remission of disease, C. Hypokalemia, D. Metabolic acidosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 8c5c9f90-f367-4a1c-84d2-50a39833588d | [{'content': 'A man has 1x1.5cm pedunculated lesion on the soft palate which has a rough, "warty" surface but is the same colour as adjacent mucosa. Appropriate management of this lesion is to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Perform an incisional biopsy, B. Perform excisional biopsy, C. Scrape for exfoliative cytology, D. Observe for two weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 5963ab9b-34a2-4d45-acc6-d7688d671080 | [{'content': 'A lady complains of headache, nausea and tenderness in temporal region with migraine. On microscopic investigation what will be seen \nSelect and explain. \nA. Temporal aneurysm, B. Giant cell arteritis, C. Granulomatous giant cell lesions, D. Luminal thrombosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c81737c5-c5eb-4b37-94c9-492808675a80 | [{'content': 'Chlorhexidine mouth rinsing: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Specifically inhibits gram-negative bacteria, B. Can inhibit subgingival plaque, C. May disturb taste sensation, D. Can only be obtained on prescription', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 38c0c9e6-009c-4ef1-a3ae-2e3aacd715e7 | [{'content': 'Black foot is seen in which poisoning? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Arsenic, B. Lead, C. Mercury, D. Phosphorus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Black foot disease is caused by arsenic poisoning since it causes thrombosis of vessels and may cause peripheral gangrene. Mnemonic Arsenic poisoning A - Anemia / Aldrich Mee's line / Arsenophagist (Tolerate upto 300mg ) R - Rain drop pigmentation / Reinsch test / Red velvety mucosa S - Sub endocardial hemorrhages / Sensory neuropathy E - Eruptions N - NAA I - Imbibition of arsenic ( Arsenic imbibed from surrounding soils after death ) / before treated iron oxide C - Cumulative poison / Cholera like symptom / Chelation for treatment", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 0864d31c-bba4-4d83-8870-89f1d171f705 | [{'content': 'All the following are true about imaging in primary survey of a trauma patient except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cervical X-ray is not mandatory, B. Chest X-ray and pelvic X-ray are taken as a pa of primary survey, C. Hemodynamically unstable patients should not be sent for CT scan, D. All patients should have chest X-ray-PA view only', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D. All patients should have chest X-ray-PA view onlyChest X-ray and X-ray pelvis are taken in AP view in the adjuncts to the primary survey of a trauma patient.The steps in the ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Suppo):Primary survey with simultaneous resuscitation - identify and treat what is killing the patientSecondary survey - proceed to identify all other injuriesDefinitive care - develop a definitive management planABCDE of trauma care:Airway assessment and protection (maintain cervical spine stabilization when appropriate)Breathing and ventilation assessment (maintain adequate oxygenation)Circulation assessment (control hemorrhage and maintain adequate end-organ perfusion)Disability assessment (perform basic neurologic evaluation)Exposure, with environmental control (undress patient and search everywhere for possible injury, while preventing hypothermia)Adjuncts to the primary survey:Blood - FBC, urea and electrolytes, clotting screen, glucose, toxicology, cross-matchECGTwo wide-bore 18G cannulae for intravenous fluidsUrinary and gastric cathetersRadiographs of the cervical spine and chestLateral cervical spine, chest AP view, and pelvis AP view are done when necessary.Other more specialized forms of imaging, such as ultrasound, computerized tomography, angiography, and diagnostic peritoneal lavage, should be considered after the secondary survey and only when the patient is stable after initial resuscitation.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 1b230bb6-80df-4b4f-89a4-0610161bbb51 | [{'content': 'Radiographs of a 40 year old female revealed radiolucent\nareas around several of her mandibular teeth, all which tested vital on the electric pulp tester. These areas represent \nSelect and explain. \nA. Multiple granulomas, B. Periapical osteofibroses, C. Chronic periapical abscesses, D. Bone hypoplasias associated with opalescent teeth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4e9993a8-951b-44b2-b451-0d1bbb3f3060 | [{'content': 'Tooth brush abrasions are more common on the \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mandibular teeth, on the right half of the arch, B. Mandibular teeth, on the left half of the arch, C. Maxillary teeth, on the right half of the arch, D. Maxillary teeth, on the left half of the arch', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anaesthesia | d2198d20-fa7b-4abd-a3f6-d849ee0973fb | [{'content': 'A patient is undergoing MRND for laryngeal malignancy; while dissecting the venous tributaries the surgeon elevated the internal jugular vein for ligation. Suddenly the patients EtCO2 dropped from 3g mmHg to 12 mmHg and the patient developed hypotension along with cardiac arrhythmia. Which of the following is most likely cause?? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sympathetic overactivity, B. Vagal stimulation, C. Venous air embolism, D. Carotid body stimulation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C: Venous air embolismRef Millers anesthesia &h ed-, pg. 2170.Diagnosis standard of care is precordial doppler (left or right parastemal, between 2nd and 3rd ribs) + ETC02 monitoring although this is not the most sensitive test - TEE is most sensitive.Pulmonary aery pressure will rise, and CO2 will fall alter VAE.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 585bc690-6b58-447f-941c-95f18ee8152d | [{'content': 'In amalgam filling there is a wide buccolingual space, the wedge technique used should be (OR) If you are going to restore lower molar with amalgam which is having cavity with proximal box wide buccolingually which wedging technique will you use \nSelect and explain. \nA. Double wedge, B. Wedge wedge, C. Single wedge, D. No wedge', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | ce105c22-1b50-4921-8dc6-da85a4000133 | [{'content': 'Hypertonic salt solutions are used in all, except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Burn, B. Brain injury patient, C. Prolonged bowel surgery, D. Cardiac type IV shock', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Orthopaedics | 44cc205e-7682-4501-aed2-4896371856c2 | [{'content': 'Flexion, adduction and internal rotation is characteristic posture in - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior dislocation of hip joint, B. Posterior dislocation of hip joint, C. Fracture of femoral head, D. Fracture shaft of femur', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 6fb3845d-5d6a-4867-850f-ec9cc51976be | [{'content': 'Ratio of upper anterior facial height to lower anterior facial height is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. 55:45:00, B. 60:40:00, C. 40:60, D. 45:55:00', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: The ratio of upper anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height ratio is 45:55. It decreases with age.\nN-Sn occupying 45% and\xa0 Sn-Gn 55% of the total height.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f4f1be65-d615-4550-b159-a85d27b8b518 | [{'content': 'Saliva which is formed in salivary glands, when passes from salivary gland to duct orifices, it undergoes numerous ion exchanges and as a result\nsaliva become ____________ as compared to plasma: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypertonic sometimes, B. Hypotonic, C. Isotonic, D. Hypertonic always', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 453cceb9-0d23-47f8-95d8-0b0f3d7217c0 | [{'content': 'Palatine process began to fuse at \nSelect and explain. \nA. 10 weeks post fertilisation, B. 8 weeks post fertilisation, C. 6 weeks post fertilisation, D. 12 weeks post fertilisation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 575acac4-e189-40a7-937e-4e723b0f0225 | [{'content': 'Mandibular Molar is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tritubercular teeth, B. Quadritubercular teeth, C. Haplodont, D. Triconodont', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 2c0bfd6d-2451-4961-8155-6c0a739e7f1c | [{'content': "Which of the following statements about tRNA molecules is false? \nSelect and explain. \nA. The enzyme that attaches an amino acid to a tRNA is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, B. Although composed of a single strand of RNA, each molecule contains several sho, double-helical regions, C. The amino acid attachment is always to 3' end of the molecule., D. There is at least one tRNA for each of the 2 amino acids", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer-D. There is at least one tRNA for each of the 2 amino acids* There is at least one tRNA for each of the 2 amino acids RNA which transfer amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosomal protein synthesizing machinery* Clover leaf shape in the secondary structure.* L-shaped teiary structure, Single tRNA contains 74-95 nucleotides.* Cytoplasmic translation system Possess 31 tRNA species* Mitochondrial system Possess 22 tRNAs'Contain significant propoion of nucleosides with unusual bases.* Dihydro uridine (contain Dihydrouracil)* Pseudouridine* Inosine (contain Hypoxanthine)* Ribothymidine", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 9323af0c-ce73-4fcd-9646-88c87ea5d0f7 | [{'content': '20-year-old female had abdominal pain previous week, USG and clinically normal. Again she presented with loss of vision, examination is normal. Diagnosis is:AIIMS 13 \nSelect and explain. \nA. Malingering, B. Masochist, C. Hypochondriac, D. Anxiety disorder', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. MalingeringMalingering is fabricating or exaggerating the symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of 'secondarygain' motives, which may include financial compensation (often tied to fraud); avoiding school, work or military service;obtaining drugs; getting lighter criminal sentences; or simply to attract attention or sympathy.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 74af945a-56c6-4b18-935d-388c29f19a56 | [{'content': 'An 8–day old breast–fed baby presents with vomiting, poor feeding and loose stools. On examination the heart rate is 190/minute, blood pressure 50/30 mmHg, respiratory rate 72 breaths/minute and capillary refill time of 4 seconds. Investigations show hemoglobin level of 15 g/dl. Na 120 mEq/l, K 6.8 mEq/l, Cl 81 meq/l, bicarbonate 15 mEq/l, urea 30 mg/dl and creatinine 0.6 mg/dl. the most likely diagnosis is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, B. Acute tubular necrosis, C. Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, D. Galactosemia', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Both the serum creatinine and serum urea are abnormal in this neonate. They may be normal for an adult, but for an\xa08 day old infant they are elevated.\nFirst the serum creatinine level\n\xa0\nThe serum creatinine level is high at birth reflecting the maternal value but it falls rapidly to 0.4 mg/dl by the end of the first week.\nAccording to Nelson, creatinine level in various age groups are\nCord blood\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 0.6 —1.2 mg/di\nNew born _______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 0.3 — 1.0 mg/dl\nInfant\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 0.2 - 0.4 mg/di\nChild\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 0.3 - 0.7 mg/di\nAdolescent ______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 0.5 — 1.0 mg/di\nDo not get confused by the creatinine level of the newborn i.e., 0.3 — 1.0 mg/dl.\nThis high level reflects the maternal value and it comes down to 0.2 to 0.4 mg/dl by 5th day\nSo, Creatinine level of 0.6 mg/dl is abnormally high in an 8 day old infant.\nNow, the serum urea level\nThe serum urea level in cord blood is 21-40 mg/dl, but it falls rapidly to 3-12 mg/dl by the 4th or 5th day.\nSo urea level of 30 mg/dl is abnormally high in an 8 day old infant.\nAccording to Nelson Serum urea level in various age group\nCord blood\xa0\xa0\xa0______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 21-40 ing/dl\nPremature\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 3-25 mg/dl\nNewborn\xa0\xa0\xa0______ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 3-12 mg/dl\nInfant/child _____ >\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 5-18 ing/d1\nNow, the capillary refill time\nCapillary refill time is also prolonged here (N ---> < 3 seconds)\nProlonged capillary refill time indicates loss offluid and indicates shock, heart failure, Sympathetic stimulation\nIn acute renal failure due to fluid loss cappillary refill time is increased\nAll these findings plus characteristic h/o vomiting, poor feeding and loose stools confirms the diagnosis of acute\xa0renal failure (acute tubular necrosis)\nElectrolyte abnormalities in ARF --->\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 1) Hyponatremia,\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 2) Hyperkalemia,\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 3) Loss of Bicarbonate \nAbout other options\n\nIn other three options serum urea and creatinine level will be normal.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ade05b67-b4f5-433b-8433-d74e009763cd | [{'content': 'Which of the following can be used to delay preterm contractions of uterus with best neurological outcome for the fetus? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mgso4, B. Nifidipine, C. Ritodrine, D. Isoxprine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A.MgSo4Antenatal magnesium sulfate for both tocolysis and fetal neuroprotection in premature rupture of the membranes before 32 weeks' gestation. Other tocolytic drugs:Ritodrine, salbutamol and magnesium sulphate are tocolytic drugs used to terminate preterm labour and delivery.Other tocolytic drugs are isoxsuprine, indomethacin, calcium channel blockers, glyceryl trinitrate, atosiban and glyceryl trinitrate.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 046ddc6f-759d-4234-b6a8-89ad6017ef3a | [{'content': 'Which of the following instrument does not have 4 digits? \nSelect and explain. \nA. GMT, B. Excavators, C. Enamel hatchet, D. None', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Three-Number Formula\n\nIt is used for the instruments in which cutting edge is at right angle to the long axis of the blade.\n\nEg: Enamel hatchet\nFour-Number Formula\n\nIt is used for the instruments in which primary cutting edge is not at right angle to long axis of the blade.\n\nEg: GMT, excavators', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 1c27560a-931b-4594-8d6e-d8038663078d | [{'content': 'Direct Coombs test is positive in all the following except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hemolytic anemia due to transfusion, B. Hemolytic anemia due to transfusion, C. Aplastic anemia, D. Drug-induced AIHA', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Aplastic anemia(Ref: Robbins 9/e p643).Direct Coomb's test is negative in aplastic anemia.Direct Coomb's testAlso known as direct antiglobulin testdegDetect antibodies of complement bound to RBC surfaceantigens in vivodeg.It is used for:Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia degHemolytic disease of the newborndegRh D-hemolytic disease of the newborn degABO hemolytic disease of the newborndegDrug-induced immune-mediated hemolysisdegMismatch transfusion reactiondeg.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 66445905-f680-4952-8f35-71253c0c525d | [{'content': 'A child presented at 2 years of age with delayed motor development, mental retardation and finger biting. He was normal at bih. He subsequently develops cerebral palsy ahritis and dies due to renal failure at age of 25 years. What is the likely enzyme deficiency implicated? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hexosaminidase deficiency, B. Adenosine deaminase deficiency, C. HGP deficiency, D. Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. HGP deficiency(Ref: Nelson 20/e p746-747)Lesch-Nyhan syndrome:Complete HGP deficiency characterized by hyperuricemia, self-mutilative behavior, choreoathetosis, spasticity & mental retardation.HP gene:Located on X chromosome.Affected males - Hemizygous for mutant gene.Carrier females - Asymptomatic.Paial HP deficiency:Kelley!Seegmiller syndrome associated with hyperuricemia without CNS manifestations.Hyperuricemia - Due to urate overproduction a Causing uric acid crystalluria, nephrolithiasis, obstructive uropathy & gouty ahritis.Early diagnosis and appropriate therapy with allopurinol can prevent or eliminate all the problems attributable to hyperuricemia without affecting behavioral or neurologic abnormalities.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | 357eebd0-e51d-46c8-8cc4-0fff4a79387b | [{'content': 'Eustachian tube function is best assessed by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tympanometry, B. VEMP, C. Rhinomanometry, D. Politzer test', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Tympanometry(Ref Dhingra 7/e p62-63, 6/e p59)Assessment of eustachian tube function:Tympanometry & Politzer test.Tympanometry better than Politzer test.Tympanometry:Positive & negative pressures created in external ear canal.Patient swallows repeatedly.Normal tubal function:Ability of tube to equilibrate positive & negative pressures to ambient pressure.Done both in patients with perforated or intact tympanic membrane.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | b391576c-4c7d-4dc5-92cf-9ebca3b2068b | [{'content': 'Most metabolically active layer in the bone is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Periosteum, B. Endosteum, C. Cancellous bone, D. Coical bone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Endosteum (Ref Osteoporosis and Bone Densitomeny Measurements edited by Giuseppe Guglielmi/ p72)The most metabolically active component of bone is the endosteal surface of coex with trabecula bone being next most common active area .Metabolically active layer in bone:Are in immediate contact with bone marrowEndosteum of coex - Most active layer in bone (overall).Total area of endosteal surface approximately 0.5 m2.Higher remodelling activity than periosteal surface -Due to greater biomechanical strain or greater cytokine exposure from adjacent hone marrow compament.Order:Trabecular bone - Next most metabolically active area.In children = Periosteum is very active.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 5b612728-c228-4423-8fd8-fde0ff1d3f68 | [{'content': 'Criteria for infant at risk? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Working mothers, B. Have not taken 100 days folic acid, C. Preclampsia is pregnancy, D. Malpresentation during bih', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Infant safe Infant risk Working mothers Have not taken 100 days folic acid Malpresentation during bih Preclampsia in pregnancy', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 1ff979ad-8930-4ea2-9176-9975e626b233 | [{'content': 'Which of the following vitamin is synthesized in vivo, in the body by humans? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Niacin, B. Pantothenic acid, C. Cyanocobalamin, D. Folic acid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Niacin(Ref: Harper 30/e p547, 556)Niacin:Not strictly a vitamin.Can be synthesized in body from essential amino acid tryptophan.Two compounds, nicotinic acid & nicotinamide - Similar biologic activity of niacin.Metabolic function is as the nicotinamide ring of coenzymes NAD & NADP in oxidation-reduction reactions.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | 5c578aa4-a6fd-4de5-b0f6-adb926564122 | [{'content': 'Embalming without issuing death ceificate is punishable under section: \nSelect and explain. \nA. IPC 201, B. IPC 297, C. IPC 299, D. IPC 498', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. IPC 201Embalming without issuing death ceiJicate is punishable under section IPC 201.'ln a medico legal case, condueting embalming before autopsy invites liabilities, under section 201 IPC (causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender).", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 13e7b27f-6f0c-4366-955b-16836ed6f6cd | [{'content': 'Which of the following anticoagulant is used for electrolyte estimation? \nSelect and explain. \nA. EDTA, B. Citrate, C. Sodium fluoride, D. Lithium heparin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Lithium heparin Lithium heparin is the anticoagulant used for electrolyte estimation.Lithium-heparin is the preferred anticoagulant for hematology in non-mammalians because EDTA causes in vitro hemolysis in some amphibian, reptile, and fish species; moreover, plasma harvested from blood anticoagulated with lithium-heparin can be used for routine chemistry/electrolyte analysis, which is especially advantageous with small sample volumes."Commonly used anticoagulants are heparin, EDTA, oxalates, citrate and fluoride. Of these, lithium heparin is best suited for most of the biochemical estimations. All other anticoagulants the/ate calcium and hence unsuitable for calcium estimation. The possibility of enzyme inhibition especially creatine kinase, ALP, ACP, amylase and LDH are observed with several of these anticoagulants. Oxalates are unsuitable for estimation of sodium and potassium also."-', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 78cde0de-1205-4bcb-a646-992a909fd268 | [{'content': 'Calculate the neonatal moality rate for a population according to the data of 2012. Number of neonatal deaths- 450, number of stillbihs-212, total number of live bihs-12,450. \nSelect and explain. \nA. 36, B. 15, C. 90, D. 56', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. 36Neonatal moality rate=Number of deaths of children under 28 years of age in a year (neonatal deaths) x 1000/ Total live bihs in the same year450 x 1000/ 12450= 36 per 1000 live bihs', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5cbf03b9-8012-42bc-b765-8dfa5adb2f5d | [{'content': 'Lingual plate is indicated when \nSelect and explain. \nA. There is need for addition of one or more Anterior teeth, B. Deep Lingual sulcus, C. Good ridge support, D. Narrow lingual sulcus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 20f29076-98f9-479b-a77b-96fae28d5689 | [{'content': 'A 48 years old female presents with seizure, recurrent gross hematuria and left flank abdominal pain. Abdominal CT reveals left perinephric hematoma with 3 cm angiomyolipoma along with multiple right renal angiomyolipoma measuring 1.5 to 6.5 cm. What would be the most probable diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. VHL syndrome, B. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, C. Tuberous sclerosis, D. Hereditary angiolipoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C (Tuberous sclerosis)Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multisystem autosomal dominant genetic disease that causes non-cancerous tumours.A combination of symptoms may include seizures, intellectual disability, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnormalities, lung disease, and kidney disease.Three types of brain tumours are associated with TSC:Giant cell astrocytomaCoical tubersSubependymal nodulesPeople with TSC are frequently also diagnosed psychiatric disorders: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorder and depressive disorder.TSC patients have benign tumors of the kidneys called angiomyolipomas causing hematuria.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 57ddda15-6303-4ef9-a63c-8274551717ca | [{'content': 'Which of the following rightly describes the mechanism of "Pressor Escape" in SIADH? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Characterized by sudden increase in urine volume with decrease in urine osmolality independent of circulating vasopressin levels., B. Characterized by sudden increase in urine volume with decrease in urine osmolality dependent of circulating vasopressin levels., C. Characterized by sudden decrease in urine volume with increase in urine osmolality independent of circulating vasopressin levels., D. Characterized by sudden decrease in urine volume with increase in urine osmolality dependent of circulating vasopressin levels.=', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. Characterized by sudden increase in urine volume with decrease in urine osmolality independent of circulating vasopressin levels. * Also referred as "Vasopressin Escape".* Characterized by sudden increase in urine volume with decrease in urine osmolality independent of circulating vasopressin levels.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7e7e865c-a410-427a-9af6-69eba0f31a9a | [{'content': 'Distraction osteogenesis is done in pediatric patient which of the following is considered \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increase in rate, B. Increase rhythm, C. Consolidation time is increased, D. Time of fixation is increased', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pathology | 9e7d4311-f779-4154-8fd3-9a53421481bc | [{'content': 'Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour showing which of the following differentiation is termed as "Triton tumour"? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Glandular, B. Rhabdomyoblastic, C. Cailaginous, D. Osseous', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: An interesting phenomenon observed in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) is described as "divergent differentiation." This term refers to the presence of focal areas that exhibit other lines of differentiation, including glandular, cailaginous, osseous (bone), or rhabdomyoblastic (striated muscle) morphology. MPNST exhibiting the rhabdomyoblastic differentiation is referred to as Triton tumour. Most MPNSTs (approximately 85%) are high-grade tumors. Most are associated with larger peripheral nerves in the chest, abdomen, pelvis, neck, or limb-girdle. Typical cases show a fasciculated arrangement of spindle shaped tumour cells.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1b9a6722-b53a-4dcf-8040-e3ad8bf8ba9f | [{'content': 'Prevalence of pit & fissure caries is measured with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. ICDAS, B. DMF, C. def/dmf, D. Transillumination', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Prevalence of pit & fissure caries is measured with transillumination.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | dd6f308c-9900-47f6-b41b-978022bb7700 | [{'content': "A child can walk upstairs one step at a time, can ride cycle but can't jump can also speak sentences, can tell his/her name gender but finds difficult to narrate the story.What is her actual developmental age \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 yrs, B. 2, C. 3, D. 4", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans. b) 2yearsGROSS MOTOR MILESTONES: AgeMilestone3 monthsNeck holding 5 monthsRolls over6monthsSitting suppoed8monthsSitting without suppo9monthsStands with suppo12monthsStands without suppo, Walks but falls15monthsWalks alone, Creeps upstairs18monthsRuns, explores drawers2 yearsWalks upstairs (baby steps), Jumps3 yearsWalks upstairs (alternate feet), rides tricycle4 yearsHops on one foot, walks downstairs (alternate feet)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | fbd3b828-a75a-47d5-bee7-3068e78b2e6f | [{'content': 'Which of the following sites is least commonly preferred for insulin injection? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Anterior thigh, B. Lateral thigh, C. Dorsum of arm, D. Around umbilicus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Lateral thigh(Ref Goodman Gilman 12/e p1252)Insulin injection:Usually injected into subcutaneous tissues of abdomen, buttock, anterior thigh, or dorsal arm.Absorption most rapid from abdominal wall, followed by arm, buttock & thigh.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8ecd446d-adb7-4e91-aca4-b1f3d3a63447 | [{'content': 'The access cavity for mandibular first molar typically is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Trapezoid, B. Triangular, C. Oval, D. Round', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 0fe00e95-fdf2-420f-bc42-8325787a7aae | [{'content': 'During laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair a tacker was accidently placed below and lateral to the ilio-pubic tract. Postoperatively the patient complained of pain and soreness in the thigh. This is due to the involvement of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, B. llioinguinal nerve, C. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, D. Obturator nerve', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh(Ref Sabiston 19/e pink Schwaz 10/e p-1515, 9/e p1313-1315; Sehackelford 7/e p562-565)Neuropathic groin pain:Caused by damage to a nerve in the groin region and may he due to paial or complete division, stretching, contusion, crushing, suturing, or electrocautery.Nerves involved:Ilioinguinal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, both the genital and femoral branches of the genitofemoral nerve, and the lateral femoral-1 cutaneous nerve of the thigh.1st two more prone to injury during an open herniorrhaphy.Latter (i.e. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh) are more likely damaged during laparoscopy.The genital and femoral branches of the genitofemoral nerve and the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh are most at risk when the surgeon staples below the iliopubic tract when lateral to the internal .spermatic vessels.A burning, tingling pain along the lateral aspect of the thigh in the distribution of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is known as meralgia parestheticaDue to entrapment of that nerve.Affected skin area:Hyperaesthetic and/or pruritic.Complain of tactile hallucination of a sensation of small insects creeping under the skin (formication).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 8adc8a84-b0a1-4b6c-b076-91ba05e9a37e | [{'content': 'Efferent tracts from cerebellum arises from: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Purkinje cells, B. Deep cerebellar nuclei, C. Cerebellar cortex, D. Vermis of cerebellum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: The deep nuclei provide the only output for the spinocerebellum, & neocerebellum. Purkinje cell\xa0axons are the only output from the cerebellar cortex, generally pass to deep nuclei.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | c7c97482-3fe5-4798-bd40-50926d7595f8 | [{'content': 'Which of the following is the most appropriate method for obtaining a urine specimen for culture in an 8 month old girl – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Suprapubic aspiration, B. Indwelling catheter sample, C. Clean catch void, D. Urinary bag sample', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Diagnosis of urinary tract infection\n\nA UTI may be suspected based on the symptoms or finding on urinalysis or both, but a urine culture is necessary for confirmation and appropriate therapy.\nThus the diagnosis of UTI depends on having the proper sample of urine.\nThere are several ways to obtain a urine sample, some are more accurate than others.\nThese methods are —\n\n\nMidstream urine sample —\n\nIt is satisfactory in toilet trained children and in circumcised boys. But in young infants and boys who cannot ratract their foreskin, it is not reliable. Such samples will usually reflect periurethral and prepucial organisms and cells.\n\nCollection in an adhesive sealed sterile collection bag after disinfection of the genitals\n\n\nIs a useful technique in infants, but potential contamination from genitals and perianal area can occur.\n\n3. Urine specimen through catheterization or indwelling catheter —\n\nUrine specimen through a catheter is less likely to be contaminated than the voided specimens as described above. It is also less invasive than suprapubic aspiration, but it is not as sensitive as suprapubic aspiration.\n\n\nA catherized specimen is reliable if the first portion of the urine that may contain urethral organisms is discarded and specimen is taken from later flow through the catheter, but it has the disadvantage of being traumatic and of potentially introducing urethral organisms into sterile bladder\n\n\nSuprapubic aspiration -\nSuprapubic aspiration is best method to collect urine specimen for culture.\nIt is the most reliable method\nIt can be performed safely in children and in premature infants by 21 or 22 gauge needle.\nThis procedure avoids any sort of contamination, however it is invasive. So it is used only in infants and selected patients.\nNote:\n\nThe sensitivity of suprapubic aspiration is 99 %\n\nThe sensitivity of catherization is 95%', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 794f0675-d04f-4133-be9c-96d3ba44238e | [{'content': 'Which one of the following is not an Indication for antibiotic therapy In patients with acute abscess? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fever, B. Deep inaccessible pocket, C. Horizontal bone loss, D. Regional lymphadenopathy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Anatomy | 4a073cec-41b0-49ef-aa57-a010c2bfe5d9 | [{'content': 'Which of the following sensation is NOT perceived by spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve \nSelect and explain. \nA. Touch, B. Pain, C. Temperature, D. Proprioception', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Trigeminal nerve nuclei - one Motor nucleus (in pons) two sensory nuclei Motor nucleus: - In pons Controls muscles of mastication (1st pharyngeal arch) Sensory nuclei: 1. Main sensory nucleus: In pons Receives fine touch & vibration senses 2. Mesencephalic sensory nucleus: - In mid brain Receives proprioception from eyeball, mandible & tongue 3. Spinal sensory nucleus: In medulla oblongata & spinal cord Receives pain, temperature, crude touch', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 46b381c8-e9ab-469f-84ed-ee92db694962 | [{'content': 'The condylar cartilage at birth looks like \nSelect and explain. \nA. A, B. B, C. C, D. Any of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Figure shows; the condylar cartilage (blue) develops initially as a separate area of condensation from that of\xa0 the body of the mandible and only later is incorporated within it. A, Separate areas of mesenchymal\xa0 condensation at 8 weeks. B, Fusion of the cartilage with the mandibular body at 4 months. C, Situation at birth (reduced to scale).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 1f8a97a5-64cf-4635-a50a-e84ac5a0d7f1 | [{'content': 'A patient of disseminated malignancy comes to the palliative care clinic with nausea, vomiting and altered sensorium. Hypercalcemia is detected on investigations. What will be the first line of management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Intravenous steroids, B. Thiazides, C. Intravenous fluids, D. Intravenous bisphosphonates', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Intravenous fluids(Ref: Harrison 19/e p314; 18Ie p361)Management of Significant, Symptomatic Hypercalcemia:Initial therapy:Volume expansion (hypercalcemia leads to dehydration) with 4-6 L of IV saline over first 24 h, keeping in mind that underlying comorbidities (e.g., congestive hea failure) may require use of loop diuretics to enhance Na+ & Ca+ excretion.Increased calcium mobilization from bone (in malignancy or severe hyperparathyroidism).Drugs that inhibit bone resorption should be considered.Zoledronic acid, pamidronate & ibandronate - In treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy in adults.Onset of action is within 1-3 days, with normalization of serum calcium levels occurring in 60-90% of patients.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 86b79020-487c-4aa6-9522-e409ca4caf63 | [{'content': 'Space between Apical constriction and Apical foamen is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Funnel shaped, B. Hyper bolic, C. Morning glory, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 8f13c7e0-8ca3-4dac-9e30-de740fe777c3 | [{'content': 'Which of the following statements is true regarding for influenza vaccine \nSelect and explain. \nA. Secondary attack rate 5 to 15%, B. Virus shedding present before the pt presents with symptoms, C. 1 to 5 years is high risk age group, D. Aquatic birds are reservoirs', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer.D. Aquatic birds are reservoirs* RESERVOIR: Humans are the principle reservoir of human influenza A viruses. The an reservoir of influenza A viruses is wild birds, predominantly ducks, geese, and shorebirds.* Seasonal influenza tends to target children younger than 12 months of age and adults 65 years old or older.* Secondary attack rates were estimated at 10.3% (95% CI 6.8-14.7) for secondary cases with influenza-like illness and 20.2% (95% CI 15.4-25.6) for secondary cases with acute respiratory illness.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ab01afe5-53fa-43eb-8419-c92653ed2b1f | [{'content': 'A 2s-year-old women underwent induced ovulation.on uSG, ovary showed 8 follicles. Serum estradol level was 800 pg/ml.what is the next step in the management of this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Retrieve follicles, B. Give cabergoline, C. cancel cycle, D. withhold HCG', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Retrieve folliclesRef: Berek and Novak's GynaecologtDay of analysis of above measurements and size of fbllictes are not specified in the question. So, presuming these parameters to be treasured on the mid cycle, next step according to the options would be to retrieve follicles.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 685ea1d3-9a62-46d9-8cbd-1ebfe1d861df | [{'content': 'The periodontal ligament \nSelect and explain. \nA. Derives its blood supply primarily from the branches of vessels entering the pulp, B. Has a slow rate of turnover, C. Contains epithelial cells of malassez, D. Comprises primarily of type 2 collagen', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Medicine | 5f75e5c0-26de-4a29-9b27-c9f03c44ed67 | [{'content': 'A patient presents with palpitations. O/E the patient was conscious, pulse was fast with BP of 80/50 mmHg. He was subjected to Vagal maneuver and was given intravenous adenosine. The rhythm remains refractory to maximum dose of adenosine. What is the next step in management of this patient? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Repeat adenosine, B. Amiodarone, C. Defibrillation, D. Cardioversion', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Question about Hemodynamic instability. Vagal maneuver and IV adenosine hints about PSVT/ AVN. And Pt. is refractory to Adenosine as max. dose is already given. So, next best step would be repeat adenosine according to new ACC guidelines, Only for those patients who are hemodynamically Stable > 90 mm Hg- brains tends to switch on auto regulation Question mentions about unstable patient therefore rules out repeat adenosine. Amiodarone -mainly used in treatment of broad complex VT - H/o AVN, narrow QRS complex Therefore rules out Amiodarone Defibrillation: Done for patient with ventricular fibrillation. It is basically a non-synchronized DC shock. It is given in: a. PVT Broad QRS b. Ventricular fibrillation Therefore, ruled out. Cardioversion is synchronized DC shock used for management of patients with any tachyarrhythmia for hemodynamic unstability. RR interval constant HR =300/min Narrow QRS Global ST segment depression in all leads Subendocardial ischemia, which is usually demonstrated in patients of PSVT. In both Harrisons and ACC guidelines', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 2388aeb7-4920-452f-9acb-28be49c72966 | [{'content': 'Autoinfection can be caused by all the following helminths except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Enterobius vermicularis, B. Hymenolepis nana, C. Taenia solium, D. Ascaris lumbricoides', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Ascaris lumbricoidesAutoinfection:Infection of a primary host with a parasite, paicularly a helminth, in such a way that the complete life cycle of the parasite happens in a single organism, without the involvement of another host.Primary host is at the same time the secondary host of parasite.Autoinfection is seen in (CHEST)Cryptosporidium parvumdegHymenolepis nanadegEnterobius vermicularisQStrongyloides stercoralisdegTaenia soliumdeg', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Surgery | 654fde52-e652-4c4f-bea9-1280218d5895 | [{'content': "What is the name of this technique for palpation of thyroid. A thumb is placed on the lateral side of trachea and patient is swallowing? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lahey's method, B. Kocher's test, C. Pizzilo method, D. Crile method", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Thyroid palpation- methods Lahey's method- In this method,the examination of the thyroid is performed from the front.Normal lobe of thyroid is pushed to the side of nodule so that solitary nodule can be made prominent and palpated well. KOCHER'S TEST : Slight compression of the lateral lobe of thyroid gland produces stridor. If the test is positive , it signifies that the patient has an obstructed trachea. Fore finger of examiner should palpate each thyroid lobe. Pizillo's method - Fingers are clasped against occiput - Makes inspection of thyroid easier Crile method In this method,place thumb on thyroid gland and ask the patient to swallow. For palpation of smaller nodules within the thyroid gland this test is performed.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | dad2c74b-cf8e-45ec-b71d-8c0dbe70ead0 | [{'content': 'Gelation temperature of agar is between \nSelect and explain. \nA. 20°C to 25°C, B. 27°C to 33°C, C. 37°C to 50°C, D. 55°C to 60°C', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 0fc0b4ce-9bfd-48a2-920d-88c67e2c4e9c | [{'content': 'A 26 years old healthy female got pregnant for 1st time and LSCS was done for fetal distress. Mild hypeension was present during pregnancy. Two days after delivery she had headache and seizures but proteinuria was not seen. CT scan shows 2 x 3 cm parasagittal hematoma. Diagnosis is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Eclampsia, B. Hypeensive intracranial hemorrhage, C. Sagittal sinus thrombosis, D. Pituitary apoplexy', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Sagittal sinus thrombosisVenous sinus thrombosis of the lateral or sagittal sinus or of small coical veins (coical vein thrombosis) occurs as a complication of oral contraceptive use, pregnancy and the postpaum period, inflammatory bowel disease, intracranial infections (meningitis), and dehydration.Patients present with headache and may also have focal neurologic signs (especially paraparesis) and seizures.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 8af7d0f2-0e2b-4c59-b8bd-4e3c9ebdceac | [{'content': 'Which is the typical facies of Down syndrome? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Hypoplastic maxilla, B. Prognathic maxilla, C. Retrognathic mandible, D. Prognathic mandible', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Skeletal findings are an underdeveloped midface, creating\xa0 a\xa0 prognathic\xa0 occlusal\xa0 relationship.\xa0 Oral\xa0 findings\xa0include\xa0 mouth\xa0 breathing,\xa0 open\xa0 bite,\xa0 appearance\xa0 of macroglossia, fissured lips and tongue, angular cheilitis,\xa0delayed eruption times, missing and malformed teeth, oligodontia, small roots, microdontia, crowding, and a low level of caries. Children with Down syndrome experience a high incidence of rapid, destructive periodontal disease, which may be related to local factors such as tooth morphology, bruxism, malocclusion, and poor oral hygiene.\nReference: McDONALD AND AVERY’S DENTISTRY for the CHILD and ADOLESCENT, 10th ed page no 527', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | cb6588a7-e4ef-4670-b6aa-7eae297fb443 | [{'content': 'Exact number of weeks between last menstrual period and expected date of delivery :March 2005 \nSelect and explain. \nA. 38 weeks, B. 39 weeks, C. 40 weeks, D. 41 weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C: 40 weeksChildbih usually occurs about 38 weeks after conception; i.e., approximately 40 weeks from the last normal menstrual period (LNMP).The World Health Organization defines normal term for delivery as between 37 weeks and 42 weeksEDD is calculated by Naegele's ruleAdd 7 days to the first day of the last period and subtract 3 monthsNaegele's rule is based on 28 days regular cycle.If the cycle is shoer or longer than 28 days, EDD will be corrected and written as corrected EDD.Examples:40 days cycle regularly, to get corrected EDD, add 12 days (40-28) with the EDD calculated from LMP.21 days cycle regularly, to get corrected EDD, subtract 7 days (28-21) with the EDD calculated from LMP.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 2f3d5cee-6729-4e65-b18a-76cf1368c054 | [{'content': 'A patient is not responding even after undergoing multiple platelet transfusion. Which of the following will be the best treatment for him? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Random platelet donor, B. Single platelet donor, C. HLA matched platelet, D. Irradiated platelets', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | e0ea5246-43ba-48c4-a316-7e93709f39ae | [{'content': 'An adult patient with panfacial trauma, treatment should start from \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mandible, B. Zygomatic arch, C. NOE & frontal bar, D. Any but end at lefort 1', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Biochemistry | 62e089d3-5425-4349-8edc-3ce132c0bf66 | [{'content': "Which of the following doesn't occur in 5' to 3' direction? \nSelect and explain. \nA. DNA repair, B. DNA replication, C. RNA editing, D. Transcription", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: The 5' is upstream; the 3' is downstream. DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction In DNA Replication whenever synthesis occurs new nucleotide is added to 3' end In transcription, RNA is getting synthesized in 5' to 3' direction RNA editing It occurs in 3'-5' direction Post transcriptional modification in which differential RNA processing occurs. Also called chemical modification of RNA, in which mostly Cytosine gets conveed to Uracil. DNA Replication ,Proof reading DNA Repair 3'-5' exonuclease activity Mostly endonuclease activity, but sometimes it is 5'-3' exonuclease activity.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Orthopaedics | 7983c1d8-d7ec-4426-82d8-c0bdc1568aa9 | [{'content': 'A 9 year old boy presenting with lytic lesion on midshaft tibia. On HPE, there are grooved nuclei, giant cells eosinophilic cytoplasm and fibroblastic proliferation. Xray is as shown below. What is the likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Langerhans cell histiocytosis, B. Giant cell tumor, C. Chondroblastoma, D. Osteoid osteoma', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: The grooved nuclei, lytic lesion in first decade suggests Langerhan's cell histiocytosis. LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (LCH): DE!STRUCTION DUE TO HISTIOCYTES, IDIOPATHIC1. Letterer-Siwe disease: a fulminant systemic disease, age group < 3 years, fatal2. Hand-Schuller-Christian disease: Triad of skull lesions (lytic lesion), Exophthalmos and diabetes insipidus. 3. Eosinophilic Granuloma: Solitary lesion of bone or lung (Pulmonary histiocytosis X) 1st decade of life. Skull is the most common site in skeletal system - Bevelled edge lytic lesion is seen in skull (double contour).Biopsy: Gold standard (cells with Birbeck's granules (tennis racket appearance) under election microscopy) grooved nuclei are seen. TreatmentSpontaneous resolution. Highly radiosensitive and Excision + Curettage for resistant cases.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Anatomy | 3f35a6bd-899c-4ab8-8525-9256dbb71851 | [{'content': 'Dense irregular connective tissue is found in \nSelect and explain. \nA. Dermis, B. Lamina propria, C. Tendon, D. Ligament', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: *Connective Tissue: - Loose Areolar Connective Tissue: Have less fibers Example 1. Sub epithelial Lamina propria 2. Superficial papillary layer of dermis - Dense Connective Tissue: Have more fibers *Dense irregular CT- Collagen fibers are arranged in irregular pattern. Example 1. Periosteum 2. Capsules (liver, spleen capsules etc) 3. Perichondrium 4. Deep reticular layer of dermis *Dense Regular Connective Tissue: *Fibers are arranged regularly in parallel fashion - to pull bone Example 1. Ligament 2. Tendon 3. Aponeurosis Given options (a) Dermis - maximum is deep reticular layer - Dense irregular CT (b) Lamina propria - Loose areolar CT', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 1a3ceadc-b414-43e2-a674-bf52546b7d89 | [{'content': 'Antibiotic that interferes with DNA function is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Metronidazole, B. Nystatin, C. Tetracycline, D. Sulphonamides', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Mechanism of Action\n\nMetronidazole is a prodrug requiring reductive activation of the nitro group by susceptible organisms.\n\xa0Unlike their aerobic counterparts, anaerobic and microaerophilic pathogens contain electron transport components that have a sufficiently negative redox potential to donate electrons to metronidazole.\n\xa0The single-electron transfer forms a highly reactive nitro radical anion that kills susceptible organisms\xa0by\xa0radical-mediated\xa0mechanisms\xa0that\xa0target\xa0DNA.\n\nReference: Goodman\xa0& Gilman’s THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS THIRTEENTH EDITION\nPage no 991', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 23927949-66b8-412b-86ec-8e174fe4ddaf | [{'content': 'Muscles spared by complete transection of cranial part of accessory nerve: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cricopharyngeus, B. Palatopharyngeus, C. Stylopharyngeus, D. Salpingopharyngeus', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 0acff0e8-a28e-4c44-ba99-7bf1ea71951f | [{'content': 'Chicken pox infection in mother most dangerous for the baby when it occurs at - \nSelect and explain. \nA. 14-28 weeks, B. 3 -9 weeks, C. 28-37weeks, D. 8-14weeks', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. 28-37weeksBefore 28 weeks pregnant: there's no evidence you are at increased risk of suffering a miscarriage. However, there's a small risk baby could develop foetal varicella syndrome (FVS). FVS can damage the baby's skin, eyes, legs, arms, brain, bladder or bowel.Between weeks 28 and 36 of pregnancy: the virus stays in the baby's body but doesn't cause any symptoms. However, it may become active again in the first few years of the baby's life, causing shingles.After 36 weeks of pregnancy: baby may be infected and could be born with chickenpox.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 042b726b-d9b3-45ed-99c6-840e0c215a76 | [{'content': 'Site of lesion in endocarditis of RHD is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Along line of closure of valves, B. Both side of valves, C. Valve cusps, D. Free margins of valves', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | 427b1e29-9386-4ca4-af88-7c3fe4b37e15 | [{'content': 'In an internal derangement of TMJ fracture, panoramic view has been taken for the patient. To confirm our diagnosis, we may take the help of \nSelect and explain. \nA. MRI, B. CT scan, C. Arthroscopy, D. Bone scan', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Soft tissues of the joint (articular disk) can be imaged with MRI or Arthrography. MRI produces superb images of the soft tissues in internal derangement of the disk. Arthrography is invasive and has the risk of infection and allergic reaction due to the contrast agent.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c4c1684b-c60c-47ae-a4d1-ad6c1c633be3 | [{'content': 'The key ridge useful in assessing malocclusion is present on: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maxilla, B. Zygomatic buttress, C. Sphenoid bone, D. Mandible', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | fe5ec2bf-ad45-4b77-9a7e-9fc2a67d9527 | [{'content': 'Local irritating factors in gingiva is most likely give rise to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pyogenic granuloma, B. Generalized fibrous hyperplasia of gingiva, C. Mucosal cobblestoning, D. Periapical abscess', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pathology | dc248bc1-20c6-4aca-a7db-3642df59fe8a | [{'content': "Which of the following is activated by intrinsic or extrinsic pathway's? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Necroptosis, B. Apoptosis, C. Necrosis, D. Pyroptosis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Apoptosis results from the activation of enzymes called caspases (so named because they are cysteine proteases that cleave proteins after aspaic residues). Two distinct pathways converge on caspase activation: the mitochondrial pathway (Intrinsic pathway) and the death receptor pathway( Extrinsic Pathway).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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