identifier
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14.8k
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stringclasses 50
values | open_type
stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://github.com/franclinsousa/urban-dollop/blob/master/src/main/java/in/francl/urbandollop/domain/model/ProductModel.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
urban-dollop
|
franclinsousa
|
Java
|
Code
| 109 | 289 |
package in.francl.urbandollop.domain.model;
import lombok.Getter;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
@Getter
public final class ProductModel extends Product {
private final String id;
private final String name;
private final String description;
private final BigDecimal price;
private ProductModel(String id, String name, String description, BigDecimal price) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.description = description;
this.price = price;
}
public static Product of(String id, String name, String description, BigDecimal price) {
return new ProductModel(
id,
name,
description,
price
);
}
public static Product of(String name, String description, BigDecimal price) {
return new ProductModel(
null,
name,
description,
price
);
}
public static Product of(Product product) {
return new ProductModel(
product.getId(),
product.getName(),
product.getDescription(),
product.getPrice()
);
}
}
| 18,206 |
https://github.com/Naakh/naakh-py/blob/master/naakh/models/translated_text.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
naakh-py
|
Naakh
|
Python
|
Code
| 796 | 2,364 |
# coding: utf-8
"""
Copyright 2016 SmartBear Software
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Ref: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen
"""
from pprint import pformat
from six import iteritems
class TranslatedText(object):
"""
NOTE: This class is auto generated by the swagger code generator program.
Do not edit the class manually.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""
TranslatedText - a model defined in Swagger
:param dict swaggerTypes: The key is attribute name
and the value is attribute type.
:param dict attributeMap: The key is attribute name
and the value is json key in definition.
"""
self.swagger_types = {
'final_verification_complete': 'bool',
'language': 'str',
'metadata': 'str',
'status': 'str',
'translation_request': 'SimpleTranslationRequest',
'translation_text': 'str',
'uuid': 'str',
'verified_context': 'bool',
'verified_grammar': 'bool',
'verified_spelling': 'bool'
}
self.attribute_map = {
'final_verification_complete': 'final_verification_complete',
'language': 'language',
'metadata': 'metadata',
'status': 'status',
'translation_request': 'translation_request',
'translation_text': 'translation_text',
'uuid': 'uuid',
'verified_context': 'verified_context',
'verified_grammar': 'verified_grammar',
'verified_spelling': 'verified_spelling'
}
self._final_verification_complete = None
self._language = None
self._metadata = None
self._status = None
self._translation_request = None
self._translation_text = None
self._uuid = None
self._verified_context = None
self._verified_grammar = None
self._verified_spelling = None
@property
def final_verification_complete(self):
"""
Gets the final_verification_complete of this TranslatedText.
:return: The final_verification_complete of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: bool
"""
return self._final_verification_complete
@final_verification_complete.setter
def final_verification_complete(self, final_verification_complete):
"""
Sets the final_verification_complete of this TranslatedText.
:param final_verification_complete: The final_verification_complete of this TranslatedText.
:type: bool
"""
self._final_verification_complete = final_verification_complete
@property
def language(self):
"""
Gets the language of this TranslatedText.
:return: The language of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._language
@language.setter
def language(self, language):
"""
Sets the language of this TranslatedText.
:param language: The language of this TranslatedText.
:type: str
"""
self._language = language
@property
def metadata(self):
"""
Gets the metadata of this TranslatedText.
:return: The metadata of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._metadata
@metadata.setter
def metadata(self, metadata):
"""
Sets the metadata of this TranslatedText.
:param metadata: The metadata of this TranslatedText.
:type: str
"""
self._metadata = metadata
@property
def status(self):
"""
Gets the status of this TranslatedText.
:return: The status of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._status
@status.setter
def status(self, status):
"""
Sets the status of this TranslatedText.
:param status: The status of this TranslatedText.
:type: str
"""
self._status = status
@property
def translation_request(self):
"""
Gets the translation_request of this TranslatedText.
:return: The translation_request of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: SimpleTranslationRequest
"""
return self._translation_request
@translation_request.setter
def translation_request(self, translation_request):
"""
Sets the translation_request of this TranslatedText.
:param translation_request: The translation_request of this TranslatedText.
:type: SimpleTranslationRequest
"""
self._translation_request = translation_request
@property
def translation_text(self):
"""
Gets the translation_text of this TranslatedText.
:return: The translation_text of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._translation_text
@translation_text.setter
def translation_text(self, translation_text):
"""
Sets the translation_text of this TranslatedText.
:param translation_text: The translation_text of this TranslatedText.
:type: str
"""
self._translation_text = translation_text
@property
def uuid(self):
"""
Gets the uuid of this TranslatedText.
:return: The uuid of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._uuid
@uuid.setter
def uuid(self, uuid):
"""
Sets the uuid of this TranslatedText.
:param uuid: The uuid of this TranslatedText.
:type: str
"""
self._uuid = uuid
@property
def verified_context(self):
"""
Gets the verified_context of this TranslatedText.
:return: The verified_context of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: bool
"""
return self._verified_context
@verified_context.setter
def verified_context(self, verified_context):
"""
Sets the verified_context of this TranslatedText.
:param verified_context: The verified_context of this TranslatedText.
:type: bool
"""
self._verified_context = verified_context
@property
def verified_grammar(self):
"""
Gets the verified_grammar of this TranslatedText.
:return: The verified_grammar of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: bool
"""
return self._verified_grammar
@verified_grammar.setter
def verified_grammar(self, verified_grammar):
"""
Sets the verified_grammar of this TranslatedText.
:param verified_grammar: The verified_grammar of this TranslatedText.
:type: bool
"""
self._verified_grammar = verified_grammar
@property
def verified_spelling(self):
"""
Gets the verified_spelling of this TranslatedText.
:return: The verified_spelling of this TranslatedText.
:rtype: bool
"""
return self._verified_spelling
@verified_spelling.setter
def verified_spelling(self, verified_spelling):
"""
Sets the verified_spelling of this TranslatedText.
:param verified_spelling: The verified_spelling of this TranslatedText.
:type: bool
"""
self._verified_spelling = verified_spelling
def to_dict(self):
"""
Returns the model properties as a dict
"""
result = {}
for attr, _ in iteritems(self.swagger_types):
value = getattr(self, attr)
if isinstance(value, list):
result[attr] = list(map(
lambda x: x.to_dict() if hasattr(x, "to_dict") else x,
value
))
elif hasattr(value, "to_dict"):
result[attr] = value.to_dict()
else:
result[attr] = value
return result
def to_str(self):
"""
Returns the string representation of the model
"""
return pformat(self.to_dict())
def __repr__(self):
"""
For `print` and `pprint`
"""
return self.to_str()
def __eq__(self, other):
"""
Returns true if both objects are equal
"""
return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
def __ne__(self, other):
"""
Returns true if both objects are not equal
"""
return not self == other
| 23,944 |
721472_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,998 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 213 | 304 |
—In a proceeding pursuant to Real Property Tax Law article 7 to strike a real property tax assessment from the assessment rolls of the Town of Southold, the appeal is from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County (Werner, J.), entered March 31, 1997, which, upon an order of the same court dated January 15,1997, denying the appellants' motion for summary judgment dismissing the petition and granting the petitioner's cross motion for summary judgment, adjudged that the petitioner's real property is exempt from taxation for the 1994-1995 tax year.
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed, with costs.
The Supreme Court correctly determined that the petitioner's property is exempt from taxation for the 1994-1995 tax year (see, CPLR 3212; Real Property Tax Law § 720 [1]). The petitioner established as a matter of law that it had a mandatory exemption from real property taxation as a "hospital" and "residential health care, facility" (see, Real Property Tax Law § 420-a [1] [a]; Public Health Law § 2801 [1], [3], [4] [b]; Matter of Howard v Wyman, 28 NY2d 434; Cobble Hill Nursing Home v Henry & Warren Corp., 196 AD2d 564).
In light of the above determination, the petitioner's remaining contention need not be reached. Rosenblatt, J. P., Ritter, Krausman and Goldstein, JJ., concur..
| 48,522 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128426850
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Hejede Overdrev, Valborup Skov og Valsølille Sø
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 43 | 107 |
Hejede Overdrev, Valborup Skov og Valsølille Sø
arie protejată din Danemarca
Hejede Overdrev, Valborup Skov og Valsølille Sø ID sit Natura 2000 DK004X216
Hejede Overdrev, Valborup Skov og Valsølille Sø este un/o Sit Natura 2000
Hejede Overdrev, Valborup Skov og Valsølille Sø coordonate
| 6,092 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26020017
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Dario Spagnolo, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4066116, https://stackoverflow.com/users/512042, lavrton
|
English
|
Spoken
| 251 | 533 |
Smooth "zoom to cursor" animation with KineticJS
Based on other SO questions (see credits at the bottom), I came up with a way to animate the "zoom to cursor" effect with KineticJS.
Here is a fiddle.
The relevant section is here :
zoom: function(event) {
event.preventDefault();
var evt = event.originalEvent,
mx = evt.clientX - ui.stage.getX(),
my = evt.clientY - ui.stage.getY(),
zoom = (ui.zoomFactor - (evt.wheelDelta < 0 ? 0.4 : -0.4)),
newscale = ui.scale * zoom;
ui.origin.x = mx / ui.scale + ui.origin.x - mx / newscale;
ui.origin.y = my / ui.scale + ui.origin.y - my / newscale;
zoomTween = new Kinetic.Tween({
node: ui.layer,
duration: 0.8,
offsetX: ui.origin.x,
offsetY: ui.origin.y,
scaleX: newscale,
scaleY: newscale
});
zoomTween.play();
ui.scale *= zoom;
}
What should I change in my code to avoid the "bouncing" effect, especially when zooming in/out fast ?
My code is a fork of this jsfiddle (attached to this answer) with 3 minor modifications :
uses KineticJS 5.1.0
uses a Tween to animate the offset and scale properties
layer is being offseted/scaled instead of stage because stage wasn't playing well with Tween
Other credits :
Zoom Canvas to Mouse Cursor : excellent canvas-only solution
https://stackoverflow.com/a/13663169/4066116 : KineticJS version
Your fiddle works perfect for me.
@lavrton: thank you for looking at my code. Weird that you don't see the bouncing problem. I captured it in a screencast : https://vid.me/yVJ I guess it also has something to do with multiple tweens playing simultaneously. This happens when you wheel just faster than very slowly.
| 35,298 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8499104
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,011 |
Stack Exchange
|
Bray Lynn, Bre Pybus, Davide Bassani, John Fredrick , NoobDev4iPhone, Ravishankara Srinivasa, behnam faqih, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19080611, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19080612, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19080613, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19080646, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19080668, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19080760, https://stackoverflow.com/users/19090429, https://stackoverflow.com/users/453331, https://stackoverflow.com/users/547646, kba, szymonoso
|
English
|
Spoken
| 377 | 507 |
How to receive email on your IP address with PHP?
In php it's easy to send email by mail() function, but how to receive email to my home server? Is it possible to host an email service at all?
PS. I'm using mac and running XAMPP stack.
Are you trying to log into a POP or IMAP account and retrieve email messages with PHP?
I've heard that IMAP is better and newer than POP3, so I suppose IMAP should be better?
Could be; I'm just trying to figure out exactly what you're trying to accomplish so that you can improve your answer before it gets closed for being too vague or off-topic.
Well I want to host an email service on my home iMac. I know how to send email in php, but I want to be able to receive emails as well.
PHP is meant for fast executed applications: You go to a website, PHP fires up a script, executes it, and terminates again. Most of the time, this takes less than a second. In order to receive emails, you'd have to listen on a port continuously. It's something PHP can do, but it doesn't mean you should.
What you want is probably just a local mail server, which has nothing to do with PHP. A mail server consists of two parts.
A server for sending e-mails
Also known as a Mail Transfer Agent. I'd suggest Postfix.
A server for receiving e-mails
Also known as a Mail Delivery Agent. I'd suggest Procmail.
Alternatively, you can use an application that includes both, for instance Cutedge Systems's MailServe Snow.
Sorry, I actually meant to use php to access emails from local server. Since I've no experience in mailing, can you please go into more details about what a mail server is, and how is it different from HTTP?
I've heard that IMAP is better and newer than POP3, so I suppose IMAP should be better?
Yes, IMAP is better. But the mail server you wish to download your emails from has to support it.
For that you will need to setup a mail server, take a look at this forum post for pointers on how to do it for a mac.
PHP has nothing to do with it.
| 48,218 |
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windischleuba
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Windischleuba
|
https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windischleuba&action=history
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 185 | 342 |
Windischleuba es un municipio situado en el distrito de Altenburger Land, en el estado federado de Turingia (Alemania), a una altitud de . Su población a finales de 2016 era de unos y su densidad poblacional, .
Se encuentra junto a la frontera con el estado de Sajonia. Dentro del distrito, el municipio está asociado a la mancomunidad (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) de Pleißenaue, cuya capital es Treben. En su territorio se incluyen varias pedanías donde viven en total unos setecientos habitantes: Bocka, Borgishain, Pähnitz, Pöppschen, Remsa, Schelchwitz y Zschaschelwitz. Estas pedanías eran antiguos municipios cuyos territorios se incorporaron al término municipal de Windischleuba entre 1950 y 1973.
La localidad tiene su origen en un castillo de foso medieval, construido como punto estratégico para cruzar el río Pleiße en la ruta que unía el centro de Alemania con Bohemia pasando por Chemnitz. Inicialmente dependía de Weida, pero en el pasó a pertenecer a Altemburgo. Perteneció al ducado de Sajonia-Altemburgo hasta la unificación de Turingia en 1920.
Referencias
Enlaces externos
Página web del distrito de Altenburger Land
Municipios del distrito de Altenburger Land
Localidades del distrito de Altenburger Land
| 1,721 |
https://github.com/sosegon/udacity-projects/blob/master/android-developer-popular-movies/app/src/main/java/com/keemsa/popularmovies/sync/MoviesSyncAdapter.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
udacity-projects
|
sosegon
|
Java
|
Code
| 984 | 3,681 |
package com.keemsa.popularmovies.sync;
import android.accounts.Account;
import android.accounts.AccountManager;
import android.content.AbstractThreadedSyncAdapter;
import android.content.ContentProviderClient;
import android.content.ContentResolver;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.SyncRequest;
import android.content.SyncResult;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.util.Log;
import com.keemsa.popularmovies.AppStatus;
import com.keemsa.popularmovies.BuildConfig;
import com.keemsa.popularmovies.R;
import com.keemsa.popularmovies.Utility;
import com.keemsa.popularmovies.data.MovieColumns;
import com.keemsa.popularmovies.data.MovieProvider;
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.Vector;
/**
* Created by sebastian on 10/26/16.
*/
public class MoviesSyncAdapter extends AbstractThreadedSyncAdapter {
private final String LOG_TAG = MoviesSyncAdapter.class.getSimpleName();
ContentResolver mContentResolver;
// Interval at which to sync with the server, in seconds.
// 60 seconds (1 minute) * 60 minutes (1 hour) * 24 hours (1 day) * 7 days = 1 week
public static final int SYNC_INTERVAL = 604800;
public static final int SYNC_FLEXTIME = SYNC_INTERVAL / 3;
public static final String[] MOVIE_COLUMNS = {
MovieColumns._ID,
MovieColumns.TITLE,
MovieColumns.SYNOPSIS,
MovieColumns.POSTER_URL,
MovieColumns.QUERY_TYPE,
MovieColumns.RELEASE_DATE,
MovieColumns.RATING
};
public static final int MOVIE_ID = 0,
MOVIE_TITLE = 1,
MOVIE_SYNOPSIS = 2,
MOVIE_POSTER_URL = 3,
MOVIE_QUERY_TYPE = 4,
MOVIE_RELEASE_DATE = 5,
MOVIE_RATING = 6;
public MoviesSyncAdapter(Context context, boolean autoInitialize) {
super(context, autoInitialize);
mContentResolver = context.getContentResolver();
}
/**
* Taken from https://github.com/udacity/Sunshine-Version-2/blob/lesson_6_sync_adapter_starter_code/sync/SunshineSyncAdapter.java#L32
* Helper method to have the sync adapter sync immediately
*
* @param context The context used to access the account service
*/
public static void syncImmediately(Context context) {
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putBoolean(ContentResolver.SYNC_EXTRAS_EXPEDITED, true);
bundle.putBoolean(ContentResolver.SYNC_EXTRAS_MANUAL, true);
ContentResolver.requestSync(getSyncAccount(context),
context.getString(R.string.content_authority), bundle);
}
/**
* Taken from https://github.com/udacity/Sunshine-Version-2/blob/lesson_6_sync_adapter_starter_code/sync/SunshineSyncAdapter.java#L48
* Helper method to get the fake account to be used with SyncAdapter, or make a new one
* if the fake account doesn't exist yet. If we make a new account, we call the
* onAccountCreated method so we can initialize things.
*
* @param context The context used to access the account service
* @return a fake account.
*/
public static Account getSyncAccount(Context context) {
// Get an instance of the Android account manager
AccountManager accountManager =
(AccountManager) context.getSystemService(Context.ACCOUNT_SERVICE);
// Create the account type and default account
Account newAccount = new Account(
context.getString(R.string.app_name), context.getString(R.string.sync_account_type));
// If the password doesn't exist, the account doesn't exist
if (null == accountManager.getPassword(newAccount)) {
/*
* Add the account and account type, no password or user data
* If successful, return the Account object, otherwise report an error.
*/
if (!accountManager.addAccountExplicitly(newAccount, "", null)) {
return null;
}
/*
* If you don't set android:syncable="true" in
* in your <provider> element in the manifest,
* then call ContentResolver.setIsSyncable(account, AUTHORITY, 1)
* here.
*/
onAccountCreated(newAccount, context);
}
return newAccount;
}
@Override
public void onPerformSync(Account account, Bundle bundle, String s, ContentProviderClient contentProviderClient, SyncResult syncResult) {
Log.d(LOG_TAG, "onPerformSync Called");
String baseUrl = getContext().getString(R.string.base_query_url);
String queryBy = Utility.getPreferredValue(
getContext(),
getContext().getString(R.string.prf_key_sort),
getContext().getString(R.string.prf_default_sort)
);
String url = Uri.parse(baseUrl).buildUpon()
.appendPath(queryBy)
.appendQueryParameter("api_key", BuildConfig.MOVIEDB_API_KEY)
.build()
.toString();
processJson(fetchMoviesData(url));
}
private String fetchMoviesData(String url) {
HttpURLConnection connection = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
String moviesJson = null;
try {
URL movieUrl = new URL(url);
connection = (HttpURLConnection) movieUrl.openConnection();
connection.setRequestMethod("GET");
connection.connect();
InputStream stream = connection.getInputStream();
if (stream != null) {
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
String line;
StringBuilder output = new StringBuilder();
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
output.append(line);
}
if (output.length() != 0) {
moviesJson = output.toString();
}
} else {
setMoviesStatus(getContext(), AppStatus.MOVIES_STATUS_SERVER_DOWN);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Error", e);
setMoviesStatus(getContext(), AppStatus.MOVIES_STATUS_SERVER_DOWN);
} finally {
if (connection != null) {
connection.disconnect();
}
if (reader != null) {
try {
reader.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Error closing stream");
}
}
}
return moviesJson;
}
public void processJson(String json) {
if (json == null || json.length() == 0) {
return;
}
try {
Vector<ContentValues> cvMovies = processMovies(json);
if (cvMovies.size() > 0) {
ContentValues[] cvArray = new ContentValues[cvMovies.size()];
cvMovies.toArray(cvArray);
getContext().getContentResolver().bulkInsert(MovieProvider.Movie.ALL, cvArray);
}
setMoviesStatus(getContext(), AppStatus.MOVIES_STATUS_OK);
} catch (JSONException e) {
Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Error parsing json data of movies");
setMoviesStatus(getContext(), AppStatus.MOVIES_STATUS_SERVER_INVALID);
}
}
private Vector<ContentValues> processMovies(String json) throws JSONException {
JSONObject dataJson = new JSONObject(json);
JSONArray moviesJson = dataJson.getJSONArray("results");
Vector<ContentValues> cvVector = new Vector<>(moviesJson.length());
for (int i = 0; i < moviesJson.length(); i++) {
JSONObject currentMovie = moviesJson.getJSONObject(i);
long _id = currentMovie.optLong("id");
if (movieExists(_id)) {
String queryBy = Utility.getPreferredValue(
getContext(),
getContext().getString(R.string.prf_key_sort),
getContext().getString(R.string.prf_default_sort)
);
updateQueryType(_id, queryBy);
continue;
}
String title = currentMovie.optString("original_title"),
synopsis = currentMovie.optString("overview"),
posterUrl = Utility.formatPosterUrl(currentMovie.optString("poster_path")),
releaseDate = currentMovie.optString("release_date"),
rating = currentMovie.optString("vote_average");
ContentValues cvMovie = new ContentValues();
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns._ID, _id);
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.TITLE, title);
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.SYNOPSIS, synopsis);
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.POSTER_URL, posterUrl);
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.RELEASE_DATE, releaseDate);
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.RATING, rating);
// At this point QueryBy is popular or rating
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.QUERY_TYPE, Utility.queryTypeByQueryBy(getContext()));
cvVector.add(cvMovie);
}
return cvVector;
}
private boolean movieExists(long movieId) {
return Utility.movieExists(getContext(), movieId);
}
private boolean updateQueryType(long movieId, String queryBy) {
Cursor c = getContext().getContentResolver().query(
MovieProvider.Movie.withId(movieId),
MOVIE_COLUMNS,
null,
null,
null
);
if (c.moveToFirst()) {
int queryType = c.getInt(MOVIE_QUERY_TYPE);
boolean[] currentType = Utility.getValuesFromQueryType(queryType);
String rated = getContext().getResources().getStringArray(R.array.prf_values_sort)[1];
String popular = getContext().getResources().getStringArray(R.array.prf_values_sort)[0];
int newQueryType;
if (queryBy.equals(rated)) {
newQueryType = Utility.createQueryType(true, currentType[1], currentType[2]);
} else if (queryBy.equals(popular)) {
newQueryType = Utility.createQueryType(currentType[0], true, currentType[2]);
} else {
newQueryType = queryType;
}
ContentValues cvMovie = new ContentValues();
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns._ID, c.getLong(MOVIE_ID));
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.TITLE, c.getString(MOVIE_TITLE));
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.SYNOPSIS, c.getString(MOVIE_SYNOPSIS));
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.POSTER_URL, c.getString(MOVIE_POSTER_URL));
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.RELEASE_DATE, c.getInt(MOVIE_RELEASE_DATE));
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.RATING, c.getFloat(MOVIE_RATING));
cvMovie.put(MovieColumns.QUERY_TYPE, newQueryType);
int i = getContext().getContentResolver().update(
MovieProvider.Movie.withId(movieId),
cvMovie,
null,
null
);
return i >= 0;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Taken from https://gist.github.com/udacityandroid/7230489fb8cb3f46afee
* Helper method to schedule the sync adapter periodic execution
*/
public static void configurePeriodicSync(Context context, int syncInterval, int flexTime) {
Account account = getSyncAccount(context);
String authority = context.getString(R.string.content_authority);
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.KITKAT) {
// we can enable inexact timers in our periodic sync
SyncRequest request = new SyncRequest.Builder().
syncPeriodic(syncInterval, flexTime).
setSyncAdapter(account, authority).
setExtras(new Bundle()).build();
ContentResolver.requestSync(request);
} else {
ContentResolver.addPeriodicSync(account,
authority, new Bundle(), syncInterval);
}
}
/*
Taken from https://gist.github.com/udacityandroid/7230489fb8cb3f46afee
*/
private static void onAccountCreated(Account newAccount, Context context) {
/*
* Since we've created an account
*/
MoviesSyncAdapter.configurePeriodicSync(context, SYNC_INTERVAL, SYNC_FLEXTIME);
/*
* Without calling setSyncAutomatically, our periodic sync will not be enabled.
*/
ContentResolver.setSyncAutomatically(newAccount, context.getString(R.string.content_authority), true);
/*
* Finally, let's do a sync to get things started
*/
syncImmediately(context);
}
/*
Taken from https://gist.github.com/udacityandroid/7230489fb8cb3f46afee
*/
public static void initializeSyncAdapter(Context context) {
getSyncAccount(context);
}
private static void setMoviesStatus(Context context, int moviesStatus) {
Utility.setMoviesStatus(context, moviesStatus);
}
}
| 12,880 |
US-201414223680-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,992 | 8,792 |
Method and system for maintaining aspect ratio on pointing devices
ABSTRACT
A first computing device is provided for optimizing motion of a pointer associated with a pointing device. The first computing device can include one or more processors configured to provide a first virtual machine. The first virtual machine can be configured to obtain at least one of a first attribute and a second attribute, relating to a display area, and determine, based on at least one of the first attribute and the second attribute, at least one of a first scaling factor and a second scaling factor. The first virtual machine can be further configured to optimize a motion of the pointer based on at least one of the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor, and provide information corresponding to the optimized motion of the pointer to the second virtual machine.
BACKGROUND
Virtualization technologies have become widely used for sharing limited computer hardware resources. In a hardware virtualization environment, sometimes also referred to as a platform virtualization environment, one or more virtual machines can simulate a host computer with its own operating system. In particular, software executed on these virtual machines can be separated from the underlying hardware resources. As a result, virtual machines running on a same host computer can each have its own operating system. For example, a computer that is running a Microsoft Windows™ operating system may host a virtual machine that simulates a computer running a Linux operating system, based on which Linux-based software can be executed.
In a virtualization environment, desktops of multiple virtual machines can be displayed on display devices in a variety of manners. For example, screen elements of multiple virtual machines can be displayed on a same display device or can be displayed on separate display devices. A user can use one set of input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a stylus, to control multiple virtual machines, whether they are displayed on one display device or separate display devices. For example, a user can use a mouse to move a pointer generated by the mouse from one screen associated with one virtual machine to another screen associated with another virtual machine.
When a user moves a pointer from one display device to another, the virtual machines associated with the display devices need to determine the positions of the pointer. The positions of the pointer can often be determined by using absolute coordinates or relative coordinates. An absolute coordinate system can provide exact positions of the pointer; and a relative coordinate system can provide the amount of relative movement of the pointer from its previous position. In an absolute coordinate system, most input devices are not capable of obtaining information regarding the dimensions or coordinate system of the particular display device that is associated with it. As a result, the operating system of the virtual machine scales the input pointer area or coordinates to match the display-device dimensions. Such scaling can cause velocity distortion of the motion of the pointer.
In particular, in an absolute coordinate system, when the input pointer area has a different aspect ratio from that of an associated display device (e.g. a tablet screen), the operating system scales the input pointer area to match both the x-axis and y-axis of the display device. For example, a default input pointer area can have an aspect ratio of 1:1 (in width and height, the same below). When such default input pointer area relates to a display device that has an aspect ratio of 16:10 (e.g., aspect ratio of an Android Tablet screen), the operating system scales the default input pointer area to match the aspect ratio of 16:10. As a result of the scaling, the motion of the pointer along the x-axis can have a visibly different velocity (e.g., a higher speed) than that along the y-axis. Such a skewed scaling can cause difficulty for the user to use the input device. An alternative to such skewed scaling is to scale uniformly across the x-axis and the y-axis. The uniform scaling, however, can result in a reduced operating area. Therefore, Microsoft Windows™ operating system often times uses the skewed scale as a default.
While a relative coordinate system can mitigate or avoid the above described scaling difficulties associated with the absolute coordinate system, the relative coordinate system can require synchronization among multiple virtual machines to determine the positions of the pointer. As described above, multiple virtual machines can be controlled by one set of input devices on one display device or on separate display devices. Therefore, synchronization can be required if the input device is associated with several separate display devices or if the input device is associated with one display device that is shared by multiple virtual machines. Synchronization can be performed by one of the multiple virtual machines that the input device is associated with (e.g., a mouse-orchestrating virtual machine). For example, a mouse-orchestrating virtual machine can receive relative coordinates corresponding to relative mouse movement events, convert the relative coordinates to absolute coordinates, and transmit the absolute coordinates to the other virtual machines. The mouse-orchestrating virtual machine can be the virtual machine that is displayed on the particular display device on which the mouse pointer is present. The mouse-orchestrating virtual machine can also be a dedicated virtual machine for synchronization.
If the mouse-orchestrating virtual machine is the virtual machine that is displayed on the particular display device on which the mouse pointer is present, motion of the pointer can have inconsistent velocity across different virtual machines due to the differences of virtual machines. Moreover, one or more virtual machines can likely cause failure to cooperate with the other virtual machines. For example, such failure can cause the mouse to become “stuck” in one virtual machine. Further, malicious software can infect one or more of the virtual machines. For example, malicious software can utilize the interface provided by the infected virtual machine to interact with other virtual machines, therefore potentially compromising the security of other virtual machines as well.
If the mouse-orchestrating virtual machine is a dedicated virtual machine for synchronization of the pointer generated by a pointing device, the mouse-orchestrating virtual machine receives relative coordinates corresponding to the relative movements of the pointer provided by a target virtual machine (i.e., the virtual machine that is displayed on the particular display device on which the mouse pointer is present). The mouse-orchestrating virtual machine can convert the relative coordinates to absolute coordinates and transmit the absolute coordinates to the target virtual machine. The input pointer area, however, can have a different aspect ratio from that of the display device associated with the target virtual machine. As a result, converting the relative coordinates to absolute coordinates can cause the similar difficulty that the velocities across the x-axis and the y-axis are visibly different.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings showing example embodiments of this disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary network environment, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIGS. 2A-2B are block diagrams of an exemplary computing device, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary virtualization environment, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary system for optimizing motion of a pointer associated with a pointing device, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating scaling of relative coordinates corresponding to different display devices, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an exemplary method for optimizing motion of a pointer associated with a pointing device, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments implemented according to the present disclosure, the examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
The embodiments described herein provide technologies for optimizing motion of a pointer associated with a pointing device for operating one or more virtual machines. The optimization techniques described herein can obtain dimensions of display devices that are associated with one or more virtual machines; determine scaling factors; and optimize motion of the pointer using the scaling factors and relative coordinates received from an input device.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary network environment 100. While exemplary network environment 100 is directed to a virtual network environment, it is appreciated that the network environment can be any type of network that communicates using packets. Network environment 100 can include one or more client devices 102A-F, a public network 104, a private network 110, a main office 114, a branch office 116, and a data center 120.
One or more client devices 102A-F (collectively as 102) are devices that can acquire remote services from data center 120 through various means. Client devices 102A-F can communicate with data center 120 either directly (e.g., client device 102E) or indirectly through a public network 104 (e.g., client devices 102A-D) or a private network 110 (e.g., client device 102F). In some embodiment, a main office 114 and a branch office 116 can also include one or more client devices that are similar to client devices 102A-F. Main office 114 can be located, for example, in a principle place of business of a company. Branch office 116 can be located, for example, remote to main office 114. In some embodiments, the client devices of main office 114 and branch office 116 can also acquire remote services from data center 120 through, for example, private network 110.
When client device 102 communicates through public network 104 or private network 110, a communication link can be established. For example, a communication link can be established by public network 104, thereby providing a client device (e.g. client devices 102A-D) access to data center 120. A communication link can also be established by private network 110, thereby providing client device 102F, main office 114 and/or branch office 116 accesses to data center 120. While client devices 102A-D are portrayed as a computer (e.g., client devices 102A), a laptop (e.g., client device 102B), a tablet (e.g., client device 102C), and a mobile smart phone (e.g., client device 102D), it is appreciated that client device 102 could be any type of device that communicates packets to and from data center 120.
Public network 104 and private network 110 can be any type of network such as a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), or a metropolitan area network (MAN). As an example, a WAN can be the Internet or the World Wide Web, and a LAN can be a corporate Intranet. Public network 104 and private network 110 can be a wired network, a wireless network, or a combination of both.
Data center 120 can be a central repository, either physical or virtual, for the storage, management, and dissemination of data and information pertaining to a particular public or private entity. Data center 120 can be used to house computer systems and associated components, such as one or more physical servers, virtual servers, and storage systems. Data center 120 can include, among other things, one or more servers (e.g., server 122), a desktop delivery controller 124, a virtual desktop 126, applications 128, and a backend system 130.
Server 122 can be an entity represented by an IP address and can exist as a single entity or a member of a server farm. Server 122 can be a physical server or a virtual server. In some embodiments, server 122 can include a hardware layer, an operating system, a communication subsystem, and a hypervisor creating or managing one or more virtual machines. Server 122 can provide one or more services to an endpoint. These services can include providing one or more applications 128 to one or more endpoints (e.g., client devices 102A-F). For example, one or more applications 128 can include Windows™- or SAP™-based applications and computing resources. Via the communication subsystem, server 122 can communicate with other devices (e.g., client devices 102) through various types of networks (e.g., private network 110 and public network 104).
Desktop delivery controller 124 can be a device that enables delivery of services, such as virtual desktops 126 to client devices (e.g., client devices 102A-F). Desktop delivery controller 124 can provide functionality required to manage, maintain, and optimize all virtual desktop communications. In some embodiments, desktop delivery controller 124 can control, manage, maintain, or optimize the provisioning of applications 128.
In some embodiments, one or more virtual desktops 126 can provide one or more applications 128. Virtual desktops 126 can include hosted shared desktops allowing multiple user to access a single shared remote-desktop-services desktop, virtual desktop infrastructure desktops allowing each user to have their own virtual machine, streaming disk images, a local virtual machine, individual applications (e.g., one or more applications 128), or a combination thereof.
Backend system 130 can be a single or multiple instances of computer networking hardware, appliances, or servers in a server farm or a bank of servers. Backend system 130 can interface directly or indirectly with server 122. For example, backend system 130 can include Microsoft™ Active Directory, which can provide a number of network services, including lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) directory services, Kerberos-based authentication, domain name system (DNS) based naming and other network information, and synchronization of directory updates amongst several servers. Backend system 130 can also include, among other things, an Oracle backend server, a SQL Server backend, and/or a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP). Backend system 130 can provide data, services, or a combination of both to data center 120, which can then provide that information via varying forms to client devices 102 or branch office 140.
FIGS. 2A-2B are block diagrams of an exemplary client device 102, consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2A, each client device 102 can include one or more central processing units (CPUs) 221, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs 225), a system memory 222, and a graphic memory 226. CPUs 221 can be any logic circuitry that responds to and processes instructions fetched from the system memory 222. CPUs 221 can be a single or multiple microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or digital signal processors (DSPs) capable of executing particular sets of instructions stored in a memory (e.g., system memory 222) or a cache (e.g., cache 240). The memory can include a tangible non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as a flexible disk, a hard disk, a CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory), MO (magneto-optical) drive, a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disk read-only memory), a DVD-RAM (digital versatile disk random-access memory), or a semiconductor memory. System memory 222 can be one or more memory chips capable of storing data and allowing any storage location to be directly accessed by CPUs 221. System memory 222 can be any type of random access memory (RAM), or any other available memory chip capable of operating as described herein. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2A, CPUs 221 can communicate with system memory 222 via a system interface 250.
GPUs 225 can be any type of specialized circuitry that can manipulate and alter memory (e.g., graphic memory 226) to provide and/or accelerate the creation of images stored in a frame buffer (e.g., frame buffer 316 shown in FIG. 2B) for output to a display device (e.g., display device 224). GPUs 225 can have a highly parallel structure making them more effective than general-purpose CPUs 221 for algorithms where processing of large blocks of graphical data can be performed in parallel. Furthermore, the functionality of GPUs 225 can also be included in a chipset of in some other type of special purpose processing unit or co-processor.
CPUs 221 can connect to system memory 222 and system interface 250. CPUs 221 can execute programming instructions stored in the system memory 222, operates on data stored in system memory 222 and communicates with the GPUs 225 through the system interface 250, which bridges communication between the CPUs 221 and GPUs 225. In some embodiments, CPUs 221, GPUs 225, system interface 250, or any combination thereof, can be integrated into a single processing unit. GPUs 225 can be capable of executing particular sets of instructions stored in system memory 222 to manipulate graphical data store in system memory 225 or graphic memory 226. For example, GPUs 225 can receive instructions transmitted by the CPUs 221 and processes the instructions in order to render graphics data stored in the graphic memory 226. Graphic memory 226 can be any memory space accessible by GPUs 225, including local memory, system memory, on-chip memories, and hard disk. GPUs 225 can enable displaying of graphical data stored in graphic memory 226 on display device 224.
Client device 102 can also include display device 224 and an input/output (I/O) device 230 (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, or a pointing device) connected through an I/O controller 223, both of which communicate via system interface 250. It is appreciated that CPUs 221 can also communicate with system memory 222 and other devices in manners other than through system interface 250, such as through serial communication manners or point-to-point communication manners. Similarly, GPUs 225 can also communicate with graphic memory 226 and other devices in manners other than system interface 250. Furthermore, I/O device 230 can also provide storage and/or an installation medium for the client device 102.
FIG. 2B depicts an embodiment of an exemplary client device 102 in which CPUs 221 communicates directly with system memory 222 via a memory port 203, and similarly GPUs 225 communicates directly with graphic memory 226. CPUs 221 can communicate with a cache 240 via a secondary bus, sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In some embodiments, CPUs 221 can communicate with cache 240 via system interface 250. Cache 240 typically has a faster response time than system memory 222. In some embodiments, such as the embodiment shown in FIG. 2B, CPUs 221 can communicate directly with I/O device 230 via an I/O port. In further embodiments, I/O device 230 can be a bridge 270 between system interface 250 and an external communication bus, such as a USB bus, an Apple Desktop Bus, an RS-232 serial connection, a SCSI bus, a FireWire bus, a FireWire 800 bus, an Ethernet bus, an AppleTalk bus, a Gigabit Ethernet bus, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode bus, a HIPPI bus, a Super HIPPI bus, a SerialPlus bus, a SCI/LAMP bus, a FibreChannel bus, or a Serial Attached small computer system interface bus.
As shown in FIG. 2B, GPUs 225 can also communicate directly with graphic memory 226 and display device 224. GPUs 225 can communicate with CPUs 221 and other devices through system interface 250. Graphic memory 226 can also include a frame buffer 316. Frame buffer 316 can be a graphic output device that drives a display device (e.g., display device 224) from a memory buffer of graphic memory 226 containing a complete frame of graphical data. Frame buffer 316 can store the final graphic frames, which are to be displayed on display device 224.
As shown in FIG. 2A, client device 102 can support any suitable installation device 216, such as a floppy disk drive for receiving floppy disks such as 3.5-inch, 5.25-inch disks or ZIP disks; a CD-ROM drive; a CD-R/RW drive; a DVD-ROM drive; tape drives of various formats; a USB device; a hard-drive; or any other device suitable for installing software and programs such as any client agent 220, or portion thereof. Client device 102 can further comprise a storage device 228, such as one or more hard disk drives or redundant arrays of independent disks, for storing an operating system and other related software, and for storing application software programs such as any program related to client agent 220. Optionally, any of the installation devices 216 could also be used as storage device 228.
Furthermore, client device 102 can include a network interface 218 to interface to a LAN, WAN, MAN, or the Internet through a variety of connections including, but not limited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WAN links (e.g., 802.11, T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25), broadband connections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM), wireless connections, or some combination of any or all of the above. Network interface 218 can comprise a built-in network adapter, network interface card, PCMCIA network card, card bus network adapter, wireless network adapter, USB network adapter, modem or any other device suitable for interfacing client device 102 to any type of network capable of communication and performing the operations described herein.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary virtualization environment 300. In some embodiments, virtualization environment 300 can include a computing device (e.g., client device 102 or server 122). In some embodiments, the modules, programs, virtual machines, and commands stored and executed by virtualization environment 300 can be executed by more than one computing device. For example, virtualization environment 300 can include a server farm.
Virtualization environment 300 can include a hardware layer 310 that can include one or more physical disks 304, one or more physical devices 306, one or more physical processors 308, a system memory 312, and a graphic memory 314. In some embodiments, frame buffer 316 can be stored within a memory element in graphic memory 314 and can be executed by one or more of physical processors 308.
Physical disk 304 can be either an internal or an external hard disk. Virtualization environment 300 can communicate with an external hard disk that is included in the hardware layer 310 as a physical disk 304. Physical devices 306 can be any combination of devices included in virtualization environment 300 and external devices that communicate with virtualization environment 300. Physical device 306 can be any device such as a network interface card, a video card, a keyboard, a pointing device, an input device, a monitor, a display device, speakers, an optical drive, a storage device, a universal serial bus connection, any device connected to virtualization environment 300, any device communicating with virtualization environment 300, a printer, a scanner, or any other device that is desired. A pointing device can be, for example, a mouse, a stylus, a trackball, a joystick, a pointing stick, a human finger, or any other input interface that can allow a user to input spatial data to a computing device. In some embodiments, physical processors 308 can be any processor and can include, for example, CPUs and GPUs.
System memory 312 can include any type of memory that can store data, programs, firmwares, or set of executable instructions. Programs, firmwares, or executable instructions stored in system memory 312 can be executed by one or more physical processors 308 of virtualization environment 300. Graphic memory 314 can be any memory space accessible by the physical processors 308, including local memory, system memory, on-chip memories, and hard disk. Physical processors 308 can display certain graphics corresponding to graphical data stored in graphic memory 316 on a display device of physical devices 306.
Virtualization environment 300 can further include an operating system 318 that can be stored in a memory element in system memory 312 and executed by one or more of physical processors 308. Operating system 318 can also be referred to as kernel. Moreover, virtualization environment 300 can include a hypervisor 302. Hypervisor 302 can be a program executed by physical processors 308 in virtualization environment 300 to manage any number of virtual machines. Hypervisor 302 can be referred to as a virtual machine monitor, or platform virtualization software. In some embodiments, hypervisor 302 can be any combination of executable instructions and hardware that monitors virtual machines executing on a computing device. Hypervisor 302 can be stored in a memory element in system memory 312.
Hypervisor 302 can provide virtual resources to one or more virtual machines, e.g., virtual machines 332A-C. A virtual machine can be a fully-virtualized virtual machine. A fully-virtualized virtual machine can have a guest operating system to allow executing of its software. While running on a host computer, a fully-virtualized virtual machine is unaware that it is a virtual machine. A fully-virtualized virtual machine is sometimes also referred as a Domain U or domU virtual machine (e.g., virtual machine 332A). A domU virtual machine can be controlled by a control program of another virtual machine. The control program can also be referred to as a control operating system, a control domain, a Domain 0, or dom0. Thus, the virtual machine that runs the control operating system can be referred to as a dom0 virtual machine (e.g., virtual machines 332B-C). In some embodiments, a dom0 virtual machine can have direct access to host computer's hardware resources and thus the control program can be executed by the host computer's operating system. A dom0 virtual machine can have access to the host computer's hardware resources through a hypervisor that either runs directly on the host computer's hardware (i.e., a bare metal hypervisor) or runs within the host computer's operating system (i.e., a hosted hypervisor). In some embodiments, a virtual machine can also be a service domain virtual machine, also referred as a Domain S or domS virtual machine (not shown).
Hypervisor 302, in some embodiments, can provide virtual resources to guest operating systems (domU) 330A-B and/or control operating system (dom0) 320 in any manner such that hypervisor 302 simulates any desirable operating systems (e.g., Windows, Linux, Unix) to execute on virtual machines 332A-C. The system resources can include, for example, hardware layer 310 and any other component included in virtualization environment 300. In these embodiments, hypervisor 302 may be used to emulate virtual hardware, partition physical hardware, virtualize physical hardware, or execute virtual machines that provide access to computing environments. In some embodiments, hypervisor 302 can control processor scheduling and memory partitioning for virtual machine 332A-C executing in virtualization environment 300.
In some embodiments, hypervisor 302 can create virtual machines 332A-C, in which guest operating systems 330A-B or control operating system 320 execute, respectively. As an example, hypervisor 302 can load a virtual machine image to create a virtual machine 332. As another example, hypervisor 302 can execute guest operating systems 330A and 330B within virtual machines 332B and 332C, respectively. Guest operating systems 330A-B are further described in details below.
As shown in FIG. 3, hypervisor 302 of virtualization environment 300 can be a host hypervisor, or a hypervisor that executes within an operating system (kernel) 318 executing on virtualization environment 300. As a host hypervisor, hypervisor 302 can execute within operating system 318. And virtual machines 332A-C execute at a level above hypervisor 302. If hypervisor 302 is a host hypervisor, operating system 318 can be referred to as a host operating system, while the other operating systems (e.g., operating systems 330A-B) can be referred to as guest operating systems. Guest operating systems 330A-B can execute on virtual machines 332B-C (or domU virtual machines).
In some embodiments, hypervisor 302 of virtualization environment 300 can be a bare metal hypervisor, or a hypervisor that has direct access to all applications and processes executing in the host computing device (e.g., client device 102), all resources on the host computing device, and all hardware on the host computing device (e.g., the hardware layer shown in FIG. 3) or communicating with the host computing device. While a host hypervisor accesses system resources through a host operating system (e.g., operating system 318), a bare metal hypervisor can directly access all system resources. For example, if hypervisor 302 is a bare metal hypervisor, it can execute directly on one or more physical processors 308, and can include program data stored in the system memory 312 and graphic memory 314.
In a virtualization environment that employs a bare metal hypervisor configuration, the host operating system can be executed by one or more virtual machines 332. Thus, a user of the computing device can designate one or more virtual machines 332 as the dom0 virtual machine (e.g. virtual machine 332A). This dom0 virtual machine can imitate the host operating system by allowing a user to interact with the computing device in substantially the same manner that the user would interact with the computing device via host operating system 318.
Virtualization environment 300 can host or execute one or more virtual machines 332A-C. As described above, a virtual machine executing a control operating system can be referred to as a dom0 virtual machine; and a guest virtual machine can be referred as a domU virtual machine. A virtual machine 332 can be a set of executable instructions that, when executed by physical processors 308, imitate the operation of a physical computing device such that programs and processes can be executed on virtual machine 332 in a manner similar to that on a physical computing device. It is appreciated that virtualization environment 300 can host any number of virtual machines 332. In some embodiments, each virtual machine 332 can be provided, such as by hypervisor 302, with a unique virtual view of the physical hardware, memory, processor, and other system resources available to that virtual machine 332. The unique virtual view can be based on, for example, virtual machine permissions, application of a policy engine to one or more virtual machine identifiers, the user accessing a virtual machine, the applications executing on a virtual machine, networks accessed by a virtual machine, or any other desired criteria. In some embodiments, each virtual machine 332 can be provided with a substantially similar virtual view of the physical hardware, memory, processor, and other system resources available to the virtual machines 332.
As shown in FIG. 3, virtual machines 332A-C can include one or more virtual disks 326A-C (collectively as 326). Virtual disks 326 can correspond to, for example, one or more physical disks or a portion of a physical disk (e.g., physical disks 304). As an example, virtual disk 326A can be allocated a first portion of physical disks 304; virtual disk 326B can be allocated a second portion of physical disks 304; and virtual disk 326C can be allocated a third portion of physical disks 304. In some embodiments, one or more of virtual disks 326A-C can include disk partitions and a file system, similar to those of a physical disk. For example, virtual disk 326A can include a system disk, which includes disk partitions and system files associated with virtual machine 332A. In some embodiments, the system disk can be shared among virtual machines. For example, virtual machines 332B and 332C can have the same or similar system disk.
The file systems of virtual disks 326A-C can also include files and folders. For example, virtual disk 326A can also include a user disk, which can store user data such as user files and folders. The user data stored on a user disk is also referred to as persistent user data. In some embodiments, the system disk and/or the user disk of a virtual machine of a client device (e.g., client device 102) can be synchronized with the corresponding disks stored in a server (e.g., server 122). The synchronization of system disk and/or the user disk between the server and the client device can include, for example, updating the system disk to a newer version published by the server and providing backup of the user disk. In some embodiments, a virtual disk can also include a local disk. The local disk can store local data associated with a virtual machine (e.g., virtual machine 332B). The local disk can also include persistent user data. In some embodiments, the persistent user data stored on a local disk cannot be synchronized with a server.
In some embodiments, virtualization environment 300 can also include virtual apertures (not shown) in a virtual memory space, which can be a virtual view of the virtual memory available to virtual machines 332. The virtual apertures can correspond to for example, caches, buffers, physical memories such as system memory 312, and graphic memory 314, internal or external physical disks such as hard disk 304. As an example, under the circumstances that applications running on virtual machine 332A do not require memory more than that is available in system memory 312; the virtual apertures of virtual machine 332A can correspond to a portion of system memory 312. As another example, under the circumstances that applications executed by virtual machine 332B requires memory more than that is available in system memory 312, the virtual apertures of virtual machine 332B can correspond to one or more portions of system memory 312, graphic memory 314, or even one or more portions of physical disks 304. The virtual apertures can be generated, provided, and managed by hypervisor 302.
Virtual processors 328A-C (collectively as 328) can be a virtualized view of one or more physical processors 308 of virtualization environment 300. In some embodiments, the virtualized view of the physical processors 308 can be generated, provided, and managed by hypervisor 302. In some embodiments, virtual processor 328 can have substantially the same characteristics as those of physical processors 308. In some embodiments, virtual processors 328 can provide a modified view of the physical processors 308 such that at least some of the characteristics of virtual processor 328 are different from the characteristics of the corresponding physical processors 308.
In FIG. 3, control operating system 320 can execute at least one application for managing and configuring the guest operating systems (domUs 330, e.g. domU-1 330A and domU-2 330B) executing on the virtual machines 332. In some embodiments, control operating system 320 can be referred to as control domain 320, domain 0 320, or dom0 320. While FIG. 3 shows that control operating system 320 is included in virtual machine 332A, control operating system 320 can be executed within any control virtual machine or any dom0 virtual machine, can be executed by hypervisor 302, or can be executed by operating system 318 executing hypervisor 302. Control operating system 320 can execute an administrative application or program that can further display a user interface, which administrators can use to access the functionality of each virtual machine 332 and/or to manage each virtual machine 332. In some embodiments, the user interface generated by the administrative program can be used to terminate the execution of virtual machines 332, allocate resources to virtual machines 332, assign permissions to virtual machines 332, or manage security credentials associated with virtual machines 332.
Moreover, in some embodiments, control operating system 320 can start new virtual machines 332 or terminate execution of virtual machines 332. Control operating system 320 can also directly access hardware and/or resources within the hardware layer 310. In some embodiments, control operating system 320 can interface with programs and applications executing within the context of a virtual machine 332. Control operating system 320 can also interface with programs and applications executing on the computing device in virtualization environment 300 that are outside of the context of a virtual machine 332.
Furthermore, control operating system 320 can also interact with one or more guest operating systems 330. Control operating system 320 can communicate with guest operating systems 330 through hypervisor 302. As an example, guest operating systems 330 can communicate with control operating system 320 via a communication channel established by the hypervisor 302, such as via a plurality of shared memory pages made available by the hypervisor 302. In some embodiments, control operating system 320 can also include a network back-end driver (not shown) for communicating directly with networking hardware provided by virtualization environment 300. The network back-end driver can process at least one virtual machine request from at least one guest operating system 330. Control operating system 320 can also include a block back-end driver for communicating with a storage element included in virtualization environment 300, such as system memory 312 and graphic memory 314. In some embodiments, the block back-end driver can read and write data from the storage element based upon at least one request received from a guest operating system 330.
Control operating system 320 can also include a tools stack 324, which can provide functionality for interacting with the hypervisor 302. Tools stack 324 can include customized applications for providing improved management functionality to an administrator of a virtual machine farm. In some embodiments, at least one of tools stack 324 and control operating system 320 can include a management application programming interface (API) that provides an interface for remotely configuring and controlling virtual machines 332 running in virtualization environment 300.
As shown in FIG. 3, guest operating systems 330 can provide users of virtualization environment 300 with access to resources within a computing environment. Such resources can include programs, applications, files, executable instruction codes, desktop environments, computing environment, or other resources made available to users of virtualization environment 300. In some embodiments, the resource can be delivered to virtualization environment 300 via a plurality of access methods including conventional direct installations in virtualization environment 300 or delivery via a method for application streaming. The resource can also be delivered to virtualization environment 300 via access methods such as delivery of output data generated by an execution of the resource on another computing device and communicated to virtualization environment 300 via a presentation layer protocol, delivery of output data generated by execution from a removable storage device connected to virtualization environment 300, and delivery of output data generated by execution via a virtual machine executing in virtualization environment 300.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary system 400 for optimizing motion of a pointer associated with a pointing device. As shown in FIG. 4, system 400 can include a computing device 410. Computing device 410 can be, for example, client device 102 or server 122. Computing device 410 can include virtual machines 420A-C and a virtual machine 430. System 400 can also include a network 440 and a virtual machine 420D.
Virtual machines 420A-C can be executed by computing device 410 or reside on computing device 410. Virtual machine 420D can be executed by a different computing device (not shown), which can remotely communicate with virtual machine 430 via network 440. Network 440 can be any type of network, e.g., public network 104 or private network 110. In some embodiments, whether residing on the same computing device (e.g., computing device 410) or a different computing device, virtual machines 420A-D can be associated with a same pointing device. For example, a user can use a same pointing device (e.g., a mouse) to operate virtual machines 420A-D. In some embodiments, virtual machines 420A-D can also be associated with different pointing devices.
Further, in some embodiments, virtual machines 420A-D can be associated with a same display device (e.g., display device 224). For example, a display device can display desktops of virtual machines 420A-D on its screen. In some embodiments, virtual machines 420A-D can be associated with a plurality of display devices. For example, the desktop of each virtual machines 420A-D can be displayed on a separate display device. Moreover, one virtual machine can also be associated with a plurality of display devices. For example, the desktop of virtual machine 420A can be split, separated, extended, or otherwise displayed on two or more display devices. Virtual machines 420A-D can be domU virtual machines (e.g., virtual machines 332B and 332C) or guest virtual machines.
In some embodiments, one or more virtual machines 420A-D can record at least one attribute of the display device that the particular virtual machine is associated with and store the recorded one or more attributes. For example, virtual machines 420A-C can be associated with display devices that have aspect ratios of 4:3, 16:9, and 16:10, respectively. Virtual machines 420A-C can thus record the aspect ratios of their respective display devices and store the aspect ratios in virtual/physical apertures or virtual/physical disks (e.g., virtual disks 326B-C) of computing device 410. It is appreciated that attributes of the display device can also include aspect ratios, screen dimensions, screen resolutions, etc. For example, a display device can have one or more screen resolutions measured in pixels, such as 1920×1080, 1680×1050, 1280×720, 800×600, etc.
Virtual machines 420A-D can monitor and update the attributes of the display devices that the corresponding virtual machines are associated with. As an example, virtual machine 420A can be associated with a particular display device for a certain period of time and can become associated with another display device afterwards. Virtual machine 420A can detect the change of the display-device association, record the new display device attributes, and update the stored attributes accordingly. Virtual machines 420A-D can monitor, record, and update the attributes of the associated display devices periodically, continuously, or in any desired manner.
As shown in FIG. 4, in some embodiments, virtual machine 430 can be a dedicated virtual machine for optimizing the motion of a pointer associated with a pointing device (e.g., a back-end virtual machine). As described above, in some embodiments, a user can operate virtual machines 420A-D using a same pointing device. Virtual machine 430 can thus provide optimization of the motion of the pointer associated with the pointing device for operating virtual machines 420A-D. Virtual machine 430 can be a dom0 virtual machine (e.g., virtual machine 332A) or a control virtual machine. Virtual machine 430 can also be a domU or domS virtual machine that is dedicated for optimizing the motion of a pointer associated with a pointing device.
In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, virtual machine 430 can reside in the same computing device 410 as virtual machines 420A-C. Under such circumstances, virtual machine 430 can communicate locally with virtual machines 420A-C, such as directly or via a hypervisor. Virtual machine 430 can reside in a computing device (e.g., computing device 410) different from the computing device where virtual machine 420D resides. Under such circumstances, virtual machine 430 can communicate remotely with virtual machine 420D via network 440.
| 22,790 |
https://github.com/homeguys/htht-design/blob/master/src/router/main_router/routers.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
htht-design
|
homeguys
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 54 | 165 |
import React, { Suspense } from 'react'
import { Switch, Route, Redirect } from 'react-router-dom'
import { Spin } from 'antd'
import routerConfig from './router_config'
export default () => (
<div className="main-wrapper">
<Switch>
{routerConfig.map(item => {
return (
<Route path={item.path} key={item.path}>
<Suspense fallback={<Spin size="large" />}>{item.component}</Suspense>
</Route>
)
})}
<Redirect to="/home" />
</Switch>
</div>
)
| 19,338 |
https://github.com/jdm7dv/visual-studio/blob/master/VSSDK/VisualStudioIntegration/Common/Source/CPP/VSL/UnitTest/CommandTarget/CommandTarget.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
visual-studio
|
jdm7dv
|
C
|
Code
| 75 | 166 |
/***************************************************************************
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
This code is licensed under the Visual Studio SDK license terms.
THIS CODE IS PROVIDED *AS IS* WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
This code is a part of the Visual Studio Library.
***************************************************************************/
#include <VSLUnitTest.h>
#include <VSLShortNameDefines.h>
class TargetTest :
public VSL::UnitTestBase
{
public:
TargetTest(_In_opt_ const char* const szTestName);
};
| 17,379 |
https://github.com/hed-standard/hed-javascript/blob/master/common/schema/types.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
hed-javascript
|
hed-standard
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 1,097 | 2,480 |
/** HED schema classes */
import { getGenerationForSchemaVersion } from '../../utils/hedData'
/**
* An imported HED schema object.
*/
export class Schema {
/**
* The schema XML data.
* @type {Object}
*/
xmlData
/**
* The HED schema version.
* @type {string}
*/
version
/**
* The HED generation of this schema.
* @type {Number}
*/
generation
/**
* The HED library schema name.
* @type {string}
*/
library
/**
* This schema's prefix in the active schema set.
* @type {string}
*/
prefix
/**
* Constructor.
* @param {object} xmlData The schema XML data.
*/
constructor(xmlData) {
this.xmlData = xmlData
const rootElement = xmlData.HED
this.version = rootElement.$.version
this.library = rootElement.$.library ?? ''
if (this.library) {
this.generation = 3
} else {
this.generation = getGenerationForSchemaVersion(this.version)
}
}
/**
* Determine if a HED tag has a particular attribute in this schema.
*
* @param {string} tag The HED tag to check.
* @param {string} tagAttribute The attribute to check for.
* @return {boolean} Whether this tag has this attribute.
* @abstract
*/
// eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
tagHasAttribute(tag, tagAttribute) {}
}
export class Hed2Schema extends Schema {
/**
* The description of tag attributes.
* @type {SchemaAttributes}
*/
attributes
/**
* Constructor.
* @param {object} xmlData The schema XML data.
* @param {SchemaAttributes} attributes A description of tag attributes.
*/
constructor(xmlData, attributes) {
super(xmlData)
this.attributes = attributes
}
/**
* Determine if a HED tag has a particular attribute in this schema.
*
* @param {string} tag The HED tag to check.
* @param {string} tagAttribute The attribute to check for.
* @return {boolean} Whether this tag has this attribute.
*/
tagHasAttribute(tag, tagAttribute) {
return this.attributes.tagHasAttribute(tag, tagAttribute)
}
}
export class Hed3Schema extends Schema {
/**
* The collection of schema entries.
* @type {SchemaEntries}
*/
entries
/**
* The mapping between short and long tags.
* @type {Mapping}
*/
mapping
/**
* Constructor.
* @param {object} xmlData The schema XML data.
* @param {SchemaEntries} entries A collection of schema entries.
* @param {Mapping} mapping A mapping between short and long tags.
*/
constructor(xmlData, entries, mapping) {
super(xmlData)
this.entries = entries
this.mapping = mapping
}
/**
* Determine if a HED tag has a particular attribute in this schema.
*
* @param {string} tag The HED tag to check.
* @param {string} tagAttribute The attribute to check for.
* @return {boolean} Whether this tag has this attribute.
*/
tagHasAttribute(tag, tagAttribute) {
return this.entries.tagHasAttribute(tag, tagAttribute)
}
}
/**
* The collection of active HED schemas.
*/
export class Schemas {
/**
* The imported HED schemas.
*
* The empty string key ("") corresponds to the schema with no nickname,
* while other keys correspond to the respective nicknames.
*
* This field is null for syntax-only validation.
*
* @type {Map<string, Schema>|null}
*/
schemas
/**
* Constructor.
* @param {Schema|Map<string, Schema>|null} schemas The imported HED schemas.
*/
constructor(schemas) {
if (schemas === null || schemas instanceof Map) {
this.schemas = schemas
} else if (schemas instanceof Schema) {
this.schemas = new Map([['', schemas]])
} else {
throw new Error('Invalid type passed to Schemas constructor')
}
if (this.schemas) {
this._addNicknamesToSchemas()
}
}
_addNicknamesToSchemas() {
for (const [nickname, schema] of this.schemas) {
schema.prefix = nickname
}
}
/**
* Return the schema with the given nickname.
*
* @param {string} schemaName A nickname in the schema set.
* @returns {Schema} The schema object corresponding to that nickname.
*/
getSchema(schemaName) {
return this.schemas?.get(schemaName)
}
/**
* The base schema, i.e. the schema with no nickname, if one is defined.
*
* @returns {Schema}
*/
get baseSchema() {
return this.getSchema('')
}
/**
* The standard schema, i.e. primary schema implementing the HED standard, if one is defined.
*
* @returns {Schema}
*/
get standardSchema() {
for (const schema of this.schemas.values()) {
if (schema.library === '') {
return schema
}
}
return undefined
}
/**
* The library schemas, i.e. the schema with nicknames, if any are defined.
*
* @returns {Map<string, Schema>|null}
*/
get librarySchemas() {
if (this.schemas !== null) {
const schemasCopy = new Map(this.schemas)
schemasCopy.delete('')
return schemasCopy
} else {
return null
}
}
/**
* The HED generation of this schema.
*
* If baseSchema is null, generation is set to 0.
* @type {Number}
*/
get generation() {
if (this.schemas === null || this.schemas.size === 0) {
return 0
} else if (this.librarySchemas.size > 0) {
return 3
} else if (this.baseSchema) {
return this.baseSchema.generation
} else {
return 0
}
}
/**
* Whether this schema collection is for syntactic validation only.
* @return {boolean}
*/
get isSyntaxOnly() {
return this.generation === 0
}
/**
* Whether this schema collection comprises HED 3 schemas.
* @return {boolean}
*/
get isHed3() {
return this.generation === 3
}
}
/**
* A schema version specification.
*/
export class SchemaSpec {
/**
* The nickname of this schema.
* @type {string}
*/
nickname
/**
* The version of this schema.
* @type {string}
*/
version
/**
* The library name of this schema.
* @type {string}
*/
library
/**
* The local path for this schema.
* @type {string}
*/
localPath
/**
* Constructor.
*
* @param {string} nickname The nickname of this schema.
* @param {string} version The version of this schema.
* @param {string?} library The library name of this schema.
* @param {string?} localPath The local path for this schema.
*/
constructor(nickname, version, library = '', localPath = '') {
this.nickname = nickname
this.version = version
this.library = library
this.localPath = localPath
}
/**
* Compute the name for the bundled copy of this schema.
*
* @returns {string}
*/
get localName() {
if (!this.library) {
return 'HED' + this.version
} else {
return 'HED_' + this.library + '_' + this.version
}
}
/**
* Alias to old name of localPath.
*
* @todo Replace with localPath in 4.0.0.
*
* @returns {string} The local path for this schema.
*/
get path() {
return this.localPath
}
}
/**
* A specification mapping schema nicknames to SchemaSpec objects.
*/
export class SchemasSpec {
/**
* The specification mapping data.
* @type {Map<string, SchemaSpec>}
*/
data
/**
* Constructor.
*/
constructor() {
this.data = new Map()
}
/**
* Add a schema to this specification.
*
* @param {SchemaSpec} schemaSpec A schema specification.
* @returns {SchemasSpec| map} This object.
*/
addSchemaSpec(schemaSpec) {
this.data.set(schemaSpec.nickname, schemaSpec)
return this
}
/**
* Determine whether this specification already has a schema with the given nickname.
*
* @param {SchemaSpec} schemaSpec A schema specification with a nickname.
* @returns {boolean} Whether the nickname exists in this specification.
*/
isDuplicate(schemaSpec) {
return this.data.has(schemaSpec.nickname)
}
}
| 43,639 |
https://github.com/npocmaka/Windows-Server-2003/blob/master/ds/security/csps/cryptoflex/slbcsp/msrsapubkb.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,021 |
Windows-Server-2003
|
npocmaka
|
C++
|
Code
| 228 | 960 |
// MsRsaPubKB.cpp -- MicroSoft RSA Public Key Blob class implementation
// (c) Copyright Schlumberger Technology Corp., unpublished work, created
// 1999. This computer program includes Confidential, Proprietary
// Information and is a Trade Secret of Schlumberger Technology Corp. All
// use, disclosure, and/or reproduction is prohibited unless authorized
// in writing. All Rights Reserved.
#include "NoWarning.h"
#include "ForceLib.h"
#include <limits>
#include <windows.h>
#include "MsRsaPubKB.h"
using namespace std;
using namespace scu;
/////////////////////////// LOCAL/HELPER /////////////////////////////////
namespace
{
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::StrengthType
Strength(Blob::size_type st)
{
return st *
numeric_limits<MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::ElementValueType>::digits;
}
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::SizeType
Reserve(Blob::size_type st)
{
return st * sizeof MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::HeaderElementType;
}
}
/////////////////////////// PUBLIC /////////////////////////////////
// Types
// C'tors/D'tors
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::MsRsaPublicKeyBlob(ALG_ID algid,
Blob const &rblbPublicExponent,
Blob const &rblbRawModulus)
: MsRsaKeyBlob(PUBLICKEYBLOB, algid,
Strength(rblbRawModulus.length()),
rblbPublicExponent,
Reserve(rblbRawModulus.length()))
{
Init(rblbRawModulus);
}
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::MsRsaPublicKeyBlob(BYTE const *pbData,
DWORD dwDataLength)
: MsRsaKeyBlob(pbData, dwDataLength)
{}
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::~MsRsaPublicKeyBlob()
{}
// Operators
// Operations
// Access
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::ValueType const *
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::Data() const
{
return reinterpret_cast<ValueType const *>(MsRsaKeyBlob::Data());
}
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::ElementValueType const *
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::Modulus() const
{
return reinterpret_cast<ElementValueType const *>(MsRsaKeyBlob::Data() + 1);
}
// Predicates
// Static Variables
/////////////////////////// PROTECTED /////////////////////////////////
// C'tors/D'tors
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::MsRsaPublicKeyBlob(KeyBlobType kbt,
ALG_ID algid,
Blob const &rblbRawExponent,
Blob const &rblbRawModulus,
SizeType cReserve)
: MsRsaKeyBlob(kbt, algid, Strength(rblbRawModulus.length()),
rblbRawExponent,
Reserve(rblbRawModulus.length()) + cReserve)
{
Init(rblbRawModulus);
}
// Operators
// Operations
// Access
// Predicates
// Static Variables
/////////////////////////// PRIVATE /////////////////////////////////
// C'tors/D'tors
// Operators
// Operations
void
MsRsaPublicKeyBlob::Init(Blob const &rblbRawModulus)
{
Append(rblbRawModulus.data(), rblbRawModulus.length());
}
// Access
// Predicates
// Static Variables
| 30,154 |
dictionnairegnr00ymbegoog_32
|
Multilingual-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,884 |
Dictionnaire général d'administration : contenant la définition de tous les mots de la langue administrative et sur chaque matière ...
|
Blanche, Alfred Pierre, 1816-1893
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,291 | 10,895 |
< La dotation ci-dessus de seize cent douze mille francs (1,612,000 fr.) sera ordonnancée au profit de la caisse et payée par le Trésor dans les trois premiers mois de chaque année. « Les crédits nécessaires seront ouverts, chaque année, par la loi de finances. « En cas d'insuffisance du fonds de dotation et des ressources propres à la caisse, il lui sera tenu compte par le Trésor, tant de ces dépenses com- plémentaires d*intérét et d'amortissement que de ses frais de gestion. « Art. 4. — Le ministre de l'instruction publique est autorisé à prendre, au nom de l'Etat, rengage- ment de rembourser, à titre de subvention, aux dé- partements et aux villes ou communes, dans les conditions déterminées par la présente loi, partie des annuités nécessaires au service de Pintérél et de l'amortissemeni des emprunts par eux contractés pour la construction, la reconstruction ou l'agran- dissement de leurs établissements d'enseignement public, supérieur, secondaire et primaire. « Les départements pourront se substituer aux communes pour tout ou partie de ces emprunts. « Toutefois, en ce qui concerne les établissements d'enseignement supérieur et secondaire, le ministre de l'instruction publique devra soumettre, chaque année, aux Chambres, en même temps que le bud- get de son ministère, les projets spéciaux à l'occa- sion desquels il se proposerait de prendre, dans l'exercice suivant, l'engagement de subvention dont. il est parlé au présent article. • Art. 5. — Les subventions dont il est parlé à l'article précédent ne pourront être accordées qu'aux conditions suivantes : « 1° Les emprunts devront être réo^ulièrement au- torisés et remboursables au moyen d annuités égales comprenant l'intérêt et l'amortissement, dans un délai qui ne pourra être moindre de trente années ni dépasser quarante années; ff 2** Les travaux devront être exécutés conformé- ment aux plans approuvés et régulièrement reipus à l'exclusion de toute dépense qui n'aurait pas 1 ins- truction publique pour objet. « Dans le cas où les dépenses faites n'attein- draient pas le montant des évaluations, la subven- tion de l'Etat sera réduite proportionnellement à l'économie réalisée. « Art. 6. — En ce qui concerne les établisse- ments d'enseignement supérieur et secondaire, les déparlements et les villes pourront prélever, sur leurs ressources disponibles, tout ou partie des sommes nécessaires pour couvrir les dépenses. Dans ce cas, la subvention de l'Etat portera sur une annuité, comprenant l'intérêt à 4 0/0 et l'amor- tissement en quarante ans, calculé au même taux^ du montant des dépenses effectuées au moyen des- dites ressources. « Art. 7. — Les subventions accordées par le ministre de l'instruction publique pour les établisse- ments d'enseignement supérieur et d'enseignement secondaire ne pourront dépasser, pour l'ensemble des opérations, 50 0/0 des annuités nécessaires an service des emprunts contracté; ou afférents aux prélèvements faits sur des ressources disponibles conformément à l'article 6. f Art. 8. — En ce qui concerne les. établisse- ments d'enseignement primaire, la subvention de l'Etat sera calculée d'après un chiffre maximum de dépense totale, déterminé pour chaque catégorie, d'établissement par le tableau A, annexé à la pré- sente loi, déduction faite des ressources commu- nales disponibles. « La proportion dans laquelle l'Etat contribuera au payement des annuités ne pourra, en aucun cas , être supérieure à 30 0/0 ni inférieure à 15 0/0. Elle sera déterminée en raison inverse de la valeur du Digitized by Google INS — 183 — INS' centime communal, en raison directe des charges extraordinaires de la commune, et encore en raison de l'importance des travaux scolaires à exécuter par elle, conformément à des règles qui seront éta- tablies par un décret rendu sur la proposition des ministres de l'instruction publique, de l'intérieur et des finances. a Toutefois les communes dont le centime com- munal représente une valeur supérieure à 6,000 fr. ne pourront recevoir aucune subvention de TEtat pour la construction, la reconstruction ou l'agran- dissement de leurs écoles primaires. » Art. 9. — La loi de finances de chaque exer- cice, à partir de 1885 inclusivement, déterminera le chiffre maximum des subventions par annuités payables pendant Tannée suivante et les années ul- térieures c|ue le ministre de l'instruction publique est autorise à accorder conformément aux articles 4, 5, 6, 7, et 8 ci-dessus. « En conséquence, un chapitre spécial sera ou- vert chaque année au budget de l'instruction pu- blique sous ce titre : * Subventions aux départe- ments, villes ou communes, destinées à faire face au payement de partie des annuités dues par eux et nécessaires au remboursement des emprunts qu'ils ont contractés pour la construction de leurs établis- seinents publics d'enseignement supérieur, d'ensei- gnement secondaire et d'enseignement primaire. « Art. 10. — Le maximum des subventions paya- bles par annuités, à partir de 1886 inclusivement, que le ministre de l'instruction publique est autorisé à accorder pendant Tannée 1885, est fixé à quinze cent mille francs (1,500,000 fr.), savoir : ff i" Cent douze mille six cents francs (112,600 fr.^ pour l'enseignement supérieur ; » 2® Cent soixante-cinçi mille quatre cents francs (165,400 fr.) pour l'enseignement secondaire; « 3<» Do uze cent vingt-deux mille fr ancs(l , 222 , 000 f .) pour l'enseignement primaire. « En exécution du paragraphe 3 de l'article 4 ci- dessus, sont approuves les projets spéciaux relatifs i l'enseignement supérieur et à l'enseignement se- condaire, énumérés dans les tableaux B et C an- nexés à la présente loi. » L'article 8, § i^ de cette loi ayant soulevé des difficultés, le ministre de l'instruction publique a cru devoir consulter le conseil d'Etat sur l'in- terprétation de cet article. Voici l'avis du Conseil {Journ. ùff.y 3 avril 1886) : 1® Sur la question de savoir si les ressources communales disponibles seront dans tous les cas déduites de la dépense totale nécessitée par la cons- truction ou l'appropriation des bâtiments scolaires : « Qu'aux termes de l'article 8, paragraphe 1^', de la loi du 20 juin 1885, la subvention de l'Etat pour les établissements d'enseignement primaire sera calculée d'après un chiffre maximum de dé- pense totale déterminée, pour chaque catégorie d'établissement, par le tableau A annexé à la pré- sente loi, déduction faite des ressources commu- nales disponibles ; • Qu'il résulte de cette disposition que la dépense à laquelle l'Etat contribue ne doit jamais dépasser le maximnm fixé par le tableau A et, d'autre part, que les ressources communales disponibles sont dé- duites soit de la dépense réelle effectuée quand cette dépense est comprise dans les limites du maxi- mum léguai, soit de ce maximum quand la dépense totale est supérieure à ce maximum ; 2^ Sur la question de savoir quel est le sens des ■ mots ressources communales disponibles » : « Qu'il convient de distinguer parmi les res- sources communales : 1<» les londs libres ; 2*' le prix des anciennes écoles ou la valeur de leurs maté- riaux; et 3® le produit des dons et legs, subven- tions, souscriptions en argent ou en nature et toutes autres libéralités faites aux communes en vue de la construction ou de l'appropriation de leurs maisons d'école ; « En ce qui concerne les fonds libres provenant des excédents des exercices antérieurs : M Que les fonds libres constituent essentiellement des ressources communales disponibles au sens et avec les conséquences des dispositions de l'article 8, paragraphe 1®', rappelées et interprétées dans la pre- mière partie du présent avis ; « En ce qui concerne le prix des anciennes écoles ou la valeur de leurs matériaux : « Que lorsqu'il est fait état, dans les projets ap- prouvés, du prix des anciennes écoles ou de la va- leur de leurs matériaux parmi les ressources des- tinées à payer les dépenses de construction et d'ap- propriation des maisons d'école, ces ressources constituent des ressources communales disponibles au sens et avec toutes les conséquences prévues à l'article 8, paragraphe 1«' de la loi précitée ; « En ce qui concerne les dons et legs, les sous- criptions en argent ou en nature, les subventions et autres libéralités faites à la commune en vue de ses maisons d'école ; a Que les dons et legs, les souscriptions en ar- gent ou en nature et autres libéralités faites à la commune en vue de ses maisons d'école ont reçu de la volonté des donateurs, testateurs ou souscripteurs une affectation spéciale au profit exclusif de la com- mune et, par suite, ne constituent pas des ressources communales disponibles devant être déduites de la dépense à laquelle l'Etat est appelé à contribuer; « Qu'il en est de même des subventions allouées par le conseil général. « Art. 2. — Il sera ajouté aux subventions reve- nant aux communes d'après les tableaux D, Ë et F, une subvention de 10 0/0 de la dépense totale Digitized by Google INS — 184 — INS réellement effectuée dans les limites des maxima fixés par le tableau A annexé à la présente loi. « Art. 3. — Lorsque le chiffre dd la subvention, calculé d'après les tableaux D, E, F et Tarticle % ci-dessus, dépassera 80 0/0, il devra être ramené à 8 0/0, conformément à l'article 8, paragraphe 2, de la loi. « Art. 4. — Un décret ultérieur déterminera les conditions spéciales de répartition des subventions aux communes des départements de l'Algérie. c Art. 5. — A la fin de chaque année, un rapport, dressé par le ministre de l'instruction publique et inséré au Journal officiel^ déterminera par dépar- tement la quotité des subventions allouées aux com- munes en exécution du présent décret. « Art. 6. — Le décret du 9 juillet 1885 est rapporté. Art. 7. — Les ministres de l'instruction pu- blique, etc. » Les indications contenues dans le décret du 9 juillet étaient hâtives, et par suite incomplètes. Ce- lui du 15 février présente des tarifs oefinitifs et plus détaillés qui assurent une répartition plus équi- table des services de l'État. Les charges des com- munes y sont divisées en ordinaires et extraordi- naires et feront ainsi l'objet d'un double calcul. « Les municipalités, dit la Circulaire ministérielle qui a suivi le décret ci-dessus (Cire, min,, 18 fé- vrier 1886; Bull, off. int.^ 1886, p. 56; École des communes, 1866, p. 84), ne doivent pas perdre de vue que les simples réparations à effectuer dans les locaux scolaires ne peuvent donner lieu à une demande de subvention. En outre, les devis sup- plémentaires s'ajoutant à la dépense primitive de projets subventionnés antérieurement à la loi du 20 juin 1885, restent sans aucune exception à la charfi^e des budgets communaux. «c La dépense du mobilier personnel des institu- teurs et institutrices ne doit dans aucun cas figurer au devis des dossiers soumis à l'examen du ministre. 11 en est de même des 100 francs d'indemnité alloués à l'inspecteur primaire chargé de la sur- veillance des travaux. Cette surveillance est en effet imposée aux inspecteurs par leurs fonctions mêmes, et les déplacements auquels elle donne lieu sont considérés comme missions extraordinaires et rétribués à ce titre. « Les dossiers soumis au ministre doivent contenir in extenso les délibérations par lesquelles le conseil général et le conseil départemental ont donné leur avis sur l'affaire ainsi que l'indication de la déci- sion ministérielle portant création de l'école ou de la classe en projet. > 5^ Ai'ticle 41 de la loi de finances du 26 février 1887 relatif aux bourses instituées en faveur des familles exceptionnellement nombreuses. Voy, Budget. Les formalités à remplir pour obtenir ces bourses sont indiquées : !« Poar les établissements secondaires : dans les décret du 19 janvier et an*été du %0 janvier 1881 (bourses dans les lycées et collèges de garçons), et décret et arrêté du 28 juillet 1882 (bourses dans les lycées et collèges de jeunes filles). Quant à l'instruction des demandes, il convient de se référer aux circulaires des 14 décembre 1880, 9 février et 15 avril 1883. 2® Pour les écoles primaires supérieures : décret et arrêté du 3 janvier 1882. O"" Un décret du 30 janvier 1886 a créé à l'École pratique des hautes études une cinquième section dite : « des sciences religieuses i». Le Journal offi' I ciel du 5 février de la même année donne la liste suivante des cours institués: « Religions de l'Inde et de rÉgyple; — de l'Extrême-Orient ; — Sémitiques; — Islamisme et religions de l'Arabie; — Langue hébraïque; — Histoire des origines du christia- nisme; — Histoire des dogmes; — Littérature chré- tienne ; — Histoire de l'église chrétienne ; — Histoire du droit canonique. y« Un décret du 30 juillet 1886 porte création d'un certificat d^éludes à exiger des aspirants aux grades d^o/ficier de santé et de pharmacien de euxième classCy à défaut du diplôme de bachelier. (Journ, off., 7 août 1886.) — Un décret du 28 dé- cembre 1887 décide, en outre, qu'en vertu de Tar- ticle 63 de la loi du 15 mars 1850 applicable audit certificat d'études, les candidats ne i>euvent se pré- senter à Pexamen devant plusieurs jurys différents pendant la même session, sous peine de nullité da certificat ainsi obtenu. ( Journ. off. , 29 décem- bre 1887.) H'* Arrêté ministériel (Marine) du 1*' octobre 1886 relatif à l'organisation et au fonctionnement da cours des apprentis mécaniciens à Brest. {Journ, off.y 6 octobre 1886.) O® Décret du 18 février 1887 portant organisa- tion des Écoles nationales vétérinaires dAlfort, Lyon et Toulouse. {Journ, off,, 14 mars 1887; Bull, des lois annoté, 1887, p. 100 et suivantes.) Ce décret abroge celui du 21 octobre 1881, ainsi que tautes dispositions législatives et réglementaires antérieures. iO<^ Décret et arrêté ministériel du 25 juin 1867 relatifs à Venseignement à VÉcole navale ( Traite- ments et uniforme du personnel enseignant.) {Journ. off., 27 juin 1887.) 11^ Circulaire ministérielle du 15 août 1887, relative à Venseignement agricole, { Journ. off., 19 août 1887.) Nous donnons ici un extrait de ce document où se trouve en résumé le tableau com- plet de l'enseignement agricole en France : « A la tête de notre enseignement agricole se trouve I établi depuis 1876, par le gouvernement de la République, l'institut national agronomique, qui correspond à l'enseignement supérieur dans l'Uni- versité, et qui fournit les plus instruits de nos pro- fesseurs, de nos chimistes et de nos directeurs de stations agronomiques. « Immédiatement au-dessous se placent les trois écoles nationales d'agriculture de Grignon, de Montpellier et de Grandjouan. Ces écoles ont été améliorées et répondent aujourd'hui aux demandes et aux besoins de la grande propriété et de la grande culture. « Puis viennent les écoles pratiques d'agriculture, créées dès 1873, et dont la loi du 30 juillet 1875 a consacré l'existence. Ouvertes aux fils de cette classe nombreuse, vaillante et laborieuse des tra- vailleurs de la terre, elles prennent les enfants au sortir de l'école primaire, les entretiennent à on prix de pension inférieur à celui des plus petits col- lèges et les rendent aux familles lorsque leurs bras sont assez forts, leur intelligence et leur instruc- tion assez développées pour qu'ils puissent aider utilement aux travaux de la culture. « Ces écoles répondent d'ailleurs aux desiderata de ceux qui protestent contre le surmenage intellec- tuel, car la moitié de la journée est consacrée au travail manuel, et la seconde moitié seulement au travail intellectuel. Digitized by Google INS - 185 — INS « A rheure actuelle, ces écoles sont au nombre de 19, et chaque jour on nous demande d'en créer de nouvelles. II faut que dans un avenir assez rap- proché chaque déparlement possède au moins une de ces utiles créations; mais il convient, avant d'organiser un de ces établissements, d'examiner avec soin les besoins et les ressources du départe- ment, de façon à spécialiser, s'il y a lieu, celle école dans l'étude et l'enseignement de certaines questions, d'une culture ou d'une industrie agricole, comme on l'a fait pour les écoles de laiterie, de fromagerie, de viticulture, d'horticulture, d'arbori- culture, d'irrigation, etc. » Mais les enfants qui, au sortir des écoles pri- maires, entrent dans ces établissements, doivent avoir déjà une certaine préparation; il convient donc, dans les centres agricoles, de diriger les cours des écoles primaires supérieures plus spé- cialement vers Tagriculture. « De même, il faut organiser dans les écoles pri- maires ordinaires un enseignement des premières notions et des applications principales des scien- ces dans leurs rapports avec ragriculture, ensei- riement auquel les instituteurs doivent veiller, car est la base de tous les autres. « Je tiens à appeler votre attention tout spécia- lement sur un point. Pour les écoles primaires su- périeures, et surtout pour les écoles primaires or- dinaires, nous ne trouvons jamais parmi les can- didats, un nombre suffisant d'instituteurs capables de donner un bon et suffisant enseignement agiicole. Cet inconvénient se produit partout; pour y remé- dier, le département de la Haute-Saône a eu re- cours à un moyen excessivement pratique. « Chaque année, on choisit parmi ceux des élè- ves maîtres sortant de l'école normale, qui ont montré le plus d'inclination et de dispositions pour les études agricoles, un certain nombre de sig'ets que l'on envoie, aux frais du département, pour un an, dans une ferme-école ou une école pratique d'agriculture. Ils complètent et achèvent là leur enseignement, puis, après ce stage, ils sont placés comme instituteurs dans les centres agricoles et peuvent alors rendre de réels services. « Nous devons ajouter enfm que des cours d'acri- culture ont été institués dans un certain nombre de lycées et collègues, et que presque tous nos dé- partements possèdent un professeur d'agriculture. « Telle est, dans ses grandes lignes et dans son ensemble, l'organisation de notre enseignement agri- cole. • Le ministre, en terminant, invite les préfets à in- tervenir près des conseils généraux pour obtenir des subventions, organiser des écoles pratiques, créer des bourses, instituer des cours, etc. lt^<> Un décret du 22 novembre 1887 prescrit certaines réformes à introduire dans l'organisa- tion de V Ecole d'application de médecine et de Çharmacie militaire, (Joum, off. 26 novembre 1887.) [ous donnons un extrait du rapport qui a motive ce décret : c L'école d'application de médecine et de phar- macie militaires a pour objet essentiel de complé- ter l'instruction pratique des stagiaires qui sont tous docteurs en médecine, de leur faire connaître les maladies spéciales à l'armée ou prédominant dans ses rangs, les moyens hygiéniques qui lui sont propres, enfin les règlements qui déterminent le fonctionnement du service de santé et dirigent les médecins militaires dans un grand nombre d'actes qui engagent les intérêts de l'armée et ceux du Trésor. « Institué par le décret du 9 août 1850, l'ensei- ^ement de cette école, dite du Val-de-Gràce, a été l'objet d'améliorations dont l'évolution progres- sive a donné les plus heureux résultats ; mais le moment est venu d'apporter à cet enseignement, comme au fonctionnement de l'école, certaines ré- formes sanctionnées par l'expérience. « Le cours théorique d'anatomie topographique pourrait avantageusement être rattaché a celui de médecine opératoire; les cliniques médicale et chi- rurgicale, au lieu de constituer un enseignement qui, dans sa forme actuelle, est plus théorique que pratique, feraient place à des leçons journa- hères données simultanément au lit du malade par chacun des professeurs et agrégés de médecine et de chirurgie, médecins traitants de l'hôpital du Val-de-Gràce; les expertises ayant pour objet l'examen des aliments et denrées de toute nature, celui des eaux et des boissons à l'usage de l'ar- mée, seraient l'objet d'une étude approfondie qu'on étendrait en outre aux règlements nouveaux ayant suivi la mise en application delà loi du 16 mars 1882, qui a consacré l'autonomie du corps de santé. » ' 13» Décret du 9 janvier 1888 relatif au mode de recrutement de V Ecole nationale forestière à partir du 1«' janvier 1889. (Journ. off., il jan- vier 1888.) « AiH. !•'. — A partir du !•' janvier 1889, tous les élèves de l'école nationale forestière se recru- teront parmi les élèves diplômés de l'institut na- tional agronomique suivant le mode adopté à l'é- cole polytechnique pour le recrutement de ses écoles d'application. Est maintenue l'exception établie en faveur des élèves sortant de l'école polytechnique par le décret du 15 avril 1873. « Art. 2. — Pour être admis à l'école nationale forestière, les élèves diplômés de l'inslitut agro- nomique devront avoir eu vingt-deux ans au plus au 1«' janvier de l'année courante. En ce qui con- cerne les jeunes gens ayant satisfait à la loi mili- taire, la limite d'âge sera reculée du temps qu'ils auront passé sous les drapeaux. « Art. 3 — Le nombre des élèves reçus chaque année à l'école forestière ne pourra être supérieur a iz* « Art. 4. — Il est institué annuellement 10 bour- ses de 1,500 francs chacune, en faveur des élèves de Técole forestière. Ces bourses peuvent être di- visées en demi-bourses. « Art. — 5. Un arrêté ministériel déterminera pour l'avenir les conditions d'admission à l'institut national agronomique. « Art. 6. — Sont rapportées toutes les mesures contraires au présent décret. » 14® Prytanée militaire. — Un décret du 11 mai 1888 portant réorganisation de cette école a été pu- blié par le Journal officiel, du 15 mai 1888. Nous le reproduisons intégralement, en le faisant précéder du rapport qui en explique l'économie. (Vov. aussi BulL des lois annoté, 1888, p. 101.) « Par suite des modifications qui y ont été apportées successivement, le décret du 8 novembre 1859 por- tant organisation du Prytanée militaire n'est plus en harmonie avec le fonctionnement de cet établis- sement. Dans ces conditions, il m'a paru indispen- sable, pour faciliter l'administration du Prytanée militaire, de comprendre dans un décret de réor- ganisation toutes les dispositions nouvelles d'après lesquelles il devra être régi désormais et dont les principales sont les suivantes : L'effectif des élèves était en 1850, de 430; il a été porté successive- ment à 480, chiffre encore insuffisant pour donner satisfaction au grand nombre de demandes d'admis- Digitized by Google INS 186 — INS iroduisent annuellement. J*ai donc fixé tif normal des élèves, en ne faisant entation que sur les élèves payant demi- pension, afin de ne pas accroître les Trésor. Enfin, j'ai compris dans la no- ies ayants droit aux places gratuites, me proportion très limitée, les fils des rils de Tadministration centrale de la lans plusieurs circonstances, sont déjà léficier, par voie d'assimilation, de cer- tes qui ne sont dévolus, en principe, ers. » cret : — Institution du Prytanée mili- taire. . — L'objet de Tinstitution du Pry- l'e, établi à La Flèche, est de donner à lilitaires des armées de terre et de mer n qui les prépare spécialement à la car- e. Quatre cent vingt élèves y sont enlre- lis de l'Etat : trois cents comme bour- 'ingt comme demi-boursiers. anée militaire reçoit en outre quatre- f)ensionnaii*cs entretenus en entier aux les. ints dont les parents sont domiciliés à nt admis, s'ils remplissent les condi- ide, à suivre comme externes les cours II. Conditions d'admission. — Les places gratuites ou demi-gra- BseiTées exclusivement : fils d'officiers décédés en activité de à l'ennemi ou morts des suites de leurs fils d'officiers en activité de service ou n d'une retraite ou de réforme pour fils des employés titulaires de l'admi- ntrale de la guerre. ;ront accordées dans Tordre de préfé- ès : îrphelins de père et de mère ; phelins de père ; d'officiers en retraite ; d'officiers en activité de service; fils des employés du ministère de la ) la proportion déterminée par le mi- s que leur nombre puisse excéder cinq inq demi-bourses. 3es de pensionnaires sont réservées aux :iers. Elles peuvent, à défaut de de- 3 accordées aux fils des fonctionnaires nfin, aux enfants qui n'appartiennent à ;s deux catégories. — Le prix de la pension est fixé à celui de la demi-pension à 425, non trousseau, dont la composition et le diqués annuellement aux familles, de Texternat est mxé d'après le tarif r les lycées de la dernière catégorie, it du !«' octobre 1887, savoir : i élémentaire, — ?•, 6*, 80 francs. i de grammaire, — 4", 5®, 3«, 2«, et LOO francs. « Division supérieure, — Mathématiques élémen- taires et mathématiques spéciales, i^O francs. « Les familles des élèves admis soit à titre gra- tuit, soit à titre demi-gratuit, sont tenues de sub- venir aux frais du trousseau lors de l'admission, à moins qu'elles n'aient été exonorées de tout ou partie du montant du prix de ce trousseau. « Les familles des élèves pensionnaires doivent payer intégralement le prix du trousseau de leurs enfants. u Art. 5. — Les élèves qui n'ont été admis qu'avec une demi-bourse peuvent obtenir ultérieurement un complément de bourse, sur la proposition de l'ins- pecteur général de l'établissement. « Une demi -bourse peut également être accordée, sur la proposition de l'inspecteur, aux élèves pen- sionnaires oui se trouvent dans les conditions déter- minées par l'article 3 du présent décret. « Art. 6. — Les admissions ont lieu chaque an- née dans le courant du quatrième trimestre. « Nul candidat ne peut être admis s'il n'a eu m uf ans accomplis et moins de dix ans au 1*' janvier de l'année du concours et s'il n'est en état d'entrer dans la classe de septième. « Des candidats plus âgés sont également admis au prylanée à la condition de ne pas avoir seize ans révolus au 1®' janvier de l'année du concours et de pouvoir entrer dans la classe correspondant à leur âge. L'instruction pour l'admission à cette école in- diquera en détail les conditions de l'examen que doivent subir les candidats pour entrer dans chaque classe, ainsi que l'âge correspondant à celle-ci. « Le ministre de la guerre se réserve la faculté d'admettre comme élèves pensionnaires des candi- dats âgés de plus de seize ans, mais qui n'auront pas dix-huit ans révolus au !•' janvier de l'année du concours, et s'ils sont pourvus d'un des diplômes de bachelier exigés pour l'admission aux écoles po- lytechnique et spéciale militaire. « A leur arrivée au Prytanée, les enfants nommés élèves sont soumis à une visite du médecin de l'éta- blissement, et lorsque nen ne s'oppose, sous ce rap- port, à leur admission, ils sont immédiatement im- matriculés. TITRE m. — Personnel militaire. « Art. 7. — Le commandement du Prytanée mi- litaire est confié à un colonel ou à un lieutenant- colonel d'infanterie en activité de service. « Le commandant est nommé par le Président de la République, sur la proposition du ministre de la guerre, sous les ordres directs duquel il est placé. « Il est chargé de l'exécution des décrets et rè- glements qui concernent le Prytanée ; son autorité et sa surveillance s'étendent sur toutes les parties du seiTice. M Art. 8. — Sont attachés au Prytanée militaire : !•» Of/iciers, « i chef de bataillon d'infanterie, commandant en second et chargé des fonctions de major ; « 1 capitaine d'infanterie commandant le ba- taillon ; « 1 lieutenant trésorier ; « 5 lieutenants d'infanterie, commandants de compagnie, dont un est chargé de diriger les exe^ cices de gymnastique et d'escrime. î* Sous-officiers et soldats, « 7 adjudants d'infanterie ; « 1 adjudant maître d'escrime ; Digitized by Google INS — 187 — INS c 10 sergents moniteurs de gymnastique; 1 1 sergent ou caporal, maître adjoint d'escrime; « 1 caporal -tambour; i 2 soldats prévôts d'escrime (1) ; « 4 soldats-ordonnances. 3® Personnel du manège. < 1 adjudant maître de manège; < 1 maréchal des logis, sous-maitre de manège; « 2 brigadiers de manège ; « 10 cavaliers de manège. « Art. 9. — En cas d'absence du commandant du Pi^tanée, le commandant en second le remplace dans toutes ses fonctions. TITRE IV. — Enseignement. « Art. 10. — L'instruction est donnée au Pryta- née d'après le plan des études des lycées. V Les élèves pratiquent, en outre, les exercices militaires, la gymnastique, Tescrime, l'équitalion et la natation. ■ Art. 11. — Le personnel attaché à renseigne- ment est composé de : « 1 inspecteur des études ; a i surveiliant général et autant de professeurs agrégés ou licenciés, de chaînés de cours et de maîtres répétiteurs que l'exigeront les besoins de renseignement. « Art. 12. — Tout le personnel enseignant atta- ché au Prylanée militaire est nommé par le ministre de la guerre, sur la proposition du ministre de rinstruction publique. TITRE V. — Peraonnel administratif. a Art. 13. — Sont attachés au Prylanée mili- taire : < 1 officier d^administration, comptable du ma- tériel ; I 1 bibliothécaire; « 1 conservateur des collections scientifiques et préparateur de physique et de chimie; « 6 commis civils d^administralion ; « 1 adjudant élève d'administration ; • i sergent commis aux écritures; « 1 caporal commis aux écritures ; • i caporal boulanger; • % soldats commis aux écritures ; « i soldat boulanger j « 1 soldat chef de cuisine. c Art. 14. — Le nombre des agents subalternes et agents auxiliaires est fixé, selon les besoins du service, par le ministre de la guerre, sur la propo- sition du conseil d'administration. TITRE \'I. — SerTiee du évite* « Art. 15. — Le service du culte est assuré au Prylanée militaire de la manière suivante : • Pour les catholiques, par un prêtre libre du dio- eése, désigné à cet effet par M. Tévéque du Mans et agréé par M. le ministre de la guerre. c Pour les protestants, par un ministre de ce culte. (i; Un des prévôts d'escrime peut être du grade de ca- poral, lorsque le maître adjoint d'escrime a le grade de sergent. TITRE VII. — Serviee de santé. « Art. 16. — Un docteur en médecine, civil, est chargé du service de santé. « Il peut être désigné un médecin consultant pour être appelé dans les maladies j^raves , ou en cas de difficultés concernant Tadmission des élèves. « Le ministre de la guerre détermine, d'après les besoins du service, le nombre des sœurs de charité qui doivent être attachées à rétablissement. TITRE VIII. - ClieTavx. « Art. 17. — 30 chevaux, sans distinction de catégories, sont entretenus au Prylanée militaire pour les leçons d^équitation à donner aux élèves. TITRE IX. — Réi^me, poUee et diseipllne. « Art. 18. — Le Prytanée militaire est soumis à un régime spécial; un règlement ministériel fixe tous les détails du service intérieur. « Art. 19. — Les élèves forment un bataillon composé de quatre compagnies, la première com- pagnie comprend les élèves de mathématiques spé- ciales et ceux de mathématiques élémentaires, 1'® et 2" années ; la deuxième, les élèves de mathéma- tiques préparatoires des classes de 2* et de 3* ; la troisième, ceux de 4« et de 5«; la quatrième, ceux de 6« et de 7«. « Chaque compagnie est, en outre, divisée en sections dont le nombre peut varier suivant TefFec- tif des élèves. « Art. 20. — Un conseil de discipline est chargé de provoquer toutes les mesures nécessaires au maintien de Tordre. « 11 est composé ainsi qu'il suit t « Le colonel commandant Técole, président ; « Le commandant en second ; « L'inspecteur des études ; « Le capitaine ; « Un des deux professeurs désignés, à cet effet, tous les ans par le ministre. « Art. 21. — L'élève qui a commis une faute as- sez gi*ave pour encourir le renvoi de Técole, com- parait devant le conseil de discipline. V Le ministre de la gueiTe statue sur les propo- sitions de renvoi, qui doivent toujours être accom- pagnées d'un avis motivé du conseil. « Toutefois, s'il s'agit de désordi'es graves, de manifestations quelconques ou de fautes collectives, le ministre prendra, d'après les rapports du com- mandant do Técole, telles mesures qu'il jugera con- venables dans rintérêt de la discipline. « Art. 22. — Les élèves dont 1 expulsion est pro- noncée par le ministre sont renvoyés immédiate- dans leurs familles. TITRE X. — Administration et comptabilité. « Art. 23. — Les dépenses du Prytanée se divi- sent en deux parties distinctes : « 1° Celles qui concernent l'école considérée comme établissement d'instruction; « 2° Celles qui concernent l'école considérée comme corps de troupe. « Les premières sont acquittées sur les fonds du chapitre affecté aux écoles militaires dans le budget de la guerre. , i. •,. « Les secondes sont acquittées sur les fonds ge- Digitized by Google INS — 188 — INS néraux de la solde et des autres services de Tarmée auxquels elles s'aopliquent. «( Art. 24. — Un conseil, spécialement chargé de diriger remploi des fonds affectés aux dépenses de rétablissement^ veille à tous les détails de Tadmi- nistration intérieure, conformément aux prescriptions du règlement du 15 décembre 1875. « 11 est composé comme il suit, savoir : M Le commandant du Prytanée, président; « Le commandant en second, faisant fonctions de major; « L'inspecteur des études; u Le capitaine commandant le bataillon ; « 1 lieutenant de compagnie ; « Le lieutenant-trésorier; « L'ofTicier d'administration comptable du ma- tériel. « Art. 25. — L'intendance militaire est chargée de la surveillance administrative du Prytanée ; elle l'exerce d'après les règles déterminées par les or- donnances et règlements relatifs à l'administration et à la comptabilité des écoles militaires. i< Art. 26. — Les règlements sur la comptabilité du département de la guerre doivent être suivis pour la justification de toutes les dépenses du Pry- tanée à la charge du budget de ce département. TITRE XI. — Inspections. « Art. 27. ^ Chaque année, le ministre de Tins- truction publique désigne trois inspecteurs de l'Université pour visiter le Prytanée : un de la sec- tion des lettres, Tautre de la section des sciences, et le troisième pour les langues vivantes. « Ces visites donnent lieu à des rapports concer- nant la situation morale du personnel enseij^nant, l'état et les progrès des élèves. Une expédition de ces rapports est transmise au ministre Je l'instruc- tion puolique, une autre parvient au ministre de la guerre. « Art. 28. — Le Prytanée militaire est soumis aux inspections générales et administratives d'après les règles en vigueur pour les établissements mili- taires et les corps de troupe. TITRE XII. — Sortie du Prytanée. « Art. 29. — Les élèves ne peuvent rester au Prytanée au delà du 1*' octobre de Tannée dans le courant de laquelle ils ont accompli leur 19* année. « Toutefois, le ministre peut maintenir au Pryta- née militaire jusqu'à l'année pendant laquelle* ils atteindront leur 21 • année, les élèves qui, pourvus du baccalauréat, se destineraient avec des chances de succès aux écoles militaires et qui auraient mé- rité cette faveur par leur conduite et leur travail. « Les élèves boursiers ne pourront être autorisés à rester au Prytanée militaire, après leur dix-neu- vième année, que comme élèves demi-boursiers; après un premier maintien à Técole, ces élèves ne pourront plus être réadmis que comme pension- naires. Les élèves demi-boursiers seront maintenus en qualité de pensionnaires. TITRE XIII. — Dispositions génémles. « Art. 30. — Les officiers d'infanterie attachés au Prytanée sont placés hors cadre. « Les sous-officiers, caporaux ou brigadiers et soldats employés à l'école font partie da cadre du Prytanée militaire. « Art. 31. — Les militaires attachés au Prytanée militaire portent la même tenue que l'infanterie, sauf ceilains signes distinctifs indiqués dans des instructions spéciales. « Art. 32. — Le ministre de la guerre nomme à tous les emplois autres que celui de commandant de l'école. « Art. 33. — Toutes les dispositions antérieures concernant l'organisation da Prytanée militaire sont et demeurent abrogées. • 15<^ Yacancbs. Un membre de la Chambre des députés ayant présenté des observations sur l'époque des vacances qui, suivant lui, était fixée par arrêté ministériel pour toutes les écoles de France, le mi- nistre de l'instruction publique a répondu : • « Dans chaque département, c*est le conseil dé- partemental qui fixe les vacances. J'ai lieu de sup- poser que le conseil départemental s'inspire des be- soins des populations, au point de vue des intérêts sur lesquels il appelle mon attention. Je ne puis pas répondre autre chose. Le conseil départemental apprécie et iàxe les vacances. > Sur une réplique ahirmant que le conseil départemental ûxe les va- cances du i^' au 30 septembre, le ministre a ajouté : « Aucune date n*est impartie par le règlement, et le conseil départemental peut à son gré déterminer l'époque qui lui parait la plus convenable. * lO^ Un décret du 13 juin 1888 déclare exécutoire, en vertu de l'approbation législative du 12 juin, la convention conclue le 14 décembre 1887 entre la France et la Suisse^ en vue d'assurer la fréquenta- tion des écoles primaires par les enfants de chacua des deux pays résidant sur le territoire de l'autre pays. (Journ, off.y 14 juin 1888.) 1 7"* Décret du 26 juin 1888 fixant la composi- tion du Conseil supérieur de renseignement tech- nique et de sa commission permanente. Les mem- bres de ce conseil sont nommés pour quatre ans. {Journ, off., 27 juin 1888.) 1S<» Décret du 11 juillet 1888 décidant que les dames chargées dans les lycées et collèges de jeunes filles, d'enseigner la couture, la coupe et l'assem- blage, prendront le titre de maîtresses des travaux à VaiguiUe^ et réglant leur organisation, leurs trai- tements, leurs travaux. (Journ. off., 18 juillet 1888.) lO^" Décret du 16 juillet 1888 instituant un laboratoire de zoologie maritime, dépendant du Mu- séum d'histoire naturelle dans le lazaret de Tatihou (Manche). {Journ, off., 18 juillet 1888.) 90<> Circulaire ministérielle du 9 août 1888 rela- tive aux boursiers aue le ministère de l'instruction publique envoie à l'étranger, au sortir des écoles primaires supérieures, pour s'y perfectionner dans l'étude d'une languevivante.il Quelques mois de sé- jour en Angleterre ou en Allemagne, dit le ministre, suffisent à faire acquérir à ces jeunes gens la connaissance usuelle des langues de ces pays, con- naissance indispensable à de bons employés de com- merce. » Les bourses accordées jusqu'ici par l'État ne répondant Qu'imparfaitement à ces besoins, le ministre invite les municipalités et les conseils gé- néraux à voter, de leur côté, les fonds nécessaires pour l'entretien de quelques jeunes boursiers à l'é- tranger. {Journ, off.y U août 1888.) Vo)r. Budget; Organisation miutairb ^Écoles militaires diverses, passim). Digitized by Google INS CHAPITRE V. — Jurisprudence. - 189 — INT a) Substitution d^un institoteur laïquo à on conffréga- niste. Arrêté préfectoral. Fait du prince. Non-lieu & dommages intérêts. b) Ouverture d'école non autorisée. Délit. Caractères. e) Atelier de coulure. Trayaux & Taiguille. Réunion de jeunes filles. d} Suppression de classes congréganistes en Yue d'éta- blir des écoles mixtes. Non droit à dommages inté- rêts. a) Les instituteurs primaires communaux, laïques on congréganistes, étant essentiellement révocables, Tautorité administrative a le droit de substituer un \ instituteur laïque à un instituteur congréganiste dans une école communale. 1 L'arrêté préfectoral qui opère cette substitution constitue un fait du pnnce ou nn cas de force ma- t jeure qui résout les contrats par lesquels les com- munes ont confié aux congréganistes, pour un temps déterminé, la direction de leurs écoles. Bien que les conseils municipaux de ces com- munes aient émis le vœu de la substitntion de l'en- seignement laïque à renseignement congréganiste, les congrégations dont les membres ont été ainsi remplacés dans leurs fonctions d^institu leurs ne peu- yent, à raison de ce fait, prétendre à aucuns dom- mages-intérêts de la part des communes. En expri- mant ce vœu, les conseils municipaux, auxquels la loi a formellement réservé le droit d*étre entendus sur le choix des instituteurs communaux, se bornent à user d'un droit qu'une convention antérieure ne sa' irait paralyser. Ainsi décidé par la Cour d'appel de Toulouse, en audience solennelle, sur renvoi par la Cour de cassation d*un arrêt de la Cour d'Agen. L'ar- rêt de renvoi prononcé par la Cour de cassation est du 19 mars 1884. b) Pour qu'il y ait délit d'ouverture d'école non au- torisée, il faut : 1^ Que l'enseignement soit donné à une réunion habituelle d'enfants; que ces enfants soient instruits en des matières rentrant dans le domaine de l'enseignement primaire. Il n'en est pas ainsi d'une assemblée de petites filles, dans la- quelle un chef de famille se borne à faire donner à ces enfants, chez lui, par l'institutrice de ses propres filles, des leçons de catéchisme et d'histoire sainte et des notions de couture. En vain dirait-on que les leçons de catéchisme exclues du programme des écoles primaires officielles, rentrent comme faculta- tives dans celui des écoles libres, et, par conséquent, d*une manière indirecte dans le programme de l'ins- truction primaire, la faculté dont parle la loi por- tant sur la possibilité reconnue à l'école libre d'en- seigner en son enceinte l'instruction religieuse qui ne doit jamais être donnée dans l'école publique et ne rentre pas dans les matières d'examen. (Art. 2, § 2, loi du 28 mars 1882.) c) On ne peut considérer comme soumise à la prescription de l'article 37 de la loi du 30 octobre 1886, la réunion déjeunes filles auxquelles on en- seigne la couture. Encore que les travaux à l'ai- guillc figurent dans le programme de l'instruction primaire, ils constituent plutôt un exercice profes- sionnel et domestique qu'une étude ressortissant exclusivement de Tinstruclion primaire, dont l'en- seig-nement ne pourrait cire donné que dans une crim., un arrêt école régulièrement ouverte (art. 1^, même loi du 28 mars 1882). Ainsi jugé par la Cour de cassation, ch. arrêt du 14 ium 1888, portant cassation d't de la Cour d'Agen du 28 février 1888. d) « Le droit qu'ont les communes d'établir des écoles mixtes et de supprimer les classes dont l'exis- tence empêche cet établissement, étant inaliénable en ce qu il tient à l'ordre public, c'est avec raison qu'un arrêt repousse l'action en dommages-intérêts exercée par des institutrices congréganistes qui se trouvent exclues d'une école communale par suite de la suppression que le conseil municipal fait de cette école après en avoir obtenu l'autorisation de l'autorité supérieure compétente (art. 11221 et 1382, C. civ. ; art, 8 de la loi du 14 juin 1854). « La suppression définitive d*une école publique, décidée par une commune avec l'approbation de l'autorité supérieure, qui ne fait en cela que ré- pondre à la demande do la commune, ne saurait constituer le « fait du prince » et rendre impos- sible pour la commune le maintien de cette école. La commune ne saurait donc exciper d'une pré- tendue force majeure à rencontre ae la demande en révocation exercée contre elle pour défaut d'exé- cution d'une des conditions de la donation à elle faite (art. !•' de la loi du 10 avril 1867 et 15 de la loi du 15 mars 18o0; art. 900, 954, 114*7 et 1148, C. civ.) Ainsi jugé par la Cour de cassation, arrêt de la chambre civile du 18 juin 1888 portant cassation d'un arrêt de la cour d'appel de Paris du 4 dé- cembre 1885. Voy. Budget {Budget de 1890, Loi de finances du 17 juillet 1889, art. 8) ; Culte; Décorations, I; Forêts, 5<>; Mines (ouvriers mineurs); Postes et TÉLÉGRAPHES, Y, ^2®; GOUVERNEMENT DE L'Al- GÉRiE, 12<», 13% 15<», 21», 230, 27°. INTÉRÊT LÉGAL.— La loi du 12 janvier 1886 (Joum. o//'., 14 janvier 1886), dont nousdonnons ci- dessous le texte, tranche une question longtemps dé- battue. Avant 1789, le simple prêt d'argent ne don- nait, en principe, aucun droit à des intérêts ; mais la pratique admettait une extrême variété dans la fixation du taux conventionnel. Pendant la période qui s*étend de 1789 à la promulgation du Code ci- vil, la législation a d'abord fixé un taux (5 0/0) en matière civile ; puis elle a proclamé la liberté de l'intérêt en matière commerciale ; enfin elle a con- sacré la liberté absolue en toutes matières. Le Code civil, voulant mettre un frein à l'usure, suite né- cessaire d*une telle licence, statua en ces termes, article 1905 : « L'intérêt légal est fixé par la loi.
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Correction: Modelling bark volume for six commercially important tree species in France: assessment of models and application at regional scale
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The correct version:h The correct version:h Reference
Bauer R, Billard A, Mothe F et al (2021) Modelling bark volume for six com-
mercially important tree species in France: assessment of models and
application at regional scale. Ann Forest Sci 78:104. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s13595-021-01096-7 Correction: Ann Forest Sci 78, 104 (2021)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-021-01096-7 h
This thesis work was made possible by funding from
the Ministry of Agriculture and Agri-Food (MAA) rep-
resented by the DRAAF Grand Est, from the European
Union within the framework of the operational program
ERDF-ESF Lorraine and Massif des Vosges 2014–2020
and from the French National Research Agency (ANR)
as part of the Investissements d’Avenir program (ANR-
11- LABX-0002–01, Lab of Excellence ARBRE). The
EMERGE dataset was collected within the frame of the
EMERGE ANR project leaded by Christine Deleuze. IGN
dataset was collected by Institut Geographique National. Following publication of the original article (Bauer
et al. 2021), it was reported that the funding section of
the article should be updated.h Correction: Modelling bark volume for six
commercially important tree species in France:
assessment of models and application
at regional scale Rodolphe Bauer1*, Antoine Billard1, Frédéric Mothe1, Fleur Longuetaud1, Mojtaba Houballah1, Alain Bouvet2,
Henri Cuny3, Antoine Colin3 and Francis Colin1 The erroneous version:h h
This thesis work was made possible in terms of salaries
by funding from the Ministry of Agriculture and Agri-
Food (MAA) represented by the DRAAF Grand Est and
from the ERDF Lorraine. Operating funds were brought
by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of
the Investissements d’Avenir program (ANR-11- LABX-
0002–01, Lab of Excellence ARBRE). The EMERGE data-
set was collected within the frame of the EMERGE ANR
project leaded by Christine Deleuze. IGN dataset was
collected by Institut Geographique National. Open Access Open Access Reference The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-
021-01096-7. *Correspondence:
Rodolphe Bauer
[email protected]
1 Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, 54000 Silva, Nancy, France
2 Institut Technologique FCBA, Direction de La Recherche Et Des
Programmes 10 Rue Galilée, 77420 Champs Sur Marne, France
3 Institut National de L’information Géographique Et Forestiére,
Département Ressources Forestiéres Et Carbone, 1 Rue Des Blanches
Terres, 54250 Champigneulles, France *Correspondence:
Rodolphe Bauer
[email protected]
1 Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, 54000 Silva, Nancy, France
2 Institut Technologique FCBA, Direction de La Recherche Et Des
Programmes 10 Rue Galilée, 77420 Champs Sur Marne, France
3 Institut National de L’information Géographique Et Forestiére,
Département Ressources Forestiéres Et Carbone, 1 Rue Des Blanches
Terres, 54250 Champigneulles, France Annals of
Forest Science Bauer et al. Annals of Forest Science (2023) 80:25
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13595-023-01195-7 © INRAE and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate
if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence,
unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your
intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the
copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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None
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Digital video stream trick play
ABSTRACT
A trick mode play process for digital video consistent with certain embodiments involves storing a plurality of most recent reference frames in a corresponding plurality of frame buffers; displaying a current frame during a current frame time interval; determining a next frame for display; inspecting the plurality of frame buffers to determine if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers. If the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers, designating the frame for display in the next frame time interval. If the next frame is not present in one of the frame buffers: checking if the frame buffers contain any reference frames needed to decode the next frame; and decoding a next frame using all reference frames needed to decode the next frame which can be found in the frame. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.
BACKGROUND
Digital video encoding such as MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) compliant digital video has become a popular encoding mechanism that permits digital storage, transmission and reproduction of video images such as television programs and movies. The transition from analog to digital has made PVR's (personal video recorders), also known as DVR's (digital video recorders), an increasingly popular technology. PVR's are used to store digital video content using digital technologies such as hard disc drives.
Users of such PVR devices have come to expect such devices to be capable of so-called “trick play” operation that resembles operation of video tape recorders (VTR's). Trick play operation includes, but is not limited to, fast forward, reverse, fast reverse, jump and skip functions. Most digital coding techniques such as MPEG compliant encoding utilize significant levels of compression. Such compression is implemented by use of predictive coding techniques in which certain frames of video are dependent upon and utilize information in other frames of video. For example, MPEG I frames (intra-coded frames) stand alone, while B frames and P frames (Inter-coded frames) are dependent upon and use information presented in other frames.
Such encoding techniques were designed for normal speed forward play of video. Predictive coding techniques complicate trick mode play. Most commonly, when trick play, such as reverse mode trick play, is implemented, the result is a jerky or freeze frame-like image that is sometimes implemented by only playing back I frames (which do not depend on other frames). Sometimes the I frames are repeated to fill in for missing video frames. As a result, trick play is often only a crude approximation of that which can be obtained with analog VTR technology.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Certain illustrative embodiments illustrating organization and method of operation, together with objects and advantages may be best understood by reference detailed description that follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary digital video decoder system consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates a segment of frames representing digital video data consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates movement of data through the frame buffers of FIG. 1 consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart describing an exemplary frame buffer storage process consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an exemplary trick mode process consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates the timing of an exemplary trick mode process consistent with certain embodiments of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail specific embodiments, with the understanding that the present disclosure of such embodiments is to be considered as an example of the principles and not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown and described. In the description below, like reference numerals are used to describe the same, similar or corresponding parts in the several views of the drawings.
The terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term “plurality”, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term “another”, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms “including” and/or “having”, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term “coupled”, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically. The term “program”, as used herein, is defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A “program”, or “computer program”, may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, in an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system.
Turning now to FIG. 1, a system block diagram for a decoding arrangement is depicted as system 100. In this system, video content is stored on a storage device 014 such as a hard disc drive, and is stored and retrieved under control of processor 108. Video frames are sent to a video decoder (e.g., an MPEG decoder) 112 via bus 116. At decoder 112, the video data are decoded for display or other use through video interface 114 which provides an appropriate interface to a display device or other recipient of the video.
In order to achieve smooth playback of the video in trick modes, the present embodiment utilizes multiple frame buffers A, B, C, D and E (120, 122, 124, 126, and 128). Five such frame buffers are used in this example, but more or fewer frame buffers may be used in other embodiments, depending upon cost, size and processor constraints, etc. The video is stored in these buffers under control of processor 108 in accordance with the discussion to follow.
In order to understand the operation of the present embodiment, it is useful to consider an example video stream segment 200 as shown in FIG. 2. This stream segment 200 has eight frames of video. Two basic types of video frame are depicted—(1) reference frames (R) which are referenced by other frames (e.g., MPEG I or P frames), and (2) non-referenced frames (N) which are not referenced by other frames (e.g., MPEG B frames). In this example, frames in stream segment 200 have dependencies shown by the arrows. That is, frame R1 is not dependent on other frames; frame R2 depends upon frame R1; frame N1 references frames R2 and R3; frame R3 references frame R2; claim N2 references frames R3 and R4; frame R4 references frame R3; frame N3 references frame R4 and frame R5; and frame R5 references frame R4.
Now consider FIG. 3 which illustrates the buffer frames' content in grid 304 and the frame being displayed at 310. Each vertical column is shown as a processing time period (periods F1 through F13) which in some cases corresponds to a frame presentation time period (but in the case of F1 through F6, may be much less than one frame presentation time period, e.g., ½ or ¼ of one frame presentation time period or less). Now consider an example where reverse playback is desired starting at frame N3 of stream segment 200. In order to carry out smooth reverse trick mode, the buffers are first filled, during times F1 through F5 with the five most recent reference frames R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5. At this point the first frame to be displayed is determined to be N3 (per the above assumption). Since this frame N3 is not presently stored in any of buffers A through E, frame N3 is decoded at time F6 from R4 and R5 stored in buffers D and E, and placed in buffer A. In this case, the content of buffer A is replaced since it's previous content is the oldest and thus least likely to be needed. (The content of buffer E could alternatively have been replaced since N3 is the only frame that depends on frame R5.) The creation of this frame buffer A entry is depicted by the circle around N3 at time F6 (which may be less than one frame presentation time). At time F7, the content of frame buffer A is displayed as the display frame.
At this point, it should be considered that the frame buffers should be recycled wisely. The smaller the number of frame buffers available, the more wisely the recycling of the buffers should be to achieve smooth trick play. This will be discussed further after completion of discussion of this example.
At time F8, the next frame to be displayed is available in frame buffer D and is thus directly retrieved therefrom for display as indicated by the arrow. During time F8, the next frame needed is determined to be N2, which as previously noted depends on R3 and R4. Thus, while R4 is directly sent to display, frame N2 is calculated from R3 and R4 plus data from storage 104, and replaces N3 in buffer A. Again the circle indicates that this frame was decoded to place in buffer A.
At time F9, the frame N2, which is now available in buffer A is retrieved for display. During time F9, it is determined that the next needed frame for display will be R3. Since this frame R3 is available from frame buffer C, no decoding is needed.
At time F10, frame R3 is retrieved for display from buffer C without need for any decoding. It is determined at F10 that the next frame that will be needed is N1, therefore, N1 is decoded using R2 and R3 from buffers B and C (along with other data retrieved from storage 104).
At time F11, the frame N1, which is now available in buffer A is retrieved for display. During time F11, it is determined that the next needed frame for display will be R2. Since this frame R2 is available from frame buffer B, no decoding is needed. Looking ahead, frame R1 will be the next frame that is to be displayed. Since this frame is no longer stored in frame buffer A, the frame R1 is decoded at time F12 (again indicated by the circle around R1 in frame buffer A). At time F13, frame R1 is retrieved from frame buffer A and for display.
Note that other arrangements for recycling the frame buffers could be used. For example, in this example R1 is overwritten by N1 even though R1 will be needed in the future. But, in this case, R1 is shown to be dependent upon no other frames (i.e., an MPEG I frame). Thus, restoration of frame R1 is a simple matter of retrieving it from storage 104 when needed and no other frames need be retrieved to decode it. Thus, I frames and similar frames that are reference frames but do not depend upon additional frames to be decoded are good candidates for recycling, since the cost to restore R1 from storage is low in terms of time and computational complexity.
Let's assume that the cost of restoring R1 measured in time is one frame decoding time. On the other hand, if R3 is needed, then R2 is also needed, which means that R1 is also needed. In this case, if R3 is needed then the time cost of retrieving R3 is the time needed to decode each of R1, R2 and R3=3 frame decoding times. Thus, it may be advantageous to save R2 rather than R1.
An additional factor that is to be considered in devising the appropriate algorithm for frame buffer recycling is decoder processing power. Some decoders can decode faster than in one frame presentation time. For example, if the decoder can decode in ¼ of one frame presentation time, then the algorithm can assign the cost associated with decoding four frames as being equivalent to the cost of decoding a single frame with a decoder that can only decode one frame per presentation time. Such additional processing speed can introduce greater flexibility into the recycling algorithm.
Decoding a non-I frame (or equivalent in other predictive encoding schemes) may require multiple frame buffers, which can be considered another factor in the cost. If the budget for frame buffers can be made high enough, the weight of the frame buffer cost can be low and vice versa. If enough memory is available, an entire group of pictures (GOP) could be buffered, rendering the algorithm a simple matter of finding the frame that is needed next.
Additionally, the time required to retrieve a frame from storage in storage 104 should factor into the algorithm for determining the cost of reproducing a frame stored in the frame buffer that needs to be restored. This time varies with the size of the frame. Generally an MPEG I frame is much larger in size than B or P frames, and thus takes longer to retrieve from storage 104 if needed. So, another cost that should factor into the algorithm is the cost of reading the data from the disc drive.
Generally, the algorithm should, thus, take into consideration a preference for recycling frames with low cost to restore or unnecessary frames (cost of restoring is zero if the frame is never restored). The recycling policy depends upon decoder speed, memory budget, data read latency. In the event that an occasional frame cannot be restored in time, a default action is to repeat the previous frame, but this sacrifices smoothness of the playback. The selection of frames for decoding and displaying should be under total control of the processor 108 carrying out the algorithm.
A decoder interface consistent with certain embodiments of the invention should have some or all of the following attributes:
- - Flexibility to use a larger number of frame buffers than currently conventional decoders. For example, in MPEG2 video decoders, three or four frame buffers are used to perform normal forward direction decoding. The number of frame buffers used depends upon the developer's memory budget and system architecture. This allows the decoder to keep some reference frames that might be used frequently with the decoder needs to perform a reverse trick mode. - Control software should be able to select which frame buffer to use for storage of a decoded frame that is fed to the decoder. This allows the control software to manage how to build reference frames and target frames. - Control software should be able to select which frame buffer to use for forward or backward predication to decode a frame. This allows the control software to manage how to build reference frames and target frames. - Control software should be able to specify whether or not the frame should be displayed or not after decoding. This allows the control software to specify that only target frames are to be displayed. - Control software should be able to specify how long the decoded frame is displayed (e.g., n times the normal frame presentation period). This permits the control software to implement frame repeat to slow down playback. The interface can also notify the control software when the time has expired so the control software can recycle the frame buffer if desired. - If the decoder implementation requires that an application feed unnecessary frames to it for processing (frames which are not needed for display or reference) the decoder should be able to skip such frames under software control. - Decoder should preferably be able to decode at a rate faster than the frame presentation rate—the faster the better. This permits construction of reference frames or target frames on time.
FIG. 4 describes an exemplary process 400 starting at 404, in which reference frames such as R1 through R5, are stored in the frame buffers A through E. When a frame is retrieved at 408, if the retrieved frame is not a reference frame, control returns to 408. If at 412, the retrieved frame is a reference frame, the frame is placed in one of the frame buffers, replacing or displacing the oldest reference frame in one of the buffers. Note that the new reference frame can be placed in an open buffer or the frame buffers can operate in a first in first out (FIFO) manner.
FIG. 5 describes an exemplary process 500 for trick play modes that is invoked at 502. Although not shown, the process can be halted at any time by user intervention or by program control. At 506, when the trick mode (e.g. a reverse or skip trick mode) is invoked, a determination is made as to whether or not the buffers are empty (e.g., starting play with a trick mode), or alternatively and equivalently, if the buffers do not contain reference frames near the starting point of the trick play. If so, the buffers are filled with the most recent (referenced from the start point assuming a prior forward play mode) reference frames. This time, may correspond to times F1 through F5 of FIG. 3. This frame buffer filling stage should preferably be carried out as quickly as possible to create a quick response in the trick play operation. Thus, F1 through F5 may not correspond to one frame time interval, but is preferably carried out as quickly as the decoder 112 can build these frames from data in storage 104.
Once these frame buffers are filled, the first frame to be displayed is determined at 514 (this is already known for the first frame, since it is the starting frame for playback in the trick mode—in subsequent frames the next frame is determined by looking ahead). If this frame is in one of the frame buffers at 518, the frame is simply retrieved directly from the frame buffer at 524 for display. If, however, the frame is not in one of the frame buffers at 518 the next frame is decoded using data from the frame buffers where possible, and otherwise retrieving the data from storage 104 at 528. This decoded frame is then stored in the frame buffer by displacing or replacing the data with lowest replacement cost in any of the frame buffers at 532. Such cost can be determined by age of the frame, likely need, not needed to decode other frames, etc. as described above.
The functions described in 514, 518, 524, 528, and 532 are all carried out during one frame time cycle as illustrated by the indicator 536 in order to prepare for the next frame cycle that includes display of the frame just discussed at 540. While this “current” frame is displayed, the functions are repeated as indicated by the arrow 544. Thus, display of a current frame is carried out during processing of a next frame either by decoding it or retrieving it.
Thus, a trick mode play process for digital video consistent with certain embodiments involves storing a plurality of most recent reference frames in a corresponding plurality of frame buffers; displaying a current frame during a current frame time interval; determining a next frame for display; inspecting the plurality of frame buffers to determine if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers. If the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers, designating the frame for display in the next frame time interval. If the next frame is not present in one of the frame buffers: checking if the frame buffers contain any reference frames needed to decode the next frame; and decoding a next frame using all reference frames needed to decode the next frame which can be found in the frame. In certain embodiments, the method involves replacing data in a frame buffer with the next frame, wherein the data replaced comprises data having a lowest cost of restoration. The lowest cost can be determined, for example, by data that can be restored by reading from a storage device; an oldest frame stored in any of the frame buffers; a frame that has just been used and is not referenced by another frame; data that has the lowest cost in time to restore; data that has the lowest cost in computational complexity to restore; or an intra-coded frame. Other costs can also be considered without departing from embodiments consistent with the present invention.
The above timing is further illustrated in FIG. 6, in which display of a current frame, identifying a next frame and decoding the next frame if necessary is carried out at 604 during frame cycle 608. The next frame at 604 becomes the current frame at 612 during frame cycle 616 where the process is repeated.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, upon consideration of the above teachings, that certain of the above exemplary embodiments are based upon use of a programmed processor such as 108 and possibly 112. However, the invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments, since other embodiments could be implemented using hardware component equivalents such as special purpose hardware and/or dedicated processors. Similarly, general purpose computers, microprocessor based computers, micro-controllers, optical computers, analog computers, dedicated processors, application specific circuits and/or dedicated hard wired logic may be used to construct alternative equivalent embodiments.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate, upon consideration of the above teachings, that the program operations and processes and associated data used to implement certain of the embodiments described above can be implemented using disc storage as well as other forms of storage such as for example Read Only Memory (ROM) devices, Random Access Memory (RAM) devices, network memory devices, optical storage elements, magnetic storage elements, magneto-optical storage elements, flash memory, core memory and/or other equivalent volatile and non-volatile storage technologies without departing from certain embodiments of the present invention. Such alternative storage devices should be considered equivalents.
Certain embodiments described herein, are or may be implemented using a programmed processor executing programming instructions that are broadly described above in flow chart form that can be stored on any suitable electronic or computer readable storage medium and/or can be transmitted over any suitable electronic communication medium. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate, upon consideration of the present teaching, that the processes described above can be implemented in any number of variations and in many suitable programming languages without departing from embodiments of the present invention. For example, the order of certain operations carried out can often be varied, additional operations can be added or operations can be deleted without departing from certain embodiments of the invention. Error trapping can be added and/or enhanced and variations can be made in user interface and information presentation without departing from certain embodiments of the present invention. Such variations are contemplated and considered equivalent.
Software and/or firmware embodiments may be implemented using a programmed processor executing programming instructions that in certain instances are broadly described above in flow chart form that can be stored on any suitable electronic or computer readable storage medium (such as, for example, disc storage, Read Only Memory (ROM) devices, Random Access Memory (RAM) devices, network memory devices, optical storage elements, magnetic storage elements, magneto-optical storage elements, flash memory, core memory and/or other equivalent volatile and non-volatile storage technologies) and/or can be transmitted over any suitable electronic communication medium. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate, upon consideration of the present teaching, that the processes described above can be implemented in any number of variations and in many suitable programming languages without departing from embodiments of the present invention. For example, the order of certain operations carried out can often be varied, additional operations can be added or operations can be deleted without departing from certain embodiments of the invention. Error trapping can be added and/or enhanced and variations can be made in user interface and information presentation without departing from certain embodiments of the present invention. Such variations are contemplated and considered equivalent.
While certain illustrative embodiments have been described, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, permutations and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description.
1. A trick mode play process for digital video, comprising: storing a plurality of most recent reference frames in a corresponding plurality of frame buffers; displaying a current frame during a current frame time interval; determining a next frame for display; inspecting the plurality of frame buffers to determine if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers; if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers, designating the frame for display in the next frame time interval; if the next frame is not present in one of the frame buffers: checking if the frame buffers contain any reference frames needed to decode the next frame; and decoding a next frame using all reference frames needed to decode the next frame which can be found in the frame.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising replacing data in a frame buffer with the next frame, wherein the data replaced comprises data having a lowest cost of restoration.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the data replaced comprises data that can be restored by reading from a storage device.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the data replaced comprises an oldest frame stored in any of the frame buffers.
5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the data replaced comprises a frame that has just been used and is not referenced by another frame.
6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the data replaced comprises data that has the lowest cost in time to restore.
7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the data replaced comprises data that has the lowest cost in computational complexity to restore.
8. The method according to claim 2, wherein the data replaced comprises an intra-coded frame.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored during a normal play mode.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored after invoking the trick play mode.
11. The method according to claim 3, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored at a rate of greater than the frame rate.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of frame buffers comprises at least five frame buffers.
13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the displaying, determining, inspecting, designating, checking and decoding are carried out within the frame period for displaying the current frame.
14. A computer readable storage medium storing instructions which, when executed on a programmed processor, carry out the process according to claim
1. 15. A trick mode play process for digital video, carried out by use of a programmed processor, comprising: storing a plurality of most recent reference frames in a corresponding plurality of at least five frame buffers; displaying a current frame during a current frame time interval; determining a next frame for display; inspecting the plurality of frame buffers to determine if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers; if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers, designating the frame for display in the next frame time interval; if the next frame is not present in one of the frame buffers: checking if the frame buffers contain any reference frames needed to decode the next frame; decoding a next frame using all reference frames needed to decode the next frame which can be found in the frame; replacing data in a frame buffer with the next frame, wherein the data replaced comprises data having a lowest cost of restoration; and wherein the displaying, determining, inspecting, designating, checking and decoding are carried out within the frame period for displaying the current frame.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the data replaced comprises data that can be restored by reading from a storage device.
17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the data replaced comprises an oldest frame stored in any of the frame buffers.
18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the data replaced comprises a frame that has just been used and is not referenced by another frame.
19. The method according to claim 15, wherein the data replaced comprises data that has the lowest cost in time to restore.
20. The method according to claim 15, wherein the data replaced comprises data that has the lowest cost in computational complexity to restore.
21. The method according to claim 15, wherein the data replaced comprises an intra-coded frame.
22. The method according to claim 15, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored during a normal play mode.
23. The method according to claim 15, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored after invoking the trick play mode.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored at a rate of greater than the frame rate.
25. A system for carrying out trick mode play for digital video, comprising: a plurality of frame buffers storing a corresponding plurality of most recent reference frames; a decoder; a means for displaying a current frame during a current frame time interval; a programmed processor operating by use of a computer program to carry out the process of: determining a next frame for display; inspecting the plurality of frame buffers to determine if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers; if the next frame is present in one of the frame buffers, designating the frame for display in the next frame time interval; if the next frame is not present in one of the frame buffers: checking if the frame buffers contain any reference frames needed to decode the next frame; and instructing the decoder to decode a next frame using all reference frames needed to decode the next frame which can be found in the frame.
26. The system according to claim 25, wherein the programmed processor further instructs the decoder to replace data in on of the frame buffers with the next frame, wherein the data replaced comprises data having a lowest cost of restoration.
27. The system according to claim 26, wherein the data replaced comprises data that can be restored by reading from a storage device.
28. The system according to claim 26, wherein the data replaced comprises an oldest frame stored in any of the frame buffers.
29. The system according to claim 26, wherein the data replaced comprises a frame that has just been used and is not referenced by another frame.
30. The system according to claim 26, wherein the data replaced comprises data that has the lowest cost in time to restore.
31. The system according to claim 26, wherein the data replaced comprises data that has the lowest cost in computational complexity to restore.
32. The system according to claim 26, wherein the data replaced comprises an intra-coded frame.
33. The system according to claim 25, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored during a normal play mode.
34. The system according to claim 25, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored after invoking the trick play mode.
35. The system according to claim 25, wherein the frames stored in the frame buffers are stored at a rate of greater than the frame rate.
36. The system according to claim 35, wherein the plurality of frame buffers comprises at least five frame buffers.
37. The system according to claim 25, wherein the displaying, determining, inspecting, designating, checking and decoding are carried out within the frame period for displaying the current frame.
38. The system according to claim 25, further comprising a storage device that stores the digital video.
39. The system according to claim 25, wherein the storage device comprises a disc drive.
40. The system according to claim 25, embodied within a personal video recorder.
41. The system according to claim 25, wherein the frame buffer selected for storage of a decoded frame is selected under control of the programmed processor.
42. The system according to claim 25, wherein the frame buffer selected for storage of a decoded frame is selected under control of the programmed processor for both forward and reverse play.
43. The system according to claim 25, wherein the programmed processor determines if a frame of video should be displayed after decoding.
44. The system according to claim 25, wherein the programmed processor determines how long a frame of video is displayed.
45. The system according to claim 25, wherein if the decoder is fed unnecessary frames for processing, the programmed processor can instruct the decoder to skip decoding the unnecessary frames..
| 39,036 |
https://github.com/dev-alberto/Bachelor2017/blob/master/Code/DataStructures/PrimeCurves.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
Bachelor2017
|
dev-alberto
|
Python
|
Code
| 207 | 573 |
from Code.DataStructures.interfaces import EllipticCurve
from Code.DataStructures.Points import AffinePoint
from Code.curve import get_curve
from Code.util import isProbablePrime
class PrimeCurves(EllipticCurve):
def __init__(self, prime, b, a, n=None, g=None, h=1):
"""a, b --> coeficientii curbei eliptice
p --> caracteristica corpului peste care este definita curba eliptica
g --> punctul de baza
n --> ordinul curbei eliptice
h --> cofactor
"""
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.prime = prime
if g is not None:
self.g = AffinePoint(g, self)
if n is not None:
self.n = n
if not isProbablePrime(prime):
raise ValueError("*** Error *** Characteristic of base field must pe prime")
def __str__(self):
return "y^2 = x^3 + " + str(self.a) + "x + " + str(self.b) + " (mod " + str(self.prime) + ")"
def __eq__(self, other):
discriminant = -16 * (4 * (self.a ** 3) + 27 * (self.b ** 2)) % self.prime
other_discriminant = -16 * (4 * (other.a ** 3) + 27 * (other.b ** 2)) % other.prime
return discriminant == other_discriminant and self.prime == other.prime
class NistPrimeCurve(PrimeCurves):
def __init__(self, bits):
params = get_curve(bits)
self.bits = bits
super().__init__(params[1], params[2], -3, n=params[3], g=[params[4], params[5]])
def __str__(self):
return "P" + str(self.bits)
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.bits == other.bits
P192 = NistPrimeCurve(192)
P224 = NistPrimeCurve(224)
P256 = NistPrimeCurve(256)
P384 = NistPrimeCurve(384)
| 40,230 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalnik
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kalnik
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalnik&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 149 | 329 |
Kalnik är ett berg i Kroatien. Det ligger i länet Varaždin, i den nordöstra delen av landet, km nordost om huvudstaden Zagreb. Toppen på Kalnik är meter över havet.
Terrängen runt Kalnik är kuperad norrut, men söderut är den platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är Kam, meter över havet, km väster om Kalnik. Runt Kalnik är det ganska glesbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Križevci, km sydost om Kalnik. Omgivningarna runt Kalnik är en mosaik av jordbruksmark och naturlig växtlighet.
Trakten ingår i den hemiboreala klimatzonen. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är juni, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är december, med °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är september, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är mars, med mm nederbörd.
Kommentarer
Källor
Externa länkar
Berg i Varaždin
Berg i Kroatien 500 meter över havet eller högre
| 8,935 |
https://github.com/avohraa/prebid-mobile-android/blob/master/PrebidMobile/PrebidMobile-rendering/src/main/java/org/prebid/mobile/rendering/views/webview/PrebidWebViewInterstitial.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
prebid-mobile-android
|
avohraa
|
Java
|
Code
| 234 | 716 |
/*
* Copyright 2018-2021 Prebid.org, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.prebid.mobile.rendering.views.webview;
import android.content.Context;
import org.prebid.mobile.rendering.errors.AdException;
import org.prebid.mobile.rendering.utils.logger.LogUtil;
import org.prebid.mobile.rendering.views.interstitial.InterstitialManager;
public class PrebidWebViewInterstitial extends PrebidWebViewBase
implements PreloadManager.PreloadedListener, MraidEventsManager.MraidListener {
private final String TAG = PrebidWebViewInterstitial.class.getSimpleName();
public PrebidWebViewInterstitial(Context context, InterstitialManager interstitialManager) {
super(context, interstitialManager);
}
@Override
public void loadHTML(String html, int width, int height) {
LayoutParams layoutParams = new LayoutParams(
LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT);
setLayoutParams(layoutParams);
mWidth = width;
mHeight = height;
//A null context can crash with an exception in webView creation through WebViewBanner. Catch it
mWebView = new WebViewInterstitial(mContext, html, width, height, this, this);
mWebView.setJSName("WebViewInterstitial");
mWebView.initContainsIFrame(mCreative.getCreativeModel().getHtml());
mWebView.setTargetUrl(mCreative.getCreativeModel().getTargetUrl());
mWebView.loadAd();
}
@Override
public void preloaded(WebViewBase adBaseView) {
if (adBaseView == null) {
//This should never happen.
LogUtil.error(TAG, "Failed to preload an interstitial. Webview is null.");
if (mWebViewDelegate != null) {
mWebViewDelegate.webViewFailedToLoad(new AdException(AdException.INTERNAL_ERROR, "Preloaded adview is null!"));
}
return;
}
mCurrentWebViewBase = adBaseView;
if (mWebViewDelegate != null) {
mWebViewDelegate.webViewReadyToDisplay();
}
}
}
| 38,508 |
https://github.com/adketuri/umbracraft/blob/master/core/src/net/alcuria/umbracraft/engine/entities/Entity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
umbracraft
|
adketuri
|
Java
|
Code
| 855 | 1,982 |
package net.alcuria.umbracraft.engine.entities;
import net.alcuria.umbracraft.Config;
import net.alcuria.umbracraft.Game;
import net.alcuria.umbracraft.definitions.component.ComponentDefinition;
import net.alcuria.umbracraft.definitions.map.EntityReferenceDefinition;
import net.alcuria.umbracraft.engine.components.Component;
import com.badlogic.gdx.math.Vector3;
import com.badlogic.gdx.utils.Array;
/** A top-level game object. Players, enemies, decorations, and so on, all should
* be instantiated as Entities with logic separated out in the {@link Component}
* objects. TODO: We can use a map instead of an array to get a minor
* performance boost out of fetching components.
* @author Andrew Keturi */
public class Entity implements BaseEntity, Comparable<Entity> {
public static final String PLAYER = "Player";
private final Array<String> args = new Array<String>();
private final Array<Component> components;
private boolean isVisible = true;
private String name, tag, id;
public Vector3 position, velocity;
private int renderOffset;
public float speedModifier = 1;
/** Creates an entity with no components */
public Entity() {
components = new Array<Component>();
position = new Vector3();
velocity = new Vector3();
}
/** Creates an entity with several pre-defined components
* @param components the initial components */
public Entity(Component... components) {
this();
for (Component component : components) {
component.create(this);
this.components.add(component);
}
}
/** Creates an entity with no components and a given name
* @param name the name {@link String} */
public Entity(String name) {
this();
this.name = name;
}
/** Creates an entity with no components and a given name + tag
* @param name the name {@link String}
* @param tag the tag {@link String} */
public Entity(String name, String tag) {
this();
this.name = name;
this.tag = tag;
}
/** Adds a single component after instantiation
* @param component the component to add */
public void addComponent(Component component) {
component.create(this);
components.add(component);
}
/** Adds a component from a definition
* @param definition */
public void addComponent(ComponentDefinition definition) {
addComponent(definition.create());
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Entity otherEntity) {
return (int) ((otherEntity.position.y - otherEntity.position.z - otherEntity.renderOffset) - (position.y - position.z - renderOffset));
}
/** Disposes/kills all components */
public void dispose() {
for (int i = 0; i < components.size; i++) {
components.get(i).dispose(this);
}
}
/** @return arguments passed into the entity for creation from the map editor */
public Array<String> getArguments() {
return args;
}
/** Gets a component. Returns <code>null</code> if the component is not
* present. Be sure to check the return value before making assumptions.
* @param clazz the {@link Component} type
* @return the component */
public <T extends Component> T getComponent(Class<T> clazz) {
for (int i = 0; i < components.size; i++) {
if (clazz.isInstance(components.get(i))) {
return (T) components.get(i);
}
}
return null;
}
/** @return a unique identifier for this entity. Set only from
* {@link EntityReferenceDefinition}. */
public String getId() {
return id;
}
/** @return the name */
public String getName() {
return name;
}
/** @return the render offset */
public int getRenderOffset() {
return renderOffset;
}
/** @return the tag */
public String getTag() {
return tag;
}
/** A helper function to determine if this Entity is tagged with a particular
* {@link String}. A match is returned if and only if the tags are both non
* null and match (via String comparison).
* @param tag a {@link String} to check
* @return <code>true</code> if the entity has this tag */
public boolean isTagged(String tag) {
return tag != null && this.tag != null && this.tag.equals(tag);
}
/** @return the isVisible */
public boolean isVisible() {
return isVisible;
}
/** Removes a component from the entity by iterating through the components
* attached to this entity until a class match is found. This is suboptimal.
* We can rework this is it becomes a bottleneck.
* @param clazz the component type */
public void removeComponent(Class<? extends Component> clazz) {
for (Component component : components) {
if (clazz.isInstance(component)) {
components.removeValue(component, true);
return;
}
}
}
/** Removes a component by identity comparison
* @param component */
public void removeComponent(Component component) {
components.removeValue(component, true);
}
/** Renders all components */
@Override
public void render() {
if (isVisible) {
for (int i = 0; i < components.size; i++) {
components.get(i).render(this);
}
}
}
/** Given an {@link EntityReferenceDefinition}, sets the relevant fields of
* the entity.
* @param reference an {@link EntityReferenceDefinition} to use when
* updating this entity.
* @param mapId */
public void setFromReference(EntityReferenceDefinition reference, String mapId) {
setName(reference.name);
id = String.format("%s@%s(%d,%d)", reference.name, mapId, reference.x, reference.y);
position.x = reference.x * Config.tileWidth + Config.tileWidth / 2;
position.y = reference.y * Config.tileWidth + Config.tileWidth / 2;
args.clear();
args.addAll(reference.arg1, reference.arg2, reference.arg3);
}
/** @param name the name to set */
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
/** Sets the position vector equal to the value of another vector
* @param position a {@link Vector3} */
public void setPosition(Vector3 position) {
if (position == null) {
Game.error("position is null");
return;
}
this.position.x = position.x;
this.position.y = position.y;
}
public void setRenderOffset(int renderOffset) {
this.renderOffset = renderOffset;
}
/** @param tag the tag to set */
public void setTag(String tag) {
this.tag = tag;
}
/** @param isVisible the isVisible to set */
public void setVisible(boolean isVisible) {
this.isVisible = isVisible;
}
/** Updates all components */
@Override
public void update() {
for (int i = 0; i < components.size; i++) {
components.get(i).update(this);
}
}
}
| 37,119 |
US-57947109-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,009 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,189 | 9,873 |
Method for continuously casting billet with small cross section
ABSTRACT
Continuously casting a billet with a small cross section by pouring molten steel into a mold using a cylindrical immersion nozzle is characterized by measuring the molten steel level in the mold using an eddy current sensor. The level is controlled based on the thus-measured value, motion of steel in the mold is adjusted by electromagnetic stirring, a cooling zone during the final period of solidification is disposed within a certain region ranging from the meniscus to the specific site, and casting speed is adjusted so that the region in which the solid phase ratio at the billet center is 0.3-0.99 may be included in the cooling zone during the final period of solidification. The secondary cooling water amount and the billet surface temperature at the entrance to the cooling zone the density of cooling water in the cooling zone during the final period of solidification are optimized.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a method for continuously casting acast billet with a small cross section (hereinafter also referred tomerely as “billet” for short) from any of various steel grades such ascarbon steel, low alloy steel, high alloy steel and stainless steelwhile reducing the possibility of center porosity formation along thebillet center and improving the inner quality inside the billet.
BACKGROUND ART
In a process such as Ugine-Sejournet extrusion process or Mannesmanntube making process via a rolling or forging process, for manufacturinga seamless steel pipe from a billet, produced by continuous casting as araw material, for instance, the inner part of the billet of useconstitutes the inner surface of the pipe. Therefore, the billet formanufacture of a seamless pipe is imperatively required to behomogeneous in quality not only on the outer surface but also on theinside and, therefore, the quality control of the inner part of thebillet is important. If center porosity occurs in a billet obtained bycontinuous casting and the extent thereof is above a tolerance limit,the seamless steel pipe produced from the billet often have innersurface defects, which are likely to be rejected from the qualityviewpoint.
Therefore, a secondary cooling method utilizing thermal shrinkage duringbillet cooling has been proposed for the purpose of reducing thepossibility of center porosity occurring in the billet in a continuousbillet casting process.
For example, in Japanese Patent Application Publication S62-61764, thereis disclosed a method which comprises subjecting the billet surface toforced water cooling, following the direction of casting, in a regionranging from the site at 2-15 m in front of a liquid core crater endinside the billet in the casting direction to the liquid core crater endto an extent that the shrinkage thereof during solidification at leastcomes to the amount of shrinkage in volume to cause shrinkage of thebillet's solidified shell and thus reduce the billet cross section,thereby reducing the extent of center segregation.
Further, in Japanese Patent Application Publication S62-263855, there isdisclosed a method which comprises successively lowering the billetsurface temperature, following the direction of casting, in an areaspanning from the site at 2-15 m in front of a liquid core crater endinside the billet in the casting direction to the liquid core craterend, to a temperature not less than the A₃ transformation temperature ofthe steel or the starting temperature T_(A) of Acm transformation andnot more than the effective billet surface temperature T_(v) given byTa+(T_(N)−Ta)×0.3=T_(v) in response to the progress of solidification ofthe billet liquid core to cause the billet solidified shell to shrinkand thus reduce the billet cross section and thereby reduce thepossibility of center porosity formation. In the above equation, T_(N)is the billet surface temperature resulting from open air cooling afterleaving the pinch roll unit and Ta is the billet surface temperature atwhich such average cooling of the solidified shell that is necessary forcompensating the amount of shrinkage during solidification is attained.
Further, Japanese Patent Application Publication H02-15856 discloses amethod which comprises subjecting the billet to forced cooling, whilethe core of the billet during continuous casting is in a soft solidifiedphase condition, so that an effect such that the soft core is alwayscompressed by the already completely solidified shell around the coreowing to the difference in thermal shrinkage between the core and theshell, to thereby reduce the possibility of center porosity formation.
However, the methods disclosed in Japanese Patent ApplicationPublication S62-61764, Japanese Patent Application PublicationS62-263855 and Japanese Patent Application Publication H02-15856, amongothers, have the following problems. For example, (1) when forcedcooling is carried out on the side excessively upstream relative to thepoint of final solidification, no more temperature allowance for coolingremains at a time when the possibility of center porosity formationbecomes really high and the cooling effect decreases; (2) if cooling isstopped when the core of the billet is not yet in a solidified state,return of heat causes increased center porosity or internal cracking;(3) the ranges of proper conditions for obtaining the effects ofreducing center porosity and center segregation are very narrow, so thatextraneous disturbances, for instance, readily cause the actualproduction conditions to deviate from the proper ranges.
Previously, the present inventors proposed the methods disclosed inJapanese Patents No. 2,856,068, No. 3,405,490 and No. 3,401,785 andsummarized below as technologies of improving the methods disclosed inthe above-cited Japanese Patent Application Publications S62-61764,S62-263855 and H02-15856.
The method proposed in Japanese Patent No. 2,856,068 is a method ofcooling which comprises starting billet surface cooling at a specifieddensity of cooling water at the time of arrival of the solid phase ratioin the central portion of the billet at 0.1-0.3 and continuing watercooling at that density of cooling water until arrival of the solidphase ratio in the central portion of the billet at a level not lessthan 0.8. The method proposed in Japanese Patent No. 3,405,490 is amethod for improving the inner quality which comprises starting surfacecooling of a billet having a diameter or thickness not exceeding aspecified value with water in a specific amount within a specified rangeat the time of arrival of the solid phase ratio in the central portionof the billet at 0.2-0.8 and continuing water cooling with the abovespecific amount of water until complete solidification. The methodproposed in Japanese Patent No. 3,401,785 is a method of cooling whichcomprises adjusting the density of billet surface cooling water to avalue within a specified range from a site 0.1-2.0 m in from of theliquid core crater end in the casting direction until arrival of thesolid phase ratio in the central portion of the billet at a level notless than 0.99, while increasing the density of cooling water toward thedownstream side.
The present inventors have thus brought about marked improvements withrespect to the problems (1)-(3) mentioned above by putting thetechnologies disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Patents No.2,856,068, No. 3,405,490 and No. 3,401,785 to practical use. Forobtaining the inner quality improving effects more stably and morereliably, however, there is still room for improvement from thetechnological viewpoint.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
The present invention, which has been made in view of the problemsdiscussed above, has its object to provide a method of continuouslycasting a billet with a small cross section from any of various steelgrades such as carbon steel, low alloy steel, high alloy steel andstainless steel wherein the center porosity formation at the billetcenter can be reduced stably and reliably and the inner qualityimproving effect can be exhibited.
The present inventors have put the technologies described in theabove-mentioned Japanese Patents No. 2,856,068, No. 3,405,490 and No.3,401,785, among others, to practical use and have accumulated a numberof application cases. At the same time, they have pushed ahead withtheir research and development works to establish a method ofcontinuously casting a billet with a small cross section wherein theinner quality improving effect can be produced more stably and morereliably. As a result, they obtained the following findings (a)-(h),which have now led to completion of the present invention.
(a) The method of the invention which utilizes the thermal shrinkageresulting from billet surface cooling to cause compression of the billetis highly effective in continuous casting of a small cross sectionbillet whose cross sectional area is not more than 500 cm². Since, inthe above-mentioned continuous casting, a mold with a small crosssection is used and an eddy current sensor for melt level control in amold is used, it is necessary to use a cylindrical immersion nozzle witha single port as the nozzle for pouring molten steel into the mold.(b) By adjusting the motion of the molten steel in the mold byelectromagnetic stirring, it becomes possible to increase the formationratio of equiaxial crystals in the central portion of the billet andinhibit the development of porosity at the billet center and furtherallow the solidified shell to grow uniformly. For securing the equiaxialcrystal formation promoting effect by the above-mentionedelectromagnetic stirring, it is necessary that the inner diameter of thesingle port of the immersion nozzle mentioned above under (a) be notless than 40 mmφ so that the outlet flow velocity of molten steel may besuppressed.(c) For maintaining the solidified shell growth stably and suppressingthe variation in solid phase ratio at the billet center in the coolingzone during the final period of solidification, high precision moltensteel level control in the mold is necessary and, for molten steel levelmeasurements, the use of an eddy current sensor for molten steel levelcontrol in a mold is appropriate, as mentioned above under (a). When the billet surface temperature at the entrance to the cooling zoneduring the final period of solidification is lower than 900° C., thephase transformation from γ phase to a phase occurs and the billetsurface expands, so that the porosity reducing effect is readilylessened. When, conversely, the billet surface temperature at theentrance to the cooling zone during the final period of solidificationis excessively high, cooling becomes no more uniform and the porosityreducing effect becomes unstable.
(g) It is necessary that the density of cooling water on the billetsurface in the cooling zone during the final period of solidification be20-300 L/(min·M²). This is because when the density of cooling water islower, the cooling effect is too weak for the effects of the inventionto be satisfactorily produced and, when the density of cooling water isin excess of 300 L/(min·m²), the billet surface temperature is loweredto an excessive extent and the billet surface expands due to the phasetransformation from γ phase to a phase and thus the porosity reducingeffect is readily lessened.(h) The cutting of the billet is to be carried out at least 1 mdownstream from the exit of the cooling zone during the final period ofsolidification. This is because when the billet is cut just after theexit from the cooling zone during the final period of solidification,the billet after cutting is readily bent due to the fact thatfluctuations in billet surface temperature as caused by uneven coolingduring the final period of solidification have not yet been reduced.
The gist of the present invention, which has been completed based on theabove findings, consists in the following continuous casting methodsspecified below under (1)-(5).
The “eddy current sensor for molten steel level control in mold” soreferred to herein is an eddy current distance sensor in wide use asused for the measurement of the molten steel surface level of moltensteel and is molten steel level sensor constituted of a transmittingcoil and a receiving coil. This type of molten steel level sensor ischaracterized, among others, in that the precision in measurement of themolten steel level is very high.
The “secondary cooling zone” means a cooling zone located downstreamrelative to the mold exit and directly cooling the billet surface byspraying.
The “solid phase ratio at the billet center” means the fraction of thesolid phase region relative to the whole region occupied by the solidphase and liquid phase in the central portion of the billet.
The term “significant change” means such an extent of change in anoperational factor exerting an influence on the billet solidificationrate, for example a steel composition or casting temperature, which issufficient for that influence to arrive at or exceed a certainprescribed level. The value thereof is determined based on theoperational experiences and actual operation results. For the contentsof such elements as C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni, it is about ±0.001to +0.01% by mass and, in the case of casting temperature, it is about±2 to ±5° C. How to reflect the change or changes on the casting speedwill be described later herein under 2-4.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the continuous casting methodof the invention for casting a billet with a small cross section.
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 1. Basic Constitution of theInvention
As mentioned hereinabove, the invention consists in a method forcontinuously casting a billet with a small cross section in which thebillet has a cross sectional area of not more than 500 cm² and acylindrical immersion nozzle with a single port of not less than 40 mmin inside diameter is used for pouring a molten steel into a mold,characterized in that: a surface level of molten steel is measured usingan eddy current sensor for molten steel level control in a mold and themolten steel level is controlled based on the thus-measured value, andmotion of molten steel in the mold is adjusted by providingelectromagnetic stirring; a cooling zone during the final period ofsolidification, which is 3-8 m in length and continuous in the directionof casting, is provided in the region ranging from the meniscus ofmolten steel in the mold to an area that is 15-45 m away therefrom inthe direction of casting, and a casting speed is adjusted so that theregion in which the solid phase ratio at the billet center is 0.3-0.99may be included in the cooling zone during the final period ofsolidification; the billet is cooled in a secondary cooling zone,located on the side upstream relative to the cooling zone during thefinal period of solidification, with cooling water in a specific amountof 0.1-0.8 liter (L)/kg-steel to thereby adjust the billet surfacetemperature at the entrance to the cooling zone during the final periodof solidification to 900-1200° C., that the billet is cooled in thecooling zone during the final period of solidification with a coolingwater at a density of 20-300 liters (L)/(min·m²) on the billet surface;and the billet is cut at a site of at least 1 m downstream relative tothe exit of the cooling zone during the final period of solidification.In the following, the subject matter of the invention is described infurther detail.
FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of the vertical cross section forillustrating the continuous casting method of the invention for castinga billet with a small cross section. The molten steel 2 contained in atundish 1 is poured, through an immersion nozzle 3, into a mold 4 andcooled with a cooling water within the mold and with a secondary spraywater sprayed from a cooling apparatus 11 (a group of spray nozzles) ina secondary cooling zone located below the mold to form a billet 9 whileforming a solidified shell 7. Here, the surface level (height) of themolten steel 6 in the mold 4 is measured by means of an eddy currentsensor 5 for melt level control and the molten steel level is controlledbased on the measured value and, at the same time, the molten steel inthe mold is provided with electromagnetic stirring by an electromagneticstirring apparatus 10 and the molten steel motion is thereby controlled.
The billet 9 containing the unsolidified molten steel 8 in the centralportion thereof is withdrawn in the direction toward the right in theFIGURE by a pinch roll unit 12 and, after complete solidification as aresult of cooling with water sprayed from a cooling apparatus 13 in acooling zone during the final period of solidification, the billet iscut by a billet cutting device (cutting torch) 14.
2. Grounds for Specifying Constitutional Elements and Preferred Modes ofEmbodiment 2-1. First Aspect of the Invention
1) Cross Sectional Area of not More than 500 Cm²
It is necessary that the cross sectional area of the billet be not morethan 500 cm². When the cross sectional area is in excess of 500 cm², itbecomes difficult for the effect of the invention, namely the effect ofcompressing the billet inside utilizing the thermal shrinkage duringcooling of the billet surface, to be produced. The lower limit value tothe cross sectional area is not particularly specified herein. In thelight of the lower limit to the cross sectional area in ordinarycontinuous casting, however, the cross sectional rea preferably be about150 cm² or more.
2) Use of a Cylindrical Immersion Nozzle with a Single Port of not Lessthan 40 mm in Inner Diameter
The reason why a cylindrical immersion nozzle with a single port is usedis that when molten steel is poured into a continuous casting moldhaving such a small cross section as mentioned above, it is difficult touse an immersion nozzle having a plurality of outlet ports and, forusing an eddy current sensor for molten steel level control in mold,which is described later herein, it is necessary to use theabove-specified immersion nozzle. Further, the reason why the innerdiameter of the single port should be not less than 40 mm is that whenthat inner diameter is less than 40 mm, the outlet flow velocity becomesexcessively high and the after-mentioned effect of electromagneticstirring to promote equiaxial crystal form ation becomes lessened. Theupper limit to the inner diameter of the single port is not particularlyspecified. In view of the lower limit to the inner diameter in ordinarycontinuous casting of a billet with a small cross section, however, theinner diameter is preferably not more than about 80 mm.
3) Use of an Eddy Current Sensor for Molten Steel Level Control in aMold
The reason why an eddy current sensor of molten steel level control in amold is used is as follows. For allowing the solidified shell to growstably and suppressing the fluctuation in solid phase ratio at thebillet center in the cooling zone during the final period ofsolidification to thereby produce the effects of the invention in astable manner, it is necessary to use an eddy current sensor for moltensteel level control in a mold by which high precision measurements canbe made. With other melt level sensors of the γ ray type, thermocoupletype and so forth, the molten steel level detecting sensitivity is lowand those high precision melt level measurements which are required inthe practice of the invention can never be realized.
4) Electromagnetic Stirring of Molten Steel in a Mold
The following two are the reasons why the motion of molten steel withinthe mold is adjusted by electromagnetic stirring. The first reason isthat the effect of inhibiting the development of center porosity at thebillet center can be produced reliably by adjusting the rate of flow ofmolten steel by providing electromagnetic stirring to thereby promotethe formation of equiaxial crystals at the billet center and thusincrease the equiaxial crystal ratio. The second reason is that theeffect of allowing uniform growth of the solidified shell can beobtained by adjusting the motion of molten steel by providingelectromagnetic stirring.
5) Disposition of a 3 to 8 m Long Cooling Zone During the Final Periodof Solidification in the Region from the Meniscus of Molten Steel to aSite of 15-45 m Away Therefrom
The reason why a cooling zone during the final period of solidificationis disposed in the region ranging from the meniscus to a site of 15-45 maway therefrom is as follows. When the distance from the meniscus to thecooling zone during the final period of solidification is shorter than15 m, the casting speed becomes excessively low and the productivity ofcontinuous casting decreases and, when the distance from the meniscus tothe cooling zone during the final period of solidification is longerthan 45 m, the casting speed becomes excessively high and it becomesdifficult to carry out stable casting operations. Here, the castingspeed range is not particularly specified but it is generally preferredfrom the viewpoint of the improved productivity and stable operationthat the operation be carried out within the range of about 1.5-4.0m/min.
The reason why the length of the cooling zone during the final period ofsolidification should be not shorter than 3 m is as follows. When thelength in question is shorter than 3 m, no sufficient billet cooling canbe attained. The reason why the length of the cooling zone during thefinal period of solidification should be not longer than 8 m is that alength exceeding 8 m not only makes the cooling zone unnecessarily longbut also allows billet bending to occur as a result of supercooling.
6) Adjustment of the Casting Speed so that the Region in which the SolidPhase Ratio at the Billet Center is 0.3-0.99 May be Included in theCooling Zone During the Final Period of Solidification
The reason why the casting speed is adjusted so that the region in whichthe solid phase ratio at the billet center is 0.3-0.99 may be includedin the cooling zone during the final period of solidification is asfollows. The center porosity at the billet center has the initiationpoint of occurrence in the region in which the solid phase ratio at thebillet center is 0.3-0.99 and grows in that region. Therefore, it iseffective in preventing the occurrence of center porosity at the billetcenter to carry out the cooling during the final period ofsolidification in the period of solidification in which the solid phaseratio is within the above range.
7) Specific Amount of Cooling Water of 0.1-0.8 L/Kg-Steel in theSecondary Billet Cooling Zone and Billet Surface Temperature of900-1200° C. at the Entrance to the Cooling Zone During the Final Periodof Solidification
The reason why the specific amount of cooling water in the secondarybillet cooling zone should be 0.1-0.8 L/kg-steel is as follows. When thespecific amount of water in the secondary cooling zone is less than 0.1L/kg-steel, the billet bulges due to the hydrostatic pressure of moltensteel and the cross sectional area of the billet readily enlarges and,therefore, it becomes difficult to predict or estimate the solid phaseratio at the billet center in the cooling zone during the final periodof solidification. When, on the contrary, the specific amount ofsecondary cooling water is in excess of 0.8 L/kg-steel, cooling becomesno more uniform and fluctuations in solidified shell thickness readilyoccur, with the result that the solid phase ratio at the billet centerin the cooling zone during the final period of solidification becomesdifficult to predict.
The reason why the billet surface temperature at the entrance to thecooling zone during the final period of solidification should be900-1200° C. is as follows. When the billet surface temperature at theentrance to the cooling zone during the final period of solidificationis less than 900° C., the billet surface temperature becomes excessivelylowered in the cooling zone during the final period of solidificationand the phase transformation from γ phase to a phase occurs and thebillet surface expands, so that the effect of reducing the occurrence ofcenter porosity is readily lessened. When, conversely, the billetsurface temperature at the entrance to the cooling zone during the finalperiod of solidification is higher, namely in excess of 1200° C., thecooling in the cooling zone during the final period of solidificationbecomes no more uniform and uneven cooling readily occurs and the effectof reducing the occurrence of porosity becomes unstable.
8) Cooling Water with a Density of 20-300 L/(Min·m²) on the BilletSurface in the Cooling Zone During the Final Period of Solidification
The reason why the density of cooling water on the billet surface in thecooling zone during the final period of solidification should be 20-300L/(min·m²) is as follows. When the density of cooling water is less than300 L/(min·m²), the cooling effect is too weak for the effects of theinvention to be fully produced and, when the density of cooling water isin excess of 300 L/(min·m²), the billet surface temperature is loweredto an excessive extent, the phase transformation from γ phase to a phaseoccurs and the billet surface expands and thus the center porosityreducing effect is readily lessened.
9) Billet Cutting at a Site of at Least 1 m Downstream Relative to theExit of the Cooling Zone During the Final Period of Solidification
The reason why the billet cutting is carried out at a site of at least 1m downstream relative to the exit of the cooling zone during the finalperiod of solidification is as follows. When the billet is cut at a sitewithin 1 m just after the exit of the cooling zone during the finalperiod of solidification, the billet after cutting is readily bent dueto the fact that the unevenness in billet surface temperature as causedby uneven cooling during the final period of solidification has not yetbeen reduced by thermal diffusion. Thus, for preventing billet bendingafter cutting, it is necessary to cut the billet at a site of at least 1m downstream relative to the exit of the cooling zone during the finalperiod of solidification. It is preferable and desirable that the billetcutting be completed at a site of at least 3 m downstream relative tothe exit of the cooling zone during the final period of solidification.This is because the uneven billet surface temperature distributionresulting from uneven cooling in the cooling zone during the finalperiod of solidification is then rendered sufficiently even and uniformowing to thermal diffusion and the billet is still more prevented frombending.
2-2 Second Aspect of the Invention
In the second aspect thereof, the invention is directed to a continuouscasting method according to the first aspect of the invention,characterized in that the fluctuations in surface level of molten steelin the mold are controlled within ±10 mm, as described hereinabove.
The reason why the fluctuations in surface level of molten steel in themold are preferably controlled within ±10 mm is that when thefluctuations in surface level of molten steel in the mold become largein excess of ±10 mm, the growth of the solidified shell becomesunstable. If the growth of the solidified shell becomes unstable, thefluctuations in solid phase ratio at the billet center in the coolingzone during the final period of solidification will increase and theeffects of the invention, namely the effect of stably and reliablyreducing the occurrence of center porosity and the effect of improvingthe inner quality of the billet will be no longer satisfactorilyachieved.
For suppressing the amounts of fluctuation in molten steel surface levelwithin ±10 mm, such measures as the use of a high responsibilitystepping cylinder in the molten steel flow rate control mechanism or theselection of an appropriate control gain are required in addition toobtaining highly precise information about the molten steel surfacelevel using an eddy current sensor for molten steel level control in amold.
2-3. Third Aspect of the Invention
In the third aspect thereof, the invention is directed to a continuouscasting method according to the first or second aspect of the invention,wherein the electromagnetic stirring of the molten steel in the mold iscarried out while rotating the molten steel in a horizontal plane andthe maximum rotational flow velocity of the molten steel is adjusted toa level within the range of 0.2-0.8 m/s.
The reason why a rotational flow in a horizontal plane is caused to formby electromagnetic stirring is that it is preferable from the viewpointof suppressing the fluctuations in molten steel surface level to disposean electromagnetic coil so that a tangential flow may be formed in ahorizontal plane in carrying out electromagnetic stirring of the moltensteel in the mold. The reason why the maximum value of the rotationalflow velocity of the molten steel as produced by magnetic stirring ispreferably within the range of 0.2-0.8 m/s is as follows. When theabove-mentioned flow velocity is less than 0.2 m/s, it is difficult toobtain the effects of electromagnetic stirring, namely the effect ofinhibiting the occurrence of center porosity by the promotion offormation of equiaxial crystals and the effect of allowing thesolidified shell to grow uniformly through the control of the motion ofthe molten steel. On the other hand, when the above-mentioned flowvelocity is in excess of 0.8 m/s, the fluctuations in molten steelsurface level in the mold unfavorably increase to an excessive extent.
Here, the maximum value of the rotational flow velocity indicates theflow velocity of the molten steel at a site where the rotational flowvelocity of the molten steel becomes maximum in the mold inside spaceregion surrounded by the coil disposed for electromagnetic stirring.
2-4. Fourth Aspect of the Invention
In the fourth aspect thereof, the invention is directed to a continuouscasting method according to any of the first to third aspects of theinvention, wherein the adjustment of the casting speed is carried out inresponse to significant changes in contents in molten steel of at leastthree elements selected from among C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni and asignificant change in casting temperature.
The adjustment of the casting speed is preferably carried out takinginto consideration the influences of the contents in molten steel of atleast three elements selected from among C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni,and of the casting temperature on the rate of solidification. The rateof solidification (more precisely, the rate of growth of the solidifiedshell) varies under the influences of the composition of the moltensteel and the casting temperature. According to the present inventors'experience and investigations, it is preferable for predicting the rateof solidification of the billet with adequate accuracy that the contentsin molten steel of at least three elements selected from among C, Si,Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni be taken into consideration with respect to themolten steel composition and the influence of the casting temperature besimultaneously taken into consideration.
The rate of solidification of the billet is influenced by the loweringof the equilibrium solidification temperature due to segregation ofsolute component elements and the changes in composition due tomorphological changes of the oxide layer (scale) on the billet surface,and the extent of the influences varies depending on the operationalconditions as well. The lowering of the solidification temperature canbe predicted, for example, by numerical simulation of the solidificationprocess taking the segregation of constituent elements intoconsideration. On the other hand, the change in rate of solidificationas caused by the changes in constituent contents as resulting from themorphological changes of the oxide layer on the billet surface isdifficult to predict by calculation and, therefore, it is necessary toderive the tendency based on examinations of a large number of billets.By abundantly accumulating the results of examinations as to the aboverelation and analyzing the solidification process by data fitting usingthose examinations results, it becomes possible to predict the rate ofsolidification.
From the viewpoint of bringing the billet appropriate in the solid phaseratio at the center into the cooling zone during the final period ofsolidification with good accuracy, the adjustment of the casting speedin the fourth aspect of the invention is preferably performed at eachtime when a significant change or changes in such effecting factors onthe rate of solidification as the above-mentioned constituent contentsand/or casting temperature are discerned. More specifically, theanalytical values for every heat (every ladle) in the final stage ofrefining, for instance, are used as the constituent contents in themolten steel and the measured molten steel temperature value in thetundish per 30-50 tons (t) of steel cast, for instance, is used as thecasting temperature, and the adjustment is preferably carried out ateach time when a significant change or changes in effecting factors arerecognized.
2-5. Fifth Aspect of the Invention
In the fifth aspect thereof, the invention is directed to a continuouscasting method according to the first to fourth aspect of the invention,wherein the secondary cooling of the billet is finished at a site of atleast 2 m upstream relative to the entrance to the cooling zone duringthe final period of solidification.
The reason why it is preferable to finish the secondary cooling of thebillet at a site of at least 2 m upstream relative to the entrance tothe cooling zone during the final period of solidification is thatcompleting the secondary cooling at the above-mentioned site isdesirable for making the billet surface temperature uniform and therebyincreasing the effect of cooling during the final period ofsolidification. More preferably, the secondary cooling is completed at asite of at least 5 m upstream relative to the entrance to the coolingzone during the final period of solidification.
As explained hereinabove, it is possible to increase the effect ofreducing center porosity by the cooling during the final period ofsolidification and stabilize the continuous casting operation byoperating while optimizing various conditions in the steps of feeding ofmolten steel to the mold, secondary cooling, cooling during the finalperiod of solidification, and billet cutting.
Examples
For confirming the effects of the continuous casting method of theinvention, the following casting tests were carried out and the resultswere evaluated. The test conditions and test results are shown in Table1, and the chemical compositions of the molten steel used in eachcasting test are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1 Test No. A B C Classification Inventive example Comparativeexample Comparative example Mold size (nominal) 190 mmφ 190 mmφ 310 mmφBillet cross sectional area 280 cm² 280 cm² 750 cm² Immersion nozzleCylindrical, single port None Cylindrical, single port Single port innerdiameter Single port inner diameter 50 mmφ 60 mmφ Sensor for moltensteel level in Eddy current type γ-ray type Eddy current type moldFluctuation in molten steel level ±4 mm ±12 mm ±3 mm in moldElectromagnetic stirring in mold Horizontal stirring Horizontal stirringHorizontal stirring Maximum tangential flow Maximum tangential flowMaximum tangential flow velocity 0.4 m/s velocity 0.4 m/s velocity 0.5m/s Site of cooling zone during final Distance from meniscus = Distancefrom meniscus = Distance from meniscus = period of solidification 27m-33 m (length 6 m) 27 m-33 m (length 6 m) 27 m-33 m (length 6 m)Casting speed adjustment Adjustment considering molten Only one castingspeed — steel chemical compositions, C, (no adjustment) selected ac- Si,Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni cording to typical chemical analyzed in finalstage of compositions of molten steel (C, refining in each heat. Si, Mn,P, S, Cr) for each steel Adjustment based on molten grade. steeltemperature in tundish measured per 30 tons of steel cast. Density ofcooling water during 130 L/(min · m²) 130 L/(min · m²) 0 final period ofsolidification Distance from end of secondary 19 m 19 m — cooling tostart of cooling during final period of solidification Specific amountof secondary 0.4 L/kg-steel 0.4 L/kg-steel 0.6 L/kg-steel cooling waterBillet surface temperature at 1100° C. 1100° C. — entrance to coolingzone during final period of solidification Distance from exit of coolingzone 3.5 m 3.5 m — during final period of solidification to site ofcompletion of billet cutting Rate of inner surface defects in 0.1% 7.0%— seamless pipe
TABLE 2 Chemical composition of steel (% by mass, the balance being Feand impurities) C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni sol. Al 0.12 0.28 0.55 0.008 0.0021.07 0.31 0.20 0.003 −0.14 −0.32 −0.63 −0.014 −0.006 −1.11 −0.37 −0.24−0.006
Since the actual molten steel composition varied from heat to heat, sothat the range of fluctuation in each chemical composition of steel isgiven in Table 2.
Test No. A is a test for an inventive example and, since all therequirements prescribed herein are satisfied, it is a test in whichbillets with suppressed center porosity at the billet center can beobtained.
As for the casting conditions, the casting temperature, namely thedegree of superheat of molten steel (molten steel temperature intundish−liquidus temperature of steel), was 35-60° C., and the castingspeed in a steady-state casting was 2.7 m/min on average. In Test No. A,the casting speed was adjusted within the range of +0.1 m/min with theaccuracy of 0.01 m/min according to the molten steel composition andcasting temperature so that the region in which the solid phase ratio atthe billet center was from 0.3 to 0.99 might be included in the coolingzone during the final period of solidification.
As a result, in Test No. A, the occurrence of porosity at the billetcenter could be reliably reduced under stable operating conditions andthe inner quality of the billet could be improved highly reliably.Seamless steel pipes were produced using the thus-cast billets andsubjected to inner surface quality examination; the result was superb,namely the rate of inner surface defects was 0.1%.
The rate of inner surface defects was determined by dividing the numberof tubes judged “nonconforming” under visual inspection for pipe insidesurface by the total number of pipes subjected to visual inspection andconverting the quotient to the corresponding percentage.
On the contrary, Test No. B is a test for a comparative example outsidethe ranges prescribed in the first aspect of the invention. In Test No.B, the open molten steel feeding method was employed without using anyimmersion nozzle and therefore the eddy current sensor for molten steellevel control in a mold could not be applied. As a result, thefluctuations in surface level of molten steel were large and the growthof the solidified shell was unstable. Further, in Test No. B, thecasting speed was merely predetermined for each steel grades, so thatthe influences of the fluctuations in molten steel composition and/or incasting temperature for each heat could not be reflected in theadjustment of the casting speed.
As a result, in Test No. B, the effect for reducing the occurrence ofcenter porosity at the billet center was lessened due to theabove-mentioned unstable and unreliable factors and, in addition, theoperation became unstable and breakout of the solidified shell occurredfrequently. Further, seamless pipes were produced using the thus-castbillets and subjected to inner surface quality examination; the resultswere inferior, namely the rate of inner surface defects was 7%.
Test No. C is a test for a comparative example in which the crosssectional area was too big to satisfy the relevant requirementprescribed herein and which is therefore unfit for carrying out thecontinuous casting method according to the invention. In Test No. C, theart of reducing the occurrence of porosity owing to the cooling duringthe final period of solidification was not applied, so that massivecenter porosity occurred at the billet center.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
According to the method of the invention for continuously casting abillet with a small cross section, the occurrence of porosity at thebillet center can be reduced stably and the reliability in improving thebillet inner quality can be increased by pouring molten steel into amold using a cylindrical immersion nozzle with a single port, measuringthe molten steel surface level in the mold using an eddy current sensorand controlling the molten steel surface level based on thethus-measured values, adjusting the motion of molten steel in the moldby electromagnetic stirring, prescribing the site and length of thecooling zone during the final period of solidification, adjusting thecasting speed so that the region in which the solid phase ratio at thebillet center is within a specified range may be included in the coolingzone during the final period of solidification and, further, optimizingthe specific amount of cooling water in the secondary billet coolingzone, the billet surface temperature at the entrance to the cooling zoneduring the final period of solidification and the density of coolingwater in the cooling zone during the final period of solidification,among others.
Therefore, the method of the invention serves as a technology capable ofbeing widely applied as a continuous casting method by which the effectof reducing the occurrence of center porosity owing to cooling duringthe final period of solidification can be increased and the castingoperation can be stabilized as a result of carrying out the operationwhile optimizing various operational conditions through the steps ofmolten steel feeding to the mold, secondary cooling, cooling during thefinal period of solidification, and billet cutting.
1. A method for continuously casting a billet with a small cross sectionin which the billet has a cross sectional area of not more than 500 cm²and a cylindrical immersion nozzle with a single port of not less than40 mm in inner diameter is used for pouring a molten steel into a mold,wherein: a surface level of molten steel is measured using an eddycurrent sensor for molten steel level control in a mold and the moltensteel level is controlled based on the thus-measured value, and motionof molten steel in the mold is adjusted by applying electromagneticstirring; a cooling zone during the final period of solidification,which is 3-8 m in length and continuous in the direction of casting, isprovided in the region ranging from the meniscus of molten steel in themold to the area that is 15-45 m away therefrom in the direction ofcasting, and a casting speed is adjusted so that the region in which thesolid phase ratio at the billet center is 0.3-0.99 may be included inthe cooling zone during the final period of solidification; the billetis cooled in a secondary cooling zone, located on the side upstreamrelative to the cooling zone during the final period of solidification,with a cooling water in a specific amount of 0.1-0.8 liter (L)/kg-steelto thereby adjust a billet surface temperature at the entrance to thecooling zone during the final period of solidification to 900-1200° C.;the billet is cooled in the cooling zone during the final period ofsolidification with the cooling water at a density of 20-300 liters(L)/(min·m²) on the billet surface; and the billet is cut at a site ofat least 1 m downstream relative to the exit of the cooling zone duringthe final period of solidification.
2. The continuous casting methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the fluctuations in surface level ofmolten steel in the mold are controlled within ±10 mm.
3. The continuouscasting method according to claim 1, wherein the electromagneticstirring is carried out while the molten steel in the mold is rotated ina horizontal plane and the maximum value of the tangential flow velocityof molten steel is adjusted within the range of 0.2-0.8 m/s.
4. Thecontinuous casting method according to claim 1, wherein the adjustmentof a casting speed is carried out in response to significant changes incontents in the molten steel of at least three elements selected fromamong C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni and a significant change in castingtemperature.
5. The continuous casting method according to claim 3,wherein the adjustment of a casting speed is carried out in response tosignificant changes in contents in the molten steel of at least threeelements selected from among C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni and asignificant change in casting temperature.
6. The continuous castingmethod according to claim 1, wherein the secondary cooling of the billetis terminated at a site of at least 2 m upstream relative to theentrance to the cooling zone during the final period of solidification.7. The continuous casting method according to claim 3, wherein thesecondary cooling of the billet is terminated at a site at least 2 mupstream relative to the entrance to the cooling zone during the finalperiod of solidification.
8. The continuous casting method according toclaim 4, wherein the secondary cooling of the billet is terminated at asite at least 2 m upstream relative to the entrance to the cooling zoneduring the final period of solidification.
9. The continuous castingmethod according to claim 2, wherein the electromagnetic stirring iscarried out while the molten steel in the mold is rotated in ahorizontal plane and the maximum value of the tangential flow velocityof molten steel is adjusted within the range of 0.2-0.8 m/s.
10. Thecontinuous casting method according to claim 2, wherein the adjustmentof a casting speed is carried out in response to significant changes incontents in the molten steel of at least three elements selected fromamong C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cr, Mo and Ni and a significant change in castingtemperature.
11. The continuous casting method according to claim 2,wherein the secondary cooling of the billet is terminated at a site ofat least 2 m upstream relative to the entrance to the cooling zoneduring the final period of solidification..
| 385 |
https://github.com/HengCC/JT808-1/blob/master/src/JT808.Protocol.Test/MessageBody/JT808Formatters/JT808_0x0900_0x83Formatter.cs
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
JT808-1
|
HengCC
|
C#
|
Code
| 67 | 302 |
using JT808.Protocol.Extensions;
using JT808.Protocol.Formatters;
using JT808.Protocol.Test.JT808_0x0900_BodiesImpl;
using System;
namespace JT808.Protocol.Test.MessageBody.JT808Formatters
{
public class JT808_0x0900_0x83Formatter : IJT808Formatter<JT808_0x0900_0x83>
{
public JT808_0x0900_0x83 Deserialize(ReadOnlySpan<byte> bytes, out int readSize)
{
int offset = 0;
JT808_0x0900_0x83 jT808PassthroughType0x83 = new JT808_0x0900_0x83
{
PassthroughContent = JT808BinaryExtensions.ReadStringLittle(bytes, ref offset)
};
readSize = offset;
return jT808PassthroughType0x83;
}
public int Serialize(ref byte[] bytes, int offset, JT808_0x0900_0x83 value)
{
offset += JT808BinaryExtensions.WriteStringLittle(bytes, offset, value.PassthroughContent);
return offset;
}
}
}
| 428 |
sn85042098_1881-01-20_1_1_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,881 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 5,241 | 7,212 |
Sew Kills. EDIT: FOR SIX MONTHS. EDIT: FOR ONE YEAR. RALEIGH, N.C. THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1881. VOL. VII - NO. 13 WANTED: IRVING HOUSE. Broadway and American plan. 12th Street, New York City. Newly furnished and fitted suitable to farmers. With full services, including plan. For term, address via New York, U.S.A. Excellent accommodation. Term P. Appleton Co. Publishers. 1 to 3 per day. CHAS. LEFLER, Dec. 35-aa. Jan. 25-6m. Proprietor. HIGH GRADE. ANIMAL BONE FERTILIZERS. Genuine Animal Bone Fertilizers, Stable Manure and Lime are the ONLY means by which Farming Land, can be permanently improved, this is acknowledged by the prominent Agriculturists throughout the country. AS AGENT FOR WESTERN FERTILIZER FACTORIES, we offer lower prices than any other dealer in guarantee for the following: Fine Ground Pure Raw Bone, Dissolved Pure Raw Bone, Blucher's Pure Raw Bone, No. 1 Dissolved Animal Bone. HOME-MADE FERTILIZERS. T. J. & W.D. Horner's CLASSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCHOOL, HENDERSON, N.C. The next session of this School opens the 2nd Monday in January. The price of board and tuition is $85 per session of twenty weeks. A military feature is added for discipline and recreation, but is not designed to interfere with the regular course of classical and mathematical study. For circulars and part scholarships, the Principals solicit correspondence. Dec. 9-tf. any and other Ingredients to make Home-Made Fertilizers, by formula buyer may wish and at lower prices than any dealer in this market. PURE ANIMAL BONE FERTILIZERS. Pure Raw Bone Phosphate is made from Dissolved Pure Animal Bone, and is guaranteed free from South Carolina Phosphoric Mineral deposit. The Excellent result obtained every year shows that it will give entire satisfaction. HARD TIMES. PURE RAWBONE. Potash. Guaranteed free from South Carolina. Ammonia - " Available Bone Phosphate - Calcium Phosphate - " Price $30 per ton, on cars or boat at Camden. Send for Circular showing results on known kind of Soil. Agriculture, Office, 43 South Street, Baltimore. Guaranteed Analysis. Warehouse 87 Smith Wharf, near Point. WHERE TO GO IN RICHMOND. C. W. BOWIE, ANTRIM & BOWIE WHOLESALE Grocers & Commission Merchants, 1216 Main Street, Richmond. We give particular attention to the sale of Cotton, Grain, Corn, Flour, Tobacco, etc. Oct 7-1m. Books WALTER D. SIMMONS, WITH LEWIS H. BLAIR & CO. Fifth Avenue School School History of North Carolina. By John V The University of N. C, AT CHAPEL HILL, Offers to students three general courses of study, each involving over four years and leading to a degree. The classical course is essentially the old College Curriculum, with however, more scientific and English studies. The science course excludes Latin and Greek and covers a wide range of English and scientific studies. The Philosophical course is a means between these two, presenting a choice between Latin and Greek. Special course of study, leading to certificates and diplomas, are provided in Mineralogy, Chemistry, and other sciences relating to agriculture. The scientific instruction is given largely by means of practical work in the laboratory and in the field, according to the best methods. Surveying, bookkeeping and stenography are taught practically and theoretically. Schools of Law, Medicine and Pharmacy are connected with the University. Total annual expenses, including tuition, range from $170 to $230. The next term begins Jan 3, 1893. Address, H. Kemp P. Battle, L.L.D., Pride's Dec. 9-tf. Moo UK Introductory Price, 50 cents. juukicus or HATS, CAPS AND STRAW GOODS, LADIES' TRIMMING HATS. No. 111 Main Street, in RICHMOND, VA., will be pleased to show his For North Carolina Magistrates: IN HAND COUNTY OFFICES. friends. North Parolina Dec 7-3m. D. AWJLBON, J. T. Yancey & BROOKS No. 1209 Main Street. RICHMOND, VA. BEST BUY EVER! Price, $2.00. Price $2.50. EVERYBODY IS SATISFIED who WEARS ' MILLER'S Acme Shirts and Drawers! Gent's Furnishing House and Factory, 91 5 Main Street. RICHMOND, Va. Fine Dress-Shirts and Night-Shirts Made to Measure a Specialty. NO FIT. NO SALE. A good Shirt, ready-made (unsteamed), $1.00. We make a good shirt to measure sure, unstitched, for $1. We make a fine shirt to measure (unsteamed) for $1.50. We make the best shirt to measure (unsteamed) for $1.75 Extra per dozen for steamed $1.80. Order-printed blanks for self-measurement are available. We'll make alterations on approval. 75-Cent Shirt is the best shirt ever made for the price. Send individual or bulk orders for $1.25, with the privilege of returning any money if it does not suit. A large stock of Gent's Furnishing is always on hand. HENRY T. MILLER, Oct. 11-tf. 913 Main Street, Richmond. THREE YEARS IN BATTLE, AND THREE IN PRISON. BY RANDOLPH A. SHOT WELL. Years later, we knew them semi-autobiographical to; Our friends are urged to no- my us promptly their names should fail to appear among our PARTY HISTORICAL TO N. A chapter of Retrospect. During the bearing of the South in the hour of her sorrowful over the now. Gen. Grant, the victor, after personal consultation with the Committee in every foothold State, reports an extraordinary junivem and Forbearance on the part, if the hard pride. But to secure Power, the Secessionists in Congress determine to override the Southerners with Iron Hooves for ten years to come. Positive proof that this policy was to be carried out, regardless of any submission by the victims. Military Role. The Freedmen's Bureau establishes a petty despot in every Southern village Systematic efforts to antagonize the Races. Influx of swarms of sharpers and swindlers, scenting spoil, and insensibility to shame. Cruel deception of the ex-slaves in respect to their Rights, Privileges, and Expectations. Riots and assassinations in North Carolina. Black Crownome overruns Tennessee with band of marauding Boldiers. Twelve hundred crimes committed by these cut-throats within twelve months. Organization of the Constitutional Guard, or White Brotherhood, to protect women and children. Gen. N. B. Forrest, commander-in-chief. Rapid spread of the Order in all the Southern States under the spur of local Race troubles. Constitution of Southern leaders in New York Seizure of the Southern State Governments by scallawags and sharpers Extraordinary scenes at Raleigh, Columbia, and elsewhere. The Holden-Kirk war. S. B. Lavoie, A. Kerr, A. J. Walker, A. L. Ellett & Co.: DRY GOODS & NOTIONS, 10, 12, and 14 Twelfth Street, Richmond, VA. M. T. Smith & Co., Richmond, Virginia, Constitution Merchant for the Sale of Leaf Tobacco. Consignments Solicited, Satisfaction guaranteed. For North Carolina Lawyers: FORKIN'S DIGEST of Decisions, New Edition, Price $10. For North Carolina Teachers: SCHOOL BOOKS AT LOW PRICES, is ruled to omit to Teachers and Dealers, Satisfaction free on application. Address ALFRED WILLIAMS & CO., Booksellers and Stationers, Raleigh, N.C. C. S. Taylor, W. H. Taylor, International and domestic trade in China, Glass, Queensware, and House-Furnishing Goods, No. 131 Main Street, Richmond, VA. WM. H. Maxwell, P. S. Stokes & Co., Stakes Block, 14th St., Richmond, VA. VICTORIA DILLEl IN HATS, DAPS, STRAW GOODS, AND LADIES' TRIMMED HATS. We have a line of goods made especially for the North Carolina trade. Oct. T. Smith. Established 1833. PRESTON BELVIN, Successor to JOHN A. BELVIN, No. 18 Governor St., Richmond, VA. Keeps in stock the largest and best assortment of Furniture in the city. We manufacture furniture and mattresses. Trade supplied on the most liberal terms. Get our prices before buying elsewhere. Call and see us when in Richmond. Oct.7-3m. GEORGE ALLEN & CO., NEW BURN, N.C., Dealers in General Hardware, Agricultural Implements, Farm Machinery, Guam, Bone Dust, Plaster, etc. OFFER 500 Bushels Fine Planting Cotton Seed at 60 cents per bushel. 200 Bushels Extra Fine Cotton Seed at $1 per bushel. NORTH CAROLINA "WIDE AWAKE!" SEE WHAT OUR EDUCATORS SAY. University of North Carolina State Normal School, July -2 Jul. 1879. The Appleton Readers, entire series, have been used by the teachers during the last two sessions of the normal School, and have given entire satisfaction. We do not hesitate to endorse the Texts. We heartily, and believe the rules and methods suggested in these Readers, when followed, will produce intelligent and expressive readers. The selections are good, the Phonics simple and thorough, and the spelling exercises admirable. (Signed.) J. L. TOMLINSON, Instructor in English. JOHN E. DUGUETTE, Teacher of Reading and Phonics. B. W. HATCHER, Teacher of Phonics, Arithmetic and Analytical Orthography. J.M. WEATHERLY, Teacher of Reading and Phonics. From Mr. Robert Kingham, A.M., Superintendent of Bingham School. Mebankville, N.C., March 15th, 1879. "I have examined with considerable care the Appleton's Fifth Reader, sent to me some weeks ago by Col. William Butler, and I like it very much. All things considered, I think it the best book of its kind that I have seen." From George T. Winston, Professor of Latin in the University of North Carolina and President of the State Educational Association. I am greatly pleased with Appleton's Readers. Their merits are of the highest order, and entitle them to the widest distribution in our schools. The earlier Numbers of the series are especially interesting and cannot fail to attract children by the variety of the selections and the beauty of the illustrations. The entire series is a long step ahead of the Readers that I have seen used generally in our schools. From Rev. A W. Mangum, D. D., Professor of English and Moral Philosophy in the University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, N. C., October 30th, 1880. "Appleton's Readers are worthy of special recommendation. In addition to their varied literary interest, they change patronage by their freedom from that sectional spirit which repels so many Northern publications to Southern feelings. From Hon. Kemp P. Battle, President of the University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, N. C., March, 1881. "I do not hesitate to say that I think very highly of Appleton's Readers. School officers desiring any of Appleton's school publications should address J. W. Hasson, General Agent for South Atlantic States. Nov 26-ea. Raleigh, N. C. Daniel F. Beatty Washington, N. J. Oct 21-ly J.C-BREWSTER, BALEIGH, N. C. I have now the largest stock of GUNS and SPOUTING GOODS ever brought to this State. Breech-Loading and Hammerless Guns. Finest Goods in the Market. BREECH-LOADING GUNS from $5 to $200 ALL KINDS OF GUN MATERIAL. Also a large and varied stock of Builders and House Furnishing HARDWARE. Paints, Oils, Varnish, Ready Mixed Paint, Brushes, etc. I also carry and manufacture Stoves, Tin, Copper & Sheet Iron Ware of all Kinds, Gun Locks altered to rebounders. Sole Agent for Dumont's Powder. Call and see me or write for prices before buying. J. C BREWSTER, Holleman Building, Raleigh, N. C. Oct. 14-1 f. SHOTWELL'S ALL ROUND LAGER. A Simple, Durable, Portable, effective device for rapidly replacing engines, and cars, untracked by accident. It can be carried on the locomotive, or under the coach seats. It requires but a second to put in position, and in ordinary cases the car can be replaced within two minutes after its dislodgement. The economy in time, and labor, makes the contrivance worth an hundred times its cost. The Inventor is a young Southerner, brother to the Editor of this paper, who will furnish circulars, with full details, on application. Or address M. S. Shotwell (Auditor-General's office) Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Replacer is now in use on several New York and New England Railroads. Read the following Report of a special committee of Pennsylvania State Fair: JOHN W. HAMMOND, President Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, Dear Sir: The undersigned committee appointed by you to make an examination, by actual tests, of M. S. Shotwell's Patent Car Replacer, have leave to submit the following as their opinion of the merits of the above valuable invention. They have as ordered by you, placed in operation, the above improvement, and do most emphatically prove its use to be the best ever presented to this Society for inspection. For simplicity, cheapness, compactness, and strength, this replacement cannot be exceeded. This place can be carried in the tool box on any Engine, and I respectfully recommend it to the public. Also, that a bronze medal be awarded by this Society. JOHN O. MONIUS, Chairman. Official: D. W. SELLER, Sec'y- Menlo Park the Time of General Lauer. Not to set up an autocratic, centralized government. Nothing could have been more reporterous than such a proposition; in fact, they had just finished a seven years' war to throw off that sort of government. Their design was simple, yet serious; having for its pattern the agreement between brothers of a common family. All the States, or brothers, were to have equal rights, equal privileges, and equal protection. All were to adopt the same system of foreign policy; and all were to submit their interstate disputes to a tribunal or congress composed of representatives sent by each brother. All were to pay a proper proportion towards the expenses of keeping up defenses, mails, etc., and all were to divide their wild backwoods "territory" for the use of the families of each brother as they increased. A written agreement, or Constitution, was drawn up and signed by all the Thirteen brothers; and it was agreed that this agreement should stand as a perpetual compact between them. This Constitution, by the way, is of itself a sufficient proof of the complete interdependence of the Brother-States. Else why should all the States have the same number of Senators: although some of the brothers were old and rich and powerful, while others were small and toddling, like little Delaware and little Rhode Island? Or why should the constitution forbid any State from making war, or sending out privateers, if all the States had merged their existence into the Union? If they were indeed a "Nation" what was the need to waste words in declaring that "No State shall make war," or do so and so? It should be added that not only are the words "Nation" and "National" nowhere used in the constitution, but it is a matter of history that there were fierce debates in the contention over the effort to use them, and with the result of excluding them. In every instance where "Nation," or "National," would have been used but for these disputes, the phrase reads "The States," or "The people of the United States." Our Timber and Fuel Supply. Those facts prove that for timber and fuel, the United States can be said, far more than Europe, and in that one of the printed Cash Receipts on the next page, the week after the money was sent, or paid to an agent. Remember that no credits are put on our books until the amount and date has been printed in the Cash Column. Notify us also, if the date be printed wrong. We have lost money by men who collected $2 from the subscriber, and paid us only $1. Before the six months expired, they had left the State. Of course, the "Cash Column Receipt" is better than any other kind. You can clip it out, if you wish to preserve it; but there is no need of that; because if ever the matter should be disputed you could demand the item to prove just exactly when, and how much, and to what date you paid. For the King alone should know. Our Public Roads. They lie in ruin, but with a will grow tre- not only destroyed by war, but also fail. After the bitter fall, we in New Bern saw the glow of burning wood, and this winter experience, joined to Mr. Madden's report, has led some of us to think whether it would not be better for our legislature to take the matter in hand and devise one means, more effective than any yet tried, to preserve our forests. A distinguished author has well said that "The roads of a country are almost an equitable test of the degree of its civilization. Their construction is one of the first indications of the emergence of a people from a savage state; and their improvement keeps pace with the advance of the nation in numbers, wealth, industry, and science. Of all which it is at once an element and an indicator. We were of the masters here. The laboring classes submitted without much ado to be worked on the roads with the so easily controlled, that whites were so few in numbers, or were with it a petition. All to them, in view of his improved health. Consolidation. Slave; and from this we suppose on gi- try we will iog, our last vector to retreat. Indeed, at that day all the States were sensitive as to their "Rights." In Carolina, that "it is the duty of the nigger and the poor white man to keep the roads in repair." The ne- vestry, not being by any means adverse ident) of Massachusetts refusing to call up the resident when the latter came to Boston on a tour; his excuse being that a Governor in his (not State) was superior to the President. So strongly did New England uphold the State's Right, that on four or five occasions within the first half century of the Republic she threatened to secede. Because the government was assuming (continuation). Your stores have been expended. Every kind of military discipline destroyed by them. Your numbers always fluctuating, uncertain, and forever, far short of report. At no time I believe, equal to 20,000 men fit for duty. At present, our numbers fit for duty (by this day's report) amount to 14,755, besides 3,427 unarmed and the enemy within a stone's throw of us. It is true a body of militia are again ordered in, but they come without any conveniences, and soon return. I discharged a regiment the other day that had in it 14 rank able fit for duty only, and several that had less than fifty. In short, such is my situation, that if I was to wish the bitterest curse to an enemy on this side the grave, should put him in my stead with my feelings and yet I do not know what plan of conduct to pursue. I see the impossibility of serving with reputation, and yet I am told that if I quit the Command, inevitable ruin will follow from the distractions that will ensue. In confidence, tell you that I never was in such an unhappy divided state since I was born. To lose all the comfort and happiness on the one hand, whilst I am fully persuaded that under such a system of management as has been adopted, I cannot have the least chance for reputation nor those allowances made, which the nature of the case requires; and to be told on the other, that if I leave the Service all will be lost, is at the same time that I am bereft of every peaceful moment, distressing to a degree, but I will be done with the subject, with the precaution to you, that it is not a fit one to be publicly known, or discussed. If I fall it may not be amiss that these circumstances be known & declaration made in order to do justice to my character; and if the men will stand by me (which by the by I despair of) I am resolved not to be forced from this ground while I have life; & a few days will determine the point, if the Enemy should not change their Plan of operations for they certainly will not, I am sure they ought not, to waste the season that is now fast advancing & must be precious to them. I thought to have given you a more explicit account of my situation, expectation, and feelings; but I have not time. I am wearied to death all day with a variety of perplexing circumstances disturbed at the Conduct of the Militia, whose ill behaviour, and want of discipline, has done great injury to the other Troops, who never had officers except in a few instances, worth the head they eat. With respect to the Chimney, I would not have you, for the sake of a little work, polish the look of the Fireplaces, though that in the Parlour must, I think, stand as it does; so much on the side in the ranks, or followed each other in order of the Chimney Piece. And the starving women and children within; in manner of its turning into the room. I enjoy often speaking about the Chimney, which will be enabled to commence the Chimney in the room some soon, any work a soon as the weather permits evidence. Judged by this standard, North Carolina must take her place among the half civilized. Let us examine into this deplorable state of affairs, and see if we can find the cause of it. There is but one place to go to our statutes and examine our road laws. Before the war, we find that the labor of North Carolina was slave labor, and we find that the road laws were borrowed from the "statue-labor" of England and the "corvée" or "Prescription en nature," of France, and like them, is a remnant of the times of feudal vassalage, when the people of those countries were nearly as complete slaves to the lords of the Manor as the negroes to their masters. However, in North Carolina, the people, with him in his sorrow, which was always freeze up in the fireplace, just why we are not in need of coal. Hut I niii not dot mj letter with a croak, bur rather tell you what a pleas ant and universal Hale storm we Ncw beru Episcopalians- have been hating all to ourselves. Two months ago our Rector, Rev. Charles S. Hale, Irroltn down in health by the effects of this climate on a Northern constitution, ami utterly cast dowu in .pirit by iLc death of his lovely wife, gave notice to his vestry that he would go out of ojlice with the old year. I'ueply pytup'ithiz- - - i -. National action. For example, her members in Congress openly declared they would break up the Union if Lou isiana were purchased. We have seen that she took no p;irt in the second war against Great Rrittaiu ; and actually sided with the enemy in many things. Pennsylvania raised the first rebellion against the government to avoid paying tax on whiskey. We have traced the growth of diverse views and interests until oua half the country stood arrayed against the other ; the North full of sectional fury, aboli tion fanaticism, and greed for Power ; the South indignant, alarmed, vengeful, aud stung by the continual success of her enemies. Both hot with passion; both willing to come to blows. Then follow the darkening of the storm; the wild clash of war; the famous year of Southern triumphs in the field over largely superior forces; the laboring white man, a poll tax. We can make our point, and the new car, Such was the condition of our road instead of being saddened by our situation, was made a happy one for both laws when the war closed. After the war, the negro ceased to be property, Rector and congregation by a renewal of and not only became a free man, but a citizen, with equal rights and equal privileges with the whites. This necessitated changes in our laws but in making said changes, the public road laws were overlooked, or the North Carolina idea was so strong, that any change was deemed inexpedient, and substantially, the feudal vassalage laws of England and France, and the old North Carolina slave law, still remain upon our statute book. Property before the war contributed - none can tell for how long they will last. For the death of our Rt. Rev. Bishop Atkinson will probably cause a division of the State into two, perhaps three dioceses, and many more competent to judge than your correspondent, say there is no man in the State better fitted to fill the position of Bishop or assistant Bishop, according to the reasons given for the election of Bishop Lyman to this last office, than the Rev. Charles its tax in negro labor. Now it is exempt, and this enormous tax (a tax equal to all other taxes combined) falls upon the laboring agriculturist. Is it any wonder that our roads show no improvements? Is it not rather that they are neglected? Can we expect men who are the least interested in the roads to make good roads for the men who are most interested in them. Have we not tried it long enough to convince everyone whose conscience is not nickel-plated? We think we have. But as many of them, if the next convention decides to take him from us by saying "go up higher," we will give him up, but not otherwise. M. H. C. Fortune-Hunting Fools. The following from the Philadelphia Record, tells how a young scamp became the pet of society by reason of his supposed good fortune. An instance nearer home might be mentioned. There was published in several local papers about the middle of July about a long narrative concerning the good fortune of our people. We have not given the subject much thought, let us discuss some way of keeping in repair the public roads. The first, we will take a road tax levied in personal labor. This tax is unsound in its principle, unjust in its operation, and unsatisfactory in its practice. Secondly, the narrowing circle of fire and sword; the supplanting of the waning, which I think to the Death Pit; and, at length, the door must be altered (on account of the final collapse) when with millions of the felled to learn from reading into the New Building as on the ravaging wolves without, and millions of the tormented within its result. Enderly, Jan. 10th. The O. & II. Railroad. While the late severe weather has prevented any outdoor work upon the Oxford and Illinois Railroad, yet we are certain from what Mr. Williams has informed us that everything is progressing smoothly and that arrangements are being perfected by A. J. A. for the eventual completion of the road. Despite the remnants of resistance, one by one the opposing forces are laying down their arms, and the flag of the Confederacy is being secured in an underground location. The Chimney in the New Room should be exactly in the middle of it, the doors should rise no more, and everything else should be exactly as national anguish. Rachel weeping for her children, we continue the road from Henderson to Franklin, answering the call for a railroad that is reasonable, uniform, and in short, would execute in a masterful manner. There will be no stain of treachery, or cowardice, or disgrace on any part. We fell as fell Constantine, the Great, at the front of his card - that place. We leave it to be accompanied by the Venetian moon, or "starry flag" used as usual over the immense plantation. You ought surely to have mentioned in the game end of the new year one on each side of it. Let Mr. Herbert know that I shall be very happy in getting his Brother exchanged as soon as possible, but as the Enemy have more of our officers than we of theirs, and some of ours have been long confined due to claims, whether the road will continue from Leavenworth to Jefferson or some point on the southern border was the manner of her. History has no smile for the picture of the limping on and Weldon Railroad. When the hour of Defeat rang, the present tense upon the clock of war she met it more; I do not know how far it may be in my power, I TO BE CONTINUED. This time, to comply with his desires, I earnestly recommend to the public and I am with truth and sincerity. Bingham School, in Mebane, N.C., Established in 1793, is now the Premier boarding school for boys, in age, eminence, and area of influence. For a catalogue, giving full particulars, address Maj. K. Bingham, Sup't. Dear Land, With affection, friend. I have quoted these letters in full, not withstanding the extraneous matter, because their whole tenor illustrates the feeling among the leading dashes of the South even amid the devolution it endured. Washington and Lee in the field were no less Southern than National; Jefferson and Madison in the forum. We have seen how prominent a part these Southerners bore throughout the struggle for Independence. A few owners of the Henderson Road are in earnest, and they have plenty of funds. As intimated in an article in another column, we think there is every probability that the connection will be made. Mr. Owen Fennell, a prominent figure between Oxford and Clarksville. Oxford in Campbell County, and well known in this city. Harvested bushels of rice from an acre of land last fall, seventy-five a small fraction more than last year. Torchlight. Malachial Foshee. Malarial Fevers, using only two: constipation, torpidity of the liver and over one hundred and fifty rounds of quinine; kidneys, general debility. Pervious to all guarantees. The total expense of the entire and neuralgic ailments yield readily to correction was under $100. Mr. Fennell, who is a large cotton farmer, thinks rice a more profitable crop than cotton. It repairs the ravages of disease by converting the food into rich blood, wrote it out in circumstantial style, brightened it with blazing anecdotes. The Australian cattle king, and valued at $4,000,000. The story was told in a circumstantial manner, giving a history of the alleged uncle, his sudden death, the finding of the will, the efforts of the lawyers to learn the whereabouts of the heir, and finally how Mr. Carlin was surprised by receiving a letter from "Tabor, Wales, Perry, solicitor, of 41 Strand, London," acquainting him of his good fortune. The only perceptible flaw in the story was the allegation that the cattle king (Carlin) was a witness for the claimant in the Tichborne case, and contributed $1,000 toward the expense of that celebrated contest, most of which statements were incorrect. It was astonishing to find how well Mr. Carlin became known after the news of his great wealth had become public property, and how much attention could be paid to him. Letters flowed in from charitable societies, begging impostors, and, last but not least, from ladies, old and young, who had asked to meet him and that they were deeply in love with the young millionaire and anxious to unite their fortunes with his. Nearly two hundred missives of this character, many of them enclosing photographs, were written to him. Carlin is a fine-looking fellow, tall and well-built. The girls showered their attentions upon him last summer at Atlantic City, where he spent a few weeks. Now comes a disappointing turn to the story. It has ekked out that the tale was a fabrication. It originated in the fertile brain and empty pockets of Lucius Maynard, a Bohemian journalist, who skedaddled from the town in August last after having embezzled some $250 from the wife of Dr. Buchanan. One day when hard up, he conceived an idea and on any oral-; aimed at ignes new means of making money, a fabricated land that will not produce cotton, peas or corn. Star verb in other column, vigor to the headlines and peddled it among the newspaper offices until a purchaser was found.
| 21,343 |
https://github.com/tiepologian/node-stickynotes/blob/master/node_modules/ua-parser/scripts/convert_csv.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Apache-2.0
| 2,014 |
node-stickynotes
|
tiepologian
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 135 | 468 |
var csv = require('csv'),
fs = require('fs'),
uap = require('../js/index'),
toYaml = require('./to-yaml'),
PROPERTIES = require('./const').PROPERTIES;
var results = [];
var parts = PROPERTIES.slice(1);
var c = csv();
c.from.options({delimiter: ";"});
c.from.path(__dirname + '/../test_resources/uas_useragent.csv')
.transform(function(data) {
var obj = {};
obj.user_agent_string = data[3];
obj.family = data[0];
data[1].split('.').forEach(function(part, i) {
if (i >= parts.length - 1) {
obj.patch_minor += part;
} else {
obj[parts[i]] = part;
}
});
if (!isCorrectlyParsed(obj)) return toYaml(obj);
})
.to.path(__dirname + '/../test_resources/uas_useragent.yaml')
.on('error', function(error){
console.log(error);
})
.on('record', function(data){
results.push(data);
})
.on('end', function(count){
results.sort(require('./sorter'));
console.log(results)
});
function isCorrectlyParsed(data) {
var r = uap.parseUA(data.user_agent_string);
var k, rK;
for (var i = 0; i < PROPERTIES.length; i++) {
k = PROPERTIES[i];
rK = k == 'patch_minor' ? 'patchMinor' : k;
if (k in data) {
if (r[rK] !== data[k]) return false;
}
}
return true;
}
| 12,672 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30702524
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Transport companies established in 1937
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 386 | 1,266 |
Category:Transport companies established in 1937
Wikimedia category
Category:Transport companies established in 1937 instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Transport companies established in 1937 follows Category:Transport companies established in 1936
Category:Transport companies established in 1937 followed by Category:Transport companies established in 1938
Category:Transport companies established in 1937 category combines topics 1937
Category:Transport companies established in 1937 Commons category Transport companies established in 1937
تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1937
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1937 نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1937 سبقه تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1936
تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1937 تبعه تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1938
تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1937 التصنيف يجمع المواضيع 1937
تصنيف:شركات نقل أسست في 1937 تصنيف كومنز Transport companies established in 1937
زمرہ:1937ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں
ویکیمیڈیا زمرہ
زمرہ:1937ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں قسم ویکیمیڈیا کا زمرہ
زمرہ:1937ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں پچھلا زمرہ:1936ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں
زمرہ:1937ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں اگلا زمرہ:1938ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں
زمرہ:1937ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں زمرے کا مشترکہ موضوع 1937ء
زمرہ:1937ء میں قائم ہونے والی نقل و حمل کمپنیاں ذخائر کا زمرہ Transport companies established in 1937
رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۷ (میلادی)
ردهٔ ویکیپدیا
رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۷ (میلادی) نمونهای از ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۷ (میلادی) پس از رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۶ (میلادی)
رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۷ (میلادی) پیش از رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۸ (میلادی)
رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۷ (میلادی) موضوعهای رده ۱۹۳۷
رده:شرکتهای ترابری بنیانگذاریشده در ۱۹۳۷ (میلادی) ردهٔ ویکیانبار Transport companies established in 1937
Kategori:1937'de kurulan ulaşım şirketleri
Vikimedya kategorisi
Kategori:1937'de kurulan ulaşım şirketleri nedir Wikimedia kategorisi
Kategori:1937'de kurulan ulaşım şirketleri öncesinde Kategori:1936'da kurulan ulaşım şirketleri
Kategori:1937'de kurulan ulaşım şirketleri sonrasında Kategori:1938'de kurulan ulaşım şirketleri
Kategori:1937'de kurulan ulaşım şirketleri konuları birleştiren kategori 1937
Kategori:1937'de kurulan ulaşım şirketleri Commons kategorisi Transport companies established in 1937
분류:1937년 설립된 교통 기업
위키미디어 분류
분류:1937년 설립된 교통 기업 다음 종류에 속함 위키미디어 분류
분류:1937년 설립된 교통 기업 이전 분류:1936년 설립된 교통 기업
분류:1937년 설립된 교통 기업 다음 분류:1938년 설립된 교통 기업
분류:1937년 설립된 교통 기업 다음 주제들의 교집합 분류임 1937년
분류:1937년 설립된 교통 기업 이 주제를 다루는 공용 분류 Transport companies established in 1937
| 33,936 |
https://github.com/TrustyFund/trusty-android/blob/master/app/src/main/java/fund/trusty/trusty/MainActivity.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
trusty-android
|
TrustyFund
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 149 | 679 |
package fund.trusty.trusty
import android.annotation.SuppressLint
import android.graphics.Bitmap
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat
import android.util.Log
import android.view.View
import com.google.firebase.iid.FirebaseInstanceId
import com.jaeger.library.StatusBarUtil
import im.delight.android.webview.AdvancedWebView
import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity(), AdvancedWebView.Listener{
@SuppressLint("AddJavascriptInterface", "SetJavaScriptEnabled")
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
StatusBarUtil.setColor(this, ContextCompat.getColor(this, R.color.splashScreenBackground))
val token = FirebaseInstanceId.getInstance().token.toString()
Log.d("token fcm", token)
advancedWebView.setListener(this,this)
val url:String? = intent.getStringExtra("url")
if(url!=null) advancedWebView.loadUrl(url)
else advancedWebView.loadUrl(siteUrl)
val webViewSettings = advancedWebView.settings;
webViewSettings.javaScriptEnabled = true
advancedWebView.addJavascriptInterface(JSInterface(this,advancedWebView), "Android")
}
override fun onPageFinished(url: String?) {
advancedWebView.visibility = View.VISIBLE
splashScreenImage.visibility = View.INVISIBLE
}
override fun onPageError(errorCode: Int, description: String?, failingUrl: String?) {
}
override fun onDownloadRequested(url: String?, suggestedFilename: String?, mimeType: String?, contentLength: Long, contentDisposition: String?, userAgent: String?) {
}
override fun onExternalPageRequest(url: String?) {
}
override fun onPageStarted(url: String?, favicon: Bitmap?) {
}
override fun onBackPressed() {
if(!advancedWebView.onBackPressed())
return
super.onBackPressed()
}
override fun onResume() {
super.onResume()
advancedWebView.onResume();
}
override fun onPause() {
advancedWebView.onPause()
super.onPause()
}
override fun onDestroy() {
advancedWebView.onDestroy()
super.onDestroy()
}
}
| 13,027 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYJTL%20Bronx%20Open%202019%20-%20Doppio
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
NYJTL Bronx Open 2019 - Doppio
|
https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NYJTL Bronx Open 2019 - Doppio&action=history
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 85 | 208 |
È stata la prima edizione del torneo.
In finale Darija Jurak e María José Martínez Sánchez hanno sconfitto Margarita Gasparyan e Monica Niculescu con il punteggio di 7-5, 2-6, [10-7].
Teste di serie
Samantha Stosur / Zhang Shuai (quarti di finale)
Chan Hao-ching / Latisha Chan (semifinale)
Darija Jurak / María José Martínez Sánchez (campionesse)
Desirae Krawczyk / Alicja Rosolska (primo turno)
Wildcard
Kristie Ahn / Vania King (quarti di finale)
Hsieh Su-wei / Hsieh Yu-chieh (primo turno)
Tabellone
Collegamenti esterni
NYJTL Bronx Open 2019
| 4,633 |
A_41_220--S_17923-AR.pdf_1
|
UN-Digital-Library
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
Letter dated 18 March 1986 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General.
|
None
|
Haitian Creole
|
Spoken
| 1 | 2 |
None
| 7,574 |
https://github.com/bocadoapp/blog/blob/master/src/templates/category.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
blog
|
bocadoapp
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 119 | 278 |
import React from 'react'
import Helmet from 'react-helmet'
import { graphql } from 'gatsby'
import Layout from '../components/Layout'
import PostList from '../components/PostList'
const Category = props => {
const { data, pageContext } = props
const { edges: posts, totalCount } = data.allWordpressPost
const { title: siteTitle } = data.site.siteMetadata
const { name: category } = pageContext
return (
<>
<Helmet title={`${category} | ${siteTitle}`} />
<PostList posts={posts} title={category} />
</>
)
}
export default Category
export const pageQuery = graphql`
query CategoryPage($slug: String!) {
site {
siteMetadata {
title
}
}
allWordpressPost(
filter: { categories: { elemMatch: { slug: { eq: $slug } } } }
) {
totalCount
edges {
node {
...PostListFields
}
}
}
}
`
| 6,610 |
https://github.com/kyro38/MattsSwiftSamples/blob/master/MattsSwiftSamples/Details/FlappyBird/FlappyScene.swift
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Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
MattsSwiftSamples
|
kyro38
|
Swift
|
Code
| 853 | 3,395 |
//
// FlappyScene.swift
// MattsSwiftSamples
//
// Created by Matthieu Riegler on 02/08/16.
// Copyright © 2016 Matthieu Riegler. All rights reserved.
//
import SpriteKit
struct PhysicsCategory {
static let bird:UInt32 = 1 << 0
static let world:UInt32 = 1 << 1
static let pipe:UInt32 = 1 << 2
static let score:UInt32 = 1 << 3
}
class FlappyScene: SKScene {
fileprivate let skyColor = UIColor(red: 113.0/255.0, green: 197.0/255.0, blue: 207.0/255.0, alpha: 1.0)
fileprivate let verticalPipeGap:CGFloat = 100
fileprivate let moving = SKNode()
fileprivate let pipes = SKNode()
fileprivate var flapSound:SKAction!
fileprivate var hitSound:SKAction!
fileprivate var scoreSound:SKAction!
var score = 0 {
didSet {
scoreLabelNode.text = "\(score)"
}
}
var canRestart = false
var startScreen = true
fileprivate var bird:SKSpriteNode!
fileprivate var pipeTexture:SKTexture!
fileprivate var scoreLabelNode:SKLabelNode = SKLabelNode(fontNamed: "MarkerFelt-Wide")
fileprivate var movePipesAndRemove:SKAction!
fileprivate var initialBirdPosition:CGPoint {
return CGPoint(x: frame.size.width/4, y: frame.midY)
}
override init(size: CGSize) {
super.init(size: size)
physicsWorld.gravity = CGVector(dx: 0, dy: -5)
physicsWorld.contactDelegate = self
backgroundColor = skyColor
addChild(moving)
moving.addChild(pipes)
let atlas = SKTextureAtlas(named: "flappy")
// Bird
let birdTexture1 = atlas.textureNamed("Bird1")
birdTexture1.filteringMode = .nearest
let birdTexture2 = atlas.textureNamed("Bird2")
birdTexture2.filteringMode = .nearest
let flap = SKAction.repeatForever(SKAction.animate(with: [birdTexture1, birdTexture2], timePerFrame: 0.2))
bird = SKSpriteNode(texture: birdTexture1)
bird.setScale(2.0)
bird.position = initialBirdPosition
bird.run(flap)
bird.physicsBody = SKPhysicsBody(circleOfRadius: bird.size.height/2)
bird.physicsBody?.isDynamic = true
bird.physicsBody?.allowsRotation = false
bird.physicsBody?.categoryBitMask = PhysicsCategory.bird
bird.physicsBody?.collisionBitMask = PhysicsCategory.world | PhysicsCategory.pipe
bird.physicsBody?.contactTestBitMask = PhysicsCategory.world | PhysicsCategory.pipe
addChild(bird)
// Ground
let groundTexture = atlas.textureNamed("Ground")
groundTexture.filteringMode = .nearest
let moveGroundSprite = SKAction.moveBy(x: -groundTexture.size().width*2, y: 0, duration: 0.02 * Double(groundTexture.size().width)*2.0)
let resetGroundSprites = SKAction.moveBy(x: groundTexture.size().width*2, y: 0, duration: 0)
let moveGroundSpritesForever = SKAction.repeatForever(SKAction.sequence([moveGroundSprite, resetGroundSprites]))
for i in 0..<Int(ceil(2+frame.size.width / (groundTexture.size().width*2))) {
let sprite = SKSpriteNode.init(texture: groundTexture)
sprite.setScale(2)
sprite.position = CGPoint(x: CGFloat(i) * sprite.size.width, y: sprite.size.height/2)
sprite.run(moveGroundSpritesForever)
moving.addChild(sprite)
}
// Skyline
let skylineTexture = atlas.textureNamed("Skyline")
skylineTexture.filteringMode = .nearest
let moveSkylineSprite = SKAction.moveBy(x: -skylineTexture.size().width*2, y: 0, duration: 0.1 * Double(skylineTexture.size().width)*2.0)
let resetSkylineSprite = SKAction.moveBy(x: skylineTexture.size().width*2, y: 0, duration: 0)
let moveSkylineSpriteForever = SKAction.repeatForever(SKAction.sequence([moveSkylineSprite, resetSkylineSprite]))
for i in 0..<Int(ceil(2+frame.size.width / (skylineTexture.size().width*2))) {
let sprite = SKSpriteNode(texture: skylineTexture)
sprite.setScale(2.0)
sprite.zPosition = -20
sprite.position = CGPoint(x: CGFloat(i)*sprite.size.width, y: sprite.size.height/2+groundTexture.size().height*2)
sprite.run(moveSkylineSpriteForever)
moving.addChild(sprite)
}
// Ground Physics
let dummyNode = SKNode()
dummyNode.position = CGPoint(x: 0, y: groundTexture.size().height)
dummyNode.physicsBody = SKPhysicsBody(rectangleOf: CGSize(width: frame.size.width, height: groundTexture.size().height*2))
dummyNode.physicsBody?.isDynamic = false
dummyNode.physicsBody?.categoryBitMask = PhysicsCategory.world
addChild(dummyNode)
// pipes
pipeTexture = atlas.textureNamed("Pipe")
pipeTexture.filteringMode = .nearest
let distanceToMove = frame.size.width + 2 * pipeTexture.size().width
let movePipes = SKAction.moveBy(x: -distanceToMove, y: 0, duration: 0.01*Double(distanceToMove))
let removePipes = SKAction.removeFromParent()
movePipesAndRemove = SKAction.sequence([movePipes, removePipes])
let spawn = SKAction.perform(#selector(spawnPipes), onTarget: self)
let delay = SKAction.wait(forDuration: 2.0)
let spawnAndDelay = SKAction.sequence([spawn, delay])
let spawnAndDelayForever = SKAction.repeatForever(spawnAndDelay)
self.run(spawnAndDelayForever)
scoreLabelNode.position = CGPoint(x: frame.midX, y: 3*frame.size.height/4)
scoreLabelNode.zPosition = 100
scoreLabelNode.text = "\(score)"
addChild(scoreLabelNode)
fly()
}
func fly() {
self.bird.physicsBody?.affectedByGravity = false
let fly = SKAction.sequence([
SKAction.repeatForever(SKAction.sequence([
SKAction.moveBy(x: 0, y: -20, duration: 0.5),
SKAction.moveBy(x: 0, y: 20, duration: 0.5)
]))
])
bird.run(fly, withKey: "fly")
}
func start() {
startScreen = false
bird.removeAction(forKey: "fly")
self.bird.physicsBody?.affectedByGravity = true
}
required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) {
fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
}
override func didMove(to view: SKView) {
super.didMove(to: view)
DispatchQueue.main.async {
self.flapSound = SKAction.playSoundFileNamed("flap.m4a", waitForCompletion: false)
self.hitSound = SKAction.playSoundFileNamed("hit.m4a", waitForCompletion: false)
self.scoreSound = SKAction.playSoundFileNamed("score.m4a", waitForCompletion: false)
}
}
func spawnPipes() {
if startScreen || moving.speed <= 0 { return }
let pipePair = SKNode()
pipePair.position = CGPoint(x: frame.size.width + pipeTexture.size().width, y: 0)
pipePair.zPosition = -10
let pipeY:CGFloat = (CGFloat(arc4random()).truncatingRemainder(dividingBy: (self.frame.size.height/3)))
let pipe1 = SKSpriteNode(texture: pipeTexture)
pipe1.setScale(2)
pipe1.position = CGPoint(x:0, y: pipeY)
pipe1.physicsBody = SKPhysicsBody(rectangleOf: pipe1.size)
pipe1.physicsBody?.isDynamic = false
pipe1.physicsBody?.categoryBitMask = PhysicsCategory.pipe
pipe1.physicsBody?.contactTestBitMask = PhysicsCategory.bird
pipePair.addChild(pipe1)
let pipe2 = SKSpriteNode(texture: pipeTexture)
pipe2.setScale(2)
pipe2.position = CGPoint(x:0, y: pipeY + pipe1.size.height + verticalPipeGap)
pipe2.yScale = pipe2.yScale * -1
pipe2.physicsBody = SKPhysicsBody(rectangleOf: pipe2.size)
pipe2.physicsBody?.isDynamic = false
pipe2.physicsBody?.categoryBitMask = PhysicsCategory.pipe
pipe2.physicsBody?.contactTestBitMask = PhysicsCategory.bird
pipePair.addChild(pipe2)
let contactNode = SKNode()
contactNode.position = CGPoint( x: (pipe1.size.width + bird.size.width)/2 , y: frame.midY)
contactNode.physicsBody = SKPhysicsBody(rectangleOf: CGSize(width: pipe2.size.width, height: frame.size.height))
contactNode.physicsBody?.isDynamic = false
contactNode.physicsBody?.categoryBitMask = PhysicsCategory.score
contactNode.physicsBody?.contactTestBitMask = PhysicsCategory.bird
pipePair.addChild(contactNode)
pipePair.run(movePipesAndRemove)
pipes.addChild(pipePair)
}
func resetScene() {
bird.position = initialBirdPosition
bird.physicsBody?.velocity = CGVector(dx: 0, dy: 0)
bird.physicsBody?.collisionBitMask = PhysicsCategory.world | PhysicsCategory.pipe
bird.speed = 1
bird.zRotation = 0
pipes.removeAllChildren()
canRestart = false
moving.speed = 1
score = 0
}
override func touchesBegan(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?) {
if startScreen {
start()
}
if moving.speed > 0 {
run(flapSound)
bird.physicsBody?.velocity = CGVector(dx: 0, dy: 0)
bird.physicsBody?.applyImpulse(CGVector(dx: 0, dy: 4))
} else if canRestart {
resetScene()
}
}
override func update(_ currentTime: TimeInterval) {
// Called before everyTime is rendered
guard let dyVelocity = bird.physicsBody?.velocity.dy else {
bird.zRotation = -1
return
}
if moving.speed > 0 {
bird.zRotation = (dyVelocity * (dyVelocity < 0 ? 0.003 : 0.001)).clamp(-1, 0.5)
}
}
}
extension FlappyScene:SKPhysicsContactDelegate {
func didBegin(_ contact: SKPhysicsContact) {
guard moving.speed > 0 else { return }
if (contact.bodyA.categoryBitMask & PhysicsCategory.score) == PhysicsCategory.score || (contact.bodyB.categoryBitMask & PhysicsCategory.score) == PhysicsCategory.score {
score += 1
run(scoreSound)
let visualFeedback = SKAction.sequence([SKAction.scaleX(to: 1.5, duration: 0.1), SKAction.scale(to: 1.0, duration: 0.1)])
scoreLabelNode.run(visualFeedback)
} else {
// world collision
moving.speed = 0
bird.physicsBody?.collisionBitMask = PhysicsCategory.world
let rotateAction = SKAction.rotate(byAngle: CGFloat(M_PI)*bird.position.y*0.01, duration: Double(bird.position.y*0.003))
bird.run(rotateAction)
self.removeAction(forKey: "flash")
self.run(SKAction.sequence(
[
hitSound,
SKAction.repeat(SKAction.sequence([
SKAction.run({ self.backgroundColor = .red }),
SKAction.wait(forDuration: 0.05),
SKAction.run({ self.backgroundColor = self.skyColor }),
SKAction.wait(forDuration: 0.05),
]), count:4),
SKAction.run({ self.canRestart = true})
])
)
}
}
}
| 32,626 |
cu31924088016567_11
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,856 |
Memoirs by the Right Honourable Sir Robert Peel ..
|
Peel, Robert, Sir, 1788-1850 | Stanhope, Philip Henry Stanhope, Earl, 1805-1875, ed | Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount, 1813-1886, joint ed
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,902 | 9,548 |
There was, however, a general belief that when the King appointed Mr. Canning to be his Chief Minister, His Majesty had personally given assurances to the Archbishop of Canterbury and other of the Bishops that bis own opinions on the Catholic Question were the same with those of his father, and that it was his deter- 276 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. mination to resist to the uttermost the repeal of the dis- abling laws. In all the communications which I had with His Majesty on this subject, his determination to maintain these laws was most strongly expressed. In a letter which I received from His Majesty in 1824, he thus expresses himself. The King to Mr. Peel. (Extract.) " November 19, 1824. " The sentiments of the King upon Catholic Emancipation are those of his revered and excellent father ; from these sentiments the King never can, and never will deviate." All subsequent declarations of opinion on the part of the King were to the same effect, and the events which were passing in Ireland, the systematic agitation, the intemperate conduct of some of the Roman Catholic leaders, the violent and abusive speeches of others, the acts of the Association assuming the functions of Go- vernment, and as it appeared to the King the passive- ness and want of energy in the Irish Executive, irritated His Majesty, and indisposed him the more to recede from his declared resolution to maintain inviolate the existing law. In the early part of the month of January, 1829, the Duke of Wellington had an interview with the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, and the Bishop of Durham. He sought that interview for the PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 277 purpose of laying before them the state of affairs in Ireland, and in the hope of convincing them that the public interests, and those interests especially which they must naturally regard with the greatest solicitude, demanded the adjustment of the Catholic Question, and the adoption of other legislative measures which with- out such adjustment it was hopeless to attempt. A disposition on the part of such high ecclesiastical autho- rities favourably to consider this proposal, or even to admit the necessity for grave deliberation by an united Government on the whole condition of Ireland, would no doubt have had great influence on the mind of the King, and would probably have removed one of the main obstacles to concession on the part of His Majesty. At the interview, however, to which I have referred, or at a second interview, immediately following the first, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishops of Lon- don and Durham informed the Duke of Wellington that they could not lend their sanction to the proposed course of proceeding, but must offer a decided opposi- tion to the removal of Roman Catholic disabilities. The following letter from the Bishop of Oxford was written after a visit to the Archbishop of Canterbury : — Bishop of Oxford to Mr. Peel. (Private.) " Thorpe Lee, January 1, 1829. " My dear Peel, " I have only time to say that I have just returned from Addington, and find that the Duke 278 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. reported quite rightly the sentiments of the three Bishops. " They are decidedly hostile to all concessions, and will not consent to them in any form. I consider that matter therefore as settled. " We said very little of the political part of the ques- tion, and your individual position was not mentioned. " Send to me if you desire to see me. I must in the mean time take some time to think. " Yours, " C. O." I now feared that the difficulties were almost in- superable. There was the declared opinion of the King — the declared opinion of the House of Lords — the declared opinion of the Church — unfavourable to the measures we were disposed to recommend. What I cliiefly apprehended was this — that the King, hearing the result of the Duke's conference with the Bishops, would make some public and formal declaration of his resolution to maintain, as a matter of conscience and religious obligation, the excluding laws ; and would thus take a position in reference to the Catholic Question similar to that in which his father had stood, which it might be almost impossible for His Majesty, however urgent the necessity, hereafter to abandon. Up to this period I had cherished the hope that the Duke of Wellington might be enabled to overcome the difficulties which were opposed to his undertaking, and PART I. THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 279 that I might he allowed to retire from office, and in a private station to lend every tissistance in my power during the progress of the contemplated measures through Parliament. I had proposed my retirement from office much more from a sincere belief that by the sacrifice of office my co-operation with the Duke of Wellington would be the more effectual, than from any other consideration. AU that had passed since my letter to the Duke of the 11th of August, 1828, had confirmed the impression on my mind that the whole state of Ireland must be considered by the Cabinet — that the Catholic Question must be adjusted without furthCT delay ; and, above all, I felt convinced that any insuperable impediment suddenly interposed in the way of that adjustment — such, for instance, as a fixed and pubhcly-declared resolution of hostility on the part of the Sovereign — would be most injurious to the public welfare, and might preclude the hope of any future settlement — peaceful settlement at least — of the question at issue between Great Britain and Ireland. I could not but perceive, in the course of my constant inter- course with him, that the Duke of WeUington began to despair of success. It had been his constant desire to consult my wishes as to the retirement from office, and to avail himseK of the offer of my zealous and cordial co-operation in a private capacity. He well knew that there would be nothing in the resignation of office half so painful to my feelings as the separation from him at a period of serious difficulty. From the moment of his appointment to the chief place in the Government not a 280 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. day had passed without the most unreserved communi- cation personally or in writing — not a point had arisen on which (as my correspondence with the Duke will amply testify) there had not been the most complete and cordial concurrence of opinion. The period was at hand, on account of the near ap- proach of the meeting of Parliament, when a formal proposal must be made to the King in respect to the position of his Government and the consideration of the state of Ireland. I was firmly convinced that if the Duke of Wellington should fail in procuring the King's consent to the proposal so to be submitted to His Majesty, no other pubUc man could succeed in pro- curing that assent, and in prevaUing over the opposition to be encountered in the House of Lords. It may per- haps have been thought by some that the high and established character of Earl Grey — ^his great abilities and great political experience — ^would have enabled him to surmount these various diflBculties. In addition to those high qualifications. Earl Grey had the advantage of having been the strenuous and consistent advocate of the Roman Catholic cause — the advantage also of having stood aloof fi-om the administrations of Mr. Canning and Lord Ripon, and of having strong claims on the esteem and respect of all parties, without being fettered by the trammels of any. I had, however, the strongest reasons for the conviction that Lord Grey could not have succeeded in an undertaking which, in the supposed case of his accession to power, would have been abandoned as hopeless by the Duke of Wellington, PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 281 and abandoned on the ground that the Sovereign would not adopt the advice of his servants in respect of the consideration of the Catholic Question. Being convinced that the Catholic Question must be settled, and without delay — being resolved that no act of mine should obstruct or retard its settlement — im- pressed with the strongest feelings of attachment to the Duke of Wellington — of admiration of his upright con- duct and intentions as Prime Minister — of deep interest in the success of an undertaking on which he had entered from the purest motives and the highest sense of public duty — I determined not to insist upon re- tirement from office, but to make to the Duke the voluntary offer of that official co-operation, should he consider it indispensable, which he scrupled, from the influence of kind and considerate feelings, to require from me. On the 12th of January, 1829, I addressed to the Duke the following letter : — on the blank leaf of that copy of the letter which I retain is this memorandum, made at the time : — " When I wrote this letter the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of London, and the Bishop of Durham had just previously had an inter- view with the Duke of Wellington on the subject of the proposed measures for the settlement of the Catholic Question, and had declared to him that they must give their dedded opposition to the proposed plan of relief from disabilities." 282 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. Mr. Peel to Duke of Wellington. (Private and confidential.) " WhiteliaU, January 12, 1829. " My dear Duke of Wellington, " Notwithstanding the constant and unreserved intercourse which I have personally had with you in regard to the state of Ireland and the position of the Government with respect to the Catholic Question, I have thought it as well to commit to paper the general views which I have from time to time expressed upon those most important subjects. " I still feel that the conclusion to which I have arrived in the accompanying Memorandum ought to be followed by my retirement from office. " My retirement wiU not only be the single step which I can take that will be at all satisfactory to my own feelings, but followed, as it shall be, by the warmest support of any Government of which you are the head, and by an explicit declaration of the opinions which I have thus placed upon record, it certainly appears to me to be the step better calculated than any other which I can take to facilitate the settlement of the Catholic Question by an administration conducted by you. " If I were to go out of office resisting the question, and encouraging resistance by others, I can well con- ceive, in the present excited state of the country, that my retirement might be productive of serious embarrass- ment ; but I need not assure you that the course which I should take in a private capacity would be decidedly PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 283 the opposite to that. I repeat therefore the proposal which I made to you in August last respecting my retirement. " You will make allowance for my very peculiar situation — a situation in which no other individual stands. If I were to remain in office, I might have, and probably should have, to conduct through the House of Commons a measure to which I have been uniformly opposed. " Putting all private considerations out of the ques- tion — should I stand in such a position, in reference either to those who have supported the question or those who have opposed it, as could make it advantageous that the conduct of any measure for the adjustment of the Catholic Question should be committed to me ? " I am bound to tell you that in my opinion I should not. " But I will have no reserve with you. I know aU the difficulties of your situation. I know how those difficulties have been recently increased, as weU by the communications which have taken place with the Bishops, as by the necessary recall of Lord Anglesey. " You will do justice to the motives of the declaration which I am about to make, and you wiU take no advan- tage of it unless it be absolutely necessary. " If my retirement should prove, in your opinion, after the communications which you may have with the King, or with those whom it may be necessary for you to consult, an insuperable obstacle to the adoption of the course which upon the whole I beheve to be the least open to objection under aU the circumstances of the 284 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. time — in that case you shall command every service that I can render in any capacity. " Believe me, &c. " Egbert Peel." This letter was accompanied by a Memorandum which I sent to the Duke of Wellington for the purpose of formally placing my opinions upon record, and in the hope of aiding the Duke in his endeavour to induce the King to permit his confidential servants to take the whole condition of Ireland, without restriction or ex- ception, into their immediate consideration. Mr. Peel's Memorandum, January 12, 1829. " The time is come when, in my opinion, His Ma- jesty's Government ought to be constituted ui such a manner as may enable it to consider the state of Ireland and every matter connected with it, upon the same principles on which the Government can consider every other question of national policy. " I think that the Roman Catholic Question can no longer remain what is called an open question, but that some definite course must be taken with respect to it by His Majesty's servants in their collective capacity. " It is not consistent with the character of the Go- vernment — with the proper exercise of authority in Ire- land — nor with the permanent interests of the Protestant Establishments — that the Roman Catholic Question should continue to be thrown loose upon the country — the King's Mmisters maintaining neutrality, and ex- pressing no opinion in common upon the subject. PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 285 " Experience must have convinced us that neither a divided Government in Ireland, nor a Government in that country united in opinion, but acting under a divided Government in this, can administer the law with that vigour and authority which are requisite in the present condition of Irish affairs. " With respect to discussions in Parliament, I con- sider the present position of the administration un- tenable. " Supposing it to maintain the same relation to the Catholic Question in which it has hitherto stood, it must pursue one or other of two courses at the meeting of Parliament. " It must either remain inactive with respect to Irish affairs, or it must propose measures of restriction and control unaccompanied by the expectation of any mea- sure of concession. " To remain altogether inactive — to have no mea- sures to propose — no opinion in common to pronounce in regard to the state of Ireland — is surely impossible. " Can the other course be taken ? Can restraints be imposed or additional power be exacted for the Govern- ment, with an avowal that nothing else is in con- templation ? " I will not inquire whether the Government, con- stituted as it at present is, would consent to the adop- tion of this course, because I think little doubt can be entertained that, if adopted, it would fail, and that the result of failure would be mischievous in the extreme. " It is needless to refer, in proof of the probability of its failure, to more than to one fact, namely, that in 286 MUMoms by sir r. rEKL. the last Session of Piirliamont tlie 1 louso of Ciminions decided by a majority of six votes tluit tho Catholie Question ougiit to bo taken into consideration with a view to its adjustment. " Is it probable tliat mere nicjisures of coercion would be carried through all their several stnfj;'es, in the facet of an actual majority that had decided in i'avour of another ])riuciple of prcKseedhig V "It is true that in 1^25 the House of (\)nnn(>ns passed the Bill intended for the suppression of Wm Roman Catholic Association ; but they followed np that Bill, in the course of the same Session, by another, which passed the House of Commons, for the complete rc^moval of the disabilities of the Roman Cktliollcs. " I come therefore to my firnt conclusion — a con- clusion to which 1 aj)prehcnd most other pcu'sons are come — that matters cannot remain as they are — that the position of the Government with respctet to th(! Catholic Question and to Ireland must be altered. " What course shall be adopted in lieu of that which it is proposed to abandon ? " I answer, in the first place, that the (lovernment must be so constituted as to he enabled to pronounce, in its collective capacity, an o])inion of some kind or other in reference to Irish affairs and t(j every question con- nected with them. I say more, that I bim no advan- tage m the formation of a Government which should offer an opposition to the Catholic claims mently on grounds of temporary expediency, or which should grant some few additional jjrivileges to the Roman Catholics, without looking into other cpiestions which connect them- PART I. — THE BOMAN CATHOLICS. 287 selves with the discussion of the main question. The more I consider the subject the more I am satisfied tliat a Government ought to make its choice between two courses of action, either to offer united and unqualified resistance to the grant of further privileges to the Roman Catholics, or to undertake to consider without delay the whole state of Ireland, and to attempt to make some satisfactory adjustment on the various points which are involved in what is called the Catholic Question. " If it be admitted that such are the alternatives, it remains to be considered which of the two it is most practicable or most expedient to adopt. " Can the first be adopted ? Can a Government be formed on the principle of unqualified resistance, which shall be composed of persons of sufiicient ability and experience in public life to fill with credit the high offices of the State, and wliich can command such a majority of the House of Commons as shall enable it to maintain the principle on which it is founded, and to transact the public business ? " I think it must be granted that the failure of such a Government — either through its sudden dissolution or its inability to conduct public business on account of its weakness in the House of Commons — would have a prejudicial effect generally, and particularly in refer- ence to the Catholic Question. It would surely render some settlement of the question in the way of concession unavoidable, and would in all probability materially diminish the chances of a safe and satisfactory settle- ment. " No man can therefore honestly advise the formation 288 MEMOIES BY SIR R. PEEL. of an exclusive Protestant Government, unless he be- lieves that it can maintain its ground, and can conduct with credit and success the general administration of the country. " The present state of the House of Commons appears to me an insuperable obstacle, if there were no other, to the successful issue of this experiment. " It may not be immaterial to look back to the pro- ceedings of the House of Commons on the Catholic Question for some time past. " Since the year 1807 there have been five Parlia- ments — a General Election having taken place in each of the following years:— 1807, 1812, 1818, 1820, and 1826. In the course of each of those five Parliaments, with one exception, the House of Commons has come to a decision in favour of a consideration of the Catiiohc Question. " The exception was in the case of the House of Commons elected in 1818 ; but that House negatived the consideration by a majority of only two voices, the numbers being — 243 against, and 241 for consideration. " In the course of the period to which I have above referred there were no doubt various decisions adverse to consideration ; but the fact is as I state it — that the House of Commons, in four out of the last five Parlia- ments, did on some occasion pronounce an opinion in favour of an attempt to settle the question. " The House of Commons elected in 1820 (the one PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 289 preceding the present) twice sent up Bills to the Lords removing the disabilities of the Koman Catholics. " The present House of Commons decided in the year 1827 against the question by a majority of four voices, the numbers being 276 to 272 ; but in the last Session of Parliament their decision was ia favour of the question by a majority of 272 to 266. I am not aware that any changes have taken place calculated materially to affect the relative niunbers of the present House of Commons ; and I do not conceive it possible that a Government formed expressly upon a principle adverse to the opinion of 272 members of the House of Com- mons could conduct with vigour and advantage the public business. " It may be said, ' Dissolve the Parliament ' — but immediate Dissolution is impossible. The supplies of the year must be voted — and a trial of strength, and such a trial as would probably decide the fate of a Government, would be inevitable. " Even, however, if immediate Dissolution could take place, the state of the representation in Ireland, and the effect of a General Election in that country, would demand serious attention. " In the course of last Session 93 members for Ire- land voted on the Catholic Question. The relative numbers were — 61 in favour of the question, 32 against it. " Of the 64 members for Irish counties, 61 voted — 45 in favour of, 16 against the question. 290 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. " We may lament the existence of such a prepon- derance in the Irish representation, but in the case we are discussing, what would be our remedy? What would be the effect on that representation, supposing an exclusive Protestant Government to be formed, and a Dissolution of Parliament to take place, the constituent body in Ireland remaining the same ? " I assume that that body would remain the same, because I do not consider it possible that an alteration in the elective franchise of Ireland could be made previously to a Dissolution of Parliament in the case which I am now supposing — that of the formation of an exclusive Protestant Government. " The effect, I apprehend, would be increased ex- citement in Ireland — a confirmation of the influence of the priesthood over the forty-sluUing freeholders — the further exclusion of Members in the Protestant interest, and of moderate and reasonable advocates of the Roman Catholics, and the return of persons neither connected with nor representing the landed aristocracy or pro- perty of the country, but selected purely for their ultra- devotion to Roman Catholic interests. " Now I cannot too strongly express my opinion that, supposing the effect of a Dissolution should be materially to strengthen the hands of a Protestant Government by the returns from Great Britain, that circumstance would not be a sufficient compensation for the evil of an Irish representative body such as I have supposed. You might on important occasions overbear that representa- tion by a majority in Parliament, but depend upon it that intolerable evils would still remain. PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 291 " The local Government of Ireland would be weak- ened in a most material degree by having opposed to it a vast majority of the constituent and representative body of the country. " Tlie Parliamentary business would be impeded by the addition to the House of Commons of fifty or sixty members, whose only chance of maintaining their in- fluence would be unremitting attendance in the House, and violent and vexatious opposition to the progress of public business. " The very circumstance of severing altogether the connection between the constituent body of Ireland and the natural aristocracy of the country would be a great, perhaps an irreparable misfortune. " For these reasons, and firmly believing that an attempt to form an exclusive Protestant Government on a principle which must at once compel the disso- lution of the present Government, would be ultimately injurious, and injurious above all to the Protestant interest, I cannot advise it. " I am thus conducted by the course of reasoning which I have piusued to the following conclusions : — " That the time is come when the CathoHc Question ought not longer to remain an open question. " That the Government of this country, be it in whose hands it may, ought to take some definite and decisive com^e with respect to that question and to Irish affairs generally. " That a Government has the choice of two courses of proceeding, either resistance to concession on per- manent grounds, or a deliberate consideration of the 2 292 MEMOIRS BY SIR E. PEEL. whole state of Ireland — every question bearing upon the condition of this country being included in its view. " I have assigned the reasons for which I consider the former of those courses unadvisable. " I will not shrink therefore from expressing my opinion in favour of the course which appears to me, under the circumstances of the present time, to present the least of difficulty and danger. " In this Memorandum I have hitherto chiefly dwelt upon the state of the House of Commons with reference to the Catholic Question, and the difficulties which it presents to the Government. " I will not, however, deny that there are other con- siderations which incline me to think that the attempt to settle that question should be made. " I pretend to no new lights upon the subject, and I attach their full weight to the powerfiil arguments which are opposed to concession. But the practical evils of the present state of things are very great, and I fear increasing — and increasing in a direction unfavoiu-- able to that interest which I wish to uphold. " First — There is the evil of continued division be- tween two branches of the Legislature on a great con- stitutional question. " Secondly — The power of the Roman Catholics is unduly increased by the House of Commons repeatedly pronouncing an opinion in their favour. There are many points in regard to the Roman Catholic religion and Roman Catholic proceedings in Ireland, on which Protestant opinion would be united, or at least predo- PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 293 minant, if it were not for the difference which exists as to the civil incapacities. " Tliirdly — In the course of the last autumn, out of a regular infantry force in the United Kingdom, amount- ing to about 30,000 men, 25,000 men were stationed either in Ireland or on the west coast of England with a view to the maintenance of tranquillity in Ireland — this country being at peace with the whole world. " Fomlhly — Though I have not the slightest appre- hension of the result of civU commotion — though I believe it could be put down at once — yet I think the necessity of being constantly prepared for it while the Government is divided, and the two Houses of Parlia- ment are divided, on the Catholic Question, is a much worse evil than its actual occurrence. " Fifthly — The state of political excitement in Ire- land will soon render it almost impracticable to ad- minister justice in cases in which political or religious considerations are involved. Trial by jury will not be a just or a safe tribunal, and, above aU, not just nor safe in cases wherein the Government is a party. " These are practical and growing evils, for which I see no sufficient remedy if the present state of thmgs is to continue ; and the actual pressure is so great as fully to warrant, in my opinion, a recourse to other measures. " My advice therefore to His Majesty will be, not to grant the Catholic claims, or any part of them, pre- cipitately and unadvisedly, but in the first instance to remove the barrier which prevents the consideration of the Catholic Question by the Cabinet — to permit his confidential servants to consider it in all its relations, 294 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. on the same principles on which they consider any other great question of public policy, in the hope that some plan of adjustment can be proposed, on the authority and responsibility of a Government likely to command the assent of Parliament, and to unite in its support a powerful weight of Protestant opinion, from a con- viction that it is a settlement equitable towards the Roman Catholics, and safe as it concerns the Protestant Establishment. " Egbert Peel." The above paper was communicated by the Duke of Wellington to the King. On the 17th of January the Duke of Wellington called upon me in Whitehall Gar- dens, and placed in my hands the following letter : — Duke of Wellington to Mr. Peel. " Loudon, January 17, 1829. " My dear Peel, " I entirely concur with the sentiments and opinions contained in the paper on the existing state of questions respecting Ireland, which, by your desire, I have given to the King ; and 1 am equally of opinion with you, that the only chance that we have of getting the better of all the evils of the position in which the country is placed, is that we should consider in Cabinet the whole situation of Ireland, and propose to Parlia- ment the measures which may be the result of that consideration. PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 295 " You have been informed of what has passed be- tween the King and me, and certain of the Bishops and me, upon this subject, and you must see the diffi- culties with which we shall be surrounded in taking this course. " I tell you fairly that I do not see the smallest chance of getting the better of these difficidties if you should not continue in office. Even if I should be able to obtain the King's consent to enter upon the course which it will probably be found the wisest to adopt, which it is almost certain that I shall not if I shovdd not have your assistance in office, the difficulties in Parliament will be augmented tenfold in consequence of your secession, while the means of getting the better of them will be diminished in the same proportion. " I entreat you then to reconsider the subject, and to give us and the country the benefit of your advice and assistance in this most difficult and important crisis. " Believe me, &c. " Wellingtoj^." On this letter is a Memorandimi made at the time, which I transcribe : — " The Duke of Wellington brought this letter to me on the 17th of January. I read it in his presence, and at once told him that I would not press my retirement from office, but would remain in office and would pro- pose (with the King's consent) the measures contem- plated by the Government for the settlement of the Catholic Question."— R. P. 296 MEMOIRS BY SIR E. PEEL. Immediately after this decision was taken I attended a meeting of the Cabinet, and announced my deter- mination to my colleagues. From Lord Ellenborough and Lord Bathurst, who had hitherto differed on the Catholic Question, I re- ceived the following conmnmications : — Lord Ellenborough to Mr. Peel. (Private.) " Connaught Place, January 19, 1829. " My dear Me. Peel, " I cannot resist telling you how much I admire your conduct to-day. You have adopted a line of con- duct dictated, as far as I am capable of forming a judgment, by true statesmanlike wisdom; but I am quite sure you have acted nobly towards the Government, and in a manner which no member of it will forget. " Believe me, &c. " Ellenborough." Lord Batlim-st concludes a letter, dated the 20th of January, after some observations on the state of the elective fi-anchise in Ireland, in this manner : — Lord Bathurst to Mr. Peel. (Extract.) " January 20, 1829. " You must forgive me if I cannot conclude this letter without expressing what I sincerely feel with PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 297 regard to the course you have taken on this (to you) trying business. There is no occasion where an honest man's principles are put to so severe a test as when he may consult his ease, and obtain a popular cry in his favoOT, by quitting the field instead of standing stoutly up to the conscientious discharge of his duty. " Yours very sincerely, " Bathurst." Attached to the paper enclosed in my letter to the Duke of Wellington of the 12th of January, previously inserted, is a Memorandum made at the time which I transcribe. Endorsement on Mr. Peel's Memorandum of 12th January, 1829. " The paper of which this is a copy was communicated to the King by the Puke of Wellington. The day after its receipt by His Majesty, those of his Ministers who had voted uniformly against the Catholic claims had each a separate interview with His Majesty, and expressed opinions in general conformity with those expressed in this paper. " The Ministers were — The Duke of WELLiNaTON. Mr. Gotilbuen. The Ohanobllob. Mr. Hbbbibs. Lord BatBtjest. Mr. Peel. " The King, after this interview, intimated his con- sent that the Cabinet should consider the whole state of Ireland, and submit their views to His Majesty ; His 3 298 MEMOIRS BY SIR E. PEEL. Majesty being by such consent in no degree pledged to the adoption of the views of his Government, even if it should concur unanimously in the course to be pursued. " Egbert Peel." I fear from the accompanying note from Lord Bathurst, that His Majesty was not satisfied by the argument which I submitted for- his consideration. Lord Bathurst to Mr. Peel. " Council Office, January 17, 1829 " My dear Mr. Peel, " Many thanks for having been good enough to send me the paper which you had sent to the King, and the receipt of which he mentioned to me. " It is certainly what the King seemed to admit it to be — a good statement; and I should say an argu- mentative one, if my gracious Master had not denied it to be one. " Yours very siacerely, " Bathurst." We received from His Majesty the permission re- quired to consider in Cabinet the whole state of Ireland, and to offer our advice to His Majesty with regard to it. No member of the Cabinet objected to the pro- posed alteration of the principle on which the Govern- ment had been constituted — the principle, I mean, of leaving the Catholic Question an open question. PAKT I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 299 It was now the 17th of January ; Parliament was summoned for the 6th of February. It was absolutely necessary that the Speech from the Throne should con- tain a general indication of the intention of the King and his Government with regard to Ireland and the Irish questions. It was requisite therefore to devote the short interval that remained to the important ob- jects that must be accomplished without delay : the preparation of the several measures for the suppression of the Roman Catholic Association, the repeal of the disabling laws, the regulation of the Elective Franchise. Upon the detaUs at least of all these measures, the collective opinion of the Government had yet to be taken ; and the consent of the King to the actual pro- posal of the measures to Parliament, with the sanction of the Crown, had yet to be signified. The consent hitherto given had been strictly limited to the sub- mitting of advice to the King by his Cabinet on all questions relating to Ireland, without any pledge as to the adoption of that advice by His Majesty. As the duty would devolve upon me to submit to the House of Commons, as the organ of the Govern- ment, the several measures that were in contemplation, and to superintend their progress through that House of Parliament, with the sanction and by the desire of the Duke of Wellington I brought them under the consideration of the Cabinet in a Memorandum, treating separately of each. The following is theMemorandum, which had reference to the subject generally, and especially to that branch of it which embraced the removal of civil incapacity : — 300 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. Mr. Peel's Memorandum, 17tli January, 1829. " The three leading considerations involved in what is called the Catholic Question are these : — " 1st. The extent to which civil incapacities shall be removed, and the manner of removing them. " 2nd. The regulation and restriction of the Elective Franchise. " 3rd. The relation in which the Roman Catholic Religion shall stand in future towards the State. " Under the last head I include all questions relating to intercourse with the See of Rome — the exercise of any spiritual authority — and the appointment to any spiritual office, either of prelacy or priesthood, or the control over such appointment. " The object of this Memorandum is rather to sug- gest topics for the mature consideration of the Cabinet than to express any settled opinion on measures of detail. I may occasionally express an opinion, but it wiU be open in every case to reconsideration. " This portion of the Memorandum shall be confined to the first of the three points : the degree to which the civil incapacities shall be removed, and the best mode of eifecting their removal. " It is of course notorious that the state of the Roman Catholics of England materially differs from that of the Irish Roman Catholics in respect to civil privileges ; but I take for granted that whatever concessions are made to the Irish wiU in an equal degree be extended to the English — that they will be put on the same footing. PART I. — THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. 301 " The principle of the law in respect to the Roman Catholics of Scotland differs from that of the laws which apply to the English and Irish Catholics re- spectively. " The latter are disqualified as a consequence of their refusal to take certain oaths, and are disqualified solely on that account. In Scotland the exclusion of the Roman Catholic is, as to certain privileges at least, direct. He is disqualified by name as a Roman Catholic; and not consequentially, because he refuses certain oaths. " As to seats in Parliament, the exclusion of the Scottish Roman Catholics is positive and direct ; and the exclusion forms part of the Act of Union between England and Scotland. " This part of the question, however, may be re- served for separate consideration. In my opinion, no distinction ought to be made in the case of the Scotch Roman Catholic. The Act of Union with Scotland ought not to be a bar to his participation in whatever privileges are granted to the Roman Catholics of other parts of the Empire. " As to the extent to which the civil incapacities should be removed, my impression is that there is no intermediate step between the line drawn by the Irish Act of 1793, and the general repeal of civil incapacities. I do not mean to say that there ought to be no single office excepted, or no restrictions upon the exercise of certain functions appertaining to certain offices : but I think the broad principle to be maintained should be equality of civil privilege ; that that should be the rule, 302 MEMOIES BY SIR E. PEEL. and that the exceptions from it should rest on special grounds. " The removal of incapacity wiU confer power, at least the eligibility to power, derived from two different, perhaps two opposite sources — the Crown on the one hand, and Constituent Bodies of the People on the other. " Office in the service of the Crown must be derived chiefly from the Crown ; but Corporate office and seats in the House of Commons are dependent, not upon the will of the Crown, but upon that of certain portions of the people. " To exclude from Corporate office, or from Parlia- ment, would, so far as Ireland is concerned, leave the adjustment of the question incomplete. " K you remove those exclusions, and thus open every avenue to that description of power wliich is derived from the people, or from other authorities than the Crown, would it be expedient to limit the prerogative and the means of influence of the Crown by restricting the capacity of the Roman Cathohc for that species of favour, distinction, or power which the Crown can confer ? " Would it not be dangerous to the State, if the Crown could neither employ nor influence those on whom popular favoiur had conferred real authority? Would it not invert constitutional relations to make the people the fountain of honour and of power, and the Crown the bar to them? " It may, however, be expedient to except from the general rule of complete admissibility the offices which PAET I. — THE KOMAN CATHOLICS. 303 were excepted in the Bills brought in by Mr. Grattan, Mr. Plunket, and Sir Francis Burdett. " The offices excepted were these : — " All offices belonging to the Established Church. " Offices in the Ecclesiastical Courts of Judicature. " Offices in the Universities, or Schools of Ecclesias- tical foundation. " Offices of Lord Chancellor in England and Ireland, and of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. " Roman CathoUcs were not to have the right of presentation to Benefices; and if a Roman Cathohc was appointed to an office which had the right of pre- sentation to Ecclesiastical Benefices, the King might appoint a Protestant Commissioner to exercise pro tempore that right of presentation. " With the above exceptions, or others resting on the same principle, the removal of civil incapacity ought in my opinion to be general and complete. " Secondly. As to the mode of relieving the Roman Catholic from his present disabilities. " The obstacle to the admission of the Roman Catholics in England and Ireland to Parliament and certain high civil offices is to be found in the Oath of Supremacy, and the Declaration against Transubstantia- tion. " The Declaration against Transubstantiation ought, I think, to be absolutely repealed, excepting indeed that it must continue to be taken by the King or Queen previous to Coronation. " It will be much better for every purpose positively to enact that certain offices shall not be held by Roman 304 MEMOIRS BY SIE K. PEEL. Catholics than to retain the Declaration against Tran- substantiation, with the view of excluding them through its instrumentality. " The remaining obstacle is the Oath of Supremacy. I wish that oath could be retained in its present form, and that the Roman Catholic could be persuaded to take it in the sense in which I believe it to have been originally meant to be taken. " In the BiU brought in by Mr. Plunket in 1821, it was originally proposed to retain without any altera- tion the present Oath of Supremacy, and to require the Roman Catholic to take that oath as a condition of his holding office ; there being inserted in the BiU a legis- lative interpretation of the oath, importing that those who might take the oath should be understood to de- clare nothing more than that they denied to any foreign Prince any jurisdiction, temporal or spiritual, that could conflict with their duty of full and undivided allegiance. " The BUI was, however, afterwards altered in this respect; and an oath was proposed for the Roman Catholics, differing from the present Oath of Supremacy. " The legislative interpretation was abandoned, and the Roman Catholic was called on to take an oath which denied to any foreign Prince in express terms any superiority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, that could conflict with his aUegiance to the King. " I have already observed that I wish it were possible to retain the present Oath of Supremacy to be taken in common by Protestant and Roman Catholic; at the same time I think even an alteration of the oath is preferable to a legislative interpretation of it. PART I. — THE EOMAlf CATHOLICS. 305 " I doubt whether any other expedient will be found less open to objection than that which I am now about to suggest. " Repeal the Declaration against Transubstantiation and the worship of the Virgia Mary. " Leave the Oath of Supremacy, which is of great antiquity, to be taken in its present form by aU Pro- testants, and by Roman Catholics who choose to take it. " Retain the Oath of Allegiance, and (for the present at least) the Oath of Abjuration ; to be taken by Pro- testant and Roman Cathohc in common. " It wiU remain to be considered what test of civU allegiance shall be administered to the Roman Cathohc. " I advise one which shall be a purely civil test, but by which the Roman Catholic shall be compelled to abjure any principles or opinions that are dangerous to the State." Note upon the Memorandum as above. " The oath I suggested was compiled from the exist- ing oatlis taken by the Roman Catholics under the Acts of 1781, 1782, 1791, and 1793, and was that which is contained in the Roman Catholic Relief Bill. " The last sheet of this Memorandmn was taken by the Solicitor-General, in order to copy the form of oath from it, and was not returned to me ; but it merely contained the form of oath for the Roman Catholic included in the Relief BiU."— R. P. "March 31, 1829." 306 MEMOIRS BY SIR R. PEEL. Endorsement upon the Memorakdum as above. " I brought this Memorandum to the Cabmet Room at the beginning of our discussions in the Cabinet on the Roman Cathohc Question, and read it to the Cabinet as containing my opinion on the general prin- ciple of the measures that ought to be adopted for the settlement of the Catholic Question."— R. P.
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Provisional report upon the water-power of Maine
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Maine. Hydrographic Survey
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Third, "Wayne Power," fall 12 feet in 350, owned by Johnson, Turner & Brown. Grist and saw mills, shovel-handle and sash and blind shops. Power not all used. For reservoirs tributary to the powers, see Table 2, page 84, Part II. As will be seen a large amount of additional storage can be had when needed. The machinery is not the best for economizing power. The wheels are similar to the Blake, Kendall and Rose patterns. The underlying rock at North Wayne is a form of slate, with granite in limited quantities. At Wayne, granite suitable for building purposes. One-sixth of the basin of the streams is cov- ered with woods. Lay of the land at North Wayne, is good ; at Wayne, is very Superior. Total annual product at North Wayne, $Y5,000 ; at Wayne, 135,000. The improvement of the powers has benefited the town V'ery greatly ; almost the entire village of North Wayne has been built by the Tool Company and their workmen. Market, the whole country, by railroad. • Webster — Androscoggin County. From Selectmen's Returns, ^our Powers. On Sabattus stream, the outlet of Sabattus pond. First, fall 12 feet; Second, 14 feet; Third, 12 feet; Fourth, 18 feet. 499 WATMB POWIB Ot mm PivB. Dams and mills upon each &U. A large amovnt of uimaed pow«r; millfl operate all the year ; priyilegea all owned in town. Sabattas pond covers fonr square mfles and is dammed. Bi reservoir capacity could be considerably increased. Stream imj safe and constant ; abundant water aU the year. The power of the above falls may be inferred firom the .feet that at the " Factory Fall " in Lisbon below, 175 horse is aecuied oii 10-foot fell, with turbine wheel. Building stone on the fourth fell only ; there it is abundant and good. Land upon each of the fells level and convenient fiir the location of mills. One third of the basin covered with woods. Market, Lewiston, six miles, by road or railroad. Wbbstib Plantation — ^Pinobsoot Oountt. SkUement of D. Butters, Esq., of PrenHss. One Power. On the west branch of Mattagordus stream, where a 10-foot bead would flow six or eight hundred acres; stone for dam cloMat hand. No improvement. Weld — Franklin County. From Selectmen's Betums. Fourteen Powers. The town of Weld is almost entirely surrounded by monntaioSf from which seven streams, converging to the centre of the town, are received in the great Webb's pond there situated ; upon six of the streams are water-powers. First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, on the Houghton brook; grist, saw, shingle, sash and door, and spool mills; another miH building. Water sufficient to run the mills for the most of tie year. Fall 50 feet in 60 rods. Sixth, about three miles above, "Holden Mills," with power sufficient to run most of the year; saw and shingle. Seventh, on the East brook, board, shingle, clapboard, lath and clover mills. Other mills might be erected and the water used over repeatedly. The volume of water is something greater than that of the Iloiigliton brook. This power is situated at WeW corner, near the centre of the town. Eighth, one- fourth mile above, carriages, cabinet work, cb«iw» &c.; the power is only part used. nvT. n.] XHB WATER POWKBS. 49>^ Ninth and Tenth; three miles above, small powers ; saw mill; dapboard and shingle mill. Eleventh, on West brook, volume of water sufiScient to carry a number of mills through the year; fall 20 feet in 40 rods. Twelfth, on Snowman brook, saw, clapboard and shingle mill ; can operate nearly all the year. Thirteenth and Fourteenth, on Skoefield brook, small powers ; saw, threshing, clapboard and shingle machinery. On the mountains, a large amount of spruce, hemlock, bass, lock-maple, beech, birch and white ash, which can be easily con- veyed to the mills or the pond and run through the outlet. A large amount of ship timber might be obtained. Soil good for grain and potatoes ; great facilities for raising stock, &c. " The scenery of Weld is very beautiful, the town being nearly Borrounded by mountains with the pond in the centre, forming a "▼ast basin. A first-class hotel for summer tourists wanted." Wellington — Piscataquis County. From Selectmen's Returns, Six Powers. First to the Fourth, inclusive, in the westerly part of the town, on the Hegan stream. Fifth, on a branch of the Hegan stream, near the centre of the town. Sixth, on the Carlton stream, in the northeast comer of the town. The height of the several falls not reported. Two of the powers would saw 300,000 feet of lumber. The powers are not all used ; five are improved in mills. The mills work about one-third part of the year ; one not improved would ran the greater part of the year. Breast, Steams and Rose wheels. Basin heavily wooded. Annual products, $4,000. Market, Bangor and Skowhegan, by road. Wells — York County. From the Returns of Oeorge Ooodmn, Esq, Fifteen Fowersy Small. Ten on Little river, two on Qgunquitt river, two on Webhannett river, one on Branch river. The fall at the various privileges is from 10 to 15 feet; the 32 4^ wAxia FOiwiB ov jum. leaittL power capable of sawing 1,000^000 feet of himber, leis ornon^ yearly. It is all improyed as now nsed, wiifa not the best mackiD- eiy. Bose^ centre-vent, spile-vent wheels. Streams not connected with lakes or ponds ; artifldsl rosonoini not feasible. Oood granite ; convenient sites ; bat little fineiL The powers give employment to abont fifty men for about litlf of the year, and so aid them materially in the way of business. Tihe of lamber sawed, $75,000. Market, mostly Boston, by water or rail. WisLBT — Washington County. From the Selectmen? 9 Statemeni, and a Plan of the Sbreamt, Steven Powers. First, "Bacon Dam,'' on the Ohain-lake stream; seven fset head ; flows eight mOes by three-fourths mile. A dam is to be built to g^ve an eight-foot head, forming a large reservoir. Theie are three ponds in the series. Second, "Groves' Dam," below; head seven feet. Third, " Hayward Mill," below ; nine feet head. Fourth, " Joe Hill Dam ;" five feet head, on Old stoeam. Fifth, on New stream, ** Cate's Dam ;" nine feet head. Sixth, " College Falls," on New stream ; ten feet descent ofer solid ledge, with rock bank on each side. Seventh, on Seavey brook, below the upper Seavey pond ; dam seven feet head. Eighth^ on the same stream, below the lower Seavey pond ; dam seven feet head. The Seavey ponds are both dammed for reservoirs. Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh, dams on Beaver-dam brook, in the northeast part of the town. None of the power is now improved ; has been in years past in saw mills ; these have been burned, or otherwise disabled. Market, Machias, twenty miles. West Bath — Sagadahoc County. Statement of the Selectmen, and of A. W, Ring, Esq. Numerous Powers. ''Tide privileges are numerous; if properly improved would drive sixty up-and-down saws tlie year round. This Ib out delib- erate judgment, t^ ' 7ot based upon careful survey." t. ft DiT. n.] THE WATER POWERS. 499 The mean fall at the privileges is seven feet ; mills will operate seven hours to the tide, with a common six-foot, perpendicular shaft, iron wheel. WeSTBBOOK — GUICBSRLAND CoUNTY. The Saiemeni of George W, Hammond, Esq., in behalf of (he Selectmen of We^brooL\ Twelve Powers. * Three of the above are situated on the Presumpscot river ; one atXHnmberland Mills village, five miles from Portland, on the Port- land & Rochester Railroad, and two in the village of Saccarappa, six miles from Portland, also on the same railroad. First, " Cumberland Mills Power," a fall of 20 feet, containing 14 mill-powers, or 2,013 horse-powers, of which about one-half is now in use in the manufacture of paper. The mean velocity of the stream is 1.52 feet per second, or 18^ inches, taken from five observations ; the mean depth of the stream, taken 600 feet above the fiJls, (an average of cross section of 682^ feet) is 3.31 feet; the width of the stream being 176 feet. The mills arc owned by S. D. Warren, Esq., and are worked the whole year. They give employment to 125 men and 100 women, and produce an annual manufacture of over $1,000,000. The improvement of the power has increased the population and wealth of the village to a very large extent, there being from 1864 to 1867 an increase of resident families from 16 to 66, and of dwelling-houses for the same period, from 16 to 48. The height of these falls above the sea is about 30 feet, and the range from high to low water is five feet. The market is chiefly Boston and New York, reached by Portland & Rochester Railroad and teams to Portland, thence by railroad and steamers. Second and Third, the " Upper Power," at the village of Sacca- rappa, has a fall of 12 feet, and the " Lower Power " of 19 feet ; containing, respectively, 13 and 8 mill-powers, making a total of 21 mill-powers ; of which number 13 are now in use. The cross section of the upper fall is about 10 feet, and that of the lower eight feet, taken 15 feet above the falls. A small portion of the powers is improved. The several mills are owned as follows : on the northeast side of the river, by the Westbrook Manufacturing Company and Messrs. King & Warren. Those on the southwest side, by 500 WATBB FOWBB 01 MAINB. [Pin JIL Messrs. Warren & W^Uker, the Patent Wire Company, Judge Fitch, Hon. J. Libby, and others. « The following are the productions of the mills and the names of those who now are working them, viz : The Westbrook Manufacturing Company, in the manufacture of cotton, employing 75 men and 150 women, and producing over $300,000 annually. Messrs. Dana & McEwan, in the manufacture of cotton yarn, employing 10 men and 10 women, and producing over $50,000 annually. Messrs. Warren & Pennell, in the manufacture of wire, employ- ing from 12 to 15 men, and producing about $30,000 annually. Messrs. S. T. Raymond & Co. ; grist and plaster mill ; employ- ing six men, and producing over $125,000 annually. Messrs. Babb ; iron foundry ; employing 10 men and produciBg $12,000 annually. Messrs. Knowlton Brothers ; machine shop ; employing fonr men and producing $4,000 annually. Crowley's laundry, employing four men and two women, and producing $4,000 annually. Foster's dye-house, employing four men, and producing $4,000 annually. Messrs. Warren & Clements, in the manufacture of lumber, and grist mill, employing about 70 men, and producing about $600,000 annually. Making the total amount of manufacture about $2,130,000. The machinery is for the most part very good for economizing power, though not the best. The wheels used are Gates' centre- vent, Reynolds', Blake's and Tuttle's. The reservoirs available to these powers may be seen upon reference to Part II, pages 143-4. The volume of freshets as compared with the ordinary volume of the stream, is but little more than double. There has been no destruction in past years from high water. The stream can be made uniform in its volume throughout the year. The lay of the land about these falls, with reference to the convenient location of mills and workshops, is all that can be desiivd for the most part. About one-eighth of the river basin is covered with forest. The height of the river at S«'iccarappa is about 62 feet above the sea. The out-cropping and underlying rocks, blue trap, are well adapted for rough, strong erections. ]>«r. n.] THB WATBE P0WBB8. 5Q]^ Duck Pond stream takes its rise from the pond of the same name, which pond is over three square miles in extent and over 20 feet average depth. It is supplied chiefly from small ponds and springs, and is 171 feet above the level of the sea. The stream is over 10 miles in length from " Pride's Bridge " to the pond, and is 161 feet above the river at this point. The width of the stream is pretty uniform at about 40 feet. Fourth, the only improved power on this stream is at the outlet of the pond. The height of the falls is IT feet, and the power is estimated at 50 horse. It is owned by the Cumberland Bone Manufacturing Company, and is employed in the manufacture of bone manure, and of pails and tubs ; employing about 25 men and producing in the manufacture of bone manure about $25,000 annually, and that of pails and tubs about $20,000. Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth ; there are five addi- tional good mill sites on this stream, which with the aid of dams would give a fall of from 16 to 22 fee)i each,, and from 50 to T$ horse-power. About one-sixth of the basin of the stream is covered with forest. The population and wealth are nearly all due to the power improvement. The market is chiefly in this State, by teams to Portland. Wheels are Tuttle's and spiral-vent. The capacity of the pond could not be increased with advantage to any great extent. There has been no injury in years past from freshets. Stream may be made perfectly uniform throughout the year. The lay of the land for mills and workshops, good. Kock, blue trap. Large quantity of granite very convenient. Tenth, on the Stroud water river, in the village of Stroudwater, about two and one-half miles from Portland. The falls are twelve feet high, and the grist, salt and spice mills upon them, are owned by W. n. Stevens. Three runs of stones and three Tub wheels, employ about eight men, produce about $20,000 annually ; capable of grinding 40 bushels of corn per hour. The average depth of stream is about 10 feet, taken 100 feet above the falls. The falls are 12 feet above the sea. The market is chiefly Portland, reached by teams. n Eleventh and Twelfth, about three miles ftirther up the stream, within one mile from the village of Saccarappa. The upper, known as the " Johnson Falls,'! is 1*7 feet high. The lower fall is 18.9 high, and is known as the " Babb Falls." The height specified is attained respectively in a horizontal distance of about 1,000 feet. The falls are situated about one-half mile from each other. The Smr. IL] THB WATER POWEBS. 5()g Westpobt — Lincoln County. Reported by Heal Brothers, Three Fowers. First, a tide power, 10 acres of pond, a dam, a saw mill out of repair, will operate 12 hours per day ; a turbine wheel of 20 horse- power. Not now in use. Second, a tide power, 32 acres of pond, dam, saw mill in good repair; will run three turbines, 20 horse-power each, 12 hours per day, and cut 1,400,000 long lumber per year, and various short lumber. Owned by Heal Brothers. Third, the "Riggs' Mill,'' tide power, 10 acres of pond, saw mill and grist mill, two turbine wheels, 12 hours per day, 20 horse-power each ; cut 700,000 of lumber and grind 6,000 bushels of grain per year. Owned by Heal Brothers. • WmTEFiELD — Lincoln County. From Selectmen's Betums. Ten Powers. First, on the East branch of the Sheepscot river at the extreme northern limit of the town, a fine mill privilege, saw, grist, shingle and other machinery. Not occupied upon the western side. Second, 20 rods south, a good privilege; shingle and grist mill. Third, three miles south, on an outlet of Pleasant pond, a fine privilege within 20 rods of the main river ; saw and shingle mill. Fourth, one mile south, on the main river, a fine privilege ; saw, shingle, grist, carding and clothing mills. Fifth, on the western branch, two miles north, a good privilege ; formerly a saw mill. Sixth, south of the Fourth, about three miles on the main stream, a good privilege ; formerly two saw mills. Seventh, one mile south of the last mentioned, the best privilege on the river ; formerly two saw mills, grist, box and shingle nulls and blacksmith shop. Eighth and Ninth, two and a half miles further south, a good privilege. In the southeastern part of the town, on a small stream flowing into the main river, another privilege ; saw and shingle mill. Tenth, 6n another small stream flowing into the m^ain river near tbe centre of the town, half a mile north of No. Seven, a shingle 5(^ WATlB WifXB Off lUiCn. CHOfrliL mill. Other good priiilegefl on fhe nilii li^er that hsve nam been occnpied. The head and fiJl of each of the privfleges onflkelMBifni will average 10 to 12 fbet. Stream fbd Iqr TariooB ponds, afi wad for reseryoin, and all capable of fmiher improyement. WmriNci — ^WABHDieTOir Oouxrt. Vive Fowera. First, on Orange stream, the outlet of Orange, Bocky, and ote ponds, covering three or four sqnare mflee ; at the Tillage, a pM mill, feet fall. Second, a short distance above, a aaw miD, ftll ieet Third, on the outlet of Roaring lake, a shingle mill. Fourth, on the outlet stream of Bockj and several other ponds, a saw mill. Fifth, on Holmes' stream in the southwest part of the toWn, i saw mill. The powers on Orange stream are inferred to be of considenUe value from the apparent facilities for storage on the lakes and ponds above. WmiNEYVILLK — ^WASmNGTOy COUNTT. From the Returns of N. Bdchelier, Esq, One Power. The "Middle Falls,'' or "The Mills," on Machias river. Height 10 feet in 50 rods. The dam is 15 feet high, and ponds the water back five or six miles. Improvements, three gang saw mills, five single saws, four lath mills, one shingle and one clapboard mill. Mills work about half of the year. Shingles and laths are some- times sawed in the winter. The Steams wheel used. Power owned by an association known as the Whitneyville Agency. The members of it reside part in ^VTiitneyville and part in Boston. The power with the present machinery, dams, etc., would saw 10,000,000 of long lumber, 10,000,000 of laths, 800,000 shingles, and 50,000 clapboards. In 1866 the mills cut 11,000,000 long lumber, 11,000,000 laths, 800,000 shingles, some clapboards, and a few thousand spool bolts. With a good dam, a gang and single saw, and lath miU, could undoubtedly run through the whole summer. If the volume of water in an ordinary summer season be assumed to be 14,500 cubic feet at this point, that at Machias being 15,( Bit, n.] THE WATER POWERS. 505 file power on the whole fall of 25 feet is 675 horse or 27,000 spindles. With regard to the increase of the volume of water, tee page 132, Part II, of this Report. The lakes are now to a considerable extent dammed, bnt the water is used for only log-driving purposes, and of course is not available for manufacturing. Sbc hundred acres of artificial reser- voirs may be had at small expense. With the present machinery and no development of the lakes for summer storage, the power is about all used. Market, by railroad to Machiasport, seven and a half miles dis- tant, and thence by sea, in vessels of all sizes, to all quarters. Williamsburg — Piscataquis County. y From Selectmen's Returns, IThree Powers. First, on the west branch of Pleasant river, at the mouth of bearing brook ; would drive a saw mill and grist mill all the year. Unimproved. Second, on Roaring brook, two miles from its mouth ; would drive a grist mill and saw mill one-half of the year. It is unim- proved. An artificial reservoir feasible. Third, on Whetstone brook ; a saw mill about going up, with shingle machine ; will operate about half of the time. First and Second are in the unbroken wilderness. Wilton — Franklin County. From the Statement of G. Bartlett, Esq., and Ike Returns of Maj, John H. WiUard, Twenty Powers. Nine of the above are situated on Wilson's stream, the outlet of Wilson's pond, in the south part of the^own, which forms the reservoir for the powers at and below the outlet. This pond, accordihg to the town plan, contains 390 acres ; but the surface now flowed by the dam, which is five feet six inches high, is much greater. The pond is very deep ; in one part no bottom can be found with a line 175 feet long. This great body of water retains the heat, so that there is no trouble from ice at the mills near the pond. First, at the foot of the pond, head and fall of 15 feet ; can be increased ; saw and shingle mill, with right to draw one and a half feet below the top of the dam ; will cut 3,000 feet hemlock gQQ WAisa PowsR ov MAorx. [Pak m. and 7,000 shingles per day ; except in drouth can saw most of the time summer and winter ; also grist mill with complete equipment; uses with all gates hoisted 2*1*1 inches water; will operate six hours a day with full head and all gates hoisted, after the saw mill has to stop ; also a starch factory, with right to draw wata necessary, for nine months. Second, below, about 40 rods, "Brown's Furniture Factoiy;" two planing machines. Third, below, carriage shop, six feet head. Fourth, nine feet head, "Fumel's Woollen Factoiy;'' machin- ery not yet in. Fifth, " Hobbs' Rake Factory," planing machine, etc. ; seven feet fall. Sixth, Bass' tannery ; five feet head. Seventh, fall 15 to 20 feet ; F. Robbins ; no improvement. Eighth, below, Bartlett's saw mill, threshing machine, shingle machine ; also a building 64 by 42 feet, flume built, ready f<^ wheel, cotton yarn factory proposed ; proprietor will let or lease; located within 40 rods of Androscoggin Railroad station ; a most excellent privilege. Ninth, 50 rods below, nine feet head can be had ; J. Robbins ; no improvement. Tenth, one-half mile below, and one-third of a mile below the mouth of Xorth Pond brook ; 10 feet head can be had ; W. S. Hinkley ; no improvement. Twelfth, below, and at East Wilton, Holt's scythe factory, Harper's saw mill, spade-handle factory, &c. ; plenty of water year round. Thirteenth, fall 13 feet; Wilton woollen factory; three sets machinery, 40 inch, now run. Mr. Townsend, the agent, says there is plenty water to run five sets. Fourteenth, fall 10 feet ; Swayne's estate ; grist mill, shingle machine and threshing machine. In addition to the water of East Wilton, this power has the water from Pea pond, 99 acres. North pond, the area of which is nearly equal to that of Wilson pond, (little over half its extent being represented on the county map) 10 now used as a reservoir by the East Wilton WooUen Mamibctaiiiiif Oomi^aiij, who own the privilege and the right the outlet stream are several privileges. .idd grist null and saw mill, bat not ^tw. no XHB WATBB POWISBS. 507 Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, etc., below ; small powers if not much value owing to the use now made of the pond for itorage, the delivery of water being regulated by the demand at Bast Wilton. Twentieth, on the jnsAu inlet of Wilson pond ; small power ; not )ccupied. The water-power in this town is of unusual constancy owing to he land upon the tributary streams of the ponds being springy and diarged with water, so that the reservoirs hold out remarkably. It also enjoys excellent facilities of access to market, the ILndroscoggin Railroad passing in the immediate vicinity of the iiVilson-stream powers. Windham — Cumberland County. From the StatemerU of William H, White, Esq. [See alio *< Qorham and Windham,'' and ** Standiah and Windham."] Bight Powers. First, the " Narrows' Palls, "on Pleasant river, at the outlet of Little Sebago pond, fall 10 feet ; owned by J. Pope & Co. Unim- proved, the mills having been carried off by the dam giving away. Second, "Legrows' Falls," below, on the same river, seven feet Ul. Unoccupied. Third, " Carney's Falls," below, 10 feet fall, occupied by stave dill and other machinery. Fourth, "Andrews' Falls," below, eight feet fall. Unoccupied. Fifth, " Pope's Falls," below, ten feet fall, woollen, saw, stave lills, &c. Sixth, "Allen's Falls," below, seven feet fall. Unoccupied. Seventh, " Baker's Falls," below, 10 feet fall, stave mill. The above powers are valuable^ the supply of water being con- i»nt and freshets being wholly under control. Little Sebago ond is " ten miles lorfg and a mile wide." It is already raised 3ven feet by a dam, and can be raised five feet more, increasing 16 storage capacity nearly three-fold. Eighth, "Kennard's Mill," on the outlet of Turtle, Mud, and Iher ponds ; fall seven feet, stave mill. Market, Portland, by canal, road, and part by rail. Windsor — Kennebec County. ^Nar Fower8« ISliti on the west branch of Sheepscot river, south of the centre f flie town, grist and saw mills. t. 5og w ABB wms ct lum. fjhmm Second, above, at tiie jmiotion of Ae livw aad Hw Sevada-peil stream, a saw mill ; a large mill pond aad two eoBridenHo fmk on the stream. Third, on the ontlet stream of Moody pond, a saw milL Fourth, a saw mill on a small stream in tite Boath part tf % town. Worn — ^PsKOBsoor Oomrrr. From the BeharnB </ Winn, Three Powers. First, "Upper Mattakennk Falk,'' on the Mattakennk rim; &11 50 feet in 100 rods ; saw miO. Otherwise totally unimptofaj. Second, '' Lower Mattakennk Falls ;'' fall 15 feet in 125 lodi; not improved. About 500 square inches of water. Third, rapids on Salmon stream ; saw mill ; otherwise not mel; wiU operate half the year. All the powers, except the last, will cany a large amouBt rf machineiy all the year. An insignificant portion oi the pomrii BOW improved. Granite and slate rock abundant ; sites exodWi in every case. Nine-tenths of the basins of the streams M oovered with wood. Yearly product of mills, about 1,000,000 feet lumber. Stream fed by Mattakennk pond 1,000 acrei» dammed ; can be made a great reservoir. Market, Bangor, by rail and river. ' WiNSLOw — ^Kennebec County. From Selectmen's Returns, including a Plan of the Wafer-Powfr. [See alflo **WatenriUe and Wiailow.'^ Seven Powers, and More. First, on the Mill brook, fed by large pond^ in China. " Tppcr Dam ;" a woollen factory, owned by J. D. Lang ; turns out cightj dollars per day of manufactures when in operation. Peg factory on tho other side. Second, " Second Dam ;" no machinery in operation. Third, "Ilaydon's Dam;'' saw mill, shingle mill, threshing machine, picket mill, and the power is but partially used. Fourth, " Fourth Dam ;" saw, shingle, picket and lath macbise; power part used. • IZ.] XHB WATSa POWBBS. 509 Fifth, on the outlet of Pattee's pond ; grist mill and shingle mill ; 4>iinerlj a saw mill ; power only partially used. Sixth, on the outlet of Webber's pond ; a saw mill ; can operate one saw. From Benton falls to the mouth of the Sebasticook, I. E. Qetchell, Esq., reports a fall of 22 feet six inches, the whole dis- tance being five miles. From the falls to Winslow line, three- fourths of a mile run, and eight feet six inches fall ; thence to the llead of dead water one and a quarter miles run, and six feet eight inches fall ; thence two miles of dead water and two feet four inches fall ; thence to the mouth of the river, one mile run and Gve feet fall ; total fall as above. Mr. Getchell judges a fine power could be developed at the mouth of the Sebasticook, the bottom and banks being favorable for dam and mills ; logs can be taken from both the Sebasticook ^nd Kennebec. WiNTERPORT — Waldo County. Statement of the Selectmen. %even Fowers, or More. First, "Plummer's Mills,'' on the Marsh river, fall 26 feet; power sufficient to run saw, stave and shingle mills. Second, the " Boyd Mill,'' on Marsh river, fall 16 feet ; saw mill. Third, "Tapley Mills," on Marsh river, 15 feet fall ; power has been sufficient to carry a grist mill with two runs of stone, saw mill« and card and clothing mill. Mill was burned last fall, and has not been rebuilt. Fourth, on Cole's brook, at North Winterport, " Baker Mill," fall 12 feet; stave and shingle mill. Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, etc. There are several more privileges on the Marsh river, never occupied, between the above mentioned mills. WiNTHROP — ^Kennebec Coumty. From Selectmen's Returns, Six Powers. Four situated at the village, and between the two ponds called Korth and South. First, a woollen factory, 15 feet head and fall; manufactures Uankets, &c.; uses 400 pounds wool per day, and pays $100 per day for labor; amount of goods sold per annum, $150,000. 510 WATBK POWSR OF HAINB. [PurlO. Second, a grist mill of aboot the same power, and a bark ud fulling mill, on same dam. The grist mill grinds 12,000 bofiheUof grain of all kinds per annum ; the bark and fhlling mills are miem- ployed. Third, a saw mill and cotton factory, same dam, abont 12 feet head and fall ; mill saws about 200,000 feet of lumber annnall;; the factory makes cotton yarn and lines ; amount of goods bodm- factured and sold, $15,000. Fourth, "Whitman's Agricultural Tool Itfanufactory," mu«- facturea cider mills, horse and hand rake, planing", threshing and winnowing machines, &c., &c.; iron machine shop, fonndry, Ac., comiGcted, and a saw mill on the same dam ; about the same as the other privileges for power ; the mill cuts out 500,000 lumber pa year. The agricultural implements, &o., manufactnred and sold, amount yearly to from $75,000 to $100,000. Fifth, on a small stream leading from Carlton pond, in East Beadfield, is used only a part of the year; occupied by Jacob Fopo of Manchester, to poliuh and finish hay forks, &C.; fonaeiij used for a saw mill. Sixth, on a small stream loading from a email pond in East Winthrop, used by Farlin Brothers for grinding bark, Ac, for i tannery. "Wise AS SET — Lincoln Coenty. From Selectmen's Returns. Twelve Powers. Firnt to Eighth, inclusivo, on Mt. Sweag stream ; all have been, in times past, improved ; only one at present, McKenney'a grirt mill; six or seven feet fall; grinds six montJis in the year; (average) about 10 bushels per hour. The other mills, saw and grist, have all been carried away or | burned ; height of &11 at other places before dams were carried away, five or ten toet ; average six, and abont tbe aame power of the one now studiiic. On (rf the millB aawed 100 .000 fwt boftrda, i ^Yrig\\t'B grist au" ttam tVe Partriage oi \ of Ibc to^ , ii.] the wat]^ powbbs. 511 Woodstock — Oxford County. • From Selectmen's Returns. or Powers. i'lrst, on Concord river, the outlet of Little and Great Concord ids. The capacity of these ponds might be increased with ill expense. Six miles from market, and a bad road ; " Perry's w Mills," operate three or four months in the year. A large tntity of spruce and hemlock in the vicinity; also a small cunt of pine. >econd, at the outlet of Bryant's pond, two miles from Bryant's id village, on the Orand Trunk Railroad. Some timber in this inity ; privilege not improved ; it offers decided advantages for nufacturing upon a small scale. The capacity of this pond lid be increased without a very heavy expense ; it has already tn considerably increased by a company located at South Paris. »at quantity of granite in the vicinity and of good quality. ?hird, on a branch of the Little Androscoggin river ; convenient market. "Andrews' Mill," boards, coffins, sash, doors, &c. all amount of timber in this vicinity. •*ourth, at North Woodstock, on a branch of the Little Concord er, two miles from Bryant's Pond station on the Atlantic and Lawrence Railroad. " Crocker's Saw Mill," not used now. nsiderable timber in this vicinity ; the location offers advantages manufacturing lumber on a limited scale. The natural falls at these privileges are slight, their capacily Dg increased by dams. Wheels and machinery are not generally the most approved kind. Freshets have done but slight damage fears past ; streams variable. Woolwich — Sagadahoc County. re Powers, and More. Hnty on a creek tributary to Back rter, a tide power, two rmills. hooodf A tide power in the southeast part of the town, a saw ^^-^ X mill pond. at the mouth of the Monsweag river, a saw mill. $m a tributary to the Monsweag river, a grist mill. Sie outlet stream of Nequosset pond, a saw mill ; pond a square mile. m for tide mills. 512 WAXB powMi wium. IfmW Yabmouth — OuHBKBLAim QonRT. EHx Fowera. They are called — one, ''Gooch's;" four, " Baker's;'' oiie,fli ''Factory Fall." All are sitnated on Boyal liTer; condMl height, 66 feet in one mile. Power estimated aufficient to grind t6 boahda of grab per kv each ; more conid be done with the beat machinery. IGlIs vift all the year. Stream connected with three small ponds. Bange from to highest water, six feet. Effect of the improvement of ihepiyivl npon the wealth of the town, excellent. Sabbath-day pond in New Oloacester, is now, 1869, being ev^ ▼erted into a reservoir to Boyal river ; 10 feet head wiD heeoa^ manded npon the pond and surrounding low land, 500 acres in dL Market, Portland, by Grand Trunk Bailroad, and* by TOBX — ^TOBX OOITHTT. From SMedmen'8 SUUemeni. Two Vowora* First, " Chase's Wool Factory," npon a fell of 19 feet, on Ik outlet stream of Chase's pond, 850 acres in extent. A pool above, of 100 acres, might easily be drained into Chase's pond. Second, two miles below, " Webber's Mills," on a fall of 35 feet ; saw, grist, and shingle mills. None of the mills work all the year. Z Tract — Penobscot County. [South of Nkatoa.] One Power. On Pattagampus stream, a saw mill. APPENDIX. report of the water-powers in Bradley, Milford and Old- F. Harrison, Civil Engineer, gives the following details g the volume of the Penobscot river : ist 22, 1868, I measured a section of the river about half low the Great Works Mills (Bradley and Oldtown) where very uniform bed and uniform current, about 2,000 feet , and with a breadth of water at the time varying from 30 feet. Soundings were taken every 10 feet, and the ;urrent timed at each section by floats, for 1,000 feet, surcments of the current were made in the afternoon, ing at 3 o'clock, the accumulations in the mill-ponds i dams made in the hours of partial non-use in the night ing by that hour become drawn down, and the river ^ly running at its natural minimum volume. The volume a 243,480 cubic feet per minute." [ceeds considerably, it will be noticed, Mr. Mills' estimate tcessive drouths of 1864-6. See page 105. irrison estimates the maximum flow at this point in the eshet of 1869, at 4,200,000 cubic feet per minute, not ; the Stillwater branch. mge from lowest to highest water at this point is in the )f years, nine feet. In the spring of 1869 it was nine feet hes. At other points in this general section of the river 3 is greater, from 13 to 14 feet. Bradley — Pknobscot County. JH/ SL F, Harrison, Civil Engineer , baaed upon his in August and September, 1868. ddtoiTBy'' ftod ** Bradlej and Orono," in Appeodiz.] I the Great Works stream, and seven on I stream. 514 WA7IE powm <» Minn. First, on Great Works Btream, aboat 40 rods from hs onflei into the Penobscot, and 11 miles from Bangor ; fidl 11 fMt; two shingle mills ; owned by N. Kittredge & Go. Son nine montb in the year, manufacture 2,500,000 shingles. The miDs aza to situated as to take stock from the Penobscot aa well as from iUk own pond.. The erection of a 5-foot dam at the foot of the meadow one »1 a quarter miles up stream, would fonn a resenroir of about M acres, ponding the water back about six miles, and anpplj mte suflElcient for 15 horse-powers through three months droughty Urn power for the remainder of the year would be much Itiger. Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth. Abore this power aal below said meadow, are four other powers of nine feet head mI fidl each, and one of 14 feet head and fidl. The last-mentioned hn been improred by mills and dam, burned a few years ago. Seventh, seven miles above, on the north branch of said stream, '* Shepley's Falls," formerly shingle mills, burned a few years ago. SuflElcient water to run a shingle mill eight months in the year vA do g^ood business. Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, above, on the saiM branch, and within two miles, head and fell from 11 to U feet each ; a 6-foot dam at the upper would pond back the water about three miles, and furnish a reservoir of about 60 acres. There aze no large ponds on this branch. About nine-tenths of the basin of this stream is wooded, and large quantities of timber are cut and hauled into the stream every year. On the Blackman or Nichols stream there are seven powers all within nine to ten miles of Bangor, and at varying distances from the outlet of the stream into the Penobscot river for one and a half miles up said stream. Thirteenth, the first or lowest on the stream, about 10 rods iron the Penobscot; 11 feet head; a single saw, shingle and lath mill, one each, run 10^ months, manufacture 500,000 feet of long lum- ber, 1,000,000 shingles, 500,000 laths; stock can be taken from the Penobscot river into the mill, and the lumber can be very con- veniently loaded on teams or rafted down the river to Bangor. This power is perfectly safe from danger by ice or freshets, and ifl considered by lumbermen one of the best powers on the rirw. Owned by Blackman brothers, who also own all the other poweia on the stream except two. APPBNDIZ. 5X5 Poarteenth, about 20 rods above, at preacnt unoccupiod, grist mill going up soon. The total fall at the forpguing two powers, i« 28i feet in a b()ri- "*">tal distance of 25 rods. A toll-bridge across the Penobscot •>6ar tbesG two powers is aoon to be built, giving access to Orono ■ud the European and North American Railway, gieatly enhancing the value of all thi- powers on the stream. ^ftecnth. Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, above, and within one and a half miles, unimproved; head and fall from nine to 12 "®* each. One of nine feet fall is improved by two shingle mills, <WO set of heading machinery, which run lOj months, and manu- *'»tore 2,000,000 shingles, 60,000 feet spool lumber, 63,000 pair l^^ding, 50,000 staves, 40,000 broom handles. »utli uf the improved powers have ample ponds for the storage ■* •U tJie stock they can manufacture, and more. BftADLET AKD OlDTOWH — PrNOBSCOT CorNTT. ^tetnenl of 8. F. Harrigon, Civil Engineer, boned upon hin Sun-et/ in August and September, 18(58. _ __ [if »lio " BndltT," and " Oldtown," in Appendix.] ^CM Powor. 'Great ^Vrirks Falls," on the Penobscot river, about II miles ^Baagor; elevated 70 feet above tide-water ; total descent 11 t of power estimated for the volume of water found ''. J?*rri«on inhis Buney, is 5,000 horse. EBtimated for the s fband bj Mr. Mills near Bangor in the great drouth of tf fffg, poorer is about 3,000 horse. rj/glftr^f &I]s are formed of two ridges of ledge extending _if tJiff /r/ V*^*" •'>ont 80 rods apart, and with a fall of about tliree A IF y??«?* <»*ch. The height of the upper ridge is increased "•"^ _ .1 ^r. L »-_ _ I J __j ; 1 — .« onn /* A* ,jy Jbet by a low dam and apron occupying about 200 jy^j^y^J part of the river. This dam is made low s .f: tliO l>*SBage of rafts, logs, &c. Adjoining the low - ',• /iT-^ higher dams (of wood) extending down the ' Tl r»l witii its axis, to the Great-Works mills in ■ "'-st Great-Works mills in Oldtown. Said •lids in length. The river at this point • ilti and one shingle and clapboard mill are 516 WATER POWER OW MAIKE. in occupation of this power on the Bradley side, owned by flie Great- Works Milling and Manufacturing Company. In said blocks there are three gang saw mills, 12 single, one muley, three lath, one clapboard, and three shingle mills ; which manufacture in the seven months of running, 20,000,000 feet of long lumber, 14,000,000 laths, 300,000 pickets, 6,000,000 shingles, and 300,000 clapboards. The power on this (Bradley) side of the river might be further improved by extending a dam down the bank of the river aboat 80 rods from the mills aforesaid, and so as to cross the outlet of Great Works stream. An increase of two feet head and fall would be obtained in the section below the mills by this means, or a total head of 13 feet. This would greatly increase this power at lowest water, and for five and a half months of the sawing season would increase it three-fold at least. It would also augment the capacity of the mill ponds for storing logs, &c., 60 acres. The expense for damages in making the improvement would not exceed $40,000. With the improvement aforesaid this power would not be equaled on the Penobscot river. The lay of the land about this power is'^avorable for the erection of mills and the location of a town. The village at this place, called Great Works, has a population of about YOO inhabitants, who are mainly dependent upon the business furnished by this power. A large extent of unimproved lands, heavily wooded, near by, can be obtained cheap ; about four-fifths of the town is <;overed by forest. Market, Bangor, by road or by the river. Passengers and light freight cross the river by ferry-boat, and take the cars at the W.est Great- Works station, on the European and North American Rail- way. Heavy freight by teams one and a half miles to Milford, at either the European and North American Railway or the Bangor, Oldtown and Milford Railroad. The Legislature at its session last winter granted a charter for a toll and railroad bridge, to cross the river at this point so as to connect with the European and North American Railway, and the prospects are favorable for its erection at no very distant day. On the west side of the river at West Great Works in Oldtown, this power is improved by one block of mills, owned by Smith ^ Pearson, four gang saw mills, six single, three lath, one clapboard, two shingle mills ; which run seven months and manufacture APPENDIX. 517 20,000,000 feet of long lumber, 14,000,000 laths, pickets, &c., 4,000,000 shingles, 500,000 clapboards. By a short branch track the cars of the European and North American Railway are run to these mills and loaded directly from the mills. Bradley and Orono — Penobscot County. Slatement of S, F, Harrison, Civil Engineer, hosed upon his Survey in August and September, 1868. [See also ** Bradley," in Appendix, and *< Orono."] Two Powers. First, an unimproved power located on the Penobscot river, about nine and three-fourth miles from Bangor, and one and one- fourth miles below the Great- Works falls. Total descent 13 feet from the foot of Great-Works falls. The banks of the river are suflBciently elevated to admit of a dam 11 feet high. The bed of the river at this point, and the left bank (Bradley side) to above liigh-water mark, are ledge, the bottom being solid bare rock for one-third the distance across, and for the remainder being covered by large stones. The width of the river here is about 500 feet. Seven feet of the fall are attained in the first half mile above said ledge; there is also the same amount (seven feet) of fall from this fall to the Orono mill-pond half a mile below. Second power, "Ayer's Falls," 37 feet above tide-water, 10 feet fall ; river 600 feet wide. For further particulars see report of Qrono, of this power and of the " Basin Mills." MiLFORD — Penobscot CountV. Statement of S. F. Harrison, Civil Engineer. [See also " Milford and Oldtown,'* in Appendix.] There is no water-power in Milford except upon the boundary, on the Penobscot river, an account of which is given below. Milford and Oldtown — Penobscot County. Statement of S. F. Harrison, Civil Engineer, based upon his Survey in August and September, 1868. [See also " Milford,'* and « Oldtown,'' in Appendix.] Three Powers. First, ''Oldtown Falls," on the Penobscot river, between the villages of Oldtown and Milford, 12 miles from Bangor, the head thereof being 92 feet above tide-water at Eddington bend. 51g WATIR MWIB 9i MAimL Ibrmation. — ^Tha natonl fidl it fcrmed hy m kdge atendiig acroBs the river at nearly right angles ta ha general oonae. lAkl serves as the foundation for the mills and dama Imflt on eaeh mk of the central part of the river. Said central part for abovtlll feet in >pyidth is free from all obstructions. The natural Mil it feet in a horizontal distance of 190 feet, with an additional detoot of three and a half feet in 20 rods. The river at this pointis aboii 800 feet in width. Pouter.— These falls (in the first 100 feet) wOl furnish a coDiInk power, day and night, during the lowest run of water, of 6^M horses, and with dams at the head of the fall to increase its heigy a much greater amount. This is estimated for the volume of wito found by Mr. Ilarrison in his survey. See Appendix, page 513. Lay of the land, .etc. — ^The lay of the land on both stdes of the river is favorable for the location of manufacturing establishmeats. Larg^ quantities of stone suitable for foundations are ' procunUe near by, and boulder granite is also found in considerable quaafr ties. Any amount of good granite can be easily and chesp^ obtained at the celebrated Prospect quarry, and cheaply transpcr ted by vessel and rail. Good brick clay near at hand. Lamkr fbr building purposes either manufactured or in the log is obUin- able in almost unlimited quantities. The great Penobscot booms, in which are stored nearly all the lumber cut on the river, are about two miles above. AcceHsibilUy, — This power is accessible by the Bangor, Oldtown and Milford Railroad, which has a branch track to the uiills at Old^ town ; and also by the European and North American and BaDgor and Piscataquis Railways, both of which have stations near by this power both in Oldtown and Milford ; the Bangor, Oldtown and Milford Railroad also has a station near this power in Milford, being one of the termini of said road. Improvements, — These are as follows : — On the Oldtown side of the river, two blocks of saw mills with short dams connected there- with, all built in a substantial manner of wood, and owned by the heirs of the late Samuel Veazie. Said blocks contain 14 single saw mills, five gang, three shingle, two clapboard, four lath mills ; which run about seven months in the year (could run all the year,) and manufacture in that time 26,000,000 feet of long lumber, 4,600,000 shingles, 1,000,000 clap- boards, 13,600,000 laths, pickets, &c. ^ APPXVDIZ. 519 The lamber finds a market at Bangor, being ran down the river in rafts, or sent by rail on either of the aforesaid roads. On the Milford side of the river there is one block of saw mills, with short connecting dams all built of wood, and comparing favor- ably with the other mills on the river. Owned by the Milford Mill Oompany. Said block has six single saw mills, four gang, one shingle, one clapboard, and four lath mills ; which run about seven months in the year, and manufacture 15,000,000 feet of long lumber, 13,500,- 000 laths, pickets, &c., 1,500,000 shingles, 500,000 clapboards. Marketed at Bangor, by raft and rail. Second. The second pow;er is located at the southern extremity of Treat and Webster's island in Oldtown, and is known as the " Rufus Dwinel Privilege.'' It is supplied with water through the dams of the Veazie mills, aforesaid, about half a mile above. This power is very secure from damage by ice and freshets. Is acces- sible by the European and North American Railway, which has a station within a few rods of the mills ; a branch track could be laid to the mills with very little expense. Owned by Rufus Dwinel. Fall seven and a half feet. Power not measured.
| 7,878 |
https://github.com/rexrainbow/phaser/blob/master/src/scale/events/RESIZE_EVENT.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,023 |
phaser
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rexrainbow
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JavaScript
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Code
| 200 | 355 |
/**
* @author Richard Davey <[email protected]>
* @copyright 2013-2023 Photon Storm Ltd.
* @license {@link https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT|MIT License}
*/
/**
* The Scale Manager Resize Event.
*
* This event is dispatched whenever the Scale Manager detects a resize event from the browser.
* It sends three parameters to the callback, each of them being Size components. You can read
* the `width`, `height`, `aspectRatio` and other properties of these components to help with
* scaling your own game content.
*
* @event Phaser.Scale.Events#RESIZE
* @type {string}
* @since 3.16.1
*
* @param {Phaser.Structs.Size} gameSize - A reference to the Game Size component. This is the un-scaled size of your game canvas.
* @param {Phaser.Structs.Size} baseSize - A reference to the Base Size component. This is the game size.
* @param {Phaser.Structs.Size} displaySize - A reference to the Display Size component. This is the scaled canvas size, after applying zoom and scale mode.
* @param {number} previousWidth - If the `gameSize` has changed, this value contains its previous width, otherwise it contains the current width.
* @param {number} previousHeight - If the `gameSize` has changed, this value contains its previous height, otherwise it contains the current height.
*/
module.exports = 'resize';
| 47,062 |
09385d4e352005353c5edfe761fbbe3d
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
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JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20170032_00745.pdf
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journal-officiel.gouv.fr
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Swedish
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Spoken
| 95 | 234 |
e
149 année. - N°32
Samedi 12 août 2017
D.I.L.A
CN=DILA SIGNATURE-03,OU=0002
13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2017-08-12 08:02:11
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Fondations partenariales
Annonce n° 745
55 - Meuse
ASSOCIATIONS
Modifications
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Meuse
ASSOCIATION SPORTIVE DE TREVERAY.
Siège social : Mairie, 8 rue Pierre de Luxembourg, 55130 Tréveray.
Transféré, nouvelle adresse : A.S. TREVERAY Chez M. Boris BURNEL, 5, rue de Villers le Sec, 55290 Hévilliers.
Date de la déclaration : 2 août 2017.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 33,287 |
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Hloroetanol
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
2-Hloroetanol
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https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-Hloroetanol&action=history
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Serbian
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Spoken
| 24 | 88 |
2-Hloroetanol je organsko jedinjenje, koje sadrži 2 atoma ugljenika i ima molekulsku masu od 80,513 -{Da}-.
Osobine
Reference
Literatura
Spoljašnje veze
-{2-Chloroethanol}-
Алкохоли
Органохлориди
| 2,827 |
proceedingsofhag03inteuoft_61
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,920 |
The proceedings of the Hague Peace Conferences; translation of the official texts. The Conference of 1907
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International Peace Conference. (2nd : 1907 : Hague, Netherlands) | Scott, James Brown, 1866-1943
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English
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Spoken
| 7,263 | 8,951 |
[876] In the first place, it should be observed that I am not open to suspicion in this matter. I had spoken in support of the British proposal regarding contraband of war. It was only incidentally that I said I could not well under- stand it in view of the English opposition to the immunity of private property at sea. It was therefore an incidental remark which our honorable colleague has done me the honor to take up. I must reply to such a mark of distinction. I have long been accustomed to look upon my illustrious opponent as one of the living masters in this branch of law. His labors, especially in the Insti- tute of International Law, are known to me. They entitle him to our respect. 1 Annex 27. NINTH MEETING, JULY 26, 1907 867 But the authority of the masters is founded merely upon the superiority of their reasoning. Well, in this case our estimable colleague has not given me a single reason. He has confined himself to saying squarely that there is no connection between the question of contraband of war and that of immunity of private property at sea in naval warfare. Why? He has not told us. Therefore I venture to urge against his assertion pure and simple the reason for my dis- senting opinion. Is there indeed no relation between these two questions? I hold, on the contrary, that there is a direct and manifest relationship. Do you wish for the proof? I shall give you an immediate and striking one. In the American pro- posal it is stated that enemy private property is exempt from capture, with the exception of contraband of war. Hence in that proposal the immunity of enemy private property is laid down as the general rule and contraband of war is made an exception to such immunity. But can we specify as exceptions to a rule cases which, if they were not so excepted, would not be included in the rule? No ; an exception is merely a species detached from the genus covered by the rule. Now, can there be a closer relationship between two ideas than that between the species and the genus? Therefore the two ideas are closely related. From what angle do the representatives of Great Britain now regard the two questions? They transpose the terms of the American attitude, declaring private property, with the exception of contraband, liable to capture. Contra- band was subject to seizure in the American proposal. Contraband is not subject to seizure in the British proposal.1 But does it for this reason cease to be a special case of private property at sea? Evidently not. It is still private property at sea. According to the system of the British delegation, maritime property is liable to capture, but contraband of war is not. That is to say, we make war on ordinary commerce and abstain from making war on commerce in articles of a military character. But it is still commerce, still private property. Can there be a closer relationship? If this private property consists of products that are of no use in military opera- tions, it can be confiscated as general commerce. But if it consists of products serviceable in war, then, as contraband of war, it is guaranteed against seizure. Is there not a manifest inconsistency, as manifest as the relationship is close? I should like to hear anyone prove the contrary. Mr. Max Huber, in the name of the Swiss delegation, expresses the opinion that the proposal of the British delegation to abolish the prohibition of contra- band seems to be the most equitable solution of the problem which the Com- mission is discussing to-day, because it gives the most effective protection to the interests of the commerce of neutral States which are at all times in the great majority. If the British proposal could be adopted, one of the most troublesome diffi- culties of international law would be overcome, and it would be easier to [877] settle other related questions in such a way as to reconcile freedom of neutral commerce with the legitimate interests of belligerents. The President states that two different opinions have manifested themselves: one aiming to abolish contraband, which is maintained by Great Britain, Nor- way, Portugal, and Switzerland ; the other, upheld by France 2 and the United ' Annex 27. * Annex 29. 868 FOURTH COMMISSION States of America,1 maintaining the principle of contraband, but with certain ameliorations. He also states that all are agreed as to the uncertainty in the rules of contraband and as to the recognition of the belligerent's right of legiti- mate self-defense. All are likewise in agreement as to granting neutral com- merce the broadest guarantees. Such being the state of affairs, the committee of examination can draw up articles on the bases that have been adopted by all. If it were otherwise, the Commission would be permitted to express its opinion by a vote. His Excellency Sir Edward Fry insists that the Commission vote on the principle of the abolition of contraband. He asks that this vote be postponed to the next meeting, so that the delegations may have time to give the various proposals thorough consideration. He is convinced that the more the British proposal is examined, the more acceptable it will be found. The President declares the discussion of the question of contraband of war closed. The vote on this question is postponed to the next meeting. The Com- mission will then return to the discussion of days of grace and the questions following. The meeting adjourns at 4 o'clock. 1 Annex 31. [878] TENTH MEETING JULY 31, 1907 His Excellency Mr. Martens presiding. The meeting opens at 10 : 50 o'clock. The minutes of the eighth and ninth meetings are adopted. The President recalls that the program calls first of all for a vote on the proposals of the delegation of Great Britain relative to the abolition of con- traband of war.1 The Commission has expressed the desire to vote on the proposal as worded in the synoptic table.2 The President reads this proposal and announces that certain delegates have asked permission to speak before the vote is taken. His Excellency Baron von Macchio then takes the floor and speaks as follows : The British delegation's proposal relating to the abolition of contraband of war was the subject at the last few meetings of this Commission of a highly interesting analysis, in which a large number of our honorable colleagues devel- oped all the arguments that could be advanced for or against this proposal. The delegation of Austria-Hungary also duly appreciates how advantageous the system upheld by the British delegation in this liberal proposal would be to the commerce of neutrals in time of war. It believes that one of the main objects of the present Conference is not only to mitigate the evils of war, but to limit as far as possible its deleterious effect outside the jurisdiction of the belligerent parties, that is to say on the lives, the property, and the general well- being of neutrals. Moved first of all by the important interests of the latter, the Austro-Hungarian delegation does not hesitate to declare itself to be in sym- pathy with the principle of the complete abolition of the conception of contra- band of war. That is to say, it will vote for the British proposal, if it is put to vote; but be it understood that it desires to exclude therefrom the question of the definition of auxiliary vessels, which, as a matter of fact, as the British delegation has itself declared, is not the counterpart of the proposal which is now before us. [879] The Austro-Hungarian delegation, however, has no illusions as to the practical consequences of this vote, in view of the divergent opinions which have been expressed in the course of this illustrious assembly's discussion. It must therefore contemplate now the possibility of the British proposal's not receiving the required unanimous vote. Now we have also before us the proposals of the German, French, and Brazilian delegations, which, though maintaining the principle of contraband, 1 Annex 27. ' Annex 32. 869 870 FOURTH COMMISSION are on the whole an obvious amelioration of the present situation and are all inspired by a desire to remedy in some degree the uncertainty, the instability, and the lack of precise and generally recognized .rules, all of which are at the present time sources of the greatest inconvenience and of the greatest risk to the commerce of neutrals. The Austro-Hungarian delegation therefore reserves the right to support that one of these projects which would give the most restrictive interpretation to contraband. It believes that all these proposals contain valuable ideas and admit of the hope that an agreement can be reached on the basis of a compro- mise between the above-mentioned projects. The President announces that the Commission takes official note of the remarks of his Excellency Baron von Macchio. Count de la Mortera declares that in the absence of instructions the Span- ish delegation will abstain. His Excellency Mr. Keiroku Tsudzuki makes a similar declaration. The delegation of Japan nevertheless reserves the right to declare itself later on if there should be occasion. His Excellency Mr. van den Heuvel desires to explain in a few words the attitude of the Belgian delegation. It has given its adhesion to proposals whose object is to proclaim respect for the private property of belligerents at sea and to ensure it the same protec- tion as enemy property on land. It will give its adhesion to proposals whose purpose is to proclaim respect for freedom of neutral commerce at sea and to remove the restrictions which have been placed upon it to the detriment of the general interest. Too often has it been said that the interests of neutrals must bow before the rights of belligerents. This point of view seems to us incorrect. Neutrals and belligerents have their respective rights. The essential thing is to reconcile them without sacrificing those of the one to those of the other. The system of contraband, as it has been framed in recent years, is no longer a system derived from the belligerent's legitimate right of self-defense. It is a system that goes far beyond the requirements for the carrying on of hostilities. It is absolutely arbitrary in its provisions concerning relative con- traband and in its presumptions in the matter of continuous voyage. It greatly disturbs and interrupts not only the peaceful relations between neutrals and belligerents, but also the relations between neutrals themselves. The great ocean highways must remain open to the goings and comings of nations and no barriers must be erected thereon: Mare Liberunt. On sea as on land neutral individuals must be in a position to claim complete freedom for their commerce. All that belligerent States may ask is that neutral States or individuals shall keep within the bounds required by their neutrality. Consequently, on the one hand, neutral States recognize their right to carry on hostilities and the fact [880] that the conditions of war cannot be changed either by restrictions or by assistance ; and, on the other hand, they are themselves armed against intervention on the part of neutral individuals by the right of arresting ves- sels which are manifestly directly aiding the enemy forces and by the right of taking action against those who attempt to violate a declared and effective blockade. TENTH MEETING, JULY 31, 1907 871 That is why the Belgian delegation will vote in the affirmative on the pro- gressive proposal of the British delegation.1 The abolition of contraband would in time of war place insular States and those having a long coastline in the same situation as continental States, which because of the facilities of internal transportation can continue to supply freely the necessities which their people require. It would benefit all alike, great and small, the belligerents of to-day who will be the neutrals of to-morrow. It would wipe out a thousand sources of difficulty and dispute. His Excellency Baron Marschall von Bieberstein observes that the English proposal contemplates the abolition of contraband. This would apparently be a great advance in favor of neutral commerce. But the English proposal with respect to the definition of war-ships in reality maintains the system of con- traband by bringing about a situation as regards neutral merchant ships which, in our opinion, would be much more precarious than under the present system. For example, a neutral merchant ship carrying contraband, under the system now in force, may be seized, but the validity of the seizure must be confirmed by legal process. But this same vessel, if suspected of carrying supplies for the enemy fleet might, according to the English proposal, be considered a war- ship of the enemy ; and the vessel, its cargo and crew would be treated as form- ing part of the enemy fleet. Then " causa finita." No legal recourse would be open. It would appear, therefore, that the two English proposals form an insepa- rable whole. His Excellency Baron Marschall von Bieberstein does not object to the President's proposal that a vote be taken on the proposal con- templating the abolition of contraband of war; but since such a vote might give rise to false impressions outside the Conference, he desires to state that the German delegation in voting against the abolition of contraband has no intention of refusing an advantage to neutral merchants, but quite the contrary desires to preserve the system of contraband because that system appears to be much better and much more advantageous to neutral commerce than the new system proposed by the English delegation. His Excellency Mr. Choate recalls that at the last meeting the delegation of the United States stated that it preferred the attitude of President Roosevelt on the question of contraband to that of Secretary of State Marcy. The delegation of the United States having communicated with him is to-day in a position to state, in his name, that the United States, desiring to favor neutral commerce as much as possible, considers it better to place certain restric- tions on contraband of war rather than to adopt the abolition of the system which would very likely give rise to questions of such gravity as to render their solution difficult. His Excellency Lord Reay desires once more to state that there is no con- nection between the question of the abolition of contraband of war and the definition of an auxiliary vessel. The delegations which vote in favor of the abolition of contraband of war 1 remain free therefore to declare them- [881] selves against the theory of an auxiliary vessel, and vice versa those which will not admit this abolition may adopt the definition of auxiliary vessels. 1 Annex 27. 872 FOURTH COMMISSION The President recalls that the Commission decided to vote at to-day's meet- ing on the question of contraband. All the declarations concerning contraband of war will be inserted in the minutes and in casting their votes the delegations will bear these different declarations in mind. In the course of the debates two opinions have been expressed. The first, supported by the British delegation,1 is in favor of the abolition of contraband of war; the second, upheld by the French delegation,2 is based on the necessity of maintaining the system of contraband. However, an agreement has mani- fested itself on two points: no one disputes the belligerent's right of legitimate self-defense; nor does anyone dispute the fact that it is the duty of neutrals not to intervene in hostilities. The Commission is agreed to leave belligerents the right to take measures against the hostile commerce of neutrals. Finally, there is a fourth point upon which all opinions are at one, and that is that all have discovered that there are abuses and that reforms are necessary, especially in the matter of defining precisely articles of contraband, thereby giving neutral commerce better guarantees than it has at present. The Commission proceeds to vote; thirty-five delegations take part therein. Yeas, 25 : Argentine Republic, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Paraguay, Netherlands, Peru, Persia, Portugal, Salvador, Serbia, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland. Nays, 5 : Germany, United States of America, France, Montenegro, Russia. Not voting, 5 : Spain, Japan, Panama, Roumania, Turkey. On the proposal of the President the Commission decides to charge the com- mittee of examination with the preparation of a text which will harmonize the proposals that have been made. His Excellency Mr. Ruy Barbosa demands a vote on the Brazilian delega- tion's proposal ; 3 the Commission has been able to study the different systems which have been submitted and which follow more or less broad lines; it must pass upon them in the order of their scope. If the Commission adopts this view, it must vote first of all on the Brazilian proposal and then on the others. The work of the committee of examination will thus be simplified. The President is of the opinion that under these circumstances there must first be a general discussion on the British proposal, then on those of Brazil, of Germany * and of France in the order given. Not to prolong the discussions, it would perhaps be preferable to allow the committee of examination, as in the other Commissions, to endeavor to draw up a text that will harmonize the dif- ferent proposals. His Excellency Mr. Ruy Barbosa agrees to this method of procedure. His Excellency Mr. Carlos Concha takes the floor and speaks as follows : From the projects which have been submitted to the Commission it appears that there is a marked tendency to restrict relative contraband by con- [882] fining it to articles directly destined for the land or naval forces of bel- ligerents, and, on the other hand, to leave free from all restraint trade 1 Annex 27. ' Annex 29. * Annex 30. * Annex 28. TENTH MEETING, JULY 31, 1907 873 between individuals in these articles, as indicated in the proposals of Germany and of France.1 The delegation of Chile, on its side, would be glad to see the total abolition of relative contraband, not only in order to give commerce greater security, but also in order to avoid numerous disputes between nations, which arise in matters of contraband. Having it in mind to show the errors of judgment to which the classifica- tion of articles of contraband give rise, we shall venture to point out what has occurred in the case of a substance which is used in agriculture and in manu- factures in Europe for esentially peaceful purposes and the sale of which reaches the figure of 300 to 400 millions of francs a year. We refer to nitrate of soda, which has always been classified among the articles constituting contraband of war, in spite of its employment in agriculture and manufactures. We venture therefore to call the attention of the committee of examination to this point, in order that this substance may be removed from the list of articles considered contraband of war. In support of our opinion, we quote what Rivier says in his " Principe s du Droit des Gens": At the instance of the merchants of Hamburg, the German Govern- ment declared itself in principle against the contraband nature (of nitrate of soda) and promised to endeavor to have its view adopted in favor of saltpeter and nitrate of soda. As a matter of fact, the proportion of nitrate which enters into the manu- facture of powder is so insignificant that it does not deserve to be taken into consideration. Nitrate of soda is first of all — and this is its chief and most important quality — a fertilizer, the fertilizer par excellence, the fertilizer without which agriculture in general and the cultivation of cereals and beets in particular would be menaced in their productivity to such an extent that it might lead to complete ruin. Nitrate is, moreover, a very important factor in the industries, particularly in the mining industry, where it is used in the preparation of the explosives necessary to dislodge the wealth concealed in the bowels of the earth. The con- struction of ports, the boring of tunnels, in short, all the vast works of modern progress, require nitrate for their accomplishment. It may therefore be asserted that in the present state of agriculture, of the industries, and of modern progress, nitrate is an indispensable element, an ele- ment of peace, of civilization and of wealth, and not an element of destruction. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to demonstrate mathematically the exact quantity which is used in various ways ; but we can estimate, without fear of error, that eighty per cent of the present supply of nitrate is used as a fer- tilizer in agriculture. Of the remaining twenty per cent only half, rather less than more, enters into the composition of explosives, and an insignificant quan- tity is used in the manufacture of powder. Europe alone consumed last year (1906) one million two hundred and forty-one thousand four hundred tons of nitrate. This enormous quantity was distributed among the principal European countries as follows: ' Annexes 28 and 29. 874 FOURTH COMMISSION Germany 559,040 tons France 213,180 " [883] Belgium 178,100 " Netherlands 120,640 " Great Britain 106,950 " Italy 46,520 " Austria 6,840 " Sweden 5,320 " Spain 4,670 " etc., etc. The mere enumeration of these figures would amply suffice to show what an enormous economic disturbance would ensue if nitrate were included among the articles that constitute contraband of war. The opinion that nitrate should be considered contraband of war because it served in the manufacture of powder was warranted fifty or sixty years ago. At that time the production of nitrate was insignificant as compared with its production at the present time, and then it was scarcely used in agriculture, for its fertilizing qualities were not sufficiently well known. It was used chiefly in the manufacture of explosives and powder. But between that time and the present day conditions and the importance of nitrate have wholly changed. Nitrate has become a fertilizer of universally recognized efficacy, and although its production has increased by giant strides, practically all that is produced is destined for agriculture. With the view of illustrating our demonstration, I am supplementing my remarks with a table in which the increase in the production of nitrate from 1840 to 1904 by five-year periods can be followed. In conclusion, I must present my excuses for having taken the liberty of calling the Commission's attention to a point which is of great interest to Chile, the only country that produces nitrate, and which involves the vital interests of the agriculture and industries of the whole world. 1840-1844 73.232 tons 1845-1849 94,806 " 1850-1854 149,960 " 1855-1859 259,394 " 1860-1864 327,034 " 1865-1869 487,324 " 1870-1874 1,095,628 " 1875-1879 1,365,418 " 1880-1884 2,220,926 " 1885-1889 3,318,520 " 1890-1894 4,813,670 " 1895-1899 6,204,636 " 1900-1903 (4 years) 5,537,396 " Total 25,947,944 " TENTH MEETING, JULY 31, 1907 875 The President states that the Commission takes official note of these dif- ferent declarations and that they will be submitted to the committee of exam- ination. [884] The President reminds the Commission that the program calls for the discussion of the question of days of grace, which has been carried over from last week. The Commission was then unanimously of the opinion that it was desirable to allow a period of grace to enemy merchant ships in belligerent waters on the outbreak of hostilities, but it has not yet passed upon the question whether this period is a right belonging to the enemy merchant ship or a favor that may be refused. The French delegation * made a proposal on this subject, the examination of which was postponed until to-day's session, because the majority of the delegations at that time were without instructions. His Excellency Mr. Hammarskjold declares himself in favor of an ob- ligatory period of grace. However, any proposal tending toward an obligation, even a restricted or conditional obligation, seems to meet with insuperable objec- tions on the part of certain Powers whose co-operation is indispensable. On the other hand, all are unanimous in recognizing that a period of grace should be granted. In these circumstances he believes that it would be advisable to mention this unanimity in the text of the eventual convention. It has at the same time been his desire to combine the Russian 2 and the French proposals, in order to preserve the advantage of the very useful provisions which both of these pro- posals contain. That is the intent of the Swedish amendment 3 which the Com- mission has before it. The two proposals which the Swedish amendment com- bines being already known, his Excellency Mr. Hammarskjold hopes that it may be possible to discuss his amendment at this meeting, together with the above-mentioned proposals. His Excellency Mr. Tcharykow requests the floor on a question of revision : The delegation of Russia modifies the reading of its proposal 2 as follows : Article 1, line 3: substitute the word "suffisant" (sufficient) for the words " de faveur" (of grace) ; and Article 2, line 2: omit the words " de faveur" (of grace). These two articles will then read: Article 1 In the event of a merchant vessel of either of the belligerents being over- taken by war in the port of the other belligerent, the latter must grant this ves- sel a sufficient period, in order to allow it, etc. Article 2 A merchant ship which, owing to circumstances of force majeure, has been unable to leave the enemy port within the period above mentioned, etc. His Excellency Vice Admiral Mehemed Pasha observes that the object in allowing days of grace to enemy merchant ships, which on the outbreak of hostilities happen to be in a port belonging to one of the belligerents, is to pro- tect the interests of non-combatants. ' Annex 20. 'Annex 18. * Annex 21. 876 FOURTH COMMISSION If it be left to the pleasure of belligerents to grant this period of grace, the rule which we desire to establish will not be permanently and generally effective. The period of grace should be obligatory and sufficiently long to permit these vessels to reach in safety the nearest port belonging to their Government or to a neutral Government. [885] His Excellency Lord Reay desires to recall, before the Commission pro- ceeds to vote, that the British delegation supports the formula proposed by his Excellency Count Tornielli. Mr. Louis Renault says that the French delegation is not in favor of the obligatory character of days of grace. Under these circumstances the Swedish proposal, which does not involve any obligation on the part of the belligerents, might be supported. It is, as a matter of fact, difficult to establish by con- vention a distinction between the vessels which a belligerent may, and those which he may not, detain. This interpretation of days of grace, which is the same as that of his Excellency Lord Reay, permits the Commission to support the Swedish proposal under the reservation of the important amelioration that, although the belligerent has the right to detain, he has not the right to con- fiscate. The Commission cannot raise any objection to voting for a proposal which, while preserving the period of grace, makes use of the words : " It is desirable ..." The President notes that the divergences of opinion which have been ex- pressed in the Commission bear upon the obligatory character of the period of grace. He asks whether the Commission is willing to confine its vote to the ques- tion of principle alone, and to leave it to the committee of examination to work out the text of a draft convention. His Excellency Sir Edward Fry says that two questions must be elucidated, namely: (1) Whether the days of grace will be obligatory or optional; (2) Whether, in the event of their being declared optional, there should be an accom- panying declaration to the effect that it is desirable that they be granted. The President states that the Commission is in unanimous agreement upon this point — that it is desirable to allow days of grace — and proposes that a vote be taken on the optional or obligatory character of the period of grace. Rear Admiral Sperry says that the delegation of the United States is of the opinion that a well-established principle of international law recognizes that enemy merchant ships, which on the outbreak of hostilities happen to be in the ports of a belligerent, have the right to depart freely. This right is, however, subject to the restrictions dictated by military necessity. His Excellency Mr. Nelidow believes that there are two distinct questions: (1) that concerning the right of enemy merchant ships, which on the outbreak of hostilities happen to be in belligerent waters, to depart freely without requiring a period of grace; (2) that concerning the right of these same vessels to obtain a period of grace in which to complete their loading or unloading. The President replies that the Commission must pass upon the following questions: (1) Must or may the belligerent allow vessels to depart? (2) If these vessels have a right, is this right a limited or an unlimited one? His Excellency Mr. Ruy Barbosa remarks that his Excellency Mr. Nelidow raises a different question from that which was submitted to the Commission. The obligation of permitting vessels to depart freely but immediately must not be confused with that of granting a period of grace. TENTH MEETING, JULY 31, 1907 877 His Excellency Mr. Nelidow replies that this distinction was suggested to him by Rear Admiral Sperry's declaration. The President believes that the Commission must pass upon the question whether the belligerent is obliged to permit or may permit the vessel to [886] depart. Matters of detail like those contained in the French proposal con- cerning the right to detain and requisition are within the province of the committee of examination. His Excellency Mr. Choate asks that the question upon which the Commis- sion is to vote be drawn up in writing. Mr. Kriege requests that a vote on the obligatory character of days of grace be deferred until after the question has been studied by the committee of exami- nation. Certain delegations, a very few, do not recognize this obligatory character. The question which seems to concern them above all is that of merchant ships that are capable of being converted into war-ships. The Netherland proposal meets what they have in mind. If the committee could draw up a project taking their ideas into consideration, it would perhaps be easy to reach an agreement. If the Commission does not now adopt this view, if it desires to proceed to a vote to-day, the German delegation will vote in the affirmative on the obligatory character of the period of grace, reserving the right to vote for modifications and amendments that are capable of bringing about an agreement among the delegations. His Excellency Lord Reay being of a similar opinion, on the proposal of the President the Commission concurs in the views expressed by Mr. Kriege and directs the committee of examination to make a report. The President opens the discussion on questions IX and X of the ques- tionnaire, which read as follows: IX. Is it necessary to modify the terms of the Declaration of Paris of 1856 as to blockade in time of war? X. Is it desirable to determine, in the convention to be concluded, the universally recognized consequences of the breaking of an effective blockade ? The President remarks that the question of blockade is not specifically in- cluded in the program drawn up by the Russian Government. The Commission might therefore have raised objections thereto, but its abstention implies its con- sent to pass to a discussion thereof. The basis of the question is to be found in the Declaration of Paris of 1856, which is itself founded upon the conven- tion of the League of Neutrals of 1780. His Excellency Mr. Ruy Barbosa files the following proposal, which is an amendment * to the Italian proposal 2 on blockade : 1. A blockade is effective, under the conditions stipulated in the Italian proposition (Article 2). only when it is limited to ports, roadsteads, anchorages, bays, or other landing places on the enemy shore, as well as places giving access thereto. 2. The Conference shall fix a certain number of miles, calculated from the coast, at low tide, or from an imaginary line between the extremities of the port or of the bay, as well as from the said extremities along the coast, in order to limit the area within which the blockading fleet shall carry on blockade opera- tions. 1 Annex 36. ' Annex 34. 878 FOURTH COMMISSION 3. When a vessel is captured within these limits, the above-mentioned con- ditions having been fulfilled, no question as to the effectiveness of the blockade may be raised. 4. Notice as provided in Article 4 of the Italian proposition shall, in all cases, be presumed to be known, unless the contrary is proved, to vessels [887] which have left ports within the jurisdiction of the notified Government seven whole days after the date of the said notice. 5. Changes in the blockade must likewise be notified and shall not bind neutrals unless the geographical limits are indicated in accordance with the pro- vision above, Article 2. His Excellency Count Tornielli states that he cannot vote upon the Brazilian proposal without having previously studied it. The Italian delegation has prepared an explanatory statement with regard to its proposal, which Mr. Guido Fusinato reads : Mr. President, contraband and blockade are the two great restrictions which war has placed upon the commerce of neutrals in the present state of positive international law. But while the whole world is agreed as to the principle upon which the prohibition of contraband of war rests, whatever may be the divergences and difficulties in its practical application, there is no such agreement in the matter of blockade. The different points of view as regards its nature and its foundation engender, moreover, striking divergences in the legal regulation of this institution. The broadest application of blockade cannot be justified except by recognizing that belligerents have the right to forbid all commerce between neutrals and a portion of the enemy coast. It is only on this theory that we can speak of the obligation on the part of neutrals to respect the prohibition declared in this regard by the belligerent and of the belligerent's right to punish neutrals whenever their intent to infringe such a prohibition in any place whatever is clearly proved. The employment of force would be merely a means of carrying out this right and the belligerent might resort to it at his pleasure. But this view of blockade is utterly at variance with the principles of posi- tive international law, which lay down the general rule of absolutely free trade between neutrals and belligerents, with the exception of contraband of war. Aside from this, the belligerent has no right to prohibit neutral commerce and neutrals are not obliged to obey him. On their side, however, belligerents have the right to carry out any military operation which they deem calculated to aid in bringing about final victory, sub- ject to the limitations which international law impose upon them. They may, in naval warfare, blockade any enemy port or any portion of his coast, just as they may besiege a city in land warfare. Blockade is indeed merely the isolation of a portion of the coast and a prohibition of access thereto by means of force. This results in a restriction on commerce which neutrals are necessarily obliged to suffer, just as they are obliged to submit to the inevitable consequences of acts of war on the part of belligerents. It is the operation of war as such which they are bound to respect. It is from these principles that the justification of blockade, as well as the limits of its application, is derived. The divergences in the conception of blockade and in its establishment have been the subject of well-known historical controversies between maritime States. TENTH MEETING, JULY 31, 1907 879 The Declaration of Paris of April 16, 1856, finally settled these disputes. In proclaiming that " blockades, in order to be binding, must be effective," it deter- mined precisely and definitely the characteristics of this institution. It follows that neutrals are bound to respect blockades only in so far as they have the [888] characteristics and aspect of a war operation, and consequently only within the limits and in the places where such an operation can be effectively carried out. The proposal which the Italian delegation has the honor to submit to the examination of the high Assembly is merely the development of the principles sanctioned by the Declaration of Paris. This instrument comprises simply a definition which, while containing the germ of later solutions, nevertheless gives rise to doubts and uncertainties as to its practical application. It is the task of the present Conference to resolve these doubts and to clear up these uncer- tainties by developing the spirit of the Declaration of 1856 and by codifying the logical consequences which follow therefrom. That is just what the Italian delegation has endeavored to do. The definition of blockade, the formalities pertaining to its notification, the penalties for its violation — such are the essential points in the legal regulation of the matter. The provisions which we have the honor to lay before you in Articles 2 and 3 of our project aim to complete and to make more precise the definition of the Declaration of Paris. Article 4 attempts to harmonize the practical and the respective force of general notification and of special notification in the domain of the good faith and respect due the rights and interests in question. Article 5 con- tains the most important consequence of the conception of blockade as set forth in Article 1. It lays down the principle that a vessel may not be seized for violation of blockade except in the act of attempting to run a blockade that is binding. The delegation of the United States of America has presented an amendment 1 to this article, which would materially modify its force. It is, however, to be hoped that a common basis of agreement can be reached. As for us, we are of the opinion that recognizing the effectiveness of a blockade as the first condition of its binding force is equivalent to declaring that the basis and essence of blockade consists entirely in the actual exercise of military power by the belligerent over the blockaded zone. It necessarily follows that blockade does not begin until such military power is established ; that it ceases as soon as that military power ends ; and that it can have no effect or consequence where that military power does not actually exist. In other words, blockade is merely an act of war inseparable from the places where war is waged, and there can be no violation thereof or punishment for such violation except in these places. Mr. President, the extraordinary development that has taken place in the methods of communication on land has without doubt deprived blockades to a great extent of their former importance. Blockade has not, however, ceased to be one of the most serious attacks on the rights of peaceful commerce. Blockade is a war measure aimed at neutrals rather than at the enemy. Indeed, in the pres- ent state of international law blockade is not necessary in order to prohibit enemy vessels from continuing their commerce. To confine blockade within its true limits by perfecting the work begun by the Powers in 1856 and by establishing 1 Annex 35. 880 FOURTH COMMISSION equitable conditions that will harmonize the exigencies of war with the interests and rights of commerce, this is one of the tasks of the present Conference. If it succeeds in accomplishing this, it will have greatly contributed to the good cause of international justice. His Excellency Sir Ernest Satow asks that certain modifications * be made in the Italian proposal : 2 Article 2, paragraph 1 : substitute the word " real " for " evident." [889] Article 3: see amendment proposed by the delegation of the United States of America.3 Article 4, paragraph 2 : substitute the words " a neutral vessel approach- ing " for " the vessel approaching." Article 5 : see amendment proposed by the delegation of the United States of America.3 His Excellency General Porter proposes, in the name of the delegation of the United States of America, that the following amendment 3 be made to the Italian proposal : 2 Article 5 : Omit the article and substitute : Any vessel which after a blockade has been duly notified, sails for a port or a place that is blockaded, or attempts to force the blockade, may be seized for violation of the blockade. That is in accordance with the practice which has long existed and with inter- national law. His Excellency Baron Marschall von Bieberstein declares, in the name of the German delegation, that he accepts the Italian proposal as it stands. Mr. Georgios Streit says that the Hellenic delegation, in voting for the Italian delegation's proposal on blockade, would like to make it perfectly clear that its vote on this question refers solely to blockade in time of war and does not concern so-called peaceful blockade, the legitimacy as well as the legal effect of which has not been discussed in the deliberations of this high assembly. His Excellency Baron von Macchio states that the Austro-Hungarian delegation supports the Italian proposal. After announcing that at its next meeting the Commission is to return to the question of blockade and vote upon the Brazilian proposal, the President adjourns the meeting at 12: 10 o'clock. 1 Annex 37. • Annex 34. * Annex 35. [890] ELEVENTH MEETING AUGUST 2, 1907 His Excellency Mr. Martens presiding. The meeting opens at 3 : 15 o'clock. The minutes of the tenth meeting are adopted. Count de la Mortera states that the Spanish delegation, having received in- structions from its Government concerning the abolition of contraband, adheres to the British proposal.1 The President replies that the Commission takes official note of this declaration. Mr. de Beaufort informs the Commission that his Excellency Mr. Nelidow regrets that a slight indisposition has prevented his attending the meeting and that he has requested him to read the following telegram to the Commission : Deeply touched by your kind telegram, I thank your Excellency, as well as the representatives of the Powers assembled at the Second Peace Con- ference at The Hague very sincerely for the congratulations which your Excellency has been good enough to transmit. (Signed) Emma. (Great applause.) The President recalls that two weeks have elapsed since the Commission postponed its vote on the French vaeux. Their Excellencies Sir Ernest Satow and Count Tornielli having called attention to the fact that this vote was not included in the program for the day, the Commission decides to postpone the vote on the French vwux 2 to the next meeting.
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https://github.com/longedok/gcbot/blob/master/src/utils/validation.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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gcbot
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longedok
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Python
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Code
| 11 | 25 |
def valid_ttl(ttl: int) -> bool:
return 0 <= ttl <= 172800
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https://github.com/k33g/atmo/blob/master/example-project/cache-set/Sources/cache-set/main.swift
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
atmo
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k33g
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Swift
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Code
| 44 | 152 |
import Suborbital
class CacheSet: Suborbital.Runnable {
func run(input: String) -> String {
let key = Suborbital.ReqParam(key: "key")
let body = Suborbital.ReqBodyRaw()
Suborbital.LogInfo(msg: "setting cache value \(key): \(body)")
Suborbital.CacheSet(key: key, value: body, ttl: 0)
return ""
}
}
@_cdecl("init")
func `init`() {
Suborbital.Set(runnable: CacheSet())
}
| 38,319 |
https://github.com/adler0518/kraken/blob/master/third_party/JavaScriptCore/include/JavaScriptCore/InspectorEnvironment.h
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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kraken
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adler0518
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C
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Code
| 2 | 18 |
#include "JavaScriptCore/inspector/InspectorEnvironment.h"
| 37,246 |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BC%20%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Тать-Юган (Назым тармағы)
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https://kk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Тать-Юган (Назым тармағы)&action=history
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Kazakh
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Spoken
| 123 | 504 |
Тать-Юган — Ресейдегі өзен. Ханты-Мансий АҚ жер аумақтарынан ағып өтеді. Өзен сағасы Назым өзенінің оң жағалауынан 266 км қашықтықта орналасқан. Өзен ұзындығы 78 км-ді құрайды.
Су реестрінің мәліметтері
Ресей мемлекеттік су тізілімінің мәліметі бойынша Жоғарғы Обь су алабы өңіріне жатады, өзеннің сушаруашылық бөлігі — Обь Нефтеюганск қаласынан Ертіс өзенінің құйылысына дейін . Өзен саласы — Вах, өзен алабы — Ертіске қосылу құйылысына дейінгі (Жоғарғы) Обь.
Ресей су ресурстары федералды агенттігі дайындаған РФ территориясын сушаруашылығы бойынша аудандастыру жөніндегі геоақпараттық жүйе мәліметтері бойынша:
Мемлекеттік су реестріндегі су объектісінің коды — 13011100212115200051014
Гидрологиялық тұрғыдан зерттелу (ГЗ) коды — 115205101
Су алабының коды — 13.01.11.002
ГЗ томының нөмірі — 15
ГЗ бойынша шығарылуы — 2
Дереккөздер
Сыртқы сілтемелер
Ресей Федерациясы Табиғи ресурстар және экология министрлігі
Ресей өзендері
| 45,771 |
https://github.com/PhantomBleak/akka/blob/master/akka-actor/src/main/java/akka/dispatch/forkjoin/ForkJoinPool.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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akka
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PhantomBleak
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Java
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Code
| 20,000 | 32,340 |
/* * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ */ package akka.dispatch.forkjoin; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; import java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Future; import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.RunnableFuture; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; /** * @since 1.8 * @author Doug Lea */ /*public*/ abstract class CountedCompleter<T> extends ForkJoinTask<T> { private static final long serialVersionUID = 5232453752276485070L; /** This task's completer, or null if none */ final CountedCompleter<?> completer; /** The number of pending tasks until completion */ volatile int pending; /** * Creates a new CountedCompleter with the given completer and initial pending count. * * @param completer this task's completer, or {@code null} if none * @param initialPendingCount the initial pending count */ protected CountedCompleter(CountedCompleter<?> completer, int initialPendingCount) { this.completer = completer; this.pending = initialPendingCount; } /** * Creates a new CountedCompleter with the given completer and an initial pending count of zero. * * @param completer this task's completer, or {@code null} if none */ protected CountedCompleter(CountedCompleter<?> completer) { this.completer = completer; } /** Creates a new CountedCompleter with no completer and an initial pending count of zero. */ protected CountedCompleter() { this.completer = null; } /** The main computation performed by this task. */ public abstract void compute(); /** * Performs an action when method {@link #tryComplete} is invoked and the pending count is zero, * or when the unconditional method {@link #complete} is invoked. By default, this method does * nothing. You can distinguish cases by checking the identity of the given caller argument. If * not equal to {@code this}, then it is typically a subtask that may contain results (and/or * links to other results) to combine. * * @param caller the task invoking this method (which may be this task itself) */ public void onCompletion(CountedCompleter<?> caller) {} /** * Performs an action when method {@link #completeExceptionally} is invoked or method {@link * #compute} throws an exception, and this task has not otherwise already completed normally. On * entry to this method, this task {@link ForkJoinTask#isCompletedAbnormally}. The return value of * this method controls further propagation: If {@code true} and this task has a completer, then * this completer is also completed exceptionally. The default implementation of this method does * nothing except return {@code true}. * * @param ex the exception * @param caller the task invoking this method (which may be this task itself) * @return true if this exception should be propagated to this task's completer, if one exists */ public boolean onExceptionalCompletion(Throwable ex, CountedCompleter<?> caller) { return true; } /** * Returns the completer established in this task's constructor, or {@code null} if none. * * @return the completer */ public final CountedCompleter<?> getCompleter() { return completer; } /** * Returns the current pending count. * * @return the current pending count */ public final int getPendingCount() { return pending; } /** * Sets the pending count to the given value. * * @param count the count */ public final void setPendingCount(int count) { pending = count; } /** * Adds (atomically) the given value to the pending count. * * @param delta the value to add */ public final void addToPendingCount(int delta) { int c; // note: can replace with intrinsic in jdk8 do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PENDING, c = pending, c + delta)); } /** * Sets (atomically) the pending count to the given count only if it currently holds the given * expected value. * * @param expected the expected value * @param count the new value * @return true if successful */ public final boolean compareAndSetPendingCount(int expected, int count) { return U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PENDING, expected, count); } /** * If the pending count is nonzero, (atomically) decrements it. * * @return the initial (undecremented) pending count holding on entry to this method */ public final int decrementPendingCountUnlessZero() { int c; do {} while ((c = pending) != 0 && !U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PENDING, c, c - 1)); return c; } /** * Returns the root of the current computation; i.e., this task if it has no completer, else its * completer's root. * * @return the root of the current computation */ public final CountedCompleter<?> getRoot() { CountedCompleter<?> a = this, p; while ((p = a.completer) != null) a = p; return a; } /** * If the pending count is nonzero, decrements the count; otherwise invokes {@link #onCompletion} * and then similarly tries to complete this task's completer, if one exists, else marks this task * as complete. */ public final void tryComplete() { CountedCompleter<?> a = this, s = a; for (int c; ; ) { if ((c = a.pending) == 0) { a.onCompletion(s); if ((a = (s = a).completer) == null) { s.quietlyComplete(); return; } } else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(a, PENDING, c, c - 1)) return; } } /** * Equivalent to {@link #tryComplete} but does not invoke {@link #onCompletion} along the * completion path: If the pending count is nonzero, decrements the count; otherwise, similarly * tries to complete this task's completer, if one exists, else marks this task as complete. This * method may be useful in cases where {@code onCompletion} should not, or need not, be invoked * for each completer in a computation. */ public final void propagateCompletion() { CountedCompleter<?> a = this, s = a; for (int c; ; ) { if ((c = a.pending) == 0) { if ((a = (s = a).completer) == null) { s.quietlyComplete(); return; } } else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(a, PENDING, c, c - 1)) return; } } /** * Regardless of pending count, invokes {@link #onCompletion}, marks this task as complete and * further triggers {@link #tryComplete} on this task's completer, if one exists. The given * rawResult is used as an argument to {@link #setRawResult} before invoking {@link #onCompletion} * or marking this task as complete; its value is meaningful only for classes overriding {@code * setRawResult}. * * <p>This method may be useful when forcing completion as soon as any one (versus all) of several * subtask results are obtained. However, in the common (and recommended) case in which {@code * setRawResult} is not overridden, this effect can be obtained more simply using {@code * quietlyCompleteRoot();}. * * @param rawResult the raw result */ public void complete(T rawResult) { CountedCompleter<?> p; setRawResult(rawResult); onCompletion(this); quietlyComplete(); if ((p = completer) != null) p.tryComplete(); } /** * If this task's pending count is zero, returns this task; otherwise decrements its pending count * and returns {@code null}. This method is designed to be used with {@link #nextComplete} in * completion traversal loops. * * @return this task, if pending count was zero, else {@code null} */ public final CountedCompleter<?> firstComplete() { for (int c; ; ) { if ((c = pending) == 0) return this; else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PENDING, c, c - 1)) return null; } } /** * If this task does not have a completer, invokes {@link ForkJoinTask#quietlyComplete} and * returns {@code null}. Or, if this task's pending count is non-zero, decrements its pending * count and returns {@code null}. Otherwise, returns the completer. This method can be used as * part of a completion traversal loop for homogeneous task hierarchies: * * <pre>{@code * for (CountedCompleter<?> c = firstComplete(); * c != null; * c = c.nextComplete()) { * // ... process c ... * } * }</pre> * * @return the completer, or {@code null} if none */ public final CountedCompleter<?> nextComplete() { CountedCompleter<?> p; if ((p = completer) != null) return p.firstComplete(); else { quietlyComplete(); return null; } } /** Equivalent to {@code getRoot().quietlyComplete()}. */ public final void quietlyCompleteRoot() { for (CountedCompleter<?> a = this, p; ; ) { if ((p = a.completer) == null) { a.quietlyComplete(); return; } a = p; } } /** Supports ForkJoinTask exception propagation. */ void internalPropagateException(Throwable ex) { CountedCompleter<?> a = this, s = a; while (a.onExceptionalCompletion(ex, s) && (a = (s = a).completer) != null && a.status >= 0) a.recordExceptionalCompletion(ex); } /** Implements execution conventions for CountedCompleters. */ protected final boolean exec() { compute(); return false; } /** * Returns the result of the computation. By default returns {@code null}, which is appropriate * for {@code Void} actions, but in other cases should be overridden, almost always to return a * field or function of a field that holds the result upon completion. * * @return the result of the computation */ public T getRawResult() { return null; } /** * A method that result-bearing CountedCompleters may optionally use to help maintain result data. * By default, does nothing. Overrides are not recommended. However, if this method is overridden * to update existing objects or fields, then it must in general be defined to be thread-safe. */ protected void setRawResult(T t) {} // Unsafe mechanics private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U; private static final long PENDING; static { try { U = getUnsafe(); PENDING = U.objectFieldOffset(CountedCompleter.class.getDeclaredField("pending")); } catch (Exception e) { throw new Error(e); } } /** * Returns a sun.misc.Unsafe. Suitable for use in a 3rd party package. Replace with a simple call * to Unsafe.getUnsafe when integrating into a jdk. * * @return a sun.misc.Unsafe */ private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafe() { return akka.util.Unsafe.instance; } } /** * An {@link ExecutorService} for running {@link ForkJoinTask}s. A {@code ForkJoinPool} provides the * entry point for submissions from non-{@code ForkJoinTask} clients, as well as management and * monitoring operations. * * <p>A {@code ForkJoinPool} differs from other kinds of {@link ExecutorService} mainly by virtue of * employing <em>work-stealing</em>: all threads in the pool attempt to find and execute tasks * submitted to the pool and/or created by other active tasks (eventually blocking waiting for work * if none exist). This enables efficient processing when most tasks spawn other subtasks (as do * most {@code ForkJoinTask}s), as well as when many small tasks are submitted to the pool from * external clients. Especially when setting <em>asyncMode</em> to true in constructors, {@code * ForkJoinPool}s may also be appropriate for use with event-style tasks that are never joined. * * <p>A static {@link #commonPool()} is available and appropriate for most applications. The common * pool is used by any ForkJoinTask that is not explicitly submitted to a specified pool. Using the * common pool normally reduces resource usage (its threads are slowly reclaimed during periods of * non-use, and reinstated upon subsequent use). * * <p>For applications that require separate or custom pools, a {@code ForkJoinPool} may be * constructed with a given target parallelism level; by default, equal to the number of available * processors. The pool attempts to maintain enough active (or available) threads by dynamically * adding, suspending, or resuming internal worker threads, even if some tasks are stalled waiting * to join others. However, no such adjustments are guaranteed in the face of blocked I/O or other * unmanaged synchronization. The nested {@link ManagedBlocker} interface enables extension of the * kinds of synchronization accommodated. * * <p>In addition to execution and lifecycle control methods, this class provides status check * methods (for example {@link #getStealCount}) that are intended to aid in developing, tuning, and * monitoring fork/join applications. Also, method {@link #toString} returns indications of pool * state in a convenient form for informal monitoring. * * <p>As is the case with other ExecutorServices, there are three main task execution methods * summarized in the following table. These are designed to be used primarily by clients not already * engaged in fork/join computations in the current pool. The main forms of these methods accept * instances of {@code ForkJoinTask}, but overloaded forms also allow mixed execution of plain * {@code Runnable}- or {@code Callable}- based activities as well. However, tasks that are already * executing in a pool should normally instead use the within-computation forms listed in the table * unless using async event-style tasks that are not usually joined, in which case there is little * difference among choice of methods. * * <table BORDER CELLPADDING=3 CELLSPACING=1> * <tr> * <td></td> * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Call from non-fork/join clients</b></td> * <td ALIGN=CENTER> <b>Call from within fork/join computations</b></td> * </tr> * <tr> * <td> <b>Arrange async execution</td> * <td> {@link #execute(ForkJoinTask)}</td> * <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#fork}</td> * </tr> * <tr> * <td> <b>Await and obtain result</td> * <td> {@link #invoke(ForkJoinTask)}</td> * <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#invoke}</td> * </tr> * <tr> * <td> <b>Arrange exec and obtain Future</td> * <td> {@link #submit(ForkJoinTask)}</td> * <td> {@link ForkJoinTask#fork} (ForkJoinTasks <em>are</em> Futures)</td> * </tr> * </table> * * <p>The common pool is by default constructed with default parameters, but these may be controlled * by setting three {@link System#getProperty system properties} with prefix {@code * java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common}: {@code parallelism} -- an integer greater than zero, * {@code threadFactory} -- the class name of a {@link ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory}, and {@code * exceptionHandler} -- the class name of a {@link java.lang.Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler * Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler}. Upon any error in establishing these settings, default * parameters are used. * * <p><b>Implementation notes</b>: This implementation restricts the maximum number of running * threads to 32767. Attempts to create pools with greater than the maximum number result in {@code * IllegalArgumentException}. * * <p>This implementation rejects submitted tasks (that is, by throwing {@link * RejectedExecutionException}) only when the pool is shut down or internal resources have been * exhausted. * * @since 1.7 * @author Doug Lea */ public class ForkJoinPool extends AbstractExecutorService { /* * Implementation Overview * * This class and its nested classes provide the main * functionality and control for a set of worker threads: * Submissions from non-FJ threads enter into submission queues. * Workers take these tasks and typically split them into subtasks * that may be stolen by other workers. Preference rules give * first priority to processing tasks from their own queues (LIFO * or FIFO, depending on mode), then to randomized FIFO steals of * tasks in other queues. * * WorkQueues * ========== * * Most operations occur within work-stealing queues (in nested * class WorkQueue). These are special forms of Deques that * support only three of the four possible end-operations -- push, * pop, and poll (aka steal), under the further constraints that * push and pop are called only from the owning thread (or, as * extended here, under a lock), while poll may be called from * other threads. (If you are unfamiliar with them, you probably * want to read Herlihy and Shavit's book "The Art of * Multiprocessor programming", chapter 16 describing these in * more detail before proceeding.) The main work-stealing queue * design is roughly similar to those in the papers "Dynamic * Circular Work-Stealing Deque" by Chase and Lev, SPAA 2005 * (http://research.sun.com/scalable/pubs/index.html) and * "Idempotent work stealing" by Michael, Saraswat, and Vechev, * PPoPP 2009 (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1504186). * The main differences ultimately stem from GC requirements that * we null out taken slots as soon as we can, to maintain as small * a footprint as possible even in programs generating huge * numbers of tasks. To accomplish this, we shift the CAS * arbitrating pop vs poll (steal) from being on the indices * ("base" and "top") to the slots themselves. So, both a * successful pop and poll mainly entail a CAS of a slot from * non-null to null. Because we rely on CASes of references, we * do not need tag bits on base or top. They are simple ints as * used in any circular array-based queue (see for example * ArrayDeque). Updates to the indices must still be ordered in a * way that guarantees that top == base means the queue is empty, * but otherwise may err on the side of possibly making the queue * appear nonempty when a push, pop, or poll have not fully * committed. Note that this means that the poll operation, * considered individually, is not wait-free. One thief cannot * successfully continue until another in-progress one (or, if * previously empty, a push) completes. However, in the * aggregate, we ensure at least probabilistic non-blockingness. * If an attempted steal fails, a thief always chooses a different * random victim target to try next. So, in order for one thief to * progress, it suffices for any in-progress poll or new push on * any empty queue to complete. (This is why we normally use * method pollAt and its variants that try once at the apparent * base index, else consider alternative actions, rather than * method poll.) * * This approach also enables support of a user mode in which local * task processing is in FIFO, not LIFO order, simply by using * poll rather than pop. This can be useful in message-passing * frameworks in which tasks are never joined. However neither * mode considers affinities, loads, cache localities, etc, so * rarely provide the best possible performance on a given * machine, but portably provide good throughput by averaging over * these factors. (Further, even if we did try to use such * information, we do not usually have a basis for exploiting it. * For example, some sets of tasks profit from cache affinities, * but others are harmed by cache pollution effects.) * * WorkQueues are also used in a similar way for tasks submitted * to the pool. We cannot mix these tasks in the same queues used * for work-stealing (this would contaminate lifo/fifo * processing). Instead, we randomly associate submission queues * with submitting threads, using a form of hashing. The * ThreadLocal Submitter class contains a value initially used as * a hash code for choosing existing queues, but may be randomly * repositioned upon contention with other submitters. In * essence, submitters act like workers except that they are * restricted to executing local tasks that they submitted (or in * the case of CountedCompleters, others with the same root task). * However, because most shared/external queue operations are more * expensive than internal, and because, at steady state, external * submitters will compete for CPU with workers, ForkJoinTask.join * and related methods disable them from repeatedly helping to * process tasks if all workers are active. Insertion of tasks in * shared mode requires a lock (mainly to protect in the case of * resizing) but we use only a simple spinlock (using bits in * field qlock), because submitters encountering a busy queue move * on to try or create other queues -- they block only when * creating and registering new queues. * * Management * ========== * * The main throughput advantages of work-stealing stem from * decentralized control -- workers mostly take tasks from * themselves or each other. We cannot negate this in the * implementation of other management responsibilities. The main * tactic for avoiding bottlenecks is packing nearly all * essentially atomic control state into two volatile variables * that are by far most often read (not written) as status and * consistency checks. * * Field "ctl" contains 64 bits holding all the information needed * to atomically decide to add, inactivate, enqueue (on an event * queue), dequeue, and/or re-activate workers. To enable this * packing, we restrict maximum parallelism to (1<<15)-1 (which is * far in excess of normal operating range) to allow ids, counts, * and their negations (used for thresholding) to fit into 16bit * fields. * * Field "plock" is a form of sequence lock with a saturating * shutdown bit (similarly for per-queue "qlocks"), mainly * protecting updates to the workQueues array, as well as to * enable shutdown. When used as a lock, it is normally only very * briefly held, so is nearly always available after at most a * brief spin, but we use a monitor-based backup strategy to * block when needed. * * Recording WorkQueues. WorkQueues are recorded in the * "workQueues" array that is created upon first use and expanded * if necessary. Updates to the array while recording new workers * and unrecording terminated ones are protected from each other * by a lock but the array is otherwise concurrently readable, and * accessed directly. To simplify index-based operations, the * array size is always a power of two, and all readers must * tolerate null slots. Worker queues are at odd indices. Shared * (submission) queues are at even indices, up to a maximum of 64 * slots, to limit growth even if array needs to expand to add * more workers. Grouping them together in this way simplifies and * speeds up task scanning. * * All worker thread creation is on-demand, triggered by task * submissions, replacement of terminated workers, and/or * compensation for blocked workers. However, all other support * code is set up to work with other policies. To ensure that we * do not hold on to worker references that would prevent GC, ALL * accesses to workQueues are via indices into the workQueues * array (which is one source of some of the messy code * constructions here). In essence, the workQueues array serves as * a weak reference mechanism. Thus for example the wait queue * field of ctl stores indices, not references. Access to the * workQueues in associated methods (for example signalWork) must * both index-check and null-check the IDs. All such accesses * ignore bad IDs by returning out early from what they are doing, * since this can only be associated with termination, in which * case it is OK to give up. All uses of the workQueues array * also check that it is non-null (even if previously * non-null). This allows nulling during termination, which is * currently not necessary, but remains an option for * resource-revocation-based shutdown schemes. It also helps * reduce JIT issuance of uncommon-trap code, which tends to * unnecessarily complicate control flow in some methods. * * Event Queuing. Unlike HPC work-stealing frameworks, we cannot * let workers spin indefinitely scanning for tasks when none can * be found immediately, and we cannot start/resume workers unless * there appear to be tasks available. On the other hand, we must * quickly prod them into action when new tasks are submitted or * generated. In many usages, ramp-up time to activate workers is * the main limiting factor in overall performance (this is * compounded at program start-up by JIT compilation and * allocation). So we try to streamline this as much as possible. * We park/unpark workers after placing in an event wait queue * when they cannot find work. This "queue" is actually a simple * Treiber stack, headed by the "id" field of ctl, plus a 15bit * counter value (that reflects the number of times a worker has * been inactivated) to avoid ABA effects (we need only as many * version numbers as worker threads). Successors are held in * field WorkQueue.nextWait. Queuing deals with several intrinsic * races, mainly that a task-producing thread can miss seeing (and * signalling) another thread that gave up looking for work but * has not yet entered the wait queue. We solve this by requiring * a full sweep of all workers (via repeated calls to method * scan()) both before and after a newly waiting worker is added * to the wait queue. During a rescan, the worker might release * some other queued worker rather than itself, which has the same * net effect. Because enqueued workers may actually be rescanning * rather than waiting, we set and clear the "parker" field of * WorkQueues to reduce unnecessary calls to unpark. (This * requires a secondary recheck to avoid missed signals.) Note * the unusual conventions about Thread.interrupts surrounding * parking and other blocking: Because interrupts are used solely * to alert threads to check termination, which is checked anyway * upon blocking, we clear status (using Thread.interrupted) * before any call to park, so that park does not immediately * return due to status being set via some other unrelated call to * interrupt in user code. * * Signalling. We create or wake up workers only when there * appears to be at least one task they might be able to find and * execute. However, many other threads may notice the same task * and each signal to wake up a thread that might take it. So in * general, pools will be over-signalled. When a submission is * added or another worker adds a task to a queue that has fewer * than two tasks, they signal waiting workers (or trigger * creation of new ones if fewer than the given parallelism level * -- signalWork), and may leave a hint to the unparked worker to * help signal others upon wakeup). These primary signals are * buttressed by others (see method helpSignal) whenever other * threads scan for work or do not have a task to process. On * most platforms, signalling (unpark) overhead time is noticeably * long, and the time between signalling a thread and it actually * making progress can be very noticeably long, so it is worth * offloading these delays from critical paths as much as * possible. * * Trimming workers. To release resources after periods of lack of * use, a worker starting to wait when the pool is quiescent will * time out and terminate if the pool has remained quiescent for a * given period -- a short period if there are more threads than * parallelism, longer as the number of threads decreases. This * will slowly propagate, eventually terminating all workers after * periods of non-use. * * Shutdown and Termination. A call to shutdownNow atomically sets * a plock bit and then (non-atomically) sets each worker's * qlock status, cancels all unprocessed tasks, and wakes up * all waiting workers. Detecting whether termination should * commence after a non-abrupt shutdown() call requires more work * and bookkeeping. We need consensus about quiescence (i.e., that * there is no more work). The active count provides a primary * indication but non-abrupt shutdown still requires a rechecking * scan for any workers that are inactive but not queued. * * Joining Tasks * ============= * * Any of several actions may be taken when one worker is waiting * to join a task stolen (or always held) by another. Because we * are multiplexing many tasks on to a pool of workers, we can't * just let them block (as in Thread.join). We also cannot just * reassign the joiner's run-time stack with another and replace * it later, which would be a form of "continuation", that even if * possible is not necessarily a good idea since we sometimes need * both an unblocked task and its continuation to progress. * Instead we combine two tactics: * * Helping: Arranging for the joiner to execute some task that it * would be running if the steal had not occurred. * * Compensating: Unless there are already enough live threads, * method tryCompensate() may create or re-activate a spare * thread to compensate for blocked joiners until they unblock. * * A third form (implemented in tryRemoveAndExec) amounts to * helping a hypothetical compensator: If we can readily tell that * a possible action of a compensator is to steal and execute the * task being joined, the joining thread can do so directly, * without the need for a compensation thread (although at the * expense of larger run-time stacks, but the tradeoff is * typically worthwhile). * * The ManagedBlocker extension API can't use helping so relies * only on compensation in method awaitBlocker. * * The algorithm in tryHelpStealer entails a form of "linear" * helping: Each worker records (in field currentSteal) the most * recent task it stole from some other worker. Plus, it records * (in field currentJoin) the task it is currently actively * joining. Method tryHelpStealer uses these markers to try to * find a worker to help (i.e., steal back a task from and execute * it) that could hasten completion of the actively joined task. * In essence, the joiner executes a task that would be on its own * local deque had the to-be-joined task not been stolen. This may * be seen as a conservative variant of the approach in Wagner & * Calder "Leapfrogging: a portable technique for implementing * efficient futures" SIGPLAN Notices, 1993 * (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=155354). It differs in * that: (1) We only maintain dependency links across workers upon * steals, rather than use per-task bookkeeping. This sometimes * requires a linear scan of workQueues array to locate stealers, * but often doesn't because stealers leave hints (that may become * stale/wrong) of where to locate them. It is only a hint * because a worker might have had multiple steals and the hint * records only one of them (usually the most current). Hinting * isolates cost to when it is needed, rather than adding to * per-task overhead. (2) It is "shallow", ignoring nesting and * potentially cyclic mutual steals. (3) It is intentionally * racy: field currentJoin is updated only while actively joining, * which means that we miss links in the chain during long-lived * tasks, GC stalls etc (which is OK since blocking in such cases * is usually a good idea). (4) We bound the number of attempts * to find work (see MAX_HELP) and fall back to suspending the * worker and if necessary replacing it with another. * * Helping actions for CountedCompleters are much simpler: Method * helpComplete can take and execute any task with the same root * as the task being waited on. However, this still entails some * traversal of completer chains, so is less efficient than using * CountedCompleters without explicit joins. * * It is impossible to keep exactly the target parallelism number * of threads running at any given time. Determining the * existence of conservatively safe helping targets, the * availability of already-created spares, and the apparent need * to create new spares are all racy, so we rely on multiple * retries of each. Compensation in the apparent absence of * helping opportunities is challenging to control on JVMs, where * GC and other activities can stall progress of tasks that in * turn stall out many other dependent tasks, without us being * able to determine whether they will ever require compensation. * Even though work-stealing otherwise encounters little * degradation in the presence of more threads than cores, * aggressively adding new threads in such cases entails risk of * unwanted positive feedback control loops in which more threads * cause more dependent stalls (as well as delayed progress of * unblocked threads to the point that we know they are available) * leading to more situations requiring more threads, and so * on. This aspect of control can be seen as an (analytically * intractable) game with an opponent that may choose the worst * (for us) active thread to stall at any time. We take several * precautions to bound losses (and thus bound gains), mainly in * methods tryCompensate and awaitJoin. * * Common Pool * =========== * * The static common Pool always exists after static * initialization. Since it (or any other created pool) need * never be used, we minimize initial construction overhead and * footprint to the setup of about a dozen fields, with no nested * allocation. Most bootstrapping occurs within method * fullExternalPush during the first submission to the pool. * * When external threads submit to the common pool, they can * perform some subtask processing (see externalHelpJoin and * related methods). We do not need to record whether these * submissions are to the common pool -- if not, externalHelpJoin * returns quickly (at the most helping to signal some common pool * workers). These submitters would otherwise be blocked waiting * for completion, so the extra effort (with liberally sprinkled * task status checks) in inapplicable cases amounts to an odd * form of limited spin-wait before blocking in ForkJoinTask.join. * * Style notes * =========== * * There is a lot of representation-level coupling among classes * ForkJoinPool, ForkJoinWorkerThread, and ForkJoinTask. The * fields of WorkQueue maintain data structures managed by * ForkJoinPool, so are directly accessed. There is little point * trying to reduce this, since any associated future changes in * representations will need to be accompanied by algorithmic * changes anyway. Several methods intrinsically sprawl because * they must accumulate sets of consistent reads of volatiles held * in local variables. Methods signalWork() and scan() are the * main bottlenecks, so are especially heavily * micro-optimized/mangled. There are lots of inline assignments * (of form "while ((local = field) != 0)") which are usually the * simplest way to ensure the required read orderings (which are * sometimes critical). This leads to a "C"-like style of listing * declarations of these locals at the heads of methods or blocks. * There are several occurrences of the unusual "do {} while * (!cas...)" which is the simplest way to force an update of a * CAS'ed variable. There are also other coding oddities (including * several unnecessary-looking hoisted null checks) that help * some methods perform reasonably even when interpreted (not * compiled). * * The order of declarations in this file is: * (1) Static utility functions * (2) Nested (static) classes * (3) Static fields * (4) Fields, along with constants used when unpacking some of them * (5) Internal control methods * (6) Callbacks and other support for ForkJoinTask methods * (7) Exported methods * (8) Static block initializing statics in minimally dependent order */ // Static utilities /** If there is a security manager, makes sure caller has permission to modify threads. */ private static void checkPermission() { SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager(); if (security != null) security.checkPermission(modifyThreadPermission); } // Nested classes /** * Factory for creating new {@link ForkJoinWorkerThread}s. A {@code ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory} * must be defined and used for {@code ForkJoinWorkerThread} subclasses that extend base * functionality or initialize threads with different contexts. */ public static interface ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory { /** * Returns a new worker thread operating in the given pool. * * @param pool the pool this thread works in * @throws NullPointerException if the pool is null */ public ForkJoinWorkerThread newThread(ForkJoinPool pool); } /** Default ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory implementation; creates a new ForkJoinWorkerThread. */ static final class DefaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory implements ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory { public final ForkJoinWorkerThread newThread(ForkJoinPool pool) { return new ForkJoinWorkerThread(pool); } } /** * Per-thread records for threads that submit to pools. Currently holds only pseudo-random seed / * index that is used to choose submission queues in method externalPush. In the future, this may * also incorporate a means to implement different task rejection and resubmission policies. * * <p>Seeds for submitters and workers/workQueues work in basically the same way but are * initialized and updated using slightly different mechanics. Both are initialized using the same * approach as in class ThreadLocal, where successive values are unlikely to collide with previous * values. Seeds are then randomly modified upon collisions using xorshifts, which requires a * non-zero seed. */ static final class Submitter { int seed; Submitter(int s) { seed = s; } } /** * Class for artificial tasks that are used to replace the target of local joins if they are * removed from an interior queue slot in WorkQueue.tryRemoveAndExec. We don't need the proxy to * actually do anything beyond having a unique identity. */ static final class EmptyTask extends ForkJoinTask<Void> { private static final long serialVersionUID = -7721805057305804111L; EmptyTask() { status = ForkJoinTask.NORMAL; } // force done public final Void getRawResult() { return null; } public final void setRawResult(Void x) {} public final boolean exec() { return true; } } /** * Queues supporting work-stealing as well as external task submission. See above for main * rationale and algorithms. Implementation relies heavily on "Unsafe" intrinsics and selective * use of "volatile": * * <p>Field "base" is the index (mod array.length) of the least valid queue slot, which is always * the next position to steal (poll) from if nonempty. Reads and writes require volatile orderings * but not CAS, because updates are only performed after slot CASes. * * <p>Field "top" is the index (mod array.length) of the next queue slot to push to or pop from. * It is written only by owner thread for push, or under lock for external/shared push, and * accessed by other threads only after reading (volatile) base. Both top and base are allowed to * wrap around on overflow, but (top - base) (or more commonly -(base - top) to force volatile * read of base before top) still estimates size. The lock ("qlock") is forced to -1 on * termination, causing all further lock attempts to fail. (Note: we don't need CAS for * termination state because upon pool shutdown, all shared-queues will stop being used anyway.) * Nearly all lock bodies are set up so that exceptions within lock bodies are "impossible" * (modulo JVM errors that would cause failure anyway.) * * <p>The array slots are read and written using the emulation of volatiles/atomics provided by * Unsafe. Insertions must in general use putOrderedObject as a form of releasing store to ensure * that all writes to the task object are ordered before its publication in the queue. All * removals entail a CAS to null. The array is always a power of two. To ensure safety of Unsafe * array operations, all accesses perform explicit null checks and implicit bounds checks via * power-of-two masking. * * <p>In addition to basic queuing support, this class contains fields described elsewhere to * control execution. It turns out to work better memory-layout-wise to include them in this class * rather than a separate class. * * <p>Performance on most platforms is very sensitive to placement of instances of both WorkQueues * and their arrays -- we absolutely do not want multiple WorkQueue instances or multiple queue * arrays sharing cache lines. (It would be best for queue objects and their arrays to share, but * there is nothing available to help arrange that). Unfortunately, because they are recorded in a * common array, WorkQueue instances are often moved to be adjacent by garbage collectors. To * reduce impact, we use field padding that works OK on common platforms; this effectively trades * off slightly slower average field access for the sake of avoiding really bad worst-case access. * (Until better JVM support is in place, this padding is dependent on transient properties of JVM * field layout rules.) We also take care in allocating, sizing and resizing the array. Non-shared * queue arrays are initialized by workers before use. Others are allocated on first use. */ static final class WorkQueue { /** * Capacity of work-stealing queue array upon initialization. Must be a power of two; at least * 4, but should be larger to reduce or eliminate cacheline sharing among queues. Currently, it * is much larger, as a partial workaround for the fact that JVMs often place arrays in * locations that share GC bookkeeping (especially cardmarks) such that per-write accesses * encounter serious memory contention. */ static final int INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY = 1 << 13; /** * Maximum size for queue arrays. Must be a power of two less than or equal to 1 << (31 - width * of array entry) to ensure lack of wraparound of index calculations, but defined to a value a * bit less than this to help users trap runaway programs before saturating systems. */ static final int MAXIMUM_QUEUE_CAPACITY = 1 << 26; // 64M // Heuristic padding to ameliorate unfortunate memory placements volatile long pad00, pad01, pad02, pad03, pad04, pad05, pad06; int seed; // for random scanning; initialize nonzero volatile int eventCount; // encoded inactivation count; < 0 if inactive int nextWait; // encoded record of next event waiter int hint; // steal or signal hint (index) int poolIndex; // index of this queue in pool (or 0) final int mode; // 0: lifo, > 0: fifo, < 0: shared int nsteals; // number of steals volatile int qlock; // 1: locked, -1: terminate; else 0 volatile int base; // index of next slot for poll int top; // index of next slot for push ForkJoinTask<?>[] array; // the elements (initially unallocated) final ForkJoinPool pool; // the containing pool (may be null) final ForkJoinWorkerThread owner; // owning thread or null if shared volatile Thread parker; // == owner during call to park; else null volatile ForkJoinTask<?> currentJoin; // task being joined in awaitJoin ForkJoinTask<?> currentSteal; // current non-local task being executed volatile Object pad10, pad11, pad12, pad13, pad14, pad15, pad16, pad17; volatile Object pad18, pad19, pad1a, pad1b, pad1c, pad1d; WorkQueue(ForkJoinPool pool, ForkJoinWorkerThread owner, int mode, int seed) { this.pool = pool; this.owner = owner; this.mode = mode; this.seed = seed; // Place indices in the center of array (that is not yet allocated) base = top = INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY >>> 1; } /** Returns the approximate number of tasks in the queue. */ final int queueSize() { int n = base - top; // non-owner callers must read base first return (n >= 0) ? 0 : -n; // ignore transient negative } /** * Provides a more accurate estimate of whether this queue has any tasks than does queueSize, by * checking whether a near-empty queue has at least one unclaimed task. */ final boolean isEmpty() { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int m, s; int n = base - (s = top); return (n >= 0 || (n == -1 && ((a = array) == null || (m = a.length - 1) < 0 || U.getObject(a, (long) ((m & (s - 1)) << ASHIFT) + ABASE) == null))); } /** * Pushes a task. Call only by owner in unshared queues. (The shared-queue version is embedded * in method externalPush.) * * @param task the task. Caller must ensure non-null. * @throws RejectedExecutionException if array cannot be resized */ final void push(ForkJoinTask<?> task) { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; ForkJoinPool p; int s = top, m, n; if ((a = array) != null) { // ignore if queue removed int j = (((m = a.length - 1) & s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; U.putOrderedObject(a, j, task); if ((n = (top = s + 1) - base) <= 2) { if ((p = pool) != null) p.signalWork(this); } else if (n >= m) growArray(); } } /** * Initializes or doubles the capacity of array. Call either by owner or with lock held -- it is * OK for base, but not top, to move while resizings are in progress. */ final ForkJoinTask<?>[] growArray() { ForkJoinTask<?>[] oldA = array; int size = oldA != null ? oldA.length << 1 : INITIAL_QUEUE_CAPACITY; if (size > MAXIMUM_QUEUE_CAPACITY) throw new RejectedExecutionException("Queue capacity exceeded"); int oldMask, t, b; ForkJoinTask<?>[] a = array = new ForkJoinTask<?>[size]; if (oldA != null && (oldMask = oldA.length - 1) >= 0 && (t = top) - (b = base) > 0) { int mask = size - 1; do { ForkJoinTask<?> x; int oldj = ((b & oldMask) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; int j = ((b & mask) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; x = (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObjectVolatile(oldA, oldj); if (x != null && U.compareAndSwapObject(oldA, oldj, x, null)) U.putObjectVolatile(a, j, x); } while (++b != t); } return a; } /** Takes next task, if one exists, in LIFO order. Call only by owner in unshared queues. */ final ForkJoinTask<?> pop() { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; ForkJoinTask<?> t; int m; if ((a = array) != null && (m = a.length - 1) >= 0) { for (int s; (s = top - 1) - base >= 0; ) { long j = ((m & s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; if ((t = (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObject(a, j)) == null) break; if (U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { top = s; return t; } } } return null; } /** * Takes a task in FIFO order if b is base of queue and a task can be claimed without * contention. Specialized versions appear in ForkJoinPool methods scan and tryHelpStealer. */ final ForkJoinTask<?> pollAt(int b) { ForkJoinTask<?> t; ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; if ((a = array) != null) { int j = (((a.length - 1) & b) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; if ((t = (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObjectVolatile(a, j)) != null && base == b && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { base = b + 1; return t; } } return null; } /** Takes next task, if one exists, in FIFO order. */ final ForkJoinTask<?> poll() { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int b; ForkJoinTask<?> t; while ((b = base) - top < 0 && (a = array) != null) { int j = (((a.length - 1) & b) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; t = (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObjectVolatile(a, j); if (t != null) { if (base == b && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { base = b + 1; return t; } } else if (base == b) { if (b + 1 == top) break; Thread.yield(); // wait for lagging update (very rare) } } return null; } /** Takes next task, if one exists, in order specified by mode. */ final ForkJoinTask<?> nextLocalTask() { return mode == 0 ? pop() : poll(); } /** Returns next task, if one exists, in order specified by mode. */ final ForkJoinTask<?> peek() { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a = array; int m; if (a == null || (m = a.length - 1) < 0) return null; int i = mode == 0 ? top - 1 : base; int j = ((i & m) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; return (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObjectVolatile(a, j); } /** * Pops the given task only if it is at the current top. (A shared version is available only via * FJP.tryExternalUnpush) */ final boolean tryUnpush(ForkJoinTask<?> t) { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int s; if ((a = array) != null && (s = top) != base && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, (((a.length - 1) & --s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE, t, null)) { top = s; return true; } return false; } /** Removes and cancels all known tasks, ignoring any exceptions. */ final void cancelAll() { ForkJoinTask.cancelIgnoringExceptions(currentJoin); ForkJoinTask.cancelIgnoringExceptions(currentSteal); for (ForkJoinTask<?> t; (t = poll()) != null; ) ForkJoinTask.cancelIgnoringExceptions(t); } /** * Computes next value for random probes. Scans don't require a very high quality generator, but * also not a crummy one. Marsaglia xor-shift is cheap and works well enough. Note: This is * manually inlined in its usages in ForkJoinPool to avoid writes inside busy scan loops. */ final int nextSeed() { int r = seed; r ^= r << 13; r ^= r >>> 17; return seed = r ^= r << 5; } // Specialized execution methods /** Pops and runs tasks until empty. */ private void popAndExecAll() { // A bit faster than repeated pop calls ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int m, s; long j; ForkJoinTask<?> t; while ((a = array) != null && (m = a.length - 1) >= 0 && (s = top - 1) - base >= 0 && (t = ((ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObject(a, j = ((m & s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE))) != null) { if (U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { top = s; t.doExec(); } } } /** Polls and runs tasks until empty. */ private void pollAndExecAll() { for (ForkJoinTask<?> t; (t = poll()) != null; ) t.doExec(); } /** * If present, removes from queue and executes the given task, or any other cancelled task. * Returns (true) on any CAS or consistency check failure so caller can retry. * * @return false if no progress can be made, else true */ final boolean tryRemoveAndExec(ForkJoinTask<?> task) { boolean stat = true, removed = false, empty = true; ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int m, s, b, n; if ((a = array) != null && (m = a.length - 1) >= 0 && (n = (s = top) - (b = base)) > 0) { for (ForkJoinTask<?> t; ; ) { // traverse from s to b int j = ((--s & m) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; t = (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObjectVolatile(a, j); if (t == null) // inconsistent length break; else if (t == task) { if (s + 1 == top) { // pop if (!U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, task, null)) break; top = s; removed = true; } else if (base == b) // replace with proxy removed = U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, task, new EmptyTask()); break; } else if (t.status >= 0) empty = false; else if (s + 1 == top) { // pop and throw away if (U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) top = s; break; } if (--n == 0) { if (!empty && base == b) stat = false; break; } } } if (removed) task.doExec(); return stat; } /** * Polls for and executes the given task or any other task in its CountedCompleter computation. */ final boolean pollAndExecCC(ForkJoinTask<?> root) { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int b; Object o; outer: while ((b = base) - top < 0 && (a = array) != null) { long j = (((a.length - 1) & b) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; if ((o = U.getObject(a, j)) == null || !(o instanceof CountedCompleter)) break; for (CountedCompleter<?> t = (CountedCompleter<?>) o, r = t; ; ) { if (r == root) { if (base == b && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { base = b + 1; t.doExec(); return true; } else break; // restart } if ((r = r.completer) == null) break outer; // not part of root computation } } return false; } /** Executes a top-level task and any local tasks remaining after execution. */ final void runTask(ForkJoinTask<?> t) { if (t != null) { (currentSteal = t).doExec(); currentSteal = null; ++nsteals; if (base - top < 0) { // process remaining local tasks if (mode == 0) popAndExecAll(); else pollAndExecAll(); } } } /** Executes a non-top-level (stolen) task. */ final void runSubtask(ForkJoinTask<?> t) { if (t != null) { ForkJoinTask<?> ps = currentSteal; (currentSteal = t).doExec(); currentSteal = ps; } } /** Returns true if owned and not known to be blocked. */ final boolean isApparentlyUnblocked() { Thread wt; Thread.State s; return (eventCount >= 0 && (wt = owner) != null && (s = wt.getState()) != Thread.State.BLOCKED && s != Thread.State.WAITING && s != Thread.State.TIMED_WAITING); } // Unsafe mechanics private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U; private static final long QLOCK; private static final int ABASE; private static final int ASHIFT; static { try { U = getUnsafe(); Class<?> k = WorkQueue.class; Class<?> ak = ForkJoinTask[].class; QLOCK = U.objectFieldOffset(k.getDeclaredField("qlock")); ABASE = U.arrayBaseOffset(ak); int scale = U.arrayIndexScale(ak); if ((scale & (scale - 1)) != 0) throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two"); ASHIFT = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(scale); } catch (Exception e) { throw new Error(e); } } } // static fields (initialized in static initializer below) /** * Creates a new ForkJoinWorkerThread. This factory is used unless overridden in ForkJoinPool * constructors. */ public static final ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory; /** * Per-thread submission bookkeeping. Shared across all pools to reduce ThreadLocal pollution and * because random motion to avoid contention in one pool is likely to hold for others. Lazily * initialized on first submission (but null-checked in other contexts to avoid unnecessary * initialization). */ static final ThreadLocal<Submitter> submitters; /** Permission required for callers of methods that may start or kill threads. */ private static final RuntimePermission modifyThreadPermission; /** * Common (static) pool. Non-null for public use unless a static construction exception, but * internal usages null-check on use to paranoically avoid potential initialization circularities * as well as to simplify generated code. */ static final ForkJoinPool common; /** Common pool parallelism. Must equal common.parallelism. */ static final int commonParallelism; /** Sequence number for creating workerNamePrefix. */ private static int poolNumberSequence; /** * Returns the next sequence number. We don't expect this to ever contend, so use simple builtin * sync. */ private static final synchronized int nextPoolId() { return ++poolNumberSequence; } // static constants /** * Initial timeout value (in nanoseconds) for the thread triggering quiescence to park waiting for * new work. On timeout, the thread will instead try to shrink the number of workers. The value * should be large enough to avoid overly aggressive shrinkage during most transient stalls (long * GCs etc). */ private static final long IDLE_TIMEOUT = 2000L * 1000L * 1000L; // 2sec /** Timeout value when there are more threads than parallelism level */ private static final long FAST_IDLE_TIMEOUT = 200L * 1000L * 1000L; /** Tolerance for idle timeouts, to cope with timer undershoots */ private static final long TIMEOUT_SLOP = 2000000L; /** * The maximum stolen->joining link depth allowed in method tryHelpStealer. Must be a power of * two. Depths for legitimate chains are unbounded, but we use a fixed constant to avoid * (otherwise unchecked) cycles and to bound staleness of traversal parameters at the expense of * sometimes blocking when we could be helping. */ private static final int MAX_HELP = 64; /** Increment for seed generators. See class ThreadLocal for explanation. */ private static final int SEED_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647; /* * Bits and masks for control variables * * Field ctl is a long packed with: * AC: Number of active running workers minus target parallelism (16 bits) * TC: Number of total workers minus target parallelism (16 bits) * ST: true if pool is terminating (1 bit) * EC: the wait count of top waiting thread (15 bits) * ID: poolIndex of top of Treiber stack of waiters (16 bits) * * When convenient, we can extract the upper 32 bits of counts and * the lower 32 bits of queue state, u = (int)(ctl >>> 32) and e = * (int)ctl. The ec field is never accessed alone, but always * together with id and st. The offsets of counts by the target * parallelism and the positionings of fields makes it possible to * perform the most common checks via sign tests of fields: When * ac is negative, there are not enough active workers, when tc is * negative, there are not enough total workers, and when e is * negative, the pool is terminating. To deal with these possibly * negative fields, we use casts in and out of "short" and/or * signed shifts to maintain signedness. * * When a thread is queued (inactivated), its eventCount field is * set negative, which is the only way to tell if a worker is * prevented from executing tasks, even though it must continue to * scan for them to avoid queuing races. Note however that * eventCount updates lag releases so usage requires care. * * Field plock is an int packed with: * SHUTDOWN: true if shutdown is enabled (1 bit) * SEQ: a sequence lock, with PL_LOCK bit set if locked (30 bits) * SIGNAL: set when threads may be waiting on the lock (1 bit) * * The sequence number enables simple consistency checks: * Staleness of read-only operations on the workQueues array can * be checked by comparing plock before vs after the reads. */ // bit positions/shifts for fields private static final int AC_SHIFT = 48; private static final int TC_SHIFT = 32; private static final int ST_SHIFT = 31; private static final int EC_SHIFT = 16; // bounds private static final int SMASK = 0xffff; // short bits private static final int MAX_CAP = 0x7fff; // max #workers - 1 private static final int EVENMASK = 0xfffe; // even short bits private static final int SQMASK = 0x007e; // max 64 (even) slots private static final int SHORT_SIGN = 1 << 15; private static final int INT_SIGN = 1 << 31; // masks private static final long STOP_BIT = 0x0001L << ST_SHIFT; private static final long AC_MASK = ((long) SMASK) << AC_SHIFT; private static final long TC_MASK = ((long) SMASK) << TC_SHIFT; // units for incrementing and decrementing private static final long TC_UNIT = 1L << TC_SHIFT; private static final long AC_UNIT = 1L << AC_SHIFT; // masks and units for dealing with u = (int)(ctl >>> 32) private static final int UAC_SHIFT = AC_SHIFT - 32; private static final int UTC_SHIFT = TC_SHIFT - 32; private static final int UAC_MASK = SMASK << UAC_SHIFT; private static final int UTC_MASK = SMASK << UTC_SHIFT; private static final int UAC_UNIT = 1 << UAC_SHIFT; private static final int UTC_UNIT = 1 << UTC_SHIFT; // masks and units for dealing with e = (int)ctl private static final int E_MASK = 0x7fffffff; // no STOP_BIT private static final int E_SEQ = 1 << EC_SHIFT; // plock bits private static final int SHUTDOWN = 1 << 31; private static final int PL_LOCK = 2; private static final int PL_SIGNAL = 1; private static final int PL_SPINS = Integer.getInteger("akka.dispatch.forkjoin.spins", 1 << 8); // access mode for WorkQueue static final int LIFO_QUEUE = 0; static final int FIFO_QUEUE = 1; static final int SHARED_QUEUE = -1; // bounds for #steps in scan loop -- must be power 2 minus 1 private static final int MIN_SCAN = 0x1ff; // cover estimation slop private static final int MAX_SCAN = 0x1ffff; // 4 * max workers // Instance fields /* * Field layout of this class tends to matter more than one would * like. Runtime layout order is only loosely related to * declaration order and may differ across JVMs, but the following * empirically works OK on current JVMs. */ // Heuristic padding to ameliorate unfortunate memory placements volatile long pad00, pad01, pad02, pad03, pad04, pad05, pad06; volatile long stealCount; // collects worker counts volatile long ctl; // main pool control volatile int plock; // shutdown status and seqLock volatile int indexSeed; // worker/submitter index seed final int config; // mode and parallelism level WorkQueue[] workQueues; // main registry final ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory; final Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh; // per-worker UEH final String workerNamePrefix; // to create worker name string volatile Object pad10, pad11, pad12, pad13, pad14, pad15, pad16, pad17; volatile Object pad18, pad19, pad1a, pad1b; /** * Acquires the plock lock to protect worker array and related updates. This method is called only * if an initial CAS on plock fails. This acts as a spinlock for normal cases, but falls back to * builtin monitor to block when (rarely) needed. This would be a terrible idea for a highly * contended lock, but works fine as a more conservative alternative to a pure spinlock. */ private int acquirePlock() { int spins = PL_SPINS, r = 0, ps, nps; for (; ; ) { if (((ps = plock) & PL_LOCK) == 0 && U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, nps = ps + PL_LOCK)) return nps; else if (r == 0) { // randomize spins if possible Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); WorkQueue w; Submitter z; if ((t instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) && (w = ((ForkJoinWorkerThread) t).workQueue) != null) r = w.seed; else if ((z = submitters.get()) != null) r = z.seed; else r = 1; } else if (spins >= 0) { r ^= r << 1; r ^= r >>> 3; r ^= r << 10; // xorshift if (r >= 0) --spins; } else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, ps | PL_SIGNAL)) { synchronized (this) { if ((plock & PL_SIGNAL) != 0) { try { wait(); } catch (InterruptedException ie) { try { Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); } catch (SecurityException ignore) { } } } else notifyAll(); } } } } /** * Unlocks and signals any thread waiting for plock. Called only when CAS of seq value for unlock * fails. */ private void releasePlock(int ps) { plock = ps; synchronized (this) { notifyAll(); } } /** * Tries to create and start one worker if fewer than target parallelism level exist. Adjusts * counts etc on failure. */ private void tryAddWorker() { long c; int u; while ((u = (int) ((c = ctl) >>> 32)) < 0 && (u & SHORT_SIGN) != 0 && (int) c == 0) { long nc = (long) (((u + UTC_UNIT) & UTC_MASK) | ((u + UAC_UNIT) & UAC_MASK)) << 32; if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) { ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory fac; Throwable ex = null; ForkJoinWorkerThread wt = null; try { if ((fac = factory) != null && (wt = fac.newThread(this)) != null) { wt.start(); break; } } catch (Throwable e) { ex = e; } deregisterWorker(wt, ex); break; } } } // Registering and deregistering workers /** * Callback from ForkJoinWorkerThread to establish and record its WorkQueue. To avoid scanning * bias due to packing entries in front of the workQueues array, we treat the array as a simple * power-of-two hash table using per-thread seed as hash, expanding as needed. * * @param wt the worker thread * @return the worker's queue */ final WorkQueue registerWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread wt) { Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler; WorkQueue[] ws; int s, ps; wt.setDaemon(true); if ((handler = ueh) != null) wt.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(handler); do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapInt(this, INDEXSEED, s = indexSeed, s += SEED_INCREMENT) || s == 0); // skip 0 WorkQueue w = new WorkQueue(this, wt, config >>> 16, s); if (((ps = plock) & PL_LOCK) != 0 || !U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, ps += PL_LOCK)) ps = acquirePlock(); int nps = (ps & SHUTDOWN) | ((ps + PL_LOCK) & ~SHUTDOWN); try { if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { // skip if shutting down int n = ws.length, m = n - 1; int r = (s << 1) | 1; // use odd-numbered indices if (ws[r &= m] != null) { // collision int probes = 0; // step by approx half size int step = (n <= 4) ? 2 : ((n >>> 1) & EVENMASK) + 2; while (ws[r = (r + step) & m] != null) { if (++probes >= n) { workQueues = ws = Arrays.copyOf(ws, n <<= 1); m = n - 1; probes = 0; } } } w.eventCount = w.poolIndex = r; // volatile write orders ws[r] = w; } } finally { if (!U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, nps)) releasePlock(nps); } wt.setName(workerNamePrefix.concat(Integer.toString(w.poolIndex))); return w; } /** * Final callback from terminating worker, as well as upon failure to construct or start a worker. * Removes record of worker from array, and adjusts counts. If pool is shutting down, tries to * complete termination. * * @param wt the worker thread or null if construction failed * @param ex the exception causing failure, or null if none */ final void deregisterWorker(ForkJoinWorkerThread wt, Throwable ex) { WorkQueue w = null; if (wt != null && (w = wt.workQueue) != null) { int ps; w.qlock = -1; // ensure set long ns = w.nsteals, sc; // collect steal count do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapLong(this, STEALCOUNT, sc = stealCount, sc + ns)); if (((ps = plock) & PL_LOCK) != 0 || !U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, ps += PL_LOCK)) ps = acquirePlock(); int nps = (ps & SHUTDOWN) | ((ps + PL_LOCK) & ~SHUTDOWN); try { int idx = w.poolIndex; WorkQueue[] ws = workQueues; if (ws != null && idx >= 0 && idx < ws.length && ws[idx] == w) ws[idx] = null; } finally { if (!U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, nps)) releasePlock(nps); } } long c; // adjust ctl counts do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapLong( this, CTL, c = ctl, (((c - AC_UNIT) & AC_MASK) | ((c - TC_UNIT) & TC_MASK) | (c & ~(AC_MASK | TC_MASK))))); if (!tryTerminate(false, false) && w != null && w.array != null) { w.cancelAll(); // cancel remaining tasks WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue v; Thread p; int u, i, e; while ((u = (int) ((c = ctl) >>> 32)) < 0 && (e = (int) c) >= 0) { if (e > 0) { // activate or create replacement if ((ws = workQueues) == null || (i = e & SMASK) >= ws.length || (v = ws[i]) == null) break; long nc = (((long) (v.nextWait & E_MASK)) | ((long) (u + UAC_UNIT) << 32)); if (v.eventCount != (e | INT_SIGN)) break; if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) { v.eventCount = (e + E_SEQ) & E_MASK; if ((p = v.parker) != null) U.unpark(p); break; } } else { if ((short) u < 0) tryAddWorker(); break; } } } if (ex == null) // help clean refs on way out ForkJoinTask.helpExpungeStaleExceptions(); else // rethrow ForkJoinTask.rethrow(ex); } // Submissions /** * Unless shutting down, adds the given task to a submission queue at submitter's current queue * index (modulo submission range). Only the most common path is directly handled in this method. * All others are relayed to fullExternalPush. * * @param task the task. Caller must ensure non-null. */ final void externalPush(ForkJoinTask<?> task) { WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q; Submitter z; int m; ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; if ((z = submitters.get()) != null && plock > 0 && (ws = workQueues) != null && (m = (ws.length - 1)) >= 0 && (q = ws[m & z.seed & SQMASK]) != null && U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 0, 1)) { // lock int b = q.base, s = q.top, n, an; if ((a = q.array) != null && (an = a.length) > (n = s + 1 - b)) { int j = (((an - 1) & s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; U.putOrderedObject(a, j, task); q.top = s + 1; // push on to deque q.qlock = 0; if (n <= 2) signalWork(q); return; } q.qlock = 0; } fullExternalPush(task); } /** * Full version of externalPush. This method is called, among other times, upon the first * submission of the first task to the pool, so must perform secondary initialization. It also * detects first submission by an external thread by looking up its ThreadLocal, and creates a new * shared queue if the one at index if empty or contended. The plock lock body must be * exception-free (so no try/finally) so we optimistically allocate new queues outside the lock * and throw them away if (very rarely) not needed. * * <p>Secondary initialization occurs when plock is zero, to create workQueue array and set plock * to a valid value. This lock body must also be exception-free. Because the plock seq value can * eventually wrap around zero, this method harmlessly fails to reinitialize if workQueues exists, * while still advancing plock. */ private void fullExternalPush(ForkJoinTask<?> task) { int r = 0; // random index seed for (Submitter z = submitters.get(); ; ) { WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q; int ps, m, k; if (z == null) { if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, INDEXSEED, r = indexSeed, r += SEED_INCREMENT) && r != 0) submitters.set(z = new Submitter(r)); } else if (r == 0) { // move to a different index r = z.seed; r ^= r << 13; // same xorshift as WorkQueues r ^= r >>> 17; z.seed = r ^ (r << 5); } else if ((ps = plock) < 0) throw new RejectedExecutionException(); else if (ps == 0 || (ws = workQueues) == null || (m = ws.length - 1) < 0) { // initialize workQueues int p = config & SMASK; // find power of two table size int n = (p > 1) ? p - 1 : 1; // ensure at least 2 slots n |= n >>> 1; n |= n >>> 2; n |= n >>> 4; n |= n >>> 8; n |= n >>> 16; n = (n + 1) << 1; WorkQueue[] nws = ((ws = workQueues) == null || ws.length == 0 ? new WorkQueue[n] : null); if (((ps = plock) & PL_LOCK) != 0 || !U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, ps += PL_LOCK)) ps = acquirePlock(); if (((ws = workQueues) == null || ws.length == 0) && nws != null) workQueues = nws; int nps = (ps & SHUTDOWN) | ((ps + PL_LOCK) & ~SHUTDOWN); if (!U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, nps)) releasePlock(nps); } else if ((q = ws[k = r & m & SQMASK]) != null) { if (q.qlock == 0 && U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 0, 1)) { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a = q.array; int s = q.top; boolean submitted = false; try { // locked version of push if ((a != null && a.length > s + 1 - q.base) || (a = q.growArray()) != null) { // must presize int j = (((a.length - 1) & s) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; U.putOrderedObject(a, j, task); q.top = s + 1; submitted = true; } } finally { q.qlock = 0; // unlock } if (submitted) { signalWork(q); return; } } r = 0; // move on failure } else if (((ps = plock) & PL_LOCK) == 0) { // create new queue q = new WorkQueue(this, null, SHARED_QUEUE, r); if (((ps = plock) & PL_LOCK) != 0 || !U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, ps += PL_LOCK)) ps = acquirePlock(); if ((ws = workQueues) != null && k < ws.length && ws[k] == null) ws[k] = q; int nps = (ps & SHUTDOWN) | ((ps + PL_LOCK) & ~SHUTDOWN); if (!U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, nps)) releasePlock(nps); } else r = 0; // try elsewhere while lock held } } // Maintaining ctl counts /** Increments active count; mainly called upon return from blocking. */ final void incrementActiveCount() { long c; do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c = ctl, c + AC_UNIT)); } /** * Tries to create or activate a worker if too few are active. * * @param q the (non-null) queue holding tasks to be signalled */ final void signalWork(WorkQueue q) { int hint = q.poolIndex; long c; int e, u, i, n; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; Thread p; while ((u = (int) ((c = ctl) >>> 32)) < 0) { if ((e = (int) c) > 0) { if ((ws = workQueues) != null && ws.length > (i = e & SMASK) && (w = ws[i]) != null && w.eventCount == (e | INT_SIGN)) { long nc = (((long) (w.nextWait & E_MASK)) | ((long) (u + UAC_UNIT) << 32)); if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) { w.hint = hint; w.eventCount = (e + E_SEQ) & E_MASK; if ((p = w.parker) != null) U.unpark(p); break; } if (q.top - q.base <= 0) break; } else break; } else { if ((short) u < 0) tryAddWorker(); break; } } } // Scanning for tasks /** Top-level runloop for workers, called by ForkJoinWorkerThread.run. */ final void runWorker(WorkQueue w) { w.growArray(); // allocate queue do { w.runTask(scan(w)); } while (w.qlock >= 0); } /** * Scans for and, if found, returns one task, else possibly inactivates the worker. This method * operates on single reads of volatile state and is designed to be re-invoked continuously, in * part because it returns upon detecting inconsistencies, contention, or state changes that * indicate possible success on re-invocation. * * <p>The scan searches for tasks across queues (starting at a random index, and relying on * registerWorker to irregularly scatter them within array to avoid bias), checking each at least * twice. The scan terminates upon either finding a non-empty queue, or completing the sweep. If * the worker is not inactivated, it takes and returns a task from this queue. Otherwise, if not * activated, it signals workers (that may include itself) and returns so caller can retry. Also * returns for true if the worker array may have changed during an empty scan. On failure to find * a task, we take one of the following actions, after which the caller will retry calling this * method unless terminated. * * <p>* If pool is terminating, terminate the worker. * * <p>* If not already enqueued, try to inactivate and enqueue the worker on wait queue. Or, if * inactivating has caused the pool to be quiescent, relay to idleAwaitWork to possibly shrink * pool. * * <p>* If already enqueued and none of the above apply, possibly park awaiting signal, else * lingering to help scan and signal. * * <p>* If a non-empty queue discovered or left as a hint, help wake up other workers before * return. * * @param w the worker (via its WorkQueue) * @return a task or null if none found */ private final ForkJoinTask<?> scan(WorkQueue w) { WorkQueue[] ws; int m; int ps = plock; // read plock before ws if (w != null && (ws = workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0) { int ec = w.eventCount; // ec is negative if inactive int r = w.seed; r ^= r << 13; r ^= r >>> 17; w.seed = r ^= r << 5; w.hint = -1; // update seed and clear hint int j = ((m + m + 1) | MIN_SCAN) & MAX_SCAN; do { WorkQueue q; ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int b; if ((q = ws[(r + j) & m]) != null && (b = q.base) - q.top < 0 && (a = q.array) != null) { // probably nonempty int i = (((a.length - 1) & b) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; ForkJoinTask<?> t = (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObjectVolatile(a, i); if (q.base == b && ec >= 0 && t != null && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, i, t, null)) { if ((q.base = b + 1) - q.top < 0) signalWork(q); return t; // taken } else if ((ec < 0 || j < m) && (int) (ctl >> AC_SHIFT) <= 0) { w.hint = (r + j) & m; // help signal below break; // cannot take } } } while (--j >= 0); int h, e, ns; long c, sc; WorkQueue q; if ((ns = w.nsteals) != 0) { if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, STEALCOUNT, sc = stealCount, sc + ns)) w.nsteals = 0; // collect steals and rescan } else if (plock != ps) // consistency check ; // skip else if ((e = (int) (c = ctl)) < 0) w.qlock = -1; // pool is terminating else { if ((h = w.hint) < 0) { if (ec >= 0) { // try to enqueue/inactivate long nc = (((long) ec | ((c - AC_UNIT) & (AC_MASK | TC_MASK)))); w.nextWait = e; // link and mark inactive w.eventCount = ec | INT_SIGN; if (ctl != c || !U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) w.eventCount = ec; // unmark on CAS failure else if ((int) (c >> AC_SHIFT) == 1 - (config & SMASK)) idleAwaitWork(w, nc, c); } else if (w.eventCount < 0 && ctl == c) { Thread wt = Thread.currentThread(); Thread.interrupted(); // clear status U.putObject(wt, PARKBLOCKER, this); w.parker = wt; // emulate LockSupport.park if (w.eventCount < 0) // recheck U.park(false, 0L); // block w.parker = null; U.putObject(wt, PARKBLOCKER, null); } } if ((h >= 0 || (h = w.hint) >= 0) && (ws = workQueues) != null && h < ws.length && (q = ws[h]) != null) { // signal others before retry WorkQueue v; Thread p; int u, i, s; for (int n = (config & SMASK) - 1; ; ) { int idleCount = (w.eventCount < 0) ? 0 : -1; if (((s = idleCount - q.base + q.top) <= n && (n = s) <= 0) || (u = (int) ((c = ctl) >>> 32)) >= 0 || (e = (int) c) <= 0 || m < (i = e & SMASK) || (v = ws[i]) == null) break; long nc = (((long) (v.nextWait & E_MASK)) | ((long) (u + UAC_UNIT) << 32)); if (v.eventCount != (e | INT_SIGN) || !U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) break; v.hint = h; v.eventCount = (e + E_SEQ) & E_MASK; if ((p = v.parker) != null) U.unpark(p); if (--n <= 0) break; } } } } return null; } /** * If inactivating worker w has caused the pool to become quiescent, checks for pool termination, * and, so long as this is not the only worker, waits for event for up to a given duration. On * timeout, if ctl has not changed, terminates the worker, which will in turn wake up another * worker to possibly repeat this process. * * @param w the calling worker * @param currentCtl the ctl value triggering possible quiescence * @param prevCtl the ctl value to restore if thread is terminated */ private void idleAwaitWork(WorkQueue w, long currentCtl, long prevCtl) { if (w != null && w.eventCount < 0 && !tryTerminate(false, false) && (int) prevCtl != 0 && ctl == currentCtl) { int dc = -(short) (currentCtl >>> TC_SHIFT); long parkTime = dc < 0 ? FAST_IDLE_TIMEOUT : (dc + 1) * IDLE_TIMEOUT; long deadline = System.nanoTime() + parkTime - TIMEOUT_SLOP; Thread wt = Thread.currentThread(); while (ctl == currentCtl) { Thread.interrupted(); // timed variant of version in scan() U.putObject(wt, PARKBLOCKER, this); w.parker = wt; if (ctl == currentCtl) U.park(false, parkTime); w.parker = null; U.putObject(wt, PARKBLOCKER, null); if (ctl != currentCtl) break; if (deadline - System.nanoTime() <= 0L && U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, currentCtl, prevCtl)) { w.eventCount = (w.eventCount + E_SEQ) | E_MASK; w.hint = -1; w.qlock = -1; // shrink break; } } } } /** * Scans through queues looking for work while joining a task; if any present, signals. May return * early if more signalling is detectably unneeded. * * @param task return early if done * @param origin an index to start scan */ private void helpSignal(ForkJoinTask<?> task, int origin) { WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; Thread p; long c; int m, u, e, i, s; if (task != null && task.status >= 0 && (u = (int) (ctl >>> 32)) < 0 && (u >> UAC_SHIFT) < 0 && (ws = workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0) { outer: for (int k = origin, j = m; j >= 0; --j) { WorkQueue q = ws[k++ & m]; for (int n = m; ; ) { // limit to at most m signals if (task.status < 0) break outer; if (q == null || ((s = -q.base + q.top) <= n && (n = s) <= 0)) break; if ((u = (int) ((c = ctl) >>> 32)) >= 0 || (e = (int) c) <= 0 || m < (i = e & SMASK) || (w = ws[i]) == null) break outer; long nc = (((long) (w.nextWait & E_MASK)) | ((long) (u + UAC_UNIT) << 32)); if (w.eventCount != (e | INT_SIGN)) break outer; if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) { w.eventCount = (e + E_SEQ) & E_MASK; if ((p = w.parker) != null) U.unpark(p); if (--n <= 0) break; } } } } } /** * Tries to locate and execute tasks for a stealer of the given task, or in turn one of its * stealers, Traces currentSteal -> currentJoin links looking for a thread working on a descendant * of the given task and with a non-empty queue to steal back and execute tasks from. The first * call to this method upon a waiting join will often entail scanning/search, (which is OK because * the joiner has nothing better to do), but this method leaves hints in workers to speed up * subsequent calls. The implementation is very branchy to cope with potential inconsistencies or * loops encountering chains that are stale, unknown, or so long that they are likely cyclic. * * @param joiner the joining worker * @param task the task to join * @return 0 if no progress can be made, negative if task known complete, else positive */ private int tryHelpStealer(WorkQueue joiner, ForkJoinTask<?> task) { int stat = 0, steps = 0; // bound to avoid cycles if (joiner != null && task != null) { // hoist null checks restart: for (; ; ) { ForkJoinTask<?> subtask = task; // current target for (WorkQueue j = joiner, v; ; ) { // v is stealer of subtask WorkQueue[] ws; int m, s, h; if ((s = task.status) < 0) { stat = s; break restart; } if ((ws = workQueues) == null || (m = ws.length - 1) <= 0) break restart; // shutting down if ((v = ws[h = (j.hint | 1) & m]) == null || v.currentSteal != subtask) { for (int origin = h; ; ) { // find stealer if (((h = (h + 2) & m) & 15) == 1 && (subtask.status < 0 || j.currentJoin != subtask)) continue restart; // occasional staleness check if ((v = ws[h]) != null && v.currentSteal == subtask) { j.hint = h; // save hint break; } if (h == origin) break restart; // cannot find stealer } } for (; ; ) { // help stealer or descend to its stealer ForkJoinTask[] a; int b; if (subtask.status < 0) // surround probes with continue restart; // consistency checks if ((b = v.base) - v.top < 0 && (a = v.array) != null) { int i = (((a.length - 1) & b) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; ForkJoinTask<?> t = (ForkJoinTask<?>) U.getObjectVolatile(a, i); if (subtask.status < 0 || j.currentJoin != subtask || v.currentSteal != subtask) continue restart; // stale stat = 1; // apparent progress if (t != null && v.base == b && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, i, t, null)) { v.base = b + 1; // help stealer joiner.runSubtask(t); } else if (v.base == b && ++steps == MAX_HELP) break restart; // v apparently stalled } else { // empty -- try to descend ForkJoinTask<?> next = v.currentJoin; if (subtask.status < 0 || j.currentJoin != subtask || v.currentSteal != subtask) continue restart; // stale else if (next == null || ++steps == MAX_HELP) break restart; // dead-end or maybe cyclic else { subtask = next; j = v; break; } } } } } } return stat; } /** * Analog of tryHelpStealer for CountedCompleters. Tries to steal and run tasks within the * target's computation. * * @param task the task to join * @param mode if shared, exit upon completing any task if all workers are active */ private int helpComplete(ForkJoinTask<?> task, int mode) { WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q; int m, n, s, u; if (task != null && (ws = workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0) { for (int j = 1, origin = j; ; ) { if ((s = task.status) < 0) return s; if ((q = ws[j & m]) != null && q.pollAndExecCC(task)) { origin = j; if (mode == SHARED_QUEUE && ((u = (int) (ctl >>> 32)) >= 0 || (u >> UAC_SHIFT) >= 0)) break; } else if ((j = (j + 2) & m) == origin) break; } } return 0; } /** * Tries to decrement active count (sometimes implicitly) and possibly release or create a * compensating worker in preparation for blocking. Fails on contention or termination. Otherwise, * adds a new thread if no idle workers are available and pool may become starved. */ final boolean tryCompensate() { int pc = config & SMASK, e, i, tc; long c; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; Thread p; if ((ws = workQueues) != null && (e = (int) (c = ctl)) >= 0) { if (e != 0 && (i = e & SMASK) < ws.length && (w = ws[i]) != null && w.eventCount == (e | INT_SIGN)) { long nc = ((long) (w.nextWait & E_MASK) | (c & (AC_MASK | TC_MASK))); if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) { w.eventCount = (e + E_SEQ) & E_MASK; if ((p = w.parker) != null) U.unpark(p); return true; // replace with idle worker } } else if ((tc = (short) (c >>> TC_SHIFT)) >= 0 && (int) (c >> AC_SHIFT) + pc > 1) { long nc = ((c - AC_UNIT) & AC_MASK) | (c & ~AC_MASK); if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) return true; // no compensation } else if (tc + pc < MAX_CAP) { long nc = ((c + TC_UNIT) & TC_MASK) | (c & ~TC_MASK); if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) { ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory fac; Throwable ex = null; ForkJoinWorkerThread wt = null; try { if ((fac = factory) != null && (wt = fac.newThread(this)) != null) { wt.start(); return true; } } catch (Throwable rex) { ex = rex; } deregisterWorker(wt, ex); // clean up and return false } } } return false; } /** * Helps and/or blocks until the given task is done. * * @param joiner the joining worker * @param task the task * @return task status on exit */ final int awaitJoin(WorkQueue joiner, ForkJoinTask<?> task) { int s = 0; if (joiner != null && task != null && (s = task.status) >= 0) { ForkJoinTask<?> prevJoin = joiner.currentJoin; joiner.currentJoin = task; do {} while ((s = task.status) >= 0 && !joiner.isEmpty() && joiner.tryRemoveAndExec(task)); // process local tasks if (s >= 0 && (s = task.status) >= 0) { helpSignal(task, joiner.poolIndex); if ((s = task.status) >= 0 && (task instanceof CountedCompleter)) s = helpComplete(task, LIFO_QUEUE); } while (s >= 0 && (s = task.status) >= 0) { if ((!joiner.isEmpty() || // try helping (s = tryHelpStealer(joiner, task)) == 0) && (s = task.status) >= 0) { helpSignal(task, joiner.poolIndex); if ((s = task.status) >= 0 && tryCompensate()) { if (task.trySetSignal() && (s = task.status) >= 0) { synchronized (task) { if (task.status >= 0) { try { // see ForkJoinTask task.wait(); // for explanation } catch (InterruptedException ie) { } } else task.notifyAll(); } } long c; // re-activate do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c = ctl, c + AC_UNIT)); } } } joiner.currentJoin = prevJoin; } return s; } /** * Stripped-down variant of awaitJoin used by timed joins. Tries to help join only while there is * continuous progress. (Caller will then enter a timed wait.) * * @param joiner the joining worker * @param task the task */ final void helpJoinOnce(WorkQueue joiner, ForkJoinTask<?> task) { int s; if (joiner != null && task != null && (s = task.status) >= 0) { ForkJoinTask<?> prevJoin = joiner.currentJoin; joiner.currentJoin = task; do {} while ((s = task.status) >= 0 && !joiner.isEmpty() && joiner.tryRemoveAndExec(task)); if (s >= 0 && (s = task.status) >= 0) { helpSignal(task, joiner.poolIndex); if ((s = task.status) >= 0 && (task instanceof CountedCompleter)) s = helpComplete(task, LIFO_QUEUE); } if (s >= 0 && joiner.isEmpty()) { do {} while (task.status >= 0 && tryHelpStealer(joiner, task) > 0); } joiner.currentJoin = prevJoin; } } /** * Returns a (probably) non-empty steal queue, if one is found during a scan, else null. This * method must be retried by caller if, by the time it tries to use the queue, it is empty. * * @param r a (random) seed for scanning */ private WorkQueue findNonEmptyStealQueue(int r) { for (; ; ) { int ps = plock, m; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q; if ((ws = workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0) { for (int j = (m + 1) << 2; j >= 0; --j) { if ((q = ws[(((r + j) << 1) | 1) & m]) != null && q.base - q.top < 0) return q; } } if (plock == ps) return null; } } /** * Runs tasks until {@code isQuiescent()}. We piggyback on active count ctl maintenance, but * rather than blocking when tasks cannot be found, we rescan until all others cannot find tasks * either. */ final void helpQuiescePool(WorkQueue w) { for (boolean active = true; ; ) { long c; WorkQueue q; ForkJoinTask<?> t; int b; while ((t = w.nextLocalTask()) != null) { if (w.base - w.top < 0) signalWork(w); t.doExec(); } if ((q = findNonEmptyStealQueue(w.nextSeed())) != null) { if (!active) { // re-establish active count active = true; do {} while (!U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c = ctl, c + AC_UNIT)); } if ((b = q.base) - q.top < 0 && (t = q.pollAt(b)) != null) { if (q.base - q.top < 0) signalWork(q); w.runSubtask(t); } } else if (active) { // decrement active count without queuing long nc = (c = ctl) - AC_UNIT; if ((int) (nc >> AC_SHIFT) + (config & SMASK) == 0) return; // bypass decrement-then-increment if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, nc)) active = false; } else if ((int) ((c = ctl) >> AC_SHIFT) + (config & SMASK) == 0 && U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, c + AC_UNIT)) return; } } /** * Gets and removes a local or stolen task for the given worker. * * @return a task, if available */ final ForkJoinTask<?> nextTaskFor(WorkQueue w) { for (ForkJoinTask<?> t; ; ) { WorkQueue q; int b; if ((t = w.nextLocalTask()) != null) return t; if ((q = findNonEmptyStealQueue(w.nextSeed())) == null) return null; if ((b = q.base) - q.top < 0 && (t = q.pollAt(b)) != null) { if (q.base - q.top < 0) signalWork(q); return t; } } } /** * Returns a cheap heuristic guide for task partitioning when programmers, frameworks, tools, or * languages have little or no idea about task granularity. In essence by offering this method, we * ask users only about tradeoffs in overhead vs expected throughput and its variance, rather than * how finely to partition tasks. * * <p>In a steady state strict (tree-structured) computation, each thread makes available for * stealing enough tasks for other threads to remain active. Inductively, if all threads play by * the same rules, each thread should make available only a constant number of tasks. * * <p>The minimum useful constant is just 1. But using a value of 1 would require immediate * replenishment upon each steal to maintain enough tasks, which is infeasible. Further, * partitionings/granularities of offered tasks should minimize steal rates, which in general * means that threads nearer the top of computation tree should generate more than those nearer * the bottom. In perfect steady state, each thread is at approximately the same level of * computation tree. However, producing extra tasks amortizes the uncertainty of progress and * diffusion assumptions. * * <p>So, users will want to use values larger (but not much larger) than 1 to both smooth over * transient shortages and hedge against uneven progress; as traded off against the cost of extra * task overhead. We leave the user to pick a threshold value to compare with the results of this * call to guide decisions, but recommend values such as 3. * * <p>When all threads are active, it is on average OK to estimate surplus strictly locally. In * steady-state, if one thread is maintaining say 2 surplus tasks, then so are others. So we can * just use estimated queue length. However, this strategy alone leads to serious mis-estimates in * some non-steady-state conditions (ramp-up, ramp-down, other stalls). We can detect many of * these by further considering the number of "idle" threads, that are known to have zero queued * tasks, so compensate by a factor of (#idle/#active) threads. * * <p>Note: The approximation of #busy workers as #active workers is not very good under current * signalling scheme, and should be improved. */ static int getSurplusQueuedTaskCount() { Thread t; ForkJoinWorkerThread wt; ForkJoinPool pool; WorkQueue q; if (((t = Thread.currentThread()) instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)) { int p = (pool = (wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread) t).pool).config & SMASK; int n = (q = wt.workQueue).top - q.base; int a = (int) (pool.ctl >> AC_SHIFT) + p; return n - (a > (p >>>= 1) ? 0 : a > (p >>>= 1) ? 1 : a > (p >>>= 1) ? 2 : a > (p >>>= 1) ? 4 : 8); } return 0; } // Termination /** * Possibly initiates and/or completes termination. The caller triggering termination runs three * passes through workQueues: (0) Setting termination status, followed by wakeups of queued * workers; (1) cancelling all tasks; (2) interrupting lagging threads (likely in external tasks, * but possibly also blocked in joins). Each pass repeats previous steps because of potential * lagging thread creation. * * @param now if true, unconditionally terminate, else only if no work and no active workers * @param enable if true, enable shutdown when next possible * @return true if now terminating or terminated */ private boolean tryTerminate(boolean now, boolean enable) { int ps; if (this == common) // cannot shut down return false; if ((ps = plock) >= 0) { // enable by setting plock if (!enable) return false; if ((ps & PL_LOCK) != 0 || !U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, ps += PL_LOCK)) ps = acquirePlock(); int nps = ((ps + PL_LOCK) & ~SHUTDOWN) | SHUTDOWN; if (!U.compareAndSwapInt(this, PLOCK, ps, nps)) releasePlock(nps); } for (long c; ; ) { if (((c = ctl) & STOP_BIT) != 0) { // already terminating if ((short) (c >>> TC_SHIFT) == -(config & SMASK)) { synchronized (this) { notifyAll(); // signal when 0 workers } } return true; } if (!now) { // check if idle & no tasks WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; if ((int) (c >> AC_SHIFT) != -(config & SMASK)) return false; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null) { if (!w.isEmpty()) { // signal unprocessed tasks signalWork(w); return false; } if ((i & 1) != 0 && w.eventCount >= 0) return false; // unqueued inactive worker } } } } if (U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, c, c | STOP_BIT)) { for (int pass = 0; pass < 3; ++pass) { WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; Thread wt; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { int n = ws.length; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null) { w.qlock = -1; if (pass > 0) { w.cancelAll(); if (pass > 1 && (wt = w.owner) != null) { if (!wt.isInterrupted()) { try { wt.interrupt(); } catch (Throwable ignore) { } } U.unpark(wt); } } } } // Wake up workers parked on event queue int i, e; long cc; Thread p; while ((e = (int) (cc = ctl) & E_MASK) != 0 && (i = e & SMASK) < n && i >= 0 && (w = ws[i]) != null) { long nc = ((long) (w.nextWait & E_MASK) | ((cc + AC_UNIT) & AC_MASK) | (cc & (TC_MASK | STOP_BIT))); if (w.eventCount == (e | INT_SIGN) && U.compareAndSwapLong(this, CTL, cc, nc)) { w.eventCount = (e + E_SEQ) & E_MASK; w.qlock = -1; if ((p = w.parker) != null) U.unpark(p); } } } } } } } // external operations on common pool /** Returns common pool queue for a thread that has submitted at least one task. */ static WorkQueue commonSubmitterQueue() { ForkJoinPool p; WorkQueue[] ws; int m; Submitter z; return ((z = submitters.get()) != null && (p = common) != null && (ws = p.workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0) ? ws[m & z.seed & SQMASK] : null; } /** Tries to pop the given task from submitter's queue in common pool. */ static boolean tryExternalUnpush(ForkJoinTask<?> t) { ForkJoinPool p; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q; Submitter z; ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int m, s; if (t != null && (z = submitters.get()) != null && (p = common) != null && (ws = p.workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0 && (q = ws[m & z.seed & SQMASK]) != null && (s = q.top) != q.base && (a = q.array) != null) { long j = (((a.length - 1) & (s - 1)) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; if (U.getObject(a, j) == t && U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 0, 1)) { if (q.array == a && q.top == s && // recheck U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { q.top = s - 1; q.qlock = 0; return true; } q.qlock = 0; } } return false; } /** * Tries to pop and run local tasks within the same computation as the given root. On failure, * tries to help complete from other queues via helpComplete. */ private void externalHelpComplete(WorkQueue q, ForkJoinTask<?> root) { ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int m; if (q != null && (a = q.array) != null && (m = (a.length - 1)) >= 0 && root != null && root.status >= 0) { for (; ; ) { int s, u; Object o; CountedCompleter<?> task = null; if ((s = q.top) - q.base > 0) { long j = ((m & (s - 1)) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; if ((o = U.getObject(a, j)) != null && (o instanceof CountedCompleter)) { CountedCompleter<?> t = (CountedCompleter<?>) o, r = t; do { if (r == root) { if (U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 0, 1)) { if (q.array == a && q.top == s && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { q.top = s - 1; task = t; } q.qlock = 0; } break; } } while ((r = r.completer) != null); } } if (task != null) task.doExec(); if (root.status < 0 || (u = (int) (ctl >>> 32)) >= 0 || (u >> UAC_SHIFT) >= 0) break; if (task == null) { helpSignal(root, q.poolIndex); if (root.status >= 0) helpComplete(root, SHARED_QUEUE); break; } } } } /** * Tries to help execute or signal availability of the given task from submitter's queue in common * pool. */ static void externalHelpJoin(ForkJoinTask<?> t) { // Some hard-to-avoid overlap with tryExternalUnpush ForkJoinPool p; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue q, w; Submitter z; ForkJoinTask<?>[] a; int m, s, n; if (t != null && (z = submitters.get()) != null && (p = common) != null && (ws = p.workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0 && (q = ws[m & z.seed & SQMASK]) != null && (a = q.array) != null) { int am = a.length - 1; if ((s = q.top) != q.base) { long j = ((am & (s - 1)) << ASHIFT) + ABASE; if (U.getObject(a, j) == t && U.compareAndSwapInt(q, QLOCK, 0, 1)) { if (q.array == a && q.top == s && U.compareAndSwapObject(a, j, t, null)) { q.top = s - 1; q.qlock = 0; t.doExec(); } else q.qlock = 0; } } if (t.status >= 0) { if (t instanceof CountedCompleter) p.externalHelpComplete(q, t); else p.helpSignal(t, q.poolIndex); } } } // Exported methods // Constructors /** * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with parallelism equal to {@link * java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}, using the {@linkplain * #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory}, no UncaughtExceptionHandler, and * non-async LIFO processing mode. * * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to * modify threads because it does not hold {@link java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code * ("modifyThread")} */ public ForkJoinPool() { this( Math.min(MAX_CAP, Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()), defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false); } /** * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the indicated parallelism level, the {@linkplain * #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory default thread factory}, no UncaughtExceptionHandler, and * non-async LIFO processing mode. * * @param parallelism the parallelism level * @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or equal to zero, or greater than * implementation limit * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to * modify threads because it does not hold {@link java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code * ("modifyThread")} */ public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism) { this(parallelism, defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, null, false); } /** * Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the given parameters. * * @param parallelism the parallelism level. For default value, use {@link * java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}. * @param factory the factory for creating new threads. For default value, use {@link * #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory}. * @param handler the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable * errors encountered while executing tasks. For default value, use {@code null}. * @param asyncMode if true, establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks * that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate than default locally stack-based * mode in applications in which worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks. * For default value, use {@code false}. * @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or equal to zero, or greater than * implementation limit * @throws NullPointerException if the factory is null * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to * modify threads because it does not hold {@link java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code * ("modifyThread")} */ public ForkJoinPool( int parallelism, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler, boolean asyncMode) { checkPermission(); if (factory == null) throw new NullPointerException(); if (parallelism <= 0 || parallelism > MAX_CAP) throw new IllegalArgumentException(); this.factory = factory; this.ueh = handler; this.config = parallelism | (asyncMode ? (FIFO_QUEUE << 16) : 0); long np = (long) (-parallelism); // offset ctl counts this.ctl = ((np << AC_SHIFT) & AC_MASK) | ((np << TC_SHIFT) & TC_MASK); int pn = nextPoolId(); StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("ForkJoinPool-"); sb.append(Integer.toString(pn)); sb.append("-worker-"); this.workerNamePrefix = sb.toString(); } /** * Constructor for common pool, suitable only for static initialization. Basically the same as * above, but uses smallest possible initial footprint. */ ForkJoinPool( int parallelism, long ctl, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler) { this.config = parallelism; this.ctl = ctl; this.factory = factory; this.ueh = handler; this.workerNamePrefix = "ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-"; } /** * Returns the common pool instance. This pool is statically constructed; its run state is * unaffected by attempts to {@link #shutdown} or {@link #shutdownNow}. However this pool and any * ongoing processing are automatically terminated upon program {@link System#exit}. Any program * that relies on asynchronous task processing to complete before program termination should * invoke {@code commonPool().}{@link #awaitQuiescence}, before exit. * * @return the common pool instance * @since 1.8 */ public static ForkJoinPool commonPool() { // assert common != null : "static init error"; return common; } // Execution methods /** * Performs the given task, returning its result upon completion. If the computation encounters an * unchecked Exception or Error, it is rethrown as the outcome of this invocation. Rethrown * exceptions behave in the same way as regular exceptions, but, when possible, contain stack * traces (as displayed for example using {@code ex.printStackTrace()}) of both the current thread * as well as the thread actually encountering the exception; minimally only the latter. * * @param task the task * @return the task's result * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be scheduled for execution */ public <T> T invoke(ForkJoinTask<T> task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); externalPush(task); return task.join(); } /** * Arranges for (asynchronous) execution of the given task. * * @param task the task * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be scheduled for execution */ public void execute(ForkJoinTask<?> task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); externalPush(task); } // AbstractExecutorService methods /** * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be scheduled for execution */ public void execute(Runnable task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); ForkJoinTask<?> job; if (task instanceof ForkJoinTask<?>) // avoid re-wrap job = (ForkJoinTask<?>) task; else job = new ForkJoinTask.AdaptedRunnableAction(task); externalPush(job); } /** * Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution. * * @param task the task to submit * @return the task * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be scheduled for execution */ public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(ForkJoinTask<T> task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); externalPush(task); return task; } /** * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be scheduled for execution */ public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Callable<T> task) { ForkJoinTask<T> job = new ForkJoinTask.AdaptedCallable<T>(task); externalPush(job); return job; } /** * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be scheduled for execution */ public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) { ForkJoinTask<T> job = new ForkJoinTask.AdaptedRunnable<T>(task, result); externalPush(job); return job; } /** * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be scheduled for execution */ public ForkJoinTask<?> submit(Runnable task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); ForkJoinTask<?> job; if (task instanceof ForkJoinTask<?>) // avoid re-wrap job = (ForkJoinTask<?>) task; else job = new ForkJoinTask.AdaptedRunnableAction(task); externalPush(job); return job; } /** * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc} * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc} */ public <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks) { // In previous versions of this class, this method constructed // a task to run ForkJoinTask.invokeAll, but now external // invocation of multiple tasks is at least as efficient. ArrayList<Future<T>> futures = new ArrayList<Future<T>>(tasks.size()); boolean done = false; try { for (Callable<T> t : tasks) { ForkJoinTask<T> f = new ForkJoinTask.AdaptedCallable<T>(t); futures.add(f); externalPush(f); } for (int i = 0, size = futures.size(); i < size; i++) ((ForkJoinTask<?>) futures.get(i)).quietlyJoin(); done = true; return futures; } finally { if (!done) for (int i = 0, size = futures.size(); i < size; i++) futures.get(i).cancel(false); } } /** * Returns the factory used for constructing new workers. * * @return the factory used for constructing new workers */ public ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory getFactory() { return factory; } /** * Returns the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors * encountered while executing tasks. * * @return the handler, or {@code null} if none */ public Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler() { return ueh; } /** * Returns the targeted parallelism level of this pool. * * @return the targeted parallelism level of this pool */ public int getParallelism() { return config & SMASK; } /** * Returns the targeted parallelism level of the common pool. * * @return the targeted parallelism level of the common pool * @since 1.8 */ public static int getCommonPoolParallelism() { return commonParallelism; } /** * Returns the number of worker threads that have started but not yet terminated. The result * returned by this method may differ from {@link #getParallelism} when threads are created to * maintain parallelism when others are cooperatively blocked. * * @return the number of worker threads */ public int getPoolSize() { return (config & SMASK) + (short) (ctl >>> TC_SHIFT); } /** * Returns {@code true} if this pool uses local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked * tasks that are never joined. * * @return {@code true} if this pool uses async mode */ public boolean getAsyncMode() { return (config >>> 16) == FIFO_QUEUE; } /** * Returns an estimate of the number of worker threads that are not blocked waiting to join tasks * or for other managed synchronization. This method may overestimate the number of running * threads. * * @return the number of worker threads */ public int getRunningThreadCount() { int rc = 0; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 1; i < ws.length; i += 2) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null && w.isApparentlyUnblocked()) ++rc; } } return rc; } /** * Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently stealing or executing tasks. * This method may overestimate the number of active threads. * * @return the number of active threads */ public int getActiveThreadCount() { int r = (config & SMASK) + (int) (ctl >> AC_SHIFT); return (r <= 0) ? 0 : r; // suppress momentarily negative values } /** * Returns {@code true} if all worker threads are currently idle. An idle worker is one that * cannot obtain a task to execute because none are available to steal from other threads, and * there are no pending submissions to the pool. This method is conservative; it might not return * {@code true} immediately upon idleness of all threads, but will eventually become true if * threads remain inactive. * * @return {@code true} if all threads are currently idle */ public boolean isQuiescent() { return (int) (ctl >> AC_SHIFT) + (config & SMASK) == 0; } /** * Returns an estimate of the total number of tasks stolen from one thread's work queue by * another. The reported value underestimates the actual total number of steals when the pool is * not quiescent. This value may be useful for monitoring and tuning fork/join programs: in * general, steal counts should be high enough to keep threads busy, but low enough to avoid * overhead and contention across threads. * * @return the number of steals */ public long getStealCount() { long count = stealCount; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 1; i < ws.length; i += 2) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null) count += w.nsteals; } } return count; } /** * Returns an estimate of the total number of tasks currently held in queues by worker threads * (but not including tasks submitted to the pool that have not begun executing). This value is * only an approximation, obtained by iterating across all threads in the pool. This method may be * useful for tuning task granularities. * * @return the number of queued tasks */ public long getQueuedTaskCount() { long count = 0; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 1; i < ws.length; i += 2) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null) count += w.queueSize(); } } return count; } /** * Returns an estimate of the number of tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun * executing. This method may take time proportional to the number of submissions. * * @return the number of queued submissions */ public int getQueuedSubmissionCount() { int count = 0; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; i += 2) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null) count += w.queueSize(); } } return count; } /** * Returns {@code true} if there are any tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun * executing. * * @return {@code true} if there are any queued submissions */ public boolean hasQueuedSubmissions() { WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; i += 2) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null && !w.isEmpty()) return true; } } return false; } /** * Removes and returns the next unexecuted submission if one is available. This method may be * useful in extensions to this class that re-assign work in systems with multiple pools. * * @return the next submission, or {@code null} if none */ protected ForkJoinTask<?> pollSubmission() { WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; ForkJoinTask<?> t; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; i += 2) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null && (t = w.poll()) != null) return t; } } return null; } /** * Removes all available unexecuted submitted and forked tasks from scheduling queues and adds * them to the given collection, without altering their execution status. These may include * artificially generated or wrapped tasks. This method is designed to be invoked only when the * pool is known to be quiescent. Invocations at other times may not remove all tasks. A failure * encountered while attempting to add elements to collection {@code c} may result in elements * being in neither, either or both collections when the associated exception is thrown. The * behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified collection is modified while the * operation is in progress. * * @param c the collection to transfer elements into * @return the number of elements transferred */ protected int drainTasksTo(Collection<? super ForkJoinTask<?>> c) { int count = 0; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; ForkJoinTask<?> t; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null) { while ((t = w.poll()) != null) { c.add(t); ++count; } } } } return count; } /** * Returns a string identifying this pool, as well as its state, including indications of run * state, parallelism level, and worker and task counts. * * @return a string identifying this pool, as well as its state */ public String toString() { // Use a single pass through workQueues to collect counts long qt = 0L, qs = 0L; int rc = 0; long st = stealCount; long c = ctl; WorkQueue[] ws; WorkQueue w; if ((ws = workQueues) != null) { for (int i = 0; i < ws.length; ++i) { if ((w = ws[i]) != null) { int size = w.queueSize(); if ((i & 1) == 0) qs += size; else { qt += size; st += w.nsteals; if (w.isApparentlyUnblocked()) ++rc; } } } } int pc = (config & SMASK); int tc = pc + (short) (c >>> TC_SHIFT); int ac = pc + (int) (c >> AC_SHIFT); if (ac < 0) // ignore transient negative ac = 0; String level; if ((c & STOP_BIT) != 0) level = (tc == 0) ? "Terminated" : "Terminating"; else level = plock < 0 ? "Shutting down" : "Running"; return super.toString() + "[" + level + ", parallelism = " + pc + ", size = " + tc + ", active = " + ac + ", running = " + rc + ", steals = " + st + ", tasks = " + qt + ", submissions = " + qs + "]"; } /** * Possibly initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no * new tasks will be accepted. Invocation has no effect on execution state if this is the {@link * #commonPool()}, and no additional effect if already shut down. Tasks that are in the process of * being submitted concurrently during the course of this method may or may not be rejected. * * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to * modify threads because it does not hold {@link java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code * ("modifyThread")} */ public void shutdown() { checkPermission(); tryTerminate(false, true); } /** * Possibly attempts to cancel and/or stop all tasks, and reject all subsequently submitted tasks. * Invocation has no effect on execution state if this is the {@link #commonPool()}, and no * additional effect if already shut down. Otherwise, tasks that are in the process of being * submitted or executed concurrently during the course of this method may or may not be rejected. * This method cancels both existing and unexecuted tasks, in order to permit termination in the * presence of task dependencies. So the method always returns an empty list (unlike the case for * some other Executors). * * @return an empty list * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and the caller is not permitted to * modify threads because it does not hold {@link java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code * ("modifyThread")} */ public List<Runnable> shutdownNow() { checkPermission(); tryTerminate(true, true); return Collections.emptyList(); } /** * Returns {@code true} if all tasks have completed following shut down. * * @return {@code true} if all tasks have completed following shut down */ public boolean isTerminated() { long c = ctl; return ((c & STOP_BIT) != 0L && (short) (c >>> TC_SHIFT) == -(config & SMASK)); } /** * Returns {@code true} if the process of termination has commenced but not yet completed. This * method may be useful for debugging. A return of {@code true} reported a sufficient period after * shutdown may indicate that submitted tasks have ignored or suppressed interruption, or are * waiting for I/O, causing this executor not to properly terminate. (See the advisory notes for * class {@link ForkJoinTask} stating that tasks should not normally entail blocking operations. * But if they do, they must abort them on interrupt.) * * @return {@code true} if terminating but not yet terminated */ public boolean isTerminating() { long c = ctl; return ((c & STOP_BIT) != 0L && (short) (c >>> TC_SHIFT) != -(config & SMASK)); } /** * Returns {@code true} if this pool has been shut down. * * @return {@code true} if this pool has been shut down */ public boolean isShutdown() { return plock < 0; } /** * Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown request, or the timeout * occurs, or the current thread is interrupted, whichever happens first. Because the {@link * #commonPool()} never terminates until program shutdown, when applied to the common pool, this * method is equivalent to {@link #awaitQuiescence} but always returns {@code false}. * * @param timeout the maximum time to wait * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument * @return {@code true} if this executor terminated and {@code false} if the timeout elapsed * before termination * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting */ public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException { if (Thread.interrupted()) throw new InterruptedException(); if (this == common) { awaitQuiescence(timeout, unit); return false; } long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout); if (isTerminated()) return true; long startTime = System.nanoTime(); boolean terminated = false; synchronized (this) { for (long waitTime = nanos, millis = 0L; ; ) { if (terminated = isTerminated() || waitTime <= 0L || (millis = unit.toMillis(waitTime)) <= 0L) break; wait(millis); waitTime = nanos - (System.nanoTime() - startTime); } } return terminated; } /** * If called by a ForkJoinTask operating in this pool, equivalent in effect to {@link * ForkJoinTask#helpQuiesce}. Otherwise, waits and/or attempts to assist performing tasks until * this pool {@link #isQuiescent} or the indicated timeout elapses. * * @param timeout the maximum time to wait * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument * @return {@code true} if quiescent; {@code false} if the timeout elapsed. */ public boolean awaitQuiescence(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) { long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout); ForkJoinWorkerThread wt; Thread thread = Thread.currentThread(); if ((thread instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread) && (wt = (ForkJoinWorkerThread) thread).pool == this) { helpQuiescePool(wt.workQueue); return true; } long startTime = System.nanoTime(); WorkQueue[] ws; int r = 0, m; boolean found = true; while (!isQuiescent() && (ws = workQueues) != null && (m = ws.length - 1) >= 0) { if (!found) { if ((System.nanoTime() - startTime) > nanos) return false; Thread.yield(); // cannot block } found = false; for (int j = (m + 1) << 2; j >= 0; --j) { ForkJoinTask<?> t; WorkQueue q; int b; if ((q = ws[r++ & m]) != null && (b = q.base) - q.top < 0) { found = true; if ((t = q.pollAt(b)) != null) { if (q.base - q.top < 0) signalWork(q); t.doExec(); } break; } } } return true; } /** * Waits and/or attempts to assist performing tasks indefinitely until the {@link #commonPool()} * {@link #isQuiescent}. */ static void quiesceCommonPool() { common.awaitQuiescence(Long.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS); } /** * Interface for extending managed parallelism for tasks running in {@link ForkJoinPool}s. * * <p>A {@code ManagedBlocker} provides two methods. Method {@code isReleasable} must return * {@code true} if blocking is not necessary. Method {@code block} blocks the current thread if * necessary (perhaps internally invoking {@code isReleasable} before actually blocking). These * actions are performed by any thread invoking {@link ForkJoinPool#managedBlock}. The unusual * methods in this API accommodate synchronizers that may, but don't usually, block for long * periods. Similarly, they allow more efficient internal handling of cases in which additional * workers may be, but usually are not, needed to ensure sufficient parallelism. Toward this end, * implementations of method {@code isReleasable} must be amenable to repeated invocation. * * <p>For example, here is a ManagedBlocker based on a ReentrantLock: * * <pre>{@code * class ManagedLocker implements ManagedBlocker { * final ReentrantLock lock; * boolean hasLock = false; * ManagedLocker(ReentrantLock lock) { this.lock = lock; } * public boolean block() { * if (!hasLock) * lock.lock(); * return true; * } * public boolean isReleasable() { * return hasLock || (hasLock = lock.tryLock()); * } * } * }</pre> * * <p>Here is a class that possibly blocks waiting for an item on a given queue: * * <pre>{@code * class QueueTaker<E> implements ManagedBlocker { * final BlockingQueue<E> queue; * volatile E item = null; * QueueTaker(BlockingQueue<E> q) { this.queue = q; } * public boolean block() throws InterruptedException { * if (item == null) * item = queue.take(); * return true; * } * public boolean isReleasable() { * return item != null || (item = queue.poll()) != null; * } * public E getItem() { // call after pool.managedBlock completes * return item; * } * } * }</pre> */ public static interface ManagedBlocker { /** * Possibly blocks the current thread, for example waiting for a lock or condition. * * @return {@code true} if no additional blocking is necessary (i.e., if isReleasable would * return true) * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting (the method is not required to do * so, but is allowed
| 49,628 |
https://github.com/DisqTeam/site/blob/master/src/components/Domains.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
site
|
DisqTeam
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 26 | 154 |
import React from 'react'
export default function Domains() {
return (
<optgroup label="Domains">
<option value="https://disq.me">disq.me</option>
<option value="https://i.kindas.us">i.kindas.us</option>
<option value="https://files.stringy.software">files.stringy.software</option>
<option value="https://pissbaby.tech">pissbaby.tech</option>
<option value="https://premid.fail">premid.fail</option>
</optgroup>
)
}
| 13,968 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8635027
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Miocene xenarthrans
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 60 | 178 |
Category:Miocene xenarthrans
Wikimedia category
Category:Miocene xenarthrans instance of Wikimedia category
Categoria:Xenartres del Miocè
categoria de Wikimedia
Categoria:Xenartres del Miocè instància de categoria de Wikimedia
رده:شگفتبندان میوسن
ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:شگفتبندان میوسن نمونهای از ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
Categoria:Xenartros do Mioceno
categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia
Categoria:Xenartros do Mioceno instância de categoria da Wikimedia
Categoria:Xenartros do Mioceno
categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia
| 45,528 |
https://github.com/jbeich/platform_system_extras/blob/master/simpleperf/scripts/api_profiler.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
platform_system_extras
|
jbeich
|
Python
|
Code
| 515 | 1,745 |
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
"""
This script is part of controlling simpleperf recording in user code. It is used to prepare
profiling environment (upload simpleperf to device and enable profiling) before recording
and collect recording data on host after recording.
Controlling simpleperf recording is done in below steps:
1. Add simpleperf Java API/C++ API to the app's source code. And call the API in user code.
2. Run `api_profiler.py prepare` to prepare profiling environment.
3. Run the app one or more times to generate recording data.
4. Run `api_profiler.py collect` to collect recording data on host.
"""
from argparse import Namespace
import logging
import os
import os.path
import shutil
import zipfile
from simpleperf_utils import (AdbHelper, BaseArgumentParser,
get_target_binary_path, log_exit, remove)
class ApiProfiler:
def __init__(self, args: Namespace):
self.args = args
self.adb = AdbHelper()
def prepare_recording(self):
self.enable_profiling_on_device()
self.upload_simpleperf_to_device()
self.run_simpleperf_prepare_cmd()
def enable_profiling_on_device(self):
android_version = self.adb.get_android_version()
if android_version >= 10:
self.adb.set_property('debug.perf_event_max_sample_rate',
str(self.args.max_sample_rate))
self.adb.set_property('debug.perf_cpu_time_max_percent', str(self.args.max_cpu_percent))
self.adb.set_property('debug.perf_event_mlock_kb', str(self.args.max_memory_in_kb))
self.adb.set_property('security.perf_harden', '0')
def upload_simpleperf_to_device(self):
device_arch = self.adb.get_device_arch()
simpleperf_binary = get_target_binary_path(device_arch, 'simpleperf')
self.adb.check_run(['push', simpleperf_binary, '/data/local/tmp'])
self.adb.check_run(['shell', 'chmod', 'a+x', '/data/local/tmp/simpleperf'])
def run_simpleperf_prepare_cmd(self):
cmd_args = ['shell', '/data/local/tmp/simpleperf', 'api-prepare', '--app', self.args.app]
if self.args.days:
cmd_args += ['--days', str(self.args.days)]
self.adb.check_run(cmd_args)
def collect_data(self):
if not os.path.isdir(self.args.out_dir):
os.makedirs(self.args.out_dir)
self.download_recording_data()
self.unzip_recording_data()
def download_recording_data(self):
""" download recording data to simpleperf_data.zip."""
self.upload_simpleperf_to_device()
self.adb.check_run(['shell', '/data/local/tmp/simpleperf', 'api-collect',
'--app', self.args.app, '-o', '/data/local/tmp/simpleperf_data.zip'])
self.adb.check_run(['pull', '/data/local/tmp/simpleperf_data.zip', self.args.out_dir])
self.adb.check_run(['shell', 'rm', '-rf', '/data/local/tmp/simpleperf_data'])
def unzip_recording_data(self):
zip_file_path = os.path.join(self.args.out_dir, 'simpleperf_data.zip')
with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_file_path, 'r') as zip_fh:
names = zip_fh.namelist()
logging.info('There are %d recording data files.' % len(names))
for name in names:
logging.info('recording file: %s' % os.path.join(self.args.out_dir, name))
zip_fh.extract(name, self.args.out_dir)
remove(zip_file_path)
def main():
parser = BaseArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title='actions', dest='command')
prepare_parser = subparsers.add_parser('prepare', help='Prepare recording on device.')
prepare_parser.add_argument('-p', '--app', required=True, help="""
The app package name of the app profiled.""")
prepare_parser.add_argument('-d', '--days', type=int, help="""
By default, the recording permission is reset after device reboot.
But on Android >= 13, we can use --days to set how long we want the
permission to persist. It can last after device reboot.
""")
prepare_parser.add_argument('--max-sample-rate', type=int, default=100000, help="""
Set max sample rate (only on Android >= Q).""")
prepare_parser.add_argument('--max-cpu-percent', type=int, default=25, help="""
Set max cpu percent for recording (only on Android >= Q).""")
prepare_parser.add_argument('--max-memory-in-kb', type=int,
default=(1024 + 1) * 4 * 8, help="""
Set max kernel buffer size for recording (only on Android >= Q).
""")
collect_parser = subparsers.add_parser('collect', help='Collect recording data.')
collect_parser.add_argument('-p', '--app', required=True, help="""
The app package name of the app profiled.""")
collect_parser.add_argument('-o', '--out-dir', default='simpleperf_data', help="""
The directory to store recording data.""")
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.command == 'prepare':
ApiProfiler(args).prepare_recording()
elif args.command == 'collect':
ApiProfiler(args).collect_data()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| 46,308 |
https://github.com/cschladetsch/KAI/blob/master/Include/KAI/Language/Tau/TauLexer.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
KAI
|
cschladetsch
|
C
|
Code
| 42 | 166 |
#pragma once
#include <KAI/Language/Common/LexerCommon.h>
#include <KAI/Language/Tau/TauToken.h>
TAU_BEGIN
struct TauLexer : LexerCommon<TauTokenEnumType>
{
typedef LexerCommon<TauTokenEnumType> Parent;
typedef TokenBase<TauTokenEnumType> TokenNode;
typedef TauTokenEnumType TokenEnumType;
TauLexer(const char *text, Registry &r) : Parent(text, r) { }
virtual void AddKeyWords();
virtual bool NextToken();
virtual void Terminate();
};
TAU_END
| 18,695 |
US-201515324888-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,504 | 10,179 |
Yield Stress and shear response can be determined according to microviscosity by estimated fitting to the Casson rheological model or rheology. In some embodiments, the shear response of the hydrogel will be from about 130 mPa*s to about 1,000 mPa*s, and in another embodiment from about 215 mPa*s to about 1,000 mPa*s.
Yield stress and shear response may also be determined via the Brookfield method, as set forth hereinafter in the Examples.
Salt response can be determined according to Brookfield viscosity measured at 1 wt % of the hydrogel composition and 1 wt % of sodium chloride at 20 RPM. In some embodiments the salt response of the hydrogel will be from about 325 mPa*s to about 50,000 mPa*s.
Shear thinning behavior of a power law fluid can be determined utilizing Brookfield viscosity at different speeds. Viscosity is plotted against spindle speed to show relationships of the form: y=ax ^(k), with the power term k corresponding to slope, which represents the shear thinning of the sample as measured by Brookfield viscosity and may be referred to as the flow behavior index (a dimensionless number). Where k is less than one, the power law predicts that the effective viscosity would decrease with increasing shear rate. Industrial Application
Some embodiments of the invention relate to the use of the hydrogels as multi-functional polymer ingredients in personal care, health care, household, institutional and industrial product applications and the like. The hydrogels can be employed as emulsifiers, spreading aids and carriers for enhancing the efficacy, deposition and delivery of chemically and physiologically active ingredients and cosmetic materials, and as a vehicle for improving the psychosensory and aesthetic properties of a formulation in which they are included. The term “personal care products” as used herein includes, without limitation, cosmetics, toiletries, cosmeceuticals, beauty aids, personal hygiene and cleansing products that are applied to the skin, hair, scalp, and nails of humans and animals. The term “health care products” as used herein includes, without limitation, pharmaceuticals, pharmacosmetics, oral care products (mouth, teeth), eye care products, ear care products and over-the-counter products and appliances, such as patches, plasters, dressings and the like. The term also includes medical devices that are externally applied to or into the body of humans and animals for ameliorating a health related or medical condition. The term “body” includes the keratinous (hair, nails) and non-keratinous skin areas of the entire body (face, trunk, limbs, hands and feet), the tissues of body openings and the eyes. The term “skin” includes the scalp and mucous membranes.
The hydrogels of the invention are suitable for personal care (cosmetics, toiletries, cosmeceuticals) and topical health care products, including, without limitation, skin care products (facial, body, hands, scalp and feet), such as creams, lotions and cleansing products, antiacne products, antiaging products (exfoliant, keratolytic, anticellulite, antiwrinkle, and the like), skin protectants (sun care products, such as sunscreens, sunblock, barrier creams, oils, silicones and the like), skin color products (whiteners, lighteners, sunless tanning accelerators and the like), bath and shower products (body cleansers, body wash, shower gel, liquid soap, conditioning liquid bath oil, bubble bath, and the like).
Topical health and beauty aids can include the hydrogels of the invention as spreading aids and film formers include, without being limited thereto, skin protective sprays, cream, lotion, gels, such as insect repellants, itch relief, antiseptics, disinfectants, sun blocks, sun screens, skin tightening and toning milk and lotions, wart removal compositions, and the like.
The hydrogels of the invention may find use as suspending agents for particulates making them suitable for dermal products containing particulates, microabrasives, and abrasives, such as shower gels, masks and skin cleansers containing exfoliative scrubs agents. Typical particulates include, but are not limited thereto, shell, seed, and stone granules, such as almonds, apricot (seed, kernel powder, shell), avocado, coconut, corn cob, olive, peach, rose hip seed, walnut shell, and the like, aluminum silicate, jojoba (wax, seed powder), oyster shell powder, evening primrose seed, milled adzuki beans, and the like, polyethylene (granules, spheres), polyethylene (and) hydroxycellulose granules, microcrystalline cellulose, polystyrene, polystyrene (and) talc granules, ground pumice, ground loofah, ground seaweed, rice, oat bran, silica (hydrated, colloidal, and the like), ground eggshell, ground blue poppy seed, salt, such as sodium chloride, dead sea salt, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
The hydrogels of the invention are useful as thickeners and film formers in a variety of dermatological, cosmeceutical compositions employed for topically ameliorating skin conditions caused by aging, drying, photodamage, acne, and the like, containing conditioners, moisturizers, antioxidants, exfoliants, keratolytic agents, vitamins, and the like. The hydrogels of the invention can be employed as a thickener for active skin treatment lotions and creams, containing as such active ingredients, acidic anti-aging agents, anti-cellulite, and anti-acne agents, such as alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA), beta-hydroxy acid (BHA), alpha amino-acid, alpha-keto acids (AKAs), and mixtures thereof. In such cosmeceuticals, AHAs can include, but are not limited to, lactic acid, glycolic acid, fruit acids, such as malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, extracts of natural compounds containing AHA, such as apple extract, apricot extract, and the like, honey extract, 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, glyceric acid (dihydroxypropionic acid), tartronic acid (hydroxypropanedioic acid), gluconic acid, mandelic acid, benzilic acid, azelaic acid, acetic acid, alpha-lopioc acid, salicylic acid, AHA salts and derivatives, such as arginine glycolate, ammonium lactate, sodium lactate, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid, alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid, alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, atrolactic acid, and the like. BHAs can include, but are not limited to, 3-hydroxypropanoic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, beta-phenyl lactic acid, beta-phenylpyruvic acid, and the like. Alpha-amino acids include, without being limited to, alpha-amino dicarboxylic acids, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and mixtures thereof, sometimes employed in combination with fruit acids. AKAs include pyruvic acid. In some antiaging compositions, the acidic active agent may be retinoic acid, a halocarboxylic acid, such as trichloroacetic acid, an acidic antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), a mineral acid, phytic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, and the like. Some antiacne agents, for example, can include salicylic acid, derivatives of salicylic acid, such as 5-octanoylsalicylic acid, retinoic acid and its derivatives.
Other health care products in which the hydrogels of the invention can find use are medical products, such as topical and non-topical pharmaceuticals and devices. In the formulation of pharmaceuticals, a hydrogel of the invention can be used as a thickener and/or lubricant in such products as binders, coatings, controlled release agents, creams, pomades, gels, pastes, ointments, gel capsules, purgative fluids (enemas, emetics, colonics, and the like), suppositories, anti-fungal foams, eye products (ophthalmic products such as eyedrops, artificial tears, glaucoma drug delivery drops, contact lens cleaner, and the like), ear products (wax softeners, wax removers, otitis drug delivery drops, and the like), nasal products (drops, ointments, sprays, and the like), wound care (liquid bandages, wound coverings, antibiotic creams, ointments and the like), and burn gels, without limitation thereto.
The amount of each chemical component described is presented exclusive of any solvent, which may be customarily present in the commercial material, that is, on an active chemical basis, unless otherwise indicated. However, unless otherwise indicated, each chemical or composition referred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial grade material which may contain the isomers, by-products, derivatives, and other such materials which are normally understood to be present in the commercial grade.
It is known that some of the materials described above may interact in the final formulation, so that the components of the final formulation may be different from those that are initially added. For instance, metal ions (of, e.g., a detergent) can migrate to other acidic or anionic sites of other molecules. The products formed thereby, including the products formed upon employing the composition of the present invention in its intended use, may not be susceptible of easy description. Nevertheless, all such modifications and reaction products are included within the scope of the present invention; the present invention encompasses the composition prepared by admixing the components described above.
EXAMPLES
The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples, which sets forth particularly advantageous embodiments. While the examples are provided to illustrate the present invention, they are not intended to limit it. Unless otherwise specified weight percents (wt. %) are given in wt. % based on the weight of the total composition.
Test Methods
Brookfield rotating spindle method (Most viscosity measurements reported herein are conducted by the Brookfield method unless specifically described as by Physica Rheolab MC100 rheometer method): The viscosity measurements are calculated in centapoise (cPs or mPas), employing a Brookfield rotating spindle viscometer, Model RVT (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc.), at about 20 revolutions per minute (rpm), at ambient room temperature of about 20 to 25° C. (hereafter referred to as viscosity). Spindle sizes are selected in accordance with the standard operating recommendations from the manufacturer. Generally, spindle sizes are selected as follows:
Spindle Size No. Viscosity Range (Cps) 1 1-50 2 500-1,000 3 1,000-5,000 4 5,000-10,000 5 10,000-20,000 6 20,000-50,000 7 >50,000 The spindle size recommendations are for illustrative purposes only. The artisan of ordinary skill in the art will select a spindle size appropriate for the system to be measured. Brookfield Yield Value (Stress) determination method as reported in Lubrizol document TDS-244—Measurement and Understanding of Yield Value. A Brookfield RVT viscometer is used to measure the torque necessary to rotate a spindle through a liquid sample at speeds of 0.5 to 100 rpm. Multiplying the torque reading by the appropriate constant for the spindle and speed gives the apparent viscosity. Spindle speed corresponds to shear rate. Yield value is an extrapolation of measured values to a shear rate of zero. Brookfield yield value (BYV) can be calculated by the following if spindle speeds of 0.5 and 1 rpm are used:
${BYV},{{{{dyn}/{cm}}\; 2} = {\frac{\left( {{\eta\;\alpha\; 1} - {\eta\;\alpha\; 2}} \right)}{100}\mspace{14mu}{or}\mspace{14mu}{BYV}}},{{Pa} = \frac{\left( {{\eta\;\alpha\; 1} - {\eta\;\alpha\; 2}} \right)}{1000}}$ Rheological Measurements
A Physica Rheolab MC100 rheometer set up for torsional flow was used for the following measurements. The temperature of the measurement was 25 C and the gap was set at 0.050 mm on a 75 mm cone with a 1 angle. A linear ramp of 0-50 sec-1 in 300 sec was used for the forward and a linear decrease of 50-0 sec-1 in 300 sec was used. The shear rate was controlled and the shear stress calculated from the torque. A known mucilage of polymer as prepared in example is centrifuged to remove any bubbles. Sample mucilage is loaded on the bottom plate and excess is removed. The flow curve program is started and data collected under increasing levels of steady shear. Carbopol ® 980NF Carbomer homopolymer Type C available from The Lubrizol Corporation Carbopol ® 981 NF Carbomer homopolymer Type A available from The Lubrizol Corporation Carbopol ® Ultrez-10 NF Carbomer interpolymer Type A available from The Lubrizol Corporation Carbopol ® ETD 2020 Carbomer Interpolymer Type B available from The Lubrizol Corporation Euxyl-PE9010 liquid preservative based on phenoxyethanol and ethylhexylglycerin available from Schülke, Inc. Noveon ® PolyCarbophil Polycarbophil available from the Lubrizol Corporation AA-1 USP PolyOx WSR-301 polyethylene oxide available from Colorcon having molecular weight of 1 × 10⁵ to 7 × 10⁶ TPU1 aliphatic polyether thermoplastic polyurethane available from The Lubrizol Corporation TPU2 aliphatic polyether thermoplastic polyurethane available from The Lubrizol Corporation TPU3 aliphatic polyether thermoplastic polyurethane available from The Lubrizol Corporation Preparation of Carbopol 980 NF (0.5 wt %) Masterbatch
497 gm DI water is placed in a 800 ml beaker and stirred with a Lightnin mixer at 1,000 rpm with a 3 blade marine impeller. 0.5 gm Euxyl-PE is added to the water and mixed. 2.5 gm Carbopol 980 NF is introduced through a 20 mesh screen with stirring and mixed for 20 minutes until thoroughly hydrated. The pH is recorded and 18 wt % NaOH in water is added until a final pH of 6.5+/−0.2 is achieved. The pH and Brookfield viscosity using a Brookfield RVT-DV viscometer at 20 rpm·s
Preparation of Masterbatches of Carbopol® 980 NF, 981NF and ETD 2020NF
Master batches of Carbopol 980NF, Carbopol 981NF and ETD 2020NF at the designated weight % as set forth in Table 1 are prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1. Data for each of the batches is presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Concentration, pH and Brookfield Viscosity of crosslinked polyacrylic acid baseline gels before and after neutralization. Neutralized Brookfield Brookfield Wt % Dispersion Viscosity Yield Sample Total pH Brookfield Neutralized (20 RPM) Stress Description Sample# Polymer dispersion viscosity pH mPas (Pa) Carbopol Baseline- 0.5 3.07 58 6.79 49,000 152 980NF 1A Baseline- 1 2.9 1134 6.6 72,000 300 2A Baseline- 1.5 2.76 2985 6.64 81,000 440 3A Carbopol Baseline- 0.5 3.07 58 6.7 7,120 49 981 NF 1B Baseline- 1 2.9 1134 6.62 10,960 73 2B Baseline- 1.5 2.76 2985 6.78 14,300 100 3B ETD202 Baseline- 0.5 6.78 23,750 184 0NF 1C Baseline- 1 6.75 48,200 356 2C Baseline- 1.5 6.84 80,000 560 3C Preparation of Masterbatch of TPU1
885.6 gm DI water is placed in a 1 l jar with a lid and stirred with a magnetic stirrer. 0.9 gm Euxyl-PE is added to the water and mixed. 13.5 gm TPU1 is added to the water and mixed until a smooth solution is achieved. The pH, and Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is measured.
Masterbatches of TPU1 at the designated weight % as set forth in Table 2 are prepared in the same manner as described in Example 2.
TABLE 2 Concentration, pH and Brookfield Viscosity of TPU baseline gels Neutralized Brookfield Brookfield viscosity Yield Sample mPas Stress Description Sample # Wt % pH 20 RPM Pa TPU1 Baseline-4 0.5 6.12 11 0 Baseline-5 1 6.29 138 0 Baseline-6 1.5 6.36 2,125 0 Preparation of PolyOx
885.6 gm DI water is placed in a 1 l jar with a lid and stirred with a magnetic stirrer. 0.9 gm Euxyl-PE is added to the water and mixed. 13.5 gm Sentry PolyOx WSR 301 is added to the water and mixed until a smooth solution is achieved. The pH, and Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is measured.
Masterbatches of PolyOx WSR 301 at designated wt % are prepared in the same manner as above. Data is presented in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Concentration, pH and Brookfield Viscosity of Polyethylene Oxide PolyOx (PEO) baseline gels Brookfield Brookfield viscosity Yield Sample mPas Stress Description Sample # Wt % pH 20 RPM Pa Polyox Baseline-7 0.5 9.17 118 0 WSR-301 Baseline-8 1 9 922 1 Baseline-9 1.5 9.09 3,250 5
Each of the Samples in Tables 1-3 indicate the viscosity of 100% solutions at the same concentrations. Both the TPU1 (Sample #s Baseline 4-6) and the PEO Polyox (Sample #s Baseline 7-9) have low viscosities at 0.5 wt % and 1 wt % and do not start to build any significant viscosity until above 1.5 wt %. In comparison, the Carbopol samples (Baseline #s 1-3) build viscosity at low concentrations of 0.5 wt % and 1 wt %.
Preparation of Blends of Carbopol 980NF and TPU1
The masterbatch 980-1 (100 gm) and masterbatch TPU1 (100 gm) and 200 gm of DI water are blended in a 800 ml beaker until smooth. The pH, and Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is measured.
Further blends of Carbopol 980NF and TPU1 at designated wt % are prepared in the same manner as above. Data for the concentration of baseline gels and water to prepare the final blend is presented in Table 4.
TABLE 4 Concentration of C-980 and TPU1 and water to prepare the inventive blends Wt % DI Total Wt % Wt % Baseline- Baseline H2O Sample # Polymer 980 TPU1 1A (g) 4 (g) (g) Inventive 1 0.25 0.125 0.125 100 100 200 Inventive 2 0.50 0.25 0.25 200 200 Inventive 3 0.50 0.125 0.38 100 300 Inventive 4 0.25 0.06 0.19 50 150 200 Baseline Baseline 3A (g) 6(g) Inventive 5 1.50 0.38 1.12 167 500 Blend of Carbopol 980-1 and PolyOx WSR 301
The Masterbatch 980-1 (100 gm) and master batch PolyOx-1 (100 gm) and 200 gm of DI water are blended in a 800 ml beaker until smooth. The pH, and Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is measured.
Blends of Carbopol 980 and PolyOx WSR 301 at designated wt % are prepared in the same manner as above. Data for the concentration of baseline gels and water to prepare the comparative blends are presented in Table 5.
TABLE 5 Concentration of C-980 and PEO PolyOx and water to prepare the comparative blends Wt % Total Wt % Wt % Baseline Baseline 7 DI H20 Sample # Polymer 980 PolyOx 1A (g) (g) (g) Comparative 1 0.25 0.125 0.125 100 100 200 Comparative 2 0.50 0.25 0.25 200 200 Comparative 3 0.50 0.125 0.38 100 300 Comparative 4 0.25 0.06 0.19 50 150 200 Baseline Baseline 6 3A (g) Comparative 5 1.50 0.38 1.12 167 500
Hydrogel compositions of the invention using the same baseline gels of Carbopol 981 and ETD 2020 are blended with baseline gels of TPU1 in a similar manner.
TABLE 6 Concentration and Brookfield viscosity data for the baseline, inventive, and comparative gels Brookfield Yield Wt % Viscosity Value Shear Total (20 rpm) Brookfield Response Polymer Carbopol PolyOx TPU1 mPa · s Pas Brookfield Baseline 1A 0.5 0.5 49,000 152 −0.598 Baseline 2A 1 1 72,000 300 −0.684 Baseline 3A 1.5 1.5 81,000 440 −0.759 Baseline 4 0.5 0.5 11 0 Baseline 5 1 1 138 0 0.0073 Baseline 6 1.5 1.5 2,125 0.01 0.0183 Baseline 7 0.5 0.5 118 0.02 −0.209 Baseline 8 1 1 922 0.96 −0.41 Baseline 9 1.5 1.5 3,250 5.4 −0.518 Inventive 1 0.25 0.125 0.125 50,800 506 −0.848 Inventive 2 0.5 0.25 0.25 98,000 970 −0.875 Inventive 3 0.5 0.125 0.38 96,000 920 −0.874 Inventive 4 0.25 0.06 0.19 22,250 145 −0.757 Inventive 5 1.5 0.38 1.12 194,000 2,400 −0.853 Comparative 1 0.25 0.125 0.125 34,000 104 −0.708 Comparative 2 0.5 0.25 0.25 46,000 188 −0.76 Comparative 3 0.5 0.125 0.38 32,000 136 −0.767 Comparative 4 0.25 0.06 0.19 13,660 86 −0.758 Comparative 5 1.5 0.38 1.12 40,000 308 −0.829
As can be seen in Table 6, the Brookfield viscosity at 20 RPM illustrates the increase in viscosity, indicating a synergy between high viscosity Carbopol 980 and TPU1 as compared to the Carbopol 980 and PolyOx blend. This is further illustrated in FIG. 1 which shows the increase in viscosity for the inventive blend over the baseline gels and the comparative blend at the same total polymer concentration.
Table 6 also illustrates the Yield value in Pas as measured by Brookfield for the baseline polymers 4 through 9, indicating that these polymer solutions have little to no ability to suspend, and the inventive polymers 1-5 show higher yield value than the comparative and baseline at the same polymer concentrations.
The Shear Response as measured by Brookfield, which is also referred to as the flow behavior index, is shown in Table 6. For Baseline 4, 5 and 6 the number is very small, indicating that there is very little slope to the line. The polyethylene oxide baseline 7, 8, 9 is also shear thinning, which is well known. It is shown in the inventive polymer that the shear response as measured by Brookfield is greater for the inventive polymers than the comparative polymers, which are a combination of two shear thinning polymers.
TABLE 7 Concentration and Brookfield viscosity data for Carbopol 980 baseline, inventive, and comparative gels Brookfield Brookfield Wt % Viscosity Yield Total Carbopol (20 rpm) Stress Polymer 980 PolyOx TPU1 mPa*s Pa Baseline 1A 0.5 0.5 49,000 152 Inventive 2 0.50 0.25 0.25 98,000 970 Comparative 2 0.50 0.25 0.25 46,000 104 Baseline 1C 1.5 41,000 440 Inventive 5 1.5 0.38 1.12 194,000 2,400 Comparative 5 1.5 0.38 1.12 40,000 308 Inventive 1 0.25 0.125 0.125 50,800 506 Comparative 1 0.25 0.125 0.125 34,000 104 Inventive 3 0.50 0.125 0.38 96,000 920 Comparative 3 0.50 0.125 0.38 32,000 136
As can be seen in the above Table 7, the addition of TPU1 to Carbopol 980NF increases the Brookfield viscosity at 20 RPM, while the addition of Polyox to Carbopol does not increase viscosity. Further, in the comparative samples 1 and 3, it can be seen that Carbopol is the major contributor to the viscosity profile and not the Polyox as the viscosity of these samples are essentially the same, even though the amount of Polyox was increased.
Table 7 further illustrates the comparison of the Brookfield Yield Stress of the inventive polymers over the comparative polymers of the same concentrations.
TABLE 8 Concentration and Brookfield viscosity data for low viscosity Carbopol 981 baseline and inventive gels Brookfield Wt % Wt % Viscosity Total Carbopol Wt % (20 rpm) Polymer 981 TPU1 mPa*s Baseline 1B 0.5 0.5 7,120 Baseline 2B 1 1 10,960 Baseline 3B 1.5 1.5 14,300 Baseline 4 0.5 0.5 11 Baseline 5 1 1 138 Baseline 6 1.5 1.5 2,125 Inventive 6 0.25 0.125 0.125 8,960 Inventive 7 0.50 0.25 0.25 32,100 Inventive 8 0.50 0.125 0.38 34,600 Inventive 9 0.25 0.06 0.19 16,700 Inventive 10 1.5 0.38 1.12 70,000
As can be seen in Table 8, the Brookfield viscosity at 20 RPM illustrates the viscosity and shear response data indicating a synergy between low viscosity Carbopol 981NF and TPU1. FIG. 2 shows that a similar increase in viscosity is seen for the blends of high viscosity crosslinked carbomer and low viscosity carbomer with TPU1 at constant total polymer concentration of 1 wt %.
Preparation of Masterbatches of Polycarbophil
Master batches of Polycarbophil (Baseline 1D, 2D, and 3D) at the designated weight % as set forth in Table 9 are prepared in the same manner as described above. Data for each of the batches is presented in Table 9.
Preparation of Masterbatches of Carbopol® Ultrez-10 NF
Master batches of Carbopol Ultrez-10NF (Baseline 1E, 2E, and 3E) at the designated weight % as set forth in Table 9 are prepared in the same manner as described above. Data for each of the batches is presented in Table 9.
TABLE 9 Neutralized Brookfield Yield value Wt % Viscosity (stress) Sample Total Neutralized (20 RPM) Brook field Description Polymer pH Pa*2 Pa Baseline 1D 0.5 5.12 14300 91.6 Baseline 2D 1 4.94 24250 120 Baseline 3D 1.5 4.97 32250 546 Baseline 1E 0.5 5.11 45,300 80 Baseline 2E 1 5.02 78,800 216 Baseline 3E 1.5 5.01 116600 748 Preparation of Blends of Polycarbophil and TPU1
200 g of the masterbatch 0.5 wt % TPU1 (Baseline 4) and 77 g of 18 wt % NaOH are blended. 200 g of 0.5 wt % polycarbophil acid dispersion is added. The solution is stirred until homogeneous. The pH and Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is measured.
Further blends of polycarbophil dispersions and TPU1 (Baseline 4, 5 and 6) at designated weight percent are prepared in the same manner as above. Data for the concentration of baseline gels and water to prepare the final blend is presented in Table 10.
TABLE 10 Concentration of Polycarbophil/Ultrez10 and TPU1 and water to prepare inventive blends Final formulation Wt % Sample Total Wt % Wt % TPU1-1 NaOH 18 # Polymer Polycarbophil TPU1 Polycarbophil gm gm wt % gm Inventive 0.5 0.25 0.25 Baseline 1D 200 Baseline 4 200 0.77 11 Inventive 1 0.5 0.5 Baseline 2D 200 Baseline 5 200 1.54 12 Inventive 1 0.25 0.75 Baseline 3D 133.3 Baseline 6 266.7 1 13 Wt % Carbomer Carbomer interpolymer interpolymer Inventive 0.5 0.25 0.25 Baseline 1E 200 Baseline 4 200 0.77 14 Inventive 1 0.5 0.5 Baseline 2E 200 Baseline 5 200 1.54 15 Inventive 1 0.25 0.75 Baseline 3E 133.3 Baseline 6 266.7 0.77 16 Inventive 0.5 0.25 0.25 Baseline 1C 200 Baseline 4 200 0.7 17 Inventive 1 0.25 0.75 Baseline 2C 100 Baseline 5 300 1.5 18 Inventive 1.5 0.5 1 Baseline 3C 150 Baseline 6 300 1.64 19
TABLE 11 Concentration and Brookfield viscosity data for Polycarbophil inventive gels 20 RPM Yield Brookfield Value Wt % Viscosity (Stress) Total 20 RPM (20 rpm) Brookfield Polymer Polycarbophil TPU1 mPa*s Pa Inventive 11 0.5 0.25 0.25 9200 61 Inventive 12 1 0.5 0.5 72800 456 Inventive 13 1 0.25 0.75 140,000 708
As can be seen in the above Table 11, the addition of TPU1 to Polycarbophil exhibits at least one of increased Brookfield viscosity at 20 RPM or yield stress.
TABLE 12 Concentration and Brookfield viscosity data for Ultrez-10 inventive gels Yield Brookfield Value Wt % Viscosity (Stress) Total Ultrez (20 rpm) Brookfield Polymer 10 TPU1 mPa*s Pa Inventive 14 0.5 0.25 0.25 42,400 220 Inventive 15 1 0.5 1.0 101,630 988 Inventive 16 1 0.25 0.75 133,000 1308
As can be seen in the above Table 12, the addition of TPU1 to Ultrez 10 increases the Brookfield viscosity at 20 RPM and the yield value increased dramatically.
TABLE 13 Concentration and Brookfield viscosity data ETD 2020 inventive gels 20 RPM Yield Brookfield Value Wt % Viscosity (Stress) Total ETD 20 RPM (20 rpm) Brookfield Polymer 2020 TPU1 mPa*s Pa Inventive 17 0.5 0.25 0.25 26,500 228 Inventive 18 1 0.25 0.75 36,800 464 Inventive 19 1.5 0.5 1.0 55,000 916
As can be seen in Table 13, the Inventive examples show similar Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm due to the higher shear thinning with greater shear and higher Yield value than gels containing the baseline TPU alone.
Lidocaine Drug Loading (Method A)
2 gm Carbopol 980 is dispersed in 190 gm water. 4 gm Lidocaine is dissolved in 8 gm 95% Ethanol. The Lidocaine ethanol is added to the Carbopol dispersion. The TPU solution is added to the Carbopol solution. The pH of the final formulation is 7.02 and the Brook field viscosity 20 rpm is 116,000 mPas. The clarity is 30 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). This example shows a pharmaceutical gel of high viscosity and high clarity made by the method of blending a Carbomer acid dispersion with pharmaceutical active, lidocaine amine, to partially neutralize the Carbomer, and then blending with the TPU solution.
Lidocaine Drug Loading (Method B)
2 gm Carbopol 980 is dispersed in 190 gm water. 4 gm Lidocaine is dissolved in 8 gm 95% Ethanol. The Lidocaine ethanol is added to the TPU solution. The TPU solution is added to the Carbopol dispersion. The pH of the final formulation is 6.93 and the Brook field viscosity 20 rpm is 115,800 mPas. The clarity is 32 NTU. This example shows a high aqueous content hydroalcoholic gel pharmaceutical gel of high viscosity and high clarity made by the method of dissolving the amine drug lidocaine with the TPU and then blending that with an acid dispersion of Carbomer to obtain a gel of high viscosity and good clarity.
Menthol/Camphor Drug Loaded Hydroalcoholic Example additional Polymer TPU-2
5.4 gm Carbopol 980 is dispersed in 318 gm water. 25 gm menthol and 1.5 gm camphor is dissolved in 37 gm isopropyl alcohol. 30 gm of a 10 wt % solution of TPU-2 (TG-2000) in isopropyl alcohol/water mixtures (80 wt % alcohol) is added to the menthol camphor mixture 0.26 gm triethanol amine is added. The menthol camphor TPU-2 mixture is added to the Carbopol dispersion. (40 wt % alcohol) The pH of the final formulation is and the Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is 11,800 mPas. The yield value is 106. The clarity is 30 NTU. This example shows a hydroalcoholic pharmaceutical gel of high viscosity, good yield value, high shear response and high clarity, where menthol and camphor are the active to relieve pain.
Menthol/Camphor Drug Loaded Hydroalcoholic Example additional Polymer TPU-3
1.5 gm Carbopol 980 is dispersed in 156 gm water. 12.5 gm menthol and 0.75 gm camphor is dissolved in 37 gm isopropyl alcohol and 43.3 gm water. 10 gm of a 15 wt % solution of TPU-3 (MPD-371D) in isopropyl alcohol/water mixtures (80 wt % alcohol) is added to the menthol camphor mixture 0.26 gm triethanol amine is added. The menthol camphor TPU-3 mixture is added to the Carbopol dispersion. The Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is 26,300 mPas and the formulation is hazy with clarity of 330 NTU. This example shows a 27 wt % isopropanol hydroalcoholic pharmaceutical gel of good viscosity with 0.5 wt % Carbomer and 0.5 wt % TPU-3, where menthol and camphor are the active to relieve pain. The clarity of this gel is adjusted by having a lower alcohol content to give a creamy appearance.
Menthol/Camphor Drug Loaded Hydroalcoholic Example additional Polymer TPU-1
1.5 gm Carbopol 980 is dispersed in 156 gm water. 12.5 gm menthol and 0.75 gm camphor is dissolved in 81 gm isopropyl alcohol and 10 gm water. The menthol camphor mixture is added to the Carbopol dispersion. 100 gm of a 3 wt % solution of TPU-3 (MPD-371D) in water has 0.26 gm triethanol amine added. The TPU-1 mixture is added to the Carbopol menthol camphor dispersion. The Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is 65,800 mPas and the formulation is hazy with clarity of 941 NTU. This example shows a 27 wt % isopropanol hydroalcoholic pharmaceutical gel of high viscosity of 0.5 wt % Carbomer and 1 wt % TPU-1, where menthol and camphor are the active to relieve pain. The clarity of this gel has been adjusted by having a lower alcohol content to give a creamy appearance.
Menthol/Camphor Drug Loaded Hydroalcoholic Example Comparison—No TPU
2 gm Carbopol 980 is dispersed in 256 gm water. 16.6 gm menthol and 1 gm camphor is dissolved in 108 gm isopropyl alcohol and 14 gm water. The menthol camphor mixture is added to the Carbopol dispersion and then 0.58 gm triethanol amine is added. The menthol camphor TPU-3 mixture is added to the Carbopol dispersion. The Brookfield viscosity at 20 rpm is 12,250 mPas and the formulation is hazy with clarity of 932 NTU. This example shows a 27 wt % isopropanol hydroalcoholic pharmaceutical gel of 0.5 wt % Carbomer with low viscosity in comparison to the previous examples made with the blend of Carbomer and TPU-3 and TPU-1. Clarity is not influenced by the presence of TPU.
Shear Thinning
Rheology flow curves demonstrate the high viscosity at low shear of the Carbopol and TPU blend, and data calculated from these curves is illustrated in Table 14. Flow curves are generated by measuring shear rate sweeps from 1 to 1000 s⁻¹, which gives a measure of thixotropy. Yield stress and microviscosity are estimated from the shear stress and shear rate data by fitting to the Casson rheological model. Yield Stress as determined by the curve Y intercept is another method of demonstrating the high viscosity at no and low shear. Yield Stress may also be determined by Brookfield viscosity measurements at different rpm rates. The yield stress is the applied stress that must be must be exceeded in order to make the gel flow. Higher yield stress will inhibit the flow under the relatively low stresses induced by gravity. For comparison, Mayonnaise is typically about 100 Pa and Hair gel about 135 Pa and Ketchup is 15 Pa.
TABLE 14 Yield stress, Microviscosity and Thixotropic Index of the Baseline and Inventive examples of high viscosity carbomer and the blend of high viscosity Carbomer and TPU1 Wt % Yield Total Stress, Microviscosity, T.I., Sample # Polymer Pa mPa · s Pa/s · cm³ Baseline 1A 0.5 66 485 2030 Baseline 2A 1 114 805 −130 Inventive 1 0.25 107 215 5010 Inventive 2 0.5 235 245 4790 Inventive 3 0.5 205 990 7825
TABLE 15 Yield stress, Microviscosity and Thixotropic Index of the Baseline and comparative examples of high viscosity carbomer and the blend of high viscosity Carbomer and PEO PolyOx Wt % Yield Total Stress, Microviscosity, T.I., Sample # Polymer Pa mPa · s Pa/s · cm³ Baseline 1A 0.5 66 485 2030 Baseline 2A 1 114 805 −130 Comparative 1 0.25 71 55 136000 Comparative 2 0.5 86 50 113000 Comparative 5 1.5 88 30 50500
As illustrated in Tables 14 and 15, the inventive samples show higher yield stress than the baseline gels at the same total polymer concentrations (Table 14), as well higher yield stress than the comparative examples at the same blend concentration (Table 14) as measured by the rheometric method. Additionally, the inventive samples show higher microviscosity as measured by the rehometric method than the comparative examples at the same concentration, which is indicative of better spreadability of the hydrogel upon applying shear.
Each of the documents referred to above is incorporated herein by reference, including any prior applications, whether or not specifically listed above, from which priority is claimed. The mention of any document is not an admission that such document qualifies as prior art or constitutes the general knowledge of the skilled person in any jurisdiction. Except in the Examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numerical quantities in this description specifying amounts of materials, reaction conditions, molecular weights, number of carbon atoms, and the like, are to be understood as modified by the word “about.” It is to be understood that the upper and lower amount, range, and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined. Similarly, the ranges and amounts for each element of the invention can be used together with ranges or amounts for any of the other elements.
As used herein, the transitional term “comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps. However, in each recitation of “comprising” herein, it is intended that the term also encompass, as alternative embodiments, the phrases “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of,” where “consisting of” excludes any element or step not specified and “consisting essentially of” permits the inclusion of additional un-recited elements or steps that do not materially affect the essential or basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method under consideration.
What is claimed is:
1. A hydrogel blend composition comprising: a) a crosslinked polymer derived from one or more olefinically unsaturated polymerizable carboxylic monomers, wherein the crosslinked polymer is partially neutralized; b) an optional comonomer; and c) a water-soluble thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) comprising the reaction product of: i) a polyisocyanate; and ii) a polyol component comprising of at least one polyethylene glycol polyol; wherein the composition exhibits high yield stress at low shear.
2. The hydrogel of claim 1, wherein the cross-linked polymer is a carbomer copolymer, a carbomer homopolymer, carbomer interpolymer, or a polycarbophil; and wherein the cross-linked polymer comprises a cross-linking agent is present from about 0.1 to 3.0 weight percent of the cross-linked polymer.
3. The hydrogel of claim 1, wherein the poly(acrylic) acid polymer is cross-linked with an allyl ether cross-linking agent or divinyl glycol.
4. The hydrogel of claim 3, wherein the allyl ether cross-linking agent comprises one or more of allyl pentaerythritol, allyl sucrose, or trimethpropanediolyl ether (TMPDE).
5. The hydrogel of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane comprises the reaction product of (i) at least one aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanate; (ii) a polyol component comprising at one polyethylene glycol polyol having a number average molecular weight of at least 1450 and (ii) optionally, a chain extender component.
6. The hydrogel of claim 5, wherein the aliphatic diisocyanate comprises H12MDI.
7. The hydrogel of claim 5, wherein the aromatic diisocyanate comprises MDI, TDI or XDI.
8. The hydrogel of claim 5, wherein the chain extender comprises an aliphatic diol.
9. The hydrogel of claim 5, wherein the polyol component comprises a blend of polyethylene glycol having number average molecular weights (Mn) of at least 300 and at least
1450. 10. The hydrogel of claim 9, wherein the polyol component comprises a blend of polyethylene glycol having number average molecular weights (Mn) of at least 1450 and at least
8000. 11. The hydrogel of claim 1, further comprising the comonomer, the comonomer comprising one or more of at least one acrylic acid ester of the formula:
wherein R³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and R⁴ is an alkyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, in an amount of less than 30 weight percent based upon the weight of the carboxylic acid or anhydride plus the acrylic acid ester.
12. The hydrogel claim 1, wherein the ratio of (a) to (c) is from about 1:9 to about 2:1.
13. The hydrogel of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic thermoplastic polyurethane forms about 0.01-2.5 wt % of the total weight of the composition.
14. The hydrogel of claim 13, wherein the cross-linked polymer forms from about 0.01 wt % to about 2.5 wt % of the total weight of the composition.
15. The hydrogel of claim 1, further comprising one or more of a pharmaceutical, a biologically active compound, an absorptive material, a personal care compound, an active ingredient, a therapeutic aid, or combinations thereof.
16. A wound covering comprising the hydrogel of claim
1. 17. A gel, a cream or a lotion comprising the hydrogel of claim
1. 18. The hydrogel of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polyurethane is a water-soluble TPU.
19. The hydrogel of claim 1, wherein the viscosity of the hydrogel is from 3,000 to 200,000 mPa*s.
20. The hydrogel of claim 1, wherein the hydrogel exhibits a yield stress as measured by Brookfield of from 50 to 2500 Pa.
21. The hydrogel of claim 8, wherein the chain extender component comprises one or more of diethylene glycol or a C₃-C₁₂ diol and is present in an amount from 0.4 wt % to 4 wt %.
22. A hydrogel blend composition comprising: a) a crosslinked polymer derived from one or more olefinically unsaturated polymerizable carboxylic monomers, wherein the crosslinked polymer is partially neutralized; b) an optional comonomer; and c) a water soluble thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) comprising the reaction product of: i) an aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanate; and ii) a polyol component comprising of at least one polyethylene glycol having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 1450; wherein the composition exhibits high yield stress at low shear.
23. The hydrogel of claim 22, wherein the aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanate comprises H12MDI, MDI, TDI, or XDI.
24. A process of making a hydrogel composition, said process comprising the steps of: (I) blending: a) a crosslinked polymer derived from one or more olefinically unsaturated polymerizable carboxylic monomers, wherein the crosslinked polymer is partially neutralized; and b) a water soluble thermoplastic polyurethane comprising the reaction product of: i) a polyisocyanate; and ii) a polyol component comprising of at least one polyethylene glycol polyol; wherein the resulting hydrogel composition has a viscosity of from 3,000 to 200,000 mPa*s.
25. A hydrogel blend composition comprising: a) a homopolymer of a crosslinked polymer derived from one or more olefinically unsaturated polymerizable carboxylic monomers, wherein the crosslinked polymer is partially neutralized; and b) a hydrophilic thermoplastic polyurethane wherein the hydrogel composition exhibits: i) a viscosity of from 3,000 to 200,000 mPa*s; and ii) a shear response as measured by microviscosity of from 130 mPa*s to about 2,500 mPa*s.
26. The hydrogel composition of claim 25, wherein the composition exhibits a yield stress as measured by Brookfield of from 50 to 2500 Pa..
| 23,238 |
https://github.com/hjf110/borderDefenceCar/blob/master/src/main.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
borderDefenceCar
|
hjf110
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 192 | 855 |
import Vue from 'vue';
import App from './App.vue';
import router from './router';
import ElementUI from 'element-ui';
import NProgress from 'nprogress'; //网页上方进度条
import MyTool from './utils/index';//工具类
import 'nprogress/nprogress.css'; //网页上方进度条css
import './assets/css/icon.css';
import './components/common/directives';
import 'babel-polyfill';
//vant 组件
import Vant from 'vant';
import 'vant/lib/index.css';
Vue.config.productionTip = false;
Vue.use(ElementUI); //导入elementUi
Vue.use(Vant); //导入vant
Vue.use(MyTool);//导入工具类
// Vue.use(Notify); //导入vant
// 简单配置
// NProgress.inc(0.2)
NProgress.configure({easing: 'ease', speed: 500, showSpinner: false});
//使用钩子函数对路由进行权限跳转
router.beforeEach((to, from, next) => {
// NProgress.done(true);
console.log('进入了------------', to.meta.title);
document.title = `${to.meta.title}`;
next();
// const role = localStorage.getItem('ms_username');
// if (!role && to.path !== '/login'&&to.path !== '/404'&&to.path !== '/403') {
// next('/login');
// } else if (to.meta.permission) {
// // 如果是管理员权限则可进入，这里只是简单的模拟管理员权限而已
// role === 'admin' ? next() : next('/403');
// } else {
// // 简单的判断IE10及以下不进入富文本编辑器，该组件不兼容
// if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('MSIE') > -1 && to.path === '/editor') {
// Vue.prototype.$alert('vue-quill-editor组件不兼容IE10及以下浏览器，请使用更高版本的浏览器查看', '浏览器不兼容通知', {
// confirmButtonText: '确定'
// });
// } else {
// next();
// }
// }
// NProgress开始进度条
NProgress.start();
});
// 全局后置钩子-常用于结束动画等
router.afterEach(transition => {
console.log('路由载入成功!!');
console.log(transition);
document.title = `${transition.meta.title}`;
// NProgress结束进度条
//不加这个进度条会不知道什么原因的卡主
Vue.nextTick(() => {
NProgress.done();
});
// setTimeout(() => {
// // console.log(transition)
// }, 100);
});
new Vue({
router,
// i18n,
render: h => h(App)
}).$mount('#app');
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sn85025007_1836-08-29_1_2_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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ALEXANDRIA GAZETTE By JUDGE SNOWDEN. Terms. Daily paper $3 per annum. Country paper - - - 5 per annum. The ALEXANDRIA GAZETTE, for the country, is printed on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. All advertisements appear in both papers, and are inserted at the usual rates. A GLIMPSE AT MOUNT VERNON. We had now reached the private road, leading to Mount Vernon. A servant boy met us at the gate and pointed out the house watch as, yet nearly half a mile in advance. As we entered the enclosures once owned by the beloved. Washington, for once, I must confess all gaiety forsook me. Though nearly forty years had passed since the dead, whose grave we sought among the living, and although since then the old world in nearly every division had been revolutionized—though Emperors, Kings, Dukes, and Presidents, had with their generations passed away, and millions of the great men of this world had gone; still there was but one spot but one place, one tomb, one Mount Vernon, that contained the remains of George Washington. It was here, and I felt that I was standing upon holy ground. I chose to be alone. The history of one of the greatest men the world ever saw was spread before me from his infancy to the dying bed. The boy George who was afraid to tell a lie.—the youth George Washington, who with the most filial fondness, forsook hope and ambition to soothe the anguish of a mother, the man Washington from "when he was chosen commander in chief of the American forces, Washington at Boston, re-entered Princeton, Germantown, Yorktown, every scene through his brilliant and interesting life, seemed an occurrence of yesterday. We rode along to the gate enclosing the house and agreeably to custom, sent our cards to the present occupant, Mrs. Washington, the niece of Judge Washington, who I believe, was the former occupant of the estate, which now, as formerly, composes several hundred acres. An intelligent servant was sent to answer to our cards, with orders to conduct us about the premises. The dwelling was built of wood, two stories high, and cut in imitation of freestone. It is ninety-six feet in length and is surmounted by a cupola. The centre of the building was erected by Lawrence Washington, brother of George, and the wings by the General himself. We entered the house built by the brother of George Washington, which with the whole estate was given to George as a token of affection and gratitude. The building is of the old fashioned style of architecture, the ceiling of each room is covered with elegant stucco; the house is very spacious, and as was generally the customary mode of building a half century since with the kitchen and all of the out houses wholly disconnected with the dwelling house. I dare predict that a stranger who was ignorant of the residence of Washington, yet knew his character, would have told me that we had reached the house of the American patriot. Every thing as far as possible, was ashington had left it when he left the world. I entered under the portico and into the house with a melancholy pleasure. The first thing that caught my eye was the key of the French Bastille, given by the Marquis de Lafayette, to General Washington. It hung in a glass frame upon the wall of the entry, a fit relic for preservation. The walls upon each side were covered with National paintings, mostly of a military character. One painting, if I remember right, represented the death of the brave Montgomery—another the battle of Bunker Hill, and several scenes of sea fights, yet none of them were representations of Washington’s own deeds of valor. Before entering the room, we hurried to the front entrance of the house under the piazza, where upon the day of burial, rested the corpse of Washington. From this spot, he was taken to the tomb and here the coffin lid for the last time closed the lifeless remains from the gaze of man. Here, within a stone's throw of the dwelling house and the original tomb of Washington, flows the Potomac, running at this point southwest, although the course of the river is generally southeast. As I gazed upon these interesting waters, the beautiful and apt lines of Brainard came irresistibly upon me: Flow gently, Potomac! thou wastest away! The sands where he trod and the turf where he lay, When youth brushed his cheek with her wing; Breathe softly, ye wild winds, that circle around That dearest, and purest, and holiest ground, Ever pressed by the footsteps of Spring. Each breeze be a sigh, and each dew drop a tear, Each wave be a whispering monitor near, To remind the sad shore of his story; And darker, and softer, and sadder the gloom Of that evergreen mourner that sweeps o'er the tomb, Where Washington sleeps in his glory. I stood for a long time in front of the dwelling, ruminating upon the past and present. Every thing around me was going to decay. Ruin stared me in the face wherever I turned my eyes and Mount Vernon, though small in compass, reminded me of the Grecian Patras, known like Jerusalem and the cities of the Plain, not for what they they are, but for what they have been in the history of the past. The very walls, built by the Father of his Country, to surround and enclose his family edifice, were tumbling down like the ruined palaces of Italy, not because America, like Italy, was dead and buried, but because America would raise no other monument to the memory of her beloved son, than the living temple which every American has raised in his own bosom. Not only was the family edifice falling to decay, but every building upon the premises. The garden walls were for the most part in ruins. “Dull time” everywhere had fed “like a slow fire upon a hoary brand.” The tooth of Time had ground the sculptures to rude forms, such as the falling waters eat from rocks in the deep gloom of caves. From the front piazza we returned to the house, re-examining with the eye of a lynx every thing that could be seen. The furniture was in the olden style of the Revolutionary times. The walls of the rooms upon the lower floors were covered with paintings, most of them family portraits, containing, as I was told, excellent likenesses of each of the occupants of the Vernon Estate since the death of Washington. We hastened from this house of the living Washington, to the grave of the Father of our country. Everything here was imposing and solemn. The slave who conducted us to this spot, where he had conducted thousands before, seemed affected as if he gazed upon the monument and inscription before us—telling us simply that "her remains of George Washington" were buried there six years ago. The iron railing, and had the next tomb, was sealed by a priest, who sought out the remains of Ophelia, so did my fellow travelers and myself leap into the tomb of Washington—the ladies determined not to be outdone in reverence, followed on—our conductor smiled and said that no females had ever before, since the removal of the remains of Washington. which was six years, entered the vault. We stood upon the broken boxes and frames, that once enclosed the remains of our hero, gathering some stones and several pieces of the crumbling tomb as relics of our journey-then leaving the vault we again examined the grounds, the green house filled with oranges, emons, flowers and trees, all flourishing in the beauty of nature, and then in the long run the excellent Dr. Need, of England, the enthusiastic admirer of Washington, we soon left the domain, perhaps forever, which was once defined by the presence, and which is still sacred by the remains of Washington. A. J. GRATITUDE BRITAIN AND SLAVERY. It is remarkable with what a holy honor, the British people look upon Slavery, now that it is abolished in their own domains; and with what airs of self-complacency they denounce the system wherever it exists. According to their own showing, they were but two years since abettors of piracy, theft, robbery, and all the other crimes which they say are involved in the matter of slaveholding; and they were so, deliberately and wilfully, for they had the power at any time to terminate the system in their colonies, but did not do it. One would think that repentance for their own sin, so long cherished and so recently forsaken, would abate the self-righteousness with which they look down upon those who are what they were. It is a favorite doctrine in Great Britain that Slavery in the United States is a national concern. They are very careful to speak of it as American Slavery. In this they show either their ignorance, or the obliquity of their vision. They might easily learn that the United States, as a nation, have no more power over Slavery in the individual States, than over Slavery in Cuba. Here is a great and important difference between the position which Great Britain occupied in reference to Slavery, and that which is occupied by the United States. The government of Great Britain had the constitutional power to terminate the system in her dominions at pleasure; the United States have no such power. Yet Great Britain upheld the system by her fleets and armies until 1835; and having abolished it, she turns round and reproach us for not doing what we have not power to do, for not trampling the Constitution under foot; for not dissolving the Union; for not rushing into a civil war; for not drenching the country in blood. Well, let her reproach. And we in our return will reproach her for not abolishing the system of idolatry—the worship of dumb idols, stocks and stones, beasts and devils—which prevails among so large a portion of her subjects. She has the power to do this; why does she not do it? Why exhaust her sympathies upon two millions of well-fed, well-clad, and in general, well-treated slaves in the United States, over whom the nation has no power, and leave 100 millions of her own subjects sunk in all the abominations and guilt of heathenism? It is but very recently that she abolished the practice of suffrage in India. Is it not a shame that a nation whose skirts are red with the blood of a hundred thousand widows, which has but just abolished slavery in her Own dominions, which still has thousands and thousands of subjects in Ireland treated worse than slaves, and which protects and upholds idolatry in India, where she has the power to put it down, is it not a shame, we say, for such a nation to waste itself with the queshon of slavery in the United States? She can do so, however, if she likes. But unless we greatly mistake the character of the American people, every such interference will defeat itself, and postpone the emancipation of the slaves. Who entailed slavery upon our country? Great Britain. Who forced it upon us, contrary to the urgent remonstrances of some of the Legislatures of slave-holding States? Great Britain. Great Britain prides herself much on the great sacrifices she has made in the cause of negro emancipation. Yes, she has added £20,000,000 to a debt which she never can pay, and never expects to pay, for the emancipation of slaves in her colonies. The interest on this debt, which is the only thing to be paid, amounts to £600,000 per annum; which, divided among 20,000,000 people, is about 7d to an individual per annum; and even this is paid from the public revenue, and is only so much deducted from what would otherwise go to the sinking fund. Wonderful munificence truly! Wonderful! There are in the United States about 400,000 free persons of color. They would be worth as slaves $150,000,000. And they would now be slaves, but for acts of voluntary emancipation. This then is what individual charity in the United States has done towards the freedom of slaves. The great English nation has nominally done nearly two-thirds as much towards the object as private charity in the United States. Yet the latter in the estimation of Great Britain, is not worthy of being named; while the former is trumpeted as one of the proudest achievements of the “mistress of the seas.” A hundred and fifty millions is nothing to be voluntarily given up by individuals in aid of negro emancipation; she demands that they shall at once give up and abandon $1,000,000,000—in many cases their all. They must do it, and do it instantly, because it is a moral wrong to retain such property, under any circumstances. It was all right in the British dominions a few years ago, but now, in the United States, it is the sin of sins that cries to heaven for vengeance. It was all right in the British dominions a few years ago, but now, in the United States, it is the sin of sins that cries to heaven for vengeance. Bathos.—A young Bostonian lately made the tour of Europe and went to Rome. He was in the ancient Forum, with several other Americans, who by quotations, or by effusions inspired at the moment, or (most appropriately,) by a rapt and reverential silence, were indulging the classical enthusiasm so natural in contemplating that now lifeless heart of the "lone mother of dead empires." Our hero racked both memory and imagination for something: in vain! Neither “Tully’s strain, nor Virgil’s lay, nor Livy’s pictured page,” furnished him a single idea. At length, with cheeks distended, sonorous voice, and vehement gesture, he burst into the sublime effusion from Ruddiman’s Latin Grammar: “L'or, abutor, jusqu'il, fungor, potior, amore, govern the ablative.— Fred. Anna. The following private letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, to Mr. Benjamin Waterhouse, of Cambridge, having been made the subject of much comment in some of the Boston papers owing to exaggerated versions of its contents, is published by Mr. Waterhouse, in order, that it may speak for itself. July 1636 Dear Sir,—Yours of the 2nd hist, deserves my best acknowledgments for its numerous useful and valuable bill, as to Admirals, did not get through both Houses, and our band fell in. "In some of our gallant fellows, must longe, feel the pangs of hope deferred. Our overflowing Treasury, which prays for, will, I fear, prove a cure. But my best efforts will be given to execute the late law, faithfully, though I have many misgivings as to its fatal influence on the sound relations between the states and the general government. The President wishes me to express his thanks for your kind remembrance of him. He leaves this city in a few days for Pensacola. I believe the ensuing presidential election is to be unusually quiet, and I will not allow myself to despair of the Republic, however postious may be some of the signs of the times. I am now involved in a real or quasi war with Mexico, the surplus may never be divided or will be soon recalled. At all events, the whole will be wanted in 1842, of course. Five millions are to come off the present year in 1841, alone. Mr. Adams's health has not been good the latter part of the session; but I saw Mrs. Adams quite well at church last Sunday. Truly and respectfully, Your obedient servant, Levi Woodbury. Hon. Ben. Waterhouse, Cambridge, (Mass.) Anktedotb—The English correspondent of the York Star, gives the following particulars in the movements in London, of Flynn, the manager of the N.Y. National Theatre. Flynn is taking out the best company, as a whole, that ever appeared in any American Theatre. In fact, he has been awake, and dramatized the English Theatres of their best actors. Flynn concocted Jim Crow's opening bill at the Surrey—the result was complete success, because the bill appealed, and truly, to the fact that in America, English actors had invariably been well and kindly received. But if the unanimous opinion of the London papers is to go or anything, Rice's own merits are great. He has made such a hit at the Surrey, that they want him at the west end, at the English Opera House. Moncrief, the dramatist, or, more properly, he melo dramatist, is writing a piece for him called ‘Jim Crow in England.’ You may have noticed Flynn's remarkable likeness to George IV. The features are nearly similar. A curious incident arose out of this resemblance, while he was in London. He went to Vauxhall in company with Rice, Hugh Kirk man (Tenn.) Pinchon, and others, a jovial crew. He was dressed, with some taste and even splendor, in a suit from no less an artist than the fashioner who clothes the Duke of Buccleuch, and walked (we may suppose) as if he was aye, every inch a King. As he was going a head, Sir Charles Wombwell came up, family took him by the arm, and said, "Doll, come and see the fireworks." Flynn made no reply beyond a bow of assent and they walked on. Piesently Sir Charles started, for another ‘Doll’ was before him! He had mistaken ‘the National for Lord Adolphus Fitzclarence!! and the real Simon Pure seemed‘struck in a heap,’ by the appearance of his double. Lord Adolphussoon left Vauxhall, but Mynn & Co. remained, and Rice,-to humor the joke, kept calling him ‘My Lord.’ This and the re markable likeness, made every one posting that it was Lord Adolphus, and he was surround ed by crowds anxious to see the King’s son.— Flvnn graciously smiled on them, and the King’s Coldstream Band struck up ‘God save the King’, when Flynn came within view of the orchestra! They* sat down at supper, and Rice asked if‘his Lordship would allow an American national air to be played?’ His Lordship graciously assen ted, waved his hand, and the band struck up ‘Yankee Doodle!’ the King's Band played Yankee Doodle!! Every spectator took off his hat, in imitation of ‘his Lordship.’ When the band ceased, Flynn sent a sovereign to the lea tier, and half a dozen of Champagne to the band. ‘Ah,’ said the leader, ‘this is aot Lord Adolphus, for he never does the handsome thing in this manner.’ So much for resemblance. To the Editor of the Richmond Enquirer. Sir: Perceiving by the accounts from your State that the loss on your Winter Wheat crop is estimated at near $3,000,000, the present year, I am led to believe that it would be very desirable intelligence to your Farmers, and a great public benefit, to have it widely known, that an excellent kind of Spring Wheat, imported from Florence, in Italy, to this country, four years since, and successfully cultivated since that time, can be had in moderate quantities in this place. It is a bearded wheat; the original sample weighed sixty-three pounds to the bushel, and makes first quality flour. From twenty to twenty-seven bushels on a common soil is obtained from one bushel sown, after a corn or other crop—early sowing is best. There has been no failure of crop since first sown in this State. The price per barrel, of 3½ bushels, is $5 and may be ordered per mail, or through agents in the city of New York. Your obedient, J. Hathaway, P. M. Rome, N. Y., August, 1836. Steam Packet from Liverpool.—We learn that this vessel, which has been so long talked about, is now rapidly building; her frame is up, and her machinery in progress, by Mr. Paul Sabat. She will have two engines of 150 horse power. Everything is under contract to be finished about the 1st of November. She is to be called the "Despatch," and will be commanded by Capt. Cobb—to whose energy and perseverance will the public be indebted for the first steamboat to run between this port and Liverpool. Captain Cobb has recently made a tour on the canals, and we understand was much gratified with the management of the boats in those waters.—S. Y. Com. Honor to Bozzahis.—The French sculptor David has executed, and presented to Greece, a statue representing a youthful female figure holding in one hand a crown of laurels, and with the other pointing to the name of Bozzahis. It is erected over the tomb of the warrior at Missolonghi. King Otho has sent the artist; the cross of the Order of Deliverance. Power, the inimitable and only true living theatrical representative of Irishmen, has got back, and looks more fresh and youthful than ever before, by his successful sojourn at home. He is to re-appear at the Park Theatre, in New York, on Monday, in the ever-favorite and amusing character of the "Irish Ambassador." ELECTIONS IN NOVEMBER. It may not be improper to call the attention of the Voters of Virginia, as well as the Commissioners appointed by the Executive to hold the election for Electors of President and Vice President, to some of the provisions of the law, prescribing their duties. The following form are therefore intended, not so much to them what the laws are, as to put them in strict inquiry, so that both voters and commissioners may in due time understand their respective rights, duties and liabilities. 1. The persons qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, shall assemble at their respective Court houses, or at such other place or places, as now are prescribed by law for holding a separate poll or polls, for the election of members of the General Assembly, on the first Monday in November next, and shall each vote for twenty-three Electors of President and Vice President. See the first sections of the Acts of the 10th March, 1832, and the 25th February 1833; page 23 in the. Acts of each session. 2. The Commissioners appointed by the governor shall appoint three Commissioners, and proper persons to attend each separate poll authorized to be held in their respective counties, who shall reside near to, or in the neighborhood of the place of holding the separate poll, and who shall do and perform the same or like offices and duties, and be subject to the same or like liabilities for the like offenses, omissions and negligences as the Commissioners appointed by the Governor; except that they shall report the poll taken by them for a fair copy thereof. See the general election law of April 2nd, 1831, section 53, page 34. 3. The Commissioners appointed by the governor and those appointed to hold the separate polls as aforesaid, shall each, before they enter upon the duties enjoined, take and subscribe, before some justice of the peace of the county, the following oath or affirmation: “I, A. B. do solemnly swear, (or affirm,) faithfully and truly to execute the office of Commissioner; that I will, to the best of my skill and judgment, admit all persons to vote entitled to do so, and reject all not so entitled; and that I will see the poll fairly taken, and will certify the same according to law, so help me God.” Same page. 4. The Commissioners at the Court-house, shall within five days from the commencement of the election, make a return, in triplicate, which shall be in words and not in figures, and within fifteen days after the same shall be made out, sealed and subscribed by the said Commis sioners, they shall deliver one copy to one of the twenty-three persons having the greatest number of votes; another copy shall be tiled in 1 the Clerk’s office of the county or corporation, | and the third shall he transmitted to the Gover nor and Council. The form of this return be ing prescribed by law, reference is made to the Electoral act of the 10th March, 1832. fl hi$ act contains the general provisions defining the du ties of the Commissioners, which they will care fully examine. 5. II the Executive have failed to appoint Commissioners in any county or corporation, or i if no one of the said Commissioners so appoint* j ed shall attend at the time and place prescribed by law, then any two justices of the peace may hold the election in the same manner ns if they j had been regularly appointed by the Executive; but they must take the oath above prescribed. See act of 25th Keb.. 1S33, page 29. G. If, on account of death, sickness or other cause, only one of the said Commissioners shah attend at the time and place of holding the said elections, he is empowered to associate uith himself, as a Commissioner, the sheriff or any other magistrate of the county or corporation, v ho, being qualified as above directed, shall be as competent to act as it appointed by the Go vernor. Sec 5th section of the act of 16th March, 1832. After the return shall be made, it shall be the duty of the Commissioners to seal up all the tickets or votes by them received, and endorse their names on the cover, to be preserved by one of them and delivered to the Governor it demanded by him within six months after the election. See same Act. It shall be the duty of the Sheriff of every county, and the Sergeant of every corporation, entitled to elect, to attend the said election, and to remove force, if it be offered. And if any Sheriff or Sergeant shall fail in duty as aforesaid, or if any Commissioners shall refuse to take the poll, being required so do by a candidate, or person qualified to vote, or shall take it contrary to this act, or shall make or sign a false return, or shall falsify the polls or tickers, by measure or alteration, he or they so offending, shall, for every such offense, forfeit and pay the sum of three hundred dollars, to be recovered with costs in action of debt, before any court of record in this Commonwealth, by any person who will sue for the same. FARM FOR SALE. WILL be sold on Thursday, the 15th September next, the residence of the late Mr. Carlin, containing 100 acres, lying in the county of Alexandria, D.C. adjoining the lands of Mr. G.W. L. Custis, Mr. Whiting, and Mr. Ringold, about 3½ miles from Georgetown, from Washington City, and 5 miles from Alexandria. About one half of this land is well timbered and the cleared land is very susceptible of improvement, and in a pretty good state of cultivation at present. There is a tolerable comfortable, dwelling house, kitchen, and other outbuildings, and an orchard of excellent fruit, with a well of first-rate water in the yard. Persons wishing to purchase can view the premises by calling on Mr. James H. Carlin, who resides on the farm. Terms made known at sale. The sale to take place on the premises at 12, o’clock. JOHN D. HARRISON, JACOB BONTZ, Adm'r. of Mr. Carlin Mill, MILLS, LAND, AND MINERAL SPRING, FOR SALE. I WILL sell, on the most accommodating terms, the property called Scally Mills, situated in the County of Prince William, near the Loudoun line. The Merchant Mill, situated two pairs of Burrs, capable of making twenty-five barrels of flour per day. There is also a Corn and Plaster Mill attached to the above is a good Saw Mill, which may be made very profitable, as it is in a neighborhood, where lumber is much wanted, and timber quite abundant. If required, I would sell with the Mills two or three hundred acres of good land, on which there is a Mineral Spring of very valuable water, and growing into notice, and would, no doubt, be much resorted to if improved. Mr. Wm. Dean, of Alexandria, is acquainted with my terms, which will be found to be extremely moderate. G. H. CARTER, Aug 22—eo£w I POTOMAC AQUEDUCT. PROPOSALS will be received by the Alexandria Canal Company, till the 10th day of September inclusive, for building six stone Piers of the Aqueduct over the Potomac near Georgetown. The Piers be tounded upon the solid Rock, which has been discovered all across the River at the depth of about 2.3 feet below the tides, and to be made of the hard blue granite which is so abundant and fine upon the margin of the River and Canal within five miles of the site of the work. The stone to vary from 5 to 20 cubic feet and laid partly in hydraulic and partly in common lime mortar. The two larger or abutment piles will be 21 feet thick at high water mark, and slope in their whole height one inch to the foot being about 50 feet 2 tenths by 10 feet 2 tenths at top—and the four single piles, or piles of support to be about 41-10 by 7-10 at tops, sloping in like manner as the Abutment Piers. The Masonry of each of the two large Piers will contain about 2500 cubic yards, and that of each of the four smaller piles will contain about 1500 cubic yards. It is desired to have the Masonry executed in the best manner, and according to more minute and accurate details and specifications which will be had by reference to Capt. Wm. Turnbull, Engineer in charge of the work—communications may be directed to him in the City of Washington. The Letting will take place at Alexandria on Thursday, the 15th day of September next. All proposals will be directed to the subscriber Clerk of the Company at Alexandria. JOHN H. CUE ASF, August 11, 1858. AN EXANDRIA FEMALE ACADEMY AND BOARDING SCHOOL. Rev. Ruel Keith, D.D., Rev. U. Lippett, Theological Seminary, Fairfax County, Va. Rev. J. T. Johnston, Rev. C. B. Dana, and Edgar Snowden, Alexandria. Messrs. Ben Hallowell, D. Bryan, W. H. Miller, R. H. Miller, Jos. Eaclies, Alexandria. Rev. William Hawley, Washington City. This Institution is now in successful operation. The course of study embraces the Latin, English and French languages, Mathematics, Natural and Moral Philosophy, Chemistry, Astronomy, Rhetoric, Music, Drawing, Painting, &c. and other branches usually taught in the best Female Seminaries. The government is mild and parental, and it is the constant study of the Principal and Assistants to promote the comfort and improvement of the pupils. Lectures on Philosophy and Chemistry, illustrated by experiments, are given weekly during the year. For a very moderate charge, the pupils can also attend the Lectures of Mr. Benjamin Hallowell. Terms:—For Board and Tuition in all the branches taught, except Music, the Latin Language, Drawing and Painting, $14.50 per annum; Day Scholars, $7 per quarter, according to their respective classes: Music, (by N. Cassius,) $15 per quarter; French, (by Mr. H.Guefran,) $5 per quarter; Drawing and Painting, (by Mr. Gibson,) $6 per quarter. Books and Stationery furnished at the book store prices. No extra charge is made for beds or bedding. No pupil will be admitted for a less period than six months. The fall term will commence on the 1st of September. Mr. Benjamin Hallowell, Aug 24 —If Nat. Lot. 2nd Sept. Leesburg Genius of Liberty and Winchester Rep, dt._ BELLEVILLE FEMALE SEMINARY, Prince Hiltim County, Virginia. WILL re-open on the 5th of September next. The situation is one of the most healthy in Virginia, and is located four miles north of Haymarket, between the farms of Stuart G Thornton, Esq. and Dr. Chailes B. Stuart. Mrs. Maxwell has made arrangements for the reception of a few additional boarders. She has engaged the services of a German teacher from Philadelphia, who is a teacher of great celebrity to attend to the musical department. Mrs. Maxwell will continue to pursue that system, the excellence of which has been promised by the manner in which her pupils distinguish themselves on their examination, by the Keiff John Ogilvie, before a numerous and respectable assemblage. References: Stuart G. Thornton, Esq.; Doctor Charles B. Stuart, Snow Hill; Doctor John Nelson, Prince William County; Hon. John Talia Hero, King George Co.; Rev. John Ogilvie, Principal of New Baltimore Academy, Baltimore Co.; Matthew Carey, Esq.; Col. Me Kenny U. S. Army; and Rev. Alexander McCoskey, Minister of St. Paul’s Church, Philadelphia. Terms: Board and Tuition, in Writing, Arithmetic, English Grammar, Composition, and other branches. Graphy, with the use of Maps and Globes, and Ancient and Modern Mythology. Natural Philosophy, Needlework, muslin, late, needlework, cloth, filigree and rug work, per annum, $100; bedding, if supplied by the school, per annum, $87; washing and fuel, per annum, $10; with use of piano, per annum, $15; French, embroidery and shell work, each, do., $80; Oriental, Mezzotinto, Velvety, Satin, painting, do., $6; Drawing, do., $80. Day pupils, in all the English branches, works, per quarter, $8; Junior classes, do., $8. Belle view, near Baymark, Aug. 22— YOUNG LADIES’ BOARDING AND SCHOOL. The exercises of the Young Ladies’ Day and Day School, under the charge of the Misses Muirs, will commence on the day of September: at which time there will be a room, for a small addition to their number. Day scholars and boarders. As this School has been in success, Adjournment for many years, and is extensively deemed unnecessary to say anything present, either as it respects its character, pretensions. They are known already, terms, are as heretofore—for all the branches of a complete English education, $3 per quarter. Drawing, French, Spanish. and Italian. $6 for Wax Work, Painting, Hebrew, and Latin, each $5; for Music on the Guitar, $18; for Board, alone, each $10 per annum, quarterly in advance. The whole, is general superintendence of the season, by whom, all the classes in the branches of study are carefully examined every week. rilTR copartnership as heretofore ex1*-, A der the name of Hayman & Uai , this day dissolved by mutual consen • * ^ sons having claims will please Pref!enimfIlf^i'' those indebted are requested to make f> \Wl> payment to Jonathan Cartwright; as ■ • I man has authorised him to settle t ' - F P H A Y M A A • ' \ aug 2t>—3t JON.' CAKTWlMOf- i.
| 49,442 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3178069
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Jeunes Solistes
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 44 | 95 |
Jeunes Solistes
Jeunes Solistes nature de l’élément programme télévisé
Jeunes Solistes pays d'origine Belgique
Jeunes Solistes identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/122qxy25
Jeunes Solistes
Jeunes Solistes instancia de programa de televisión
Jeunes Solistes país de origen Bélgica
Jeunes Solistes identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/122qxy25
| 50,289 |
US-202217851921-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 2,115 | 2,736 |
The example computer system 1100 includes a processing device 1102, a main memory 1104 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), a static memory 1106 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage device 1118, which communicate with each other via a bus 1130.
Processing device 1102 represents one or more processors such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device may be complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device 1102 may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device 1102 may be configured to execute instructions 1126 for performing the operations and steps described herein.
The computer system 1100 may further include a network interface device 1108 to communicate over the network 1120. The computer system 1100 also may include a video display unit 1110 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device 1112 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 1114 (e.g., a mouse), a graphics processing unit 1122, a signal generation device 1116 (e.g., a speaker), graphics processing unit 1122, video processing unit 1128, and audio processing unit 1132.
The data storage device 1118 may include a machine-readable storage medium 1124 (also known as a non-transitory computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 1126 or software embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 1126 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1104 and/or within the processing device 1102 during execution thereof by the computer system 1100, the main memory 1104 and the processing device 1102 also constituting machine-readable storage media.
In some implementations, the instructions 1126 include instructions to implement functionality corresponding to the present disclosure. While the machine-readable storage medium 1124 is shown in an example implementation to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine and the processing device 1102 to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.
Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions have been presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the ways used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm may be a sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Such quantities may take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. Such signals may be referred to as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the present disclosure, it is appreciated that throughout the description, certain terms refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage devices.
The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the intended purposes, or it may include a computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various other systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the method. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the disclosure as described herein.
The present disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, or software, that may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes a machine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium such as a read only memory (“ROM”), random access memory (“RAM”), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.
In the foregoing disclosure, implementations of the disclosure and histogram generation have been described with reference to specific example implementations thereof. It will be evident that various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of implementations of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims. Where the disclosure refers to some elements in the singular tense, more than one element can be depicted in the figures and like elements are labeled with like numerals. The disclosure and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.
What is claimed is:
1. A method comprising: receiving a plurality of phase mixer (PMIX) codes configured to adjust a phase of PMIX circuitry; determining, by a processing device, a number of times each of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs within a respective time period; and determining, by the processing device, non-linearity values based on the number of times.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the number of times comprises: determining, during a first period, a first number of times that a first PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs; and determining, during a second period, a second number of times that a second PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs, the first period and the second period are non-overlapping.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the non-linearity values comprises comparing the first number of times with the second number of times.
4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: determining a histogram based on the number of times, the histogram comprising a plurality of bins, each of the plurality of bins corresponds to a respective one of the plurality of PMIX codes.
5. The method of claim 4 further comprising determining the non-linearity values comprises determining an integral non-linearity (INL) for the plurality of PMIX codes based on the histogram.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein determining the INL for the plurality of PMIX codes comprises: determining a cumulative sum of the histogram; scaling the cumulative sum by a maximum PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes to generate a scaled cumulative sum; and inversely scaling the scaled cumulative sum by a value of the cumulative sum.
7. The method of claim 5 further comprises differentiating the INL with respect to each of plurality of PMIX codes to determine differential non-linearity (DNL) for the plurality of PMIX codes.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising saving the non-linearity values within a look-up-table, associating each of the plurality of PMIX codes with a respective one of the first non-linearity values.
9. A system comprising: a memory storing instructions; and a processor, coupled with the memory and configured to execute the instructions, the instructions when executed cause the processor to: receive a plurality of phase mixer (PMIX) codes configured to adjust a phase of PMIX circuitry; and determine a number of times each PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs within a respective time period; determine non-linearity values based on the number of times.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein determining the number of times comprises: determining, during a first period, a first number of times that a first PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs; and determining, during a second period, a second number of times that a second PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs, the first period and the second period are non-overlapping.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein determining the non-linearity values comprises comparing the first number of times with the second number of times.
12. The system of claim 9, wherein the processor is further caused to: determine a histogram based on the number times, the histogram comprising a plurality of bins, each of the plurality of bins corresponds to a respective one of the plurality of PMIX codes.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein determining the non-linearity values comprises determining an integral non-linearity (INL) for the plurality of PMIX codes based on the histogram.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein determining the INL for the plurality of PMIX codes comprises: determining a cumulative sum of the histogram; scaling the cumulative sum by a maximum PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes to generate a scaled cumulative sum; and inversely scaling the scaled cumulative sum by a value of the cumulative sum.
15. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further caused to: differentiate the INL with respect to each of plurality of PMIX codes to determine differential non-linearity (DNL) for the plurality of PMIX codes.
16. The system of claim 9, wherein the processor is further caused to: save the non-linearity values within a look-up-table, associating each of the plurality of PMIX codes with a respective one of the first non-linearity values.
17. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising stored instructions, which when executed by a processor, cause the processor to: receive a plurality of phase mixer (PMIX) codes configured to adjust a phase of PMIX circuitry; determine, during a first period, a first number of times that a first PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs; determine, during a second period, a second number of times that a second PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes occurs, the first period and the second period are non-overlapping; determine non-linearity values for the plurality of PMIX codes based on the first number of times and the second number of times; and associating each of the plurality of PMIX codes with a respective non-linearity value, and storing plurality of PMIX codes within a memory.
18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein the processor is further caused to: determine a histogram based on the first number of times and the second number of times, the histogram comprising a plurality of bins, each of the plurality of bins corresponds to a respective one of the plurality of PMIX codes.
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18, wherein determining the non-linearity values comprises: determining an integral non-linearity (INL) for the plurality of PMIX codes based on the histogram; and differentiating the INL with respect to each of plurality of PMIX codes to determine differential non-linearity (DNL) for the plurality of PMIX codes.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein determining the INL for the plurality of PMIX codes comprises: determining a cumulative sum of the histogram; scaling the cumulative sum by a maximum PMIX code of the plurality of PMIX codes to generate a scaled cumulative sum; and inversely scaling the scaled cumulative sum by a value of the cumulative sum..
| 49,455 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85622712
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Christina Gustafsson
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 566 | 1,475 |
Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson instancia de ser humano
Christina Gustafsson sexo o género femenino
Christina Gustafsson fecha de nacimiento 1951
Christina Gustafsson identificador Sports Reference (archivado) gu/christina-gustafsson-1, registrado como Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson nombre de pila Christina
Christina Gustafsson identificador de atleta en Olympedia 44129
Christina Gustafsson lugar de nacimiento Eskilstuna
Christina Gustafsson identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson identificador del Comité Olímpico Sueco c/christina-gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson fecha de fallecimiento 2016
Christina Gustafsson deporte tiro deportivo
Christina Gustafsson ocupación tirador
Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson instância de ser humano
Christina Gustafsson sexo ou género feminino
Christina Gustafsson data de nascimento 1951
Christina Gustafsson primeiro nome Christina
Christina Gustafsson local de nascimento Eskilstuna
Christina Gustafsson identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson data de morte 2016
Christina Gustafsson desporto desportos de tiro
Christina Gustafsson ocupação atirador desportivo
Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson ist ein(e) Mensch
Christina Gustafsson Geschlecht weiblich
Christina Gustafsson Geburtsdatum 1951
Christina Gustafsson Sports-Reference-Olympiakennung (archiviert) gu/christina-gustafsson-1, genannt als Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson Vorname Christina
Christina Gustafsson Olympedia-Personen-ID 44129
Christina Gustafsson Geburtsort Eskilstuna
Christina Gustafsson Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson SOK-Athleten-ID c/christina-gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson Sterbedatum 2016
Christina Gustafsson Sportart Sportschießen
Christina Gustafsson Tätigkeit Sportschütze
Christina Gustafsson
Swedish sports shooter (1951-2016)
Christina Gustafsson instance of human
Christina Gustafsson sex or gender female
Christina Gustafsson date of birth 1951
Christina Gustafsson Sports-Reference.com Olympic athlete ID (archived) gu/christina-gustafsson-1, subject named as Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson given name Christina
Christina Gustafsson Olympedia people ID 44129
Christina Gustafsson place of birth Eskilstuna
Christina Gustafsson Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson Swedish Olympic Committee athlete ID c/christina-gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson date of death 2016
Christina Gustafsson sport shooting sport
Christina Gustafsson occupation sport shooter
Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson nature de l’élément être humain
Christina Gustafsson sexe ou genre féminin
Christina Gustafsson date de naissance 1951
Christina Gustafsson identifiant Sports Reference (archivé) gu/christina-gustafsson-1, sous le nom Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson prénom Christina
Christina Gustafsson identifiant Olympedia d'une personne 44129
Christina Gustafsson lieu de naissance Eskilstuna
Christina Gustafsson identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson identifiant Comité olympique suédois c/christina-gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson date de mort 2016
Christina Gustafsson sport tir sportif
Christina Gustafsson occupation tireur sportif
Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson is een mens
Christina Gustafsson sekse of geslacht vrouwelijk
Christina Gustafsson geboortedatum 1951
Christina Gustafsson Sports-Reference.com-identificatiecode (gearchiveerd) gu/christina-gustafsson-1, genoemd als Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson voornaam Christina
Christina Gustafsson Olympedia-identificatiecode voor sporter 44129
Christina Gustafsson geboorteplaats Eskilstuna
Christina Gustafsson Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson Zweeds Olympisch comité-identificatiecode c/christina-gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson overlijdensdatum 2016
Christina Gustafsson sport schietsport
Christina Gustafsson beroep sportschutter
Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson istanza di umano
Christina Gustafsson sesso o genere femmina
Christina Gustafsson data di nascita 1951
Christina Gustafsson identificativo Sports Reference di un atleta (archiviato) gu/christina-gustafsson-1, soggetto indicato come Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson prenome Christina
Christina Gustafsson identificativo Olympedia 44129
Christina Gustafsson luogo di nascita Eskilstuna
Christina Gustafsson identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson identificativo del Comitato Olimpico Svedese di un atleta c/christina-gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson data di morte 2016
Christina Gustafsson sport tiro
Christina Gustafsson occupazione tiratore
Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson instância de ser humano
Christina Gustafsson sexo ou gênero feminino
Christina Gustafsson data de nascimento 1951
Christina Gustafsson identificador Sports Reference gu/christina-gustafsson-1, nomeado como Christina Gustafsson
Christina Gustafsson primeiro nome Christina
Christina Gustafsson identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11fsm7fdr1
Christina Gustafsson data de morte 2016
Christina Gustafsson esporte Tiro desportivo
Christina Gustafsson ocupação atirador esportivo
| 49,411 |
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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אפרומן
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https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=אפרומן&action=history
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Hebrew
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Spoken
| 114 | 349 |
ג'וזף אדגר פורמן (באנגלית: Joseph Edgar Foreman; נולד ב-28 ביולי 1974) הידוע בשם הבמה אפרומן (Afroman) הוא ראפר ומוזיקאי אמריקאי.
אפרומן מוכר בעיקר בזכות שירו המצליח שזכה לפרסום ברחבי העולם ואף הגיע למקום הראשון במצעדי הפזמונים בבריטניה, אוסטרליה וגרמניה והיה מועמד לפרס גראמי.
דיסקוגרפיה
My Fro-losophy (1998)
Because I Got High (2000)
Sell Your Dope (2000)
The Good Times (2001)
Afroholic... The Even Better Times (2004)
Jobe Bells (2004)
4R020 (2004)
The Hungry Hustlerz Starvation Is Motivation (2004)
Drunk 'n' High (2006)
A Colt 45 Christmas (2006)
Waiting to Inhale (2008)
Greatest Hitz Live (2008)
Frobama Head of State (2009)
קישורים חיצוניים
ראפרים אמריקאים
גיטריסטים אמריקאים
אמנים אמריקאים הידועים בשם במה
אמריקאים שנולדו ב-1974
| 3,402 |
sn84024013_1809-02-09_1_4_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,809 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 2,600 | 4,886 |
of the French Academy, Bolst, France, Culeau, Wall, Tocquot, Nueve, Chambur, Boye, Johnson, Walker, &c. By N. G. DUFFIE, Author of Nature Diezlayed in their made of letters language to man, adapted to the French language, etc. The first book of instruction is the dictum of their own language. VULNITY. This text is printed on fine paper, in two handsome large 12mo volumes, upon a beautiful type, called nonparcel, cast for the purpose, by Messrs. Binncy and Ronaldson. This type, although small, in its massive and elegant elegance, extremely graceful to the eyes. The work will be done by Messrs. Brice, to subscribers, for the two volumes in quantities, neatly lettered, five dollars, to be paid on the delivery of the whole work. In addition, however, wishing to have the same done, should be received upon paying the full amount of subscription for both volumes. Subscriptions received by R. Jolliffe Mandeville, has received a considerable addition to his stock, and offers for sale, 20 hogsheads of lard, 20 barrels of Muscovado. Sugar-s. si) si 7000 lb. Creon "ossec, 3 1-2 tons British Patent Shot, assorted -- 33 to No. 9. ssct.10 bales Cotton. ,,, 10 casks first quality Goshlen Cheese. 40 boxes Mould Candles. 15 bags clean heavy Pepper. 50 lb; Nutmegs. casks London refined Saltpetre. 1ditto Irish (Blue. " ss— si Gunpowder, Imperial, Hyson, Young Hyson, Hyson Skin, and Padro Souchong Teas, in quarter chests, boxes and cannisters—most sinfwashioh' are equal in quality to any ever imported. POKC. 1} Madeira, Port, Man sala, Sherry, Lisbon, Mlifle, and Malaga Wines A seu cases Medoc Clasu et. Inmaica, Windward Island, and North East Rum. Godeaux, Borden and Pech Brand. Honand and Country Gin. Irish and Country Wine, Six pounds of "Herb Bounc. Retailers of Molasses, Haxanna Honey. Wine and Cigars, Best Norence Oil in bottles and fiasks. Wine and Lump Sugar, Chocolate, Rice, Lumber, Common Barley, Basket dalt, Starch Big Blue, Indigo, Mace, Cloves, Cassia Pinegar, Race and Ground Ginger, Cayenne E. Apple, Capers, Mustard, Reasins, Almonds, Mixed, Madder, Mink, Copperas, Rou who, Cigars, Brinsh and Brandywine der,? nuh Segars, Cavendish and Tin, hewing Tobacco, Leiper's, Lask and Hamilton's Sugar, VV riti us: and si. 49) Pinegar, Bed COW, W-_. Hefzkc-Ku ss man, ran-filly Medicines-si The fell—en iugsisivss'ellssii own gan.lne Medicines, ct from siHsiapnah Lee :, p Eccentric Medicine Store, New York, are constantly kept for sale by James Kennedy, sign. BOOKSELLER, KING-STREET, And nowhere else in Alexandria. Preventive better than Cure. For the prevention and cure of Bilious and Ague Pills, is recommended HARN'S ANALYSIS PILLS, prepared (only) at Lee's Patent Asedicine store, No. 65 Maiden Lane. This medicine has, for nine years past, been attended with a degree of success highly grateful to the inventor's feelings, in several parts of the West Indies, and the southern states, particularly in Baltimore, Petersburg, Richmond, Norfolk, Edenton, Wilmington, Charleston, and Savannah. The testimony of a number of persons in each of the above places has been adduced, who have reason to believe that at timely use of this salutary remedy has, under Providence, preserved their lives when in the most alarming circumstances. Fects of this conclusive nature, speak more in favor of a medicine than columns of so pompos eulogy founded on more assertion. It is not indeed presumptuously proposed as an infallible cure, but the inventor has every possible reason that can result from extensive experience, for believing that a dose of these pills, taken once every two weeks, during the prevalence of our bilious fevers, will prove an infallible preventive—and further, that in the early stages of these diseases, their use will very generally succeed in restoring health, and frequently in cases esteemed desperate, and beyond the power of common remedies. The operation of these pills is perfectly mild, so as to be used with safety by persons in every situation, and of every age. They are excellent adapted to carry off superfluous life, and prevent its morbid secretions—to restore and amend the appetite, produce it free perspiration, and thereby prevent colds, which are often of fatal consequences. A dose never fails to remove a cold, if taken on its first appearance. They are celebrated for removing bilious constipation, sickness at the stomach and liver, and even acute ache, and ought to be taken by all persons on a change of climate. They have been found remarkably effective in preventing and curing disorders. Curs not to mention long voyages, and should be procured, and carefully preserved by every surgeon. From one to three or four of these pills are a close which may be repeated as circumstances require. In such times or places, a sir-se should be taken every fortnight, and is there is reason to apprehend personal surgeon, it may be taken once a week. (si'c-rtz "('a/c- 0'sil-Ir. N'ssm. fsi'ct'a-crmm. DuzZnsi-sisi the last nine years. l lu-ve lJCCD in. tlzc habit of using l-szhn's Aniibilions Pills, F'ep'siu'ccl by the law Mr. Lee, whenever colds, "faecsiciuchc, or cosdvencqs have rendered medi si'mc necessary; in these cases a single (le-se has unism-mly removed my he;-(lacke, and he generally been found sufficient to remove every symptom of a (x.-It! is taken on its first appearance. induced by the benesl received, i have for years past recommended them to many of my friends. and I have the pleasure u. hssssss-nss you. they have invm'inlzly SllCLCCfle'. in siycmovinsisi- the above complaints Youx's. 510."v"3v'i- DT-ZVENNEY, No. 145, Clxct'ry street. New York. Hamlzsl'on's Grand lx' mio-rate fe, Recommenied as an inveluctible PactZC'silltIZlftsig sul' the specially relief, and pelinunent e-sivc.,; the various complaints w": ielz resini'si set-m dis sipatctl pleasures, jmeniie inciiscret In the midst of uncertainty, the constitution, the immediate use of ten, (Emittent) intoxication or any destructive consequences, the unskillful or destructive use of mercury, the effects peculiar to females, at a certain period of life, but ill health in, etc. Ere. And is proved by long and extensive experience to be absolutely unparalleled in the cure of nervous disorders, consumptions and weaknesses of spirits, loss of appetite, impurity of the blood, hysterics, assimilation, inward weakness, inward weakness, inward weakness, or whites, impotency, dizziness, etc. Hamlin's Worm Destroyers. Which there is reason to believe, have, within eight years past, suffered upwards of two thousand persons of both sexes, of every age, and in every situation of various thousand complaints arising from worms and from other causes. This Elixir, for Coughs, Colds, Asthma, Sore Throat, and other ailments. An infallible remedy for Coughs, speedily removing them from root and branch without giving pain. The Genuine Persian Lottery. The Restorative Powder for the Teeth and Gums. Halz's Genuine Lye Water. A sovereign remedy for diseases of the eyes. Lotion, warranted to cure by one using, and to be free from Mercury or any pernicious or offensive ingredient, &c. may with perfect safety be applied to the youngest person. Hammie Lee, Patent Medicine St. New York, Sept. 10, 1808. ALSO, The following new and valuable Medicine, just received and for sale as above. Price, Two Dollars for a bottle. Dr. Tzssbt's celebrated Gut and Rissumatic Drops. NOTHING is of more importance than the preservation of health—this common sense remark however is too often neglected whilst we are active and strong—and prevention of pain, which is supposed to be due to its cure, is not sufficiently attended to by any description of Pupulations. Among those disorders which require the most early and most severe efforts to eradicate and overcome, none has ever claimed upon our notice than the Gout, Rheumatism, Lumbago, Weakness of the joints, Sprains, Colds, the Stone and Cough, the Cramp and every species of Rheumatism. From whatever cause they may have originated, and hence every relief which can be administered is too valuable to be forgotten. Those persons whose symptoms peculiarly expose them to colds, etc., cannot be too anxious to possess immediate aid. Sea-faring persons, travelers, etc., ought constantly to carry with them that medicine which will counteract the unpleasant effects of their perilous duties, and especially those pains to which their situation must expose them. Those who reside in or visit the greatest climates, and their climate, they will be found upon trial to convey the most lasting service and will gradually desire all tendency to change in the human frame, and preserve health and vigor. Although a great variety of prescriptions have been published to cure the disorders enumerated above, none has yet equalled the GOUT ARM REMEDY—JAMES OF D. TISSOT, which are celebrated through out the European continent, and whose unbounded benefits are fully authenticated by certificates already published of gentlemen so well known in America, being of the first consequence in the state of Maryland: General Charles Hidzyely, of Lexington; John Gibson, his wife; and Mrs. Ryan, of Calton. The estate of Silsr. 'I'lzomaf; fist-[so, hate/ler. About three weeks since I was most violently attacked with rheumatic pains throughout my whole frame, in such a severe manner as not to be able to turn in my bed without assistance, proceeding as I suppose from a severe cold to being advised by a friend to apply Dr. Pilsot's Cough and Rheumatic Drops, according to directions, I have obtained from the agents Messrs. George Dohhin and Murphy, two bottles, the applications of which, under God, have perfectly restored me to health. I am therefore induced with confidence to recommend this medicine as a certain cure for the above disorders. T. G. KELSO. Baltimore, July 22nd, 1856. Ceramic c. Iz. Hium-is Coughs, Colds, and other ailments can be cured by using Dr. Pilsot's Cough and Rheumatic Drops. I have experienced the effects of these remedies, and have experienced the effects of their virtues and efficacy. I was afflicted with two severe attacks of what is usually exalted by the use of Dr. Pilsot's Cough and Rheumatic Drops, from which I partially recovered, but was obliged to use them. Sincerely, Dr. Pilsot I wish to aid me in advising; When I left home; to this were joined violent lumbar pains, the result of the suffering, and had feared the disorder would accompany me through life; but providentially, was recommended to apply at George Dobbin and Pity's for Dr. Tissot's Drops, and after using only one bottle, found myself perfectly liberated from my disorder, and am now, as free from pain as if I never had, been afflicted. Finding this medicine operate so powerfully on myself, I determined to apply it internally to my child; a boy only eleven years old. mouths old, who wasctthen reduced almost to ss' a skeleton with the Bone] Complaint; after administering it four times to him, his com- s plaint was entirely removed, and he is now sire covcring his strength with great rupidity. Tn. CAr-u-BELL. Baltimorc, July 28, 1806. N---W__ 61?- Greening' Apples, Cran berrles, Potatoes, and Cider in barrels, si FOR SALE BY john G. Ladd. . "O—si— 53? sssiCharitabie EIMIDQ SCF ": Lutttfsszsiv. ct- * Cain of the wi; eel on w; ,",. drawmg, - X ecsi'ct'ct-z, Formev gain, si'ct'ct - IC-{LU g; sii3 'I hcsi scventccss-fn It d..3"5<1ct.v-,,.- ,, [his aktcruoou "at three o (. in, "si, ,, m ,irmvn bmnk us}! be (um. ed to .,. A icw licvsiclsi' at Ll ;lsisi'si Ju' . vs-sirct'sssssi duck 7 but for "' ...ue bY "ct' . . RObCrt Gsffi. ( ,ssssuurctv 6. ' 1 L': -._.\ T! [ A '[ cIi-rihlo stumi . )l' busw ossv occupied I;) ).iz (lb-x.: :cs L-clmeu , si-ux'ncl' o: king and I asi-e" si-six- -st*.chs. :' Ix. [. I AYL}? 1' .ancutur qs ]; ' 87: IN EROI 'L'ss Jun 2. _—___ win— THF subscribcr manus-acturcs and' gale, .(si his house on V. 'ashi: "WW'SWGQ ' posz'sic Jacnb Hrctsissrjct'man s sugar xcfi-zcss 35?" ( andll-xulinpss (Lopcs ,ofz- zll szzcs; ocshsisisik my, luiuc , bhud o. Hci "lllm- 'lWincH ' (up; and bed Cmds , Plcusih Lincs sin _ .ssflsssisia, 'lzmcd' zicsspe and other ( 0 .3 joi—cpn iiifsssffljsi FebruAm-y 2 1. ; Mulallu b0)jussisssifsi-'siv ]WSL, ( u'd' si FOR SALE, , A lxk sly smart MUL -\sili () BQY : ss teen ye as of age [Hips '1'/z.-cc hands,,ctctss-ct; [ars 1 Apply to the Printcr. Fcbf-nary 2. ( Pubhc ful-:. : BY virtue of ?. eke"! u's (' " lS'. frcm uszsiz {cry.-(1. ts- no sub cz'silzu, to Sccmc [E.-sisie ment of;: certain sum (i moctz) :, 'si}, (In-m -"-(u7ctcr '..\ ill Lc cxpcsu- [0 : .: ; the 915. (Lay 01 l (:!j-i'z'l ("V !"CXt (T'; 'u'c', ": cs, & PHZ. Ii ()F (lRLHZ-ctli'u ixisih (,; the nor! :. side of Duke-street unctzl csisnzss; -;' All: (.si'. sistuctcr czsstcm... upon Duxc-s'ct'cesiil (c.-et and upon All-c.; \ zsict-(d'ct- ;cm'siouct' (not :slic-y —-si.lso a l'fH 1301 (iÞLH'si'ZP. !} Bug- upon the south gift-si- 01 D'siz'sizc-ziz-siusi) m (he westwam of H—ctut-siv-stnsisil. cxusss: ; upon VVater-street Of her). 10 incusi; .} running back 91 sees (() ix.-ches (o ;-. !; fss-L ."."L'Y. ; jamcs Kciih. ' Jsimnnctry 9—50. en's I". I": 'I. X; B.] A 1 N M. LN 'l'. ss F.;X NLO .ctPll MOTY. ss Lo!-. cf' s/zzsi Hnct iu'o'iwz law?-71, .-1'.e'.'ss'3r.:'.".'fi; ? )S- pn" and (0 c: silcucin ll'a\"f}-('I;:sict-si'sijssct_' ss then. if, a. g;en(<;cl murmur, at the Gum: ss [w L Qct ,, Up} :osite t'eL * &: .c'wctxsi' tuz'i.',';-'/.'fsssi'-"' seven mill.-s hom _ Hexzmd p - on me sisi'ssl i"ai1-s:zx C-O'H'L-HOUZC—flhd ii.-.i'siu's l'l'ctsii his attention (0 'He wishes us'd mm'cssilsi-si? us hiz custo .ms wist CildUi-Z him ::s-CI-s-ffl' pnbiic psi-(sz-JQC. 33" GOC—l plzss-siztuch and qz'z. 21! Of zlcsm'ip'siiun v. ili' .:c iuruizzzcd (on sit-ct-sisi. Jssssnuurd 10. .. ('JCT ——... ......_.-- ..-._.__-ssssfi - \ ',)'1*\ml*si.'arzzuz'z,-.">, szisiice is hsizicb} give: : 'ush liflq'siicnt Slfl'k..0.(iw ii.- in; Lilissff ili'si TW'Us-i'rc Cumpzsiisiz, t'n-ff uzsisi-ssctpirJ-lss-ss slzsictli be nium 'is fixed!" lcslzsisilf'si'si' 5" duc- rm th-siir shss'ss'cs 01, 3, ., {siss L'; 0.. ;. (. \ . .. - . 4 si. -ct_ .ct.y- _l_ , Asslflict'isil' !" I! Hi T'Cj'. 'si , _'_ iiihl -' 'n - ,. . .ss-ssi " "i ' ' I n'; .Zzz, sil'ssss aLsiZ-sssi . " si : - - ,.--. ctfff * ' siss " \: '.\l I,. ssctw - \ . 'ss 0 'si- ;, -\ i " . (,l, '1 sin... (...sssl * ( 5) silss. ] (a \ (six-.: i.,, " '. 51) L-'A\ -- ct' ( i'ssffl (' : ss Usi'" : :. -.- ssssssssw si it] 51 'z'- - "" , . 6- r (4 [. ! Rl ' us (lb! , . si. - . si - - x . --- r'ct'r. Jisssi .'-\ . ) --si\"'ili _si . -ss __ _,, si..—-<-"sict n - .- "l' [limit-'- son. '-L—' 'ss L,-"./('ss"..s'.cv'*' 'l 0 :, E ?, A CCMRHH) ".)LS Ep./. ] carl/!"! !. "si<ss' . L' Slt'siÞtC' "," .,ZHQL !], ]).si-P \C( ]) L (n'. . - .-, (:! H'si Royal- ;:iccu, laxiciy occupied by ,-m les. ALFO, ) sict A vcrv convenient !) stir-His)". a icfisiss'" above the Indi: m. Queen ty. w. n, 0" "" street. The te rays me mode-mio. W'i liam so " FoFss-Tuarv 4._/1\ N () s I () it. si, from !, "mctctssi l lct Parsons u-c fuicnurncci si sssiss ()l' ShOOtlng, Oi' U'CSPUSsi'i' ;} [in i" : 'Tsi-sssl manner on th t hart of c.:c -ss-'5"" ssctct Jmn ss of land, [)UlChdSCd by the Oisiw h'lsil' WM ss hom ti-c- trustecs os Rulwl'l -- fix'd" , (H. llcl'. I be prcm: ses are now un 'cr !] wiss Lion of Mr Gror re Hisc, who is :.ul-Nss iii'u-S ;fll legal means to prevent any tie-'W"! ;lonc. Exsi'f R' I' Taylor, cttc-i'd. of Jp ew Fssebruary 4..
| 25,315 |
2316524_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 941 | 1,347 |
407 Pa. 638 (1962)
Woodward Estate.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued April 26, 1962.
June 28, 1962.
Before BELL, C.J., MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, EAGEN and O'BRIEN, JJ.
*639 A.T. Parke, III, with him Parke and Parke, for appellants.
Thomas A. Pitt, Jr., with him Stively and Mitman, for appellees.
OPINION BY MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BELL, June 28, 1962:
This is an appeal from a decree of distribution and the narrow question involved is the distribution of shares of stock of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company.
Testatrix executed her will on April 10, 1957. In her will she provided:
"I give and bequeath thirty shares of American Telephone and Telegraph stock to Vera Ford Walls.
"I give and bequeath thirty-five shares of American Tel. and Tel. stock to Henry D. Walls."
Testatrix then made many gifts of articles of furniture, china and silverware, including several to Vera Ford Walls. Testatrix provided: "All of the rest, residue and remainder of my estate I give and bequeath unto my following named nephews and nieces Florence J. Harrison, Florence B. Steeley, Helen B. Dunlap, Clara Byerly Lammey and Charles F. Lammey in equal shares."
On April 10, 1957, the date of her will, testatrix owned 78 additional shares of stock of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company or a total of 143 shares. On April 24, 1959, the A.T. and T. stock was split three-for-one and the additional shares were issued on May 29, 1959 to stockholders of record of April 24, 1959. Testatrix received the additional shares which gave her a total of 429 shares of A.T. and T. stock and owned and possessed them at her death on June 15, 1960.
Vera Walls and Henry Walls contended that, contrary to the clear language of testatrix's gift to them *640 of 30 shares and 35 shares respectively, testatrix intended to give Vera 90 shares and Henry 105 shares of A.T. and T. stock because of the stock split. The Orphans' Court awarded to Vera only 30 shares and to Henry only 35 shares and awarded all the rest of the testatrix's stock of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company to the residuary legatees who were nephews and nieces of testatrix.
It is hornbook law that: "The testator's intention is the pole star in the construction of every will and that intention must be ascertained from the language and scheme of his will; it is not what the Court thinks he might or would or should have said in the existing circumstances, or even what the Court thinks he meant to say, but what is the meaning of his words. Kelsey Estate, 393 Pa. 513, 143 A.2d 42; Britt Estate, 369 Pa. 450, 87 A.2d 243; Sowers Estate, 383 Pa. 566, 119 A.2d 60; Cannistra Estate, 384 Pa. 605, 121 A.2d 157." Saunders Estate, 393 Pa. 527, 529, 143 A.2d 367. See to the same effect Althouse Estate, 404 Pa. 412, 172 A.2d 146.
In order to ascertain the testatrix's intent we must place ourselves in the testatrix's armchair and consider "the entire will . . . in the light of the circumstances surrounding him when he made it: [citing cases]. The attendant circumstances include the condition of his family, the natural objects of his bounty and the amount and character of his property: [citing cases]." Newlin Estate, 367 Pa. 527, 529, 80 A.2d 819.
We believe the testatrix's language, meaning and intent are clear. She clearly said at the time she made her will that she wished to give 30 shares to Vera and 35 shares to Henry and she wished her residuary estate to be divided among her five named nephews and nieces. Two years later, the A.T. and T. stock was split three-for-one. Testatrix received these additional shares of stock and owned and possessed them for over *641 a year before her death, but never changed her will. How can we then change it for her? Moreover, Section 14 of the Wills Act of 1947, P.L. 89, 20 PS § 180.14, provides:
"In the absence of a contrary intent appearing therein, wills shall be construed as to real and personal estate in accordance with the following rules:
"(1) Wills construed as if executed immediately before death. Every will shall be construed, with reference to the testator's real and personal estate,[*] to speak and take effect as if it had been executed immediately before the death of the testator."
That language is clear and since we find no contrary intent appearing in the will, the Wills Act refutes the claim of Vera and Henry Walls and supports the claim of the residuary legatees. This was in accord with the prior statutory and decisional law.
Appellants rely on McFerren Estate, 365 Pa. 490, 76 A.2d 759, in which a testatrix owning 100 shares of Cheseborough stock bequeathed 50 shares to one legatee and 50 shares to another legatee, and the Court held that after a subsequent split each of these legatees was entitled to the new number of shares represented by the split. This case involved an ademption, as well as lapsed legacies, general legacies and specific legacies and the Court found that the testatrix intended to bequeath to each legatee an equal half-share of the stock which she owned in that corporation at the time she made her will. We have frequently said that no will has a twin brother and the present will is distinguishable from the McFerren will because of the difference (a) in the surrounding circumstances and (b) in the language of the wills.
Decree affirmed, each party to pay own costs.
NOTES
[*] Italics throughout, ours.
| 27,312 |
https://github.com/uber/tchannel-python/blob/master/benchmarks/test_peer_selection.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
tchannel-python
|
uber
|
Python
|
Code
| 363 | 901 |
# Copyright (c) 2016 Uber Technologies, Inc.
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.
from __future__ import (
absolute_import, unicode_literals, print_function, division
)
import mock
import random
from tchannel.tornado.connection import INCOMING
from tchannel.tornado.peer import (
Peer as _Peer,
PeerGroup as _PeerGroup,
)
NUM_PEERS = 1000
class FakeConnection(object):
def __init__(self, hostport):
self.hostport = hostport
self.closed = False
self.direction = INCOMING
self.total_outbound_pendings = 0
@classmethod
def outgoing(cls, hostport, process_name=None, serve_hostport=None,
handler=None, tchannel=None):
return FakeConnection(hostport)
def add_done_callback(self, cb):
return cb(self)
def exception(self):
return None
def result(self):
return self
def set_close_callback(self, cb):
pass
def set_outbound_pending_change_callback(self, cb):
pass
class Peer(_Peer):
connection_class = FakeConnection
class PeerGroup(_PeerGroup):
peer_class = Peer
def hostport():
host = b'.'.join(bytes(random.randint(0, 255)) for i in range(4))
port = random.randint(1000, 30000)
return b'%s:%d' % (host, port)
def peer(tchannel, hostport):
return Peer(tchannel, hostport)
def test_choose(benchmark):
tchannel = mock.MagicMock()
group = PeerGroup(tchannel)
# Register 1000 random peers
for i in range(NUM_PEERS):
peer = group.get(hostport())
connected_peers = set()
# Add one outgoing connection to a random peer.
peer = group.peers[random.randint(0, NUM_PEERS-1)]
peer.connect()
connected_peers.add(peer.hostport)
# Add incoming connections from 50 random peers.
while len(connected_peers) < 50:
peer = group.peers[random.randint(0, NUM_PEERS-1)]
if peer.hostport in connected_peers:
continue
peer.register_incoming_conn(FakeConnection(peer.hostport))
connected_peers.add(peer.hostport)
benchmark(group.choose)
| 12,984 |
policerecordsrec00sava_3
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Police records and recollections, or, Boston by daylight and gaslight : for two hundred and forty years
|
None
|
English
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Spoken
| 7,607 | 10,978 |
The Centre Watch was at the Town House, the West at Derne Street, and the South at the Old House on Washington Street. There appeared to BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 63 be little alteration in watch regulations, except that they were increased to about sixty. — June 19. An order passed to sell the old Jail in Court Street, and lease the house of the Jailer. — "Shaking down," by the girls, becomes frequent on The Hill. Mayor Quincy inaugurated stringent measures there. 1824. February 14. The great Canal Lottery in full blast in State Street. John Beck fined fifty dollars for keeping a faro bank. — May 1. Josiah Quincy Mayor. — Watch appropriation, $ 8,800. Jane 23. Type foundry in Salem Street burnt. — July 1. An Ordinance passed to renumber the streets, placing the even numbers on one side, and the odd on the other. Middle and Xorth to be called Hanover Street ; and the main street from " The Market to Roxbury line, shall be called Washington Street.'" — /w/y 21. The City Clerk reported, " Fees received for cow and dog license, $3,247, 39." — August 24. General Lafayette vis- ited Boston. — Septemler 15. Dr. Harrington fined $150, for letting rooms to Susan Bryant for unlawful purposes. — October 14. An officer de- tailed to patrol Ann Street by day. — November 20. — The North wood-stand to be between Cross and Merrimac streets and Green Dragon Tavern ; The South, between Granary Burying-ground and Samuel Phillips's Plouse. South Hay Scales in Charles Street. New Lockup about being built at 64 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. the South watchhouse. The Washington Gardens, a place of great attraction on Tremont Street, between West Street and Temple Place, were opened. 1825. March 26. The city voted to accept the act changing the time of the municipal election to the second Monday in December. — " Watchmen found asleep, to be discharged." — April 6. The old Friends meeting-house, Congress Street, sold. — April 27. Corner-stone of new Market House laid. — Thomas Melville, who had been Fireward forty-six years, resigned. — May 2. Josiah Quincy Mayor. — Juiie 4. The City Marshal gave notice that he should execute the laws. — June 17. Cor- ner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument laid. — July 11. An order adopted to survey head waters near Boston, to introduce water. — Churches allowed to put chains across streets Sundays to prevent dis- turbance. — Watchhouse removed from Washing- ton to Elliot Street. — July 22. The Beehive de- stroyed in Prmce Street, by a mob. — July 24. A riot attempted at Tin Pot, Ann Street, which was suppressed. — October 10. Sign-boards ordered to be placed at corners of streets. — October 24. Tremont Street widened, by taking Gardner Green's land. — December 12. Watchman Jonathan Plough- ton killed in State Street, by a ruffian named John Holland. — Boston contained 58,281 inhabitants. White males, 27,911; white females, 29,453. BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 65 Colored males, 974; colored females, 943. — JDe- cember 21. A fearful riot occurred at Boston The- tre, Federal Street. Edmund Kean, who had pre- viously given offence, was to play. A large num- ber of men and boys, but no women, were present. At Ivean's appearance on the stage, the riot com- menced. Kean was driven out, the house and fur- niture nearly destroyed, and many persons badly injured. 5,000 people, more or less, connected with the riot. 1826. Januari/ 1. City Government inaugur- ated ; Josiah Quincy, Mayor. — January 9. The- atres charged $1,000 for license. — January 29. James Morgan, Captain of Watch, died, and Flavel Case was soon after appointed. — February 6. House of Juvenile Offenders established at South Boston. — March 3. John Holland hung on the Neck for the murder of Watchman Houghton. — War between the Government and Fire Depart- ment ; the Fire Department got the worst of it. — May 6. The Mayor of Boston fined for fast rid- ing. — A stone curb ordered to be built about the Frog Pond. — Park Street Mall laid out. — June 17. Jerome V. C. Smith chosen resident physician at Hospital Island. — July 1. Bodies being removed from Quaker Burying-ground to Lynn. — July 4. Celebrated with great spirit. A liberty pole erected corner Essex and W'ashington Street. — Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both 6* 66 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. died this day. — Juli/ 14. A riot ou Negro Hill; several houses pulled down. — August 26. The new market completed and opened, and ordered to be called " Faneuil Hall Market." — October 7. The first railroad in America, completed at Quin- cy. — October 13. John Tileston died at his resi- dence, No. Qb Prince Street, aged eighty-nine. Had been a Boston schoolmaster seventy years. — October 16. Gaspipe being laid in the streets in Boston. — November 27. Boston Marine Railway completed. — December 18. Charles Mar chant and Charles Colson, pirates, sentenced to be hung. When sentenced, Marchant replied, "What! is that what you brought me here for, to tell me I must die ? No thanks to you, sir ; I am ready to die to-morrow." He killed himself the day before .execution arrived. 1827. Josiah Quincy, Mayor. — February 1. Colson, the pkate, and accomplice of Marchant, hung in the jail-yard, Leverett Street. — February 7. Edwin Forrest appeared at Boston Theatre. — February 19. The city exchanged land with Asa Richardson, front of City Hall. — March 15. A temperance meeting held at Julien Hall, Milk Street. — April 28. Constables ordered to patrol the Common by day. — Joshua Vose pastured cows on the Neck for eight dollars the season. May 18. No more liquor to be sold on the Common public days. — June 16. A new monument erect- BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 67 ed over the graves of the father and mother of Franklin, in Granary Burying-grounds. — August 11. Palm-leaf hats first worn in Boston. — Septem- ber 24. Tremont Theatre first opened. — October 11. Old Gunhouse removed from Copp's Hill to Cooper Street. — The body of a drowned woman floated in the creek, from Creek Square, across Hanover Street. — October 31. The Statue of Washington placed in the State House. — Novem- ber 24. Madam Celeste danced at Tremont The- atre.— December 15. No child to be admitted at school unless vaccinated. — December 17. Two watchmen detailed for duty at South Boston. — The Boston Directory this year contained 11,164 names. It had the name of a baker, a blacksmith, a cordwainer, a ship carpenter, a tailor, a house carpenter, a saddler, a druggist, a wine dealer, an auctioneer, two merchants, and two hair-dressers, that were in the fii'st Boston Dii-ectory in 1789. One merchant kept the same store, and one hair- dresser the same shop forty-six years. — During the year, 921 persons have been committed to Bos- ton Jail for debt. 1828. Josiah Quincy, Mayor. — Januarij 17. Ancient w^ood house of Governor Phillips, Tremont Street, removed, a part of which was said to have been built by Sir Henry Vane, m 1635, and the t>ther by Rev. John Cotton, in 1636. — February 26. The Ursulme Convent at Mount Benedict, 68 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. Charlestown, completed. — April 30. One hundred persons more or less injured by the falling of a floor, while witnessing the ceremonies of laying the corner-stone of the Methodist Church, North Bennet Street. — June 23. Persons contracted to remove night soil. — Jiil}j 4. The corner-stone of City Hotel (Tremont House) laid. IMr. J. B, Booth appeared at Tremont Theatre. — September 15. Marginal (Commercial) Street from Market to Sar- gent's Wharf opened. — September 23. Federal Street Theatre opened (named Old Drury). — Sep- tember 26. Boston Millpond filled up, and the Company surrendered then* right to the city. — Union Street opened from Hanover to Merrimac streets. — November 4. The Centre Watch petition for beds, but don't get them. — The Grand Jury complained of being annoyed by the noise at then* quarters in Leverett Street, by prisoners hammer- ing stone. — December 25. Warren Bridge opened for travel. 1829. Henry Gray Otis, Mayor. — January 1. A Gas Street-lamp placed in Dock Square, as an experiment. — January 19. The pay of the Watch increased to sixty cents per night. — April 15. Clinton Street opened. — April 22. Common Street, from Court, by the Common, to Washington, to be called Tremont Street. That part of the Common between Southac Court (Howard), and Court, to be called Pemberton Hill. BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 69 1829. Julj/ 4. Celebrated with little spirit. It was said, " on the Common no liquor, no booths, and no people. At the Washington Gardens, af- ternoon, Orator Emmons held forth in flights of passing eloquence and rhyme, which, with a nonde- script fish, were all to be heard and seen for fourpence." In the evening, a man tried to whip Big Dick, and got the worst of it. Big Dick (Richard Cephas) was a big darkey and bully of the Hill. He was a dancing-master by profession, and a peace- maker by practice. He is remembered by some old men as standing head and shoulders above his fellows, weight 300 pounds, with short open blouse, red jacket, little round-top hat, and was feared by all. He long since " shuffled off this mortal coil," but his stately figure may still be seen not a mile from his former residence. — August 24. Sia- mese Twins in Boston. — October 19. A new wall to be built on Tremont Street, next Chapel burying- ground. — Cigar-smokers in streets, notified that they will be fined. — Market Street to be called Cornhill. — November 28. J. B. Booth comes near killing another actor in sword exercise at the Tre- mont, pretends to be crazy and leaves the city. — December 30. A great Anti-Masonic meeting at Faneuil Hall, resolved to put down the order. 1830. Harrison Gray Otis, Mayor. — February 1. Beecher's church in Hanover, opposite Port- land Street, burnt. — February 15. The Franklin 70 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. Schoolhouse TiaAdng been sold, was repurchased, and the South Watch soon removed thereto. The watch detailed as follows : North Watch, house in Hancock Schoolhouse, 2 constables, 25 men; Cen- tre Watch, in Kilby Street, 2 constables, 25 men : South AVatch, Franklin Schoolhouse, Common Street, 2 constables, 22 men ; West Watch, Derne Street, 2 constables, 2-1: men ; 2 men at South Bos- ton. Flavel Case, Captain. — March 15. Cows excluded from the Common. — April 6. Mr. Joseph White, aged eighty-two years, murdered at Salem. — Ma}j 1. City Marshal's salary, $ 1,000 ; Captain of Watch, $800; Watch Appropriation, % 11,400. — Boston had 61,381 inhabitants, of which 1,915 were colored. — September 17. A committee long having the matter under consideration, decided this day to be the anniversary of the Settlement of Bos- ton, and the day was celebrated with great spirit, as the second centennial anniversary of the settlement of the Town. — The old Town House having been prepared, the City Government took possession, to occupy it as City Hall, with appropriate ceremo- nies.— Septemher 29. John F. Knapp hung at Salem, for the murder of Mr. White. — October 14. Corner-stone of Masonic Temple, Tremont Street, laid. — November 8. Another peace officer placed on Ann Street. — North Island wharf, the last re- mains of what was called " the old wharf," was re- moved this year. BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 71 1831. Harrison Gray Otis, Mayor. — March 21. John Harrington astonishing Bostonians with ven- tiiloquism, at Concert Hall. — J/<7y 5. Maynard's bakehouse in Broad Street, burnt. A man, wife, and three children, perish in the flames. — June 13. Chambers over the Market to be called Quincy Hall. The Municipal Court removed from Leverett Street, to County Court House, Court Square. — July 1. Joseph Gadett, and Thomas Colinett, hung in rear of Leverett Street jail, for piracy. — No. 60 State Street, corner Flag Alley, once the British Custom House, afterwards. United States Custom House, sold at auction for ten dol- lars per foot. — July 11. Oak, Ash, Pine, and ad- jacent streets, being graded. — August 3. John Grey Rogers appointed Judge of Police Court; Judge Orne resigned. — August 10. Fu'st sale of lots at Mount Auburn. — August 23. Funeral ceremonies on the death of President Monroe ; died July 4. — September 10. The notorious swindler Mina, arrested by officer Pierce, for High Constable Hayes, of New York. — November 16. Mr. Anderson attempted to sing at Tremont The- atre, but was driven from the stage, for alleged abuse of the Yankees. — December 28. Calvin Ed- son, the living skeleton, on exhibition in Boston. 1832. Charles Wells, ^isiyov. — February 27. Centre Watch removed from Kilby Street, to base- ment in Joy's Buildings. — May 1. Among the 72 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. appointments were Hezekiah Earl, Deputy Mar- shal ; Zepheniah Sampson, Superintendent Streets; Thomas C. Amory, Chief Engineer, Fire Depart- ment ; Samuel D. Parker, County Attorney. — June 11. The watch to be set at ten o'clock the year round. — July 3. William Pelby opened the War- ren Theatre. — July 20. The Asiatic cholera ap- peared in Boston. % 50,000 appropriated, and every preparation made to stay its progress. The contagion disappeared in a few weeks. — August 9. A constable to patrol South Boston on Sunday. — August 13. A Steamboat first placed on Chelsea Ferry. — September 12. Mrs. Vincent first appeared at Tremont Theatre. — September 24. Boston lying- in hospital established, at 718 Washington street. — October 1. Great complaint against the gas works on Copp's Hill. — October 16. Steamboat put on Noddle's Island Ferry. — December 21. Great ex- citement in Boston, in consequence of the alleged murder of Sarah Maria Cornell, by Rev. E. K. Avery, a Methodist preacher, at Tiverton, R. I. — December 31. Eleven o'clock at night, Bromfield Street watch-meeting broken up by rioters. 1833. Charles Wells, Un.^ov. — February 17. John B. Carter and Mary A. Bradley, a worthy young couple, committed suicide by hanging them- selves together face to face, in her father's store. — March 26. Elisha Towers and other temperance men petitioned to have the eleven o'clock bell dis- continued, but Boston would have its eleven BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 73 o'clock. — xijml 8. Jim Crow Eice jumphig at Tremout Theatre. — The city purchased Brown's Wharf. — Maij 1 . First Boston omnibus run between Eoxbury and Chelsea Ferry. — May 6. Old Court House, Court Street, removed. It stood sixty years. — June 3. A fight between constables and gamblers on the Common. — June 17. House of Correction, South Boston, opened. — June 21. An- drew Jackson visited Boston. — June 28. New Watch arrangement ; the men to go out, one divi- sion one half the night, the other division the other half, commencing at six o'clock winter, and seven o'clock summer, remaining out till sunrise. The force increased eighteen men. Constable's pay one dollar. Watchmen seventy-five cents. — September 28. Cor- ner-stone of New Court House, Court Street, laid. — Novemher 11. Tremont Street to Roxbury line, also Dedham, and several other streets west of Washington nearly completed. 1834. Theodore Lyman, Jr., Mayor. — January 24. Judge Whitman, of the Police Court resigned. — February 4. Constables detailed to attend fires. — February 17. The name of Lynn Street discon- tinued, and Commercial to extend from State to Charlestown Bridge. — April 8, The first cargo of ice exported from Boston, by Mr. Eogers. — May 4. Colonel David Crockett visited Boston. — July 3. During a terrible storm, the figure-head of the Frigate Constitution (the likeness of General Jack- 74 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. son), lying near Charlestown, was cut off and car- ried away. — Jiilij 4. The christening of the Whig party. 2,000 persons sit do"\\Ti to a feast under a tent on the Common. — August 11. Monday evening, the Ursuline Convent at Mount Benedict, Charles- town, burnt. — August 19. Theatres agreeing to sell no liquor were licensed for five dollars each. — September 19. Hair beds furnished for the watch. — September 22. Blackstone Street completed and named. — November 1 7. Dover Street completed. — December 2. Henry Joseph, hung in Leverett Street Jail yard for piracy. — December 4. The city indicted for a nuisance at South Boston. — There were seventy-one gas street-lamps in the city. — Ann Street widened so as to connect Mer- chant's Row with Blackstone Street. 1835. Theodore Lyman, Jr., Mayor. — January 5. Men go from Central "Wharf to the Castle on skates. — April 18. Old Mansion taken down, comer Salem and Charter Streets. — May 8. Pem- berton Hill being removed, to build Lowell Street. The Jingo tree removed to the Common, near Spruce Street. — May 27. Cars put on Lowell Railroad. — June 9. Pedro Gilbert, Manuel Costello, Monelle Bogga, Jose Bassello DeCosta, and Angelo Garcia, five Spanish pu-ates, hung in rear of Leverett Street Jail. — June 30. Special constables appointed for July Fourth. — August 13. ISIr. George Poberts Twelves Hewes, eighty-four years old, said to be BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 75 the last survmng member of " The Boston Tea Party," visited Boston from his reiSidence in New- York. — September 5. Joyce Heath, pretending to be one hundred and sixty-one years old, and General Washington's nurse, was on exhibition at Concert Hall. — September 12. Buiz, the pirate, hung in rear of the Jail. — October 7. Sixty-four building- lots sold in Pemberton Square. — October 22. George Thompson mobbed at the Liberator Office, Washington Street. — October 23. A circus opened at the Lion Tavern. — December 31. Charles Harris, Esq., submitted a plan for supplying Boston with soft water, by an Artesian well on Fort Hill, which he calculated would yield twelve million gallons of pure water per day. — Watch appropria- tion, 127,210. Special Constable appropriation, 13,630. 1836. Samuel Turell Armstrong, Mayor. — March 16. Simon Crocket and Stephen Bussell, for setting fire to Mr. Hammond's house in South Street Place, were hung in the jail yard. — April 1. " Ordered, That hereafter the church bells be rung at twelve, instead of eleven o'clock." — April 13. " The Boston Stone," was set in a building in progress of erection, corner of Marshall and Creek Lanes. It was used for grinding paint by an early settler in Boston, whose arms are to be seen in the front walls of a building on Marshall Street, at the present day. The stone was said to have laid us€v 76 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. less in the yard many years, but was afterwards placed at the corner of the streets, to keep truck wheels from injuring the building, which was at that time occupied by ISIr. Howe. About the year 1737, the suggestion of a Scotchman, who lived near, induced Joe Whiting, whose father then kept the shop, to paint the name of " Boston Stone, Marshall Lane," on the old paint mill, in imitation of " The London Stone," in London, that it might be a landmark and directory, which character it did eventually acquire. The pestle or ball was since found, and " The Boston Stone" has now " become the head of the corner." — June 16. Pond Street to be called Endicott Street. — Jiilij 13. Church bells to be rung at one o'clock instead of twelve. — July 18. Moimt Washington House, South Boston, opened. — August 22. The name of Pelby's Theatre altered from AVarren to National. — Septemher 22. William H. Snelling published a paper called the Balance, which he said, " Is to be the author of truth, a scourge to blacklegs, and a terror to un- righteous judges." — December 16. The iron fence around the Common completed ; length 5,930 ; cost $80,000. 117,000 contributed by mdividuals. — December 20. The new Court House in Court Street, completed. — Benjamin Pollard, who had been City Marshal fourteen years, died, and Daniel Parkman was appointed in his stead. 1837. "Samuel Atkins Eliot, Mayor. — February BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 77 8. The foundation of the United States Hotel laid. — March 3. Graham lectures at Amory Hall. — May 11. Boston Banks suspend specie payment. — Superintendent Common Sewers chos- en. (A new office.) — Ezra Weston appointed City Marshal. — June 11. Sunday afternoon. "The Broad Street riot occurred between Irishmen and fire companies, in which it was said 15,000 people were engaged. The riot was finally suppressed by the military. — June 14. The National Lancers made their first public parade. — June 30. A. flag- staff erected on the Common, near " The Old Elm." — Juli/ 5. The edgestones about the Frog Pond to be removed. — August 21. A watch of four men detailed for East Boston. — September 12. At the general military review on the Common, when the Montgomery Guards appeared, five companies left the line, and the review was suspended. — Oc- tober 20. Lands granted to Horace Gray for " the Public Garden." — Ten deaths by cholera, and eleven by delirium tremens, during the year. 1838. Samuel Atkins Eliot, Mayor. — February 3. (Saturday night.) The City Marshal made a descent on gamblers in Milk Street, arresting twelve men. — February 19. Pemberton Square named. — May 21. The Legislature having passed a law giving the Mayor and Aldermen of Boston powder , to appoint " Police officers with any or all of the powers of Constables, except the power of execut- 78 BOSTON WATCH AMD POLICE. ing a civil process." The Board this day organized a Police force for day duty, to be under the direc- tion of the City Marshal, and six officers were appointed, drawing pay when on actual du- ty, the new department having no connection with the Watch. There were four Watch- houses in the City proper. North Watch, Han- cock Schoolhouse, 2 constables, 23 men ; East Watch, Joy's Building, 2 constables, 28 men ; South Watch, Common Street, 2 constables, 22 men ; West Watch, Derne Street, 2 constables, 28 men. The South and East Boston Watch were combined, having 2 constables, and 9 men, with temporary accommodations at each place. Watch appropriation, 130,000. PoUce appropriation, $3,- 637. — June 18. Abner Kneeland sent to jail two months for blasphemy. — Jidi/ 24. Great Webster dinner at Faneuil Hall. Jim Wilson, of New Hampshire, a guest. — A new division of wards. — July 31. The ii-on fence about Wash- mgton Square, completed. — Fanny EUsler dancing at the Tremont Theatre. — August 27. Eastern Bailroad opened for travel. — Septemher 11. " The striped Pig" on exhibition at Dedham muster (and elsewhere). — The police force increased to thirteen during the year. 1839. Samuel Atkins Eliot, Mayor. — Fehru- arj/ 11. A committee reported one hundred and eighty gas street-lamps in the city. — February/ BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 79 15. Harnclen's Express commences carrying let- ters to New York. — March 27. High Sheriff Sumner (in office many years), resigned. — June 4. City purchased Richardson's estate, fronting on School Street. — June 1 7. Jacob's Great test liquor case in Police Court. — October 19. A tar and feathering liquor informer case occurred. — November 19. Iron fence around the Cemetery on the Common completed. — November 21. Steam communication between St. Johns and Boston opened. — Marcus Morton elected Governor by one vote this year. 1840. Jonathan Chapman, Mayor. — February 8. William Miller (Father of Millerism) first lec- tured in Boston. — February 10. Governor Morton signs a new Liquor Bill ; great rejoicing. Coun- seller Gill preserves the Governor's pen that did the deed. — March 10. Daguerreotypes first taken in Boston. — 3Iay 1. James H. Blake appointed City Marshal, James Barry, Captain of the Watch. Police appropriation $4,500 ; Watch appropriation 140,000: Marshal's salary, $1,000; Captain of Watch, 1,000 ; 14 Police, 110 AVatchmen. Police pay, 1.75 per day ; Watchman's pay, 90 cents per night. — 3Iay 28. One hundi-ed thirty-two building- lots sold on Lowell Street. — Jmie 4. Steam Packet communication opened between Boston and Liverpool. — July 4. Celebrated with great spmt, partaking somewhat of a political character. " Lo^ 80 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. Cabins^'' " Coon SJdns" and " Hard Cider" were in the pla}?", and " Tippecanoe and Tyler too" were the watchwords. — The Iron fence completed be- tween the Granary burial-ground and Tremont Street. — August 8. Monsieur Bibbin, the Bel- gian Giant eight feet high, on exhibition in Boston. — December 22. Hannah Kenney on trial for poisoning her husband. 1841. Jonathan Chapman, Mayor. Fehrimry 15. Father Matthew the Irish Temperance Re- former, in Boston. — March 18. Old County Court House fitted up, and named City Hall. The Gov- erment removed there from Old Town House. — March 28. Davis and Palmer's store, Washington Street, robbed of $20,000 in jewehy. Constable Clapp afterwards recovers the property. — Front Street to be called Harrison Avenue. — April 21. Funeral of President Harrison solemnized in Bos- ton. — June 4. Boston Museum, Corner Tremont and Bromfield streets opened. — August 2. Cor- ner stone of Merchant's Exchange, State Street laid. — September 23. The first pillar of Mer- chant's Exchange, weighing fifty-five tons, was raised to-day. — October 25. Circuses opened on both Haverhill and Friend streets. — November 15. Abby Folsom broke up a meeting in Marlboro' Chapel. — November 24. The French Prince De JoinviUe danced in Faneuil Hall with the Mayor's lady. — December 3 1 . The Municipal court docket for the year showed BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. .81 five hundred and sixty-nine cases, Judge Thacher having been on the Bench one hundred and sixty- six days during the year. 1842. Jonathan Chapman, Mayor. — January 21. Elder Knapp, a revival preacher, who was reported to have said, "It is easier for a shad to climb a greased barber's pole tail foremost, than for a sinner to get to heaven," held forth in Boston. — April 25. Abby Folsom and Joseph Lamson created sensations. — May 16. The first watering-machine used for wetting streets in Boston. — July 4. It was said that 8,000 school children were on the Common in the day, and 100,000 witnessed the fireworks in the evening. — July 23. The Cap stone of Bunker Hill Monument laid. — September 27. Brigade muster on the Common. Boston represented by fourteen companies. 1813. Martin Brimmer, Mayor. — January 1. Merchants' Exchange (State Street) opened. — April 23. The day fixed by the Prophet Miller for the end of the world. A large number of be- lievers assembled at the Miller Tabernacle (Howard Street) in the evening, expecting to take their leave of earth that night ; but nothing unusual happened hut the meeting. — May 9. Trees ordered to be planted on Copp's Hill. — May 22. Tom Thumb fi^-st appeared in Boston. — June 16. Abner Rogers killed Warden Charles N. Lincoln, at Charlestown State Prison. — June 17. John Tyler, President 82 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. of the United States, visited Boston. — Honorable "William Simmons, Judge of the Police Court, died. — Jid}/ 11. Judge Gushing first took his seat as Judge in the Police Court. — August 27. A riot in North Square between negroes and sailors. — September 4. General Winfield Scott visited Boston. — September 6. Judge Cummings held the jSluni- cipal Court, Judge Thacher late deceased. — Novem- ber 30. Centre Watch removed from Joy's build- ings to City building, Court Square. — The Captain of the Watch fined for smoking in the street. — John B. Gough lectured in Faneuil Hall. — Decem- ber 28. The Tremont Theatre having been pur- chased by a Religious Society, was dedicated and called Tremont Temple. 1844. Martin Brimmer, Mayor. — Januarij 1. Post Office removed from Old State House to Merchants' Exchange, State Street. — February 3. Men drove teams and skated from Long Wharf to Boston Light. John Hill & Co. cut a ship chan- nel for the British steamer to pass out. — Maij 20. Ole Bull gave his first Violin Concert at Melodeon, — and Mr. Franklin threw three somersets at the Circus. — June 4. The Fairchild excitement com- menced. — July 2. The South Watch " ordered to be divided, the southern branch to be in Canton Place." — July 4. Fireworks on the easterly part of the Common for the last time. — July 23. The old building, corner of Union and Hanover streets, a BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 83 competitor for the birthplace of Franklin, was pulled down, and the brass ball is seen no longer. — Sep- tember 19. Great Whig meeting on Boston Com- mon. — The close of the year is noted for a muni- cipal political strife. — A Watchhouse built at South Boston during the fall. 1845. — Januarij 6. The City Government or- ganized without a Mayor. — Januari) 30. Federal Street Church sold, to be removed. — Fchriiary 21. Thomas A. Davis elected Mayor, at the eighth trial. — March 14. Peter York sentenced to State Prison for life, for killing James Norton, in Rich- mond Street. — April 10. Deacon Samuel H. Hughes (the old sexton) died. Fie planted one hundred and seventy-two trees on the Common, and many in the burial-grounds. — May 26. Washing- ton Theatre opened at 253 Washington Street. — June 23. Ira Gibbs appointed City Marshal. — July 9. Funeral ceremonies for President Jackson, who died June 8. — July 22. Henry Smith, the Razor Strop man in State Street, crying " a few more left."^ — September 4. Juba (the dancer), on exhibition. — October 6. Mayor Davis resigned on account of ill health. — October 18. Howard Theatre (built on the site of the Miller Tabernacle) opened. — October 27. Maria Bickford murdered in Mount Vernon Avenue. — November 8. Old Colony Railroad opened. — November 12. Mayor Davis died. — November 17. W^inthrop House opened. 84 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 1846. Josiah Quincy, Jr., Mayor. January 15. Magnetic Telegraph line put up from Boston to Springfield. — The third row in the National be- coming noted. — March 24. Albert J. Tii'rell on trial for the murder of Maria Bickford. He was acquitted. — May 14. One hundred and twenty- nine vessels arrived in Boston Harbor. — May 16. War between the 'United States and Mexico — May 19. Mrs. Pelby exhibited one hundred wax figures at Phillips's Hall. — June 4. Recruiting parties patrolling the streets, for Mexican "War volunteers. June 22. — Francis Tukcy appointed City Marshal. — July 1. City Stables being removed from Hay- market Square. — July 17. The Old Eastern Stage House, ^inn Street, removed. — August 20. Mayor Quincy broke ground at Wayland, for the " Boston Water Works." — September 21. Adams House opened. — September 29. Trucks and carriages to be licensed. — November 2. The New Boston Museum between Tremont Street and Court Square, opened. — During the year, under the direction of Marshal Tukey, the Police Depart- ment was reorganized. — The force numbered twenty-two day, and eight night officers. The former on duty from eight a. m. till nine p. m. Detailed throughout the city, reporting to the Mar- shal at eight a. m. and two p. m., at $2 per day. — The latter a night force, particularly for the de- tection of thieves, at pay of $1.25 per night. Police BOSTON -VVATCII AND POLICE. 85 appropriation |1 2,000. —Under Captain Barry, the watch numbered about one hundred and fifty, going out half of each night, one half the force alternately, first and last watch at a pay of $1 per night. The North Watch was in Cross Street, the Centre under the Court House, the West in Derne Street, Boylston, in Common Street, South at Can- ton Street, South Boston in Broadway, and a new house building at East Boston. 1847. Josiah Quincy, Jr., Mayor. January 22. Terrible fii'e in Causeway, Medford, and Charlestown streets. A complete sheet of cinders covered the north part of the city, presentmg one of the most sublime and terrific spectacles ever witnessed. — JVJn^ffr^/ 7. Currier & Trott's store, Washington Street, robbed of a large amount of jewelry. — March 13. The Grand Jury found one hundred and ninety-eight bills of indictment. — March 31. A temperance meeting (Deacon Grant, President) broken up at Faneuil Hall. — April 26. The new Custom House, at the head of Long Wharf, (began in 1837, and part completed,) illumin- ated.— April 27. Corner-stone of Boston Athen^um, Beacon Street, laid. — May 1. The Eevere House, Bowdoin Square, completed and opened. — May 13. The Mayor and Aldermen voted to license no more liquor shops.— The Bridge Estate purchased by the city. — June 5. Mrs. Partington's witty sayings begin to appear in the newspapers. — Ship fever 86 . BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. raging at Deer Island ; a large Police force detailed there. — June 9. Mischievous boys come near de- stroying the Old Elm, by placing matches in a decayed place. — June 12. The house of Deacon Grant, the temperance reformer, disgracefully de- faced.— June 16. The old Custom House, Custom House Street, sold. — June 24. Omnibus war be- tween Mr. King and Boston, begun. — June 29. President Polk visited Boston. — July 27. Iron seats placed on the Common, to har ivluttlers. — August 24. Alexandre Vattemare, Paris, Prefect of Police, donated books to Boston, which eventually formed a nucleus for a Public Library. — September 8. The Assessors' book shows real estates $ 97,- 764,500, and personal estate, $64,595,900, for Boston. — October 7. News reached Boston that the American Flag is flying over " The Halls of the Montezumas" in Mexico. — October 25. New Han- cock Schoolhouse, Richmond Place, completed. — November 18. The Chinese Junk arrived in Boston Harbor. — November 20. Corner-stone of Beacon Hill Reservoir laid. — December 13. Workmen digging down Snowhill Street, tombs exposed. 1848. Josiah Quincy, Jr., Mayor. January 7. Marshal Tukey recovered $1,100, stolen from Hughes «& Co., by digging on the Public Garden. — February 29. City Hall in mourning for Honor- able John Quincy Adams, born July 11, 1767, died February 23, 1848. — March 10. The twenty- BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 87 eight-gallon liquor law passed. — March 14. Sam Houston, of Texas, at Tremont Temple. — April 27. Watchman David Estes shot in Sister Street, while on duty. Night Policeman James S. Kimball nar- rowly escaped the same fate at the hands of burg- lars. — May 2. Marshal Tukey fined for fast driving. — June 16. General order to complain of all persons smoking in the streets. — June 28. Dearborn's Block, in Federal Street, fell with a ter- rible crash. — Jidi/ 22. The Massachusetts Regi- ment, Colonel Isaac H. Wright, returned from the Mexican war. — Aurfust 9. Granite depot for Fitchburg Railroad, completed. — August 24. Dr. Collyer's Model A|j|ist, at Melodeon. — September 18. Thrilling account of gold in California reaches Boston. — October 25. Grand celebration of the introduction of Lake Cochituate water into Boston, and a jet of water sent up from the fountain in the Frog Pond, — an event worthy of commemoration. — December 27. The ship Salstillo left Boston with twelve passengers for the California gold mines. — The Police number twenty-two day officers, twenty night officers, and nine specials for Sunday. A Police Clerk appointed. Police appropriation, 129,000 ; Watch appropriation, |58,000. 1849. John Prescott Bigelow, Mayor. — Janu- ary 1. Good sleighing and great horseracing on the Neck. — January 9. Ship Edward Everett and two others, clear for California. — February 88 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 19. The City Government offer a reward of fifty cents for every dog's head. — February 21. Peo- ple walk on the ice from Long Wharf to Spectacle Island. — Franklin and Blackstone squares laid out. — March 15. Flouring Mills at East Boston commence work. — May 21. Marshal Tukey showing up pickpockets at his office. — May 25. Washington Goode hung at the jail for the murder of Thomas Harding, in Richmond Street, in June last. — June 4. The Asiatic Cholera made its appearance in Boston. — July 27. Lieutenant Hunter, a notorious swindler, arrested. — August 18. William Waberton (Bristol Bill), a notorious burglar, arrested. — Septemher 1^7. James Hayes, an Irishman, dies in Hamilton Street, aged one hundred and eight years. — October 11. Mont- gomery House opened for entertainment. — No- vember 1. Eye and Ear Infirmary completed, in Charles Street. — November 7. Great meeting of the Sons of New Hampshire, at Fitchburg Hall. — November 16. Iron fence completed about Frank- lin and Blackstone squares. — December 1. The Statue of Aristides placed in Louisburg Square. — December 19. Deer Island Hospital completed. 1850. John Prescott Bigelow, Mayor ; Francis Tukey, City Marshal ; James Barry, Captain Watch. In his addi-ess. Mayor Bigelow said, " Boston has 197 schools, 20,000 pupils. The number of deaths exceeds any previous year, owing to cholera, being BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 89 5,068. There are 50 Police Officers, 225 Watch- men, the beat of each man averaging over a mile. The expense of Police and Watch, f 113,000 per year. The Water Works are nearly completed, at a cost of $4,939,824 ; and the city debt, exclusive of water, is $1,623,863." — J«?^w«ry 14. The clock in Faneuil Hall presented to the city by children. — February 8. " The Liberty Tree Block," corner of Essex and Washington streets, completed. — May 18. Chester Square laid out. — June 3. Mr. Glidden exhibited an Egyptian mummy at Tremont Temple. — August 15. Funeral procession of Pres- ident Zachary Taylor. — August 30. Professor John W. Webster hung at the Jail yard for the murder of Dr. George Parkman, the 23d of November last, at the Medical College. — September 28. Jenny Lind sang at Tremont Temple. Ossian E. Dodge paid $625.00 for choice of seat. — October 26. Slave- catchers arrested in Boston ; great excitement among colored people. — October 30. Great sale of build- ing lots in Chester Square. — November 15. Free Soil meeting at Faneuil Hall broken up. — Decem,- ber 31. Number of dwelling-houses in Boston 13,173. Inhabitants 138,788. Heretofore I have been under the necessity of Ipaving the reader to judge of the character of Watch and Police duties, from the nature of transpiring events, the manners, customs, opinions, 8* 90 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. and tastes of the people, and the peculiar rules and regulations that governed them at the time. Hav- ing now become intimately engaged in those duties myself, I shall hereafter generally speak of what has fallen under my own observation. 1851. John Prescott Bigelow, Mayor ; Francis Tukey, City Marshal ; James Barry, Captain of the Watch, who are detailed exclusively for night duty, the beats extending entii*ely over the city, and each man on his beat one half the night. The City Marshal had one deputy, one clerk, one superin- tendent hacks, one superintendent trucks, one of swill, and one of intelligence offices, who also had a particular eye after the day men ; forty day officers on patrol on beats throughout the city, and about twenty night patrol officers to catch thieves, together with five detectives. It was the duty of the day men to report at the Marshal's Office at eight a. m., go on beats till two p. m., then report and go out again till nine in the evening. We looked out for our respective districts, the Marshal and his as- sistant when in sight of a corner, and our two dollars per day. The night police did about the same thing for $1.3 7 J per night. — On the eve of the 23d of April, this year, we made the great Police descent in Ann Street, capturing some one hundred and sixty bipeds, who were punished for piping, fiddling, dancing, drinking, and attending BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 91 crimes. In the fall of this year, the Marshal seemed to think that things looked a little squally, and under his direction we very quietly dabbled a little (very little) in politics at the election. Our choice was successful, and we were in very good spirits at the close of the year, in anticipation of a longer job. 1852. Benjamin Seaver, Mayor; Francis Tukey, City Marshal, with the organization unchanged. — A new prohibitory liquor law was passed in May, which enjoined peculiar duties on City Marshals, imposing, as it was said, a little too much responsi- bility ; and from that or some other cause, on the 24:th of June following, the office of City Marshal w^as abolished in Boston, and Francis Tukey was ap]3ointed Chief of Police. I have said that the municipal election resulted in our choice ; but no sooner had we got our man in, than he began to get us out, — and served us right, too, for meddling with politics. In filling the places of the outs, I must say I think the Mayor was sometimes unfortu- nate. This got the Mayor and his Chief by the ears, and the Mayor having the he^ihold., pulled off the Chief's head, together with the heads of his whole night force and a part of the day. His Honor was indeed after all of us with a sharp stick ; but some were like Paddy's flea, — " When ye put ,yer finger on 'im, he aint thar ! " It was the 19th day of July, that the Mayor pulled off Chief Tukey's head, and Gilbert Nurse, Esq. was appointed Chief 92 BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. of Police the same day. A better man never lived. Said a Frenchman to a Yankee one day, " Vat drinque ish dat ye have in dish countrie, vat is all conthradiction?" " What do you mean ? " says Yan- kee. " Vy, dar ish de brandie, to make him sthronge, and de vatre, to make him veak ; dar ish de lemon, to make him sour, an' de sugar to make him schweet." '-''Punch" said Jonathan. '■'■Ah! oui^ oui" says Francis, " he \\ke punch me brain out last night." When Mr. Nurse came into office, he found our Department very much like the French- man's drink, and it came near accomplishing the same result on our worthy Chief; but notwithstand- ing all the difficulties, he went to work with a steady hand, and really made many important improve- ments. 1853. Benjamin Seaver, Mayor. Gilbert Nurse Chief of Police, with two deputies, the usual num- ber of office men, and fifty-two day patrol men. No night police. The Chiefs salary was $1,800, and the Police appropriation, $44,200. — In June, robberies on vessels and on the wharves having become very common, a Harbor Police was organ- ized, consisting of a Captain and ten men ; House at head of Sargent's wharf. They were furnished with row boats, and armed with Colt's revolvers ; and plenty of work they found to do. Heretofore, for some years, the officers had worn leather badges, buckled round the hat, with the word BOSTON WATCH AND POLICE. 93 Police in large silver letters, and a number in front. This year, on June 1, we were furnished a new badge, to be worn on the' left lapel of the coat. It was an oblong, six-pointed brass star, about as big as one's hand, with an unintelligible device in the centre, and looked more like a Sculpin's head than a Policeman's badge. — For some years past, there had been a talk of reorganizing the Watch and Police, and on May 23d of this year, the Leg- islature empowered Boston to make the change ; but there were no steps taken in that direction by the City Government till the following year. — December 29. James Barry, having faithfully served the City as Captain of the Watch fourteen successive years, resigned his office, and Captain William K. Jones was appointed in his stead. 1854. Jerome Van Crowninshield Smith, Mayor. Gilbert Nurse, Chief of Police. I have said that the Legislature had empowered Boston to reorgan- ize her Watch and Police, and there were probably some good reasons why it sliould be done. There were two departments, under different heads, and, although there was at this time no disunion, yet under the direction of other and different men at the head of so large forces, there might be. The Police by themselves, were still a little like the F;:enchman's punch. The watch were paid only one dollar per night, and were obliged to work by day also, to support their families ; and, good 94 BOSTON WATCH A^'D POLICE.
| 25,270 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duk-Duk
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Duk-Duk
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https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duk-Duk&action=history
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German
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Spoken
| 506 | 1,077 |
Duk-Duk ist ein Geheimbund, der einen Teil der traditionellen Kultur der Tolai aus dem Gebiet um Rabaul in Neubritannien (Papua-Neuguinea) im Südpazifik darstellt. Der Ursprung dieses Bundes liegt auf Neuirland, um 1830 wurde Duk-Duk in den bereits existierenden Tubuan-Bund und -Kult integriert.
Beschreibung
Der Geheimbund hat sowohl religiöse als auch politische Ziele. Er übt Formen der Gerichtsbarkeit durch seinen vorsitzenden Geist, Duk-Duk, aus. Ebenso werden Tabus und Regeln durch den Bund geschaffen sowie Abgaben/Steuern erhoben. Der Duk-Duk ist eine mysteriöse, in Laubblätter gekleidete Figur, die einen Helm trägt, welcher an einen übergroßen Kerzenlöscher erinnert. In der Regel sind die Duk-Duk-Bund-Mitglieder Männer, eine persönliche Maske erhalten neue Mitglieder frühestens mit 12 Jahren.
Der Geheimbund der Duk-Duk verwendet männliche Duk-Duk-Masken und weibliche Tubuan-Masken (bedeutet „alte Frau“). Beide Arten sind auffallend spitz (kegelförmig) und aus Zuckerrohrfasern hergestellt und mit einem kurzen, buschigen Umhang aus Blättern versehen. Traditionell ist die Duk-Duk-Maske jedoch weniger spitz als die Tubuan-Maske und außerdem gesichtslos. Die Tubuan-Maske hat indes runde Augen, einen sichelförmigen Mund, der auf dunklem Untergrund gemalt ist, und eine Art Krone aus Federschmuck. Hinter den Masken verbirgt sich stets ein Geist, wobei der Geist einer Duk-Duk-Maske mit dem Tod des Maskenträgers vergeht, der Geist hinter der Tubuan-Maske jedoch wiederaufsteht. Tubuan-Masken werden zwischen den Festzyklen in speziellen Hütten bei den geheimen Bundplätzen (Taraui) aufbewahrt, Duk-Duk-Masken verbrannt. Tubuan-Masken-Träger genießen hohes Prestige. Ihr Prestige verbessern können Duk-Duk-Masken-Träger, indem sie Ressourcen anhäufen und diese durch Feste neu verteilen, wodurch ihre Chance steigt, selbst Tubuan-Masken-Träger zu werden.
Nur Männer können dem Geheimbund der Duk-Duk angehören. Die Aufnahme erfolgt auf Empfehlung und gegen Zahlung von Geld (früher Muschelgeld oder Lebensmittel), das Recht eine Tubuan-Maske zu tragen erlangt man durch Familientradition oder durch Aufbringen weiterer ökonomischer Ressourcen. Eine der Funktionen des Duk-Duk-Bundes ist somit, seinen Mitgliedern Orientierung und einen Platz in der Gesellschaft zu geben.
Der Bund hat seine eigenen Geheimzeichen, Rituale und Festivitäten; die Anwesenheit eines Fremden an einer solchen Festivität bedeutete (zumindest früher) regelmäßig seinen Tod. Vollstreckender Arm für Strafen, die Einhaltung von Tabus und die Erhebung von Steuern und Abgaben waren die jeweiligen Mitglieder des Geheimbundes. Bei der Erteilung von Bestrafungen waren diese sogar berechtigt, Häuser anzuzünden und Menschen zu töten.
Hintergrund
Die deutsche Kolonialregierung versuchte den Duk-Duk auf kriminelle Machenschaften zu reduzieren und verfolgte den Geheimbund. Verbreitet war tatsächlich die Erpressung von Nicht-Mitgliedern, insbesondere Frauen (die dem Bund nicht beitreten dürfen). Trotz der Verfolgung überlebte der Duk-Duk-Geheimbund in veränderter Form bis in die Gegenwart und ist Teil der kulturellen Identität der Tolai, die innerhalb des Staates Papua-Neuguinea eine politisch dominante Stellung einnehmen. Dennoch haben die Duk-Duk graduell an Bedeutung verloren. Teilweise werden Duk-Duk-Tänze auch als Touristenattraktion aufgeführt. Der Duk-Duk lässt sich auch, wie oben beschrieben, auf den Griffen der französischen Douk Douk-Messer eingeprägt finden.
Literatur
Duk-Duk and other Customs or Forms of Expression of the Melanesians Intellectual Life, by Graf von Pfeil in "Journal of Anthropology"
H. Romilly, The Western Pacific and New Guinea (London, 1886)pp 27-33
Weblinks
Duk Duk ceremony photograph, Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain Real photo postcard, c 1920
Geheimbund
Religion (Papua-Neuguinea)
Bismarck-Archipel
| 48,194 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4828126
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Yeşilköy
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 580 | 2,504 |
Yeşilköy
Yeşilköy quốc gia Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ
Yeşilköy định danh Freebase /m/0k83gr6
Yeşilköy nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Borçka
Yeşilköy mã bưu chính 08400
Yeşilköy tọa độ
Yeşilköy nằm trong múi giờ UTC+3
Yeşilköy định danh GeoNames 746952
Yeşilköy định danh đối tượng duy nhất GNS -749562
Yeşilköy
village in the District of Borçka, Artvin Province, Turkey
Yeşilköy country Turkey
Yeşilköy Freebase ID /m/0k83gr6
Yeşilköy located in the administrative territorial entity Borçka
Yeşilköy instance of village in Turkey
Yeşilköy postal code 08400
Yeşilköy coordinate location
Yeşilköy YerelNet village ID 236878
Yeşilköy located in time zone UTC+03:00
Yeşilköy GeoNames ID 746952
Yeşilköy GNS Unique Feature ID -749562
Yeşilköy
Yeşilköy ülkesi Türkiye
Yeşilköy Freebase kimliği /m/0k83gr6
Yeşilköy içinde bulunduğu idari birim Borçka
Yeşilköy nedir köy
Yeşilköy posta kodu 08400
Yeşilköy konum koordinatları
Yeşilköy YerelNet köy kimliği 236878
Yeşilköy zaman dilimi UTC+03.00
Yeşilköy GeoNames kimliği 746952
Yeşilköy GNS Benzersiz Özellik kimliği -749562
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا ملک ترکیہ
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا فری بیس آئی ڈی /m/0k83gr6
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا انتظامی تقسیم میں مقام بورچکا
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا ڈاک رمز 08400
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا متناسقاتی مقام
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا منطقہ وقت متناسق عالمی وقت+03:00
یہسایلکوی، بورسکا جیونیمز شناخت 746952
Yeşilköy
Yeşilköy negara Turki
Yeşilköy ID Freebase /m/0k83gr6
Yeşilköy terletak di entiti wilayah pentadbiran Borçka
Yeşilköy poskod 08400
Yeşilköy koordinat lokasi
Yeşilköy terletak dalam zon waktu UTC+3
Yeşilköy ID GeoNames 746952
Yeşilköy ID Ciri Unik GNS -749562
Yeşilköy
plaats in het Turkse district Borçka
Yeşilköy land Turkije
Yeşilköy Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0k83gr6
Yeşilköy gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Borçka
Yeşilköy is een köy
Yeşilköy postcode 08400
Yeşilköy geografische locatie
Yeşilköy YerelNet-identificatiecode voor dorp 236878
Yeşilköy tijdzone UTC+3
Yeşilköy GeoNames-identificatiecode 746952
Yeşilköy GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode -749562
Yeşilköy
Ort in Borçka, Provinz Artvin, Türkei
Yeşilköy Staat Türkei
Yeşilköy Freebase-Kennung /m/0k83gr6
Yeşilköy liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Borçka
Yeşilköy ist ein(e) Köy
Yeşilköy Postleitzahl 08400
Yeşilköy geographische Koordinaten
Yeşilköy YerelNet-Dorf-Id 236878
Yeşilköy Zeitzone UTC+3
Yeşilköy GeoNames-Kennung 746952
Yeşilköy GEOnet-Names-Server-Kennung -749562
Yeşilköy
török falu, Artvin tartomány, Borçka körzet (ilcse)
Yeşilköy ország Törökország
Yeşilköy Freebase-azonosító /m/0k83gr6
Yeşilköy osztály, amelynek példánya törökországi falu
Yeşilköy irányítószám 08400
Yeşilköy földrajzi koordináta
Yeşilköy YerelNet village ID 236878
Yeşilköy időzóna UTC+03:00
Yeşilköy GeoNames-azonosító 746952
Yeşilköy GNS-egyediazonosító -749562
Yeşilköy
Yeşilköy kok-ka Thó͘-ní-kî
Yeşilköy Só͘-chāi ê hêng-chèng léng-thó͘ si̍t-thé Borçka
یشیلکوی (بورچکا)
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) کشور ترکیه
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) شناسهٔ فریبیس /m/0k83gr6
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) موقعیت در تقسیمات کشوری بورچکا
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) کد پستی 08400
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) مختصات جغرافیایی
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) شناسۀ یرلنت ترکیه 236878
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) منطقۀ زمانی یوتیسی ۳:۰۰+
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) شناسهٔ جئونیمز 746952
یشیلکوی (بورچکا) شناسه اطلاعات مکانی -749562
Йешилкоьй (Борчка)
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) пачхьалкх Туркойчоь
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) Freebase код /m/0k83gr6
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) административан-мехкан дакъа Борчка
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) хӀара долара кхетам бу коьй
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) поштан индекс 08400
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) географин координаташ
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) эвлан код YerelNet 236878
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) сахьтан аса UTC+3
Йешилкоьй (Борчка) GeoNames код 746952
Ешилкөй (Борчка)
Ешилкөй (Борчка) дәүләт Төркия
Ешилкөй (Борчка) Freebase идентификаторы /m/0k83gr6
Ешилкөй (Борчка) административ-территориаль берәмлек Борчка
Ешилкөй (Борчка) почта индексы 08400
Ешилкөй (Борчка) географик координатлар
Ешилкөй (Борчка) сәгать поясы UTC+03:00
Ешилкөй (Борчка) GeoNames идентификаторы 746952
Ешилкөй (Борчка) GNS идентификаторы -749562
Yeşilköy
Yeşilköy orílè-èdè Túrkì
Yeşilköy (Borçka)
Yeşilköy (Borçka) davlat Turkiya
Yeşilköy (Borçka) joylashgan maʼmuriy birligi Borçka
Yeşilköy (Borçka) geografik koordinata
Yeşilköy (Borçka) joylashgan vaqt zonasi UTC+03:00
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი)
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) ქვეყანა თურქეთი
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) Freebase /m/0k83gr6
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული ბორჩხა
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) საფოსტო ინდექსი 08400
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) გეოგრაფიული კოორდინატები
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) სასაათო სარტყელი UTC+3
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) GeoNames-ის კოდი 746952
იეშილქიოი (ბორჩხის რაიონი) GNS-ის კოდი -749562
| 6,465 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11016951
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
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Damien_The_Unbeliever, JNF, Jon Egerton, codingbiz, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1267263, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1305911, https://stackoverflow.com/users/15498, https://stackoverflow.com/users/592111
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English
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Spoken
| 519 | 862 |
SQL Server receives and runs a query with wrong result
I have an ASP.NET project connecting to a database. A web page sends a query to the database. More than one, as a matter of fact, it reads from database successfully.
On click of a submit button I send an UPDATE query to the SQL Server (2008).
I work with C#, sending the UPDATE query to the server with a SqlCommand object initialized as such:
Edit: Added variables to query.
string strQuery = "UPDATE [tbl] SET [f1]='" + stringValue + "', [f2]='" + (boolValue?"1":"0") + "' WHERE [id]=" + intId.ToString() + ";";
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(strQuery, connectionObject);
int QueryResult = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
QueryResult ends up 0, and, of course, no change done. Copy-Paste to SSMS - I get 1 row(s) affected and the data changes.
Connection works fine - when I use this to check the work on the DB - the query has been executed. (It looks something like (@1 varchar(8000), @2 varchar(8000), @3 tinyInt) UPDATE [tbl] SET [f1]=@1, [f2]=@2 WHERE [id]=@3;).
Any idea what's going on - appreciated.
Thank you!
may be you could show more code. May be you have a transaction that was not committed
@tunmisefasipe, Made a small edit, but in essence - that's the code.
Where does connectionObject come from? Also (having seen edit) please go and read about parameters, and switch to using those instead. String concatenation is almost always the wrong thing to do.
@Damien_The_Unbeliever, initialized earlier. But it works - also for an INSERT query on the same page.
for what its worth, would recommend you change your code to use SQL parameters - will help protect you from SQL injection. Compiling strings like this is a classic way to get caught by it.
My guess would be that, at the time that the query is constructed, intId doesn't have the value that you think it has.
@Damien_The_Unbeliever - Bingo. I would never have guessed, apparently the Id wasn't initialized when it should have been.
The most likely thing is that the WHERE [id]=" + intId.ToString() isn't finding the row to be updated.
Either this is because:
The ID is correct and the row doesn't exist yet (if you're inserting it just before hand)
The ID is wrong
stringValue contains something that is corrupting your SQL such that it executes but matches nothing (unlikely but possible).
You're not executing the SQL against the right database (I've done this before in Dev environments with multiple dbs around!)
If you put a breakpoint on the line after the strQuery assignment see what it contains, and maybe post its contents back into your question.
Got it right (a bit after DTU in comments above). Thanks for parameter advice as well - will do. (Though, this is a private system foe administrators, but it's good security practice)
Here is an example of how to use the parameters
using (SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand())
{
cmd.Connection = connectionObject;
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@f1", stringValue);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@f2", boolValue);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", intId);
cmd.CommandText = "update [tbl] set f1 = @f1 , f2 = @f2 where id = @id";
int QueryResult = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
}
| 26,154 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22596714
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
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Andy, https://stackoverflow.com/users/189134, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3230589, saranjeet singh
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English
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Spoken
| 348 | 592 |
9160 port is not opened after starting cassandra
I have deployed cassandra(1.2.15) with 2 nodes on redhat 6.4 ami in aws vpc. Both nodes are in private subnet. Seed node is working fine but when I started cassandra in new node my 9160 port is not opened. I have given private ip in new node and in seed node in Listen_addess and rpc_addrss option. rpc_port is 9160. Please let me now what cause this issue.
Thanks in advance.
You should ensure that you've opened port 9160 in the Security Group assigned to your EC2 instance.
I have already opened. In seed node its working fine.But new node its not working.
The information on the Creating an EC2 security group page may help you.
Find the security group for your instance/cluster or create a new one from your EC2 Dashboard:
EC2 Dashboard->Network & Security->Security Groups
and setup rules to Inbound ports using the following information:
Table 1. Public ports
Port number Source Description
22 0.0.0.0/0 SSH port
8888 0.0.0.0/0 OpsCenter website. The opscenterd daemon listens on this port for HTTP requests coming directly from the browser.
Table 2. Cassandra inter-node ports
Port number Source Description
1024-65535 <Your-SG> JMX reconnection/loopback ports. See description for port 7199.
7000 <Your-SG> Cassandra inter-node cluster communication.
7199 <Your-SG> Cassandra JMX monitoring port. After the initial handshake, the JMX protocol requires that the client reconnects on a randomly chosen port (1024+).
9160 <Your-SG> Cassandra client port (Thrift).
Table 3. Cassandra OpsCenter ports
Port number Source Description
61620 <Your-SG> OpsCenter monitoring port. The opscenterd daemon listens on this port for TCP traffic coming from the agent.
61621 <Your-SG> OpsCenter agent port. The agents listen on this port for SSL traffic initiated by OpsCenter.
For the public ports (22 and 8888) leave the Source field 0.0.0.0/0 and for the rest, enter the name of your security group, <Your-SG>, so that only instances in that group will participate in the rule.
Link only answers are discouraged. Please pull relevant portions of your link into this answer so that the information is available even if the link is not.
| 16,741 |
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjem
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Hjem
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https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hjem&action=history
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Norwegian
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Spoken
| 319 | 688 |
Et hjem er et bosted eller oppholdssted brukt som fast residens for et individ, familie, husholdning eller flere familier i en stamme og det norske substantivet «hjem» brukes i en videre betydning som omfatter fødested eller en gård. «Hjem» kan også angi bevegelse mot bostedet eller mot bygdens midtpunkt.
Det er ofte et hus, en leilighet eller en annen bygning, eller alternativt et mobilt bosted, husbåt, yurt eller en annen bærbar beskyttelse. Et prinsipp i lovverket i mange land, relatert til retten til privatliv, nedfelt i artikkel 12 i menneskerettighetserklæringen er ukrenkeligheten av hjemmet som et individs beskyttelse.
Hjemsted har juridisk betydning blant annet for skatteplikt og statsborgerlige rettigheter.
Hjem gir vanligvis områder og fasiliteter for søvn, matlaging, spising og hygiene. Større grupper kan bo i et pleiehjem, barnehjem eller lignende institusjon. Når sikrere boliger ikke er tilgjengelige, kan folk bo i uformelle og noen ganger ulovlige skur som finnes i slumstrøk.
Det norske substantivet hjem (nynorsk: heim) brukes i en videre betydning enn den fysiske boligen. Ordet har vært brukt i betydningen fødested, om verden som helhet, og om en husmannsplass eller en avsidesliggende gård. Mange gårdsnavn, som Solem og Nerem, er sammensatt med med -(h)e(i)m. «Hjem» kan også være et adverb som betegner bevegelse mot hjemmet eller bostedet, eller det betegner bevegelse mot bygdens midtpunkt. Heimseter eller hjemseter var (for gårder med flere setrer) den seteren eller stølen som var nærmest gården, kanskje like i utkanten av den dyrkede marken eller innenfor lett gangavstand. Hjemsetrene ble brukt vår og høst. Dette i motsetning til sommerseter, langseter, fjellseter eller høyseter som var lengre unna grenden og var hovedseteren. «Hjemgård» brukes om den gården en person har vokst opp eller som har vært i familiens eie. «Heim(e)garden» har i deler av Norge blitt brukt om tunet med bygninger og innmarken rundt. Hjemfaller når en eiendom eller ressurs går tilbake til det offentlige eller den opprinnelige eieren.
Referanser
Boliger
Samfunnsgeografi
| 239 |
https://github.com/Kitty-Kitty/FastBle/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/clj/blesample/service/CycleService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
FastBle
|
Kitty-Kitty
|
Java
|
Code
| 1,149 | 4,986 |
package com.clj.blesample.service;
import com.clj.blesample.service.analyze.AnalyzeDataItem;
import com.clj.blesample.service.analyze.AnalyzeDataService;
import com.clj.blesample.service.beans.BleConfiguration;
import com.clj.blesample.service.connect.ConnectService;
import com.clj.blesample.service.connect.ConnectServiceCallback;
import com.clj.blesample.service.scan.ScanService;
import com.clj.blesample.service.scan.ScanServiceCallback;
import com.clj.fastble.BleManager;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
/**
* 启动系统处理对象，主要根据配置文件中的蓝牙设备列表，依次连接各个设备，打开消息的通知接收服务。
*
* @author f
* @version 1.0
* @created 23-7月-2020 14:44:13
*/
public class CycleService extends ServiceBase {
/**
* 处理接收到的所有数据，根据分析接收到的数据判断当前设备状态
*/
private AnalyzeDataService analyzeDataService;
/**
* 蓝牙搜索设备管理对象
*/
private ScanService scanService;
/**
* 连接所有设备
*/
private ConnectService connectService;
/**
* 保存通信操作的BleSensor对象列表
*/
private Map<String, BleSensor> bleSensores = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, BleSensor>();
public CycleService() {
}
public void finalize() throws Throwable {
stop();
}
/**
* 表示初始化服务对象
*/
public boolean initialize() {
//对系统使用的BLE 管理进行初始化操作，主要实现基础参数的配置操作
if (!initializeBleManager()) {
ServiceLog.e("initialize BleManager failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("initialize BleManager succeed!");
}
//根据配置文件中设置的设备列表，创建对应的BleSensor对象
if (!initializeBleSensores()) {
ServiceLog.e("initialize BleSensores failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("initialize BleManager succeed!");
}
setAnalyzeDataService(new AnalyzeDataService());
setScanService(new ScanService());
setConnectService(new ConnectService());
//初始化数据分析服务
if (!initializationAnalyzeDataService()) {
ServiceLog.e("initialize AnalyzeDataService failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("initialize AnalyzeDataService succeed!");
}
//初始化搜索服务
if (!initializationScanService()) {
ServiceLog.e("initialize ScanService failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("initialize ScanService succeed!");
}
//初始化连接服务
/*
if (!initializationConnectService()) {
ServiceLog.e("initialize ConnectService failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("initialize ConnectService succeed!");
}
*/
return super.initialize();
}
/**
* 表示启动服务对象
*/
public boolean start() {
//启动数据分析服务
if (!startAnalyzeDataService()) {
ServiceLog.e("start AnalyzeDataService failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("start AnalyzeDataService succeed!");
}
//启动搜索服务
if (!startScanService()) {
ServiceLog.e("start ScanService failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("start ScanService succeed!");
}
//启动连接服务
/*
if (!startConnectService()) {
ServiceLog.e("start ConnectService failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("start ConnectService succeed!");
}
*/
return super.start();
}
/**
* 表示停止服务对象
*/
public boolean stop() {
super.stop();
//停止连接服务
/*
if (!stopConnectService()) {
ServiceLog.e("stop ConnectService failed!");
//return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("stop ConnectService succeed!");
}
*/
//停止搜索服务
if (!stopScanService()) {
ServiceLog.e("stop ScanService failed!");
//return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("stop ScanService succeed!");
}
//停止数据分析服务
if (!stopAnalyzeDataService()) {
ServiceLog.e("stop AnalyzeDataService failed!");
//return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("stop AnalyzeDataService succeed!");
}
//停止搜索服务
if (!stopBleManager()) {
ServiceLog.e("stop BleManager failed!");
//return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("stop BleManager succeed!");
}
return super.stop();
}
/**
* 处理接收到的所有数据，根据分析接收到的数据判断当前设备状态
*/
public AnalyzeDataService getAnalyzeDataService() {
return analyzeDataService;
}
/**
* 处理接收到的所有数据，根据分析接收到的数据判断当前设备状态
*
* @param newVal
*/
public void setAnalyzeDataService(AnalyzeDataService newVal) {
analyzeDataService = newVal;
}
/**
* 蓝牙搜索设备管理对象
*/
public ScanService getScanService() {
return scanService;
}
/**
* 蓝牙搜索设备管理对象
*
* @param newVal
*/
public void setScanService(ScanService newVal) {
scanService = newVal;
}
/**
* 连接所有设备
*/
public ConnectService getConnectService() {
return connectService;
}
/**
* 连接所有设备
*
* @param newVal
*/
public void setConnectService(ConnectService newVal) {
connectService = newVal;
}
/**
* 保存通信操作的BleSensor对象列表
*/
public Map<String, BleSensor> getBleSensores() {
return bleSensores;
}
/**
* 保存通信操作的BleSensor对象列表
*
* @param newVal
*/
public void setBleSensores(Map<String, BleSensor> newVal) {
bleSensores = newVal;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 根据配置文件信息，初始化需要的设备列表
* 其中初始化过程中，清除列表中原有的BleSensor对象
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean initializeBleSensores() {
destroyBleSensores();
for (Map.Entry<String, Sensor> entry
: SensorService.getInstance().getSensores().entrySet()) {
getBleSensores().put(entry.getKey(), new BleSensor(entry.getValue()));
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 根据配置文件信息，初始化蓝牙管理模块
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean initializeBleManager() {
/*SensorService.getInstance().getCycleService().getBleManager().init(SensorService.getInstance().getContext());
SensorService.getInstance().getCycleService().getBleManager()
.enableLog(true)
.setReConnectCount(1, 5000)
.setConnectOverTime(20000)
.setOperateTimeout(5000);*/
//获取蓝牙配置信息并初始化蓝牙管理器
BleConfiguration tmpBleConfig = SensorService.getInstance().getConfiguration().getBleConfiguration();
if (null == tmpBleConfig) {
return false;
}
BleManager.getInstance().init(SensorService.getInstance().getActivity().getApplication());
BleManager.getInstance()
.enableLog(tmpBleConfig.isEnableLog())
.setReConnectCount(tmpBleConfig.getReconnectCount(), tmpBleConfig.getReconnectInterval())
.setConnectOverTime(tmpBleConfig.getConnectOvertime())
.setOperateTimeout(tmpBleConfig.getOperateTimeout());
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 表示停止BleManager管理器
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean stopBleManager() {
BleManager.getInstance().cancelScan();
BleManager.getInstance().disconnectAllDevice();
BleManager.getInstance().destroy();
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 销毁蓝牙管理模块
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean destroyBleManager() {
BleManager.getInstance().disconnectAllDevice();
BleManager.getInstance().destroy();
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 销毁设备列表
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean destroyBleSensores() {
getBleSensores().clear();
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 初始化设备搜索服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean initializationScanService() {
if (null == getScanService()) {
return false;
}
//初始化BleSensor对象
if (!getScanService().initialize()) {
ServiceLog.e("ScanService initialize failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("ScanService initialize succeed!");
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 启动设备搜索服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean startScanService() {
boolean tmpReturnBoolean = false;
super.start();
//初始化BleSensor对象
tmpReturnBoolean = getScanService().start(new ScanServiceCallback() {
@Override
public void onScanStarted(boolean success) {
//super.onScanStarted(success);
}
@Override
public void onScanning(BleSensor bleSensor) {
//super.onScanning(bleSensorList);
AnalyzeScannedSensor(bleSensor);
}
@Override
public void onScanFinished(List<BleSensor> bleSensorList) {
//super.onScanFinished(bleSensorList);
//for (Map.Entry<String, BleSensor> entry : getBleSensores().entrySet()) {
/*
if (!entry.getValue().isExisted()) {
//根据mac地址进行指定搜索
getScanService().startBleScanByMac(entry.getKey(), this);
ServiceLog.i("rescaning bleSensor[mac :" + entry.getKey() + "]");
break;
}
*/
//AnalyzeScannedSensor(entry.getValue());
//}
if (isStarted()) {
//startScanService();
getScanService().start(this);
}
}
});
if (!tmpReturnBoolean) {
ServiceLog.e("ScanService start failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("ScanService start succeed!");
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 停止设备搜索服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean stopScanService() {
boolean tmpReturnBoolean = false;
//停止ScanService对象
tmpReturnBoolean = getScanService().stop();
if (!tmpReturnBoolean) {
ServiceLog.e("ScanService stop failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("ScanService stop succeed!");
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 初始化设备连接服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean initializationConnectService() {
return getConnectService().initialize();
}
/**
* 功能：
* 启动设备连接服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean startConnectService() {
//启动连接服务对象
boolean tmpReturnBoolean = getConnectService().start(
new ConnectServiceCallback() {
@Override
public void onStartConnect() {
}
@Override
public void onConnectFail(BleSensor bleSensor, ServiceException exception) {
}
@Override
public void onConnectSuccess(BleSensor bleSensor) {
}
@Override
public void onDisConnected(BleSensor bleSensor) {
}
}
);
if (!tmpReturnBoolean) {
ServiceLog.e("ScanService initialize failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("ScanService initialize succeed!");
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 停止设备连接服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean stopConnectService() {
return getConnectService().stop();
}
/**
* 功能：
* 初始化数据分析服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean initializationAnalyzeDataService() {
if (null == getAnalyzeDataService()) {
return false;
}
//初始化AnalyzeDataService对象
if (!getAnalyzeDataService().initialize()) {
ServiceLog.e("AnalyzeDataService initialize failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("AnalyzeDataService initialize succeed!");
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 启动数据分析服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean startAnalyzeDataService() {
getAnalyzeDataService().setSyncTimeMillis(
SensorService.getInstance().getConfiguration().getBleConfiguration().getBleScanConfiguration().getScanTimeOut());
//启动AnalyzeDataService对象
boolean tmpReturnBoolean = getAnalyzeDataService().start();
if (!tmpReturnBoolean) {
ServiceLog.e("AnalyzeDataService start failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("AnalyzeDataService start succeed!");
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 停止数据分析服务
* 返回：
* true : 表示成功；
* false : 表示失败；
*/
protected boolean stopAnalyzeDataService() {
//停止AnalyzeDataService对象
boolean tmpReturnBoolean = getAnalyzeDataService().stop();
if (!tmpReturnBoolean) {
ServiceLog.e("AnalyzeDataService stop failed!");
return false;
} else {
ServiceLog.i("AnalyzeDataService stop succeed!");
}
return true;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 根据BleSensor对象创建一个AnalyzeDataItem对象
* 返回：
* 成功 ： 创建成功返回一个AnalyzeDataItem对象
* 失败 ： null
*
* @param bleSensor 表示需要处理的BleSensor对象
*/
private AnalyzeDataItem CreateAnalyzeDataItem(BleSensor bleSensor) {
AnalyzeDataItem tmpBeaconItem = new AnalyzeDataItem(bleSensor);
if (!tmpBeaconItem.parse(bleSensor.getBleDevice().getScanRecord())) {
return null;
}
return tmpBeaconItem;
}
/**
* 功能：
* 分析已经接收到的Sensor对象
* 返回：
* true : 成功；
* false : 失败；
*
* @param bleSensor 表示Sensor设备对象
*/
private boolean AnalyzeScannedSensor(BleSensor bleSensor) {
//根据扫描数据，创建AnalyzeDataItem对象
AnalyzeDataItem tmpBeaconItem = CreateAnalyzeDataItem(bleSensor);
if (null == tmpBeaconItem) {
return false;
}
SensorService.getInstance().getShowService().addDataItem(tmpBeaconItem);
//将数据对象添加到分析数据处理服务中
return getAnalyzeDataService().addDataItem(tmpBeaconItem);
}
}//end CycleService
| 6,928 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala%20%28Litwa%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Sala (Litwa)
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sala (Litwa)&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 140 | 373 |
Sala (lit. Sala) – wieś na Litwie, w okręgu uciańskim, w rejonie jezioroskim, w starostwie Turmont.
Dawniej Ostrów III.
Historia
W czasach zaborów ówczesny zaścianek Ostrów w granicach Imperium Rosyjskiego.
W dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym zaścianek Ostrów III leżał w Polsce, w województwie nowogródzkim (od 1926 w województwie wileńskim), w powiecie brasławskim, w gminie Smołwy.
Powszechny Spis Ludności z 1921 roku podał łączną liczbę mieszkańców i budynków mieszkalnych dla zaścianków Ostrów I, II, III i IV. Zamieszkiwało tu 27 osób, wszystkie były wyznania rzymskokatolickiego. Jednocześnie 23 mieszkańców zadeklarowało polską przynależność narodową a 4 litewską. Było tu 5 budynków mieszkalnych. W 1931 Ostrów III liczył 6 mieszkańców w 1 domu.
Miejscowość należała do parafii rzymskokatolickiej w Smołwach. Podlegała pod Sąd Grodzki w m. Turmont i Okręgowy w Wilnie; właściwy urząd pocztowy mieścił się w m. Turmont.
Przypisy
Linki zewnętrzne
Wsie w rejonie jezioroskim
| 35,665 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32517761
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
تصنيف:ويكيبيديون تربويون
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 10 | 55 |
تصنيف:ويكيبيديون تربويون
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:ويكيبيديون تربويون نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
| 2,551 |
https://github.com/mehdiYal/SCHOOL/blob/master/app/Resources/views/elevesViews/addEleve.html.twig
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
SCHOOL
|
mehdiYal
|
Twig
|
Code
| 551 | 2,595 |
{% extends 'base2.html.twig' %}
{% block body %}
<div class="page-content-wrap">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h3 class="panel-title"><strong>{% if edit %}{{'edit'|trans}}{% else %}{{'add'|trans}}{% endif %} </strong> {{'student'|trans}}</h3>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<!-- START WIZARD WITH VALIDATION -->
{{ form_start(form, { 'attr' : {'id':'wizard-validation','class': 'form-horizontal' } }) }}
<div class="wizard show-submit wizard-validation">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="#step-2">
<span class="stepNumber">1</span>
<span class="stepDesc">Parent<br /><small>Information</small></span>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#step-1">
<span class="stepNumber">2</span>
<span class="stepDesc">Eleve<br /><small>Information</small></span>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<div id="step-1">
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.photo , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
{{ form_widget(form.photo ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'fileinput btn-primary' }} ) }}
{{ form_errors(form.photo) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.nom , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-pencil"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.nom ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.nom) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.prenom , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-pencil"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.prenom ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.prenom) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.dateDeNaissance , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-calendar"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.dateDeNaissance ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control datepicker'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.dateDeNaissance) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.lieuDeNaissance , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-pencil"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.lieuDeNaissance ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.lieuDeNaissance) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.genre , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-pencil"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.genre ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.genre) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.annee , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
{{ form_widget(form.annee ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control select'} }) }}
{{ form_errors(form.annee) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.username , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-user"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.username ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.username) }}
</div>
</div>
{% if edit==false %}
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.plainPassword.first , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-unlock-alt"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.plainPassword.first ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.plainPassword.first) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.plainPassword.second , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-addon"><span class="fa fa-unlock-alt"></span></span>
{{ form_widget(form.plainPassword.second ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control'} }) }}
</div>
{{ form_errors(form.plainPassword.second) }}
</div>
</div>
{% else %}
{% do form.plainPassword.setRendered %}
{% endif %}
</div>
<div id="step-2">
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(form.parent , null ,{ 'label_attr': {'class': 'col-md-3 col-xs-12 control-label'} }) }}
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-12">
{{ form_widget(form.parent ,{ 'attr': {'class': 'form-control select'} }) }}
{{ form_errors(form.parent) }}
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="{{ path ('addEleveParent')}}">
<span class="fa fa-plus"></span> Ajouter parent
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- END WIZARD WITH VALIDATION -->
</div>
</div>
{{ form_end(form) }}
</div>
</div>
</div>
{% endblock %}
{% block javascripts %}
<script type='text/javascript' src="{{ asset('js/plugins/bootstrap/bootstrap-file-input.js') }}"></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src="{{ asset('js/plugins/bootstrap/bootstrap-select.js') }}"></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src="{{ asset('js/plugins/smartwizard/jquery.smartWizard-2.0.min.js') }}"></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src="{{ asset('js/plugins/jquery-validation/jquery.validate.js') }}"></script>
<script>
$('.active').removeClass('active');
$('.eleve').addClass('active');
$('.addEl').addClass('active');
</script>
{% endblock %}
| 45,172 |
https://github.com/gregives/nuxt-markdown/blob/master/examples/without-configuration/components/Counter.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
nuxt-markdown
|
gregives
|
Vue
|
Code
| 46 | 126 |
<template>
<div>
<button @click="count++">
Increment counter
</button>
Current count: {{ count }}
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
props: {
initial: {
type: Number,
default: 0
}
},
data () {
return {
count: null
}
},
created () {
this.count = this.initial
}
}
</script>
| 17,972 |
pacificrupres09unse_64
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,875 |
Pacific Rural Press (1875)
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,448 | 10,249 |
A few weeks after the above conversation, a chance ride in a street car, where sat a man ev- idently recovering from the small pox, sent Lena home with the most horrible forebodings. The dread of that disease had from infancy haunted her like a nightmare. She had been repeatedly vaccinated, but her mind never coulJ be at rest, hhe was always fancying how disfigured her fioe would be, if ever she should full a victim to that disease. In less than a week Lena was taken with sulden illuess, and the attending physician pronounced the dis- ease small pox. Her mother was of a nervous, excitable tem- perament, wholly unfit for waiting upon the !<ick. Besides, her j'ounjier children required eonstant care, and it was not thought advisable for her to absent herself from them to become Lena's nur^se. Aunt Esther came forward and offered her services, making arrangements for closing her house and devoting herself exclu- sively to her niece, whom she fondly loved, when John's wife, the gentle Mattie inter- posed, and insisted that she should l)e allowed to become Lena's solo attendant. She said it wag unnecessary for others to expose them- selves to the danger of contagion, as she had bc:en amongst such sickness, and under ihe doctor's directions, with John for an assistant, all would go on well. In vain John expoatu lated, begging her to consider his isolation and that a nurse could be procured for Lena. She was firm and not to be shaken from her conviction that this was a new duty which had tome in her way. No one should wrest it from her grasp. During this tedious illness with the devoted Mattie for her sole companion, Lena began to appreciate the true beauty and worth of her new sister. Lena had also failed to impress the other with her lovable traits since the practical Mattie had observed that her personal appearance had not won the favor- able regard of the petted beauty. But in the quiet sick room, the cheerful, hopeful counte- nance, with the winning smile, the same ex- pression which Aunt Esther had called almost sniutly, matie John's wife really beautiful in Lena's eyes. How could she have ever called her a homely creature, thought she, as lying there she received daily new proofs of her sis- ter's tbougbtfuluess. " What a perfect treasure you are, Mattie, dear," said she one afternoon, when sitting up in the cushioned arm chair. " Do you know," she continued, "if it had not been for this sickness, I should never have known you at all." There was a quick affectionate glance from Mattie; then brushing aside a tear she took Lena's hand, and there followed a confes- sion from each to the other of the fallacy of first impressions. "I fear Mattie, dear," said the penitent Lena, "that yunr estimate of me was quite cor- rect, but this sickness has been the means of teaching me more than one valuable lesson. Aunt Esther's charming simile of the Chinese lily bulb has made an indelible impression upon my mind in connection with you which cannot easily be forgotten. She said without exaggeration that you were a shower of sun- shine in any home, and I have come to realize that fact for a certainty. Why has not John come to-day? I want to tell him I have discov- ered his secret preference for you, and more I want to tell you both together how grateful I am for this self-denying conduct on your part, to which I am indebted for my life to-day. But for you, Mattie, and your bright cheerfulness, I could not have borne the intense suffering even as patiently as you say I have." A shadow passed over Mattie's face, as she asked meekly if Ltna did strongly object to her being admitted into the family as John's wife. She protested against meriting the praise, asking such questions as these: "What is life to us, Lena, but to contribute to the happiness of others? What satisfaction could I have had in neglecting such an opportunity to serve one so dear to John's heart as your- self, even though he so unwillingly submitted to what he was pleased to call my better judg- ment? Now^dear Lena, let him in return reap the reward of baring reconciled two hearts, both so dear to him, who might otherwise have been as strangers to each other." The Belting sun shone in upon the (earful V>air as they sat holding each other's hands, both so happy in their new found love, when John stood in the doorway. Here was a picture which he for a moment hesitated to intrude upon. An upward glance from each r '-as-iured him, and bade him welcome. With an arm about each, he told them how he hud longed for a day to come which should teach them to understand and appreciate each other. "Oh, Lena," he added, "beauty is a danger- ous gift, unless accompanied by that inner spiritual beauty which no disease can rob us of. Henceforth, if you have lost the one, rest assured that yon have gained the other, for one month's close contact with my little angel wife, here, is wotth untold wealth. I have been a better man since I have known her and — well, she must say the rest. I hope she is not sorry for her part of the bargain," "and that in the future our Lena will have just cause to remem- ber the self-sacrifice and devotion of her brother John's wife," said Aunt Esther, standing iu the doorway, a silent witness of a scene to her so peaceful and serene. Parents, be Lenient. — A curious legend i* related of Eginhard, a secretary of Charle- emagup, and a daughter of the emperor. The secretary fell desperately in love with the prin- oess, who at length allowed hissdvauces. One winter's night his visit was prolonged to a late hour, and in the meantime a deep fall of snow had fallen. If he lelt, his footmarks would betr.ty him, and yet to remain longer would expose him to no less danger. At length the princess resolved to carry him on her back to a neighboring bouse, which she did. It hap- pened, however, that from the window of his chamber, the emperor witnessed the novel proceeding; and in the assembly of the lords on t'ne following day, when Eginhard and his daughter were present, he a-ked what ought to be done to a man who should compel a king's daughter to carry him on her shoulders through frost and snow, on a winter's night ? They answered that he was worthy of death. The lovers became alarmed, but the emperor, addres.sing Eginhard, said, "Hadst . thou loved my daughter, thou shooldst have come to me, thou art worthy of death — but I give thee two lives; take thy fair porter in marriage, fear God, and love one another." This was worthy one of the greatest of princess; and also worthy the imitation of many a purse-proud aristocrat of later times. « The discovery has just been made that Orpheus was left-handed. They have dug up at Pompeii a life-sized statue of the god, which represents him playing a nine-stringed lyre with the left baud. March 6, 1875.] 151 A Joke in a Palace. AmoDgst the artists of celebrity belonging to London in the last century was Biachio Rebecca, who was lamous for his eccentricity and tricks of deception in painting. He was a great fa- vorite with the king, and many amusing anec- dotes are extant concerning him; he was indeed a kind of modern court-jester. One of his tricks at the Palace, as it concerned a piece of fur- niture, may interest our readers. In one of the public apartments at Windsor two pier glasses of dimensions then regarded as extraordinary, being the largest that up to that time had been cast io any British factory, had been newly pat up. To all the male and female domestics who occasionally were appointed to show the state apartmeuts, solemn injunction had been given to be specially careful in gua-'d- ing them from the remotest chance of injury, so much were Ihey thought of and so highly were they valued. Just before these rooms were opened, on one of the mornings appointed for the admission of the public, then specially attracted by the fame of these wonderful pier-glasses, Rebecca by stealth obtained adoaission to them, and, taking a wax-candle, drew on each an artificial frac- ture, beginning from the center of both, and throwing out radiating lines with the most rea- listic effect. The chief showman, whose appointment was immediately under the lady house-keeper, en- tering, ex-officio, shortly after, to see that all was in order, caught sight of the supposed frac- ture, and uttered a cry of horror and dismay which at once brought the house-maids from the adjoining rooms, where they had been busy with their dusters and brooms. "Which of you devils did this? " cried he savagely, pointing to the pier-glass which had first attracted his attention. The women stared at the supposed damage, dumb with fright. "Now, its no use denying it! What the devil could you have been at? What will Lady say, do you think, when she sees it ! "La! how shocking," exclained one; "Oh! how unfortunate " cried another; andtheu|iu a breath they all cried out indignantly. "You can't lay it to me, remember." A fiery scene ensued, in the midst of which a loud scream burst forth, and a female voice cry- ing, "Why the other's broken, too! " "We shall all be discharged for certain," cried one maid, wiping her_ tears away with the duster, and "That's fiat," echoed another dis- mal voice. They all stood paie as death, when — lo! his majesty entered from the queen's staircase. The chief showman's tongue clave to tue roof of his mouth, and the maidens looked to the ground, trembling and speechless. At lengtli the former advanced, bowed, twisted his hands together like one in agony, and, gasping, point- ing true tragedy style first to the glass at one end of the room, and then to that at the other. His majesty looked atone, then at the other, frowned, said nothing, and hurriedly left the room. The news of the calamity spread through the royal establishment like wild-fire; the very walls had tongues. The smash reached the ears of the lady housekeeper, who was at her toilet; aghast, she left her mirror, and hurried to the wreck of the mighty mirrors of majesty. Her grief and horror were terrible to witness, and she hurried to the queen. Directly after ber departure, in stole the prankish paiater, and with a damp sponge and a dry doily he wiped the awful fractures clean out. Presently, in solemn conclave met the king, the queen, and the royal family, the lady houseKeeper, the lords in waiting, the equerries and the pages, all anxious to witness the fear- ful traclures; one of latter — an ancient one — declaring in a whisper that in all his "born days," until that "present blessed moment," he had "'never heard of such a thing !" But who shall describe the astonishment «f the group of great ones when, all being pre- pared for coadoling comments and exclama- tions suited to the tragic nature of such a strange occurrence — lo ! each of the magnifi- cent plates of glass were found — whole ! Such is the story told by contemporary per- sonages of the two first really larg« sheeis of plate-glasa silvered in Great Britain.- -Furni- ture Gazette. A Tdekish Bed.— A regular Turkish bed is something different from ours. There is no bedstead nor mattress, but about thirty thickly padded quilts, covered with silk or satin, laid one on top of the other on the floor, until they are about two feet deep. The sheets are inva- riably of silk, embroidered, and the coverlid is a marvel of gold and silver embroidery on satin or velvet. The pillows are of pink, blue, or yellow satin, covered with beautiful lace. From the ceiling hangs a large jewelled and gilded hoop, and from this rich curtains, which encircle the bed. Yoil[<q pOLKs' GoLllf^fl. California Wild Flowers. [By Lauba Jameson Dakin.] Our Oalif ^roia hills are drest In the gayest Dolly Varden, Flowers of blue and golden crest, Scarlet, purple, and all the rest, Just like a fairy garden. Early and late the children hie The beautiful hills along. Listen to their delighted cry At every new-faced flower they spy Among the brilliant throng. Here is a flower so brii ht and new. Pink its leaves and deep its cup. Prettier than the Larkspur blue, Sweeter than Daisy or Houey Dew, Saucy as Johny-jump-up. Here is Blue-bell and Old Maid's Eyes, Stars, and Mignonettes, so sweet, Golden Poppy and School Boy's Prize, Indian Pink, and Child of the Skies, All blossoming at our feet. Pansies. Doves-foot, Princess Feather, Gold Drops and Violets wild, O, what beauties you can gather I How they glow in this sunny weather, Like eyes of a lovely child. O, the spring time hills are fair, Drest in their Do'ly Varden; Sweet is the perfume of the air Gently wooing us from all care. Here in this fairy garden. QOOD K|Ei^LTH> OofMESTIC EcQflO||AY- Boys Don't be Rough. Some twelve years ago a beautiful little child made its appearance in a certain city. His eyes were very bright, his hair black and shin- ing, and his features very regular. Being the only son of his parents, ttiey looked upon him with pride and hope; and as he grew in stature, a bright intellect manifested itself, giving prom- ise of a noble manhood. At an early age, with book in hand, he could be seen wending his way with light and elastic step to the school room, where with joy and glee he joined his little companions in study and play. His voice rang clear and loud, and none was more merry than he, little dreaming that those happy days were to be of so short duration. But sickness came, producing sulfer- in;< most intense. Those rounled features and rosy cheeks became thin and colorless, and instead of the light step, the Utile crutch was heard upon the side walk; yet he was cheerful and sometimes mingled with his playmat s Then the disease took a more alarming form, baffling the skill of the physicians and con- fining him to bis bed. For weeks at a time he lay in one position, and then he could be moved only under the influence of chloroform, which rendered him insensible to the suffering it occasioned. But even then he had h:s books around him, and at intervals of comparative eise, would read them and relate their contents. At such times too he wished to see his friends, of whom he had many; but there were seasons in which his nervous system was so sensitive that the breathing of a person in the room was painful to him, and his devoted and ever watch- ful mother was obliged to stand Ustecing in an adjoioing room. But afti-r more than two years of suffering, and months of longin^ for a release, feeling, as he expressed it, that he was almost in heaven, nature yielded to the conflict, and his pure spirit, we doubt not, was wnfied by angels to the mansions of everlasting rest. And now, my dear boys, allow me to tell you that it is feared this suflering was occasioned by a blow upon the back, given by a playmate, playful perhaps, but noi.e the less injurious. Will you not then be very careful what you do even in sport. — Friend's Inldligencer. Wanted— An Honest and Industrious Boy. How to Live Ninety Years. "With a good appetite three times a day, de- licious sleep, and not an ache or a pain in the whole body, the mind all the time fully alive to what is going on in the world, and all the time in good spirits." This is said of the late ex- Governor Throop, of New York. He retired at nine, and rose at six, taking a nap in the fore- noon, and sometimes in the afternoon also, breakfast at eight, dinner at one, and tea at sundown. In suitable weather he spent a greater part of the forenoon in his garden, di- recting his men, and assisting them, and for a short time in the afternoon was employed in the same way. Ho used no spiritous liquors, but took claret wiue every day at dinner. There are three things in the above narration which, if persistently carried out in early life, would do more than all others towards giving all an enjoyable old age, viz: regularity in eat- ing, abundant sleep, and a large daily expos- ure to out door air. Regularity in eating, either two or three times a day, with nothing whatever between meals, not an atom of anything, would almost banish dyspepsia in a single generation; as fre- quent eating is the cause of it in almost all ca- ses, especially if irregular, and fast. Abundant sleep and rest from childhood make nervous disease a rarity; to insuflBciency of regular sleep, and insufficiency of rest, may well be attributed nine-tenths of all sudden deaths, and a premature wearing out before the age of sixty yfcars. All hard workers, whether of body or brain, ought to be in bed nine hours out of the twenty-four, not that so much sleep is required, but rest, after the sleep is over; every observant reader knows how the system yearns for rest in bed after a good sleep, and it is a positive gain of energy to indulge in it. Every hour that a man is out of doors is a positive gain of life, if not in a condition of chilliness, because no in-door air is pure; but pure air is the natural and essential food of the lungs, and the purifier of the blood, the want of which purification is the cause or attendant of every disease; while every malady is allevi- ated or cured by an exposure to out-door air. If city wives and daughters would average two or three hours every day in active walking in the open air, it would largely add to exemption from debility, sickness and disease, and would materially add to the domestic enjoyment and the average duration of life. Hygiene for the Aged. — In one of his recent clinical lectures at Guy's Hospital, London, Dr. Habershon referred to the case of an old man who died simply from the shock produced by going out into the cold and fog, which though only an inconvenience to people gener- ally, was suflScient to lead to a fatal result in one whose circulation had become enfeebled, and whose vital force had so nearly lost its power. Dr. Habershon also alluded to an in- stance of longevity gf which he had been in- formed by a gentleman — the case being the latler's mother, who had died attho age of 102, and who, during the winter months, used to re- fuse to get up, saying that she was warm only in bed. To this uniform warm temperature the fact of her great age was doubtless owing, and Dr. Habershon urges that in prescribing for old people they should be advised to keep warm; and as they cannot eat much at a meal, they should take them more frequently. There are many of them also who wak^s up at about three or four o'clock in the morning, and it is a good plan for them to have some nourishment then; otherwise the interval between the night and morning meals is too long for their declining strength. The life of the aged may be consid- erably prolonged by care in these minutisB. School Children in the Codntky.— Gen- eral Eaton, United Slates Commissioner of Ed- ucation estimates the child population between the ages of 6 and 16 in the thirty-seven States and eleven Territories at about 10,288,000. An army of three hundred thousand teachers is needed to educate this host of future freemen. Danger FROM Green Color.— -A Winchester, Massachusetts, lady was so badly poisoned in her face by working on a green tarletan dress, recently, that she is likely to lose her sight. We lately saw an advertisement headed as above. It conveys to every boy an impressive moral lesson. "An honest industrious boy" is always wanted. He will be sought for; his services will be in demand; he will be respected and loved; be will be spoken of in terms of high commendation; be will always have a home; he will grow up to be a man of known worth and established character. He will be wanted. The merchant will want him for a salesman and a clerk, the m ister me- chanic will want him for an apprentice or a jour- neyman; those with a job will want him for a contract; clients will want him for a lawyer; patients will want him for a physici m; and the people will want him for an officer. He will be wauled. Townsmen will want him as a citizen; acquaintances as a neighbor; and the world as a fiiend; families as a visitor; and world as an acquaintance; nay, girls will want him as a beau, and fiunlly for a husband. An honest industrious boy will answer this discription: Can' you apply for this situation? Are you sure that you will uo wanted? You may be smart and active, but that does not fill the question — are you honest? You may be capa- ble— are you industrious? You may bo well dressed and create a favorable impres.sion at fir.it sight— are you both honest and industrious? You may apply for a "good situation" — are you sure that your friends, teachers nnd acquain- tances can recommend you for all these quali- ties? Oh, how you would feel, your characttr not being thus established, on hearing the words "I cannot employ you! " Nothing else will make up for the lack of these qualities. No readiness or aptness for business will do it. Coughs and Bronchial Affections. — Afflict- ed persons will find great relief, and in most cases a certain remedy, in the following pre- scription: Carbonate ammonia, 30 grains; tincture cin- chona comp., 1 oz ; syrup senna, % oz ; par- egoric, Yi oz. Dissolve the ammonia in the syrup by aid of a mortar and then add tho other ingredients. Directions. — One teaspoonful half an hour after each meal, or take the last spoonful on re- tiring. Shake bottle before pouring. It was written a number of years since by Dr. Edwards, one of the most eminent physi- cians of New York City. The object in taking after meals is to allow it to remain on the dis- eased parts, therefore do not take anything to remove the taste from the mouth. It will be put up by any druggist. Eating Before Sleeping. — It is a common mistake to suppose that eating before sleeping is injurious. Not at all unfreqnently does it happen that people are sleepless for want of food and a little taken when they first go to bed or when they thus awake sleepless, will gener- ally be found more efficacious, and of course, infinitely less injurious than any drug in the chemists pharmacopire. These are the physical remedies for sleeplessness which have the best recommendation. As for tho moral ones there is certainly a good deal more to be said. Per- haps the most stringent of all rules are to avoid anxiety!" and "don't go to bed owing anybody a grudge!" chewing the bitter end of a quarrel is a thousand fold more injurious to repose than swallowing a whole tearoi, of the very greenest of green tea. How to Prepare Feathers for Use. Make bags of coarse unbleached cloth — one to contain the geese and ducks' feathers, and the other for chickens' and turkeys' feathers. When plucking the poultry, cut off the wings first; and if not needed for dusters, strip off the feathers from the parts nearest the body, and then peel ofi' the feathery part from the quill, but take care that no skin or flesh adheres to any of the feathers. Put the bags into a brick oven, if you are the fortunate possessor of one, and keep them there, excepting when the oven is used for baking purposes — taking them out into the wind occasionally, and beating them with a stick. When you have collected enough to fill a pillow, cut the shape you desire out of bed-ticking, and stitch it round on the wrong side with coarse, well-waxed thread, leaving a small space at the top to put in the feathers. Now lay it on a table, and rub it over on the wrong side with a piece of beeswax, just warm- ed a little, so that it will besmear the ticking. If you cannot obtain the beeswax, common yel- low soap will do as well. If you do not wish to use the feathers either for pillows or sofa cushions, they can be put into beds that have become a little empty. 'The geese and duck feathers make the best beds, but the mixed feathers will do well for cushions. If any of the skin or flesh adheres to the feath- ers they will have a putrid odor, which may •eem to be an unsurmouotable objection to their use; but if, after a family wash is finished, the baa, tied up closely at the neck, is put into the boiler of soapsuds and boiled a few moments, moving it about with the clothes stick, and lift- ing it up and down and squeezing it out a few times, and is then taken out and hung in the air, and shaken hard, for several days, when the feathers become dry they will be light and free from any bad smell; and they can now be put into the oven, and thus kept from moths and be always ready for use — Country Oentle- 7nan. French Cream Cake. — Beat three eggs and and one cup of sugar together thoroughly; add two tablespoonfuls of cold water; stir a tea- spoonful of baking powder into a cup and a half of flour; sift the flour in, stirring all the time in one direction. Bake in two thin cakes, split the cakes while hot, and fill with prepared cream in the following manner: To a pint of new milk, add two tablespoonfuls of corn- starch, one beaten egg, one-half cup of sugar; stir while cooking, and when hot put in a piece of butter the size of an egg; flavor the cream slightly with lemon, vanilla or pine- apple. How to Use Chloride of Lime. — ^Eckstein, a technical chemist of Vienna, after comparative tests with the other disinfecting agents, recom- mends chloride of lime as decidedly the best for water closets, cesspools, etc., and attributes its efficacy and its rapid action in decomposing hydrogen compounds, such as ammonia, snl- phurretted hydrogen, etc. He regards as the chief objection to its general use, its unpleasant effect on the organs of respiration, and states that this can be remedied, and its action regu- lated, by enveloping it in a bag of parchment paper, which acts osmotically, and is decom- posed slowly by it. Why Brown ob Raw Sugars are not Good fob Preserving Fruit. — Raw or brown sugars generally contain a certain proportion of glucose, a fermentable non-crystallisable Rujjar, which is a source of great trouble in fruit preserving. Sugar to be used for this purpose should be in crystals, as that form precludes the possibility of any impurity being present. Loaf-sugar may be used with advan- tage, as being free from the impurities men- tioned, and not liable to ferment. Door-Mats. — Mats should be laid outside of all doors, to stop the currents of cold air that come from under them; and they shou'd fit the doors exactly, for if they do not they are rather more ornamental than useful. The large, square mats are now seldom used, excepting in houses where large and handsome doors de- mand them; but the narrow mats, only twelve or eighteen inches in width, look best in limited space, and serve the requisite purpose. Oranges, Bananas and Cocoanuts. — Cut oranges through the sections into handsome slice.s. Place a layer in a high glass dish. Sprinkle the orange with fine sugar, and a layer of grated cocoanut; lay thin slices of banana on this, sprinkle cocoanut, then another 1 lyer of orange, sugar, cocoanut and banana until the dish is full. Place on ice for an hour be- fore serving. From "Choice Receipts. FoBNiTgRE PoLisH._ — Au excellent furniture polish is made of ten cents worth of beeswax placed in a. tin cup and melted in a ho4 oven. Into this pour two ounces of turpentine and let it stand to cool. Apply it briskly to the furniture with a woolen rag, and give it a finish- ing rub with an old silk handkerchief. This polish is almost equal to a coat of varnish. To Preserve Botter. — Take two parts of the best common salt, one part of loaf sugar and one of saltpetre; beat them well together. To sixteen ounces of butter thoroughly cleansed from the milk, put one ounce of this composi- tion; work it well, and put it down in earthen- ware jars when cold and firm. It shpuld be kept from the air and not used for a mobth. PITHUBHED BY DEW^EY <St GO. 4 T DEWET. W. B. EWUt. 8- H. 8TBONO. ». I.. BOONK p.,»0IPAI, EPIXOB .^....W. B. EWER. A.M. Office No 224 Ssneome street, Southeast corner of Oillfornia street. wLere friends and patrons are mvlted S, onr^iENiiFio PBEss. Patent Agency. Engraving and Printing establishment. - SCB°*BiPnoN8 payable in advance- For one year, $4; Bix monlhrJ2.'26; three months. $1.26. Kemittances Large advertisements at favorable rates. Special or reading notices, legal advertlsememts, notices appeanng in extrlordinar^type or in particular parts of the paper. Inserted at special rates.. pjo Quack Aavcrtlseraents Inserted BTTBAI- PBESS. Old Subscbibers and other reliable persons are auVh^rized to get up clubs of five or "»»« subscribers ?nr this naner at $a per annum for each naiiie. Our ef.^8 fo? aTl subicrfbers are cash in "d'f^C"- ,f ""^^"S^ will be prepaid by us after January If. I**!*- . ,^^f papers will be a<ldres8ed singly to each individual Regular subscription price U- Sample .opies free. Let those who will work tor the KnBAL bear in mmd that that they will confer a lasting beaefit on new sub- scribers, besides improving their owii talents by bus- ine^ practice. Try your hand and report «t once We offer all a chance. You do Bot t;. .v what can be done till y»u try ! __^__ SAN FRANCISCO: Saturday, March 6, 1875. TABLE OF CONTENTS. OENEBAL EDITOBIAXS.-Cheap Land for Allalff The Great Bigarreau of Mezel; A Treatise on Hops- Black Walnut, 145. The Hair Worm, or Ho'seHair ^nake, 146. Departure of Prof . Bessey; Tile Draininc; A Word to Jute Growers; A Welcome liAurn- A New nnd Wonderful Fertilizer; Further Enquiries from Abroad. 152. Patents and Inven- TT T n'^^TRATIONS. — The Great Bigarreau of Mezel 145^ Economy of the Vegetable Kingdom. CORRESPONDENCE. - Los Nietos - Review of O. K. M.; The Kattle Weed in Solano County; Acacia Gold; Printinij and Block Makimg, 146. USEFUL INFORMATIOTS. - Manufacture of Oatmeal: A Word df Caution; Imitation ol Marble that Cau'be Polished, 147. ^^^^ „ , ,. PATBONS OF HUSBANDBY.— Progress of the Patrons in California; New Granges; Meetings; Etc 148~9. HOME CIRCIjE. — Farm House Chat; A Lady Shoolest- Brother John's Wife; Parents, be Lenient, 150. A Juke in a Palace: A Turkish Bed; Scliool Ctiildren in the Country; Danger from Green Color. 151 YOUNG FOLKS' COLUMN.— California Wild riowers (Voetryi: BoysDju'tbe Rough; Wanted— An Hnnebt nad ludiutriouf' Boy, 151. GOOD HEALTH. -How to Live Ninety Tears; Hytiene for the Aged: Coughs and Bronchial Affuc- tiuns; F.aling Befere Sleeuiug, 151. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.— How to Prepare Feath- ers for Use; Freui'h Cream Cake; How to Use Chloride o( Lime; Why Brown or Raw Suttars are not Good for Preserving Frnits; Door-M .ts; Oranges, Baaauas and Coroanuts; Furniture Polish; To Preserve Butter. 151 POPULAB LECTUBBS.— Economy oftheVege- t.-ible Kmcdom. 153. HORTICULTURE.— Landscape Gardening— No. 3. 153. A'iRICULTURAL NOTES from vanone coun- ties in California, 156. MISCELLANEOUS. — Irrigating la California; Agricultural Items; A Beautiful Art, 147. General News Items; Industrial Items, 149. Calistoga Real Estate Company; State Board of Agriculture. 156. Departure of Prof. Bessey. We give to-day another of Prcf. Bessey'ts in- teresting and valuable lectures, reported and illustrated for the Kckal Pbess. California is greatly indebted to this gentlemam for the marked interest which his lectures have aroused in economic or practical botany. Prof. Bessey expresses extreine gratification with everything connected with his visit to our State. The gratification is certainly mutual; for besides the large number of listeners to his lectures he has many -wartu personal friends in California, whose esteem for the affable gentU man is as high as their admiration of the able lecturer. On Saturday evening, March 27th, Prof. Bessey de- livered the last lecture of his course in thi.s city, departing on the following day for his home in Ames, Iowa. We have on hand several of these lectures awaiting their course of publication in the Kdral PEE^s. We have the additional satisfac- tion of stating that we have a pledge from Prof. B., that he will contribute an occasional article to our paper. O.N FiLK.— "The Rattle Weed," F. J. E. W.; "Gophers and Alfalfa," E. B.; "Inquiries about Alfalfa," etc., Mrs. C. W.; "Land in Contra Costa and Alameda," Granger. Anothkb Timely Eain.— From many portions of the State come reports of a liberal rainfall on March 2d. Late sown grain has been much benefitted. Tile Draining. It is with extreme pleasure that we note the increased attention given to the subject of tile draining. As one of the many indications of this increased interest, we give the following from a letter jmst received from a farmer of Santa Rosa: "\8 the subject of tile draining has of late been much discussed by the farmers of this community, I would ask if you or any of the readers of the Pbess can give us any informa- tion as to the result of practical experiments with tile drainage, the publishing of which would be of much interest to a great many of us." We have had some experience in draining, having used different materials and methods for this purpose. The inverted "V." formed by nailing two narrow boards together in the shape of the letter V; the box drain both with and without bottom, using 2x4 scantling for Bides and planks or slabs for covering; the stone drain forming a channel, with •obble stones for sides, and covering with flat stones, and the brush drain formed by simply placing in the ditch brush from forest or fruit trees, and covering with nothing but the earth taken from the drain; and we have also had some experience in tile draining. All of the above named methods have their advantages and all with the exception of the tile, have their disadvantages. Tlie V-shaped board drain is inexpensive, the material costing but little and can be laid down rapidly; and while it lasts it works thoroughly; but it is liable to collapse. The box drain is more ex pensive both in material and in putting down, but it lasts longer than the other and is a good drain; still it rots with age. and though the wood may last under ground during a long period of years, there will be some defective spots that will prove fallible,' and these will yield to the rot, break in, and clog up the whole drain. The stone drain, where stone is an encumbrance on the land, is inexpensive, and is an aid in getting rid of the surplus stone and is. of course, indestructible; but it is im- practicable where stones are not abundant, and It furnishes a permanent residence for bur- rowing animals. The brush drain is the cheapest of all; being a mere substitute for a drain. It is most liable of all drains to harbor moles, squirrels, etc. But tile answers all draining purposes, and possesses no disadvantages except its expen- siveness; but as opening and covering is the principal item is draining, it is poor economy to lay imperfect or perishable conductors. First-class tile can be bought in San Francisco, at the following prices: 2 inch, $6.50; 3 inch, $8 ; and 4 inch, $12 per 100 feet. This includes the couplings or "sleeves," one of which goes with each joint. The tile is in pieces one foot in kngth, and the sleeves about three inches; the diameter of the latter being suflacitntly large to admit of the ingress and egress of water; but not large enough to admit even the smallest of burrowing animals. This obviates the necessity of making a close joint between the lengths of tile. An admirable thorough- fare is thus provided for the water, allowiug in irrigating a regular distribution of water, and in draiuiiigtakingitupallalougtheroute. When laid below the n ach of the plow this becomes an effective mode of underground irrigation; favoring a wide diflfnsion of water, and this, with the indestructible material of which it is formed, renders the means of irrigation perma- nent, and at the same time materially obviates the necessity of irrigation. These open juinU are equally" beneficial in draining land; open- ing all along their course innumerable avenues for the escape of water and for the circulation of the fettiliziug gases contained in the sub- soil. The value of tiles for draining is therefore, unquestioned. Draining is a natural ac- companiment of progressive agriculture; und where it is most practiced, and where the sub- ject is best understood, tiles have become the standard material. We are, therefore, pleased to note indications of a growing interest in this matter; fjr draining must inevitably in- crease here, as elsewheie. as land t^ecomes more valuable. And in this connection it is extremely satisfactory to know that we have within our own State, an abundance of clay of a superior qual- ity for this purpose, and also that we already have manufacturies that are producing a supe- rior quality of tile, and at such prices as we give above. Warkhocsemen aud Liens on Grain. — A case was heard one day this week, in Judge McKee's court, in this city, which is of inter- est to warehousemen and farmers. Brackett Bros., farmers in Livermore valley, had pro- cured advances in the way of seeds, sacks, cash, etc., fiom one Edson, a warehouseman, to the amount of $10,000. Last fall they stored in his warehouse wheat worth about $8,000, on which he claims his advances constituted a lien. Outside creditors attached and sold a portion of this grain, giving the Constable an indemnifying bond. Edson new brings suit against the Constable to recover the value of the grain sold, alleging that it has always been considered thit advances made by warehouse- men constitute a lien upon the crop when ma- tured. Judge McEee will render a decision as soon as possible. A Word to Jute Growers. It is supposed that there are parties now en- gaged in growing jute in California. We are aware that it is as yet only an experimental crop, but we would like much to hear the result of these experiments. There are several fibers that will, undoubtedly, before many years be produced extensively in our State. These are cotton, jute, ramie, flax and hemp. The first on the list, cotton, has apparently passed the day of trial, and may safely be pronounced a suc- cess. The adaptability of soil and climate is thoroughly proven, and the means for making the best use of these natural advantages have in the main been developed. We are evidently on the right track, wanting only the experience that a few seasons will give. There is no reason to doubt that all the other products on this list will eventually be equally successful. The growing of all of them should be fostered. Jute, however, is our most imme- diate need; but with this, as with some of the other fibrous planti^, especially ramie, there arises a palpable want of a proper method of reducing the fiber and preparing it for the hand of the manufacturer. A gentleman of this city, Mr. G. Hunziker, No. 16 Third street, assures us that a machine is already in successful oper- ation which reduces jute, flax, ramie and hemp in a thorough, cheap, satisfactory manner. He has brought to our office some of the jute and ramie fibers in diff'erent stages of preparation, an examination of which, with the information received from Mr. Hunziker in connection with them, conveys a very favorable impression of the merits of the machine. Mr. H. has had considerable experience, both in growing jute and reducing the fiber; his experience extend- ing over a period of seven years. He has tested the machine referred to at the South, where jute is more largely cultivated, and where he had sufficient practical experience to warrant him in guaranteeing a successful issue to any experiments which the people of this coast may undertake. He is not directly interested in the machine, but for the sake of securing an important point in the success of jute culture, he suggests that persons now experimenting in growing it, or who have had previous experience in it, shall send to the Rctbal. Pbess such statements of the results of their experience as will afford a basis for a correct estimate of the cost of the product to the producer. If these estimates favor the growth of jute in California, this would warrant the bringing of one of the ma- chines to this State. The cost of the machine is about $500. It is expected to take the plant as it is harvested, and prepare the fiber for market. We have many things to learn in connection with these fibrous plants, besides merely producing the raw material — and we are in precisely the same predicatLcnt in regard to some other products — and the matter of preparing our products for market and making markets for them, concerns even the agriculturist more at present than the growing of them. It is to be hoped, therefore, that all who can furnish any of the information alluded to above will do so. A Welcome Return. The charming sketch "Brother John's Wife,' which we give in our Home Circle Depattmen' this week, is from the pen of one of the ladies who regularly contribute their literary mites to the columns of our paper, adding much to its attractions and usefulness. Accompanying the sketch comes a private note which, as mani- festing the kindly nature of the writer, and being withal somewhat complimentary to our- selves— we mean to our paper — we cannot re- sist the temptation to give it in this connection Deab Fbiends of the Rdbal Pbess: — There is nowhere on the Pacific coast to be found a weekly containing the same valuable reading matter that the RuB.ii, Pbess places before its readers erch week. Families give it a cordial welcome, and here in Santa Cruz it is thor- oughly appreciated. The pleasant allusions to the various objects of interest to be found in our vicinity, tells of an appreciation of its natural beauty among the editorial corps. I have thought of sending you an occasional letter for publication, but hesitate to do so lest my motives be misconstrued. Grateful for the attention so delicately expressed in receiving the paper regularly so long after 1 ceased to be- come a regular contributor, I at-sure you noth- ing will give me greater pleasure than to send you an occasional story or letter, if I may in that way pay up for past favors and caucal obliga- tions in the future. Sincerely yours, Nell Van. Santa Cruz, Feb. 23, 1875.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67313056
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Why do Env variables like signer_account_id cause error: ProhibitedInView?
I'm getting a ProhibitedInView error for a simple view function that does the following
export function getInfo(): Info {
const caller = context.sender
return infos.getSome(caller)
}
and realised that it's because of the context.sender call.
My assumption/understanding is that as long as a tx doesn't change the state, they can be considered ViewFunctions.
I found a warning against this on the Potential Gotchas, but why do the following functions cause view functions to fail? What does "binding methods that are exposed from nearcore" mean?
signer_account_id
signer_account_pk
predecessor_account_id
On the context of a view functions, there is no such thing as:
signer_account_id
signer_account_pk
predecessor_account_id
It is not required to sign any message to run a view function, and moreover it is not allowed. It is more like inspecting a contract anonymously, nothing should be paid for that, and the result is independent from the caller. Because of this there is no signer_account_id and signer_account_pk.
On the other hand, it is not possible to make a cross-contract call, if you are initiating this call in view mode. Because of this there is no predecessor_account_id available, since signer_account_id is not available, and it is impossible that this was called from another contract.
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W4256200152.txt_1
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Z
3Z
▶ Zaleplon
▶ Zolpidem
▶ Zopiclon
Z-AGFA
▶ Antikörper gegen Gliadin
Zählkammer
H. Baum
Synonym(e) Hämozytometer
Englischer Begriff counting chamber; hemocytometer
Definition Gerät zur manuellen mikroskopischen Zellzählung.
Beschreibung Die Zählkammer besteht aus einer Glasplatte
in der Größe eines Objektträgers, in die eine geometrische
Einteilung geschliffen ist, die als Zählnetz bezeichnet wird
(geregelt in der DIN 12 750). In dieser Glasplatte sind 4 Querrinnen eingefräßt, sodass insgesamt 3 Stege resultieren. Der
mittlere Steg, auf dem sich auch das Zählnetz befindet, ist
zusätzlich 0,1 mm niedriger als die beiden äußeren Stege.
Auf den beiden äußeren Stegen wird ein plangeschliffenes
Deckglas fest aufgelegt, damit beträgt die lichte Höhe zwischen dem Zählnetz auf dem mittleren Steg und der Unterseite
des Deckglases exakt 0,1 mm. Dies ist erreicht, wenn auf den
beiden äußeren Stegen sogenannte Newton-Ringe sichtbar sind.
Die Einteilung des Zählnetzes auf dem mittleren Steg ist abhängig von der verwendeten Zählkammer. So ist z. B. die Einteilung
auf der Neubauer-Zählkammer zur Zählung der ▶ Erythrozyten,
▶ Thrombozyten oder Leukozyten (▶ Leukozyt) geeignet, während die Thoma-Zählkammer nur zur Erythrozyten- oder
Thrombozytenzählung eingesetzt werden kann. Zur Liquorzellzählung steht die ▶ Liquor-Fuchs-Rosenthal-Zählkammer zur
Verfügung (Zählkammervarianten) (▶ Zellzählung, mikroskopische, s. Abb. 1).
Weitere Zählkammertypen sind die Bürker-Kammer zur
▶ Erythrozytenzählung und die Schilling-Kammer zur
Erythro- und ▶ Leukozytenzählung (▶ Hämogramm nach
Schilling) (Hallmann 1980).
# Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2019
A. M. Gressner, T. Arndt (Hrsg.), Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, Springer Reference Medizin,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4
2530
Zaleplon
Zählkammer, Abb.1 a
Seitenansicht und Aufsicht einer
Zählkammer; b Zählnetz nach
Neubauer; ausgezählt werden die
Zellen in den mit „L“
gekennzeichneten Eckquadranten
mit einer Seitenlänge von 1 mm,
woraus sich ein ausgezähltes
Volumen von 4 1mm2 0,1mm
lichte Höhe = 0,4 mm3 (= 400
nL) ergibt; c Zählnetz nach
Thoma; ausgezählt werden 5
Kleinquadrate (grau), deren
Seitenlänge 0,2 mm beträgt,
woraus sich ein ausgezähltes
Volumen von 5 0,04 mm2 0,1
mm lichte Höhe = 0,02 mm3 (=
20 nL) ergibt
Literatur
Hallmann L (1980) Klinische Chemie und Mikroskopie, 11., neubearb.
Aufl. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart/New York
Stobbe H (1991) Erythrozyten-Partikelkonzentration – Analytik. In:
Boll I, Heller S (Hrsg) Praktische Blutzelldiagnostik. Springer, Berlin, S 65–66
Zaleplon
B. Güssregen
Synonym(e) Sonata
N
N
O
N
CN
N
Molmasse 305,3 g.
Synthese – Verteilung – Abbau – Elimination Der Wirkstoff Zaleplon ist sehr kurz wirksam. Die orale Bioverfügbarkeit beträgt 30 %. Zaleplon wird zu inaktiven Oxidationsprodukten metabolisiert, weniger als 0,1 % Zaleplon werden
unverändert ausgeschieden.
Halbwertszeit 1 Stunde.
Englischer Begriff zaleplon
Definition Arzneistoff aus der Gruppe der Pyrazolopyrimidine (nichtbenzodiazepinen Hypnotika/Sedativa). Struktur:
Pathophysiologie Die Einnahme von Zaleplon kann zu Verwirrtheit und Schläfrigkeit führen. Verkehrsunfälle sowie Todesfälle unter Zaleploneinnahme wurden berichtet.
Zeeman-Kompensation
Untersuchungsmaterial – Entnahmebedingungen Serum,
Plasma oder Urin ohne besondere Patientenvorbereitung.
Analytik Immunologischer Schnelltest bzw. quantitative
Bestimmung im Serum mithilfe der Tandem-▶ Massenspektrometrie (▶ LC-MS). Im Urin können auch noch mehrere
Tage nach Einnahme der Medikamente die entsprechenden
Metabolite nachgewiesen werden.
Probenstabilität Im Urin 4 Tage lang bei Raumtemperatur
stabil.
Indikation Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring.
Interpretation Zaleplon ist derzeit nicht in den Leitlinien
der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und
Pharmakopsychiatrie (Hiemke et al. 2012) enthalten. Schulz
et al. (2012) nennen einen therapeutischen Bereich von
ca. 1–100 mg/L. Angaben zu toxischen und komatös-letalen
Konzentrationen fehlen.
2531
Definition Bezeichnet die Aufspaltung von Spektrallinien,
die von Atomen, die sich in einem homogenen Magnetfeld
befinden, emittiert werden. Dieser Effekt wurde im Jahr 1896
vom holländischen Physiker Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943)
erstmals beobachtet.
Beschreibung In einem Magnetfeld werden die Spektrallinien eines Atoms aufgrund der Aufspaltung der atomaren
Energieniveaus aufgespalten. Der Gesamtdrehimpuls eines
Atoms bedingt ein magnetisches Dipolmoment m, das mit
dem äußeren Magnetfeld B wechselwirkt und nach den
Gesetzen der Quantenmechanik nur ganz bestimmte Richtungen annehmen kann.
Den Zeeman-Effekt nutzt man in der ▶ Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie zur Untergrundkompensation aus.
Literatur
Atkins PW (1993) Quanten. VCH, Weinheim
Atkins P, Friedman R (2011) Molecular quantum mechanics, 5. Aufl.
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Welz B, Sperling M (1997) Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie, 4. Aufl.
Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Literatur
Hiemke C et al (2012) AGNP-Konsensus-Leitlinien für therapeutisches
Drug-Monitoring in der Psychiatrie: Update 2011. Psychopharmakotherapie 19:91–122
Nordgren H, Beck O (2004) Multicomponent screening for drugs of
abuse. Direct analysis of urine by LC-MS-MS. Ther Drug Monit
26:90–97
Schulz M, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Andresen H, Schmoldt A (2012) Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1000 drugs and
other xenobiotics. Critical Care 16:R136
Zeeman-Kompensation
J. Knecht
Synonym(e) Zeeman-Untergrundkompensation
Englischer Begriff Zeeman effect background correction
ZAP70
▶ Zeta-Ketten-assoziierte Proteinkinase 70
Zauberpilze
▶ Pilze als Rauschmittel
Zeeman-Effekt
J. Knecht
Englischer Begriff Zeeman effect
Definition Man spricht von einer Zeeman-Kompensation,
wenn man in der ▶ Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie den
▶ Zeeman-Effekt zur Untergrundkorrektur verwendet.
Beschreibung Neben der ▶ Untergrundkompensation mithilfe des Lichtes einer ▶ Deuteriumlampe besteht eine weitere Möglichkeit der Kompensation unspezifischer Lichtverluste durch die Anwendung des Zeeman-Effekts. Die
Aufspaltung der von Atomen absorbierten oder emittierten
Spektrallinien unter Einfluss eines starken Magnetfelds in
3 oder mehr jeweils polarisierte Komponenten kommt nur
bei atomaren Spektrallinien vor. Daher eignet sich dieser
Effekt zur spektralen Trennung der spezifischen von der
unspezifischen Absorption.
Die Aufspaltung der Resonanzlinie in die polarisierten pund s-Komponenten beim normalen Zeeman-Effekt hängt
von der Stärke des angelegten Magnetfelds ab. Bei den in
der AAS-Praxis verwendeten Magnetfeldstärken von etwa
Z
2532
1 Tesla können diese Feinaufspaltungen gar nicht oder nur
ungenügend von dem Emissionsprofil der Lichtquelle abgetrennt werden. Die dadurch entstehende Schwächung der
Intensität der ▶ Hohlkathodenlampe reduziert die Empfindlichkeit von Zeeman-korrigierten Bestimmungen für eine
Reihe von Elementen.
Prinzipiell besteht die Möglichkeit der Modulation der
Emissionslinie an der Primärlichtquelle (direkter ZeemanEffekt). Die üblicherweise verwendeten Lampen verhalten sich
in einem starken Magnetfeld jedoch sehr instabil, sodass die
gängige Methode daher die Modulation an der Atomisierungsquelle (sog. inverser Zeeman-Effekt) ist. Bei der Verwendung
eines modulierten Magnetfeldes (Wechselstromfeld) wird zur
Abtrennung der p-Komponente ein feststehender Polarisator
zwischen Emissions- und Atomisierungsquelle angebracht. Er
lässt lediglich vertikal polarisiertes Licht durch die Atomwolke
treten. Bei ausgeschaltetem Magnetfeld misst das Spektrometer die Gesamtabsorption. Bei eingeschaltetem Magnetfeld
erfolgt die Aufspaltung der Emissionslinien in s- und
p-Komponenten, wobei die s-Komponenten von der Resonanzlinie spektral verschoben und vertikal polarisiert vorliegen. Die vertikal polarisierte Strahlung der Emissionsquelle
kann von der horizontal polarisierten p-Komponente der elementspezifischen Absorptionslinie nicht geschwächt werden.
Die unspezifische Absorption bleibt daher vom Zeeman-Effekt
unbeeinflusst und kann die Emissionslinie entsprechend
schwächen. Durch frequenzmodulierte, abwechselnde Messung der magnetfeldinduzierten und der einfachen polarisierten
Strahlung kann der Untergrundabsorptionseffekt ausgesondert
werden.
Ein weiterer Aspekt für die Zeeman-Untergrundkorrektur
ist die Richtung, in der das Magnetfeld wirkt. Die transversale
Zeeman-Korrektur geht von einem Magnetfeld aus, das senkrecht zum Strahlengang wirkt, wobei die p-Komponente für
den Detektor „sichtbar“ ist und durch den Polarisator abgetrennt werden muss. Bei der longitudinalen ZeemanKorrektur wird das Magnetfeld parallel zum Strahlengang
aufgebaut, die p-Komponente ist damit für den Detektor
„unsichtbar“ und die Verwendung eines Polarisators entfällt.
Mit dieser Technik gibt es keinen Verlust durch den Polarisator, sodass die Nachweisgrenzen nicht viel schlechter sind als
ohne Verwendung der Zeeman-Korrektur.
Ein Zeeman-Atomabsorptionsspektrometer benötigt lediglich eine Emissionsquelle und besteht optisch aus einem Einstrahlsystem, wodurch die Anzahl der optischen Elemente
erheblich reduziert werden kann. Der notwendige schnelle
Vergleich zwischen magnetfeldinduzierter und normaler
Absorption sorgt für eine gute Stabilität, die der eines echten
Zweistrahlsystems vergleichbar ist. Andererseits führt diese
Technik zu verringerter Empfindlichkeit für die meisten Elemente, zur verstärkten Krümmung der Kalibrationsgeraden
und damit auch zu einem verringerten dynamischen Arbeitsbereich.
Zeeman-Untergrundkompensation
Allgemein liefert die Zeeman-Untergrundkompensation
bei fein strukturiertem Untergrund erheblich bessere Ergebnisse als die Deuteriumkompensation.
Literatur
Broekaert JAC (2002) Analytical atomic spectrometry with flames and
plasmas. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Kellner R et al (Hrsg) (2004) Analytical chemistry, 2. Aufl. Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim
Welz B, Sperling M (1997) Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie, 4., neubearb.
Aufl. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Zeeman-Untergrundkompensation
▶ Zeeman-Kompensation
Zeichenbasierte Oberfläche
▶ ASCII-Oberfläche
Zeichenerkennung
▶ OCR
Zeitaufgelöste Fluoreszenz
▶ Time-resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay
Zeitsteuerung von Prozessen
O. Colhoun
Englischer Begriff time-controlled processing
Definition Funktionalität eines ▶ Labor-EDV-Systems zur
programmierten Ausführung bestimmter Aufgaben zu festgelegten Zeiten oder in bestimmtem Abstand.
Zelluläre Immunüberwachung des ZNS (HLA-DR+ Lymphozyten)
Beschreibung Darunter fällt etwa die automatische tägliche
Datensicherung im Hintergrund, die mitternächtliche Datenbank-Reorganisation oder z. B. die Festlegung des Ausdrucks
einer Resteliste für einen Laborbereich an jedem zweiten
Morgen um 9 Uhr auf dem Drucker des für den Bereich
verantwortlichen Arztes.
2533
Zelldichte im Knochenmark
▶ Zellularität, Knochenmark
Zell-Trennröhrchen
Zeitungspapier-Test
▶ Ficoll-Hypaque-Röhrchen
T. Arndt
Synonym(e) Lignin-Test; Meixner-Test; Wieland-Zeitungstest
Zelluläre Immunüberwachung des ZNS
(HLA-DR+ Lymphozyten)
Englischer Begriff Meixner test
T. O. Kleine
Definitio Schnelltest zur Prüfung auf die Gegenwart von
Amatoxinen (▶ Amanitine) in Pilzen oder Pilzmaterial.
Beschreibung Ein geringer Teil des verdächtigen frischen,
tiefgefrorenen oder getrockneten Pilzes wird auf ein Stück
holzhaltiges Papier einer Zeitung (keine Illustrierte wegen der
Oberflächenversiegelung durch Papierlacke) ausgedrückt.
Die Stelle wird markiert und nach dem Trocknen mit ca.
25 %-iger Salzsäure angefeuchtet. Bei einer Menge von mehr
als 0,02 mg Amatoxinen tritt nach ca. einer Viertelstunde eine
blaue Farbreaktion ein. Dabei bildet das im Holz enthaltene
Lignin einen Farbkomplex mit dem Indolteil der Amanitine.
Essbare Pilze, die häufig mit Knollenblätterpilzen verwechselt werden, reagierten nicht. Von einer ausbleibenden Blaufärbung darf aber nicht zwingend auf harmlose Pilze
geschlossen werden. Seeger beobachtete falsch positive
Reaktionen mit 63 von 335 geprüften amanitinfreien Lamellenpilzen. Der Test funktioniert nicht mit Mageninhalt oder
Speiseresten.
Literatur
Seeger R (1984) Zeitungspapiertest für Amanitine – falsch-positive
Ergebnisse. Zeitschr Mykologie 50:353–359
Wieland T (1983) Pilzvergiftungen. Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin
59:1259–1263
Zell-Adhäsionsmoleküle
▶ Adhäsionsmoleküle
Synonym(e) Antigen D-Related HLA-DR-aktivierte BlutLymphozyten; Immunüberwachung des Zentralnervensystems (ZNS) durch Human Leukocyte Antigen; Marburger
Liquor-Modell
Englischer Begriff cellular immune surveillance of central
nervous system with HLA-DR+ blood lymphocytes; Marburg
CSF model
Definition Aktivierte T-Lymphozyten (Zelluläre Immunüberwachung des ZNS (HLA-DR+ Lymphozyten) öffnen BlutHirn-Schranke (BHS), Blut-Venül-Schranke (BVS), BlutLiquor-Schranke (BLS), Blut-Nerv-Schranke (BNS) durch
Absonderung von Proteasen und führen zelluläre Immunüberwachung im ZNS durch im Gegensatz zu allen anderen Blutund Lymph-Leukozyten in Cerebrospinalflüssigkeit (CSF).
Beschreibung Da im ZNS von gesunden Menschen Blutkapillaren und -venülen durch BHS, BVS, BNS verschlossen
sind und in Choroidplexus durch epitheliale „tight junctions“
und Basalmembran in BLS (▶ Blut-Hirn-Schranke-Funktionsteste), werden in 6 zirkumventrikulären Organen
(CVOs) (▶ Liquor cerebrospinalis) durch fenestrierte Blutkapillaren und durchlässiges Ependym auf den CVOs BlutLeukozyten (9–27 pro Minute) mittels Blutdruck in ca. 25 ml
Ventrikelliquor gepresst (▶ Marburger Liquor-Modell):
CD3+HLA-DR+-aktivierte T-Zellen (20–85/ml), CD3+Zellen (ca. 840/ml), CD4+-Zellen (ca. 567/ml), CD8+-TZellen (ca. 271/ml), CD16+56+3 natürliche Killerzellen
(ca. 68/ml) und CD19+3-B-Zellen (ca. 12/ml). Nur
CD3+HLA-DR+-aktivierte T-Zellen führen zelluläre Immunüberwachung im Gehirn durch proteolytische Öffnung der
BHS, BVS, BNS, BLS durch.
Z
2534
Durch Hin- und Herbewegungen von Lymphe aus Ductus
thoracicus in Lumballiquor (Reflux) werden Lymph-Lymphozyten ohne CD3+HLA-DR+-aktivierten T-Zellen den
Blut-Lymphozyten mit CD3+HLA-DR+-aktivierten T-Zellen
zugesetzt (▶ Liquor cerebrospinalis) und damit verdünnt. Da
nur aktivierte T-Lymphozyten BHS, BVS, BNS, BLS durchbrechen, ist die zelluläre Immunüberwachung im ZNS gering;
im Gehirn in Ventrikeln und Subarachnoidalräumen effektiver als im Spinalraum.
Zellulärer Antigen-Stimulationstest
Literatur
Löffler H, Rastetter J (1999) Atlas der klinischen Hämatologie, 5., völl.
neu bearb. Aufl. Springer, Berlin, S 73
Zellzahlen, quantitative
H. Baum
Literatur
Kleine TO. Unveröffentlichte Untersuchungen
Kleine TO (2015) Cellular immune surveillance of central nervous
system bypasses blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid
barrier: revealed with the New Marburg cerebrospinal-fluid model in
healthy humans. Cytometry A 87:227–243
Zellulärer Antigen-Stimulationstest
▶ Leukotrien-Freisetzung
Zellularität, Knochenmark
H. Baum
Englischer Begriff cell count, quantitative
Definition Absolutzellzahl der Leukozytensubpopulationen
bei der morphologischen Differenzierung.
Beschreibung Die morphologische Differenzierung eines
Blutausstriches ergibt primär nur die relative Verteilung der
einzelnen Subpopulationen wieder. Entscheidend für die Diagnostik ist jedoch in der Regel die absolute Zellzahl der
einzelnen Subpopulationen pro Volumeneinheit, da die relative Verteilung stark von der Gesamtleukozytenzahl abhängig
ist. So darf die Angabe einer Verminderung oder Vermehrung
einer Subpopulation nur in Bezug auf die absolute Zellzahl
der einzelnen Subpopulationen erfolgen. In der Tabelle sind
die Referenzwerte (▶ Referenzwert) für die absoluten Zellzahlen der Leukozytensubpopulationen im peripheren Blut
für verschiedene Altersstufen zusammengefasst (nach: Koeppen und Heller 1991):
Synonym(e) Zelldichte im Knochenmark
Englischer Begriff bone marrow cellularity
Definition Zelldichte der hämatopoetischen Zellen im Knochenmark.
Beschreibung Der Anteil der hämatopoetischen Zellen kann
im Knochenmark normal, vermindert (Hypozellularität) oder
vermehrt (Hyperzellularität) sein. Dabei ist die Bestimmung
des Zellgehaltes mittels ▶ Knochenmarkausstrich häufig
unbefriedigend, da die Zellen meist an Knochenmarkbröckeln gebunden sind und so eine ungleichmäßige Verteilung
im Präparat entsteht, die nicht die wahren Verhältnisse im
Knochenmark widerspiegeln. Zusätzlich kann die Beimengung von peripherem Blut zu Verfälschungen führen. Auch
können Fettzellen als wichtiges diagnostisches Kriterium
häufig nicht adäquat nachgewiesen werden. Besser kann der
Anteil der Hämatopoese im Knochenmark in einem histologischen Präparat dargestellt werden. Auch kann dann gleichzeitig die Topologie der Zellverteilung und der Fettanteil
in vivo erfasst werden. Beim gesunden Erwachsenen ist das
Verhältnis der Fettzellen zur Hämatopoese etwa 1:1, beim
Älteren nimmt der Anteil der Hämatopoese jedoch ab.
Alter
Bei
Geburt
1 Jahr
10
Jahre
Zellart
Leukozyten
Neutrophile Granulozyten
• stabförmige
• segmentförmige
Eosinophile Granulozyten
Basophile Granulozyten
Lymphozyten
Monozyten
Leukozyten
Neutrophile Granulozyten
• stabförmige
• segmentförmige
Eosinophile Granulozyten
Basophile Granulozyten
Lymphozyten
Monozyten
Leukozyten
Neutrophile Granulozyten
• stabförmige
• segmentförmige
Eosinophile Granulozyten
Basophile Granulozyten
Lymphozyten
Monozyten
Absolute Zellzahl (G/L)
Median (Streubreite)
18,0 (9,0–30,0)
11,0 (6,0–26)
1,6
9,4
0,4 (0,02–0,85)
0,1 (0–0,64)
5,5 (2,0–11,0)
1,5 (0,4–3,1)
11,4 (6,0–17,0)
3,5 (1,5–8,5)
0,35
3,2
0,3 (0,05–0,7)
0,05 (0–0,2)
7,0 (4,0–10,5)
0,55 (0,05–1,1)
8,1 (4,5–13,5)
4,4 (1,8–8,0)
0,24 (0–1,0)
4,2 (1,8–7,0)
0,2 (0–0,6)
0,04 (0–0,2)
3,1 (1,5–6,5)
0,35 (0–0,8)
(Fortsetzung)
Zentralstelle der Länder für Gesundheitsschutz bei Arzneimitteln und Medizinprodukten
Alter
21
Jahre
Zellart
Leukozyten
Neutrophile Granulozyten
• stabförmige
• segmentförmige
Eosinophile Granulozyten
Basophile Granulozyten
Lymphozyten
Monozyten
Absolute Zellzahl (G/L)
Median (Streubreite)
7,4 (4,5–11,0)
4,4 (1,8–7,7)
0,22 (0–0,7)
4,2 (1,8–7,0)
0,2 (0–0,45)
0,04 (0–0,2)
2,5 (1,0–4,8)
0,3 (0–0,8)
Literatur
Koeppen KM, Heller S (1991) Differentialblutbild (panoptische Färbung. In: Boll I, Heller S (Hrsg) Praktische Blutzelldiagnostik.
Springer, Berlin, S 178–179
2535
quellen sind der Literatur und den Herstellerinformationen zu
entnehmen.
Literatur
Hallman L (1980) Klinische Chemie und Mikroskopie, 11. Aufl. Thieme
Verlag, Stuttgart
Zellzählung, visuelle
▶ Zellzählung, mikroskopische
Zentrale Probenverteilung
Zellzählung, mikroskopische
▶ Verteilung von Proben
A. M. Gressner und O. A. Gressner
Synonym(e) Zellzählung, visuelle
Zentralstelle der Länder für
Gesundheitsschutz bei Arzneimitteln
und Medizinprodukten
Englischer Begriff cell count, microscopic
U. Zimmermann und A. Steinhorst
Definition Mikroskopische Bestimmung der Zahl von körpereigenen (z. B. ▶ Erythrozyten, ▶ Leukozyten, ▶ Thrombozyten) und/oder körperfremden Zellen (z. B. Bakterien,
Pilzsporen, Parasiten) pro Volumeneinheit Körperflüssigkeit
(z. B. Blut, Urin, Liquor cerebrospinalis, Erguss, Exsudat)
unter Verwendung von optischen Präzisionsinstrumenten
(▶ Zählkammern).
Beschreibung Die mit ▶ EDTA antikoagulierte, durchmischte ▶ Vollblutprobe wird unter Verwendung einer graduierten Mischpipette für die Zählung der ▶ Erythrozyten 1:200
oder 1:100 mit ▶ Hayem-Lösung bzw. für die Zählung der
▶ Leukozyten 1:10 oder 1:20 mit ▶ Türk-Lösung verdünnt
und in eine graduierte, hochpräzise, DIN-genormte Zählkammer eingeführt. Die anschließend mit einem plangeschliffenen Deckglas verschlossene ▶ Zählkammer wird mäanderförmig nach festgesetzten Regeln ausgezählt und die Zellzahl
(▶ Zellzahlen, quantitative) pro Volumeneinheit (G/L)
berechnet. Details zu den heute nur noch in Ausnahmefällen
durchgeführten Methoden und Arbeitsvorschriften, zu den
zu verwendenden Zählkammern (Neubauer-Zählkammer,
▶ Liquor-Fuchs-Rosenthal-Zählkammer, Thoma-Zeiss-Zählkammer, Bürker-Zählkammer, Schilling-Zählkammer, TürkZählkammer, Nageotte-Zählkammer, Malassez-Zählkammer,
Jessen-Zählkammer, Lemaur-Zählkammer) und den Bezugs-
Synonym(e) ZLG
Beschreibung Die ZLG ist eine Behörde der Länder mit Sitz
in Bonn. Sie nimmt Aufgaben der Länder im Bereich der
Medizinprodukte und Koordinierungsfunktionen im Arzneimittelbereich wahr. Im Bereich der Medizinprodukte hat die
Tätigkeit der ZLG zum Ziel, den in der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland erreichten Stand an Qualität und Sicherheit von
Medizinprodukten im Rahmen und auf der Grundlage von
europäischen Richtlinien sowie nationalen Gesetzen und Verordnungen zu halten und zu verbessern.
Zu den Aufgaben der ZLG gehört u. a. die Anerkennung
und Benennung im Rahmen des Medizinproduktegesetzes.
Die ZLG hat Anfang 1994 ihre Tätigkeit aufgenommen.
Adresse:
Heinrich-Böll-Ring 10 D-53119 Bonn Tel.: 0228 977940 Fax:
0228 9779444 E-Mail: [email protected]
Literatur
www.zlg.de
Z
2536
Zentrifugalanalysator
Zentrifugalanalysator
Zentrifugalbeschleunigung, relative
G. Schumann
W. G. Guder
Synonym(e) Küvettenrotorverfahren
Englischer Begriff relative centrifugal force
Englischer Begriff centrifugal analyzer
Definition Zentrifugalanalysatoren sind (eher historische)
mechanisierte Analysensysteme, die quasi simultan eine Analysenserie entweder als Küvettenrotor- oder Lampenrotorverfahren durchführen.
Beschreibung Zentrifugalanalysatoren bestimmen eine
Probenserie simultan (Batch-parallel-Prinzip) und nicht
sequenziell wie die meisten mechanisierten Analysensysteme. Beim Küvettenrotorverfahren werden in 15–32 Positionen einer Rotorscheibe Proben und Reagenzien dosiert. Jede
Position besteht aus 2–3 Kammern, die bis zu 500 mL Flüssigkeitsvolumen aufnehmen können. Die gefüllte Scheibe
wird in eine Zentrifugeneinheit eingesetzt. Während der Rotation wandern Probe und Reagenzien infolge der Zentrifugalkraft in eine peripher gelegene Küvette. Jede Position hat eine
eigene ▶ Küvette (diskretes Prinzip). Die Mischung erfolgt
während und durch die Transferbewegungen der Flüssigkeiten in die Küvette sowie durch Luftblasen, die entgegen der
Zentrifugalkraft durch den Küvettenraum geführt werden
(durch Unter- oder Überdruck). Während der Rotation passieren die Küvetten einen Lichtstrahl zur Absorptionsmessung. Die Kinetik der ablaufenden Reaktionen wird diskontinuierlich registriert (nach jeder Umdrehung) und
gespeichert. Die erhaltenen Signale werden anschließend in
ein Ergebnis umgewandelt (Haeckel 1972).
Dieses Prinzip wurde auch insofern umgekehrt (Snook
1974), dass der Lichtstrahl (anstelle der Küvetten) rotiert
(Lampenrotorverfahren). Dabei können die Proben fortlaufend
in das Gerät überführt werden, ein Umsetzen der Transferscheibe entfällt. Dadurch kann ein vollmechanisiertes Analysensystem verwirklicht werden (dies ist beim Küvettenrotorverfahren nicht möglich).
Zentrifugalanalysatoren werden momentan nicht mehr auf
dem Markt angeboten.
Literatur
Anderson NG (1969) Analytical techniques for cell fractions. XII.
A multiple-cuvet rotor for a new microanalytical system. Anal Biochem 28:545–562
Haeckel R (1972) Automation bei klinisch-chemischen Analysen. J Clin
Chem Clin Biochem 10:235–242
Snook M (1974) A high capacity kinetic analyzer. J Clin Chem Clin
Biochem 12:236
Definition Die relative Zentrifugalbeschleunigung stellt die
Zentrifugationskraft als Vielfaches der Erdbeschleunigung dar.
Beschreibung Die Fähigkeit einer ▶ Zentrifuge, Teilchen
oder Moleküle zu sedimentieren, hängt von der Umdrehungszahl pro min (n), dem Schleuderradius (r) vom Mittelpunkt
bis zum Boden des zu zentrifugierenden Materials (Bechers,
Röhrchens) und von der Zeit der Zentrifugation ab. Diese
wird als relative Zentrifugalbeschleunigung (abgekürzt mit
einem kursiven g) wie folgt berechnet:
g ¼ 11,19 r ðn=1000Þ2 ¼ 1,119 105 r n2
Literatur
Hallbach J (2001) Klinische Chemie für den Einstieg. Thieme, Stuttgart
Zentrifugation
▶ Zentrifuge
Zentrifugationszeit
W. G. Guder
Englischer Begriff centrifugal time
Definition Zeit der mit definierter Umdrehungszahl oder
relativer Zentrifugalbeschleunigung (▶ Zentrifugalbeschleunigung, relative) durchgeführten Zentrifugation.
Beschreibung Neben der eingestellten g-Zahl ist für eine
effiziente Trennung eine Zentrifugationszeit zu definieren,
die bis zum Auslaufen der Zentrifugation vergehen muss.
Diese ist für übliche Zentrifugen mit 1500–3000 g:
• Serum (nach Abschluss der Gerinnung):
– 10 Minuten >1500 g
Zentrozyt
• Plasma:
– 15 Minuten 2000–3000 g
• Citrat-Plasma:
– Plättchenreich: 5 Minuten 150–200 g
– Plättchenarm 10 Minuten 1000–2000 g
– Plättchenfrei: 15–30 Minuten 2000–3000 g
• Lipoproteine:
– Ultrazentrifugation über 30 Minuten bei 100,000 g
• Urinsediment:
– 5–10 Minuten 400 g
• Liquor zur Zellanalyse:
– 10 Minuten 1000 g
Literatur
Die Qualität diagnostischer Proben (2012) 7. Aufl. BD, Heidelberg
Felgenhauer K, Beuche W (1999) Labordiagnostik neurologischer
Erkrankungen. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart
Guder WG, Hagemann P, Wisser H, Zawta B (2007) Fokus Patientenprobe. Kompendium Pränalytik. BD, Heidelberg
Kouri T, Fogazzi G, Gant H, Hallander H, Hofmann W, Guder WG
(2000) European Urinalysis Guidelines. Scand J Clin Lab Invest
60(Suppl):231
Zentrifuge
2537
Zentroblast
H. Baum
Englischer Begriff centroblast
Definition Große, aktivierte B-Zelle mit blastärer Morphologie.
Beschreibung Der Zentroblast ist eine mittelgroße bis große
Zelle mit einer feinen Kernchromatinstruktur und vielfach
einigen bis mehreren deutlich sichtbaren Nukleolen. Die
Nukleolen kommen meist nahe der Kernmembran zur Darstellung. Der Zytoplasmasaum ist meist mäßig groß und
basophil. Der Zentroblast exprimiert B-Zelloberflächenantigene (CD19, CD20, CD22; s. u. ▶ Cluster-of-differentiationNomenklatur) sowie teilweise CD10. Physiologisch sind
Zentroblasten neben den Zentrozyten (▶ Zentrozyt) in den
Keimzentren (▶ Keimzentrum) der ▶ Sekundärfollikel der
lymphatischen Gewebe nachweisbar. Es sind die aktiv proliferierenden aktivierten B-Lymphozyten (▶ B-Lymphozyt).
Im Rahmen von Non-Hodgkin-Lymphomen können Zellen, die morphologisch den Zentroblasten entsprechen, nachgewiesen werden. Dabei handelt es sich um großzellige Lymphome, aber auch beim follikulären Lymphom können
Zentroblasten neben Zentrozyten nachgewiesen werden.
W. G. Guder
Literatur
Synonym(e) Zentrifugation
Englischer Begriff centrifuge; centrifugation
Definition Gerät zur Abtrennung von Partikelflüssigkeitsmischungen durch Sedimentation unter zentrifugal gesteigerter
Sedimentationskraft, die mit einem rotierenden Rotor bei den
darin befindlichen Behältern erzeugt werden (▶ Zentrifugalbeschleunigung, relative; ▶ Zentrifugationszeit).
Beschreibung Eine Zentrifuge besteht aus einem Rotor mit
darin befindlichen Behältern zur Aufnahme des zu zentrifugierenden Untersuchungsgutes. Beim Vorgang der Zentrifugation werden die Sedimentationskräfte im Behälter
durch Rotation und damit erhöhter relativer Zentrifugalbeschleunigung (▶ Zentrifugalbeschleunigung, relative) gesteigert. Je nach Höhe des Vielfachen der Erdbeschleunigung (g)
spricht man von einfachen (100–5000 g), starken
(10.000–30.000 g) und Ultrazentrifugen (100.000 g)
(s. ▶ Ultrazentrifuge).
Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H et al (1994) A revised European-American
classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 84:1361–1392
Zentromer-Antikörper
▶ Autoantikörper gegen Zentromere
Zentrozyt
H. Baum
Englischer Begriff cleaved cell
Definition Mittelgroße Keimzentrumszelle mit scharfkantiger Kerneinkerbung.
Z
2538
Beschreibung Der Zentrozyt ist eine B-Zelle (▶ B-ZellDifferenzierung) meist mittlerer Größe. Der Kern hat ein
mäßig dichtes Kernchromatin und einen, manchmal auch
zwei oder mehrere Nukleolen. Der Zytoplasmasaum ist
schmal und nur wenig basophil. Der Zentrozyt exprimiert
B-Zelloberflächenantigene (CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22;
s. u. ▶ Cluster-of-differentiation-Nomenklatur) sowie CD5.
Zentrozyten sind neben den Zentroblasten die vorherrschende
Zellart in den Keimzentren (▶ Keimzentrum) der ▶ Sekundärfollikel von lymphatischen Geweben und sind aktiv
proliferierende B-Lymphozyten.
Im Rahmen von Non-Hodgkin-Lymphomen können bei
einigen Subformen Zentrozyten als pathologisches Korrelat
nachgewiesen werden. So ist er beim Mantelzelllymphom
und beim follikulären Lymphom die vorherrschende Zellpopulation.
Literatur
Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H et al (1994) A revised European-American
classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 84:1361–1392
Zertifizierung
U. Zimmermann und A. Steinhorst
Zertifizierung
Englischer Begriff tyrosine-protein kinase 70
Definition Zentrales Regulatorprotein der T-LymphozytenDifferenzierung (▶ T-Lymphozyt) und adaptiven Immunität.
Beschreibung Die Zeta-Ketten-assoziierte Proteinkinase
70 ist ein 70 kDa großes Protein mit Thyrosinkinaseaktivität.
Es bindet an die Zeta-Kette des T-Zellrezeptors und ist für die
angepasste Regulation der T-Zell-Immunantwort essenziell.
Mutationen in dieser Thyrosinkinase führen zur primären
Defizienz der T-Zell-vermittelten Immunität. Es sind dabei
unterschiedliche Mutationen nachweisbar, wobei meist die
Mutation in der Kinasedomäne zu finden ist. Alle bislang
beschriebenen Mutationen führen aber zu einer frühen Manifestation der Immundefizienz mit einem schweren Phänotyp
im Kleinkindesalter. Im Mausmodell konnte darüber hinaus
auch ein Zusammenhang mit Autoimmunerkrankungen gezeigt werden. Therapeutisch kommt bislang nur die Knochenmarktransplantation zum Einsatz.
In den B-Lymphozyten findet sich diese Mutation bei
Patienten mit einer CLL, wobei dies mit einer schlechten
Prognose assoziiert ist.
Literatur
Fischer A, Picard C, Chemin K et al (2010) ZAP70: a master regulator of
adaptive immunity. Semin Immunopathol 32:107–116
Englischer Begriff certification
Definition Verfahren, nach dem eine dritte Stelle schriftlich
bestätigt, dass ein Produkt, ein Prozess, ein System oder eine
Person mit festgelegten Anforderungen konform ist.
Beschreibung Ein Beispiel ist die Zertifizierung eines Unternehmens nach ISO 9001:2015.
Zetapotenzial
K. Kleesiek, C. Götting, J. Diekmann, J. Dreier und
M. Schmidt
Synonym(e) Coulomb-Potenzial
Literatur
DIN EN ISO/IEC 17000: 2005 „Konformitätsbewertung – Begriffe und
allgemeine Grundlagen“
Englischer Begriff zeta potential
H. Baum
Definition Elektrisches Potenzial an der Abscherschicht
eines bewegten Partikels in einer Suspension. In der Transfusionsmedizin beschreibt dies die Potenzialdifferenz zwischen
2 Ionenschichten, die die Erythrozytenoberfläche umgeben
und die für die gegenseitige Abstoßung von ▶ Erythrozyten
verantwortlich sind.
Synonym(e) ZAP70
Beschreibung Das Zetapotenzial ist das elektrische Potenzial an der Oberfläche eines bewegten Partikels in einer Sus-
Zeta-Ketten-assoziierte
Proteinkinase 70
Ziehl-Neelsen-Färbung
pension und beschreibt die Fähigkeit, Kraft auf andere Ladungen auszuüben. Es wird auch als Coulomb-Potenzial bezeichnet
und beruht auf der Eigenschaft sich in einer Suspension befindlicher geladener Partikel, ihr eigenes Potenzial durch Anlagerung von Ionen im Suspensionsmedium auszugleichen. Auf der
Oberfläche des Partikels lagern sich fest gebundene Ionen an,
weitere Ionen lagern sich in einer weiteren diffusen Schicht
an. Dies führt zu einer Kompensierung aller Partikelladungen
durch Ionen im Suspensionsmedium, sodass das Partikel elektrisch neutral erscheint.
Erythrozyten sind ebenfalls Partikel in einer Suspension
und weisen eine negativ geladene Membranoberfläche auf.
An diese lagern sich die fest gebundenen positiv geladenen
Ionen an, die wiederum von einer weiteren Ionenschicht
umgeben sind, die primär aus negativ geladenen Ionen besteht. Die Potenzialdifferenz zwischen den beiden Schichten
bewirkt, dass Erythrozyten sich gegenseitig abstoßen und
unter physiologischen Bedingungen einen Abstand von mindestens 300 Ångström zueinander einhalten. Dieser minimale
Abstand wird bestimmt durch die Dicke der Ionenschichten,
die bis zu 150 Ångström betragen kann.
Das Zetapotenzial der Erythrozyten spielt bei transfusionsmedizinischen Nachweismethoden von Antikörpern eine
wichtige Rolle, da nur die größeren Antikörper der IgMKlasse in der Lage sind, direkt diesen Abstand zwischen
2 Erythrozyten, die die korrespondierenden Antigene auf
der Zelloberfläche tragen, zu überbrücken. Hierdurch kommt
es bei diesen In-vitro-Methoden zur ▶ Agglutination der Erythrozyten. IgG-Antikörper können den durch das Zetapotenzial bedingten Abstand zweier Erythrozyten nicht ohne
Zusatz eines vernetzenden Sekundärantikörpers (Antihumanglobulin) überbrücken und führen daher nicht direkt,
sondern erst nach Antihumanglobulinzugabe zu einer
Agglutination der Erythrozyten. Alternativ kann durch eine
Enzymbehandlung (Bromelin-, Papain-, Ficin-, ▶ Enzymtest) der Erythrozyten das Zetapotenzial durch Abspaltung
von geladenen Oberflächensubstanzen auf dem Erythrozyten
reduziert werden. Durch Änderung der Dielektrizitätskonstanten des Suspensionsmediums, z. B. durch Albuminzusatz,
oder Änderung der Ionenstärke des Mediums („low ionic
strength solution“, ▶ LISS) wird ebenfalls eine Herabsetzung
des Zetapotenzials erreicht.
Diese durch das Zetapotenzial bedingte unterschiedliche
Wirkung von IgG- und IgM-Antikörper ist aber nur bei Nachweismethoden im Labor feststellbar, in vivo ist ausschließlich
die Antigenspezifität der Antikörper für die Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion verantwortlich.
Literatur
Eckstein R (2005) Immunhämatologie und Transfusionsmedizin. Urban
& Fischer, München
2539
Ziegelmehlsediment
W. G. Guder
Synonym(e) Amorphe Uratkristalle im Urin; Sedimentum
lateritium
Englischer Begriff amorphous urates
Definition Amorphe Ausfällungen von Uraten im ▶ Harnsediment ohne diagnostische Bedeutung.
Beschreibung Bei neutralem bis saurem Urin-pH fallen
beim Abkühlen größere Mengen eines ziegelfarbigen Sediments (sog. „Ziegelmehl“, Sedimentum lateritium) aus. Die
gelb bis rötlich gefärbten Sedimente bestehen chemisch aus
amorphen Uraten, gemischten Kalium-, Natrium-, Calciumund Magnesiumsalzen der ▶ Harnsäure.
Unter dem Mikroskop sind amorphe Urate als winzige,
schmutzig-gelbe, seltener farblose Körnchen sichtbar, die gewöhnlich schrumpfen und das Aussehen des Mooses annehmen. Sie sind so zahlreich, dass sie alle anderen Harnelemente
überdecken können. Manchmal werden Urate auf Zylindern
(▶ Zylinder im Urin) so abgelagert, dass sie Zylindern ähnlich sind (Uratzylinder).
Diese Formen der Urate haben keine diagnostische Bedeutung. Sie finden sich oft im konzentrierten Harn, z. B. bei
Fieber oder Gicht.
Literatur
Fogazzi GB, Ponticelli C, Ritz E (1999) The urinary sediment. 2. Ed.
Oxford University Press, Oxford
Ziehl-Neelsen-Färbung
A. M. Gressner und O. A. Gressner
Englischer Begriff Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Definition Zur Diagnostik von Tuberkulose und Lepra
eingesetzte Kontrastfärbemethode für den mikroskopischen
Nachweis von „säurefesten“ Stäbchen (Mykobakterien) im
Sputum und Gewebe.
Beschreibung Die von dem Lübecker Bakteriologen Franz
Ziehl (1857–1926) und dem Dresdner Pathologen Friedrich
Neelsen (1854–1898) um 1882 entwickelte Färbemethode
Z
2540
(▶ Färbemethoden, mikrobiologische) für „säurefeste“ Stäbchen, wie Mycobacterium tuberculosis, basiert auf einer Entdeckung des Phänomens der Säurefestigkeit durch Paul Ehrlich (▶ Ehrlich, Paul). Das Prinzip besteht im ersten Schritt in
einer Anfärbung mit Karbol(Phenol)fuchsin bei Erwärmung,
wodurch die Wachsschicht der Zellmembran (Lipide, Mykolsäure) für den Farbstoff permeabel wird und durch Diffusion
nicht entweicht. Im zweiten Schritt wird eine Entfärbung mit
Alkohol-Salzsäure bei Raumtemperatur vorgenommen, bei
der nur die „säurefesten“ Stäbchen nicht entfärbt werden
und somit ihre Rotfärbung behalten. Ein positives Testergebnis (Rotfärbung) ist nicht spezifisch für Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, da auch Mycobacterium leprae, nicht pathogene
Mykobakterien und Nokardien das Phänomen der Säurefestigkeit in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung zeigen.
Zielwert
G. Schumann
Englischer Begriff target value
Definition Der vom Hersteller deklarierte Wert einer ▶ Messgröße in einem ▶ Kontrollmaterial, der in der statistischen
Qualitätskontrolle (▶ Qualitätskontrolle, statistische) zur
Erfassung von Messabweichungen (s. ▶ Messabweichung)
dient.
Beschreibung Es handelt sich um einen Sammelbegriff für
▶ Referenzmethodenwert und verfahrensabhängigen ▶ Sollwert.
Literatur
Management in der Laboratoriumsmedizin (2000) Teil 1: Grundbegriffe.
DIN 58936-1, 3.1.9. Beuth-Verlag, Berlin
Zika-Viren
W. Stöcker
Englischer Begriff Zika virus
Beschreibung des Erregers Familie: Flaviviridae; Gattung:
Flavivirus; Art: Zika-Virus. Plusstrang-RNA-Genom, behüllt.
Das Virus wurde erstmals 1947 aus einem Rhesusaffen in
Uganda isoliert. Erst seit 2007, nach einer Reihe größerer
Zielwert
Epidemien außerhalb Afrikas, und speziell seit einem schweren Ausbruch in Brasilien 2015, geriet das Virus in den Fokus
der Forschung.
Erkrankungen Verbreitung: Süd- und Mittelamerika, Südostasien.
Übertragung: Das Virus wird vor allem durch den Stich
infizierter Mücken der Gattung Aedes auf Menschen übertragen. Eine perinatale Übertragung, d. h. die Weitergabe des
Virus von einer infizierten Schwangeren an ihren Fötus ist
möglich. Darüber hinaus sind Übertragungen durch
Geschlechtsverkehr beschrieben.
Klinik: Eine Zika-Virus-Infektion verläuft in ca. 80 % der
Fälle ohne Symptome, bei etwa 20 % der Erkrankten treten
3–12 Tage nach der Infektion Hautausschlag, Fieber, Kopfund Gelenkschmerzen sowie Bindehautentzündung auf. Die
Symptome halten für 2–7 Tage an, die Krankheit ist in der
Regel selbstlimitierend. In Brasilien und einer Reihe weiterer
Länder wurde während der Zika-Epidemie 2015/2016 ein
signifikanter Anstieg neurologischer Erkrankungen verzeichnet, insbesondere des Guillain-Barré-Syndroms. Außerdem
kam eine ungewöhnlich hohe Zahl von Babys mit Mikrozephalie zur Welt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen einer ZikaVirus-Infektion und dem Auftreten neurologischer Erkrankungen und fetalen Missbildungen (kongenitales ZikaSyndrom) gilt inzwischen als gesichert.
Analytik Direktnachweis: Nachweis viraler RNA durch
RT-PCR (Polymerase-Kettenreaktion) aus Serum, Urin und
Sperma.
Serologie: Nachweis spezifischer Antikörper (IgA, IgG,
IgM) im Serum durch indirekte Immunfluoreszenz (IIFT,
▶ Immunfluoreszenz, indirekte) (Substrat: ZIKV-infizierte
Zellen, s. Abbildung) und ▶ Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent
assay (ELISA). Im ELISA hat sich die Verwendung des
Nichtstrukturproteins 1 (NS1) als hoch spezifisches und sensitives Zielantigen erwiesen.
Indirekte Immunfluoreszenz: Antikörper gegen Zika-Viren:
Zink
Probenmaterial Direktnachweis: Blut, Urin, Sperma. Das
Material sollte bis zur Weiterverarbeitung bei +4 bis +8 C
aufbewahrt werden.
Serologie: Serum oder Plasma für den Nachweis der Antikörper sind bei +4 C bis zu 2 Wochen lang beständig, bei
20 C über Monate und Jahre hinweg. Zur Tiefkühlkonservierung des IgM kann man den Proben 80 % gepuffertes
Glyzerin beifügen.
Diagnostische Wertigkeit Die geeignetste Methode zum
Nachweis einer Zika-Virus-Infektion ist abhängig von der
Krankheitsphase, in der sich der Patient befindet. In einer
frühen Phase der Infektion ist ein Nachweis der viralen
RNA möglich: Bis etwa 1 Woche nach Symptombeginn kann
das Zika-Virus mittels RT-PCR im Blut nachgewiesen werden. Bei infizierten schwangeren Frauen kann das Virus in
Einzelfällen auch noch mehrere Wochen später nachgewiesen
werden. Im Urin kann ein Virusnachweis durch PCR bis zu
4 Wochen möglich sein. Liegt die Infektion länger als 7 Tage
zurück, wird jedoch empfohlen, serologische Tests wie
ELISA oder indirekte Immunfluoreszenztests durchzuführen.
Antikörper sind etwa ab dem 5. Tag im Blut des Patienten
nachweisbar. Bei der Interpretation der Ergebnisse ist die
enge Verwandtschaft der Flaviviren zu berücksichtigen. Es
kann zu Kreuzreaktionen zwischen den spezifischen Antikörpern kommen, sofern vorausgegangene Infektionen oder
Impfungen mit einem anderen Flavivirus vorliegen.
Durch die Verordnung zur Anpassung der Meldepflichten
nach dem Infektionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) an die epidemische
Lage (IfSG-Meldepflicht-Anpassungsverordnung), die am
01.05.2016 in Kraft getreten ist, wurde die Meldepflicht für
Labore nach § 7 Abs. 1 Satz 1 IfSG auf den direkten oder
indirekten Nachweis von ▶ Chikungunya-Viren, ▶ DengueViren, ▶ West-Nil-Fieberviren, Zika-Viren und sonstige
Arboviren ausgedehnt, soweit der Nachweis eine akute
Infektion anzeigt. Darüber hinaus können allgemeine nicht
erreger- oder krankheitsspezifische Meldepflichten bestehen.
2541
Gourinat AC, O’Connor O, Calvez E, Goarant C, Dupont-Rouzeyrol
M (2015) Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg Infect Dis
21(1):84–86
Johansson MA, Mier-Y-Teran-Romero L, Reefhuis J, Gilboa SM, Hills
SL (2016) Zika and the risk of microcephaly. N Engl J Med 375:1
Musso D, Gubler DJ (2016) Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev
29(3):487–524
Steinhagen K, Probst C, Radmzimski C, Schmidt-Chanasit J,
Emmerich P, van Esbroeck M, Schinke J, Grobusch MP,
Goorhuis A, Warnecke JM, Lattwein E, Komorowski L,
Deerberg A, Saschenbrecker S, Stöcker W, Schlumberger W (2016)
Serodiagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections by a novel NS1-based
ELISA devoid of cross-reactivity with dengue virus antibodies: a
multicohort study of assay performance, 2015 to 2016. Euro Surveill
21(50):pii:30426
Zanluca C, Dos Santos CN (2016) Zika virus – an overview. Microbes
Infect 18(5):295–301
Zhang FC, Li XF, Deng YO, Tong YG, Qin CF (2016) Excretion of
infectious Zika virus in urine. Lancet Infect Dis 16(6):641–642
Zink
D. Meißner und T. Arndt
Synonym(e) Zn
Englischer Begriff zinc
Definition Zink (chemisches Symbol: Zn) gehört zu den
▶ Übergangsmetallen mit der Atomnummer 30 und ist eines
der wichtigsten essenziellen Spurenelemente.
Struktur Zink kommt als zweiwertiges Kation vor. Im
Plasma ist Zink an ▶ Albumin oder andere Proteine oder an
▶ Aminosäuren, in den Zellen vorwiegend an ▶ Metallothionein gebunden. Darüber hinaus ist es Bestandteil einer
großen Zahl von Enzymen.
Molmasse Relative Atommasse: 65,39.
Literatur
Calleri G, Burdino E, Bonora S, Raso R, Ghisetti V, Caramello P (2016)
Zika virus infection in two travelers returning from an epidemic area
to Italy, 2016: algorithm for diagnosis and recommendations. Travel
Med Infect Dis 14(5):506–508
Driggers RW, Ho CY, Korhonen EM, Kuivanen S, Jääskeläinen AJ,
Smura T, Rosenberg A, Hill DA, DeBiasi RL, Vezina G,
Timofeev J, Rodriguez FJ, Levanov L, Razak J, Iyengar P,
Hennenfent A, Kennedy R, Lanciotti R, Plessis d A, Vapalahti
O (2016) Zika virus infection with prolonged maternal viremia and
fetal brain abnormalities. N Engl J Med 347(22):2142–2151
Fourcade C, Mansuya JM, Dutertre MD, Delpech M, Marchou B,
Delobel P, Izopet J, Maritin-Blondel G (2016) Viral load kinetics of
Zika virus in plasma, urine and saliva in a couple returning from
Martinique, French West Indies. J Clin Virol 82:1–4
Synthese – Verteilung – Abbau – Elimination Die Aufnahme von Zink, das im Magen-Darm-Trakt zu 15–40 %
absorbiert wird, erfolgt fast ausschließlich aus der Nahrung,
wobei die Absorptionsrate von mehreren endogenen und
exogenen Faktoren abhängt. Im Blut ist es sowohl im Plasma
als auch in den Blutzellen enthalten. Aus dem Blut wird es
rasch von der Leber, wo es an Metallothionein gebunden für
zahlreiche biochemische Prozesse bereitgestellt wird, und
daneben von Knochen, Muskel, Haut, Nieren und Thymus
aufgenommen. Hohe Zinkkonzentrationen finden sich auch
in Prostata, Testes, Ovarien, Pankreas, Iris und Retina. Die
Ausscheidung erfolgt hauptsächlich über den Stuhl und nur
zu einem geringen Teil über die Nieren. ▶ Interaktion besteht
Z
2542
mit ▶ Kupfer, ▶ Eisen, ▶ Cadmium, Phytaten und Ballaststoffen.
Körperbestand: 1,3–2,0 g. Bedarf: Frauen <6,0 mg/Tag,
Männer <8,0 mg/Tag. Empfohlene Zufuhr: Erwachsene
10 mg/Tag, Jugendliche 12 mg/Tag, Schwangere 15 mg/Tag,
Stillende 22 mg/Tag. Tolerierbare Aufnahme pro Tag: 600 mg/
kg KG. Zinkreich sind Austern, Weizenkeime, Fleisch, Leber,
Nieren, Seefisch, Milch, Eier.
Halbwertszeit 250–500 Tage.
Funktion – Pathophysiologie Zink übt seine Hauptfunktionen als Bestandteil von mehr als 100 ▶ Metalloenzymen,
als Aktivator von Metallionen-aktivierbaren Enzymen
(▶ Metallionen-aktivierbare Enzyme) und als Stabilisator
biologischer Strukturen aus. Wichtige Zinkenzyme sind alkalische Phosphatase, Carboanhydrase, Dehydrogenasen,
Carboxipeptidasen, Cu-Zn-Superoxiddismutase. Zink ist Bestandteil des ▶ Insulins. Es ist unentbehrlich für die Synthese
von Proteinen und Nukleinsäuren, für Wachstum, Fortpflanzung und Wundheilung und ist eng mit der humoralen und
zellulären Immunantwort sowie mit endokrinologischen Vorgängen und zahlreichen Stoffwechselprozessen verbunden.
Klinisch bedeutungsvoll ist vor allem der Zinkmangel, der
als Folge von Störungen der Resorption, von Ernährungsdefiziten oder der Behandlung mit Komplexbildnern entstehen kann. Hypozinkämie wird auch nach Blutverlust, Traumata, Schock, schweren Verbrennungen, Herzinfarkt, bei
parenteraler Ernährung und bei schweren Leberkrankheiten
beobachtet. Symptome des Zinkmangels sind Störungen des
ZNS, Depressionen, Appetitlosigkeit, Geschmacks- und Geruchsstörungen, Dermatitiden und Wundheilungsstörungen,
in schweren Fällen Alopezie, retardiertes Wachstum und
Hypogonadismus. Die Acrodermatitis enteropathica ist eine
vererbbare Krankheit im frühen Kindeslater, für die ein Zinkmangel als Ursache bewiesen wurde. Bei Zinkintoxikation
stehen Schleimhautreizungen, Übelkeit, Erbrechen und gastrointestinale Störungen im Vordergrund. Schwere Verätzungen
können bis zum Tod führen. Bei chronischer Exposition treten
Störungen des Cu-, Fe- und Ca-Stoffwechsels auf. Die
Inhalation kann zu Metalldampffieber führen.
Die Therapie mit Zinkpräparaten wird bei Zinkmangel,
Acrodermatitis enteropathica, Wundheilungsstörungen und
Hautkrankheiten sowie als Cu-Antagonist bei Morbus Wilson
und gelegentlich bei chronischen Lebererkrankungen und
anderen Krankheiten angewendet.
Untersuchungsmaterial – Entnahmebedingungen Vollblut, Serum, Heparin-Plasma, Urin, Blutzellen, Organgewebe.
Probenstabilität Vollblut bei Raumtemperatur: 30 min;
Serum, Plasma, Urin: 20 C 7 Tage, 4–8 C 14 Tage,
20 C 1 Jahr.
Zink
Präanalytik Spurenelementfreie Abnahmegeräte und Aufbewahrungsgefäße. Kein Glas, am besten Polypropylen verwenden. Blutabnahme morgens nüchtern. Hämolyse vermeiden. Plasma rasch von den Blutzellen trennen. Starke diurnale
Schwankungen und Abnahme der Plasmakonzentration nach
Nahrungsaufnahme beachten.
Analytik Flammenatomabsorptionsspektrometrie
(▶ Flammenatomabsorptionsspektrometrie/-spektroskopie),
▶ Inductively coupled plasma.
Konventionelle Einheit mg/dL, mg/d.
Internationale Einheit mmol/L, mmol/d.
Umrechnungsfaktor zw. konv. u. int. Einheit mmol/L =
0,1529 mg/dL, mg/dL = 6,539 mmol/L.
mmol/d = 0,01529 mg/d, mg/d = 65,39 mmol/d.
Referenzbereich – Erwachsene Nach Rükgauer 2005:
Untersuchungsmaterial
Serum
Plasma (Frauen)
Plasma (Männer)
Vollblut (Li-Hep)
Erythrozyten (Frauen)
Erythrozyten (Männer)
Urin
Konzentration
60–120 mg/dL
9–18 mmol/L
60–145 mg/dL
9–22 mmol/L
80–170 mg/dL
12–26 mmol/L
400–750 mg/dL
61–115 mmol/L
0,0182 0,0044 mmol/L/109 Zellen
0,0182 0,0048 mmol/L/109 Zellen
100–533 mg/L
1,5–8,0 mmol/L
Referenzbereich – Kinder Serum, Plasma: 50–100 mg/dL
(7,7–15 mmol/L) (Rükgauer 2005). Blut, Urin: s. Erwachsene.
Indikation Verdacht auf Unterversorgung oder Exposition
durch Zink. Wundheilungsstörungen, therapieresistente Dermatosen. Überwachung der Zinktherapie. Kontrolle bei erhöhter Zufuhr von Kupfer oder Eisen und bei Therapien mit
Chelaten.
Interpretation Der Zinkgehalt in Serum und Plasma fällt
nach Nahrungsaufnahme stark ab und unterliegt darüber hinaus einer zirkadianen Rhythmik. Er ist homöostatisch geregelt und kann deshalb nur bedingt zur Einschätzung des Zinkstatus beitragen. Er zeigt jedoch schwere Mangel- oder
Belastungssituationen an und reagiert auch kurzzeitig auf
akute Veränderungen. Untersuchungen in Urin, Vollblut und
Geweben liefern weitere Informationen. Der Zinkgehalt der
Leukozyten scheint ein Zinkdefizit am besten widerzugeben.
Diagnostische Wertigkeit Diagnose von Mangel oder
Belastung und von Zinkstoffwechselstörungen bei verschiedenen Krankheiten.
Zink-Protoporphyrin
2543
Literatur
Elsenhans B (2002) Zink. In: Biesalski HK, Köhrle J, Schümann
K (Hrsg) Vitamine, Spurenelemente und Mineralstoffe. Georg
Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart/New York, S 151–160
Rükgauer M (2005) Zink. In: Thomas L (Hrsg) Labor und Diagnose,
6. Aufl. TH-Books, Frankfurt am Main, S 501
Rükgauer M, Kruse-Jarres JD (2002) Normalwerte für Mengen- und
Spurenelemente. In: Biesalski HK, Köhrle J, Schümann K (Hrsg)
Vitamine, Spurenelemente und Mineralstoffe. Georg Thieme Verlag,
Stuttgart/New York
Zink-Protoporphyrin
T. Stauch
Synonym(e) Protoporphyrin-IX-Zink-Chelat; ZnPP
Englischer Begriff zinc protoporphyrin
Definition Komplex bzw. Chelat des Protoporphyrin IX
mit Zink.
Struktur
CH2
CH3
H3C
+
N
+
N
N
CH2
Zn
N
CH3
H3C
COOH
COOH
ᅟ
eignet sich, diagnostisch einen Funktionseisenmangel anzuzeigen.
Die Bildung des Zink-Protoporphyrins und des Häms
(Ferriprotoporphyrin IX) erfolgt durch dasselbe Enzym, die
▶ Ferrochelatase, die im Falle eines Eisenmangels Zink in das
freie Protoporphyrin IX (s. ▶ Freies Protoporphyrin) einbaut.
Normalerweise liegen etwa 80–90 % des Gesamt-Protoporphyrins im Blut in Form des Zink-Chelates vor. Sobald
Eisen zur Verfügung steht, kann Zink-Protoporphyrin rasch in
Häm umgewandelt werden. Da eine enge Beziehung zwischen diesem Metaboliten und dem Hämbedarf (und damit
der aktuell vorhandenen Hämoglobinkonzentration) besteht,
ist ein rechnerischer Bezug auf die sich im Falle eines Funktionseisenmangels divergent verhaltende Kenngröße sinnvoll
(s. Internationale Einheit unten) und erlaubt in dieser Form
eine zuverlässigere Erkennung einer Eisenminderversorgung
als die alleinige Angabe der Konzentration.
Untersuchungsmaterial – Entnahmebedingungen EDTAoder Heparin-Vollblut (unzentrifugiert und lichtgeschützt),
bei längeren Verwahrungs- und/oder Transportzeiten (>3
Tage) können die Vollblutproben auch komplett tiefgefroren
werden (–20 C). Die dadurch ausgelöste Hämolyse stört die
Analytik nicht.
Probenstabilität Antikoagulierte Vollblutproben sind gekühlt und lichtgeschützt mindestens 3 Tage stabil. Bei längerer Verwahrung kommt es zunächst nicht zu einer Abnahme
der Gesamtkonzentration an Protoporphyrin, aber zu einer
Verschiebung zugunsten des freien Anteils, sodass sich die
Sensitivität der Untersuchung hinsichtlich eines Funktionseisenmangels verringern kann.
Analytik ▶ Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeitschromatographie
mit Fluoreszenz-Detektion und Mesoporphyrin als internem
Standard. Die Varianz des Verfahrens liegt bereichsabhängig
bei 7–10 %.
Konventionelle Einheit mmol/mol Häm.
Molmasse 626,03 g.
Internationale Einheit mmol/mol Häm.
Synthese – Verteilung – Abbau – Elimination. ▶ Freies
Protoporphyrin.
Umrechnungsfaktor zw. konv. u. int. Einheit 1.
Funktion – Pathophysiologie Medulläres Zink-Protoporphyrin kann als ein „Zwischenspeicher“ oder biochemischer
Shunt der unmittelbaren Hämvorstufe angesehen werden, der
bei stimulierter Erythropoese und Mangel an verfügbarem
Eisen in verstärktem Umfang genutzt wird. Der Anteil, der
davon in proportionaler Menge ins periphere Blut gelangt,
Referenzbereich – Erwachsene <40 mmol/mol Häm,
Grauzone 40–50 mmol/mol Häm, relativer Anteil >70 %
des Gesamt-Protoporphyrins.
Referenzbereich – Kinder S. Referenzbereich — Erwachsene.
Z
2544
Zink-Protoporphyrin in Erythrozyten
Zink-Protoporphyrin, Tab. 1 Absolute und relative Verteilung der
Messwerte für Zink-Protoporphyrin (unauffällig, grenzwertig, erhöht) in
verschiedenen Patientenkollektiven (Normalbefund kleines Blutbild,
ZnPP
<40
40–50
>50
Gesamt
Hb/MCV normal
245
59,2 %
85
20,5 %
84
20,3 %
414
100,0 %
Anämie ohne Mikrozytose, Mikrozytose ohne Anämie, mikrozytäre
Anämie) (n = 1204 Patienten)
Nur Anämie
257
47,6 %
93
17,2 %
190
35,2 %
540
100,0 %
Nur Mikrozytose
22
31,0 %
8
11,3 %
41
57,7 %
71
100,0 %
Mikrozyt. Anämie
22
12,3 %
14
7,8 %
143
79,9 %
179
100,0 %
Indikation
Literatur
• Klinisch-hämatologischer Verdacht auf Eisenmangel
(mikrozytäre, hypochrome Anämie mit einem ▶ MentzerIndex >13), insbesondere bei erschwerter Beurteilbarkeit
des Ferritins bzw. der Tranferrinsättigung (z. B. durch
▶ Akute-Phase-Reaktion, terminale Niereninsuffizienz
o. Ä.)
• Ergänzende Beurteilung und Therapieentscheidung bei
renaler Anämie
• Begleitende Diagnostik bei sideroachrestischen Anämieformen, hereditärer Sphärozytose, Thalassämien, hämolytischen Anämien und Schwermetallbelastungen
• Als Teil eines porphyriediagnostischen Gesamtscreenings
zusammen mit freiem Protoporphyrin bei kutanen Veränderungen oder Symptomen und Lichtsensitivität
• Differenzialdiagnostik von erythropoetischer Protoporphyrie (EPP) und X-chromosomaler Protoporphyrie
(XLPP)
Bailey GG, Needham LL (1983) Simultaneous quantification of erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX by liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 32:2137–2142
Jensen BM (1990) Screening with zinc protoporphyrin for iron deficiency
in non-anemic female blood donors. Clin Chem 36:846–848
Interpretation
•
•
•
•
<40 mmol/mol Häm: Normalbefund
40–50 mmol/mol Häm: Graubereich ohne sichere Aussage
>50 mmol/mol Häm: Hinweis auf Funktionseisenmangel
Ausgeprägte Erhöhungen auch vereinbar mit Protoporphyrie (EPP, XLPP), Schwermetallintoxikation oder anderen
homozygoten/compound-heterozygoten Porphyrieformen
Diagnostische Wertigkeit Genaue Angaben zur Sensitivität
und Spezifität der Kenngröße bezüglich eines Eisenmangels
sind aufgrund der Vielfalt/Uneinheitlichkeit der klinischen
und diagnostischen Kriterien einer Eisenminderversorgung
schwierig. Daher zur groben Orientierung die in Tab. 1
zusammengestellte Auswertung.
Eine ROC-Analyse nach Hanley & McNeil auf der Basis
dieser Daten mit der Klassifizierungsvariable „Mikrozytäre
Anämie“ (MCV <83 fl; Frauen: Hb <12 g/dl; Männer: Hb
<13 g/dl) ergibt einen AUC-Wert von 0,813 und einen
Youden-Index von 0,507 bei einem Entscheidungskriterium
von 50,0 mmol/mol Häm.
Zink-Protoporphyrin in Erythrozyten
A. M. Gressner und O. A. Gressner
Englischer Begriff zinc protoporphyrin in erythrocytes; red
blood cell protoporphyrin; Zn-PP; ZPP
Definition Akkumulation von Zink-haltigem Protoporphyrin IX in ▶ Erythrozyten als Folge eines Defekts im terminalen Syntheseschritt des Häms (durch Ferrochelatase katalysierter Eiseneinbau in das Protoporphyrinringsystem),
der durch Eisenmangel oder chronische ▶ Blei-Intoxikation
bedingt ist.
Beschreibung Der von der ▶ Ferrochelatase katalysierte
Einbau von Eisen in das Protoporphyrinringsystem mit Bildung von Häm, d. h. der letzte Schritt der Hämbiosynthese,
wird durch chronische Bleiintoxikation und Pyridoxalphosphat-(▶ Vitamin B6-)Mangelzustände inhibiert, da diese Bedingungen zu einer Hemmung der d-AminolävulinsäureDehydratase (▶ 5-Aminolävulinsäuredehydratase) und der
Ferrochelatase führen. Weiterhin kommt es durch Eisenmangel zu einer defizienten Hämsynthese. Anstelle von ▶ Eisen
wird ▶ Zink mit niedrigerer Affinität in das Protoporphyrinringsystem eingebaut, wobei das entstehende Zink-Protoporphyrin Globin nicht bindet, daher frei in den ▶ Erythrozyten
vorkommt. Die Bestimmung von ZPP in Vollblut oder vorzugsweise in gewaschenen Erythrozyten mit einem Hämatofluorometer bei einer Anregungswellenlänge von 405 nm und Emissionswellenlänge von 605 nm wird demzufolge zur adjuvanten
(jedoch relativ unempfindlichen) Diagnostik einer chronischen
Bleiintoxikation, eines Eisenmangelzustandes, einer ausgeprägten Hypovitaminose von Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxalphosphat) und
Zitratblut
einigen anderen Störungen der Hämsynthese eingesetzt. Der
Referenzbereich (▶ Referenzbereich, biologischer) liegt für
gewaschene Erythrozyten zwischen 19 und 38 mmol ZPP/mol
Häm. Im Vollblut werden höhere Referenzbereiche (30–70
mmol/mol Häm) aufgrund interferierender fluoreszierender
Substanzen gemessen. Konzentrationen zwischen 70 und
100 mmol/mol Häm sind typisch für ▶ Eisen-Mangelzustände.
Literatur
Sherwood R, Pippard MJ, Peters TJ (1998) Iron homeostasis and the
assessment of iron status. Ann Clin Biochem 35:693–708
2545
Gesundheitsschädliche Wirkungen ergeben sich am ehesten über die Azidität bzw. Alkalität von Zinnsalzlösungen mit
entsprechenden Hautirritationen. Für zinnorganische Produkte wurden Hautreizungen, Hirnödeme, Leberschäden
und Todesfälle (innerhalb einer klinischen Studie für Diethylzinn zur Behandlung der Furunkulose 100 Todesfälle durch
Kontamination des Präparates mit größeren Mengen Triethylzinn) beschrieben.
▶ Referenzwerte bei unbelasteten Personen: Blut (Erwachsene und Kinder) 0,03–0,55 mg/L, Urin (Erwachsene)
<27,9 mg/L, Urin (Kinder) <5,2 mg/L (Heitland und Köster
2006a, b).
Literatur
Zinn
D. Meißner und T. Arndt
Synonym(e) Stannum
Englischer Begriff tin
Definition Element der Kohlenstoffgruppe mit der Ordnungszahl 50, Symbol Sn und der relativen Atommasse von
118,71. In Verbindungen ist es 2- oder 4-wertig.
Beschreibung Bisher konnte für das Zinn keine spezifische
biologische Funktion nachgewiesen werden, obwohl man
annimmt, dass es für einige Tierarten, jedoch nicht für den
Menschen, essenziell ist. In der Medizin hat es Bedeutung als
Bestandteil von Dentallegierungen und Zahnpflegemitteln
(Zinnfluoride) sowie bei der übermäßigen Aufnahme von
Zinn aus der Umwelt (belastete Nahrungsmittel, Zinngefäße,
verzinnte Gegenstände, Stanniol) oder bei Tätigkeiten in der
zinngewinnenden und -verarbeitenden Industrie. Die Gefährdung ist jedoch gering. Organische Zinnverbindungen wie
(z. B. Ethyl-, Butyl- und Phenylverbindungen in Fungiziden,
Pestiziden, Antihelmintika und Kunststoffstabilisatoren),
werden leichter resorbiert als anorganische und sind (öko)
toxikologisch nicht unbedenklich. Der Einsatz von Zinnorganoverbindungen, insbesondere von Zinn(III)-Alkylen und
-Phenylen mit vergleichsweise hoher (Öko)Toxizität, wurde
deshalb in Deutschland und der EU in den letzten 20 Jahren
immer stärker reglementiert bzw. untersagt.
Lösliche Zinnverbindungen werden nach oraler Aufnahme
oder Inhalation, Organozinnverbindungen auch transdermal
resorbiert. Von der täglich aufgenommenen Zinnmenge von
ca. 4 mg werden 99 % ohne Resorption im Stuhl ausgeschieden und nur ca. 1 % im Urin. Zinn akkumuliert kaum im
Körper. Das im Körper gespeicherte Zinn findet sich eher
diffus verteilt in den Organen und Geweben.
Anger JP, Curtes JP (1994) Tin. In: Seiler HG, Sigel A, Sigel H (Hrsg)
Handbook on metals in clinical and analytical chemistry. Marcel
Dekker, New York/Basel/Hong Kong, S 613–625
Baselt RC (2014) Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man, 10.
Aufl. Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, S 1991–193
Heitland P, Köster HD (2006a) Biomonitoring of 37 trace elements in
blood samples from inhabitants of northern Germany by ICP-MS.
J Trace Elem Med Biol 20:253–262
Heitland P, Köster HD (2006b) Biomonitoring of 30 trace elements in
urine of children and adults by ICP-MS. Clin Chim Acta 365:310–318
Zirkadiane Rhythmik
▶ Circadiane Rhythmik
Zirkadianer Rhythmus
▶ Circadiane Rhythmik
Zirkulierende Immunkomplexe
▶ Immunkomplexe
Zitrat im Urin
▶ Citrat im Urin
Zitratblut
▶ Antikoagulanzien in vitro
Z
2546
Zitratplasma
Synthese – Verteilung – Abbau – Elimination Die orale
Bioverfügbarkeit beträgt 70 %. Zolpidem wird in inaktive
Metaboliten überführt. Die Metaboliten sind nach einmaliger
Gabe von Zolpidem 4 Tage lang im Urin nachweisbar.
Zitratplasma
▶ Antikoagulanzien in vitro
Halbwertszeit Plasma 2–3 Stunden.
Pathophysiologie Zolpidem kann zu Übelkeit, Verwirrtheit,
Kopfschmerzen und Halluzinationen führen.
ZLG
▶ Zentralstelle der Länder für Gesundheitsschutz bei Arzneimitteln und Medizinprodukten
Untersuchungsmaterial – Entnahmebedingungen Serum
(S), Plasma (P) oder Urin ohne besondere Patientenvorbereitung.
Analytik Immunologischer Schnelltest und/oder quantitative
Bestimmung im Serum mithilfe der Tandem-Massenspektrometrie (▶ LC-MS).
Zn
▶ Zink
Probenstabilität Im Urin bei Raumtemperatur 4 Tage stabil.
Interpretation Therapeutischer Bereich (S, P): 80–150
(200) mg/L (Hiemke et al. 2012); toxisch: 500 mg/L; komatösletal: >2000–4000 mg/L (alle Angaben aus Schulz et al. 2012).
ZnPP
▶ Zink-Protoporphyrin
Literatur
Zöliakie-assoziierte AntiGliadinfragmente-Antikörper
(Z-AGFA)
▶ Antikörper gegen Gliadin
Hiemke C et al (2012) AGNP-Konsensus-Leitlinien für therapeutisches
Drug-Monitoring in der Psychiatrie: Update 2011. Psychopharmakotherapie 19:91–122
Nordgren H, Beck O (2004) Multicomponent screening for drugs of
abuse. Direct analysis of urine by LC-MS-MS. Ther Drug Monit
26:90–97
Schulz M, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Andresen H, Schmoldt A (2012) Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1000 drugs and
other xenobiotics. Critical Care 16:R136
Zolpidem
B. Güssregen
Zonenelektrophorese
▶ Elektrophorese
Englischer Begriff zolpidem
Definition Imidazopyridinderivat mit hypnotischer Wirkung. Struktur:
T. Arndt
N
N
O
N(CH2)2
Molmasse 307,4 g.
Zonisamid
Englischer Begriff zonisamide
Definition Antiepileptikum.
Zopiclon
2547
Strukturformel siehe Abbildung:
CH2SO2NH2
N
O
Literatur
Baselt RC (2014) Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man, 10.
Aufl. Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach
Schulz M, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Andresen H, Schmoldt A (2012) Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1,000 drugs and
other xenobiotics. Critical Care 16:R136
Molmasse 212,2 g.
Synthese – Verteilung – Abbau – Elimination Zonisamid
wird oral appliziert. Die Bioverfügbarkeit beträgt 100 %.
Innerhalb von 10 Tagen nach Gabe werden 62 % der Dosis
im Urin und 3 % im Stuhl ausgeschieden. Im Urin werden
innerhalb von 14 Tagen 22 % Muttersubstanz, ca. 9 %
N-Azetylzonisamid und ein nach Ringspaltung glukuronidierter, als M1 bezeichneter Metabolit zu ca. 3 % ausgeschieden (Baselt 2014).
Halbwertszeit 63 Stunden (Plasma), 105 Stunden (Erythrozyten), unter Carbamazepin- oder Phenytoin-Therapie
kürzere Plasma-Eliminationshalbwertszeit von 36 bzw.
27 Stunden (Baselt 2014).
Funktion – Pathophysiologie Zonisamid ist indiziert als
Zusatztherapie für die Behandlung erwachsener Patienten
mit partiellen Anfällen mit oder ohne sekundäre Generalisierung. Der Wirkmechanismus ist nicht vollständig geklärt.
| 24,052 |
oeuvresr08raci_47
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,865 |
Oeuvres
|
Racine, Jean, 1639-1699 | Mesnard, Paul, 1812-1899
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,163 | 12,465 |
Ibidem, ligne 11, «d'un esprit fort variable et fort borné. » Var. « d'un esprit variable et très-borné. » Page 406, ligne 9, « qui est de la paroisse de.... ». Var. « de la paroisse de » ; qui est manque. Page 4°7i ligne 141" elle en avoit simplement ». Var. « elle en avoit seulement ». Ibidem, ligne 19, « Cette Mère étant morte ». Var. « et cette Mère étant morte ». Ibidem, ligne 20, « cet écrit ». Var. « un écrit ». Page 4°8, ligne 4, « ces docteurs ». Var. « et ces docteurs ». Ibidem, ligne 5, « de certaines expressions ». Var. a. certaines expres sions », sans de. Ibidem, ligne 8, « l'approuvèrent au contraire avec éloge ». Var. a l'ap prouvèrent avec éloge ». Ibidem, ligne i3, « de la portée». Var. « à la portée ». Ibidem, ligne 17, « abbé de Saint-Cyran ». Var. « de Saint-Cyran »; abbé manque. Ibidem, ligne 20, « et avoit même ». Var. « Il avoit même ». Ibidem, ligne aa, « il avoit pris lui-même la plume ». Var. « il avoit pris la plume ». Ibidem, ligne 24, « Il n'avoit point mis ». Var. « II n'avoit pas mis ». Page 409, ligne 7, « que personne au monde ne pouvoit ». Var. « que personne ne pouvoit ». Ibidem, ligne 18, a l'eut entendu parler ». Var. « eut entendu parler M. de Saint-Cyran». Ibid<m, ligne 28, « Sa science n'étoit que celle des saints Pères. » Cette phrase n'est pas dans le manuscrit. Page 410, lignes 1 et 2, t d'autre chemin pour les mener àDieu ». Var. a pour les mener à Dieu d'autre chemin ». Ibii'em, ligne 10, « il le pressa au moins de vouloir». Var. « il le pressa de vouloir au moins ». Page 411, ligne 2, « L'abbé de Saint-Cyran ». far. a M. de Saint-Cyran 1 Ibidem, ligne 4, « qu'il s'aigrissoit de plus en plus, cessa ». Var. « que ce prélat s'aigrissoit de plus en plus, il cessa ». Ibidem, lignes 7 et 8, « à se dégoûter même de son institut; et non con .ent ». Var. « à se dégoûter de son institut. Non content ». 574 ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome IV.) Page 4n, ligne 9, c de cet abbé». Var. c de l'abbé », Ibidem, ligne 12, a Ce ne fut pas là ». Var. « Ce ne fut point là ». Ibidem, ligne i5, « Quoique plongé ». Var. « et quoique plongé ». Ibidem, ligne 17. a et ne voulait point que ses Religieuses ». Var. a et ne vouloit pas que ces Religieuses ». Page 4I25 ligne 1, « Il en conçut contre l'abbé». Var. «Il conçut contre l'abbé s. Ibidem, lignes 4 et 5, « qu'il ne fut pas des moins ardents depuis ce temps-là ». Var. « que depuis ce temps-là il ne fut pas des moins ardents». Ibidem, lignes 10 et 11, «que tous ceux qui le connoissoient ne pouvoient lui refuser » . Var. « que ne pouvoient lui refuser tous ceux qui le con noissoient ». Ibidem, ligne 16, a pour les sublimes fonctions ». Var. a pour les fonc tions sublimes ». Ibidem, ligne iS, « que ce ministre». Var. « que le Cardinal». Ibidem, ligne 23, « clans le sacrement. » Var. « dans le sacrement de Pénitence. » Ibidem, ligne a8, « se piquoit encore plus d'être». Var. n sepiquoit d'être encore plus ». Page 4*3, ligne 3, « ce fut aussi, à ce qu'on prétend, pour le même sujet ». Var. « ce fut aussi pour le même sujet, à ce que l'on prétend ». Ibidem, ligne 10, « avec la princesse de Lorraine ». Var. « avec la prin cesse Marguerite de Lorraine ». Ibidem, ligne 16, a P. Condren ». Var. « Père de Gondren ». — Plus haut aussi Gondren, au lieu de Condren. Ibidem, même ligne, cet jusqu'au P.Vincent». Var. «et le P. Vincent». Page 4i4) ligne 11, « d'archevêques et d'évêques». Var. «d'archevêques et évêques ». Ibidem, ligne 16, « et les évêques ». Var. « et tous les évêques ». Page 4i° ligne 1, t contre ce prélat si illustre ». Var. <t contre cet illustre prélat ». Ibidem, ligne 5, a mais un hérésiarque ». C'est par inadvertance que ces trois mots indispensables ont été omis dans le manuscrit. Ibidem, ligne 11, « Il ht aussi saisir ». Var. « et fit aussi saisir ». Ibidem, ligne 16, « tous ses papiers ». Par inadvertance encore le ma nuscrit a a tous ces papiers. » Ibidem, ligne 18, « que l'on avoit ». Var. « qu'on avoit ». Ibidem, lignes 19 et 20, « cinq ans après, c'est-à-dire à la mort ». Var. « cinq ans après, à la mort ». Page 417, lignes 2-4, « Jean de Verth. qui, avec d'autres officiers étrangers, étoit aussi alors prisonnier au bois de Vincennes ». Var. «Jean de Verth, alors prisonnier au bois de Vincennes, avec d'autres officiers étrangers ». Ibidem, ligne 5, « car le cardinal de Richelieu ayant ». Par. « car le Cardinal ayant ». Ibidem, ligne 9, « il dit publiquement ». Var. c il dit tout publique ment ». Ibidem, lignes 14 et i5, « d'un fort grand nombre ». Var. « d'un grand nombre ». Ibidem, ligne 17, « donne la plus haute et la plus parfaite idée ». Var. r donne la plus parfaite idée ». ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome IV.) SjS Page 417, ligne 19, c le 11 octobre 1643 ». Cette date n'est pas dans le manuscrit. Ibidem, ligne 22, « A peine il eut ». Var. « A peine eut-il ». Page 418, lignes 2 et 3, « ses sacrements ». Var. « les sacrements ». Page 4i9i ligne 3, « qui étoit abandonné». Var. i qui avoit été aban donne' ». Ibidem, ligne 17, « ne quittèrent pas ». Var. « ne quittèrent point ». Ibidem, ligne 19, « où il y avoit une croix ». Var. « où étoit une croix». Page 420', ligne 5, a L'année». Var. « et l'année ». Ibidem, ligne 18, « qui avoit été jusqu'alors ». Var. t qui jusqu'alors avoit été ». Page 42Ii ligne 5, « se vinrent rendre ». Var. t vinrent se rendre ». Ibidem, lignes 12 et i3, « et rehaussant ceux qui..., rendirent». Var. « et rehaussèrent ceux qui...; ils rendirent ». Ibidem, lignes i3 et 14, « beaucoup plus saine ». Var. « plus saine »; beaucoup manque. Ibidem, ligne 16, « à y suivre ». Var. « à suivre u. Page 422i ligne 4» C( plus de six pieds ». Var. « plus de dix pieds ». Ibidem, même ligne, » le sacrement de Confirmation ». Var. « le sacre ment de la Confirmation ». Ibidem, lignes ai et 22, c réfugier tous les jours, et y étoient». Var. a réfugier, et y étoient ». Page 4^3, ligne 3, « retirer de temps en temps pour ». Var. <t retirer pour ». Ibidem, lignes 9 et 10, « qu'on voit encore vis-à-vis de la porte ». Var. « que l'on voit encore vis-à-vis la porte ». Page 4^4? ligne 6, « inspiroit de la piété ». Var. « inspirait la piété ». Ibidem, ligne 8, « et en même temps la propreté » . Var. « et la propreté ». Ibidem, ligne 14, «Mais combien les personnes». Var. « Combien les personnes ». Ibidem, ligne i5, « l'intérieur de ce monastère». Var. « l'intérieur du monastère ». Ibidem, lignes 17 et 18, « pour la pauvreté et pour la mortification ». Var. «pour la pauvreté et la mortification ». Ibidem, ligne 28, « pendant deux ans. Si ». Var. «pendant deux ans; et si ». Page 425, lignes 1 et 2. Dans le manuscrit on a omis, par une erreur évidente, les mots suivants : « religieuses. Il y a eu telle de ces commu nautés ». Ibidem, ligne 2, « tout à coup une somme de vingt mille francs ». Var. « tout d'un coup une somme de vingt mille livres ». Ibidem, lignes 22 et 23, « où l'on s'exposeroit ». Var. t où l'on s'exposoit ». Page 420 ligne 4i « Un des plus grands soins ». Var. « Un des grands soins ». Ibidem, ligne 6, « c'étoit de dérober ». Var. <r étoit de dérober ». Ibidem, lignes 24 et 25, « une adresse et une charité incroyables». Var. «une adresse et une charité incroyable ». 1. A la note 1 de la même pnge 420, une faute s'est glissée. Au lieu d'archevêché de Tout, lisez : évêchè de Toul. 576 ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome IV.j Page 4a8, lignes 8 et 9, « mais la porter encore à un plus haut degré' ». Var. « mais la porter même au plus haut degré ». Ibidem, ligne 19, «et n'ayant pu l'empêcher, elle tint». Var. « et n'ayant pu l'empêcher, tint ». Ibidem, ligne 22, «rappeler ici». Var. «ici rappeler». Page 429 ligne 2, a d'une famille d'Auvergne ». Var. « d'une ancienne famille d'Auvergne ». Ibidem, ligne 12, a de huguenots ». Var. « d'huguenots ». Ibidem, ligne irj, « N'étant encore que hachelier ». Var. « Dès qu'il n'étoit encore que bachelier». Ibidem, lignes 17 et 18, a que leurs auteurs ». Var. « que leurs doc teurs ». Ibidem, ligne 24, « en approchant ». Var. « en s'approchant ». Page 43 1, ligne 7, « Il s'emporta ». Var. « et s'emporta ». Page 43î, lignes 1 et 2, 0 et remuèrent». Var. «. et ils remuèrent ». Ibidem, ligne -, a. qu'un. Ils songèrent ». Var. « qu'un; et songèrent ». Ibidem, ligne i3, «avec une autorité égale». Var. «avec autorité égale». Page 433, ligne 4» * n'avoient eu aucune ». Var. <r n'avoient aucune ». Page 434i lignes 28 et 29, « les appelant asacramentaires, des vierges folles ». Var. « les appelant des asacramentaires, des vierges folles ». Page 435, ligne 1, « même jusqu'à cet excès». Var. « même à cet excès ». Ibidem, lignes 3 et 4i « de toutes ces exécrables calomnies ». Var. « de ces exécrables calomnies ». Ibidem, ligne i3, «c tous les samedis ». Var. « toutes les semaines ». Page 436, ligne ao, 0 recteur de leur collège de Rouen ». Var. « recteur de leur collège de Blois, ensuite recteur de leur collège de Rouen ». Le manuscrit a raison ici évidemment ; dans l'imprimé il y a eu des mots omis. Ibidem, ligne 28, « plus loin ». Var. «plus avant ». Page 437, lignes 7 et 8, c du prétendu complot formé, en 1621 ». Var. « d'un prétendu complot formé, en l'année 1(121 ». Ibidem, ligne 22, «de si effroyables impostures ». Var. « de si étranges impostures ». Page 438, ligne 1, « Saints. Non-seulement ». Var. Saints; et non-seu lement ». Ibidem, ligne 20, « et qu'on leur voit ». Var. « et qu'on les voit». Page 44°i ligne 12, « jusqu'à ». Var. « jusques à ». Ibidem, ligne 14, <C pendant quelque temps ». Var. « durant quelque temps ». Page 44a? ligne i5, « par son testament ». Var. « dans son testament». Ibidem, ligne 18, «Ainsi, quand même». Var. «et ainsi, quand même». Ibidem, ligne 19, « en droit pour cela ». Var. « pour cela en droit ». Page 443, ligne 5, c le progrès. M. Cornet ». Var. « le progrès; et M. Cornet ». Page 444' hgne 3, « sur ces mêmes propositions ». Var. «sur ces mêmes cinq propositions ». Ibidem, ligne 16, « lesquels trouveroient ». Var. « qui trouveroient ». Page 445, ligne i3, «doctrine. Ils les chargèrent ». Var. « doctrine; et les chargèrent ». Ibidem, lignes 24 et s5, « des parties. Ils ne dissimulaient ». Var. a des ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. {Tome IV.) 577 parties; et ils lui citoient là-dessus l'exemple de la fameuse congrégation de Auxiliis. Ils ne dissimuloient ». Page 445, ligne 26, a avoit dû être ». Var. « auroit dû être ». Page 44°i ligne 8, « ils demandèrent ». Var. « ils pressèrent ». Ibidem, ligne 17, <r dit-il ». Var. « leur dit-il ». Page 447» I igT116 l)-> a et glorilienl ». Var. « et glorifions ». Ibidem, ligne a5, « Mais il parut bien, par le soin que les jésuites pri rent ». Var. « Mais il paroit bien dans le soin qu'ils prirent ». Page 448, lignes 20 et ai, « du moins le P. Adam, et plusieurs autres de leurs auteurs ». Var. « du moins plusieurs de leurs auteurs ». Le manu scrit porte en note, à la marge : « Le P. Adam et autres ». Ibidem, ligne 22, « le dégradoient de sa qualité». Var. aie dégradèrent de la qualité ». Page 449i ligne 2, <r (à Caen) ». Ces mots ne sont pas dans le manu scrit. Ibidem, ligne 8, c une horrible impiété ». Ici il y a dans le manuscrit les mots à Caen, en note, à la marge. Ibidem, ligne 19, ails regardoient ». Var. a. et ils regardoient ». Page 4^0, ligne 6, a que c'étoient ». Var. s que c'étoit ». Ibidem, ligne i3, « n'avoit pas permis ». Var. 0 n'avoient jjas permis ». Page 45i, lignes 9 et 10, « Il n'y avoit d'hérésie, ni sorte d'impiété ». Var. e II n'y avoit hérésie ni sorte d'impiété»; la leçon du manuscrit est seule bonne. Page 4^2, ligne 9, a en un misérable libelle ». Var. « dans un misérable libelle ». Ibidem, ligne 10, « il y a près d'un an ». Var. « il n'y a pas un an » Ibidem, ligne ai, a jusqu'à une somme ». Var. t jusques à une somme». Page 453, lignes 10 et n, C si atroce ». Var. « aussi atroce ». Page 454i ligne 6, « Ils prirent surtout soin ». Var. «Ils prirent soin surtout ». Ibidem, ligne a4, 4 n'avoit pas été d'abord ». Var. a n'avoit pas d'abord été ». Page 455, ligne 9, « qui pouvoit plus gagner ». Var. « qui pouvoit le plus gagner ». Ibidem, ligne 10, « que sa Constitution ». Var. « que la Constitution ». Page 457, ligne 9, a un plus sensible plaisir ». Var. «de plus sensible plaisir ». Ibidem, lignes ro et 11, « par un bref daté du 27 septembre i654, et adressé à ». Var. « par un bref adressé à ». En note, à la marge : ce 29 septembre i654 »■ Ibidem, lignes 12 et i3, « étoit succinct». Var. « étoit fort succinct ». Ibidem, ligne 27, « Il est assez étrange». Var. cet il est assez étranger. Page 458, ligne 14, « dans ces assemblées ». Var. « dans ces deux as semblées ». Page 460, lignes 12 et i3, « de ses spéculations ». Var. a de ces spé dilations ». Ibidem, ligne 3i, « à l'autel. Le sujet ». Var. a à l'autel ; et le sujet ». Page 461, ligne 11, « bruit. Il se crut ». Var. « bruit; et il se crut » Ibidem, ligne i3. a la pureté de sa foi ». Var. a et la pureté de sa foi Page 462, ligne 6, « Ces propositions ». Var. « Ces deux propositions J. Racine, vin 37 ^78 ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome IV.) Page 4^4, ligne 2, ce dont sa seconde proposition », Var, a dont la se conde proposition ». Ibidem, ligne ri, ce casser ces petits ». Var. « casser tous ces petits ». Page 4<i5, ligne II, « une jeune pensionnaire ». Var. 1 une pensionnaire ». Page 466, ligne 3, « dans une chambre avec » Var. « dans une chambre solitaire avec ». Page 468, ligne 4i « dans leur chambre. Elle n'y fut pas». Var. a dans leur chambre, et elle dans la sienne. Elle n'y fut pas ». Ibidem, ligne i5, ce dans les autres temps, que d'ailleurs ». Var. et dans l"S autres temps, et que d'ailleurs ». Ibidem, ligne ai, a lu.» faire du mal ». Var. ce lui faire mal ». Page 4°9i ligne 1, « il y avoit des sœurs». Var. ce il y avoit encore des sœurs ». Ibidem, lignes 1 1 et 12, « fut étonné ». Var. ce fut fort étonné » Ibidem, ligne i3, « fait venir quelque charlatan». Var. ce fait venir peut ire quelque charlatan ». Ibidem, ligne 16, oc plusieurs fois l'œil ». Var. <c plusieurs fois le coin de l'œil ». Ibidem, ligne si, « Cressé. Les ayant ». Var. « Cressé; et les ayant ». Ibidem, ligne 24, « si parfaite, ils allèrent ». Var. c si parfaite, allèrent ». Page 4jo, ligne 9, « depuis si longtemps ». Var. « depuis longtemps ». Ibidem, lignes i3 et 14. « Elle ne s'en fia ni ». Var. ce Elle ne s'en fia pas ni». Ibidem, lignes 29 et 3o, ce information. Après ». Var. a information : et après ». Page 47I1 ligne 3, «docteurs de Sorbonne, ils donnèrent ». Var. docteurs de Sorbonne, donnèrent ». Ibidem, ligne 10, ce dans l'église ». Var. ce dans cette église». Page 472i ligne 1, « M. Félix eut ordre ». Var. ce M. Félix eut de nouveaux ordres ». Ibidem, ligne 10, « d'avertir ». Var. ce d'attester ». Ibidem, lignes 27 et 28, « de leurs âmes ». Var. « de leur âme » Page 474» ligne i5, « une docilité d'enfant ». Var. ce une docilité d'en fants ». Page 47^, ligne 14, « qu'il avoit hérité de toute ». Var. 5 qu'il avoit hérité pour elles de toute ». Ibidem, ligne 26, « et il lui a conservé jusqu'à ». Var. « et lui a con servé jusques à ». Ibidem, ligne 27, « dès ». Var. a dès le temps». Page 47° ligne 7, « qu'il étoit ». Var. ce qu'il fut ». Ibidem, ligne 9, « qu'il ne s'amusoit guère alors a ». Var. ce qu'il ne s'amusoit guère alors de ». âge 477, ligne 3, « à ce prince ». Var. ce au prince». bidem, ligne 6, « eu peut-être ». Var. a peut-être eu ». âge 478, ligne 24, « à former ni à conduire ». Var. <t à former et à conduire ». Ibidem, ligne 3o, « et aux puissances; que ». Var. ce et aux puissances égitimes; que ». Page 479, ligne £, ce à peine y fut-il arrivé ». Var. ce à peine il y fut arrivé ». ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tomb iV.) 379 Page 480, ligne 6, a la France lui étant fermée ». Var. « La France lui étoit fermée ». Ibidem, ligne i5, « étant sujet à tomber dans». Var. a étant tombé dans». Page 482, lignes 1 et 2, a je ne vis jamais de gens ». Var. « je ne -vis jamais des gens ». Ibidem, ligne 12, «pas leur témoignage». Var. «point leur témoignage ». Page 483, ligne 1, « maximes abominables, qui tendoient ». Var. « maxi mes abominables, et qui tendoient ». Page 484i ligne 2, e à ses quinze». Var. à œa quinze ». Page 486, ligne 27, € les Pères du concile deNicée». Var. aies Pères au concile de Nicée ». Ibidem, ligne 28, (t les propositions d'Arius ». Var. « les propositions impies d'Arius ». Page 4871 lignes 20 et 21, <r qu'ils ont eu le crédit de t. far. k qu'ils ont eu le secret de ». Page 488, lignes 7 et 8, «leurs auteurs. C'est ce qui leur fit ». Var. < leurs auteurs ; et c'est ce qui fit ». Ibidem, ligne 9, « ami du P. Annat ». Var. « ami intime du P. Annat ». Page 489, ligne 9, « le duel, l'adultère ». Var. « l'adultère, le duel ». Page 49°i ligues 5 et 6, a dont on les vouloit accuser » . Var. <r dont il les vouloit accuser ». Ibidem, ligne 12, ï au bout de six mois». Var. « au bout de deux mois ». Ibidem, ligne 20, « d'un P. Moya ». Var. « du P. Moya ». Page 491, ligne 2, « en l'année 1668, fit ». Var. « en l'année 1668, a fait». — L'erreur de 1668, au lieu de 1679, est aussi bien dans le manuscrit que dans les imprimés de 1742 et de 1767. Ibidem, ligne 3, « soixante-cinq». Var. « soixante et cinq ». Ibidem, ligne 5, (c auront ». Var. a auraient ». Ibidem, ligne 11, « dans ses écoles une morale plus conforme et à ». Var. « dans ses écrits une morale plus conforme à ». Page 492, ligne 17, « de i655 ». Cette date erronée se trouve anssi dans le manuscrit. Page 493, ligne 8, «M. de 3Iarca et le P. Annat ». Var. « Lui et le P. Annat ». Ibidem, ligne a5, et contre sa personne ». Var. « contre la personne ». Page 495, li^ne 4, « qu'à écouter et à signer». Var. <r qu'à écouter et signer ». Ibidem, ligne 29, a ce scrupule. Quelques jours ». Var. « ce scrupule; et quelques jours ». Page 496, ligne 8, « 11 est évident ». Var. a II est constant ». Page 497i ligne 6, «qu'on n'y présentât ». Par. « qu'on y présentât ». 6ans la négation. Ibidem, ligne 26, « pour exécuter ». Var. « pour faire exécuter». Page 49^i ligne i3, « de voir renversés ». Var. « de voir renverser ». Page 499i ligne 6, « les Religieuses ». Var. « les Religieux ». Seconde faktie. — l'âge 5oo, ligne 24, « n'eussent ». Var. « n'aient ». Page 5or, lignes 26 et 27, 0 qu'ils avoient eu, ainsi que nous avons dit, avec ». Var. « qu'ils avoient eu avec ». Page 5o2, ligne 21, « Tout ce qui s'approchoit ». far. « Tout ce qui ipprochoit ». 58o ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome IV.) Page 5o2, ligne 28, « ont fait ». Var. « avoient fait ». Page 5o5, ligne 22, « jusqu'à nouvel ordre ». Var. « jusque» à nouvel ordre ». Page 5oq, ligne 6, « et je ne perdrai point ». Var. « et ne perdrai point ». Page 5io, ligne i, « comme toutes les Religieuses». Var. «comme toutes les autres Religieuses ». Page 5n, ligne i3, « encore mieux ». Var. « mieux encore ». Page 5 1 3, lignes 17 et 18, « sur son monastère ». Var. « sur elle et sur son monastère ». Voyez notre note 3, à cette page 5i3. ibidem, ligne 24, « dont il avoit [flétri] ». Le mot flétri, omis dans le manuscrit autographe, 6e trouve dans la copie manuscrite, comme dans l'imprimé de 1767. Page 5i4i ligne 8, « de la Fréquente communion même, à cause ». Var. « de la Fréquente communion, à cause ». Ibidem, lignes 29 et 3o, « gagna pourtant enfin le dessus ». Var. « gagna enfin le dessus ». Page 5i6, ligne 28, « de paix, de ferveur ». I ar. « de paix, de fer meté ». Page 5i7, ligne 2, « qu'à se bien représenter ». Var. « qu'à se repré senter ». Ibidem, ligne 9, « de soixante et dix ans ». Var. a. de soixante-dix ans ». Page 5i9, ligne i5, « reconnues très-pures ». Var. a. reconnues pour très-pures ». Page 520, ligne 4i Œ des entreprises de l'assemblée du clergé ». Var. « des entreprises du clergé »; mais il y a là une omission du copiste. Ibidem, lignes 16 et 17, « néanmoins au commencement dans l'opinion » Var. « néanmoins dans l'opinion ». Page 522, ligne 3, « il n'y aurait plus ». Var. « il n'y avoit plus » Ibidem, ligne i5, « fit un long discours». Var. « fit un grand discours «. Page 523, ligne 18, «de la cour de Rome». Var. «de l'église de Rome». Ibidem, ligne 23, « pour ne pas appuyer ». Var. « pour ne pas approu ver ». Page 525, ligne 9, « imprimé fortement ». Var. « fortement imprimé ». Page 52(i, ligne 4, « au nombre ». Var. « du nombre». Ibidem, ligne 3o, « à la sœur de M. Pascal ». Ce que l'édition de 1767 a ajouté après ces mots (voyez à la note 3 de cette même page) manque da is la copie manuscrite, aussi bien que dans l'autographe. Page 527, lignes 26 et 27, « monastères de Port-Royal de Paris et des Champs ». Var. « monastères de Paris et des Champs ». Page 528, lignes 3 et 4, « témoignage de la pureté de notre fei ». Var. a témoignage de notre foi ». Page 53o, ligne 6, « en écrivoit ». Var. « en écrivit ». Page 53i, ligne 7, «comme nous avons vu ». Var. « comme nous l'avons vu ». Page 533, lignes ta et i3, « que du reste ». Var. « qu'au reste ». Page 534, ligne 12, o élevoit si haut en France ». Var. « élevoit en France ». Page 535, ligne 5, « et détruiraient ». Var. « et détruisoient ». Page 54°» bgne 12, « un écrit signé des », Par. « un écrit signé par les ». ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome IV.) &81 Page 54l, lignes 6 et 7, « et toute la soumission ». Var. « et la sou mission ». Page 54a, ligne 7, « du Formulaire ». Var. a de Formulaire ». Page 543, ligne 14, « mais ne voulant rien ». Far. « mais ne voulut rien ». Page 544, ligne 3, « poursuivroit tout de nouveau ». Var. « poursuivroit de nouveau ». Ibidem, ligne i5, « que des matières ecclésiastiques ». Var. « que des affaires ecclésiastiques ». Page 545, ligne 18, « il n'exigeoit point ». Var. « il n'exigeoit pas ». Page 547, ligne 5, « et n'avoit rien oublié ». Après ces mots il y a dans la copie manuscrite la même lacune que nous avons signalée dans l'auto graphe (voyez à la note 3 de cette page 547) Page 55o, ligne i3, « il sortit brusquement, en leur faisant entendre ». Le membre de phrase qui est dans l'imprimé de 1767, et qui manque ici (voyez à la note 8 de la même page), se trouve dans la copie manuscrite. Mais il faut remarquer qu'il se lit aussi sous les ratures dans le manuscrit autographe, comme il est dit dans cette note. Pages 55o et 55 1, « du chevalier du guet ». Var. « du guet », sans les mots du chevalier. Page 55 1, ligne 17, « couvent ». Var. « monastère ». Page 552, ligne 4, « au cou de leurs Mères. Elles ». Avant Elles il y a dans la copie manuscrite les deux ou trois lignes que nous avons données à la note 2 de la même page, comme ajoutées par l'imprimé de 1767. Page 555, ligne 3, « Mais il fit ». Var. « Mais il leur fit ». Ibidem, ligne 20, « sans parler de tout le scandale ». Var. « sans parler du scandale ». Page 556, lignes 2 et 3, « sans avoir fait aucun ». Var. « sans aucun -a. Ibidem, ligne 6, « de n'avoir point ». Var. « de n'avoir pas ». Page 55g, ligne 10, «que toute cette affaire ». Var. « que cette affaire ». Page 56i, ligne 1, « donner atteinte ». Var. « donner d'atteinte ». Ibidem, ligne 25, « [Dans le moment...] ». Tout ce passage entre crochets voyez à la note 3 de la même page), qui n'est donné que par l'imprimé de 1767, manque dans la copie manuscrite aussi bien que dans L'auto graphe. Il pourrait bien être une interpolation des éditeurs de 17(17. Page 563, ligne 3, « étoit assez indifférent ». Var. « étoit indifférent ». Page 564, ligne 16, « qu'il ne l'avoit pas reçue ». Var. « qu'il ne l'avojt point reçue ». Page 566, ligne 2, « aussi claire ». Var. « si claire ». Page 56g, lignes 7 et 8, « qui déclaroient ». Var. « qui déclarèrent » Page 571, ligne 8, « à la Visitation ». Var. « dans le couvent de la Visi tation ». Page 572, ligne i3, « de la même sorte ». La seconde partie de cette Histoire s'arrête là dans la copie manuscrite, aussi bien que dans le ma nuscrit autographe. 5$i ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome VI.) TOME VI. Page 189, ligne 2' . ers, » lisez : « ver ». Page 3i8. A la suite des notes de Racine sur Horace, le manuscrit com muniqué par 31. Gazier nous permet d'ajouter celle-ci * : « Solimon , fameux usurier et me'chant poëte. mettoit dans tous ses r :i trats qu'on seroit obligé de lui entendre déclamer ses vers. Note sur ce vers [le vers 89] d'Horace, sat. 3, liv. I : Porrccto jugulo kistorias, cafitirus ut, audit. C'est au sujet de Druson. autre usurier, à qi.i on se pressoit de payer les arrérages, de peur d'être forcé à lui entendre réciter son histoire. » Page 333. Nous tirons du même manuscrit les notes suivantes de Ra cine sur Cicéron. qui sont à joindre à celles que nous avons données : Cicer. ad Att. L. VII, ep. 1. — Toute cette lettre est merveilleuse. Il v parle de son embarras entre César et Pompée. « Quam non est facilis virtus ! quam vero difflcilis ejus diuturna simu latio ! » — Je crois qu'en cet endroit il entend parler de la valeur; car c'est à propos de ses expéditions militaires contre les Parthes, dont il est le premier à se moquer avec son ami. Ep. 2. — « Invaletudo tua valde me conturbat. » « Filiola tua te delectari lœtor, et probari tibi ou^ty.rjv esse t^v t.zqç, Ta téxvoc. Etenim si hsec non est, nulla potest homini esse ab homine naturae adjunctio. » Il dit que « Caecilius malus autor latinitatis est; Terentii autem fa bellae propter eleganiiara sermonis putabantur a C. Laelio scribi 2. » H s'accuse d'avoir écrit mal à propos P'irxa; « quod homo romanus P'irxa scripserim, non Pirœum, sic enim omnes nostri locuti sunt. » Parti de César. Ep. 3. « Causam solura haec causa non habet, cœteris rébus abundat. » La septième est encore merveilleuse, et il y dépeint très-bien l'état des affaires, a Ut bos armenta, sic ego bonos viros, aut eos quicunque dicun tur boni, sequar, etiamsi ruent. » Ei>. 8. « Tu soles conglutinare amicitias testimoniis luis. » Belle idée d'Atticus. qui avoit soin de rendre de bons offices à tout le monde, et qui vouloit l'union et la paix partout. Il dit que ce qui le fâche, c'est que, s'il veut être de l'avis de Pompée, il faut donc qu'il rende à César l'argent qu'il lui a prêté : « Est enim 5;aoo <pov àvrt^oXtTEuoi-'ivou ypewoetXéTTjv esse — » Rien n'est plus vilain que d'être d'un parti quand on est créancier de l'autre. Il dit dans la 3e lettre : Si j'opine courageusement pour le bien de la République, je m'attends que Tartessius viendra m'aborder à la sortie du 1. En tête des notes de Racine recueillies par son fils aîné, celui-ci avait écrit ci s mots reproduits par le copiste du manuscrit : a Remarques ou Extraits faits par mon père, à mesure qu'il lisoit. » 2. Cette citation et la suivante ue sont pas dans la lettre 2, mais dans la lettre 3 di| liviv VU. ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome VI.) 585 sénat : « Jubé sodés nummos curare. » Par ce Tartessius il entend Balbus, qui étoit de Cadix, et qui faisoit les affaires de César. L. VIII, ep. 1 1 . Voyez l'idée d'un sage administrateur de la République. Puis celle de deux mauvais ministres. « Dominatio quaesita ab utroque est. Non id acturn, beata et honesta civitas ut esset. » L. VII, ep. a5. Il dit de Pompée : a Malas causas semper obtinuit, in optima concidit. » L. VIII, ep. 9. Tout le monde parle le même lan^.gc : « Signa contur bantur, quibus voluntas a simulatione distingui possit. » Il dit de César : « Hoc tépaç horribili vigilantia, celeritate, diligentia est. » Page 335. Le manuscrit autographe de la îjibliotlnque nationale ne nous a conservé que de bien courts extraits de Tite-Live, que Racine avait faits en lisant cet historien. Voici encore trois petites notes sur l'his toire du même auteur, que nous fournit la copie manuscrite commu niquée par M. Gazier : Tite-Live, décade V, 1. I'. — « Sed externorum inter se bella quoquaeque modo gesta sunt persequi non operae est, satis superque onei is sustinenti res a populo Romano gestas describere2. » Voyez dans le livre II5 une idée du prince d'Orange en la personne de Persée. Doctrine des équivoques. T. Liv., décade I, 1. IX, p. 601 *. « Hocc lu dibria religionum non pudere in lucem proferre ! et vix pueris dignas ambages senes ac consulares fallenda? fidei exquirere ! » Page 358. A la suite des extraits du Qtiinte-Curce de Vaugelas, que la copie manuscrite de M. Gazier donne conformes au texte du manuscrit autographe, cette même copie place quelques phrases qu'avec la même intention de faire une étude sur la langue française, Racine avait tirées du livre intitulé La retraite des dix-mille de Xénophon de la traduction de Nicolas Perrot, sieur d ' Ablancourt . L'édition dont il s'est servi est celle de M. DC.XLVIII, 1 vol. in-8°, chez la veuve Jean Camusat et Pierre le Petit. «Etquelâge attends-je pour me signaler ?» Retraite des dix-mille, p. ia3. a Puisqu'ils ont violé leur parole, nous sommes quittes de la nôtre, s p. 134. « Fausser sa foi, » p. i3a. Page 371. Le manuscrit de M. Gazier a une copie de cette lettre 1, à la marge de laquelle se trouvent quelques notes venant de J. B. Racine; celle 1. Voyez daos l'édition Lemaire, au livre XLI, cliap. xxv; «-t dans l'édition elzévi rienne de Heinisius (1634, 3 vol. in-12), au tome III, [>. 404 (livre XLI semblable tnent). Nous citons cette dernière édition, parce qu'il parait bien que c'est celle dont Racine s'est servi; elle est du moins la seule où nous ayons pu trouver à la page 6oi, à laquelle Racine renvoie, le passage qui est ci-après pour lui l'objet d'un curieux rapprochement. Au commencement du texte de Tite-Live, dans le tome I de cette édi tion, on lit : Decadis primx liber primus. Mais la division par décades n'est pas con tinuée dans les tomes suivants. On peut donc s'étonner que Raciue l'ait suivie, s il n'avait pas en même temps une autre édition sous le yeux. 2. Il est probable que Kacine a noté ce passage parce qu'il se proposait de suivr l'exemple de Tite-Live dans son histoire du règne de Louis XIV, où il entendait don ner peu de place à tout ce qui n'intéressait pas directement la France. 3. Livre XLIl des deux éditions citées plus haut, 4 Daus l'édition Lemaire, livre IX, chap xi. 584 ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome VI.) ci d'abord : « M. le Maistre avoit pris mon père en amitié, et lui ayant reconnu de bonnes inclinations, il voulut prendre soin lui-même de son éducation et de ses études, et le faisoit coucber dans sa chambre; il ne l'appeloit que mon (ils, et le regardoit comme tel. Le petit garçon ne le nommoit non plus que son papa : il avoit perdu son père extrêmement jeune. Sa mère, après la mort de son mari, se retira à Port-Royal de Pa ris, auprès de sa belle-sœur, qui y étoit religieuse et y est enterrée ; elle s'appeloit1 On envoya le petit Racine à Port-Royal-des-Champs pour y étudier avec les jeunes enfants qu'on y élovoit. J'ai ouï dire à mon père que M. le Maistre avoit une tendresse toute particulière pour lui, et qu'il mouroit d'envie de le mettre dans sa profession et d'en faire un avocat. » Page 3yi, ligne a des notes, a d'Antoine Arnauld », lisez : « d'Antoine le Maistre b. oici encore deux petites notes de J. B. Racine sur la lettre i. Nous désignerons désormais par ces initiales entre parenthèses : (C. M.), la co pie manuscrite dont nous tirons les variantes et les notes. Page 37a, ligne 5, « au château * ». — «* De Vaumurier, où étoient les classes. > (C. M. Ibidem, ligne 14, « nous fera revenir* ». — « * Il veut parler sans doute de la première dispersion qu'on fît en 2 de tous les solitaires qui s'étoient retirés à P. R., et qui fut le signal de toutes les persécutions qui ont depuis éclaté contre cette maison. » VC. M.) Page 3™3. La lettre 1 de notre édition est la première des lettres écrites par Racine à ses amis de jeunesse. C'est donc à cette page 373 qu'il eût convenu de donner en note le petit Avant-propos suivant écrit par Jean Baptiste Racine, si nous l'avions connu plus tôt ; mais nous ne l'avons trouvé que dans le manuscrit cemmuniqué par M. Gazier. Quoique les faits qui y sont rapportés soient déjà connus, on aimera à comparer à quelques pages des Mémoires de Louis Racine cet Avant-propos que son frère voulait mettre en tête du premier recueil des lettres de Racine, dans l'édition qu'il préparait, comme on va le voir, des œuvres du poëte. [Avant-propos.] Quand mon Pères eut achevé ses études à Port-Royal, il vint faire sa philosophie à Paris et la fit au collège d'Harcourt. On songea après cela à le mettre dans l'état ecclésiastique; et comme il avoit un oncle fort âgé à Uzès, qui y possédoit un bénéfice assez considérable, étant outre cela prévôt de la cathédrale, on l'envoya passer quelque temps auprès de lui dans la vue d'engager le bonhomme à lui résigner un bénéfice. Cet oncle s'appeloit le P. Sconin ; il étoit religieux de Sainte-Geneviève, et avoit été général de l'ordre; et comme c'étoit un homme fort austère et naturelle ment remuant, on craignoit qu'il ne voulût faire des changements dans l'ordre; et pour se défaire honnêtement de lui, quand le temps de son généralat fut expiré, on l'envoya bien loin, et on lui donna le bénéfice dont je parle. Il commença par faire étudier son neveu en théologie, lui 1. Le nom est resté en blanc. 2. L'annotateur a laissé en blanc la date, qui est 1756. 3. C'est Mr son fils aîné qui parle. (Note écrite à la marge dans le manuscrit.} ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tome VI.) 585 fît lire saint Thomas, et ne songea en un mot qu'à le mettre en état de lui succéder. Ces études parurent un peu sèches à mon Père, qui avoit porté dans ce pays-là le goût infini que la nature lui avoit donné dès le berceau pour les belles-lettres. On peut aisément juger du dégoût que de voit avoir un jeune poëte naissant pour tout ce qui s'appelle scholastique : aussi s'ennuya-t-il bientôt d'un métier pour lequel il ne sentoit aucune vocation. Il y passa tout son temps à lire les poètes tant anciens que mo dernes, et il commença même la tragédie de Théagène et de Chariclée, dont il avoit fait quelques actes, mais dont je n'ai jamais trouvé le moindre ves tige. Il avoit eu dès son enfance une passion extraordinaire pour ce roman, dont il admiroit le style poétique et fleuri, et l'artifice merveilleux de la fable. Ses maîtres le lui arrachèrent des mains plus d'une fois à P. R.; mais il chargeoit aussitôt le commissionnaire de la maison, quand il alloit à Paris, de lui rapporter un Héliodore. On le lui enlevoit encore quelque temps après. Enfin, pour se garantir du larcin, on dit qu'il prit le parti de l'apprendre par cœur, et se mit par là à l'abri des voleurs. Je n'ai pas de peine à croire ce dernier fait, quelque incroyable qu'il paroisse d'abord, car il avoit une mémoire étonnante, et il récitoit quelquefois en grec des scènes entières de Sophocle et d'Euripide qu'il avoit apprises dans sa jeu nesse. Pendant le séjour qu'il fit en Languedoc, il entretenoit commerce avec ses amis de Paris, et surtout avec un petit abbé le Vasseur, qu'on ap peloit le prieur d'Auchy, garçon d'esprit, mais qui n'avoit guère plus de vocation que lui pour l'état ecclésiastique. J'ai trouvé un jour dans les pa piers de l'abbé du Pin, cousin de mon père, plusieurs de ces lettres, dont il me fit présent fort généreusement. Ce sont celles que je donne ici au public. On les trouvera peut-être peu intéressantes, et peut-être un peu trop badines ; mais je crois qu'on y trouvera en même temps de l'esprit et du génie; et ce sont même, en fait de sa prose, les avant-coureurs d'un style que je puis dire qui n'a pas déplu. (C. M.) Page 384, ligne 6, « à Babylone* ». — « * Il y a apparence que M. Ra cine écrivit cette lettre de Chevreuse, où il étoit alors occupé à faire des réparations dans une maison qu'il avoit [L'annotateur ne se trompe-t-il pas? la maison devoit être au duc de Luj/ies.] dans cette petite ville, qui appar tient à M. le duc de Chevreuse. Il y avoit des parents, entre autres une Mme Sellyer qui en avoit épousé le bailli II l'appelle par plaisanterie Ba bylone, pour marquer qu'il s'y ennuyoit autant que les Juifs dans leur cap tivité. » (C. M.) Page 392, ligne 7, « J'écris à l'hôtel de Babylone*». — « * L'hôtel de Chevreuse, où logeoit alors son cousin, M. Vitart, intendant de la maison de Luynes. » (C. M.) Page 397, ligne 9, « étant creux comme je suis * ». — « * Il se moque de ce M. l'Avocat, qui avoit toujours le mot de creux à la bouche, et le mettoit à toutes sauces. » (C. M.) Page 4OIi ligne i3, « vous aurez, sur la joue * ». — « * Il n'y a point de rime h joue. Je ne sais s'il n'avoit pas mis : sur la face. » (C. M.) Page 412, ligne 4, « prirent congé ». Var. « ont pris congé ». (C. M.) Ibidem, lignes 5 et 6, « de songer toujours autant ». Var. « de songer autant ». (C. M.) Page 4i4i ligne ai, «aux nouveaux venus en ce pays ». Var. « aux nou veaux en ce pays ». (C. M.) 586 ADDITIONS M CORRECTIONS. (Tome VI.) Page 4*5, ligne 5, « et l'on m'a appris ». Var. « et on m'a appris «. (C. M.) Ibidem, lignes 20 et 21, >< et pour le nombre et pour ». Var. « pour le nombre et pour », sans le premier et. (C. M.) Page 43g, ligne 25, « Quoi qu'il en soit, cela veut dire ». C'est un vers, et nous aurions dû l'imprimer comme tel. Page 4^4i ligne 21. « sur la pièce que je vous envoie * ». — « * Je ne sais de quelle pièce mon père veut ici parler; mais c'est apparemment quelque petit ouvrage qu'il avoit intitulé les Bains de Vénus, dont il est fait mention dans les lettres suivantes, et dont le voyage de son ami aux eaux de Bourbon lui avoit fait naître la pensée. » (C. M.) Page 5o8, ligne 10, « à l'auteur des remarques* ». — « * Nota. Voici un passage bien considérable, puisqu'il est pour ainsi dire l'époque de l'é troite amitié qui a été entre M. Despréaux et mon père, et qui n'a fini qu'à leur mort. C'est de lui qu'il est ici parlé. Mou père ne le connoissoit pas encore, et l'abbé le Yasseur, leur ami commun, lui communiqua quelques critiques que M. Despréaux avoit laites sur son ode de la Seine. [Louis Racine dit: sur son ode de la Renommée. Voyez notre note y, à cette page 5o8.] Mon père les trouva si judicieuses qu'il mourut d'envie d'en connoitre l'auteur, ce qui ne lui fut pas bien difficile ; et voilà quelle a été l'origine de cette amitié qui est devenue depuis si illustre et si fameuse, quoiqu'eù tre gens de même métier. » (C. M.) Page 53o, ligne 3, «J'ai à vous remercier, Monsieur, du Discours* ». — « * Il veut parler de son discours à l'Académie, que le Roi voulut enten dre, et dit à mon père après qu'il lui eut récité : a Racine, je vous loue « rois davantage, si vous ne m'aviez pas tant loué. » (C. M.) Page 545, lettre 61. Elle commence la Correspondance de Boileau et de Racine. En tête de cette correspondance, J. B. Racine a écrit ce petit Avant-propos : Les lettres suivantes sont de M. Despréaux et de mon père, et je crois que le public ne sera pas fâché de voir avec quelle politesse et quelle cor dialité ces deux illustres amis vivoient ensemble. Tout étoit commun entre eux : amis, intérêts, pensées, ouvrages. Cette amitié, qui a duré près de quarante ans, ne s'est jamais démentie un seul moment, et je me souviens que mon père, quelques jours avant sa mort, m'ayant fait écrire à M. M. Despréaux fut obligé d'aller prendre les eaux de Bourbon pour une extinction totale de voix qui lui étoit survenue tout à coup à la fin d'un gros rhume. Il fut sensiblement touché de ce malheur, et se regarda comme un homme entièrement inutile au monde. Mon père ne lui fut pas d'un petit secours dans cette affliction, et ne contribua pas peu par ses ADDITIONS ET CORRECTIONS. (Tomes VI et VII.) 587 conseils à lui faire prendre son mal en patience, en l'assurant, comme cela arriva en effet, qu'il recouvreroit un beau jour tout à coup la voix, comme il l'avoit perdue. C'est le sujet des premières lettres qu'on va voir. (C. M.) Page 558, note i de la lettre 65. La date est : à Bourbon, ce 21 juillet » dans la copie manuscrite qui a donne de cette lettre un texte entièrement conforme au nôtre. On y lit aussi, au lieu de la leçon suivie par M. La verdet : « C'est demain que se doit commencer (p. 55g, lignes 5 et 6). » Page 583, note 9. La copie manuscrite écrit aussi conjecturelle, forme que donne le Dictionnaire de M. Littré, mais en l'attribuant seulement au dix huitième siècle. Page 6o5, la copie manuscrite donne pour la lettre 79, dont nous n'avons pas vu l'autographe, les variantes qui suivent : Page 606, ligne 16, «d'enfant de son âge ». Var. « d'enfant à son âge ». Page 607, ligne 14, « au cloître où je suis. Tout ceci ». Var. « au cloître. Tout ceci. » Il est possible que les mots ou je suis soient une inter polation. TOME VII. Page 26, lettre 9a. Le texte de cette lettre est, dans la copie manu scrite, entièrement conforme à celui de l'autographe appartenant à M. le marquis de Biencourt, que nous avons suivi dans cette édition. C'est une forte preuve en faveur de l'authenticité de cet autographe. Page 64, note 5. Nous parlons dans cette note de deux manuscrits au tographes. La copie manuscrite n'est d'accord qu'avec celui de la Biblio thèque nationale. Page 74. A la note 1 de la lettre 110 nous avons parlé des deux auto graphes que nous avons vus de cette lettre. Le texte de la copie manuscrite est tout à fait conforme à celui du premier de ces autographes (apparte nant à la Bibliothèque nationale), et ne s'accorde pas avec le texte du second. Page 78, ligne 4, « le 3oemai. » Nous avons donné à la même page 78 une note sur cette date. Aujourd'hui nous croyons qu'elle peut bien n'avoir pas été écrite par Racine, mais avoir été ajoutée après coup par une autre main que la sienne. La copie manuscrite ne donne aucune dalo après les mots au Ouesnoi, et d'ordinaire cependant on y trouve exacte ment transcrites les dates qui sont en tête des lettres originales. Page 91, lettre n5, dont nous n'avons pas trouvé l'original. Voici les va riantes de la copie manuscrite : — Ligne il, « Paris, samedi G juin ». Var. '• à Paris, 6e juin ». Ibidem, ligne ri, « Je vous écrivis hier, Monsieur, avec ». Var. s Je vous écrivis hier avec ». Page 92, ligne 12, « et je lui conseillerai ». Var. a et lui conseillerai ».
| 50,678 |
https://github.com/stephanieyang/dronelogo/blob/master/turtle.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
dronelogo
|
stephanieyang
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 1,641 | 4,776 |
//
// Turtle Graphics in Javascript
//
// Copyright (C) 2011 Joshua Bell
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
var MAP_MODE = true; // maintain lines/markers?
function Point(x,y) {
this.xCoord = x;
this.yCoord = y;
}
function StraightLine(x1,y1,x2,y2) {
this.startPoint = new Point(x1,y1);
this.endPoint = new Point(x2,y2);
this.angle = -1;
this.radius = -1;
}
function ArcLine(x1,y1,angle,radius) {
this.startPoint = new Point(x1,y1);
this.angle = angle;
this.radius = radius;
var newX = x1 + (radius * Math.cos(angle));
var newY = y1 + (radius * Math.sin(angle));
this.endPoint = new Point(x2,y2);
}
/*
function Line(startPoint, endPoint, angle, radius) {
this.startPoint = startPoint;
this.endPoint = endPoint;
this.angle = angle;
this.radius = radius;
}
*/
function CanvasTurtle(canvas_ctx, turtle_ctx, width, height) {
width = Number(width);
height = Number(height);
console.log("CanvasTurtle constructor: width = " + width + ", height = " + height); // seems to expand to the sized space
function deg2rad(d) { return d / 180 * Math.PI; }
function rad2deg(r) { return r * 180 / Math.PI; }
var self = this;
this.lineList = [];
this.markerList = [];
this.EPSILON = 1e-3; // moved from move(), used in other methods
this.addLine = function(line) {
this.lineList.push(line);
console.log(this.lineList);
}
this.addMarker = function(point) {
this.markerList.push(point);
console.log(this.markerList);
}
// moveTo: go from current point (x0,y0) to new point (x,y) or (x2,y2)
function moveto(x, y) {
function _go(x1, y1, x2, y2) {
if (self.filling) { // if filling lines
canvas_ctx.lineTo(x1, y1); // ctx = canvas_element.getContext('2d')
canvas_ctx.lineTo(x2, y2);
} else if (self.down) { // if pen is down
canvas_ctx.beginPath();
canvas_ctx.moveTo(x1, y1);
canvas_ctx.lineTo(x2, y2);
canvas_ctx.stroke(); // draw the line
}
}
var ix, iy, wx, wy, fx, fy, less;
while (true) {
// TODO: What happens if we switch modes and turtle is outside bounds?
switch (self.turtlemode) {
case 'window':
_go(self.x, self.y, x, y);
self.x = x;
self.y = y;
return;
default:
case 'wrap':
case 'fence':
// fraction before intersecting
fx = 1;
fy = 1;
if (x < 0) {
fx = (self.x - 0) / (self.x - x);
} else if (x >= width) {
fx = (self.x - width) / (self.x - x);
}
if (y < 0) {
fy = (self.y - 0) / (self.y - y);
} else if (y >= height) {
fy = (self.y - height) / (self.y - y);
}
// intersection point (draw current to here)
ix = x;
iy = y;
// endpoint after wrapping (next "here")
wx = x;
wy = y;
if (fx < 1 && fx <= fy) {
less = (x < 0);
ix = less ? 0 : width;
iy = self.y - fx * (self.y - y);
x += less ? width : -width;
wx = less ? width : 0;
wy = iy;
} else if (fy < 1 && fy <= fx) {
less = (y < 0);
ix = self.x - fy * (self.x - x);
iy = less ? 0 : height;
y += less ? height : -height;
wx = ix;
wy = less ? height : 0;
}
_go(self.x, self.y, ix, iy);
if (self.turtlemode === 'fence') {
// FENCE - stop on collision
self.x = ix;
self.y = iy;
return;
} else {
// WRAP - keep going
self.x = wx;
self.y = wy;
if (fx === 1 && fy === 1) {
return;
}
}
break;
}
}
}
// positive input => fd
// negative input => bk
this.move = function(distance) {
//var x, y, point, saved_x, saved_y, EPSILON = 1e-3;
var x, y, point, saved_x, saved_y;
point = Math.abs(distance) < this.EPSILON; // is the distance too small to draw as a line (should it be represented by a point instead)?
saved_x = this.x;
saved_y = this.y;
if (point) {
//saved_x = this.x;
//saved_y = this.y;
distance = this.EPSILON;
}
x = this.x + distance * Math.cos(this.r);
y = this.y - distance * Math.sin(this.r);
moveto(x, y);
// Added
console.log("in move(): new code");
//if(!point && this.pendown()) { // if we have gone a noticeable distance and are drawing lines
if(!point) { // this.pendown() and related functions don't work as might be expected...
console.log("in move(): triggered new code");
this.addLine(new StraightLine(saved_x, saved_y, x, y));
} else {
console.log(point);
}
if (point) {
this.x = saved_x;
this.y = saved_y;
}
};
this.turn = function(angle) {
this.r -= deg2rad(angle);
};
this.penup = function() { this.down = false; };
this.pendown = function() { this.down = true; };
this.setpenmode = function(penmode) {
this.penmode = penmode;
canvas_ctx.globalCompositeOperation =
(this.penmode === 'erase') ? 'destination-out' :
(this.penmode === 'reverse') ? 'xor' : 'source-over';
};
this.getpenmode = function() { return this.penmode; };
this.setturtlemode = function(turtlemode) { this.turtlemode = turtlemode; };
this.getturtlemode = function() { return this.turtlemode; };
this.ispendown = function() { return this.down; };
// To handle additional color names (localizations, etc):
// turtle.colorAlias = function(name) {
// return {internationalorange: '#FF4F00', ... }[name];
// };
this.colorAlias = null;
var STANDARD_COLORS = {
0: "black", 1: "blue", 2: "lime", 3: "cyan",
4: "red", 5: "magenta", 6: "yellow", 7: "white",
8: "brown", 9: "tan", 10: "green", 11: "aquamarine",
12: "salmon", 13: "purple", 14: "orange", 15: "gray"
};
function parseColor(color) {
color = String(color);
if (STANDARD_COLORS.hasOwnProperty(color))
return STANDARD_COLORS[color];
if (self.colorAlias)
return self.colorAlias(color) || color;
return color;
}
this.setcolor = function(color) {
this.color = color;
canvas_ctx.strokeStyle = parseColor(this.color);
canvas_ctx.fillStyle = parseColor(this.color);
};
this.getcolor = function() { return this.color; };
this.setwidth = function(width) {
this.width = width;
canvas_ctx.lineWidth = this.width;
};
this.getwidth = function() { return this.width; };
this.setfontsize = function(size) {
this.fontsize = size;
canvas_ctx.font = this.fontsize + 'px canvasturtles-serif';
};
this.getfontsize = function() { return this.fontsize; };
this.setposition = function(x, y) {
x = (x === undefined) ? this.x : x + (width / 2);
y = (y === undefined) ? this.y : -y + (height / 2);
moveto(x, y);
};
this.towards = function(x, y) {
x = x + (width / 2);
y = -y + (height / 2);
return 90 - rad2deg(Math.atan2(this.y - y, x - this.x));
};
this.setheading = function(angle) {
this.r = deg2rad(90 - angle);
};
this.clearscreen = function() {
this.home();
this.clear();
};
this.clear = function() {
canvas_ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
canvas_ctx.save();
try {
canvas_ctx.fillStyle = parseColor(this.bgcolor);
canvas_ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height);
} finally {
canvas_ctx.restore();
}
};
this.home = function() {
moveto(width / 2, height / 2);
this.r = deg2rad(90);
};
this.showturtle = function() {
this.visible = true;
};
this.hideturtle = function() {
this.visible = false;
};
this.isturtlevisible = function() {
return this.visible;
};
this.getheading = function() {
return 90 - rad2deg(this.r);
};
this.getxy = function() {
return [this.x - (width / 2), -this.y + (height / 2)];
};
this.drawtext = function(text) {
canvas_ctx.save();
canvas_ctx.translate(this.x, this.y);
canvas_ctx.rotate(-this.r);
canvas_ctx.fillText(text, 0, 0);
canvas_ctx.restore();
};
this.filling = 0;
this.beginpath = function() {
if (this.filling === 0) {
this.saved_turtlemode = this.turtlemode;
this.turtlemode = 'window';
++this.filling;
canvas_ctx.beginPath();
}
};
this.fillpath = function(fillcolor) {
--this.filling;
if (this.filling === 0) {
canvas_ctx.closePath();
canvas_ctx.fillStyle = parseColor(fillcolor);
canvas_ctx.fill();
canvas_ctx.fillStyle = this.color;
if (this.down)
canvas_ctx.stroke();
this.turtlemode = this.saved_turtlemode;
}
};
this.dropmarker = function() {
this.addMarker(new Point(self.x,self.y)); // add the point
this.arc(360,1); // draw the point
}
this.fill = function() {
canvas_ctx.floodFill(this.x, this.y);
};
this.arc = function(angle, radius) { // angle in degrees
console.log("in arc()");
var self = this;
if (this.turtlemode == 'wrap') {
[self.x, self.x + width, this.x - width].forEach(function(x) {
[self.y, self.y + height, this.y - height].forEach(function(y) {
if (!this.filling)
canvas_ctx.beginPath();
canvas_ctx.arc(x, y, radius, -self.r, -self.r + deg2rad(angle), false);
if (!this.filling)
canvas_ctx.stroke();
});
});
} else {
if (!this.filling)
canvas_ctx.beginPath();
canvas_ctx.arc(this.x, this.y, radius, -this.r, -this.r + deg2rad(angle), false);
if (!this.filling)
canvas_ctx.stroke();
}
// Added
if(this.pendown() && radius > this.EPSILON) { // if we are drawing lines
this.addLine(new ArcLine(self.x, self.y, angle, radius));
}
};
this.getstate = function () {
return {
isturtlestate: true,
color: this.getcolor(),
xy: this.getxy(),
heading: this.getheading(),
penmode: this.getpenmode(),
turtlemode: this.getturtlemode(),
width: this.getwidth(),
fontsize: this.getfontsize(),
visible: this.isturtlevisible(),
pendown: this.down
};
};
this.setstate = function (state) {
if ((! state) || ! state.isturtlestate) {
throw new Error("Tried to restore a state that is not a turtle state");
}
this.penup();
this.hideturtle();
this.setturtlemode(state.turtlemode);
this.setcolor(state.color);
this.setwidth(state.width);
this.setfontsize(state.size);
this.setposition(state.xy[0], state.xy[1]);
this.setheading(state.heading);
this.setpenmode(state.penmode);
if (state.visible) {
this.showturtle();
}
if (state.pendown) {
this.pendown();
}
};
this.begin = function() {
// Erase turtle
turtle_ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
// Stub for old browsers w/ canvas but no text functions
canvas_ctx.fillText = canvas_ctx.fillText || function fillText(string, x, y) { };
};
this.end = function() {
if (this.visible) {
var ctx = turtle_ctx;
ctx.save();
ctx.translate(this.x, this.y);
ctx.rotate(Math.PI/2 - this.r);
ctx.beginPath();
var points = [
[0, -20], // Head
[2.5, -17],
[3, -12],
[6, -10],
[9, -13], // Arm
[13, -12],
[18, -4],
[18, 0],
[14, -1],
[10, -7],
[8, -6], // Shell
[10, -2],
[9, 3],
[6, 10],
[9, 13], // Foot
[6, 15],
[3, 12],
[0, 13],
];
function invert(p) { return [-p[0], p[1]]; }
points.concat(points.slice(1, -1).reverse().map(invert))
.forEach(function(pair, index) {
ctx[index ? 'lineTo' : 'moveTo'](pair[0], pair[1]);
});
ctx.closePath();
ctx.stroke();
ctx.restore();
}
};
this.x = width / 2;
this.y = height / 2;
this.r = Math.PI / 2;
this.bgcolor = '#ffffff';
this.color = '#000000';
this.width = 1;
this.penmode = 'paint';
this.fontsize = 14;
this.turtlemode = 'wrap';
this.visible = true;
this.down = true;
function init() {
turtle_ctx.lineCap = 'round';
turtle_ctx.strokeStyle = 'green';
turtle_ctx.lineWidth = 2;
canvas_ctx.lineCap = 'round';
canvas_ctx.strokeStyle = parseColor(self.color);
canvas_ctx.fillStyle = parseColor(self.color);
canvas_ctx.lineWidth = self.width;
canvas_ctx.font = self.fontsize + 'px sans-serif';
canvas_ctx.globalCompositeOperation =
(self.penmode === 'erase') ? 'destination-out' :
(self.penmode === 'reverse') ? 'xor' : 'source-over';
}
this.resize = function(w, h) {
width = w;
height = h;
init();
};
init();
this.begin();
this.end();
}
| 31,943 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18171913
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ŝablono:Ligiltabelo Nunaj parlamentanoj de Yvelines
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 32 | 95 |
Ŝablono:Ligiltabelo Nunaj parlamentanoj de Yvelines
Vikimedia ŝablono
Ŝablono:Ligiltabelo Nunaj parlamentanoj de Yvelines estas Vikimedia ŝablono
Modèle:Palette Parlementaires des Yvelines
modèle de Wikimedia
Modèle:Palette Parlementaires des Yvelines nature de l’élément modèle de Wikimédia
| 48,753 |
https://github.com/mohsinhassan618/bahdcasts/blob/master/routes/web.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
bahdcasts
|
mohsinhassan618
|
PHP
|
Code
| 176 | 889 |
<?php
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/
use Bahdcasts\Lesson;
use Bahdcasts\Series;
use Bahdcasts\User;
Auth::routes();
Route::get('/', 'FrontendController@welcome');
Route::get('/email', function () {
return new \Bahdcasts\Mail\ConfirmYourEmail();
});
Route::get('/home', 'HomeController@index')->name('home');
Route::get("/logout" , function (){
auth()->logout();
});
Route::get('register/confirm',"ConfirmEmailController@index")->name('confirm-email');
Route::get('/series/{series}','FrontendController@series')->name('series');
Route::get('/series/{series}/lesson/{lesson}','WatchSeriesController@showLesson')->name('series.watch');
Route::middleware('profile')->group(function(){
Route::get('/profile/{user}','ProfilesController@index');
});
Route::middleware('auth')->group(function (){
Route::post('/series/complete-lesson/{lesson}','WatchSeriesController@completeLesson');
Route::get('/watch-series/{series}','WatchSeriesController@index')->name('series.learning');
Route::get('/subscribe','SubscriptionsController@showSubscriptionForm');
Route::post('/subscribe','SubscriptionsController@subscribe');
Route::post('/subscription/change','SubscriptionsController@change')->name('subscriptions.change');
Route::post('/card/update','ProfilesController@updateCard');
});
//Route::get('{series_by_id}', function (\Bahdcasts\Series $series){
// dd($series);
//});
Route::get('/test',function(){
//$user = \Bahdcasts\User::where('username','edwin-daiz')->get();
// $serires = Series::find(1);
// dd($serires->lessons);
// User
$user = factory(User::class)->create();
$lesson = factory(Lesson::class)->create();// factory automatically creates the series
$lesson2 = factory(Lesson::class)->create([ 'series_id' => $lesson->series->id ]);
$lesson3 = factory(Lesson::class)->create([ 'series_id' => $lesson->series->id ]);
$lesson4 = factory(Lesson::class)->create([ 'series_id' => $lesson->series->id ]);
$series = $lesson->series;
$series->refresh();
dd($series->lessons);
// $serires = \Bahdcasts\Series::find($lesson->series->id);
// dd($serires->lessons);
});
Route::get('/testredis',function (){
// Key: value // string
//Redis::set('friend','momo');
// dd( Redis::get('friend') );
// Key: value // list
Redis::lpush('frameworks','vuejs');
Redis::lpush('frameworks','laravel');
dd(Redis::lrange('frameworks',0,-1));
// Key: value // set
//Redis::sadd('frontend-framework',['angular','embar']);
// dd(Redis::smembers('frontend-framework'));
});
| 42,088 |
https://github.com/DanBarbu/CanberraTrailPass-ios/blob/master/Sources/Controllers/2.0/OAMapSettingsOverlayUnderlayScreen.mm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
CanberraTrailPass-ios
|
DanBarbu
|
Objective-C++
|
Code
| 766 | 3,167 |
//
// OAMapSettingsOverlayUnderlayScreen.m
// OsmAnd
//
// Created by Alexey Kulish on 05/03/15.
// Copyright (c) 2015 OsmAnd. All rights reserved.
//
#import "OAMapSettingsOverlayUnderlayScreen.h"
#include "Localization.h"
#import "OASliderCell.h"
#import "OARootViewController.h"
#import "OAMapPanelViewController.h"
#import "OAMapCreatorHelper.h"
#include <QSet>
#include <OsmAndCore/Map/IMapStylesCollection.h>
#include <OsmAndCore/Map/UnresolvedMapStyle.h>
#include <OsmAndCore/Map/IOnlineTileSources.h>
#include <OsmAndCore/Map/OnlineTileSources.h>
#define _(name) OAMapSourcesOverlayUnderlayScreen__##name
#define commonInit _(commonInit)
#define deinit _(deinit)
#define Item _(Item)
@interface Item : NSObject
@property OAMapSource* mapSource;
@property std::shared_ptr<const OsmAnd::ResourcesManager::Resource> resource;
@end
@implementation Item
@end
#define Item_OnlineTileSource _(Item_OnlineTileSource)
@interface Item_OnlineTileSource : Item
@property std::shared_ptr<const OsmAnd::IOnlineTileSources::Source> onlineTileSource;
@end
@implementation Item_OnlineTileSource
@end
#define Item_SqliteDbTileSource _(Item_SqliteDbTileSource)
@interface Item_SqliteDbTileSource : Item
@end
@implementation Item_SqliteDbTileSource
@end
typedef OsmAnd::ResourcesManager::ResourceType OsmAndResourceType;
typedef enum
{
EMapSettingOverlay = 0,
EMapSettingUnderlay,
} EMapSettingType;
@implementation OAMapSettingsOverlayUnderlayScreen
{
NSMutableArray* _onlineMapSources;
EMapSettingType _mapSettingType;
UIButton *_btnShowOnMap;
}
@synthesize settingsScreen, app, tableData, vwController, tblView, settings, title, isOnlineMapSource;
-(id)initWithTable:(UITableView *)tableView viewController:(OAMapSettingsViewController *)viewController param:(id)param
{
self = [super init];
if (self) {
app = [OsmAndApp instance];
settings = [OAAppSettings sharedManager];
if ([param isEqualToString:@"overlay"]) {
_mapSettingType = EMapSettingOverlay;
title = OALocalizedString(@"map_settings_over");
settingsScreen = EMapSettingsScreenOverlay;
} else {
_mapSettingType = EMapSettingUnderlay;
title = OALocalizedString(@"map_settings_under");
settingsScreen = EMapSettingsScreenUnderlay;
}
vwController = viewController;
tblView = tableView;
_btnShowOnMap = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem];
CGRect f = vwController.navbarView.frame;
CGFloat btnSize = 20.0;
_btnShowOnMap.frame = CGRectMake(f.size.width - 32.0, 32.0, btnSize, btnSize);
_btnShowOnMap.autoresizingMask = UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleLeftMargin;
[_btnShowOnMap setImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"left_menu_icon_map.png"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];
_btnShowOnMap.tintColor = [UIColor whiteColor];
[_btnShowOnMap addTarget:self action:@selector(btnShowOnMapPressed) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
[vwController.navbarView addSubview:_btnShowOnMap];
[self commonInit];
[self initData];
}
return self;
}
- (void)dealloc
{
[self deinit];
}
- (void)commonInit
{
_onlineMapSources = [NSMutableArray array];
}
- (void)deinit
{
}
- (void)btnShowOnMapPressed
{
[[OARootViewController instance].mapPanel updateOverlayUnderlayView:YES];
[[OARootViewController instance].mapPanel closeMapSettings];
}
- (void)setupView
{
[_onlineMapSources removeAllObjects];
// Collect all needed resources
QList< std::shared_ptr<const OsmAnd::ResourcesManager::Resource> > onlineTileSourcesResources;
const auto localResources = app.resourcesManager->getLocalResources();
for(const auto& localResource : localResources)
if (localResource->type == OsmAndResourceType::OnlineTileSources)
onlineTileSourcesResources.push_back(localResource);
// Process online tile sources resources
for(const auto& resource : onlineTileSourcesResources)
{
const auto& onlineTileSources = std::static_pointer_cast<const OsmAnd::ResourcesManager::OnlineTileSourcesMetadata>(resource->metadata)->sources;
NSString* resourceId = resource->id.toNSString();
for(const auto& onlineTileSource : onlineTileSources->getCollection())
{
Item_OnlineTileSource* item = [[Item_OnlineTileSource alloc] init];
NSString *caption = onlineTileSource->title.toNSString();
item.mapSource = [[OAMapSource alloc] initWithResource:resourceId
andVariant:onlineTileSource->name.toNSString() name:caption];
item.resource = resource;
item.onlineTileSource = onlineTileSource;
[_onlineMapSources addObject:item];
}
}
NSArray *arr = [_onlineMapSources sortedArrayUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(Item_OnlineTileSource* obj1, Item_OnlineTileSource* obj2) {
NSString *caption1 = obj1.onlineTileSource->title.toNSString();
NSString *caption2 = obj2.onlineTileSource->title.toNSString();
return [caption2 compare:caption1];
}];
[_onlineMapSources setArray:arr];
NSMutableArray *sqlitedbArr = [NSMutableArray array];
for (NSString *fileName in [OAMapCreatorHelper sharedInstance].files)
{
Item_SqliteDbTileSource* item = [[Item_SqliteDbTileSource alloc] init];
item.mapSource = [[OAMapSource alloc] initWithResource:fileName andVariant:@"" name:@"sqlitedb"];
[sqlitedbArr addObject:item];
}
[sqlitedbArr sortUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(Item_SqliteDbTileSource *obj1, Item_SqliteDbTileSource *obj2) {
return [obj1.mapSource.resourceId caseInsensitiveCompare:obj2.mapSource.resourceId];
}];
[_onlineMapSources addObjectsFromArray:sqlitedbArr];
}
-(void)initData
{
}
#pragma mark - UITableViewDataSource
- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView
{
return 2;
}
- (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section
{
switch (section)
{
case 0:
return 1;
case 1:
return [_onlineMapSources count] + 1;
default:
return 0;
}
}
- (NSString*)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView titleForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section
{
switch (section)
{
case 0:
return OALocalizedString(@"map_settings_transp");
case 1:
return OALocalizedString(@"map_settings_avail_lay");
default:
return nil;
}
}
- (UITableViewCell*)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
if (indexPath.section == 1)
{
static NSString* const mapSourceItemCell = @"mapSourceItemCell";
// Get content for cell and it's type id
NSString* caption = nil;
NSString* description = nil;
Item* someItem = nil;
if (indexPath.row > 0)
{
someItem = [_onlineMapSources objectAtIndex:indexPath.row - 1];
if ([someItem isKindOfClass:[Item_OnlineTileSource class]])
{
if (someItem.resource->type == OsmAndResourceType::OnlineTileSources)
{
Item_OnlineTileSource* item = (Item_OnlineTileSource*)someItem;
caption = item.mapSource.name;
description = nil;
}
}
else if ([someItem isKindOfClass:[Item_SqliteDbTileSource class]])
{
caption = [[someItem.mapSource.resourceId stringByDeletingPathExtension] stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:@"_" withString:@" "];
description = nil;
}
}
else
{
caption = OALocalizedString(@"map_settings_none");
}
// Obtain reusable cell or create one
UITableViewCell* cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:mapSourceItemCell];
if (cell == nil)
cell = [[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleDefault reuseIdentifier:mapSourceItemCell];
// Fill cell content
cell.textLabel.text = caption;
cell.detailTextLabel.text = description;
OAMapSource* mapSource;
if (_mapSettingType == EMapSettingOverlay)
mapSource = app.data.overlayMapSource;
else
mapSource = app.data.underlayMapSource;
if ((indexPath.row == 0 && mapSource == nil) || [mapSource isEqual:someItem.mapSource])
cell.accessoryView = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"menu_cell_selected.png"]];
else
cell.accessoryView = nil;
return cell;
}
else
{
static NSString* const identifierCell = @"OASliderCell";
OASliderCell* cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:identifierCell];
if (cell == nil)
{
NSArray *nib = [[NSBundle mainBundle] loadNibNamed:@"OASliderCell" owner:self options:nil];
cell = (OASliderCell *)[nib objectAtIndex:0];
[cell.sliderView addTarget:self action:@selector(sliderValueChanged:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventValueChanged];
}
if (cell)
{
if (_mapSettingType == EMapSettingOverlay)
cell.sliderView.value = app.data.overlayAlpha;
else
cell.sliderView.value = app.data.underlayAlpha;
}
return cell;
}
}
- (void)sliderValueChanged:(id)sender
{
UISlider *slider = sender;
if (_mapSettingType == EMapSettingOverlay)
app.data.overlayAlpha = slider.value;
else
app.data.underlayAlpha = slider.value;
}
#pragma mark - UITableViewDelegate
- (CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section
{
return 34.0;
}
- (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
{
if (indexPath.section == 1)
{
if (indexPath.row > 0)
{
Item* item = [_onlineMapSources objectAtIndex:indexPath.row - 1];
if (_mapSettingType == EMapSettingOverlay)
app.data.overlayMapSource = item.mapSource;
else
app.data.underlayMapSource = item.mapSource;
}
else
{
if (_mapSettingType == EMapSettingOverlay)
app.data.overlayMapSource = nil;
else
app.data.underlayMapSource = nil;
}
[tableView reloadData];
}
}
@end
| 16,987 |
sermonsonintern00clubgoog_16
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,880 |
Sermons on the International Sunday-school Lessons
|
Monday Club
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,233 | 9,191 |
incense, and the lifting up of my hands as the evening sacrifice." In the Revelation we read : "And when he had taken the book, the four beasts and four-and-twenty elders fell down before the Lamb, having every one of them lamps and golden vials full of odors, which are the prayers of saints. And another angel came and stood at the altar, having a golden censer; and there was given unto him much incense, that he should oflfer it with the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which was before the throne." Here it is implied that the prayers of God's peo- ple come up as incense to God. We read that while Zechariah was burning incense the whole multitude with- out were prayings This golden altar with its incense rep- resents the intercessory office of our Lord in the heavens, while the brazen altar without set forth his sacrificial work. For Him shall prayer be made continually, and with Him shall his people join till the will of God is done on earth as it is in heaven. It would be a grateful task, were it possible in these lim- its, to enlarge upon that representation of the tabernacle and the temple, which is found throughout the Revelation of St. John. Much of its imagery, even though he was in the Spirit when he saw it, was suggested by the scenes of his daily life in Jerusalem. And so, ages before, Moses, who had been brought up in the midst of Egyptian idola- try, saw many of the scenes to which he had been accus- tomed reproduced and changed to pure uses in the pattern shown him on the mount. In the heavenly temple, as seen by John, there was no altar of burnt-offerings, but the altar of incense was there, the veil removed before it, and the ark of the covenant exposed to view. May we not learn from this that the idea of sacrifice, and of prayer as THE TABERNACLE, 359 itself a sacrifice, is to be forever retained in heaven amid its thanksgivings and hallelujahs ? Must we not sing, then, to the Lamb who hath redeemed us by his blood ? The holy place was separated from the court by a cur- tain serving the uses of a door, and so called by our trans- lators. Passing out toward the people we should see as the most significant object in the court the brazen altar of sacrifice. Even this was separated from the world's eye by an appropriate enclosure, while the altar stood guard over the way into the holy place. The p^ple had access only to the court into which they brought their offerings for the House of the Lord, and for the cleansing of their sins. The head of the altar was of earth or of unhewn stones having the character of earth. This was surrounded by a square copper covering, and became a vessel of the sanc- tuary, by which Israel could approach the Lord and be ad- mitted to communion with him by means of the blood of atonement. The altar of brass was the place where sin was judged. It said to the people as they entered the court, God is holy, and you are sinful, and without the shedding of blood there is no remission. But the priests could not pass from the accomplished sacrifice of the outer court upon the great altar without again testifying to the sacredness of the spot, as they washed at the laver which stood near the curtain of the sanctuary. Each part of the service, while it said that God could be approached, also and most clearly said that he could only be approached in a prescribed way. The taber- nacle was his meeting-place with the congregation ; yet the people could only come into the outer court, and there with their offerings for sin. The priests could pass in and stand before the altar of incense in the holy place, and 360 THE TABERNACLE. there they must pause. The high-priest only once a year could enter the veil, and see on the innermost shrine the symbol of Jehovah^s presence. The erection of the taber- nacle and preparations for its first service were completed, we read, by the anointing of all parts of the edifice and its furniture with holy oil, and the consecration of the priests. Then the Lord manifested his gracious presence. Among the lessons which the tabernacle teaches us, we note — 1. That we can approach God only in his own way. What is religion ? Is it an outgrowth of the religious instinct, a resultant of the different movements of the relig- ious feeUng in all ages and races } Is it the gradually sys- tematized expression of our dependence and longings after God } Is there a religion of humanity entitled to our sober thought } Is the way of access to God cast up by any one who seeks him, one way being as good as another if sincerely chosen } The tabernacle teaches us to answer all these questions in the negative. It distinctly tells us that the way of access to God is lost by a sinful race, and can never be found except as he points it out by a revela- tion of his will. The people could not hurriedly, indepen- dently, promiscuously draw near to God in his holy place, for they had forever forfeited such a privilege. No ; they could come by their representatives, come by sacrifice and confession of guilt, come at stated times and by carefully prescribed means. Nor has this necessity been abolished in these latter days of abundant liberty ; for still it remains true that no man cometh to the Father but by the Son, who is alone the way and the truth and the life. This leads us to note — 2. The unity of the ideas of divine revelation. The typical form is observed in grace as well as in THE TABERNACLE, 36 1 nature. There are laws spiritual as well as laws natural. The thoughts suggested by the tabernacle are embodied and perfected in Christ, and the true and only religion is the same in its essential demands on the heart and the conscience from age to age. The first thing the Taber- nacle said was, that God could be approached in his own way and that only, and the true Israelite came to accept that way. The ritual again and further said, that man could neither make nor offer his own sacrifice. The means of atonement must be distinctly provided according to the • law, but the offerer could not lay himself nor his gift upon the altar. It must be accomplished by a mediating priest, God's accredited representative. But still more promi- nently the ritual said, that without the shedding of blood there is no remission. No approach for the sinner to his offended Maker. The priest alone could touch the blood of the victims and place it upon the altar. No part of the offering went into the inner sanctuary but the blood. Thus was symbolized the free and complete self-surrender to God on the part of the penitent Israelite, the giving up of his life and its restoration to him. Now, we ask, how could a service obviously so imper- fect have answered the ends of God's justice and love, un- less it was to be perfected in the fullness of time, and its great ideas were to be glorified in the person of Christ } God took this idea of vicarious sacrifice and ploughed it into the thoughts of the world, making it the center of a mighty religious system for thousands of years. But he always said, " This is not the • end." The ritual of the tabernacle was not a mist to be burned away, nor were its thoughts to grow old and die. The necei^sity for a priesthood did not pass away with 362 THE TABERNACLE. the destruction of the temple, but remains to be met only in the person of our ascended High Priest that has passed into the heavens. The thoughts of God remain the same, age to age. All who are saved in the ancient or modern church, in the shadow of the law or the light of the Gos- pel, are saved by One Mediator, whose office was exercised in every true sacrifice from AbeFs to his own on Calvary. We must accept the way of life as God in his mercy opens it to us. The entire religious system of the Jews was a mistake — a confusing, meaningless superstition, unworthy of the God who instituted it, unless Jesus is the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world. It is the shadow of nothing otherwise, and not the shadow of which Christ is the substance. Standing, then, in the presence of Christ, we find our- selves at the center of revealed truth. He interprets the old, he brings in the new, but old and new alike are seen to be one in Him. THE BURNT-OFFERING, 363 THE BURNT-OFFERING. Leviticus i. 1-14. ^And the Lord called unto Moses ^ and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of the congregation^ sayings Speak unto the children of Israel^ and say unto them^ If any man of you bring an offering unto the Lord, ye shall bring your offering of the cattle^ even of the herd, andof the flock, ^^ etc. Those who regard the Book of Leviticus as a mass of instructions about a ceremonial long since abolished, and of details of a law outgrown, overlook its real significance. Its importance in sacred history is that it marks the time when God drew near to men, and invited them to draw near to him. It records a great change in the methods of worship. Hitherto he had declared his will on Mount Sinai, in the midst of thunderings, and lightnings, and earthquakes. The people had stood afar off in fear. They had not ventured to touch the mountain. God had spoken to them through Moses, as mediator. Now he said, " Let them build me a tabernacle, that I may dwell among them." At this point the book of Leviticus is separated from the book of Exodus. From this time God was to dwell in the midst of his people. Their lives, their daily acts and t:houghts, assumed a new significance. For within their camp was a smoking altar, whose incense was a voiceless "but constant prayer ; and a Holy of Holies, in whose mysterious recesses dwelt the unseen Jehovah. Every man, woman, and child, among them, might have, must 364 I^HE BURNT-OFFERING. have, daily personal relations with him. All the interest of this book centers in the newly erected tabernacle. All its events are included in less than one month. But it marks an important transition in the history of the chosen people, and of God's revelation of himself to men. The book opens with a detailed description of the methods of offering the Burnt Sacrifice. Concerning this offering we note the principle that, — I. Acceptable worship must be in accordance with Divine direction. Many approach God with the feeling that he is so glad to have the attention of men, that he will welcome them under any circumstances. But he has made conditions for those who would offer acceptable worship. An obedient spirit is one condition. " Not every one that saith unto me. Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven, but he that doieth the will of my Father which is in heaven." A reverent spirit is another. " Put thy shoes from off thy feet," he said to Moses, approaching the burn- ing bush, " for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground." Faith is another. " He that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him." The whole history of his ap- proach to men shows that he would teach them the right way to approach him. The people that had been so awe- stricken by the voice from out the burning mount, that they entreated that the word should not be spoken to them any more, would not venture to approach Jehovah unless they were called, nor in any other way than the appointed. God has a right to prescribe the methods by which he shall be worshiped; and it was a proof of his mercy that he entered into minute details. " See," said he, " that thou THE BURNT'OFFERING. 365 make all things according to the pattern showed thee in the mount" In any way that God commands, worship is a priceless privilege. In this book he appointed that men should ap- proach him in and through sacrifices. The Bible is silent about the origin of sacrifice. We cannot tell whether or not it began by Divine command. But it seems to have sprung intuitively from man's feeling of sin and need — conviction of obligation to God, and gratitude. The first recorded sacrifice is Abel's offering of the fatlings of his •flock. It is not mentioned as enjoined by God, but as if it were a spontaneous act of worship. From that time, at least, sacrifice appears to have been a common method among men of worshiping superior beings. God took this method of expressing religious feelings and thoughts, and taught the people to worship him by the forms to which they were accustomed. But he elevated and re- fined it till it was as different from that of the heathen nations as the Bible is different from the so-called sacred books of India. It was figurative and symbolic. The people were like children, in mental and spiritual discipline, and needed to be taught, as we teach children, by diagrams and models. Through these methods men received rudi- mentary communications of the character and will of God, more easily intelligible, than higher and more spiritual revelations. The object of sacrifices was to awaken and maintain Teverence for God, and to express men's feelings toward him. Various kinds were therefore appointed, that men might make as complete a representation as possible, of the character of God, and of all the great truths concern- ing him, and men's reconciliation to him, and might give 366 THE BURNT'OFFERING. expression to all their diversified feelings and wants. But the principle involved in them is essential and abiding. God's appointed way for the approach of men to him has always been by sacrifice. Except through it no man can draw near to him ; and, step by step, he has so exalted its meaning in men's minds, that the true idea of sacrifice is the revelation of God's own person, and the highest con- ception of prayer is the willing devotion of man's im- mortal self as an offering to God. Not now the blood of bulls and of goats, but the blood of Christ is the sacrifice by which we come to God. " He taketh away the first that he may establish the second. By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all." The way is as distinctly and definitely described under the new dispensa- tion as under the old. ** No man," Christ said, " can come unto the Father but by me." True religion is a revealed way of approach to God. Among those sacrifices which God sanctioned by his approval and appointment, the oldest was the burnt-offer- ing. We not ice, — II. Its special significance. Its Hebrew name means, "an ascending." The first symbol by which men sought communion with God, ex- pressed a voluntary and entire dedication of themselves to him. They declared, by it, their aspiration after him ; their desire to do his will ; their self-surrender to him. It was this devotion of soul that made the offering a sweet savor unto him. Therefore, the worshiper himself took a prominent part in the acts of sacrifice. He laid his own hand on the head of the victim, to make it his representative. Then he THE BURNT-OFFERING. 367 slew it The priest dashed its blood against the altar, then cut it up and burned it. The blood signified the life, that is, the means by which life is supported. The word used for blood, in earliest Old Testament times, was " soul." It was holy, must never be eaten, becgiuse, as the symbol of the immaterial and immortal, it was sacred to him who is immaterial and immortal. It was almost never sprinkled on the altar except in the sin-offering. It was dashed against the altar, signifying that the real inward life must be devoted entirely to God. It meant that the sacrificer » offered himself, soul and body, to submit his will to the will of God. But since such an offering could be accepted only from one who was sinless, or purified from sin, it was, in the Mosaic dispensation, always preceded by a sin-offering. Man, conscious of sin, dared not approach God. But he pushed forward the guiltless animal as a symbol of his desire to approach him. When thus restored by forgive- ness, he dedicated himself to God in the burnt-offering. This he followed by an offering of flour and oil, and of wine, to show that with himself he consecrated the gifts that God gave him. The sin-offering was the expression of desire for pardon. The burnt-offering was the sur- render of life to God. The meat-offering was the conse- cration of life's blessings to him. The idea of confession of sin, and need of pardon, was in all the sacrifices ; but in the burnt-offering it was sub- ordinate to that of self-consecration, and in the peace- offering to that of thanksgiving, and happy fellowship with God. The central idea of the burnt sacrifice is self-dedi- cation. And as the infinite worthiness of God to receive it is increasingly understood, and his estimate of its value 368 THE BURNT-OFFERING. is increasingly appreciated, and his own sacrifice that it might be made fit to be oflFered is apprehended, do men advance in the knowledge and in the grandeur of worship, and in likeness to him. We notice, then, — III. The relation of the Burnt-Offering to Christian worship. The principle involved in that sacrifice is a constant element in religion. Self-dedication means more to the Christian than it did to the Jew, in proportion as God is better known by having come nearer to men in Christ and by his Spirit ; and as the value of the offering is more clearly seen since life and immortality have been brought to light through the gospel. I. This offering suggests the holiness of God, All the sacrifices of the Jewish ritual express the feeling from which a religious life flows as its source, and on which it depends — the feeling of sin and of the divine holiness, which is the standard by which sin is measured. One idea per- vades that ritual, gives it significance, and is its glory. Holiness is its character, and holiness is its end. The tabernacle, the vessels, the garments of the priests must be holy. All who approach God must be holy, the priests who minister, and the people who worship. One voice was to be heard in the camp of Israel, in the tabernacle, and.in the dwellings : the echo of the solemn utterance of angels and archangels, who continually cry, " Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts." But in the burnt-offering this utter- ance was concentrated. Infinite holiness claims the life of men. To him all things rightfully flow. Life and worth are to be found only in approaching him ; and he can be approached only in voluntary sacrifice. Mounting upward THE BURNT^OFFERING. 369 toward God by self-sacrifice is fulfilling his will. That is* the great lesson of the burnt-ofiering, and that is the cen- tral idea of Christian living. " I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service." 2. The burnt-offering suggests the spirit of acceptable Christian worship. It must be pure ; and we are not pure. It is sacrilege to offer a polluted object in sacrifice to the holy God. New purposes, good resolutions, good acts, do not fit one already stained by sin^ to offer himself as an ac- ceptable sacrifice. The burnt-offering was always preceded by the sin-offering ; and we may not approach God to offer ourselves in sacrifice without it. Think of the dis- pleasure of God which must be incurred by bringing to him an offering which is known to be unholy ! But the way has been opened for us to present ourselves to God as an acceptable sacrifice. Christ has offered one sacrifice for sins forever. The Son of God has given him- self to be slain as a victim, that we may offer ourselves as living sacrifices, acceptable to God. What grandeur is there in the self-dedication which has been prepared for by such an act ! How keenly is the sense of guilt brought home to us ! how deeply are we impressed by the magni- tude of the divine mercy which admits us to this audience with God, and invites us to worship ! 3. The burnt-offering suggests the character of the ac- ceptable Christian worshiper. He is indebted to Christ for a.ccess to the throne of grace ; for expectation that his sacrifice will be accepted ; for knowledge of God, and the liope of perpetual communion with him. He knows that lie is bought with a price, so great, so utterly undeserved, 24 370 THE BURNT-OFFERING. that the only acknowledgment he can make in return is the offering of himself as the sign and expression of the love of his heart. He is constrained to say, — " Were the whole realm of nature mine. That were a present far too small ; Love so amazing, so divine, Demands my soul, my life, my alL" It is said that Ponsa, the Chinese potter, was ordered by the emperor to make for him a rare vase. After having tried many times in vain, at last in despair he threw himself into the flames, and the effect on the vase was such that it came out the most beautiful piece of porcelain ever seen. Such a self-surrender, and nothing less, makes the work which God requires of us acceptable to him. For conse- cration implies a work to be done in his service. The Omnipotent One, for our gracious nurture, and to afford us means to express our gratitude, condescends to employ us in his service, and to make us feel the necessity of this work. That he requires this offering, and has prescribed the way in which it shall be made, implies also the assur- ance of such light and guidance that in this offering of our- selves in practical duties no strength need be wasted, and no task which he lays on us need be neglected. This offering of ourselves is a continual sacrifice. To the infinite worthiness of him who was transfigured on the mount, crucified on the cross, who rose from the dead and ascended into the heavens, we give unreservedly all that we possess and control, the life itself, which was his gift to us. We are to breathe out that life to him in voluntary sacrifice in every tone of voice, in every look of the face, in every affection of the heart, in all our manner of doing business, and in all our intercourse with our fellow-men THE BURNT-OFFERING. 371 The ancient symbol has been transformed by the revela- tion ©r Christ's dying love, and by the inspiration of his spirit dwelling in us, till we ourselves are on the altar, ex- hibiting in our daily lives the significance of the burnt- ofFeriiig. We have also the assurance, that coming thus in the name of Christ we are acceptable to God. He will neither turn away from nor overburden our willing loyalty and devotion. He who said to the weary disciples, " Come ye yourselves apart and rest awhile," knows how to temper the burdens he lays on us to our strength, and to make our labors offerings of sweet savor unto him. Such a breathing forth of self to Christ requires a con- stant kindling of spirit in love and devotion ; a strong faith, and the habit of regarding one's self in all relations as created and fitted to live to his glory. Frequent prayer and reading of the Word of God and thought on it are the means of keeping this fire burning on the altar. " It is the spirit that qilickeneth ; the flesh profiteth nothing. The words that I speak unto you, they are spirit and they are life." The mind filled with religious truth in its breadth and completeness, fosters the sense of God's presence in the soul. Direct communion with him brings us under the continual consciousness of his divine power and love, surrounds us with an atmosphere of spirituality wherever ^e are. All the solemnity of the temple, and all the sublime sig- nificance of its worship, and all the glory of the divine presence in it, are realized in every consecrated life. " For man the living temple is, The mercy-seat and cherubim, And all the holy mysteries He bears with him." 372 THE PEACE-OFFERING. THE PEACE-OFFERING. Leviticus vn. 11-18. " And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace-offerings^ which he shall offer unto the Lord^"* etc. In the ritual of the Hebrews there were three great classes of offerings, namely : the burnt-offering, the sin- offering, and the peace-offering. The meat and drink offerings were secondary, and were usually offered in con- nection with other sacrifices, the latter exclusively. The burnt-offering and the peace-offering were known before the giving of the law. The sin-offering was instituted in connection with the law, as made necessary by it. In the patriarchal sacrifices there was a main reference to the giving of self and of what was valua'ble to self, to God. The sacrificial significance of blood was not yet revealed. The fat of the victim was more made of than the blood. The first connection of religious ideas with blood was in the institution of the Passover. The law of the sin-offer- ing soon followed. The burnt-offering was wholly con- sumed, and expressed entire consecration. The sin-offer- ing was partly consumed and partly eaten by the priests ; the significant act in it being the dashing of the blood against the sides of the altar, and the sprinkling with it of the altar and the worshiper, and expressed atonement The peace-offering was divided between the altar or God, the priest, and the worshiper, and expressed communion. All the classes of offerings pointed to Christ. In the THE PEACE-OFFERING, 373 publication of the law, the law of peace-offerings is given last, perhaps to declare that it naturally follows the others as a sacrifice of completeness, that every view of Christ is gathered into it. As a type it expressed the new rela- tion to God of a pardoned sinner. I have said that the leading and characteristic idea in the peace-offering is communion. But other ideas group about this and center m It. I. The peace-offering is a sacrifice of thanksgiving. Three forms of it are specified : (i) the offering of thanks- giving, i. e. for some special blessing ; (2) the vow, the fulfillment of a promise to God ; (3) the voluntary offering, made from 2^ principle of gratitude, when, with no spe cial occasion, the worshiper called upon his soul and all within him to praise and bless God's holy name. It was a peace-offering, a national thanksgiving, which Solomon made at the dedication of the temple. It is this sacrifice which is so frequently referred to in the Psalms. In con- nection with the celebration of the Passover there were two peace-offerings. The former of these is continued in the Paschal supper, which is a sacrifice of peace-offering ; a feast of thanksgiving for God's greatest gift to men ; a 'service of all kept by the church, to be joyously observed. We should thank God at the sacramental table for all special blessings. A grateful heart will celebrate there all special exhibitions of the divine goodness. At the table we should joyfully fulfill our promises made to God ; those sacred covenants, into which, in trial or trouble, or in •undertaking serious enterprises, we have entered with him. And at his table we should make our voluntary offer- ings, not in view of the special, but the constant mercies of God ; the daily and hourly grace, not the freshet- water 374 THE PEACE-OFFERING. in the stream of divine providence, but the constant flow from the inexhaustible " upper springs." The voluntary offerings made in the dearth of special blessings, made in times of the deepest need of them, made when vows are in suspense, but we await the issue, whether God will bless our undertakings or not, how well do these befit all our approaches to God ! how well, of all places, do they befit the sacrifice of the Communion ! 2. The peace-offering is a sacrifice of fellowship. This idea lies at its center ; taken with the preceding of thanks- giving, is its characteristic idea. The feature peculiar to it was the sacrificial meal ; the partaking of that which was offered by the worshiper. The priests shared in what was offered in the meat and sin offerings. The worshiper also partook of the peace-offering. The sacri- fice was an act of holy communion. All the offering is presented to God. He gives us back a portion from the altar. Christ is our sacrifice. At the communion we/ar- take of the Paschal Lamb. God gives us of his flesh to eat, of his blood to drink. We do not feed ourselves, fellow-Christians. When we came home returning prodi- gals, we did not bring our feast with us. Our Father set the table for us. And he did not simply provide for us ; • He sat down with us. *' Let us eat and be merry," he said; and in the joyful supper he also partook. At the communion Christ says : Let us eat. Let us drink. He sits at the table with us. As the sacred meal of the peace-offering was an act of communion with God, so it was an act of mutual com- munion. It was a social meal. The priests, the worshiper, his family, and . other friends shared with him. So was it in the peace-offering of the Passover, so in Solomon's THE PEACE-COFFERING. 375 great feast of dedication ; so is it at the communion-table. We commune with God and with each other. We par- take of Christ not only ; we partake of him together. Holy fellowship, of loftiest, tenderest experience. What a beau- tiful relation of Christian to fellow-Christian is here exhibited ! How the fact that we have sat at Christ's table together, together partaken of the Lamb of God, commits us to the purest brotherly love, most free from all self- seeking alienation, suspicion, bitterness ; charges us, " Ye are members one of another." How much is meant when we are exhorted to be at peace one with another. It is to be in fellowship in the sacrament, in offering together our offering of peace, partaking together our joyous sacrificial supper, at which the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost sit and partake with us. Is true communion anything less than this } Can it possibly be } 3. Tlie basis of communion in the peace-offering is sacri- fice ; and in the sacrifice^ the shedding of blood. The shed- ding of the blood in this particular sacrifice does not rep- resent, as in the sin-offering, the act of atoning for sin. The bleeding Christ as our peace-offering is not our sin- bearer. But his blood in this offering also declares that an atonement has been made ; and that the sole ground of fellowship with God is the reconciling blood of the Lamb. "But now, in Christ Jesus, ye who sometimes were far off, are made nigh by the blood of Christ, for he is our peace." (Eph. ii. 13, 14.) We trust that the offer- ing of Christ once for all has procured our pardon. But we follow our sin-offering with the peace-offering of the sacrament, and we constantly renew our sacrament to ex- press our joy in redemption, and our recognition of the sole ground of it, the blood of the Redeemer, We do not 376 THE PEACE-OFFERING. need the daily sin-ofTering, but the daily peace-offering, that we need to the end of life. To feel the significance of the blood in the Lord's Supper, picture to yourself a man pre- senting himself with his peace-offering at the door of the tabernacle. He seeks to be at peace with God. Any- where within the court he slays it. Other sacrifices were to be slain on the north side of the altar ; but this might be killed anywhere within the altar court, probably because this class of sacrifices was so numerous. The worshiper him- self presents it, lays his hand upon it, kills it. But having done this, he can go no further. Now he needs the inter- vention of the priest to sprinkle the blood upon the altar, to burn the Lord's portion, and to heave upward, or wave to and fro, in token of presenting it to God, that which was to be eaten in the subsequent sacrificial meal. Our offer- ing is only accepted when it is made in dependence upon the mediation of Christ's blood. The sacrament is only an act of communion with him whose sins have been washed away in the fountain filled with blood. It is in vain for men to teach of communion with God on any natural basis without the blood of Jesus Christ. You speak of enjoying communion with God and with good people. Is it in the blood of the Son of God? Certain tribes in Africa have a custom which they call blood-brotherhood, the most sacred of all relationships. By the mutual trans- ference from the veins of each to the other of their blood, two become in the most binding and inviolable manner brothers. Ours is a blood-brotherhood, fellow-Christians ; only with us the seal of the covenant is the blood of Christ. Is your communion with Christ founded in his blood applied for you } Is your communion with his peo- ple blood-brotherhood ? Have you made a peace-offering THE PEACE-OFFERING. 377 on the basis of a previous sin-offering of atonement for your soul ? 4. The peace-offering requires holiness in the worshiper. This fact is expressed in the provision that unleavened bread should be offered as a part of the sacrifice. Yeast, or leaven, was a symbol of corruption. The principle of corruption must be carefully excluded if our offering was to find acceptance. Before one could offer the sacrifice of peace he must be at peace, and this by the removal of his sin. Therefore the bread of the sacrifice is unleavened, as expressing the removal of sin. Only those are permitted to remain at the wedding-feast who have on the wedding- garment. The man without a wedding-garment was re- moved. Before the prodigal son could eat of the fatted calf he must have put upon him the best robe. Is there old leaven of sin in your life t As you would be able to com- mune, purge it out. Follow after holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord, here or hereafter. If you find in your heart a preference for sin, let it concern you. Ask yourself how this can be if you are a new man. The sac- rament is a joyous supper, but only to those who have been cleansed from the guilt of sin, have received the spotless robe of Christ's righteousness. 5. In the peace-offering the sinfulness of a nature par- tially sanctified is confessed. With the offering of un- leavened bread one of leavened bread was also to be made. This was not a part of the sacrifice, but a meat-offering accompanying the sacrifice. It is particularly stated that this bread was leavened ; that is, the principle of corrup- tion was within, and working in it. Since our conversion we are not sinners in the same sense as before. The curse of sin has been removed from the souL It is no 578 THE PEACE-OFFERING. more on us ; but it is in us. We cannot make to God an absolutely holy offering. If we come at all, it must be with the confession, *' Vile and full of sin I am." Some claim that they have no sin. They are deceived. The best and most we can truthfully affirm is that sin is no more on us as a curse. In our offering itself we should say, " We trust that the blood of Jesus Christ has taken away our burden of guilt, that we have been clothed in his righteousness." But sin is still within us ; we see it more clearly every day. We cry to God with pangs of con- science ever keener : " Break off the yoke of inbred sin, And fully set my spirit free." Bring in your offering the unleavened bread of holiness ; but bring also the leavened bread, — a guilty creature's confession that sin is not yet entirely expelled from his heart. 6. In the peace-offering the worshiper was to keep near the sacrifice. This idea is expressed in the provision that the meat of the offering was not to be kept over until the third day, and only in one exceptional case to the second day. It was to be eaten the same day. It was expensive to bring a frequent offering. God made allowance for this. He permitted the sacrifice, in this offering, of male and female creatures of all the five kinds prescribed for sacri- fices. In a fulfillment of a vow he even abated the restriction that the sacrifice should be without blemish. No creature with an imperfect limb might be brought But there was danger that that which was kept over should become corrupt. If one was allowed so to keep it, he would be tempted to make his communion meal oflf THE PEACE-OFFERING. 379 unwholesome meat, less than the freshest and best To give all possible indulgence, still another exception was made whereby the offering might be eaten the second day ; but the rule was that the offering should be consumed the same day it was presented. Keep near to God. Renew your offering daily. Think not that you can live on past devotions of yesterday, of last Sabbath ; that the meat will keep long even from your most joyous sacrifice. Renew it It is worth the cost to put all we can bring into the sacrifice of the peace-offering. We tend to make reHgion consist of other elements, to the exclusion of sacrifices. We expend upon the accompaniments of worship our religious indulgences. Plain as our religious order may be, we vary and enlarge and enrich it ; we decorate it. We conceal from ourselves, in attention to these externals, the fact that the life of religion is devotion, and that the life of devotion is the element in it of sacrifice. The early church kept near the sacrifice. They communed daily. Perhaps we mistake in having so infrequent communion services. But offer your peace-offering daily. The freshest offering is the best. Keep near to Christ The near place is the place of fellowship. The suggestions of the peace- offering are most practical for any one who seeks to live close to God. It is the complete offering. It expresses the idea of the burnt-offering, entire consecration ; of the sin- an^ trespass-offerings, atonement for sin ; and it ex- presses its own characteristic idea, the joyous communion of the soul with God and all saints. It expresses all the possible relations of Christ to the soul which sacrifice can embody. Keep we Christ before us ever in all his offices. In our daily devotion we should thank God for his mer- cies ; daily we should seek communion with him at his 38o THE PEACE-OFFERING, table spread anew before us, having set forth upon it a portion from the Paschal sacrifice, the body and the blood of the Lamb that was slain ; daily foster the association that the basis of communion is the atoning blood, and that the communicant must have upon him the robe of Christ's righteousness, and yet, with this, the contrite • sense of sin within, which he confesses, and from which he will not be wholly free until death ; daily should we remember that the condition of daily communion is a daily offering. Whoever so approaches God, Christ is his peace. However far away some time, daily he is now brought nigh by the blood of Christ ; daily he finds the middle wall of partition broken down, and a way into the holiest place opened. NADAB AND ABIHU. 381 NADAB AND ABIHU. Leviticus x. i-ii. *^ And Nadab and Abihuy the sons of Aaron^^ etc. To the religious student, history is a continuous series of the forth-puttings of God, every epoch a new revela- tion, every incident freighted with special significance and suggestiveness. And yet there are differences of manifestation. Just as here and there among the mountains there are solitary peaks that flame with the fierceness of internal fires, so in the array of providential interposi- tions there are incidents which are volcanic, their light and heat making the truth they teach emphatic. The gleam of the seraph's sword at the gates of Eden declares more forcibly than any words the sinner's banishment from God ; the roar of the swelling waves of the deluge is the voice of many waters attesting the terrible might of the Divine judgments ; the lightnings of Sinai write out the sovereignty of the Decalogue in letters of fire. And so in the passage before us we have the law of worship announced, not in the measured statements of a statute, but in words of terror spoken with tongues of flame. The emphasis of the utterance is a measure of the importance of the topic. What answer does the incident give us to the vital question, How can men worship God acceptably } !• The character of the worshiper is a factor of impor- tance. While the people were yet trembling at the judgments sent upon the off^ending priests, God ordained certain 382 NADAB AND ABIHU.
| 230 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50707395
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 88 | 163 |
Firefox <select> dropdowns don't work in mobile
Firefox Quantum 60.0.1 Win7
When I go to the below linked site from PC, I can select the dropdowns from the select element.
If I hit F12 and and enable Responsive Design Mode select Google Nexus 6 (or any other), I can only hit the dropdown occasionally when I tap on it.
I've tried resetting (refreshing) Firefox, disabling all my addons, disabled javascript etc.
This bug is also reproducible on my boss's Samsung Galaxy and my BlackBerry KeyONE.
https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_select
Any ideas?
| 18,288 |
|
https://drupal.stackexchange.com/questions/110806
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StackExchange
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Anil Sagar, https://drupal.stackexchange.com/users/27913, https://drupal.stackexchange.com/users/7372, jack2684
|
English
|
Spoken
| 200 | 335 |
How to backtrace a variable in php template
Currently I am in a .tpl.php file, and have the following piece of code:
<?php if ($rows): ?>
<div class="view-content">
<?php print $rows; ?>
</div>
<?php elseif ($empty): ?>
<div class="view-empty">
<?php print $empty; ?>
</div>
<?php endif; ?>
It seems extremely difficult to figure where the $rows variable comes from. Any good idea?
You can do it using devel module and ddebug_backtrace() api function exposed by devel..
Below is the function call stack for page.tpl.php executed using below command..
<?php dpm(ddebug_backtrace());?>
I believe above tpl is related to views module... $rows are generated dynamically by views module based on your views settings...
So I install and enable devel, then I add to the code I mentioned above, and refresh the page. But nothing shows up. Am I using it in a wrong way?
Oops, never mind, I forget to login as admin, thanks!
Are you accessing page as admin ?
Actually it is not completely done. I did the similar thing in xdebug. The problem is I don't know where the '$rows' variable being created. I try to search keyword 'rows' in every files of the backtrace but still no clue.
| 47,409 |
https://github.com/humwawe/online-judge/blob/master/src/main/java/ox3f2100/ANezzarAndBoard.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
online-judge
|
humwawe
|
Java
|
Code
| 115 | 274 |
package ox3f2100;
import fast.io.InputReader;
import fast.io.OutputWriter;
public class ANezzarAndBoard {
public void solve(int testNumber, InputReader in, OutputWriter out) {
int n = in.nextInt();
long k = in.nextLong();
long[] a = new long[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
a[i] = in.nextLong();
}
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
a[i] -= a[0];
}
k -= a[0];
long g = a[1];
for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {
g = gcd(g, a[i]);
}
if (k % g == 0) {
out.println("YES");
} else {
out.println("NO");
}
}
long gcd(long a, long b) {
return b != 0 ? gcd(b, a % b) : a;
}
}
| 18,211 |
<urn:uuid:5f829b0b-14ad-4df1-a505-7bc37c2a5078>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.hcsp.fr/Explore.cgi/avisrapports?Annee=&Langue=&MC1=&MC2=812&Type=&filtrer=filtrer
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hcsp.fr
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Kabyle
|
Spoken
| 10 | 16 |
infection invasive à haemophilus influenzae B (pour tous les domaines)
| 13,805 |
10781450_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,970 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,763 | 2,302 |
SNELL, Justice.
We are faced with a legislative anomaly arising because of the dissonant provisions of the law relating to cities and towns.
The sole question, strictly statutory, is whether the city council exceeded its authority in ordaining the abolition of the Park Board.
It should be kept in mind that we have no authority to either enact or repeal legislation. That authority is vested in the General Assembly.
In the case before us there is no dispute as to the facts.
The City of Ottumwa is a municipal corporation having a population in excess of 30,000 operating under the Commission form of government prescribed by chapter 363B, Code 1966. This form of government was invoked by election in 1960 and has persisted since January 1, 1962 as a replacement of the Council-Manager form theretofore in force. The defendants-appellants are the city and the duly elected, qualified and acting councilmén of the City of Ottumwa and the duly appointed, qualified and acting city clerk.
We are told in the briefs that Ottumwa is one of only three cities in Iowa governed by this chapter of the Code.
On January 2, 1968, the city council of Ottumwa by new ordinances attempted to abolish the Board of Park Commissioners which had been established since 1949, pursuant to chapter 370, Code 1966.
Plaintiffs-appellees, the duly elected members of the Board of Park Commissioners, brought an action by certiorari challenging the legality of the council's action.
Based upon an agreed Stipulation of Facts, the cause was submitted on written briefs. The trial court sustained the Writ of Certiorari, holding that the city council and members thereof exceeded their proper jurisdiction and otherwise acted illegally in attempting to abolish the Board of Park Commissioners.
This appeal followed.
We affirm, albeit with some reluctance because the result is a duplication of authority not necessarily conducive to harmony in municipal government.
I. Chapter 363B, Code of 1966, under which the defendant City is currently organized, relates to commission form of government.
Section 363B.1 provides:
"Cities of 30,000 or more population. Municipal corporations operating under the commission form of government, and having a population of thirty thousand or over shall be governed by a council, consisting of a mayor and four councilmén elected at large. One councilman shall be elected to preside over the department of accounts and finances. One councilman shall be elected to preside over the department of public safety. One councilman shall be elected to preside over the department of parks and public property. One councilman shall be elected to preside over the department of streets and public improvements."
The repeated use of the mandatory word "shall" should be kept in mind. The emphasis throughout is added.
Section 363B.4 provides:
"Departments. The executive and administrative powers, authority, and duties in such cities shall be distributed into and among five departments, as follows :
"1. Department of public affairs.
"2. Department of accounts and finances.
"3. Department of public safety.
"4. Department of streets and public improvements.
"5. Department of parks and public property."
Chapter 368, Code of 1966, relates to general powers of cities and towns. Section 368.42 provides:
"General law applicable to special forms of government. Except as otherwise specifically provided, all laws heretofore or hereafter enacted which by their terms are made applicable to municipal corporations generally, shall be applicable to municipal corporations organized and operating under the commission form of government ."
Chapter 370, Code of 1966, relates to park commissioners. The provisions thereof pertinent to this appeal are the same as in Chapter 370, Code of 1950. Those provisions are:
Section 370.1: "Election-appointment. There shall be elected in all cities over thirty thousand population, three park commissioners whose terms of office shall be six years, one to be elected at each regular municipal election.
"All other cities under thirty thousand population and towns may, by ordinance provide for the election of such park commissioners,.
"Any city operating under the commission form of government having a department of parks and public property under a commissioner elected as superintendent thereof may, in its discretion whenever its population exceeds thirty thousand, so continue without electing the park commissioners required by this chapter. " (Emphasis added.)
Section 370.20: "Jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of such board shall extend over all lands used for parks within or without the corporate limits, and all ordinances of such cities and towns shall be in full force and effect in and over the territory occupied by such parks."
As noted, Ottumwa had established its park commission under chapter 370, in 1949; it could not therefore qualify for the exception created in the third paragraph of section 370.1.
II. The law applicable to government of cities by commission in 1949 appeared as chapter 416, Code of 1946. The applica-cable parts also appeared in the Code of 1950.
Section 416.88 of the 1946 and 1950 Codes provided:
"The council. The council shall have and possess, and the council and its members shall exercise, all executive, legislative, and judicial powers and duties now had, possessed, and exercised by the mayor, city council, solicitor, treasurer, auditor, city engineer, and other executive and administrative officers in cities of the first and second class, and in cities under special charter, and shall also possess and exercise all executive, legislative, and judicial powers and duties now had and exercised by the park commissioners, ."
Section 416.105, Codes 1946 and 1950, provided:
"Parks and park commissioners. The provisions of chapter 370, relating to parks and park commissioners, may be applicable to and be in force in cities and towns organized under the provisions of this chapter to the same extent and effect that such provisions are applicable to and in force in cities and towns of the same class organized under the general laws of the state, provided that an ordinance is passed providing for the election of three park commissioners in the manner prescribed in section 370.1. The board of park commissioners, if created in the manner herein prescribed, shall have and may exercise all powers conferred upon them by the provisions of said chapter." (Emphasis added.)
All provisions of chapter 416 in the 1950 Code relating to government of cities by commission were repealed or transferred in 1951 by the 54th General Assembly. There is now no chapter 416 in our present Code.
As noted, supra, cities operating under a commission form of government, such as appellant, now do so under the authority of chapter 363B, Code of 1966.
III. Appellants rely heavily on Eckerson v. City of Des Moines, 137 Iowa 452, 115 N.W. 177. That opinion, written in 1908, contains language which would otherwise support their contention that they acted legally and within their statutory authority in abolishing the park commission, were it not for the fact that certain statutes upon which Eckerson rested have since been amended or repealed.
Chapter 363B, as we have said, does not contain all of the provisions of the prior statutes. Section 416.105 was repealed entirely by Acts 1951 (54th General Assembly) chapter 151, section 44. Section 416.-88 was also repealed to the extent relevant here by Acts 1951 (54th General Assembly) chapter 145, section 65. Eckerson cannot be harmonized with our more recent pronouncements under current statutes.
IV. Appellants have called our attention to section 363B.6, which provides:
"Existing ordinances. All ordinances and resolutions lawfully passed and in force in any such city under its former organization shall remain in force until altered or repealed by the council elected under the provisions of this chapter."
We need but say in response that the authority to alter or repeal an ordinance does not authorize the same with respect to a statute, e. g., section 370.1.
V. It is obvious .that the provisions of chapters 363B and 370 are not in harmony as a practical matter. Each has mandatory provisions. Each provides for the management of and jurisdiction over the city parks. In neither is there any provision authorizing excepton to - the other by ordinance as was attempted by appellants here. Cf., section 363C.15.
But however dissonant, we cannot say absolutely that these two chapters of the Code are inconsistent, at least not in the sense that one must by implication be held to repeal the other. In chapter 363B, there is no clear indication that the counsel must exercise jurisdiction over parks to the exclusion of any other authority. Thus viewed, it is reasonable to assume that from the coexistence of chapters 363B and 370, the legislature may have intended cooperative jurisdiction to be exercised by the council and park commissioners. See Board of Park Commissioners v. City of Marshalltown, 244 Iowa 844, 58 N.W.2d 394, as to exclusive authority of park commissioners to certify amount to be levied as taxes.
In Yarn v. City of Des Moines, 243 Iowa 991, 997, 54 N.W.2d 439, 442, we said:
"Repeals by implication are not favored by the courts and will not be upheld unless the intent to repeal clearly and unmistakably appears from the language used and such a holding is absolutely necessary. [Citations]
"The rule that repeals by implication are not favored has special application to important public statutes of long standing. [Citations]"
Further citation of authority for this well-recognized rule is scarcely required.
"Courts may not, under the guise of construction, extend, enlarge or otherwise change the terms of a statute." Bergeson v. Pesch, 254 Iowa 223, 227, 117 N.W.2d 431 and authorities cited therein. See also Sueppel v. City Council of Iowa City, 257 Iowa 1350, 136 N.W.2d 523.
VI. Our latest pronouncement in the area of the authority of a city council to abolish a park commission appears in Sueppel v. City Council, etc., supra. There we upheld the authority of a city council under a city-manager form of government to abolish the park commission.
Cities under council-manager form of government operate under a special chapter of the Code, chapter 363C. In that chapter section 363C.15 provides:
"Termination of minor positions. Except the members of the library board, whose terms of office shall continue as now provided by law, the terms of office of all other officers, including park commissioners and waterworks trustees, whether elected or appointed, and of all employees of such city or incorporated town, shall be subject to the action of the council or manager."
In Sueppel, we said:
"Section 363C.15 is a reconcilable exception to chapter 370 and when the statutes are so construed both still stand."
There is no such exception in chapter 363B.
The trial court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
All Justices concur..
| 26,625 |
https://github.com/jarowlod/OTIS-2/blob/master/UZatAddStanowiska.frm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
OTIS-2
|
jarowlod
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 777 | 1,942 |
object ZatAddStanowiska: TZatAddStanowiska
Left = 334
Height = 573
Top = 226
Width = 602
Caption = 'Stanowisko / Grupa'
ClientHeight = 573
ClientWidth = 602
Position = poOwnerFormCenter
LCLVersion = '6.6'
object Panel1: TPanel
Left = 0
Height = 46
Top = 527
Width = 602
Align = alBottom
BevelOuter = bvNone
ClientHeight = 46
ClientWidth = 602
TabOrder = 0
object btnOK: TBitBtn
Left = 369
Height = 30
Top = 8
Width = 100
Anchors = [akTop, akRight]
DefaultCaption = True
Kind = bkOK
ModalResult = 1
OnClick = btnOKClick
TabOrder = 0
end
object btnAnuluj: TBitBtn
Left = 489
Height = 30
Top = 8
Width = 100
Anchors = [akTop, akRight]
Cancel = True
DefaultCaption = True
Kind = bkCancel
ModalResult = 2
OnClick = btnAnulujClick
TabOrder = 1
end
end
object Panel5: TPanel
Left = 0
Height = 527
Top = 0
Width = 602
Align = alClient
ClientHeight = 527
ClientWidth = 602
TabOrder = 1
object DBEdit1: TDBEdit
Left = 72
Height = 23
Top = 8
Width = 517
DataField = 'nazwa'
DataSource = DSST
Anchors = [akTop, akLeft, akRight]
CharCase = ecNormal
MaxLength = 0
TabOrder = 0
end
object DBEdit2: TDBEdit
Left = 72
Height = 23
Top = 68
Width = 517
DataField = 'stanowisko'
DataSource = DSST
Anchors = [akTop, akLeft, akRight]
CharCase = ecNormal
MaxLength = 0
TabOrder = 2
end
object DBEdit4: TDBEdit
Left = 72
Height = 23
Hint = 'Dla statystyk: dla grup ZK rozpoczynamy opis od ''DZIAŁ'''
Top = 38
Width = 517
DataField = 'miejsce'
DataSource = DSST
Anchors = [akTop, akLeft, akRight]
CharCase = ecNormal
MaxLength = 0
ParentShowHint = False
ShowHint = True
TabOrder = 1
end
object Label2: TLabel
Left = 32
Height = 15
Top = 16
Width = 35
Caption = 'Nazwa'
ParentColor = False
end
object Label3: TLabel
Left = 7
Height = 15
Top = 76
Width = 60
Caption = 'Stanowisko'
ParentColor = False
end
object Label4: TLabel
Left = 33
Height = 15
Top = 136
Width = 34
Caption = 'Forma'
ParentColor = False
end
object Label5: TLabel
Left = 27
Height = 15
Top = 46
Width = 40
Caption = 'Miejsce'
ParentColor = False
end
object Label6: TLabel
Left = 29
Height = 15
Top = 106
Width = 38
Caption = 'System'
ParentColor = False
end
object DBMemo1: TDBMemo
Left = 7
Height = 249
Top = 224
Width = 582
Anchors = [akTop, akLeft, akRight, akBottom]
BorderStyle = bsNone
DataField = 'opis'
DataSource = DSST
TabOrder = 5
end
object Label7: TLabel
Left = 8
Height = 15
Top = 200
Width = 24
Caption = 'Opis'
ParentColor = False
end
object RadioGroup1: TRadioGroup
Left = 405
Height = 41
Top = 480
Width = 184
Anchors = [akRight, akBottom]
AutoFill = True
Caption = 'Status'
ChildSizing.LeftRightSpacing = 6
ChildSizing.EnlargeHorizontal = crsHomogenousChildResize
ChildSizing.EnlargeVertical = crsHomogenousChildResize
ChildSizing.ShrinkHorizontal = crsScaleChilds
ChildSizing.ShrinkVertical = crsScaleChilds
ChildSizing.Layout = cclLeftToRightThenTopToBottom
ChildSizing.ControlsPerLine = 2
ClientHeight = 21
ClientWidth = 180
Columns = 2
ItemIndex = 0
Items.Strings = (
'Aktywne'
'Uprzednie'
)
TabOrder = 6
end
object DBComboBox1: TDBComboBox
Left = 72
Height = 23
Top = 98
Width = 517
Anchors = [akTop, akLeft, akRight]
AutoDropDown = True
CharCase = ecUppercase
DataField = 'system'
DataSource = DSST
ItemHeight = 15
Items.Strings = (
'PEŁNY'
'BEZ KONWOJENTA'
)
MaxLength = 0
Style = csDropDownList
TabOrder = 3
end
object DBComboBox2: TDBComboBox
Left = 72
Height = 23
Top = 128
Width = 517
Anchors = [akTop, akLeft, akRight]
CharCase = ecUppercase
DataField = 'forma'
DataSource = DSST
ItemHeight = 15
Items.Strings = (
'ODPŁATNIE'
'NIEODPŁATNIE'
)
MaxLength = 0
Style = csDropDownList
TabOrder = 4
end
object Label1: TLabel
Left = 387
Height = 15
Top = 165
Width = 144
Caption = 'Planowana godzina wyjścia'
ParentColor = False
end
object Label8: TLabel
Left = 380
Height = 15
Top = 189
Width = 151
Caption = 'Planowana godzina powrotu'
ParentColor = False
end
object DBEdit3: TDBEdit
Left = 536
Height = 23
Top = 160
Width = 53
DataField = 'godz_wyjscia'
DataSource = DSST
CharCase = ecNormal
MaxLength = 0
TabOrder = 7
OnEditingDone = DBEdit3EditingDone
end
object DBEdit5: TDBEdit
Left = 536
Height = 23
Top = 184
Width = 53
DataField = 'godz_powrotu'
DataSource = DSST
CharCase = ecNormal
MaxLength = 0
TabOrder = 8
OnEditingDone = DBEdit3EditingDone
end
end
object ZQST: TZQuery
Connection = DM.ZConnection1
SQL.Strings = (
'SELECT *'
'FROM zat_stanowiska;'
)
Params = <>
Left = 32
Top = 368
end
object DSST: TDataSource
DataSet = ZQST
Left = 96
Top = 368
end
end
| 41,365 |
https://github.com/vantruongt2/SymphonyElectron/blob/master/tests/SearchUtils.test.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
SymphonyElectron
|
vantruongt2
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 364 | 1,400 |
const fs = require('fs');
const path = require('path');
const { isMac, isWindowsOS } = require('../js/utils/misc.js');
let executionPath = null;
let userConfigDir = null;
let SearchUtilsAPI;
let searchConfig;
jest.mock('electron', function() {
return {
app: {
getPath: mockedGetPath
}
}
});
function mockedGetPath(type) {
switch (type) {
case 'exe':
return executionPath;
case 'userData':
return userConfigDir;
default:
return ''
}
}
describe('Tests for Search Utils', function() {
jasmine.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL = 60000;
beforeAll(function (done) {
executionPath = path.join(__dirname, 'library');
if (isWindowsOS) {
executionPath = path.join(__dirname, '..', 'library');
}
userConfigDir = path.join(__dirname, '..');
searchConfig = require('../js/search/searchConfig.js');
const { SearchUtils } = require('../js/search/searchUtils.js');
SearchUtilsAPI = new SearchUtils();
SearchUtilsAPI.path = userConfigDir;
if (fs.existsSync(searchConfig.FOLDERS_CONSTANTS.USER_CONFIG_FILE)) {
fs.unlinkSync(searchConfig.FOLDERS_CONSTANTS.USER_CONFIG_FILE);
}
done();
});
afterAll(function (done) {
fs.unlinkSync(searchConfig.FOLDERS_CONSTANTS.USER_CONFIG_FILE);
done();
});
describe('Tests for checking disk space', function () {
it('should return free space', function (done) {
const checkFreeSpace = jest.spyOn(SearchUtilsAPI, 'checkFreeSpace');
SearchUtilsAPI.checkFreeSpace().then(function () {
expect(checkFreeSpace).toHaveBeenCalled();
done();
});
});
it('should return error', function (done) {
const checkFreeSpace = jest.spyOn(SearchUtilsAPI, 'checkFreeSpace');
if (isMac) {
SearchUtilsAPI.path = undefined;
SearchUtilsAPI.checkFreeSpace().catch(function (err) {
expect(err).toEqual(new Error("Please provide path"));
expect(checkFreeSpace).toHaveBeenCalled();
done();
});
} else {
SearchUtilsAPI.path = undefined;
SearchUtilsAPI.checkFreeSpace().catch(function (err) {
expect(err).toBeTruthy();
expect(checkFreeSpace).toHaveBeenCalled();
done();
});
}
});
it('should return error invalid path', function (done) {
const checkFreeSpace = jest.spyOn(SearchUtilsAPI, 'checkFreeSpace');
SearchUtilsAPI.path = './tp';
if (isWindowsOS) {
SearchUtilsAPI.path = 'A://test';
searchConfig.LIBRARY_CONSTANTS.FREE_DISK_SPACE = path.join(__dirname, '..',
"node_modules/electron-utils/FreeDiskSpace/bin/Release/FreeDiskSpace.exe");
}
SearchUtilsAPI.checkFreeSpace().catch(function (err) {
searchConfig.LIBRARY_CONSTANTS.FREE_DISK_SPACE = path.join(__dirname, '..',
"library/FreeDiskSpace.exe");
expect(checkFreeSpace).toHaveBeenCalled();
expect(err).toBeTruthy();
done();
});
});
});
describe('Test for search users config', function () {
it('should return null for new user config', function (done) {
SearchUtilsAPI.getSearchUserConfig(1234567891011).then(function (res) {
expect(res).toEqual(null);
done();
});
});
it('should exist users config file', function (done) {
setTimeout(function () {
expect(fs.existsSync(searchConfig.FOLDERS_CONSTANTS.USER_CONFIG_FILE)).toEqual(true);
done();
}, 2000)
});
it('should exist users config file', function (done) {
setTimeout(function () {
SearchUtilsAPI.getSearchUserConfig(1234567891011).then(function (res) {
expect(res).toEqual({});
done();
});
}, 3000)
});
it('should update user config file', function (done) {
let data = {
rotationId: 0,
version: 1,
language: 'en'
};
SearchUtilsAPI.updateUserConfig(1234567891011, data).then(function (res) {
data.indexVersion = 'v1';
expect(res).toEqual(data);
done();
})
});
it('should modify user config file', function (done) {
let data = {
rotationId: 1,
version: 1,
language: 'en'
};
SearchUtilsAPI.updateUserConfig(1234567891011, data).then(function (res) {
expect(res.rotationId).toEqual(1);
expect(res.indexVersion).toEqual('v1');
done();
})
});
it('should create user if not exist', function (done) {
SearchUtilsAPI.getSearchUserConfig(2234567891011).catch(function (err) {
expect(err).toEqual(null);
done();
})
});
});
});
| 39,220 |
3337999_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,927 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,890 | 2,354 |
Mr. Justice McSurely
delivered the opinion of the court.
A. H. Woods Theatre, a corporation, plaintiff herein, by virtue of a power of attorney in a lease to the North American Union, a corporation, defendant herein, took judgment for rent for May, June and July, 1926, and attorneys' fees for $1,482.49. On motion supported by affidavits the judgment was vacated and the cause was tried on its merits by the court, resulting in a judgment for the defendant, from which plaintiff appeals.
The lease was for certain rooms on the tenth floor of the building known as the Woods Building, in the city of Chicago, for a term of five years, beginning May 1, 1923, and ending April 30, 1928. Defendant vacated the premises on April 30, 1926, claiming a constructive eviction by reason of an alleged breach of the lease by the lessor in renting rooms in the building to persons who used musical instruments, thus depriving defendant of the quiet enjoyment of the premises leased to it.
The portions of the lease relative to the point in issue are as follows:
Clause 8. "It is mutually agreed that all the rules and regulations printed upon the back of this instrument shall be and are hereby made a part of this lease, and the lessee covenants and agrees that he and his servants and agents will at all times observe, perform and abide by said rules and regulations."
Clause 19 provides that the lessee shall not use the premises for certain purposes "without the written consent of the lessor, the right being hereby reserved to the lessor to grant to any person, firm or corporation, the exclusive right and privilege to conduct any particular business in said building, and such exclusive right and privilege so granted shall be binding upon the lessee hereunder the same as though specifically incorporated in this lease."
Upon the back of the instrument are printed 20 rules under the following heading: "Rules and Regulations (Applicable only to the premises demised by the within lease and to the lessee thereof.) " Thereunder is rule 18 as follows:
"No person shall disturb the occupants of this or any adjoining building or premises by the use of any musical instrument, unseemly noises, whistling, singing or in any other way."
And rule 20:
"The lessor reserves the right to make such other and further reasonable rules and regulations as in his judgment may from time to time be needful for the safety, care and cleanliness of the premises, and for the preservation of good order therein, and any such other or further rules and regulations shall be binding upon the parties hereto with the same force and effect as if they had been inserted herein at the time of the execution hereof."
All the leases of space in the building contained similar provisions except the leases to certain musical publishers made subsequent to the lease to defendant. In these leases were provisions permitting the use of pianos and other musical instruments with reservations as to the rooms in which they might be played.
The trial court was of the opinion that rules 18 and 20 aforesaid were covenants on the part of the lessor, made for the benefit of all the tenants, and that the lessor by leasing to persons using musical instruments in their business breached these covenants and defendant was warranted in vacating the premises. We do not concur in this view. Rules 18 and 20 are expressly made applicable only to the premises demised by the lease and to the lessee thereof, while under clause 19 of the lease the right was reserved to the lessor to grant to anyone "the right and privilege to conduct any particular business in said building."
These rules are simply restrictions for the regulation of the tenants. They are not covenants by the lessor. A landlord would hardly covenant that no tenant should disturb any other tenant by whistling, singing, or in any other way. As a general rule a landlord is not responsible for the conduct of tenants acting within their rights in their own premises. If the lessee desired an express stipulation or covenant on the part of the landlord touching the conduct of other tenants, it should have been incorporated in the lease.
It is argued that, aside from the point on which the trial court decided the case, the evidence shows a constructive eviction by the landlord in permitting singing and playing of pianos in portions of the building which interfered with defendant's business, thus violating an implied covenant of quiet enjoyment. There is evidence that the tenants in the musical business had pianos and employed demonstrators who taught persons coming to their premises how to sing songs and that such pianos were operated from eleven o'clock in the morning until five-thirty in the evening; that this was heard by employees of the defendant company so that at times they would close the windows in order not to be disturbed; that the sounds of the music reduced the efficiency of the office force, as the minds of the employees were more on the music than on the work of the defendant; that defendant had about 3,000 men, women and children coming to its office each month for the purpose of paying premiums, and that some of them complained that the hallways were crowded and that at times certain of these tenants instructed performers how to dance in the hallway between the elevators and the doors of defendant's premises.
There was evidence by other tenants contradicting that of the defendant with reference to the noise and disturbance.
There is a constructive eviction where the premises leased are rendered useless to the tenant or the tenant is deprived, in whole or in part, of the possession and enjoyment as a result of the wilful or wrongful act of the landlord. It has also been said that the act of the landlord must be wrongful, evidencing an intention on his part to deprive the tenant of the use of the demised premises. Such intention, however, may be inferred from acts of the landlord justifying or warranting the tenant in leaving the premises. Barrett v. Boddie, 158 Ill. 479; Hartenbauer v. Brumbaugh, 220 Ill. App. 326; Gibbons v. Hoefeld, 299 Ill. 455. Where the landlord authorizes one tenant to do upon the premises acts whose natural consequence is to injure another tenant, there is a constructive eviction. Wade v. Halligan, 16 Ill. 507, 21 Ill. 470; Case v. Minot, 158 Mass. 577, 33 N. E. 700; Kesner v. Consumers Co., 239 Ill. App. 92; Duff v. Hart, 40 N. Y. St. Rep. 676; Curran v. Cushing, 197 Ill. App. 371.
Most of these cases, involve facts showing that the landlord knowingly leased the premises or permitted the same to be used for purposes in themselves unlawful or a nuisance or dangerous to other occupants of the building. Typical of such cases is Wade v. Halligan, 16 Ill. 507, 21 Ill. 470, where tenants were occupying part of the premises as a hotel. Other parts were leased to a saloon, a tin and sheet iron factory and a bake shop, respectively. The court described these new tenants as causing "disorderly, indecent, vulgar and obscene conduct and noises of the drunken, and the noise of manufacturing tin and sheet iron or heat, smoke and danger of fire from a bake oven." In another case the new tenancy was a laundry; in another, the premises were leased for the storage of moving picture films, creating a dangerous fire hazard.
There is a marked difference between the character of such tenantry and that in the present case. Here, the most serious objection is the tendency of the music to distract defendant's employees. There is no evidence of any loss of business. Leases to music publishers are customary and usual in office buildings. The disturbance caused thereby is not so far different from the disturbance caused by the usual noises in Chicago buildings. While we might admit the annoyance to defendant caused by them, yet we are not prepared to hold that the sounds made by them, under the permission of the landlord, amount to a constructive eviction. The evidence shows that the restrictions in the leases to the music publishers barred the use of musical instruments in reception rooms and confined it to rooms facing the streets, all with the purpose of lessening the sounds reaching other tenants. There was an absence of any actual intention to dispossess the defendant, and we cannot say that the circumstances were such as to justify any inference that such was his intention. Cases tending to support our conclusion are Stewart v. Lawson, 199 Mich. 497, 165 N. W. 716; 18 Eng. & Am. Encyc. of Law, p. 220; Jones on Landlord and Tenant, p. 360; Tucker v. Du-Puy, 210 Pa. 461; Toy v. Olinger, 173 Wis. 277; Briscoe v. Tabor, 204 Ill. App. 440.
There is no evidence that the landlord was a party to the alleged overcrowding of the halls. It is said that the plan of management of the building prior to the leasing was an implied covenant that the plan would be continued; that prior to the instant leasing the building was leased to tenants conducting quiet and businesslike offices, but that this character of tenantry was changed by renting to people in the musical or theatrical business. Two supporting English cases are cited. In one of them — Gedge v. Bartlett, 17 T. L. R. 43 — a property devoted exclusively to residential purposes was changed in part to leases to the government for public offices. In the other case —Alexander v. Mansions Proprietary, Law Times Reports, Vol. XVI, 431 — a property used exclusively for private residences was leased in part for hotel purposes. Even if we concede the rule, although no supporting cases in the United States are presented, yet the facts in the English cases are different from those before us in that (1) there was a distinct departure from the character of the prior occupancy of the premises, and (2) in neither of them was the question .of constructive eviction involved. It is pertinent in this connection to note that the building in question was not occupied exclusively by offices, but a large part of the same was occupied by a theatre. This fact and the name of the lessor, A.'H. Woods Theatre, a corporation, might well suggest to the defendant that leases of space would likely be made to persons engaged in businesses allied with the theatre business.
There is something said concerning inadequate elevator service, but it is not seriously contended that the facts in this respect amounted to a constructive' eviction. There was considerable evidence showing that the elevator service, while crowded at times, was on the whole adequate.
For the reasons above indicated the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the judgment originally entered is confirmed.
Reversed with a finding of fact.
Matchett, P. J., and O'Connor, J., concur.
Finding of fact: We find as a fact that the lessor, the plaintiff herein, committed no acts with reference to the occupancy of the premises leased to the defendant which amounted to a constructive eviction and justified the defendant in vacating the same..
| 2,031 |
https://github.com/romainkuzniak/symfony-clean-architecture/blob/master/src/BusinessRules/Entities/Issue/IssueAlreadyClosedException.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
symfony-clean-architecture
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romainkuzniak
|
PHP
|
Code
| 16 | 62 |
<?php
namespace BusinessRules\Entities\Issue;
/**
* @author Romain Kuzniak <[email protected]>
*/
class IssueAlreadyClosedException extends \Exception
{
}
| 47,561 |
https://github.com/Rwinkah/result_and_transcript_system/blob/master/desktop_src/result_and_transcript_system/result_and_transcript_system/FormCourseLecturer.vb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
result_and_transcript_system
|
Rwinkah
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 20 | 55 |
Public Class FormCourseLecturer
Private Sub Form3_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
Me.BackColor = RGBColors.colorBlack2
End Sub
End Class
| 14,199 |
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erevano%20%28stacidomo%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Erevano (stacidomo)
|
https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erevano (stacidomo)&action=history
|
Esperanto
|
Spoken
| 208 | 531 |
Erevano () estas la centra fervoja stacidomo de Erevano, ĉefurbo de Armenio. Proksime estas la stacio Davido de Sasuno de la Metroo de Erevano.
Historio
En 1902 la unua fervoja linio estis konstruita al Erevano, konektanta ĝin kun Aleksandropolo (Gjumri) kaj Tiflis (Tbiliso). En 1908, dua linio konektis ĝin kun Julfa, Persio.
La stacidomo estis konstruita en 1956. La Muzeo de fervoja transporto de Armenio estis malfermita en la stacio la .
En 2010, Rusaj fervojoj rekonstruis la stacian komplekson. Dum la renovigadoj, oni restaŭris la internon de la stacio, enkondukante LCD-ekranojn kun informoj pri trajn-horaroj por pasaĝeroj. Krome, pro la signifa kresko de trafiko de pasaĝeroj, same kiel la bezono certigi komfortan medion por aĉeti biletojn, oni decidis dividi la spacon en ĉambrojn por longdistancaj kaj internaciaj trajnoj. La dezajno de la ĉambroj ne ĝenis la entutan arĥitekturan stilo; dekoracio estas farita el naturaj kaj artefaritaj materialoj identaj al la originalo. En la stacidomo estas hotelo kun ĉambroj por loĝado.
Vojaĝoj
Erevano - Batumo (dumsomere)
Erevano - Tbiliso (dumvintre)
Erevano - Gjumri
Erevano - Ararato
Erevano - Mjasnikjan (Araks)
Erevano - Erasĥ
Bildgalerio
Referencoj
Vidu ankaŭ
Erevano
Metroo de Erevano
UIC-Landokodoj
Gjumri (stacidomo)
Eksteraj ligiloj
Fotoj de Stacidomo Erevano
Fonto
Fervojaj stacioj en Armenio
Konstruaĵoj en Erevano
| 2,592 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staudham%20%28Wasserburg%20am%20Inn%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Staudham (Wasserburg am Inn)
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staudham (Wasserburg am Inn)&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 165 | 346 |
Der Weiler Staudham ist ein Ortsteil der im oberbayerischen Landkreis Rosenheim gelegenen Stadt Wasserburg am Inn.
Geografie
Staudham befindet sich etwa fünf Kilometer westlich von Wasserburg und liegt auf einer Höhe von .
Geschichte
Durch die zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts im Königreich Bayern durchgeführten Verwaltungsreformen wurde der Ort zu einem Bestandteil der eigenständigen Landgemeinde Attel, zu der auch noch die Ortsteile Attlerau, Au, Edgarten, Elend, Gabersee, Gern, Heberthal, Kobl, Kornberg, Kroit, Limburg, Osterwies, Reisach, Reitmehring, Rottmoos, Seewies und Viehhausen gehörten. Im Zuge der in den 1970er-Jahren durchgeführten kommunalen Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde Staudham im Jahr 1978 zusammen mit dem größten Teil der Gemeinde Attel in die Stadt Wasserburg eingegliedert. Im Jahr 2012 zählte Staudham elf Einwohner.
Verkehr
Die Anbindung an das öffentliche Straßennetz wird durch die Bundesstraße 304 hergestellt, die unmittelbar südlich des Ortes vorbeiführt.
Weblinks
Staudham im BayernAtlas (Abgerufen am 22. April 2017)
Staudham auf historischer Karte (BayernAtlas Klassik) (Abgerufen am 22. April 2017)
Einzelnachweise
Geographie (Wasserburg am Inn)
Ort im Landkreis Rosenheim
| 39,373 |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3124124
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
DanielV, David Quinn, J. W. Tanner, K. Claesson, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/187299, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/27542, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/479883, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/615567, https://math.stackexchange.com/users/97045, rogerl
|
English
|
Spoken
| 225 | 572 |
Is it possible to convert the parametric curve defined by $x = t^3 - 3t$ and $y = t^2 - 4$ to an implicit function?
Is it possible to convert the parametric curve defined by $$x = t^3 - 3t \text{ and } y = t^2 - 4$$
to an implicit function?
It is a plane curve. Are you asking if it's possible to express it as $y=f(x)$?
@rogerl No, it does not necesserily have to be expressible as an explicit function. An implicit function would be just fine. I just want to eliminate the $t$ and express the curve only in the varibles $x$ and $y$.
If you want it in a more user friendly cartesian form, you can start with $$\frac xt=t^2-3=y+1$$
So $$t=\frac{x}{y+1}$$
$$\implies y=\frac{x^2}{(y+1)^2}-4$$
$$\implies x^2=(y+4)(y+1)^2$$
Should get $t = \dfrac{x}{y + 1}$
Also https://www.desmos.com/calculator/osnjbnkxni and https://www.desmos.com/calculator/zi2n1d6rez
$t^2-3=t^2-4+1=y ,\mathbf, + 1$
@DanielV yes thanks for that
$x^2 = t^6 - 6t^4+9t^2$, and $t^2 = y+4$; substituting gives
$$x^2 = (y+4)^3 - 6(y+4)^2 + 9(y+4) = (y+4)(y+1)^2.$$
$x/t = y + 1$, hence $x^2 / t^2 = (y + 1)^2$, hence
$$
\frac{x^2}{y + 4} = (y + 1)^2
$$
However! This is not completely equivalent form ...
If you mean can $y$ be expressed explicitly in term of $x$ or vice versa no, but this is an attempt:
$$y=t^2-4$$
$$t=\pm\sqrt{y+4}$$
$$x=t^3-3t=\pm(y+4)^{3/2}\mp3\sqrt{y+4}$$
| 50,282 |
https://github.com/YFsymfony/projet3wa/blob/master/src/troiswa/BackBundle/Resources/views/Main/contact.html.twig
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
projet3wa
|
YFsymfony
|
Twig
|
Code
| 310 | 1,113 |
{% extends "troiswaBackBundle::layout_admin.html.twig" %}
{# ------------------------------------------#}
{# Surchage au saint d'un template vue twig #}
{# prioritaire face au fichiers fields.html.twig #}
{# à ecrire a l'extérieur d'un block #}
{# lien DOC pour surcharger :
http://symfony.com/fr/doc/current/cookbook/form/form_customization.html#}
{% form_theme formcontact _self %}
{%- block form_errors -%}
{%- if errors|length > 0 -%}
<ul class="alert alert-danger list-unstyled">
{%- for error in errors -%}
<li>{{ error.message }}</li>
{%- endfor -%}
</ul>
{%- endif -%}
{%- endblock form_errors -%}
{# -------------------------------------------#}
{% block stylesheet %}
{{ parent() }}
<link href="{{ asset("assets/css/jquery.datetimepicker.css") }}" rel="stylesheet">
{% endblock stylesheet %}
{% block title %}
<h1>Contactez nous !</h1>
{% endblock title %}
{% block breadcrumb %}
<ol class="breadcrumb">
{{ parent() }}
<li class="active">
<i class="fa fa-phone"></i> Contact
</li>
</ol>
{% endblock breadcrumb %}
{% block contenu %}
{# form(formcontact) #} {# affiche le formulaire a l'arrache pour vérifier dle fonctionnement en mode dev#}
{{ form_start(formcontact) }}
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(formcontact.firstname, null , { label_attr:{class:"class_du_label"}} ) }}
{{ form_errors(formcontact.firstname) }}
{{ form_widget( formcontact.firstname, {id:'monid',attr:{class:"form-control toto"}} ) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(formcontact.lastname, "Entrez votre Nom:" , { label_attr:{class:"class_du_label"}} ) }}
{{ form_errors(formcontact.lastname) }}
{{ form_widget(formcontact.lastname, {attr:{class:"form-control toto"}} ) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(formcontact.subject, "Choisissez un sujet:" , { label_attr:{class:"class_du_label"}} ) }}
{{ form_errors(formcontact.subject) }}
{{ form_widget(formcontact.subject, {attr:{class:"form-control toto"}} ) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(formcontact.email, "Entrez un email valide:" , { label_attr:{class:"class_du_label"}} ) }}
{{ form_errors(formcontact.email) }}
{{ form_widget(formcontact.email, {attr:{class:"form-control toto"}} ) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(formcontact.content, "Entrez votre message:" , { label_attr:{class:"class_du_label"}} ) }}
{{ form_errors(formcontact.content) }}
{{ form_widget(formcontact.content, {attr:{class:"form-control toto"}} ) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_label(formcontact.date) }}
{{ form_errors(formcontact.date) }}
{{ form_widget(formcontact.date, {id:"datetimepicker",attr:{class:""}} ) }}
</div>
<div class="form-group">
{{ form_widget(formcontact.submit, {label:"Envoyer",attr:{class:"btn btn-warning"}} ) }}
</div>
{{ form_end(formcontact) }}
{% endblock contenu %}
{% block javascripts %}
{{ parent() }}
<script src="{{ asset("assets/js/jquery.datetimepicker.js") }}"></script>
<script>
$(function()
{
$('#datetimepicker').datetimepicker();
});
</script>
{% endblock javascripts %}
| 43,745 |
0000043534_16
|
Spanish-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,862 |
Tratado teórico-práctico de los productos naturales y artículos fabricados que son objeto de comercio con las nociones de física, química, historia natural y análisis indispensables a este estudio
|
Sáez de Montoya, Constantino // Utor, Luis María //
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 7,465 | 11,969 |
objeto , de pri- vilegio, la razón y como tal su precio es bastante subido siendo esta por laque el campo de sus aplicaciones es bastante limitado; sin embargo, empieza á emplearse en alguna can- tidad La fotografía. preparación de en la benzina niendo el benzoato de cal por el la destilación de muchas materias la de los aceites grasos. que circula en el comercio en puede hacerse descompoy puede obtenerse en orgánicas y principalmente Sin embargo la mayor parte déla calor, , , do , se obtiene como ya hemos indicade las breas resultantes de la fabricación del gas del alum brado, para obtiene lo cual en no hay un mas que someter estos productos , en cuya operación so aceite del que se separan las partes mas volátiles, que se tratan sucesivamente con ácido sulfúrico diluido y una disolución no muy concentrada de potasa, como á la destilación retortas de hierro resultado 332 ELEMENTOS DE QUIMICA OR á fin de los y separarle los se somete resultante ácidos y álcalis que contenga. El líquido de nuevo á la destilación fraccionando productos se 85°, á fin de recoger la benzina que destila entre 80 pone aparte y se acaba de purificar congelán- dola y sometiéndola á la diñaría. el presión es por medio de una prensa or- El centro de fabricación privilegio; Aforo. — pero se fabrica también Francia, donde se ha concedido en Inglaterra y en Ale- inania, siendo de donde puede El de este artículo un producto en obtenerse á mejores precios. se hace por la partida 991; pues sido no ha aun consignado espenuevo, cialmente los aranceles. BREAS Y ALQUITRANES. Ya que como un nos hemos ocupado de la benzina considerándola resultante de los materiales secundarios de la fabricación del gas, creemos oportuno decir dos palabras producto de estos su productos , origen de á sus Llámase breas considerándolos bajo el punto aplicaciones y de su comercio. ó alquitranes, en las fábricas de , de vista de industria, unos , productos gas y en la que resultan de la destilación de las hullas grasas y que arrastrados mecánicamente una parte y en virtud de sus condiciones algo volátiles otras, vienen á condensarse en el aparato llamado condensador, de donde por una abertura , especial van á caer en un depósito ó reci- píente propósito llamado pozo de breas. La brea ó alquitrán puede proceder del reino á píamente derar, dicho , ó puede proceder, seca como , vegetal proacabamos de consien déla destilación una de las hullas cuyo caso cons- sustancia semi-flúida, de color oscuro y como de tituye de un olor que participa algo de balsámico; sin embarcafé, en el go, primer instante es muy semejante al del gas, y es combustible ardiendo cuando se con una llama fuliginosa. , La brea ó al- quitran líquido un olor y sabor especial, por algunos que era algo soluble; gurarse, la hace hervir con agua de donde sin comunica á este se ha deducido aseson embargo, puede á pesar de esto, que los alquitranes perfecta- BREAS Y ALQUITRANES. , 333 sean mente insolubles en el agua por mas que lo algunos de los elementos que La fabricación ó que está reducida su , generalmente mas los acompañan. , bien obtención mas hemos indicado á lo nunca tanto cuanto que constituye especu- sola obtención el , objeto único y esclusivo de una lacion siempre, y como ya hemos indicado, un producto perfectamente secundario, respecto á su prepasino que es ración. Los países productores de en este artículo lo son hoy todos aquellos grasas ó mas que el gas se semi-grasas, obtiene por la destilación délas bullas y como Inglaterra es el país en donde gas se obtiene por razón de ser el centro de esplotacion de los carbones minerales, Inglaterra es el principal país productor de este artículo, que también se obtiene en en Fran- cia, Alemania, Bélgica, España, Italia, etc., cantidades proporcionales Las á las de la fabricación de gas. aplicaciones de este producto son de alguna importan- pues no solo se emplea en sustancia, sino que se utiliza como conteniendo algunos otros productos de grandísimo in- cia; terés y de que luego nos ocuparémos. La cion es la de la formación de betunes para lo cual los rar principal aplicapavimentos, para alquitranes se someten á la cocción á fin de evapo- toda el agua que contienen interpuesta, y que se conoce fácilmente sin mas que enfriar una pequeña cantidad y ver s 1 es quebradiza. En este estado , el alquitrán, arena ó sea ya cocido, se se mezcla todavía con ca- la suficiente cantidad de silícea y vierte, líente, sobre el punto en que se quiere formar el estendiéndolo lo mas igual posible. El pavimento? es alquitrán cocido se embetunado de los cascos presta á otra aplicación que de pequeñas embarcaciones* el como botes, lanchas, lanchones, gabarras, etc., depósitos de agua, depósitos para cristalizar, etc., y en general para hacer impermeables las maderas, impidiendo por este medio laputrefacción, especialmente en los casos en que hay necesidad de enterrarlas. alquitranes procedentes de este manantial vienen muchas veces al continente, constituyendo operaciones mer- Los 334 ELEMENTOS DE QUÍMICA ORGANICA. cantiles de gran consideración, en barricas grandes reforzadas con cinchos de hierro y cubiertas con yeso las cabezas, siendo generalmente importadas — de ó Inglaterra. sean Aforo. El de los ya sean minerales ó dan por la partida 81 cir el valor del alquitranes procedentes , breas, ya en vegetales, , del método indicado adeudedu- debiéndose que , equidad y justicia envase trasporte de este artículo, como después de haber servido para el queda completamente inútil, y solo puede emplearse combustible. ESQUISTO Ó ACEITE MINERAL. remos Ya que de las breas y alquitranes hemos hablado no quedejar sin decir dos palabras sobre este producto de , que hoy se empieza á hacer bastante aplicación como sustitu- yente del gas del alumbrado, y por consiguiente para este uso. Es un producto que algunos considerarán no muy oporen este sitio; pero nosotros, consideránartículo de comercio y de suma importancia, no hemos dudado en tratarlo como continuación de las breas y tunamente discutido dolo como un los que tiene varios puntos de analogía. de producto que nos ocupamos, además del nombre de de aceite esquisto y mineral, ha recibido uno que, aunque ri- alquitranes El con dículo es , no el mas dejar de indicar, tanto mas cuanto que empleado gas líquido. El esquisto, que es el nombre queremos , bajo el que nosotros vamos á considerarlo, es una sustancia procedente de los esquistos bituminosos, siendo tanto mas útiles para emplearlos como materia primera cuanto mayor sea la proporción de betún que contienen. Los esquistos bitumi, nosos abundan mas : ó menos en en su casi todos los países, y se re- conoce* en fácilmente i.° estructura laminar ú un hojosa; 2.° si esque presentan y aspecto tuvieran impregnados de grasa; 3.° aplicados á una llama empiezan por desprender un olor bituminoso y un humo neun oscuro como color gruzco, concluyendo por arder con una llama blanca y fuli- ginosa. Sometidos los betunes á la destilación, dejan desprender una sustancia oleaginosa, de color oscuro, bastante densa y dotada de un fuerte olor empireumático, que ha re- ESQUISTO Ó ACEITE MINERAL. 335 proporcomo cibido el nombre de aceite bruto de cion es esquisto, y cuya sumamente variable, pudiéndose considerar es- quistos utilizables únicamente aquellos que contienen mas de 8 por 100, y que por desgracia no son los mas comunes; sin embargo, en Escocia existe un criadero ó formación de esquisto bituminoso que también se encuentra en el sur de Inglaterra en donde se le conoce bajo el nombre debog-head, cuya composición es: betunes y sustancias volátiles, 0,77; sustancias lijas consistentes en arcillas, 0,23, y de la cual se emplean cantidades considerables, no solo para la fabricación del gas, sino también para la del producto que nos ocupa. La fabricación del aceite de los esquistos y principalmente del de bog-head, se hace en Inglaterra y en el norte de Francia, estando dividido en dos distintas operaciones de las cua, , , les la la otra una es es la destilación ó la obtención del aceite bruto; , la purificación se del aceite bruto obtenido. La obten, cion del aceite bruto ejecuta como , ya hemos indicado y en en Inglaterra tiendo los y las costas de Francia á la destilación tubo en en Dieppe esquistos, después de triturados y Rouen, someclasificados, ó el bog-head, drica retortas de hierro de forma cilín- con un jantes á las que se esquistos, á pesar de cantidades de tad de á 78, un su la parte de delante y en un todo semeemplean para la fabricación del gas. Los tener, como ya hemos indicado , algunas consideración, no producen mas contenido; así es que el bog-head, que mas que la micontiene 77 no da producto llamado parafina, y de parémos luego con tanta mas razón, plea parala fabricación de bujías. que 35 á 38 de aceite sumamente cargado de cuyo exámen nos ocucuanto que hoy se em- purificación gunda operación mientos situados fábricas de un La del aceite bruto y en se es la que constituye en , la se- practica generalmente en establecí- los alrededores de Paris á donde viene al efecto el aceite obtenido as las fábricas de destilación. En medio de areómetro purificación principian por determinar, por especial, los grados, ó mas bien el una nueva contenido por 100 que tiene de aceite blanco ó puro, que se obtiene por medio de un destilación, , y como proun ducto líquido claro, trasparente muy ligero; pues 336 ELEMENTOS no DE QUÍMICA ORGANICA. un litro color arde es pesa mas que 860 gramos, de olor agradable, , ligeramente amarillento, insoluble con una como en el agua y que tanto llama clara y limpia; aunque inflamable no lo se ha creído; así es que su manejo, si bien , exige precauciones no son tantas como exige el gas. El producto de esta destilación, llamado aceite de esquisto, exige el auxilio de lámparas algo especiales en su construccion reducidas á un depósito en la parte inferior y una camareta en la parte superior á donde se hace ascender el líquido mecha en virtud de la capilaridad; el líquido al lieuna par , , gar y encontrar caliente esta camareta, se trasforma en vapor, que se inflama y da la llama de que hemos hecho mencion. El aceite de nuestros esquisto en , ya blanco ó puro, ya bruto ó , viene á grandes pipas toneles, y procede de los puertos de Francia é Inglaterra. Usos. Los del producto en cuestión están limitados á su — mercados empleo en el , alumbrado, es resultados lirado gas. así que su cuyo terreno produce escelentes aplicación se va estendiendo hasta el en en punto de consumirse cantidades de consideración el alumno público — en todas aquellas localidades en que hay Aforo. así es El aceite de la que considerándolo en esquisto no tiene partida especial, como producto químico, está com- prendido partida 991. CREOSOTA. La creosota ciencia con , es un producto químico ó del dominio de esta cuyas aplicaciones le hacen digno de ser estudiado alguna detención en un libro de la índole del nuestro. La creosota ó kreosota, como algunos la han llamado tam- bien es , resulta de la destilación de la brea ó alquitrán vegetíil. grasa y de aspecto , aunque ligero, un poco oleoso, así es que es suave al tacto; tiene un olor bastante semejante al de la carne ahumada, aunque mas concentrado : su sabor líquida, es acre y cáustico; recientemente una preparada, coloración pero la acción de la luz la da no tiene color; algo pardusca: creosota. su 337 1,037; hierve á 203°; es algo soluble en eí agua pero perfectamente soluble en el alcohol, éter, aceites esenciales, ácido acético, etc.; disuelve la creosota á su vez á todas las sustancias grasas, las resinas, el alcanfor, teniendo densidad , es además la singular condición de coagular la albúmina, de cuya propiedad se ha sacado partido para una de sus principales aplicaciones, que es la conservación de las sustancias animales, viniendo este fenómeno á esplicar de un modo satisfactorio la práctica seguida para la conservación de las carnes por su esposicion al humo, colocándolas colgadas de las chimeneas de las cocinas ú hogares donde se queman ieñas. Las propiedades conservadoras ó antisépticas que se han observado en la creosota ducto var como un las piezas han hecho recomendable este promedio seguro, eficaz y económico de conseranatómicas habiéndose empleado con éxito en , , los embalsamamientos; empleándose cancerosas también en el trata- miento de las úlceras tes y muelas. Sin y en las caries de los dien- bastante ración mente , embargo de que estas aplicaciones son de importancia y exigen cantidades de alg na consideson insignificantes comparadas con la que recienteha dado á este se producto, es basada siempre la en sus con- diciones antisépticas, que la conservación de entre masa ; maderas, de este en haciéndola penetrar por modo se conservan hoy térra una inyección con bastante economía lngla- gran cantidad de traviesas para los caminos de uno hierro. Siendo la creosota destilación déla de los su principios resultantes de la reco- madera, obtención está reducida á ger este producto, cuya pureza se reconoce por reunir los caractéres indicados y el colorar en azul las disoluciones, por diluidas que estén de las sales férricas. , La creosota procede principalmente es de en mania, vidrio , viniendo á nuestros mercados Inglaterra y de Alegrandes frascos de partida espe- cuya — capacidad variable. se hace Aforo. por la cial n.° 366 que la declara libre de derechos. El de esta sustancia tomo i. 22 338 ELEMENTOS DE QUÍMICA ORGÁNICA. parafina. Deseosos nosotros de que nuestro libro responda á la resolucion del mayor número de cuestiones, tanto en el terreno mercantil como en el administrativo, y llevados también de que por los conocimientos altura actual de la ciencia por lo tanto del bre la parafina; consignados en sus en él se encuentre á la relaciones á indicar con la industria, y comercio, vamos producto que ya hoy es mercantiles de gran consideración, y por lo tanto de introducciones ó importaciones importantes, puesto que su fanes algunas ideas soobjeto de operacio- bricacion, bajo el punto de vista técnico ó industrial, está resuelta, principalmente después de los recientes, si así pueden llamarse, trabajos emprendidos hace poco mas de un año en Alemania é Inglaterra. Como reciente puede considerarse la obtención de la para- fina, go, por lo menos en escala algo considerable; en , y sin embar- su fabricación está establecida industriales. Alemania la primera , principales centros Inglaterra después, los cuentan con los Estados-Unidos, cuyos productos rando en y por último han figurado Francia, fábricas la actual en tural, ya forma esposicion de bujías , ó por mejor decir, están figude Londres ya en estado nacuya trasparencia clara luz y , , economía las colocan en condiciones alternar desterrar la esta estearina, para ventajosas si no para con las mejores velas de , sustancia. parafina en sustancia presenta un conjunto de caracalgo distintos, al menos considerados físicamente, de cuando está moldeada en bujías: proponiéndonos nosotros examinar este producto bajo ambos aspectos, dirémos que la parafina es un producto resultante de la destilación de ciertas turbas y hullas; así es que puede muy bien considerarse como un producto secundario de la fabricación del gas. La parafina es sólida, blanca, de aspecto muy semejante téres al de la esperma de ballena con la que se confundirla completamente si no fuera por el olor, que en el producto que nos La ocupa es bastante parecido al de la brea ó alquitrán. La pa- Parafina. 339 á ratina cristaliza latiliza sin mente en láminas anacaradas, fusibles el 43°; y se vosuma- descomponerse y arde con una clara y limpia; es muy soluble en el alcohol llama blanca éter, algo solu- ble en La parafina, fundida y reducida á la forma de bujías, se diferencia de la que acabamos de describir en que su aspecto cristalino desaparece presentando una masa compacta y semi- trasparente, cuyo aspecto nen es sumamente r.'oren belleza á la estearina. Las sin en mas bujías de agradable y supeparafina seobtieen que fundir esta sustancia y verterla los mol- des que ya deben estar colocadas las mechas ó pábilos preparados del modo conveniente; pábilos ó mechas que tienen necesidad de ser bastante mas mas delgadas, en razón á ser la fusible que la estearina; por cuya raparafina zon es conveniente muy que las bujías que han de emplearse en los países cálidos, lleven en mezcla con la parafina una bastante de estearina ó de cera, variable de 10 á 20 por 100; de lo contrario se ablandan y se tuercen siendo impopues sible hacer uso de ellas. porción , La parafina se obtiene, según ya hemos indicado, déla destilacion de ciertas turbas y de algunas hullas bastante bitumiñosas, de la destilación de las ceras, del aceite de esquisto y de algunos otros cuerpos de la misma naturaleza: el producto resultante sometido á una série de purificaciones, es lo que ses constituye la parafina. obtiene La parafina se hoy en los principales centros ó paí- industriales de cional, y América: la esposicion internarecientemente celebrada en Lóndres, es buen testi- Europa monio de esta da á este está en verdad, así como del interés que la industria* mas producto, cuya fabricación, por sin que se estado naciente; embargo de lo cual son diga, dignas tadas por así en como de llamar la atención las muestras de esta sustancia presenInglaterra, que se pueden calificar de perfectas, las de Alemania; siendo de lamentar que el estado que hoy se encuentran los Estados-Unidos les haya impedido esponer todo lo que en este ramo se produce en aquelia república, y que hemos tenido ocasión de examinar, ya absoluta, ya relativa ó comparativamente con las de otros 340 ELEMENTOS DE QUÍMICA ORGANICA. países, y principalmente donde también condiciones. Los se fabrica con las de Alemania y Francia, alguna cantidad de bastante buenas precios de la paraíina son bastante variables; sin embargo, puede establecerse, término medio, el de seis reales libra, ya en estado de bujías; precio que es de esperar disminuya algo tan pronto como su fabricación llegue al estado que es de esperar muy pronto, lo cual rencia con la bujía esteárica. La permitirá la concur- paraíina empieza como á introducirse en en España, vendiéndose cajas de cuatro á diez mucha de ella esperma: viene libras, siendo ios principales mercados Alemania, Francia, Inglaterra y los Estados-Unidos. La llena paraíina en se distingue fácilmente de la esperma de ba- el punto de fusión : basta para esto colocar una cantidad de la sustancia á ensayar en una cápsula de porcelana, y su vez esta á tan encima de la llama de una lamparita se , de alcohol: pronto que empieza bola ó cámara termométrica de un termómetro y se ve la temperatura que marca este; si marca de 42 á 43°, es paraíina y como se ve , á derretirse introduce la si marca de 45 á feccionar, — esperma ; ensayo que se puede perviendo si la sustancia en cuestiorf es saponificable es 46°, por los álcalis: la esperma lo es; la Aforo. Siendo la paraíina un biéndose considerar como artículo, así como las tal, los declaraciones, paraíina no. producto químico, y dedespachos ó aforos de este deben hacerse con arna- reglo á la turaleza partida correspondiente productos que no están comprendidos en el arancel, PIBOXILINA á los de esta ó sea la n.° 991. Ó ALGODON PÓLVORA. La rarse piroxilina por no es un producto que, aunque puede conside- otros de poco interés, sin embargo, nosalgunos podemos dispensarnos de dar algunas ideas sobre él como desde el momento que ducciones de mayor ó las pueda ser ó constituir objeto de intro- constituye por es Conocida la menor importancia, como, efecto, aplicaciones á la fotografía. poca importancia que en nuestro país tiene en sus PIROXILINA Ó ALGODON PÓLVORA. , 341 y especialmente que por lo limitado de sus aplicaciones unas veees, y por las dificultades de su preparación otras, son mas bien objeto de laboratorios que de verdaderas fábricas; y code la fabricación de ciertos productos químicos aquellos nocida debe ciones del ser estranjero, por lo tanto la necesidad de hacer importay la de que los empleados de la Admiconozcan principales propiedades. La piroxilina ó sea el algodón pólvora so encuentra, como otros muchos productos en este caso : los principales caractéres son bastante análogos á los del algodón en rama; así es menos , , , nistracion y el comercio al las que con se confundirían se completamente, en es si no fuera la facilidad El descubrí- que miento de la á un inflama el convertido piroxilina. piroxilina químico aleman, otras en Mr. reciente, data de 1846, y se debe Schonhein, que, repitiendo los espe, rimentos de Braconnot y Pelouze encontró que el algunas minutos fibras vegetales sumergidas fumante, se el ácido nítrico algodón y algunos hacia, después de bien durante lavado y seco, facilísimamente inflamable ; inflamabilidad que aumentaba aun más si la inmersión del algodón se hacia en una mezcla de ácido nítrico y sulfúrico con en vez del nítrico solo. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron los ensayos que era un combustible comparativos desusceptible de sustituir á pólvora ordinaria, tanto por sus efectos, cuanto por su economía; y bajo este punto de vista se intentaron ensayos prácticos de los que se dedujo que si bien era ventajosa bajo ciertos puntos de vista, tenia, entre otros inconvenientes, el de ser inflamable con demasiada facilidad; condición que hacia su de á las armas en que se el atacar manejo muy espuesto, y la empleaba; hechos que de las aplicaciones de limitaron de un modo notable el círculo esta sustancia que, sin embargo, se uti— liza para los barrenos de la esplotacion de las minas y canteras. Se emplea igualmente en la confección de cartuchos para los fusiles de tiros del colodion. La tinto del múltiples, y en fotografía para la preparación piroxilina fotográfica obtenida por un método algo disespuesto, procede de los laboratorios de Paris Lón, 342 elementos de quimica organica. se dres, Berlín, Yiena, etc., etc., de donde des botes de barro ó en cajas de hoja de , importa en gran- lata. Aforo. —El de esta sustancia se hace como productos quíno comprendidos de un modo especial en el arancel por la partida 991. Terminada con estas ideas la esposicion sobre las principales sustancias pertenecientes ála química orgánica, aquí terminaríamos la primera parte de nuestra obra; pero penetrados del grande interés que tiene la segunda confiada al señor Utor y lo necesario que es el desarrollo de algunos micos , , artículos, hemos convenido que, en vez de constituir parte del , segundo tomo las Nociones de análisis químico como habiamos consignado en el prospecto, sea la continuación del tomo primero dedicado á la parte química ; de este modo el deslinde de ambos trabajos es mucho mas lógico y puede te, , el conveniente desarrollo que de otro modo hubiera sido imposible teniéndole que ceñir á límites muy reducidos. ner aceptarán tanto En este concepto y persuadidos de que nuestros lectores esta distribución que permite dar á la segunda , parte la estension que por mas su índole exige, y que hará la obra ser mas interesante cuanto que puede completa. CAPÍTULO CUARTO. NOCIONES DE ANALISIS QUIMICO. ARTÍCULO PRIMERO. IDEAS GENERALES. Las nociones de análisis nuestro en con que nos proponemos terminar misión tienen la trabajo, que hemos espuesto, tanto nuestro prospecto, como en varias ocasiones, en el cuer- po de la obra : esponer métodos generales basados cipios científicos que permitan al comerciante y al aduanas de los conocer en prinpericial de los por su auxilio los elementos constitutivos principales cuerpos, ya simples, ya compuestos, que objeto de sus especulaciones y de su intervención. Esto se consigue únicamente por los medios que la química analítica tiene á su alcance empleados con subordinación á méson , todos esencialmente sistemáticos. química analítica, como conjunto de aplicaciones que se La su mismo nombre indica, es el de los principios de la ciencia hacen al análisis. El análisis químico puede ser por la vía seca y por la vía húmeda ; el primer método lo constituyen todas aquellas operaciones que se practican por medio de sustancias especiales puestas en juego á espensas de operaciones en que juega el principal papel el calor, y ninguno ó muy secundario, los líquidos, cualquiera que sea su naturaleza; por el contrario, 344 en NOCIONES DE ANALISIS QUÍMICO. , el método llamado por la vía húmeda la base de las operaciones la constituye el empleo de sustancias en disolución, un ejerciendo agua. Las papel de intermedio , pero muy interesante, el operaciones, tanto de un método como de otro, tienden á determinar, ya el número de sustancias que existen, en cuyo caso el análisis es cualitativo, ya las proporciones que estas entran el cuantitativo. en en el compuesto , constituyendo entonces seca En ambos casos, y ya sea el método aceptado el de la vía ó ya el de la vía húmeda, la química analítica necesita concurso de un cierto número de sustancias que reciben ei nombre de reactivos, y el de un cierto número de aparatos de tanto interés por lo menos como aquellos, y sin los cua- el les serian ineficaces todos los Tanto la tivos tos , procedimientos. reaccomo y condiciones de estos, como de los constituirá el objeto de artículos especiales; así esposicion también lo serán la esposicion délos sistemas ó procedimien- debiendo advertir que terminarémos con las indicaciones indispensables para la práctica de algunos mé- generales , todos especiales y convenientes, de ensayos que se ejecutan especialmente dispuestos. con aparatos ARTÍCULO II. APARATOS PRINCIPALES. Entre los diferentes aparatos de que necesita valerse el mico en sus quíque análisis, indicarémos únicamente aqueilos le indispensables, hasta el punto de 110 poder prescindir de ellos,.si sus trabajos han de serle de alguna utilidad; prescindiendo por lo tanto de la descripción de todos aquellos son de que las personas á que dedicamos nuestro libro no necesitan á no ser en casos especiales y rarísimos; tales son : los que se necesitan y emplean en los análisis de los gases que , nunca tendrán que practicar, ni el comerciante, ni el de aduanas. pericia] APARATOS PRINCIPALES. en 345 Entre los útiles indispensables, figura primer lugar, la Balanza lisis y pesas. —Las balanzas que se emplean en los anaensayos deben ser de las llamadas de precisión; llenando , por lo tanto las condiciones que dejamos indicadas al tratar de estos aparatos en las Nociones de física; siendo susceptible de soportar por su un peso de 20 á 25 gramos con cada platillo y sen- sibleá 0s r -,0001. Las mas aceptables, las los tanto por el precio, como sensibilidad, son alemanas, que llenan además la platillos de platino, condición indispensable: si es posible, deben muy importante, si preferirse aquellas que tengan los planos en que juegan los circunstancia no de tener cuchillos de ágata va ú otra Toda balanza piedra dura. generalmente acompañada de una colee- cion de pesas, cuya série está en consonancia con la resistencia de la misma. Las colecciones ó juegos de pesas de- ben ser, mal; en siempre que sea posible, ajustadas al sistema deciprimer lugar, porque este es el sistema legal, y segundo por facilitar infinitamente los cálculos. Las peen , sas, desde el gramo inclusive al término superior de la série, pueden las un ser de cualquier metal, de latón fundido , con mejores son boton en tal que sea inalterable; de la forma cilindrica y con la parte superior para poderlas coger, y doradas. Las fracciones del gramo hasta el límite inferior deben ser, como lo son generalmente con un , de platino, , en forma de una chapita cuadrada y lado doblado con el objeto de po- derlas agarrar con las pinzas. Todas estas pesas deben estar encerradas y colocadas en una caja en forma de estuche y con un hueco ó mortaja para , cada pesa con : acompañan á estas cajas unas pinzas de latón puntas de marfil. La conservación y entretenimiento, tanto de la balanza de las pesas, debe ser muy cuidadoso, evitando toda causa de alteración que pueda perjudicar á sus condiciones; así es que dentro de la urna de cristales que debe proteger á la como balanza del polvo, aire gases, etc., debe colocarse un cuerpo que absorba la humedad, que pueda tener el aire encerrado en la urna; el que mejor llena estas condiciones, es el cíoruro de caicio fundido que uebe colocarse en una capsulita, , 346 NOCIONES DE ANALISIS QUÍMICO. Medidas. —Hay muchas veces necesidad, en los análisis y ensayos, de determinar ó emplear un volúmen dado de un líquido, en cuyo caso deben tenerse una colección de vasos cilindricos llamados campanas, divididos debe procurarse sean en fracciones que : una lo mas exactas posible de 1 en litro, otras dividida 100 en 100 partes, y una de 1 decilitro, dividida casos partes, pueden con su servir para resolver los decir que estos verter. ocurrir. Escusado creemos vasos que suelen deben ser de cristal pié y pico para Morteros. —Estos útiles son indispensables para reducir al estado de división necesaria muchos de los cuerpos ó sustancias sometidas al análisis. Los morteros que mas generalmente se necesitan son de ágata, de hierro fundido y de cristal ó ó sean los de ágata y los de triturar hierro, emplean para y pulverizar los cuerpos dulos vidrio ros de ó cristal, y porcelana, para pulverizar aquellos cuerpos que, además de no ser duros, atacan al metal de porcelana. se , Los primeros , del mortero; además se emplean también para verificar mas fácilmente las disoluciones de ciertas sustancias. Los morteros de vidrio, porcelana y cristal se emplean con frecuencia para verificar las los análisis. levigaciones de que — tanta necesidad hay en Estufas química Se ponen enjuego en la y aparatos de desecación. analítica una porción de aparatos de desecación, cucon yas condiciones varían se trata de desecar; sin las de la sustancia ó cuerpo que embargo, nosotros, deseosos de que estas ideas tengan toda la sencillez compatible con el cumplimiento del objeto de estas nociones, prescindirémos déla descripción nos de aquellos aparatos que son de aplicación espe- cial, y ocuparémos esclusivamente de los que mas uso tienen. La estufa llamada de Gay-Lussac, es la mas empleada; con ella La estufa de bica puede secar á 100°, que es el caso mas general. Gay-Lussac se reduce á una caja de forma cúdentro de otra, ó sea de dobles paredes en cinco délas se , seis caras que la determinan, puesto que la sesta es dedicada á puerta y dispuestas de modo que en el hueco pueda introducirse agua; en la parte superior hay dos aberturas: una que corresponde al interior de la estufa, y en la que se co- APARATO PRINCIP. 347 es loca un termómetro, y la otra, cuya misión , únicamente reco- el agua. Esta estufa para funcionar locarse sobre un hornillo ordinario. novar con ella, debe Hornillos. —En química analítica se , usan únicamente los pequeños hornillos llamados de mano reducidos á un espació donde se quema el combustible, y debajo el cenicero: son ordinariamente de arcilla refractaria reforzados con cin, chos de hierro. En docimasia ó en los ensayos de los minerales se emplean hornos de tiro y de copela, forjas, etc. Sopletes. Este útil tiene únicamente aplicación en los analisis y ensayos por la vía seca : aunque son varios los que se — el que con mas frecuencia se usa, es el de Berzelius, que se reduce á un tubo ligeramente cónico que lleva el aire desde la boca á un espacio cilindrico llamado cámara, y cuyo emplean , objeto otro es tubo, también ligeramente cónico, , condensar la humedad del aire emitido por la boca; conduce este aire des- perforada de la camareta á la llama ; por último una punta de platino, en sentido de su eje, termina este aparato adaptán- dose al estremo que toca con la llama. Existen infinitas disposiciones de sopletes que funcionan mecánicamente por medio de fuelles, y con la intervención del gas del alumbrado. Soportes. mentos — Se da este nombre á se , unas sustancias é instru- que emplean según el cáso lo exige, para conténer los y esponer cuerpos á la acción del soplete; los prinson: el carbón, el alumbre de cipales platino, las cápsulas de porcelana, las El pinzas uso de platino etc., , etc. Lámparas. terés en — el análisis; se de estos aparatos es son de varias formas y la de Berzelius se una hoy con del mayor indiversos objeel so- tos las que se emplean: emplea para mecha y lámpara plana y cortada en diagonal, funcionando al aceite común ó de olivas. Las de alcohol pueden ser sencillas, en cuyo caso son de con su píete, reduce á sencilla metal ó vidrio y de doble corriente, constituyendo un aparato muy útil, que recibe el nombre de laboratorio portátil. En el dia ros se usan en sustitución de estas lámparas meche- de gas, cuya disposición varía al infinito. 348 NOCIONES DE ANALISIS QUÍMICO. Aparatos varios. — Entre estos celana y de vidrio, los tubos de ancdisis ó copas de figuran las cápsulas de porpico, los criretortas, soportes ó apoyos de soles, copelas, para embudos de , matraces , , montar los aparatos papeles en filtro , agitadores, precipitar escofinas, martillos, etc., etc. vasos frió ó en pinzas ó tenazas, caliente, limas y en Laboratorio. que se — Se da este nombre al local ó habitación opera, que debe reunir ciertas condiciones genera- les, por mas que se prescinda desús dimensiones, que puede ser, tan pequeño ó tan grande como se quiera. El laboratorio debe ser bastante claro y ventilado para que el á desprendimiento de los gases no perjudique al operador: y posible, debe, tener fijos aquellos hornillos que por su naturaleza y función deben constituir parte del fogon; además ser debe haber el suficiente mobiliario, reducido á las mesa mesas ó para operar, y los armarios necesarios para la colocación de todos los útiles y sustancias que toman parte en los análi- sis. Las balanzas deben estar, si bien en un punto próximo al laboratorio nunca jamás en la pieza en que se acostumbra á , operar; pues con seguridad se encontrarían atacadas al poco tiempo por los gases que existen siempre en la atmósfera de los laboratorios. ' ARTÍCULO II. REACTIVOS. Se da el nombre de reactivos á todas en química analítica dividen minar la presencia se que ponen enjuego para descubrir y deterde otros elementos ó combinaciones. Los se en aquellas sustancias reactivos la vía dos secciones, ó sea en reactivos para y reactivos para la vía húmeda, dividiéndose á su vez los de la primera sección en dos clases: la primera, que son los desagregantes, y la segunda, los reactivos propiamente seca, dichos. Los de la vía húmeda se dividen : en dos clases tam- bien, ó en su vez y especiales disolventes característicos simples químicos y de los grupos y los especiales en reactivos de las bases y reactivos de los ácidos. sean generales , los generales á disolventes , , REACTIVOS PARA LA VIA SECA. 349 PRIMERA SECCION. REACTIVOS PARA LA VÍA SECA. Primera clase: desagregantes. Carbonato potásico en y sódico. Aplicaciones. —Se emplean mezcla para desagregar los silicatos y sulfatos, único medio de colocar, tanto al ácido como á la base, en condiciones de poderlos determinar. Estas operaciones se hacen siempre en crisoles de platino y operando , lámpara de doble corriente. Preparación. —Nuestros lectores encontrarán los detalles acerca de su preparación en las secciones correspondientes á la á las sales de potasa y sosa. Hidrato barítico. Aplicaciones. —Las de esta sustancia se limitan á la descomposición de los silicatos alcalinos, en cuya reacción es preí'erible al nitrato y carbonato. Preparación. Se obtiene descomponiendo el nitrato barí— tico por el calor, y apagando Nitrato con agua el producto. potásico. en Aplicación. —Las de este compuesto están basadas las propiedades oxidantes que le distinguen : se emplea para la oxidación de los sulfuros y para la combustión de las sustancias orgánicas. nuestros en Preparación y purificación. —La. tienen consignada lectores la página 168. clase: reactivos del soplete. Segunda Carbón. Aplicaciones. que se — Se utiliza como soporte ó sustentáculo en colocan los cuerpos para esponerlos á la acción del 350 NOCIONES DE ANALISIS QUÍMICO. : soplete, y como reductivo el que se emplea es el vegetal. Carbonato sódico. Aplicaciones. mezcla con — Ya hemos indicado su acción su en unión ó es en el carbonato es , potásico; solo, acción bastante semejante; además con — un escelente reactivo para descubrir el manganeso Preparación. el que produce una pasta verde. Está consignada en la página 184. Cianuro potásico. Aplicaciones. reductivas, ras, — y sus Las de este compuesto son esencialmente funciones como tal son importantes y segucomo tratándose de ciertos metales, — el antimonio, etc. Preparación. En la página 168. Borato sódico , bórax. uno Aplicaciones. —Esta combinación constituye tivos de los reac- interesantes; pues óxidos; desaloja á algunos ácidos, mas se sos combina directamente y favorece en con los ca- muchos la oxidación de algunos soplete; perla trasparente exactamente tiene además la en cuerpos á la llama esterior del propiedad de fundirse formando una se muy fácil y la dan ciertos óxidos melas coloraciones que la que pueden apreciar tálicos. Preparación. — En la página , 191. Sal de fósforo fosfato sódico-amónico. mente Aplicaciones. análogas de producir esta — Las que se hacen de esta sal son enteraá las del bórax, con la ventaja únicamente un vidrio mucho mas limpio. Preparación. —Está reducida á disolver seis partes de fosfato sódico y una de cloruro amónico en dos partes de agua caliente: por el enfriamiento resulta la sal de fósforo que se purifica recogiendo los cristales, disolviéndolos y haciéndolos cristalizar de nuevo. REACCIONES PARA LA VÍA HUMEDA. 351 Nitrato de cobalto. Aplicaciones. en — Las aplicaciones de gotita de esta sal están fundadas los colores que ciertos cuerpos calentados sobre el carbón en toman contacto con una su. disolución, un los que citarémos al óxido de zinc, que toma la y entre color verde; rosa; alúmina, un color azul; un la sílice toma también la alúmina. magnesia rojo de carne ó color azul, pero mas claro que , la el de Preparación. mas — Disponiendo del óxido de cobalto en , nada hay fácil que obtener el nitrato, disolviéndolo pero el acido ni- trico; en generalmente hay que es echar mano del mineral, la preparación cuyo complicada, pudiendo consultarla aquellos de nuestros lectores á quienes intecaso bastante rese, en obras mas especiales. SEGUNDA SECCION. REACTIVOS PARA LA VÍA HÚMEDA. Primera clase : reactivos generales. se encuentran simples, entre los que el alcohol y el éter de cuyas aplicaciones darémos cuenta en la marcha analítica refiriéndonos, figuran , En esta clase los disolventes el agua , , en en la parte relativa á su el cuerpo de la obra. Forman preparación, á los datos consignados clase, , , igualmente parte de esta subdivisión ó el ácido clorhídrico los disolventes nítrico el , químicos , , que son : el ácido el ácido cloro-nítrico ó agua cloruro amónico en caso de cuyas anterior al tratar del sistema analítico, refiriendo , régia, el ácido acético el aplicaciones nos ocuparémos, como en igualmente á nuestros lectores, cuanto á su preparación, á los artículos relativos á estas sustancias. Reactivos característicos de los cuerpos ó de los grupos de estos mismos. Constituye en su este grupo en una série de cuerpos estudiados ya mayor parte el cuerpo de la obra, y cuya numera- 352 NOCIONES DE ANALISIS QUÍMICO. indicar, teniéndonos que limitar á una simple reservándonos hacer esposicion de sus aplicacioindicación, nes como reactivos cuando funcionen como tal en la marcha vamos cion á analítica que como nos proponemos trazar. unidas á las que hemos calificado químicos, constituyen las colecciones de Todas estas sustancias, disolventes sustancias de que debe proveerse el químico, conservándolas todas en sus correspondientes frascos perfectamente rotula, dos y guardados á su vez en una caja ó armario á propósito. Los reactivos que hemos dicho sirven á caracterizar los grupos de sustancias análogas, y también estas individualmente papeles reactivos de tornasol, cúrcuma y tinta neutra, sulfúrico, el hidrógeno sulfurado en disolución, el sulfhidralo ó sulfuro amónico el sulfuro potásico la potasa el carbonato potásico, el amoníaco el el nitrato argéntico el cloruro férrico. clase: reactivos especiales. Segunda PRIMER GRUPO. REACTIVOS PARA RECONOCER LAS BASES. Se emplean como co, el antimoniato sulfato potásico, el fosfato sódipotásico, el cromato potéisico, el cianuro tales : el potásico, el cianuro férrico-polásico, el cianuro ferroso-polásico el sulfo-cianuro-potásico el ácido hidrofluosilícico, el oxa, , lato amónico, nato barítico, ruro platínico el áicido tártrico , el cloruro estannoso , la barita cáustica, el carboel cloruro áurico el cío, , el zinc, el hierro y el cobre. SEGUNDO GRUPO. REACTIVOS PARA RECONOCER LOS ÁCIDOS. Constituyen este grupo : el acetato potásico la cal cáustica, sulfato cádcico el cloruro magnésico el sulfato ferroso, una sal ferrosaférrica el óxido plúmbico el acetato plúmbico, el acetato vnercurioso mercúrico, el ácido solución de añil y el sulfuroso engrudo de almidón. , el el óxido mercúrico , el cloruro sulfito sódico, el cloro , la di- ARTÍCULO IV. PROCEDIMIENTOS Y MÉTODOS ANALITICOS. Indicados ya los reactivos que el químico necesita tener á la mano, y conocidos todos los caractéres que con los mismos forman los diferentes grupos de sales formados por las bases que hemos estudiado, así como los que presentan los principales ácidos, y recordadas las leyes de Berthollet, nada mas fácil que proceder á la determinación de un ácido, ó de una base, ó de los dos factores á la vez si se tratase de una mera rectificación; pero la dificultad ó mejor dicho,las dificulta, , des aumentan desde el momento que los elementos quedetercompletamente desconocidos-: de aquí la necesidad de proceder sistemática y metódicamente, dando principio por ensayos preliminares que nos pongan algo en claro, para luego no tener otra cosa que hacer que minan un compuesto , nos son rectificar los hechos observados en estos ensayos. Esta necesidad imprescindible un sujetando se hayan consignado varios eos; nosotros , las reacciones á al en los análisis, sistema, ha dado origen á que de marchar vernos en mas de estos por los principales químiel caso de esponer uno, no hemos vacilado en escoger el como sencillo, cíente, como creemos nosotros comerciante pericial puedan ocurrir. Desde luego prescindimos en estas nociones de todos aquelíos procedimientos relativos á la separación y determinación blemas que les como el toda vez que sea sufilo es, para que tanto el que resuelvan las cuestiones ó pro- cuantitativa de los cuerpos, limitándonos á lo que se califica análisis cualitativo, pudiendo, en el caso que nuestros lectores necesiten rir á obras proceder á un análisis cuantitativo, recurespeciales de análisis, entre las que se encuenRose, Fressenius, etc., etc. tran las de los señores TOMO i. 23 354 NOCIONES DE ANÁLISIS QUÍMICO. Ensayos preliminares. Después de examinados los mos caractéres físicos,' como se toman son : el color, olor, sabor, forma cristalina, etc., para 3 ó 4 gra- de la sustancia que se va á analizar, y se ponen aparte ejecutar con esta sola cantidad todas las operaciones de que nos vamos á ocupar; pues si se operara sobre grandes cantidades, seria muy costoso y engorroso un análisis. Tomada una pequeña cantidad, se procede dando lio principio del soplete. var en un mero con por los caractéres que presenten á los ensayos, con el auxi- N.° 1.° Caliéntese un poco la sustancia que se va á ensatubito de vidrio cerrado por un estremo : priá la llama de una lámpara de alcohol, y después el soplete; pudiendo verificar esta operación, en algunos casos, colocando la sustancia en un tubo abierto por los dos estremos. Hay desprendimiento este de agua: ver son hidratos. Examínese el vapor de agua para : si enrojece papel de tornasol. Se carboniza Produce les ó un sustancias orgánicas. : combinaciones arsénicaamoniacales. : sublimado blanco El ,sublimado antimoniales, y algunas producido es metálico vapores rutilantes ó combinaciones : mercuriales y arsenieales. Se desprenden rojos nitratos. Desprendimiento de olor... 2.° Caliéntese la sustancia que se funde alcalinas, y algunas á base térrea, ciertos siliel catos, plomo, estaño antimonio, cadm io, zinc y bislas sales inuto , Se y penetra fundida ensaya, sobre el carbón. en los poros del carbón: metálicos. se funde ni cambia de aspecto: las tierras y la sílice y muchos silicatos. A'i sus sa- les, ENSAYOS PRELIMINARES.
| 13,541 |
https://github.com/ufora/ufora/blob/master/packages/python/pyfora/src/exceptions/PyforaErrors.hpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, CC0-1.0, MIT, BSL-1.0, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
ufora
|
ufora
|
C++
|
Code
| 459 | 1,508 |
/***************************************************************************
Copyright 2016 Ufora Inc.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
****************************************************************************/
#pragma once
#include <Python.h>
#include "../PyObjectUtils.hpp"
#include "../core/PyObjectPtr.hpp"
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
class PyforaError : public std::runtime_error {
public:
explicit PyforaError(const std::string& s)
: std::runtime_error(s)
{
}
/*
Polymorphic exception idiom
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C%2B%2B_Idioms/Polymorphic_Exception
*/
virtual void raise() const
{
throw *this;
}
/*
virtual ctor idiom.
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/More_C%2B%2B_Idioms/Virtual_Constructor
should return a new'd object,
which means it should probably be wrapped in a shared_ptr
upon invocation
*/
virtual PyforaError* clone() const
{
return new PyforaError(*this);
}
virtual void setPyErr() const {
PyObjectPtr type = pyExcClass();
PyErr_SetString(
type.get(),
what()
);
}
virtual PyObjectPtr pyExcClass() const {
return getModuleMember("pyfora.Exceptions", "PyforaError");
}
protected:
static PyObjectPtr getModuleMember(const std::string& moduleName,
const std::string& memberName)
{
PyObjectPtr exceptionsModule = PyObjectPtr::unincremented(
PyImport_ImportModule(moduleName.c_str()));
if (exceptionsModule == nullptr) {
throw std::runtime_error(PyObjectUtils::exc_string());
}
PyObjectPtr tr = PyObjectPtr::unincremented(
PyObject_GetAttrString(
exceptionsModule.get(),
memberName.c_str()
)
);
if (tr == nullptr) {
throw std::runtime_error(PyObjectUtils::exc_string());
}
return tr;
}
};
class PyforaInspectError : public PyforaError {
public:
explicit PyforaInspectError(const std::string& s)
: PyforaError(s)
{
}
virtual PyforaInspectError* clone() const {
return new PyforaInspectError(*this);
}
virtual void raise() const
{
throw *this;
}
virtual PyObjectPtr pyExcClass() const {
return getModuleMember("pyfora.PyforaInspect", "PyforaInspectError");
}
};
class BadWithBlockError : public PyforaError {
public:
explicit BadWithBlockError(const std::string& s)
: PyforaError(s)
{
}
virtual BadWithBlockError* clone() const {
return new BadWithBlockError(*this);
}
virtual void raise() const
{
throw *this;
}
virtual PyObjectPtr pyExcClass() const {
return getModuleMember("pyfora.Exceptions", "BadWithBlockError");
}
};
class CantGetSourceTextError : public PyforaError {
public:
explicit CantGetSourceTextError(const std::string& s)
: PyforaError(s)
{
}
virtual CantGetSourceTextError* clone() const {
return new CantGetSourceTextError(*this);
}
virtual void raise() const
{
throw *this;
}
virtual PyObjectPtr pyExcClass() const {
return getModuleMember("pyfora.Exceptions", "CantGetSourceTextError");
}
};
class PythonToForaConversionError : public PyforaError {
public:
explicit PythonToForaConversionError(const std::string& s)
: PyforaError(s)
{
}
virtual PythonToForaConversionError* clone() const {
return new PythonToForaConversionError(*this);
}
virtual void raise() const
{
throw *this;
}
virtual PyObjectPtr pyExcClass() const {
return getModuleMember("pyfora.Exceptions", "PythonToForaConversionError");
}
};
class UnresolvedFreeVariableExceptionWithTrace : public PyforaError {
public:
explicit UnresolvedFreeVariableExceptionWithTrace(const PyObjectPtr& value)
: PyforaError(""),
mPtr(value)
{
}
PyObjectPtr value() const {
return mPtr;
}
virtual UnresolvedFreeVariableExceptionWithTrace* clone() const {
return new UnresolvedFreeVariableExceptionWithTrace(*this);
}
virtual void raise() const
{
throw *this;
}
virtual PyObjectPtr pyExcClass() const {
return getModuleMember("pyfora.UnresolvedFreeVariableExceptions",
"UnresolvedFreeVariableExceptionWithTrace");
}
virtual void setPyErr() const {
PyObjectPtr type = pyExcClass();
PyErr_SetObject(
type.get(),
mPtr.get()
);
}
private:
PyObjectPtr mPtr;
};
| 45,237 |
US-33364206-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 18 | 37 |
27. The method of claims 1-26, wherein the system is aUnified-Dynamic Domain Name Server (UD-DNS) system. (FIG. 2).
| 20,086 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81o%20Khad%20%28suba%20sa%20Indiya%2C%20lat%2031%2C28%2C%20long%2076%2C93%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Rāo Khad (suba sa Indiya, lat 31,28, long 76,93)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rāo Khad (suba sa Indiya, lat 31,28, long 76,93)&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 71 | 117 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Rāo Khad.
Suba ang Rāo Khad sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa State of Himāchal Pradesh, sa amihanang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Rāo Khad mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Indus River.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Indus River (suba) tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa State of Himāchal Pradesh
| 34,301 |
https://github.com/rko281/ReStore/blob/master/ReStore/SSWSQLObjectQuery.cls
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
ReStore
|
rko281
|
Apex
|
Code
| 229 | 726 |
"Filed out from Dolphin Smalltalk 7"!
SSWSQLQuery subclass: #SSWSQLObjectQuery
instanceVariableNames: 'object table'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
classInstanceVariableNames: ''!
SSWSQLObjectQuery guid: (GUID fromString: '{6266c92d-3983-11d5-b1df-444553540000}')!
SSWSQLObjectQuery comment: 'ReStore
©2019 John Aspinall
https://github.com/rko281/ReStore'!
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesForClass!Unclassified! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery methodsFor!
isWriteQuery
^true!
object
"object stores the proxy'd persistent object on which the receiver represents its query"
^object
!
object: aProxydObject
"object stores the proxy'd persistent object on which the receiver represents its query"
object := aProxydObject
!
objectControlConditions
"Create and return an SSWSQLConditionCollection which constrains the receiver query
by whatever fields are in the table's controlFields"
| conditions |
conditions := SSWSQLConditionCollection forAND.
self table controlFields do:
[ :controlField |
conditions add:
(SSWSQLCondition
field: controlField
equalTo: (controlField accessor valueIn: self object))].
^conditions!
objectIDCondition
"Create and return an SSWSQLCondition which identifies the receiver's object
within its table"
^SSWSQLCondition
field: self table idField
equalTo: self object _id!
table
"table is a lazy-initialized cache for the table to which the receiver's object belongs"
table == nil ifTrue: [table := object _dbTable].
^table!
table: anSSWDBTable
"table is a lazy-initialized cache for the table to which the receiver's object belongs"
table := anSSWDBTable! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesFor: #isWriteQuery!public!testing! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesFor: #object!accessing!public! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesFor: #object:!accessing!public! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesFor: #objectControlConditions!evaluating!public! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesFor: #objectIDCondition!evaluating!public! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesFor: #table!accessing!public! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery categoriesFor: #table:!accessing!public! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery class methodsFor!
forObject: aProxydObject
^self new
object: aProxydObject;
yourself! !
!SSWSQLObjectQuery class categoriesFor: #forObject:!instance creation!public! !
| 23,443 |
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Gaffigan
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Jim Gaffigan
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim Gaffigan&action=history
|
Simple English
|
Spoken
| 99 | 165 |
James Christopher "Jim" Gaffigan (born July 7, 1966) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for his roles in Beyond the Pale, That '70s Show, My Boys and in Chappaquiddick.
Gaffigan was born on July 7, 1966 in Elgin, Illinois. He was raised in Chesterton, Indiana. He studied at La Lumiere School, at Purdue University, and at Georgetown University. Gaffigan has been married to Jeannie Noth since 2003. They have five children.
Other websites
1966 births
Living people
Actors from Indiana
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Indiana
| 48,453 |
sn89052040_1911-02-02_1_5_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,911 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,885 | 2,647 |
DR. BROWN PHYSICIAN and Surgeon Your patronage respectfully solicited. Charges reasonable. You can always find me on my homestead 6 miles south of NEW RAYMER COLO. WANTED, FOR SALE AND ETC. Good thoroughbred Duroc Jersey boar for sale at $14.00 if taken soon. A Flattis, Raymer, Colorado. TAKEN UP-A Dapple gray horse, weight about 1200 lbs. Owner can have same by proving property and paying for this ad. WANTED-to buy hides, furs, poultry, eggs and butter. Will pay the highest market price for same. G. M. Summers, Raymer, Colorado. FOR SALE—Durham yearling bull, crossed with white face. Person can buy the gentleman cheap if taken at once. —E. Toyne, Raymer, Colorado. That Well Hansen & Ficken LET us BE Your Druggist By mail or in person The Seymour Drag Co. SEE RICHARDS & RICHARDS SEVENTH, COLORADO See Richards The Old Reliable Well Man if you want a well drilled. Prices reasonable and satisfaction guaranteed. New Raymer, Colorado. Richards & Richards 1 Seavy & Gibson NOW IS THE TIME! Wet County is the Place Seavy & Gibson the Firm To secure you bargains in a decided land, relinquishments and town property. For For further information, call on or write to S. S. GIBBON, Sterling, Colorado. Superior Lumber and Building Material. At all times, be had by buying your Lumber and Building Material from us. Pikes are always the lowest. RAYMER LUMBER CO. ALLEN M. RAYMER, COLORADO. MR. AND MRS. EDWARD. McEVOY ENTERTAIN. Mr. and Mrs. McEvoy entertained a number of their friends Tuesday night. Different games and a taffy pulling were the amusements of the evening and at about 10:20 refreshments were served. A number of selections were played on the phonograph. Those present were: Messrs. L. Allen, Bert Vik, E. Q. Tiv, R. E. Arnold, Fred Stephenson, Claude Laycock, Chas. Scott, Theo. Rugland, E. D. Murphy, Wells Biggs and Eugene Dugan and Master Orville Whittier. Mesdames L. A. Whittier, E. D. Murphy, Theo. Rugland, Crabb, Mary Fritz, and S. P. Majors, and Misses Myrtle J. Paris, Nelson, Leona Whittier, and Alice Rugland. At a late hour all departed, declaring Mr. and Mrs. McEvoy to be royal entertainers. East Items. Special Correspondence. Ora Addington called on Thro. Keller Sunday. A dance held at Ruglands was quite a success. T. A. Addington called on Roy Crabb last Sunday. Miss Emma Novak visited the Keller school Monday. Miss May Rutherford visited the Keller school Tuesday evening. Miss Bertha Blinnett visited. Miss Helen Dillon of Stoncham Saturday. Misses Jessie and Madge Higgs and Madge Higgs were accompanied to their homes by Messrs. Chas. Roth, Martin Hanson and W. Biggs. Their rig was a water tank, buggies being pretty scarce in Weld county. Forest View Items. Special Correspondent. Jess Beson is having the casing put in his well this week. Frank and John Fritz are helping Chas. Roth build Mr. Dunlap's house. Vent Robertson and brother attended the dance at Ruglands Saturday night. Jess Beson and sister, Miss Fannie, attended the dance at Ruglands last Saturday night. Mr. Dunlap arrived here this week from Verdel, Nebraska and is having his house put up on his claim. Chas. Ruth has the contract. Mrs. Fike and daughter Bertha drove about eight miles south of here Saturday after Mr. Fike and Jess, who have been employed on the Jack-Pot irrigation ditch. The Misses Roberts attended the dance given by Mr. and Mrs. Rugland Saturday night. Southeast Items. Special Correspondent. The wheat begins to lume up since the snow. H. G. McElwain was in the berg last Wednesday. W. G. Carter was a visitor at Stoneham Thursday. Chas. Fritz was a Fort Morgan visitor Monday. Mr. Petrie and son are building a fine new barn for their horses. H. G. McElwain built a mile of fence for Mrs. Anderson this week. H. G. McElwain helped G. N. Mercer put in a new pump Wednesday. G. N. Mercer and W. G. Carter made a trip to Fort Morgan last Saturday. Frank and John Fritz were hauling stone for Ed. Bly Monday and Tuesday of this week. L. A. Whittier and Bert Vik made a drive out in this part of the country Thursday morning. John Donnegan and Ed Jones went Monday to the coal mines south of Buckingham, returning Wednesday. Mrs. G. N. Mercer returned Tuesday from Euslis, Nebraska, where she has been for. The past two months visiting relatives. Home Town Helps NEWSPAPER TOWN BOOSTER Without Question the Best Method of Spreading Publicity—A Word to Commercial Associations. Leroy Bouchler, city editor of the Minneapolis Tribune, before the Northern Minnesota Development association, spoke in part as follows: "What must we do to be saved?" If I were answering this question, I'd say. Get acquainted with a report of every enterprising man ought to look up the editor of his home paper, if he doesn't know him already, and make a friend of him. The editor will be a friend of yours if you make an advance, and you will never regret the step. Every commercial organization ought to include all the newspapers in the district, for these men, who study nothing but the best methods of making people read what they write, can be of assistance to a community in making people read its message. It's of no use to have a splendid article for cute if you can't sell it. The other day there were statements published in the Twin Cities that the recent fires had done great good in clearing the land. Now, the original stories of the forest fires were printed in the country over, and $5,000,000 of people got the idea from that that northern Minnesota was simply an unbroken stretch of timber able woods. What was done to counteract this feeling? Probably nothing. But a photograph of a stretch of the so-called "destructive" forest fires could by a little tact have found publication in a hundred newspapers if you sent with it the facts I have just related dressed in. Reliable fashion. That is the secret. Make the news of your community readable and you needn't worry about publicity. If you keep telling people what a fine state they have, what splendid farms, what unexcelled advantages, they will talk about it and spread the gospel, and they won't do it unless you do keep telling them. If the newspapers talk about their towns every day, every week, their readers will follow their lead. HOUSING REFORM DON’TS. Don't let your city become a city at tenements. Keep it a city of homes. Don't imagine there is no necessity for action because conditions in your city are not as bad as they are elsewhere. Don't build a model tenement until you have secured a model housing law. Don't attempt to legislate first and investigate afterward. Don't permit any new houses to be built that do not have adequate light and ventilation and proper sanitation. Don't legislate merely for the present. Don't permit the growth of new homes. Prevention is better than cure. Don't tolerate the ledger evil. Nip it in the bud. Don't tolerate cellar dwellings. Don't let the poor be denied a liberal supply of water in their homes. Don't permit houses unfit for human habitation to be occupied. Don't repeat the talk about the poor not wanting good housing accommodations. Don't permit privies to exist in any city. Compel their removal. Don't cease your efforts when you have passed a good law. Eternal vigilance is not only the price of liberty, but of all progress—Lawrence Veilier in the Survey. Urban Martyrs . At a church supper, a small boy was seen to turn pale and lean back in his chair. One of the waitresses asked what was the trouble, and learned that it was the stomach ache. "You poor little fellow, you won't be able to finish that nice supper, will you?" asked the waitress. "Oh, yes, I will," replied the boy, "It will have to soak a good deal harder before I'll quit eating." Just this form of heroism will stand in the way of any wholesale movement to drive the excess of consumers in the city back to the country to become direct producers. They will complain of high prices, low wages (about twice what the same grade of labor on farms receives), long hours of work (about two-thirds of what our grandfathers considered reasonable), difficulty of getting work (when owners of farms are clamoring for help), high rents and board (when rent and board are offered in the country as a bonus beyond wages), but they are nowhere near the point of suffering at which they will be willing to leave the incidental pleasures of city life. —Ulctric and Hygienic da sets. Well Protected "I think there is somebody downstairs, George." "Well, what of it?" "Can't you get up and do something? Put your head out of the window and call a policeman." "Why should I do that, when I can put my head over the back stairs and call one? His number is 7238, and he's down there in the kitchen spooning with Mary, the cook." LOCAL NEWS OF INTEREST AT BUCKINGHAM AND VICINITY Special Contributor. Chas. DeFord was at Denver on business last week. F. N. Hurst was at Sterling last week. Mrs. George Kinney has been sick with the grip. Miss Emma DeFord is having a cottage built on her homestead southeast of town and will soon make her headquarters there. Miss Myrtle Silvis moved out to her claim last Saturday and entertained Mr. and Mrs. Pouch at dinner Sunday. Mr. S. S. Potter, the blacksmith of Buckingham, will sharpen those plows or set the tires and give good satisfaction. Geo. Molsinger and Mr. Cooper are making some improvements on Mrs. Motsinger’s desert claim, four miles south of Buckingham. F. N. Hurst is putting up a windmill on his homestead. Mr. Arthur Potter and wife returned Monday from Lincoln, Neb. George Kinney was at Keotaon business Friday. Sam, the blacksmith at Buckingham, Mr. Silvis is fencing his desert claim. F. N. Hurst is fencing his desert claim. F. N. Hurst is and S. S. Potter have also been fencing their claims. The Buckingham Cornet Band have sent for their instruments and look for them any day. PRINTING! We are earnestly requested to bring your printing to The Enterprise. We are the acme for the superior class of printing. Why not get the best? It costs no more than the inferior class. We are offering you the benefit of new and up-to-date type faces and superior workmanship. Try us and be convinced! THE RAYMERE PRINTING COMPANY, RAYMERE, COLORADO We carry a complete line of the very choicest of Fresh and Salt Meats, Lard, Etc. You will find that I can save you money on Lard. I earnestly solicit your patronage. Come in and let me show you what I have. Come here and buy your meat and lard and you will be assured of getting the best of quality at the smallest prices. Open on Fridays Grass Seeds, Clover and Grass Seeds, Seed Grains, Seed Potatoes, Sugar Cane, Kaffir Corn, Baskets, Millet, Plant Potatoes for 800 Pasture, Tice Seeds, Etc. Vegetable at Flower Seeds, Upland grown Alfalfa Seed a specialty. Large Illustrated Catalogue Mailed Free on Request. German Nurseries, Seed House, Box 1100, Beatrice, Nebraska.
| 37,440 |
https://github.com/goodrobots/maverick/blob/master/manifests/puppet-modules/firewall/spec/spec_helper_local.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-proprietary-license
| 2,021 |
maverick
|
goodrobots
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 27 | 94 |
RSpec.configure do |config|
config.mock_with :rspec
end
def with_debian_facts
let :facts do
{
:kernel => 'Linux',
:operatingsystem => 'Debian',
:operatingsystemrelease => '8.0',
:osfamily => 'Debian',
}
end
end
| 9,036 |
https://github.com/newdash/newdash/blob/master/src/.internal/baseRandom.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| 2,022 |
newdash
|
newdash
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 32 | 63 |
/**
* create random value
*
* @param lower
* @param upper
*/
export function baseRandom(lower: number, upper: number): number {
return lower + Math.floor(Math.random() * (upper - lower + 1));
}
| 30,633 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89486321
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Ralph Coulton
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 253 | 534 |
Ralph Coulton
Ralph Coulton instância de ser humano
Ralph Coulton sexo ou género masculino
Ralph Coulton data de morte 1582
Ralph Coulton alma mater Trinity College
Ralph Coulton identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11fthgxljq
Ralph Coulton primeiro nome Ralph
Ralph Coulton
Ralph Coulton instancia de ser humano
Ralph Coulton sexo o género masculino
Ralph Coulton fecha de fallecimiento 1582
Ralph Coulton educado en Trinity College
Ralph Coulton identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11fthgxljq
Ralph Coulton nombre de pila Ralph
Ralph Coulton
Ralph Coulton instance of human
Ralph Coulton sex or gender male
Ralph Coulton date of death 1582
Ralph Coulton educated at Trinity College
Ralph Coulton Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11fthgxljq
Ralph Coulton given name Ralph
Ralph Coulton
Ralph Coulton nature de l’élément être humain
Ralph Coulton sexe ou genre masculin
Ralph Coulton date de mort 1582
Ralph Coulton scolarité Trinity College
Ralph Coulton identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11fthgxljq
Ralph Coulton prénom Ralph
Ralph Coulton
Ralph Coulton ist ein(e) Mensch
Ralph Coulton Geschlecht männlich
Ralph Coulton Sterbedatum 1582
Ralph Coulton besuchte Bildungseinrichtung Trinity College
Ralph Coulton Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11fthgxljq
Ralph Coulton Vorname Ralph
Ralph Coulton
Ralph Coulton is een mens
Ralph Coulton sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Ralph Coulton overlijdensdatum 1582
Ralph Coulton opleiding gevolgd aan Trinity College
Ralph Coulton Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11fthgxljq
Ralph Coulton voornaam Ralph
Ralph Coulton
Ralph Coulton instância de ser humano
Ralph Coulton sexo ou gênero masculino
Ralph Coulton data de morte 1582
Ralph Coulton identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/11fthgxljq
Ralph Coulton primeiro nome Ralph
| 2,150 |
https://github.com/polypheny/Polypheny-DB/blob/master/core/src/main/java/org/polypheny/db/nodes/Node.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
Polypheny-DB
|
polypheny
|
Java
|
Code
| 401 | 841 |
/*
* Copyright 2019-2023 The Polypheny Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.polypheny.db.nodes;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import org.polypheny.db.algebra.constant.Kind;
import org.polypheny.db.languages.ParserPos;
import org.polypheny.db.languages.QueryLanguage;
import org.polypheny.db.util.Litmus;
public interface Node extends Cloneable, Visitable {
/**
* Returns whether two nodes are equal (using {@link #equalsDeep(Node, Litmus)}) or are both null.
*
* @param node1 First expression
* @param node2 Second expression
* @param litmus What to do if an error is detected (expressions are not equal)
*/
static boolean equalDeep( Node node1, Node node2, Litmus litmus ) {
if ( node1 == null ) {
return node2 == null;
} else if ( node2 == null ) {
return false;
} else {
return node1.equalsDeep( node2, litmus );
}
}
/**
* Returns whether two lists of operands are equal.
*/
static boolean equalDeep( List<? extends Node> operands0, List<? extends Node> operands1, Litmus litmus ) {
if ( operands0.size() != operands1.size() ) {
return litmus.fail( null );
}
for ( int i = 0; i < operands0.size(); i++ ) {
if ( !Node.equalDeep( operands0.get( i ), operands1.get( i ), litmus ) ) {
return litmus.fail( null );
}
}
return litmus.succeed();
}
/**
* Creates a copy of a SqlNode.
*/
static <E extends Node> E clone( E e ) {
//noinspection unchecked
return (E) e.clone( e.getPos() );
}
/**
* Clones a SqlNode with a different position.
*/
Node clone( ParserPos pos );
Kind getKind();
QueryLanguage getLanguage();
boolean isA( Set<Kind> category );
String toString();
ParserPos getPos();
/**
* Returns whether this node is structurally equivalent to another node.
* Some examples:
*
* <ul>
* <li>1 + 2 is structurally equivalent to 1 + 2</li>
* <li>1 + 2 + 3 is structurally equivalent to (1 + 2) + 3, but not to 1 + (2 + 3), because the '+' operator is left-associative</li>
* </ul>
*/
boolean equalsDeep( Node node, Litmus litmus );
}
| 43,777 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.