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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMF/CNS/2010/06/FCCNS028183_20100614.pdf
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,010 |
None
|
AMF
|
French
|
Spoken
| 481 | 909 |
Page 1/2 Communiqué de presse
Nanterre, le 14 juin 2010
Faurecia vise 16 milliards d’euros de chiffre d’affaires et un taux de
marge opérationnelle de 5 à 6% en 2014
Lors de sa réunion d’information dédiée au x investisseurs organisée ce jour à Paris,
Faurecia a présenté sa stratégie et ses objectifs à moyen terme.
Faurecia a annoncé viser un chiffre d’affaires de l’ordre de 16 milliards d’euros en 2014 ,
porté par une croissance annuelle moyenne de 12% sur la période 2 009-2014, dont 8% de
croissance organique. La part du chiffre d’affaires réalisée hors d’Europe passera de 23%
en 2009 à 42% en 2014. Dans ce cadre, Faurec ia vise pour 2014 un taux de marge
opérationnelle de 5 à 6% ainsi qu’un ratio de dette nette / EBITDA inférieur à 0,5.
Yann Delabrière, Président-Directeur général de Faurecia, a rappelé que l’exécution du Plan
Challenge 2009 a permis à Faurecia de sortir re nforcé de la crise. Le Groupe a ainsi su
profiter de la consolidation du secteur de l’équipement automobile en procédant à deux
acquisitions majeures avec Emcon Technologies et Plastal Allemagne et en renforçant ses
relations avec les grands constructeurs mondiaux. Yann Delabrière a annoncé que Faurecia entamait une nouvelle étape de développement stratégique en s’appuyant sur :
quatre activités, chacune figurant parmi les trois leaders mondiaux ;
un dispositif industriel mondial et une structure de coûts compétitive ;
le développement des programmes globaux et des plateformes véhicules mondiales ;
ses compétences produits et innovations animées par un réseau d’ingénierie
mondiale qui s’étend à la Chine et l’Inde ;
ses fortes positions techniques et commerciales en Amérique du Nord.
Cette nouvelle étape sera caractérisée par :
l’approfondissement du leadership tec hnologique des activités de Faurecia ;
l’accélération de son développement en Asie, notamment en Chine et en Corée du
Sud.
Objectifs 2014 :
2012 2014
Chiffres d’affaires total (en
milliards d’euros) 14,2 16,5
CAGR 12%
Marge opérationnelle 4,0-4,5% 5-6%
Dette nette / EBITDA <1 <0,5
Les présentations faites lors de la réunion d’information investisseurs sont disponibles sur www.faurecia.com
, rubrique « Actionnaires & Investisseurs ».
Faurecia est l’un des leaders mondiaux (N°5 mond ial) de l’équipement au tomobile dans quatre
activités clés : sièges d’automobile, technologies de contrôle des émissions, systèmes d’intérieur et
extérieurs d’automobile. Le Groupe a réalisé en 2009 un chiffre d’affaires de 9,3 milliards d’euros. Il
emploie 62 000 personnes dans 32 pays sur 200 sites et 33 centres de R&D. Faurecia est coté sur le
marché NYSE Euronext de Paris. En savoir plus : www.faurecia.fr
Page 2/2 Communiqué de presse
Contacts :
Presse
Olivier Le Friec Responsable Relations Presse Tél: +33 (0)1 72 36 72 58 Mob: +33 (0)6 76 87 30 17 [email protected]
Analystes/Investisseurs
Eric-Alain Michelis Directeur Relations Investisseurs Tél: +33 (0)1 72 36 70 94
Mob: +33 (0) 6 64 64 61 29
[email protected]
| 25,750 |
https://github.com/idadhamz/gg-homework-2021/blob/master/src/components/Navbar/index.test.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
gg-homework-2021
|
idadhamz
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 208 | 700 |
import React from "react";
import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
import { rest } from "msw";
import { setupServer } from "msw/node";
import { getUserProfile } from "../../services/apiSpotify";
import { Provider } from "react-redux";
import { store } from "../../redux/store";
import { BrowserRouter as Router } from "react-router-dom";
import Navbar from "./index";
const server = setupServer(
rest.get("https://api.spotify.com/v1/me", (req, res, ctx) => {
return res(
ctx.status(200),
ctx.json({
display_name: "Dadi Ilham S",
images: [
{
url: "https://i.scdn.co/image/ab6775700000ee85e1a7024a9121d89f3ab29f38",
},
],
})
);
})
);
beforeAll(() => server.listen());
afterAll(() => server.close());
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers());
describe("render components Navbar properly", () => {
it("render profile user in Navbar correctly", async () => {
const tokenValue = "contoh token";
const data = await getUserProfile(tokenValue);
const name = data.display_name;
const image = data.images[0].url;
expect(name).toBe("Dadi Ilham S");
expect(image).toBeDefined();
});
it("render element in component if login false correctly", () => {
render(
<Provider store={store}>
<Router>
<Navbar isLoggedInValue={false} />
</Router>
</Provider>
);
const logoImg = screen.getByTestId("logoImg");
const LoginSpotify = screen.getByText("Login On Spotify");
expect(logoImg).toHaveAttribute("src", "spotify.png");
expect(LoginSpotify).toBeInTheDocument();
});
it("render element in component if login true correctly", async () => {
render(
<Provider store={store}>
<Router>
<Navbar isLoggedInValue={true} />
</Router>
</Provider>
);
const logoImg = screen.getByTestId("logoImg");
const createPlaylists = screen.getByText("Create Playlists");
const LogoutSpotify = screen.getByText("Logout Spotify");
expect(logoImg).toHaveAttribute("src", "spotify.png");
expect(createPlaylists).toBeInTheDocument();
expect(LogoutSpotify).toBeInTheDocument();
});
});
| 38,838 |
https://github.com/juhoaj/tiralabra-tractus/blob/master/Tractus/src/main/java/ui/Interface.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
tiralabra-tractus
|
juhoaj
|
Java
|
Code
| 577 | 1,532 |
package ui;
import asciiPanel.AsciiPanel;
import asciiPanel.AsciiFont;
import engine.PlayerController;
import domain.World;
import engine.MonsterController;
import helpers.Distance;
import javax.swing.*;
/**
* <h1>Interface</h1>
* Responsible for user interface. Mainly setting up JFrame, AsciiPanel,
* KeyListener (that calls engine.PlayerAction to determine input result) and
* rendering.
*/
public class Interface extends JFrame {
private AsciiPanel terminal;
private KeyListener keylistener;
private int viewportWidth;
private int viewportHeight;
private MonsterController monsterController;
private PlayerController playerController;
private World world;
private Distance distance;
private int centerX;
private int centerY;
private int viewDistance;
private boolean debugging;
/**
* Constructor that receives parameters and objects used for output and
* receiving player actions.
*
* @param world contains and controls the map
* @param playerController receives imput from ui and controls player-object
* @param monsterController controls monsters
* @param viewportWidth width of viewport (characters)
* @param viewportHeight height of viewport (characters)
* @param debugging
*/
public Interface(World world, PlayerController playerController, MonsterController monsterController, int viewportWidth, int viewportHeight, boolean debugging) {
this.debugging = debugging;
if (viewportWidth <= 4 || viewportHeight <= 4 || viewportWidth > 52 || viewportHeight > 52) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("viewport size incompatible with ui");
}
this.viewportWidth = viewportWidth;
this.viewportHeight = viewportHeight;
this.keylistener = new KeyListener(playerController);
this.world = world;
this.monsterController = monsterController;
this.playerController = playerController;
this.terminal = new AsciiPanel(this.viewportWidth, this.viewportHeight, AsciiFont.DRAKE_10x10);
this.distance = new Distance();
super.add(terminal);
super.addKeyListener(keylistener);
super.setSize(this.viewportWidth * 10, this.viewportHeight * 10);
super.setVisible(true);
super.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
this.centerX = this.viewportWidth / 2;
this.centerY = this.viewportWidth / 2;
this.viewDistance = Math.min(this.viewportWidth, this.viewportWidth) / 2 - 2;
}
/**
* Renders and draws the view around the player on AsciiPanel object.
*/
public void refresh() {
terminal.clear();
int startX = this.playerController.getPlayerPosition()[0] - this.viewportWidth / 2;
int startY = this.playerController.getPlayerPosition()[1] - this.viewportHeight / 2;
this.drawMap(startX, startY);
this.drawCreatures(startX, startY);
terminal.repaint();
}
// renders visible map to the terminal. Starts from x,y and continues to x+viewportWidth, y+viewportHeight. Uses Distance's distance method to make the render circular.
private void drawMap(int startX, int startY) {
for (int x = 0; x < viewportWidth; x++) {
for (int y = 0; y < viewportHeight; y++) {
if (this.distance.getDistance(this.centerX, this.centerY, x, y) < this.viewDistance) {
char c = (char) 177;
if (this.world.getTerrain(x + startX, y + startY) == 1) {
c = (char) 250;
}
this.terminal.write(c, x, y);
}
}
}
}
// renders visible creatures to the terminal. Starts from x,y and continues to x+viewportWidth, y+viewportHeight. Uses Distance's distance method to make the render circular.
private void drawCreatures(int startX, int startY) {
this.terminal.write("@", this.playerController.getPlayerPosition()[0] - startX, this.playerController.getPlayerPosition()[1] - startY);
int[][] monsterPositions = this.monsterController.getMonsterPositions();
for (int i = 0; i < monsterPositions.length; i++) {
int monsterX = monsterPositions[i][0] - startX;
int monsterY = monsterPositions[i][1] - startY;
if (this.distance.getDistance(this.centerX, this.centerY, monsterX, monsterY) < this.viewDistance) {
this.terminal.write("*", monsterX, monsterY);
}
}
}
/**
* Draw's a single character on AsciiPanel
*
* @param character character to be drawn
* @param x x-coordinate of the character
* @param y y-coordinate of the character
*/
public void drawCharacter(char character, int x, int y) {
int originX = this.viewportWidth / 2 - this.playerController.getPlayerPosition()[0];
int originY = this.viewportHeight / 2 - this.playerController.getPlayerPosition()[1];
int drawX = x + originX;
int drawY = y + originY;
if (drawX > 0 && drawX < this.viewportWidth && drawY > 0 && drawY < this.viewportHeight) {
this.terminal.write(character, drawX, drawY);
}
}
/**
* Clears the view on AsciiPanel object.
*/
public void clear() {
terminal.clear();
}
/**
* Shows a short message to player.
*
* @param message message content
*/
public void message(String message) {
this.terminal.write(message, 0, 0);
}
}
| 17,128 |
https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8F
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Радобля
|
https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Радобля&action=history
|
Chechen
|
Spoken
| 110 | 394 |
Радобля () — Российн Федерацин Смоленскан областан Краснин кӀоштара эвла.
Бахархойн дукхалла
Климат
Климат барамера континенталан йу, амалехь барамера йовха аьхке а, барамера шийла Ӏа а ду. Ӏаьн хьалхара дакъа довха ду шолгӀачул. ХӀаваан йовхачу температуран (де-буьйсан йукъара барам) мур лаьтта 213-224 дийнахь. ГӀоролаш йоцучу муьран йукъара барам 125-148 де. Цхьацца шерашкахь хаало дикка дӀатовжар йийцинчу климатан амалех. Йочанийн шеран барам бу 645-691 мм. Кхааннах ши дакъа догӀан кепара догӀу, цхьа дакъа ло кепара хуьлу. Цхьаьна эшшара лон чкъор лаьтта декабрь болалуш, деша апрелан хьалхарчу декадехь.
Сахьтан аса
Кхузахь сахьт Москохца нийса лелаш ду. Сахьтан аса йу UTC+3.
Билгалдахарш
Хьажоргаш
Краснин кӀоштан индексаш
Смоленскан областан Краснин кӀоштан нах беха меттигаш
| 20,600 |
sn97063183_1943-05-14_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,943 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,029 | 2,983 |
United States Only Real Democracy Engaged in War By Roger W. Babson Babson Park, Mass., May 14— First let us remember that the United States is the only functioning constitutional democracy engaged in the war. Neither China nor Russia are democracies. Certainly none of the Axis countries are democracies. England has no written constitution although this fact is not necessary for my thesis this week. Certainly England and her Empire group are run on entirely different principles than is the United States. All the above means that whether we like it or not, World War II is gradually bound to get into politics. Furthermore, the longer the war lasts, the more it will become involved in politics. This is especially true as fear of American invasion or bombing disappears and there is a general feeling that we are bound to win. This is no reflection upon either the Republican or Democratic parties and least of all upon President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Having once been a presidential candidate myself, I want to definitely emphasize this point: World War II is bound to get into politics even if I or any reader of this column were President. Japan or Germany First The question of whether we shall first whip Japan or Germany, or go at them both 50-50, is already a question of politics. Many Republicans, led by General MacArthur. are for whipping Japan first, or at least giving her 50-50 of the dosage; while most of the Democrats, led by the President, are for whipping Germany first. Furthermore, sectionalism is a factor in this connection. The Pacific Coast is especially fearful of Japan; while the Atlantic Coast is especially fearful of Europe. The great Middle West, led by the Chicago Tribune is more or less noncommittal. Before Pearl Harbor this great section of the country was largely isolationists. Since then they have been very loyal, but in their hearts often wonder what it is all about. Then, this country is divided as to whether we are acting independently enough. Some seem to regret that when pulling our chestnuts out of the fire we also are pulling out England's. Personally, I believe we owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to England and am not at all sympathetic with this group of “America First.” In order to save ourselves we are obliged to save England although we are not in this war, per se, to save the British Empire. If after the war a vote should be taken on what we should do for the British Empire, I am afraid our good English cousins would be disappointed. Therefore, this has become more-or-less of a political football, with the New Dealers lining up with the British Empire and the Republicans play. SALLY'S SALLIES ARMY LADIES Do Know WOtff Of SPEAKS Do You Know Brighten Your Home with New Furniture TILT BACK CHAIRS WITH OTTOMAN Large Shipment of Breakfast Sets Arriving Living Room Sets Davenport and chair We still have more studio couches with springs See them now Storage Furniture Sales 71 N. Huron St. (Comer Pearl St.) OPEN EVENINGS Complete stock all kinds of furniture ign with the "America Firsters" program. This is further complicated by the leading Republican candidate for 1914. Wendell Will Taking a broad-minded, global view point; while another spectacular Republican, Clare Boothe Luce, backed by untold millions, seems to be for grabbing all we can for ourselves. Invention or Strangulation Perhaps the most important political struggle will develop in connection with the policy to be used in bringing Germany to her knees. One group favors the immediate invasion of Europe and I assume that President Roosevelt is behind these immediate invasion plans. By Europe, I mean the invasion of the Continent itself. Taking Norway is not invading Europe. Certainly, if this is not the intention of the Roosevelt Administration, it has been deceiving the American people. It has been deceiving the American people. It is generally assumed that the real invasion of points will be England, Norway, Africa, and Turkey. The invasion may be centered at one point or scattered over several points. I am not a military man and am unable to comment on this problem. I do, however, understand that the Administration favors working 100 percent with Russia and England. This means doing what Russia and England want as they are in the majority. Hence, I admit that an invasion may come at any time. Some Republicans believe that the immediate invasion program would require an uncalled-for sacrifice on the part of our people, in this belief they may be backed by a majority of the mothers and fathers, sisters, and sweethearts of the boys in the army. Furthermore, the larger the army becomes, the more sympathizers the Republicans will have to their substitute strategic policy, rather than the Democratic invasion policy. These Republicans might favor an invasion of Norway or Turkey in order to get bombing fields; but their primary object is to surround Germany and her conquered countries with a series of bombing fields in Russia. Norway, England, Turkey, and Africa, and gradually bomb the daylight out of Germany. They also favor the same policy as to Japan. As a student of political history, I know it is inevitable that this problem will get into United States politics. Uncertainty Results In Delay All this will tend to delay a 100 percent war effort until after the 1944 elections. These are only 18 months away and 18 months will go very rapidly. In view of the uncertainties and disagreements outlined above, such delays are inevitable. The nearer we approach the time of elections, the easier it will be to leave many decisions until after the elections. Certainly, unless a real invasion taxes place fairly soon, Germany and Japan cannot be conquered before November, 1944. Therefore, it seems to me as a statistician that we will not have world peace until January, 1945 at the earliest. What does this mean to my read ers? It means that farmers, wage workers, transportation companies and other groups which have been proipering from tbe war are justi fied in planning on a honeymoon of at least eighteen months longer. It means that businessmen and in vestors who have been suffering from the war must continue in their m PACKERS' VALUES £ , frits w fotk fttone §L fa, Jr ~ for WORK AND PLAY! A A oirv aw rVTD. ** ***“• aplenty to a youngster th* to an Important BUY AN EXTRA job the best that’s in him, every war-worker needs to est hesrtily, too It s handy to VWmmmK WAD ctaud Tnri »v nOVV ,h *' P,cK< ' r ‘ lovv P riC »» <=»" '« rx»'*r to g.e ,our family the tooos they In If .*■ WAK 51 AlVIr IUDAY need for abundant energy. It pays to ehop at Packer*. • j Look at this big Selection at Packers Outlet that J jt •*? 0 t RATIONED 4J*M And Every One Priced at Regular Low Packers’ Prices SCAT HAND SOAP 3 1 19c ROMAY CLEANER ?. t. 15c ROMAN CLEANSER 2 b 0,.. 15c BULLDOG BLUING 5£ 8c ROYAL LEMON CLEANSER. 2 rans 11 C SUPERSUDS Ige- pkg- 22c Pillsbury’s Pancake Flour .... pk g 7 9C GOLDEN DIPT BREADING 10 pk ° g * 14c BELL’S CLEANER Z 19C FRESH FIG BARS 2 it K. 35c KRISPY CRACKERS Z 18C LIFEBUOY SOAP 3 bar* 19c SUNSHINE MILK and HONEY GRAHAMS ' pk ° f 7 19C Ox-Heart Peanut Butter 2 l 62c SUNBLEST DILL PICKLES .. £ 19C VANISH DEODERIZER ..... Z 23c Meat Specials LEG OF MILK FED VEAL „ 31 C 7 VEAL CHOPS shoulder cut lb. 33C 6 MEATY VEAL STEW 27c 4 Vitkins Canadian Bacon, 59c 11 NECK BONES 9c 1 SLAB BACONS.... „ 35c 7 VEAL LOAF 24c 4 SAUERKRAUT 6c 0 PACKER'S Milk Loaf BREAD ”.r 2 f«r 17c LIFE Health Bread 16 or. loaf 8c THI YPSILANTI DAILY PRiSS. YPBILANTI, MICH., FRIDAY, MAY 14. I*4# present situation for n least eigh teen months longer. On the other hand, all groupt should remember that tbla Global War la not going to end so suddenly as did World War I. The final end will be seen far enough in advance so as to allow for discounting the event. PALMOLIVE SOAP 3 bars 19c PILLSBURY FLOUR 24 lb. bag $1.23 5 lb. bag 29c MICHIGAN OWNED AND OPERATED FOOD OUTLET MONTHS MONTHS THROUGH THURSDAY 9 A.M. to 5 p.m. Saturday 8-7 New Solution to Kill Germs Chicago, May 14—4 P—A new chemical solution, described as an antiseptic mixture and which when sprayed into a room will kill pneumonia and other germs, today was disclosed as the by-product of pneumonia research carried on for the past four years by University of Chicago scientists. The War Department's civilian HUNT CLUB DOG FOOD... 5 39c MORTON’S SALT 2 pkgs 15c FOULD’S MACARONI 2 pkgs 8c Old English No-Rub Wax... qt 39c 50c PHILLIPS MILK OF MAGNESIA... 26c 50c VELUCE HAND LOTION 26c SWAN SOAP 3 med. bar 17c Old English No-Rub Wax... qt 69c ERNST CORN FLAKES 2 pkgs 21c VELVET FACIAL TISSUE... 1 18c PROTEX Toilet Tissue 3 rolls 10c DURKEES FAMOUS SALAD DRESSING... 7 27c AUNT POLLY’S SOUPS... 3 NEW FRIDAY STORE HOURS 9:00 A.M. 9:00 P.M. TIBS- Box Tampkins To order, with Appliances to offer Two kinds of FISH now—with and without applications. Both 5 s<> typos are easy to use. And ?# " JjLGa both are "quick" I That's why FISH are so comfortable— (Srf 4 you hardly know you're so safe with FISH—you know FISH can't come apart! 10 wMi ipplnlin •» 11 wHfcowt mpp»cm*tn 27 - 29 E. MICHIGAN AVE. Spidamiologicai board races were reported that a thimbleful of the chemical known as triethylene glycol and similar to anti-freeze, sprayed into a large room such as an army barracks, would kill all the pneumonia and streptococcus germs within a few minutes. But scientists at the university who developed the solution said it not only will kill pneumonia and streptococcus germs, but also will kill influenza germs and probably common cold germs. Furthermore, the germs die instantly, they said. For his research in developing the solution, Dr. Oswald H. Robertson, professor of medicine at the University, was elected into the faculty. SWAN SOAP 3 lge. bar 28c Red Cross Paper Towels per roll 8c American Academy of Sciences. He was aided in his work by three colleagues. "Atr home germs are carried on microscopic particles of water floating in the air," Dr. Robertson explained. "The solution attaches itself to these droplets of water and smothers the germs." KILLEO QY CAR Dakota, Mich, May 14 INS The death of Claude K. Keys, 45, when he was struck by an automobile yesterday, brought the number of traffic fatalities in Detroit for 1913 to 69, as compared to 82 in the same period last year. With These Best Buyers in Canned Fruits, Vegetables, Meat and Fish ALASKA SALMON, 22c NIBLETSCORN, 12c BLUE LABEL WHOLE BEETS, 12c HONEY DEW PEAS, 15c C&E GRAPE JUICE, 27c ORANGE JUICE, 10c TOMATO JUICE, 21c TOMATO JUICE, 21c TOMATO JUICE, 21c N.Y. CHEESE, 19c DOMESTIC FINE FLAVORED in SWISS CHEESE, 14c CREAM VEGETABLE, 19c MARGARINE, 25c BROOKFIELD, AMERICAN CHEESE, 20c ROQUEFORT STYLE, 6c Gorgonzola Cheese, 19c CHEESE, 21c JESSO EGGS, 45c Fresh Fruits - Vegetables Fresh Calif. Telephone PEAS, 25c FLORIDA, 25c ORANGES, 25c FRESH, GREEN BEANS, 19c SP INACH h«» 19C CALIFORNIA DANDY BOV - ht -- carrots 3 20 c HOT HOUSE CUCUMBERS 2 for 25c IAKE ADVANTAGE OF OUR FREE PARKING LOT PAGE THREE ONI SUCCUMBS Detroit, May 14— A P—The Detroit Health Department said that 15 cases of illness and one death were reported after administration to children of a laxative containing a "foreign ingredient". Dr. Joseph G. Molner, medical director of the department, said that in all cases except one the medicine was given after publication of a warning last week by the manufacturers that shipments since March 1 contained an element causing nausea and vomiting. SPRY Lb. Jar 3-lb. Jar 25c 68c S points 15 Points STALEYS CREAM CORN STARCH lb. pkg. 8c.
| 21,100 |
4620310_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,543 | 2,147 |
Joseph J. Clement v. Commissioner.Clement v. CommissionerDocket No. 769-71.United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 1972-184; 1972 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 73; 31 T.C.M. (CCH) 903; T.C.M. (RIA) 72184; August 23, 1972, Filed Tried in Atlanta, Ga. Joseph J. Clement, pro se, 9883 Roswell Rd., Atlanta, Ga. *74 Dudley W. Taylor, for the respondent. FAYMemorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion FAY, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in the income tax liability of petitioner for the taxable years 1967 and 1968 in the respective amounts of $412.66 and $3,130.19. The issues for resolution are (1) whether amounts paid by petitioner to his former wife pursuant to a divorce decree qualify as periodic payments under section 71(a) (1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 19541 and are, therefore, deductible by petitioner under section 215 and (2) whether amounts paid by petitioner to his attorney as legal fees are deductible by petitioner under section 212. 904 Findings of Fact Some of the facts have been stipulated; they are so found and are incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioner was a resident of Atlanta, Georgia, during the taxable years 1967 and 1968 and at the time of the filing of the petition herein. Petitioner filed his Federal income tax returns for the taxable years 1967 and 1968 with the Southeast Service Center, Chamblee, Georgia. *75 Petitioner and Mary Anne Iggulden (Mary) were married in 1962. The marriage was the second for both parties. The marriage was not a happy one, and the ensuing marital discord adversely affected petitioner's business activities. Petitioner and Mary were divorced by a decree of the Superior Court of Fulton County, Georgia, dated October 20, 1967. The divorce decree provided, in pertinent part, as follows: On timely motion of counsel for the defendant made after the jury retired, for an award by the Court of attorneys' fees and expenses of litigation, the Court heard evidence and arguments with respect thereto, pro and con, and ordered prior to the jury's return of its verdict that the plaintiff pay to the defendant a total of ONE THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED FIFTY ($1,650.00) DOLLARS as attorneys' fees and expenses of litigation. The jury by its verdict granted to the defendant the lump sum of FIVE THOUSAND ($5,000.00) DOLLARS and the Court orders and decrees that the total amount of SIX THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED FIFTY ($6,650.00) DOLLARS due the defendant under the verdict of the jury and the Court's award of One Thousand Six Hundred Fifty ($1,650.00) Dollars to the defendant as attorneys' *76 fees and expenses of litigation be paid by the plaintiff to the defendant at the rate of THREE HUNDRED THIRTY TWO AND 50/100 ($332.50) DOLLARS per month on the first day of each month beginning November 1, 1967 and continuing on the first day of each month thereafter until the full amount of Six Thousand Six Hundred Fifty ($6,650.00) Dollars has been paid by plaintiff to the defendant. The divorce decree contained no express provision for the payment of support in the nature of alimony. Petitioner paid Mary amounts totalling $665 and $3,990 in 1967 and 1968, respectively. These amounts comprised two monthly payments of $332.50 each in 1967 and 12 monthly payments of $332.50 each in 1968. Approximately 25 percent of each monthly payment of $332.50 is attributable to petitioner's payment of the legal expenses incurred by Mary in the divorce proceeding. The remaining 75 percent of each monthly payment is attributable to the $5,000 lump sum awarded to Mary by the jury in the divorce proceeding. Petitioner paid his attorney the amounts of $639.25 and $1,200 in 1967 and 1968, respectively, for his services in representing petitioner in connection with the divorce proceeding. In his*77 returns for the taxable years 1967 and 1968, petitioner claimed an alimony deduction under section 215 for the amounts paid to Mary and a deduction under section 212 for the amounts paid to his attorney. Respondent in his notice of deficiency disallowed the claimed deductions and increased petitioner's taxable income to reflect the disallowance of these deductions. Opinion The first issue is whether petitioner's payments in 1967 and 1968 to his former wife are periodic payments in discharge of a legal obligation which is imposed on or incurred by the husband because of the marital or family relationship. If so, these payments are includable in the wife's income under section 712 and are deductible by the husband under section 215. 3 Petitioner contends that the payments comply with the requirements of sections 71 and 215. Respondent contends that the payments constitute a lump sum property settlement and are, therefore, not deductible by the petitioner. *78 905 In discussing this issue, we must first analyze the two component elements of each monthly payment of $332.50. Approximately 25 percent of each monthly payment is attributable to petitioner's payment of the legal expenses incurred by Mary in the divorce proceeding. The remaining 75 percent of each monthly payment is attributable to the $5,000 lump sum awarded to Mary by the jury in the divorce proceeding. It is well established that expenses are personal in nature if they arise as a product of the taxpayer's personal or family life and are, therefore, nondeductible. See section 262. It is also clear that the deductibility or nondeductibility of legal expenses incurred in a a divorce proceeding is contingent upon the origin of the expense, that is, legal expenses incurred in a divorce proceeding are deductible only if the taxpayer can establish that the legal expenses had their origin in the taxpayer's profit-seeking business activities and not in the divorce itself. United States v. Gilmore, 372 U.S. 39">372 U.S. 39 (1963); United States v. Patrick, 372 U.S. 53">372 U.S. 53 (1963); and William F. Wallace, Sr., 56 T.C. 624">56 T.C. 624 (1971). Petitioner can deduct his*79 payment of Mary's legal expenses incurred in the divorce proceeding only if these expenses originated in petitioner's profit-seeking business activities. Although it is apparent that petitioner's marital discord adversely affected his business operations, these consequences are irrelevant. See United States v. Gilmore, supra, and United States v. Patrick, supra.The conclusion remains that the divorce itself is the origin of Mary's legal expenses. Therefore, since Mary's legal expenses have a personal origin, we hold accordingly that the 25 percent of each monthly payment attributable to the payment of Mary's legal fees incurred in the divorce is not deductible by petitioner under the Gilmore and Patrick rationale. See David R. Pulliam, 39 T.C. 883">39 T.C. 883, 885 (1963), affd. 329 F. 2d 97 (C.A. 10, 1964), certiorari denied 379 U.S. 836">379 U.S. 836 (1964). The determination of whether the remaining 75 percent of each monthly payment in fact represents alimony or a property settlement is not controlled by the existence or nonexistence of descriptive labels in the divorce decree. Instead, this determination results from a close examination*80 of the facts in each specific case. See Ann Hairston Ryker, 33 T.C. 924">33 T.C. 924 (1960); Ernest H. Mills, 54 T.C. 608">54 T.C. 608 (1970), affd. 442 F. 2d 1149 (C.A. 10, 1971); Lewis B. Jackson,jr., 54 T.C. 125">54 T.C. 125 (1970); and Enid P. Mirsky, 56 T.C. 664">56 T.C. 664 (1971). Therefore, the fact that the term "alimony" was not expressly referred to in the divorce decree is not per se prejudicial to petitioner. However, this Court cannot ignore that petitioner has the burden of proving that the payments constituted alimony under section 71 and are accordingly deductible under section 215. See Enid P. Mirsky, supra, at 677, and Brantley L. Watkins, 53 T.C. 349">53 T.C. 349 359 (1969). Petitioner has introduced no evidence that would support his contention that the payments constituted support in the nature of alimony. 4 Thus, since petitioner has not satisfied his burden of proof with respect to this issue, we conclude that petitioner is not entitled to a deduction under section 215 for the taxable years 1967 and 1968 for the 75 percent of each monthly payment attributable to the amount awarded in the divorce proceeding. *81 With respect to the second issue, the previous discussion of United States v. Gilmore, supra, and United States v. Patrick, supra, is again relevant. The origin of petitioner's own legal expenses is the divorce and not his business activities. Therefore, we conclude that petitioner's own legal expenses incurred in the divorce proceeding are not deductible, and that the Commissioner properly disallowed the claimed deductions in the taxable years 1967 and 1968 pertaining to petitioner's own legal expenses. See David R. Pulliam, supra, at 885. Decision will be entered for the respondent. 906 Footnotes1. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, unless otherwise indicated.↩2. SEC. 71(a) General Rule. - (1) Decree of divorce or separate maintenance. - If a wife is divorced or legally separated from her husband under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance, the wife's gross income includes periodic payments (whether or not made at regular intervals) received after such decree in discharge of (or attributable to property transferred, in trust or otherwise, in discharge of) a legal obligation which, because of the marital or family relationship, is imposed on or incurred by the husband under the decree or under a written instrument incident to such divorce or separation. ↩3. SEC. 215(a) General Rule.
| 42,602 |
https://github.com/weikety/ECode/blob/master/ECode.Core/Checksums/Crc32_IEEE.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
ECode
|
weikety
|
C#
|
Code
| 750 | 3,185 |
using System;
using System.IO;
using ECode.Utility;
namespace ECode.Checksums
{
/// <summary>
/// Generate a table for a byte-wise 32-bit CRC calculation on the polynomial:
/// x^32+x^26+x^23+x^22+x^16+x^12+x^11+x^10+x^8+x^7+x^5+x^4+x^2+x+1.
///
/// Polynomials over GF(2) are represented in binary, one bit per coefficient,
/// with the lowest powers in the most significant bit. Then adding polynomials
/// is just exclusive-or, and multiplying a polynomial by x is a right shift by
/// one. If we call the above polynomial p, and represent a byte as the
/// polynomial q, also with the lowest power in the most significant bit (so the
/// byte 0xb1 is the polynomial x^7+x^3+x+1), then the CRC is (q*x^32) mod p,
/// where a mod b means the remainder after dividing a by b.
///
/// This calculation is done using the shift-register method of multiplying and
/// taking the remainder. The register is initialized to zero, and for each
/// incoming bit, x^32 is added mod p to the register if the bit is a one (where
/// x^32 mod p is p+x^32 = x^26+...+1), and the register is multiplied mod p by
/// x (which is shifting right by one and adding x^32 mod p if the bit shifted
/// out is a one). We start with the highest power (least significant bit) of
/// q and repeat for all eight bits of q.
///
/// The table is simply the CRC of all possible eight bit values. This is all
/// the information needed to generate CRC's on data a byte at a time for all
/// combinations of CRC register values and incoming bytes.
/// </summary>
public sealed class Crc32_IEEE : IChecksum
{
const uint CrcSeed = 0xFFFFFFFF;
static readonly uint[] CrcTable = new uint[] {
0x00000000, 0x77073096, 0xEE0E612C, 0x990951BA, 0x076DC419, 0x706AF48F, 0xE963A535, 0x9E6495A3,
0x0EDB8832, 0x79DCB8A4, 0xE0D5E91E, 0x97D2D988, 0x09B64C2B, 0x7EB17CBD, 0xE7B82D07, 0x90BF1D91,
0x1DB71064, 0x6AB020F2, 0xF3B97148, 0x84BE41DE, 0x1ADAD47D, 0x6DDDE4EB, 0xF4D4B551, 0x83D385C7,
0x136C9856, 0x646BA8C0, 0xFD62F97A, 0x8A65C9EC, 0x14015C4F, 0x63066CD9, 0xFA0F3D63, 0x8D080DF5,
0x3B6E20C8, 0x4C69105E, 0xD56041E4, 0xA2677172, 0x3C03E4D1, 0x4B04D447, 0xD20D85FD, 0xA50AB56B,
0x35B5A8FA, 0x42B2986C, 0xDBBBC9D6, 0xACBCF940, 0x32D86CE3, 0x45DF5C75, 0xDCD60DCF, 0xABD13D59,
0x26D930AC, 0x51DE003A, 0xC8D75180, 0xBFD06116, 0x21B4F4B5, 0x56B3C423, 0xCFBA9599, 0xB8BDA50F,
0x2802B89E, 0x5F058808, 0xC60CD9B2, 0xB10BE924, 0x2F6F7C87, 0x58684C11, 0xC1611DAB, 0xB6662D3D,
0x76DC4190, 0x01DB7106, 0x98D220BC, 0xEFD5102A, 0x71B18589, 0x06B6B51F, 0x9FBFE4A5, 0xE8B8D433,
0x7807C9A2, 0x0F00F934, 0x9609A88E, 0xE10E9818, 0x7F6A0DBB, 0x086D3D2D, 0x91646C97, 0xE6635C01,
0x6B6B51F4, 0x1C6C6162, 0x856530D8, 0xF262004E, 0x6C0695ED, 0x1B01A57B, 0x8208F4C1, 0xF50FC457,
0x65B0D9C6, 0x12B7E950, 0x8BBEB8EA, 0xFCB9887C, 0x62DD1DDF, 0x15DA2D49, 0x8CD37CF3, 0xFBD44C65,
0x4DB26158, 0x3AB551CE, 0xA3BC0074, 0xD4BB30E2, 0x4ADFA541, 0x3DD895D7, 0xA4D1C46D, 0xD3D6F4FB,
0x4369E96A, 0x346ED9FC, 0xAD678846, 0xDA60B8D0, 0x44042D73, 0x33031DE5, 0xAA0A4C5F, 0xDD0D7CC9,
0x5005713C, 0x270241AA, 0xBE0B1010, 0xC90C2086, 0x5768B525, 0x206F85B3, 0xB966D409, 0xCE61E49F,
0x5EDEF90E, 0x29D9C998, 0xB0D09822, 0xC7D7A8B4, 0x59B33D17, 0x2EB40D81, 0xB7BD5C3B, 0xC0BA6CAD,
0xEDB88320, 0x9ABFB3B6, 0x03B6E20C, 0x74B1D29A, 0xEAD54739, 0x9DD277AF, 0x04DB2615, 0x73DC1683,
0xE3630B12, 0x94643B84, 0x0D6D6A3E, 0x7A6A5AA8, 0xE40ECF0B, 0x9309FF9D, 0x0A00AE27, 0x7D079EB1,
0xF00F9344, 0x8708A3D2, 0x1E01F268, 0x6906C2FE, 0xF762575D, 0x806567CB, 0x196C3671, 0x6E6B06E7,
0xFED41B76, 0x89D32BE0, 0x10DA7A5A, 0x67DD4ACC, 0xF9B9DF6F, 0x8EBEEFF9, 0x17B7BE43, 0x60B08ED5,
0xD6D6A3E8, 0xA1D1937E, 0x38D8C2C4, 0x4FDFF252, 0xD1BB67F1, 0xA6BC5767, 0x3FB506DD, 0x48B2364B,
0xD80D2BDA, 0xAF0A1B4C, 0x36034AF6, 0x41047A60, 0xDF60EFC3, 0xA867DF55, 0x316E8EEF, 0x4669BE79,
0xCB61B38C, 0xBC66831A, 0x256FD2A0, 0x5268E236, 0xCC0C7795, 0xBB0B4703, 0x220216B9, 0x5505262F,
0xC5BA3BBE, 0xB2BD0B28, 0x2BB45A92, 0x5CB36A04, 0xC2D7FFA7, 0xB5D0CF31, 0x2CD99E8B, 0x5BDEAE1D,
0x9B64C2B0, 0xEC63F226, 0x756AA39C, 0x026D930A, 0x9C0906A9, 0xEB0E363F, 0x72076785, 0x05005713,
0x95BF4A82, 0xE2B87A14, 0x7BB12BAE, 0x0CB61B38, 0x92D28E9B, 0xE5D5BE0D, 0x7CDCEFB7, 0x0BDBDF21,
0x86D3D2D4, 0xF1D4E242, 0x68DDB3F8, 0x1FDA836E, 0x81BE16CD, 0xF6B9265B, 0x6FB077E1, 0x18B74777,
0x88085AE6, 0xFF0F6A70, 0x66063BCA, 0x11010B5C, 0x8F659EFF, 0xF862AE69, 0x616BFFD3, 0x166CCF45,
0xA00AE278, 0xD70DD2EE, 0x4E048354, 0x3903B3C2, 0xA7672661, 0xD06016F7, 0x4969474D, 0x3E6E77DB,
0xAED16A4A, 0xD9D65ADC, 0x40DF0B66, 0x37D83BF0, 0xA9BCAE53, 0xDEBB9EC5, 0x47B2CF7F, 0x30B5FFE9,
0xBDBDF21C, 0xCABAC28A, 0x53B39330, 0x24B4A3A6, 0xBAD03605, 0xCDD70693, 0x54DE5729, 0x23D967BF,
0xB3667A2E, 0xC4614AB8, 0x5D681B02, 0x2A6F2B94, 0xB40BBE37, 0xC30C8EA1, 0x5A05DF1B, 0x2D02EF8D
};
private uint checksum = 0;
public ulong Value
{
get { return checksum; }
}
public void Reset()
{
checksum = 0;
}
public void Update(byte b)
{
Update(new[] { b });
}
public void Update(byte[] bytes)
{
AssertUtil.ArgumentNotNull(bytes, nameof(bytes));
Update(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
}
public void Update(byte[] bytes, int index, int count)
{
if (bytes == null)
{ throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(bytes)); }
if (index < 0)
{ throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(index), $"Argument '{nameof(index)}' value must be >= 0."); }
if (index > bytes.Length)
{ throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(index), $"Argument '{nameof(index)}' value exceeds the maximum length of argument '{nameof(bytes)}'."); }
if (count < 0)
{ throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(count), $"Argument '{nameof(count)}' value must be >= 0."); }
if (index + count > bytes.Length)
{ throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(count), $"Argument '{nameof(index)} + {nameof(count)}' value exceeds the maximum length of argument '{nameof(bytes)}'."); }
checksum ^= CrcSeed;
while (--count >= 0)
{
checksum = CrcTable[(checksum ^ bytes[index++]) & 0xFF] ^ (checksum >> 8);
}
checksum ^= CrcSeed;
}
public void Update(Stream stream)
{
AssertUtil.ArgumentNotNull(stream, nameof(stream));
if (!stream.CanRead)
{ throw new ArgumentException($"Argument '{nameof(stream)}' cannot be read."); }
var count = 0;
var buffer = new byte[1024];
while ((count = stream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length)) > 0)
{
Update(buffer, 0, count);
}
}
}
}
| 9,297 |
https://github.com/TNOCS/csTouch/blob/master/framework/csCommonSense/Plugins/Presenter/ViewModels/ItemType.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
csTouch
|
TNOCS
|
C#
|
Code
| 28 | 116 |
namespace nl.tno.cs.presenter
{
public enum ItemType
{
folder,
content,
image,
video,
mediafolder,
script,
unknown,
csvlayer,
presentation,
dataservice,
web,
shortcut,
qr,
shortcutList,
tilelayer,
website,
batch,
config,
videobackground
}
}
| 14,829 |
<urn:uuid:32d1415a-f0d2-4036-a11f-6ff931cebc39>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,015 |
https://www.isae-supaero.fr/IMG/pdf/raa_du_10072015.pdf
|
isae.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 182 | 307 |
2015/ N° 1
Publié le 10/07/2015
2015/002 – Délibération du Conseil d'Administration n° 25/5 relative à l'Opération PPP Résidences –
refinancement du crédit escompte
2015/003 – Délibération du Conseil d'Administration n° 25/6 relative à l'Opération PPP Résidences –
Nouvelle convention tripartite dans le cadre du refinancement du crédit escompte
2015/004 - Avenant n° 4 au contrat de partenariat du 24 janvier 2012 relatif au financement, à la
conception, à la construction, à l'entretien, à la maintenance et à l'exploitation d'une nouvelle résidence
des élèves et au financement, à la conception, la réhabilitation, l'entretien, la maintenance et l'exploitation
des trois résidences existantes et d'un ancien bâtiment à destination de locaux associatifs et administratifs
situés sur le campus de Rangueil de l'ISAE à Toulouse et de ses aménagements connexes.
2015/005 – Décision portant sur les tarifs des loyers dans les résidences de l'ISAE
2015/006 – Décision portant sur la revalorisation des tarifs de prestations et mises à disposition
d'installations et de matériels de l'ISAE
2015/007 – Décision portant délégation de signature dans les domaines financiers
2015/008 – Décision portant habilitation dans les domaines financiers
| 44,561 |
https://github.com/enigosi/sanity/blob/master/packages/@sanity/state-router/demo-server/components/NotFound.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
sanity
|
enigosi
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 42 | 117 |
import PropTypes from 'prop-types'
import React from 'react'
import StateLink from '../../src/components/StateLink'
export default class NotFound extends React.PureComponent {
static propTypes = {
location: PropTypes.string
}
render() {
return (
<div>
<h2>Page not found</h2>
<StateLink toIndex>Go to index</StateLink>
</div>
)
}
}
| 45,730 |
cu31924077728263_31
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,880 |
The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies
|
United States. War Dept | United States. Record and Pension Office | United States. War Records Office | Moodey, John Sheldon, 1842- | Cowles, Calvin D. (Calvin Duvall), 1849- | Ainsworth, Fred C. (Fred Crayton), 1852-1934 | Scott, Robert N. (Robert Nicholson), 1838-1887 | Lazelle, Henry Martyn, 1832- | Davis, George B. (George Breckenridge), 1847-1914 | Perry, Leslie J | Kirkley, Joseph W. (Joseph William), 1841-1912
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,710 | 16,560 |
Until I can get sufficient force organized to make it safe to throw my lines around them, I have further informed them I shall not require the oath of allegiance. I think we are much indebted to General Wild and his negro troops for what they have done, and it is but fair to record that while some complaints are made of the action authorized by General Wild against the inhabitants and their property, yet all the com- mittees agree that the negro soldiers made no unauthorized inter- ferences with property or persons, and conducted themselves with propriety. I find betweeii some of the officers in this department in com- mand of white soldiers, a considerable degree of prejudice against the colored troops, and in some cases impediments have been thrown in the way of their recruiting, and they interfered with on their expeditions. This I am investigating, and shall punish with the most stringent measures, trusting and believing my action will be sustained by the Department. I also find some incompetent officers in the negro regiments. The Board of Examination cannot always develop the character of the officer, although it may make some possible guess at his requirements. I shall take leave, therefore, to report for dismissal those who in my judgment, upon investigation, are not fit for the service. The negro troops, to have a fair chance, ought to have first-class officers, for from their habits of obedience and discipline, they are more apt to depend upon their officers than are white soldiers.. I beg leave to inclose * a copy of General Wild's report, and also the original proceedings of the citizens of Pasquotank. •I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours, BENJ, F. BUTLER, Major- General, Commanding. *8eePartI, p. 911. - - -^ Chap. XU.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. ^UNION. 597 [Inclosure.l PETITION OF 623 CITIZENS OF PASQUOTANK. At a meeting of the citizens of Pasquotank County, N. C. , held at the court-house in. Elizabeth City, December 19, 1863, Dr. Will- iam G. Pool being called to the chair and Isaiah Fearing selected secretary, a committee consisting of George W. Brooks, John C. Ehringhause, R. F. Overman, William H. Clark, and (by motion) William G. Pool were appointed to present suitable matter for the action of this meeting. Being called upon, George W. Brooks, chairman, submitted the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously and enthusiastically adopted: Whereas the county of Pasquotank has suffered immensely since the fall of Roanoke Island, mthout aid or protection from any source ; and whereas we have been lately visited, by order of General Benjamin F. Butler, by such force and imder such circumstances as to cause universal panic and distress ; and whereas we have been assured by General E. A. Wild, in command of this force, that he will continue to operate here, even to the destruction, if necessary, of every species of property for the purpose of " ridding this county of partisan rangers ; " and whereas we believe that these rangers cannot be of any service to us, but that their further presence here wiU bring upon us speedy and inevitable ruin ; and whereas we are promised to be " let alone if these rangers be removed or disbanded and return quietly home, and, further, if that species of business known as " blockade running " be desisted from : Therefore, in view of these facts and of this condition of tilings. Resolved, That we earnestly petition the Governor and Legislature of North Caro- lina, satisfied that you cannot protect us with any force at your conunand, to remove or disband these few rangers ; on motion, Resolved, That we denounce that species of business carried on here by private citizens for private gain known as " blockade running," and tliat we will hereafter use our best efforts to suppress such trade. On motion, Barney Berry, Dr. J. J. Shannonhouse, John D. Mark- ham, Thomas I. Murden, B. F. Whitehurst, Timothy Hunter, Frank Vaughan, and D. D. Raper, being one from each captain's district in the county, were appointed to obtain the signature of every male citizen in the county above the age of eighteen years to this appli- cation to the Governor and Legislature of North Carolina and to General B. F. Butler. On motion, Jerry Wilcox and C. L. Cobb were appointed to fur- nish to the above committee, from the census returns and other sources, the names of all white males in this county above the ages of eighteen years. On motion, William H. Clark, Dr. J. J. Shannonhouse, and Rich- ard B. Creecy were appointed a committee to bear these proceedings to the Governor and Legislature of North Carolina, and to ask their immediate attention to the same. On motion, a committee consisting of George W. Brooks, George D. Pool, and John J. Grandy was appointed to bear the proceed- ings to General B. F. Butler, at Fort Monroe, and to learn of him whether the removal of partisan rangers from this county, and the ceasing of all persons in this county to run the blockade, will secure us, through him, from raids by United States forces through this county and the further destruction of our property. On motion, George W. F. Dashiel and Reuben F. Overman were appointed a committee to raise funds to defray the expenses of the committee to Raleigh and Fort Monroe. On motion, the following persons were appointed to bear the pro- 598 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., Ml)., AND PA. tCHAP. JcLi. ceedings of this meeting to the following counties, viz : Charles C. Pool, to Chowan ; Andrew J. Perry, to Gates ; John H. Perry, to Perquimans ; J. B. Shaw, to Camden ; and C. L. Cobb, to Currituck. On motion, the meeting adjourned, to be called together by the chairman whenever he might deem it advisable. (Signed by W. G. Pool, chairman; Isaiah Fearing, secretary; Benoni Cartright, John W. Graves, Jesse M. Rhodes, Charles Meeds, Marmaduke Rhodes, James Gannon, Barney Perry, et al.) Elizabeth City, December 26, 1863. I certify on honor that the above list of names is a true copy, as handed to me by each committee from each district. ISAIAH FEARING, Secretary. Abstract from return of tlie Army of tlie Potomac, Maj. Oen. John Sedgivick, XJ. 8. Army, commanding, for the month of December, 1863. Commaiid. General headquarters a. En^eer troops Artillery Reserve First Army Corps Second Army Corps Third Army Corps Fifth Army Corps Sixth Army Corps Cavalry Corps Total. 3,703 78,011 94,151 146,208 Present for duty. E o 71 37 85 516 687 655 582 676 494 743 1,041 2,649 11,081 10,505 14,638 11,036 13,429 12,869 in 947 1,858 3,015 13,443 12,382 17,474 12,914 16,630 16,088 to 1,970 1,843 3,501 21,161 22,340 26,294 19,618 28,558 25,923 Recesof artillery. 78 28 31 46 32 291 a Includes staff, provost-^ard, and signal corps. Organization of the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. John Sedg- luich, U. S. Army* commanding, December 31, 1863. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. PKOTOST aUABD. Brig. Gen. Mabsena R. Patrick. 1st Maryland Cavalry, Capt. Joseph H. Cook. 80th New York (30th Militia), Col. Theodore B. Gates. 93d New York, Maj. Samuel McConihe. 1st U. S. Cavalry (squadron), Capt. Isaac R. Dunkelberger. 2d, 5th, and 6th United States and 1st Maine Cavalry (detachments from). ENGINEER BRIGADE. Brig. Gen. Henry W. Benham. 15th New York (battaUon), Mai. William A. Ketchum. 50th New York, Col. William H. Pettes. Battalion U. S. Engineers. Capt. Charles N. Turnbull. *Maj. Gen. Gee Chap. XLIJ COKEESPONDENCE, ETC. — UNION. 599 ORDNANCE DETACHMENT. Lieut. Morris Schatp. GUARDS AND ORDERLIES. Oneida (New York) Cavalry, Capt. Daniel P. Mann. SIGNAL CORPS. Capt. Lemuel B. Norton. FIRST ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John Newton. ESCORT. 4th and 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry (detachments), Capt. Robert A. Robinson. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler. Second Brigade. First Brigade. Col. William W. Robinson. 19th Indiana, Maj. John M. Lindley. 24th Michigan, Col. Henry A. Morrow. 1st New York Sharpshooters (battalion), Capt. Joseph S. Arnold. 2d Wisconsin, Lieut. Col^ John Mans- field. 6th Wisconsin, Col. Edward S. Bragg. 7th Wisconsin, Maj. Mark Finnicum. Brig. Gen. James C. Rice. 7th Indiana, Col. Ii'a G. Grover. 76th New York, Lieut. Col. John E. Cook. 84th New York (14th Mihtia), Col. Ed- ward B. Fowler. 9oth New York, Maj. Edward Pye. 147th New York, Col. Francis C. MiUer. 56th Pennsylvania, Col. J. William Hofmann. Brig. First Brigade. Col. Thomas F. McCoy. SECOND division. Gren. John C. Robinson. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter. 16th Maine, Maj. Archibald D. Leavitt. 13th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. N. Wal- ter Batchelder. 39th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Charles L. Peirson. 94th New York, Maj. Samuel A. Mof- fett. 104th New York, Lieut. Col. John R. Strang. 107th Pennsylvania, Maj. Henry J. Sheafer. 12th Massachusetts, Capt. Charles W. Ha.stings. 83d New York (9th Militia), Col. Joseph A. Moesch. 97th New York, Col. Charles Wheelock. 11th Pennsylvania, Maj. John B. Keenan. 88th Pennsylvania, Capt. John S. Stee- ple. 9Dtli Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. William A. Leech. First Brigade. Col. Langhorne Wister. 121st Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Alex- ander Biddle. 142d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Alfred B. McCabnont. 143d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John D. Musser. 149th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Walton Dwight. 150th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Henry S. Huidekoper. THIRD DIVISION. Col. Nathan T. Dushane.* Secmid Brigade. Lieut. Col. Charles E. Phelps. 1st Maryland, Capt. Robert W. Rey- nolds. 4th Maryland, Capt. J. Bailey Orem. 7th Maryland, Capt. Edward M. Mobley. 8th Maryland, Capt. Charles T. Dixon. *Brig. Gen. John R. Kenly temporarily absent. 600 OPEKATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XLl. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Col. Charles S. Wainwright. Maine Light, 5th Battery (E), Capt. Greenleaf T. Stevens. Maryland Light, Battery A, Capt. James H. Rigby. 1st New York Light, Battery H, Capt. Charles E. Mink. 1st New York Light, Batteries E and L, Capt. Gilbert H. Reynolds. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Battery B, Capt. James H. Cooper. 4th United States, Battery B, Lieut. James Stewart. SECOND ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. ESCORT. 10th New York Cavalry, Company M, ) t ■ j. t> i. j. t. 13th Pennsylvania Cavahy, Company G, \ ^'^^*- ^"^^ Brown. first division. Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell. First Brigade. CoL H. Boyd McKeen. 36th Michigan, Col. Judson S. Farrar. 61st New York, Capt. Thomas G. Mor- rison. 81st Pennsylvania, Maj. Thomas C. Harkness. 140th Pennsylvania, Col. John Fraser. Second Brigade. Col. Patrick Kelly. Col. Richard 28th Massachusetts, Byrnes. 63d New York, Capt. Peter T. Boyle, f 69th New York (detachment). 88th New York, Capt. Patrick Ryder. 116th Pennsylvania (battalion), Capt. Garrett Nowlen. Third Brigade. Col. Fxvh Frank. 52d New York,* Maj. Henry M. Kar- 57th New York, Lieut. Col. Alford B. Chapman. 66th New York, Lieut. Col. John S. Hammell. 148th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. George A. Fairlamb. Fourth Brigade. Col. William P. Baily. 2d Delaware, Lieut. Col. David L. Strieker. 64th New York, Maj. Leman W. Brad- ley. 53d Pennsylvania (seven companies), Capt. Archibald F. Jones. 145th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. David B. McCreary. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb. Mrst Brigade. Second Brigade. Col. Henry W. Hudson. Col. Arthur F. Devereux. 19th Maine, Lieut. Col. Henry W. Cun- 69th Pennsylvania, Capt. Patrick S. ningham. Tinen. 15th Massachusetts, Capt. Charles H. 71st Pennsylvania.Col. R. Eenn Smith. Eager. 73d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Alexander 1st Minnesota, Lieut. Col. Charles P. McCuen. Adams. 106th Pennsylvania, Lieut, Col. William 83d New York (2d Militia), Maj. h. Curry. Thomas W. Baird. 152d New York, Lieut. Col. George W. Thompson. * Detachment 7th New York attached. Chap. XLI.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. UNION. 601 Third Brigade. Col. TUENER G. MOREHEAD. 19th Massachusetts, Maj. Edmund Rice. 20th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. George N. Macy. 7th Michigan, Col. Norman J. Hall. 43d New York, Lieut. Col. William A. Lynch. 59th New York (battalion), Lieut. Col. Horace P. Rugg. 1st Company (Andrew) Massachusetts Sharpshooters, Lieut. Samuel G. Gilbreth. 2d Company Minnesota Sharpshooters, Lieut. William Harmon. THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays. First Brigade. Col. Samuel S. Carroll. 14th Indiana, Col. John Coons. 4th Ohio, Maj. Peter Grubb. 8th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Franklin Sawyer. 7th West Virginia (battalion), Capt. Isaac B. Fisher. Second Brigade. Col. Charles J. Powers. 14th Connecticut, Col. Theodore G. Ellis. 1st Delaware, Col. Thomas A. Smyth. 13th New Jersey, Col. J. Howard Wil- lets. 10th New York (battalion), Maj. George F. Hopper. 108th New York, Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. Third Brigade. Col. Levin Crandell. 39th New York, Capt. Bernard Bear. 111th New York, Lieut. Col. Isaac M. Lusk. 135th New York, Capt. Edward P. Jones. 126th New York, Lieut. Col. William H. Baird. ajrtillery brigade. Lieut. Col. J. Albert Monroe. 1st New York Light, Battery G, Lieut. Samuel A. McCleUan. Pennsylvania Light, Battery C, Capt. James Thompson. Pennsylvania Light, Battery F, Capt. Nathaniel Irish. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Batteries F and G, Lieut. Charles B. Brockway. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery A, Capt. William A. Arnold. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery B, Capt. John G. Hazard. 5th United States, Battery C, lieut. Richard Metcalf. THIRD ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gren. William H. French. FIRST DIVISION. Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. Second Brigade. Col. Elijah Walker. First Brigade. Col. Charles H. T. Collis. 57th Pennsylvania, Col. Peter Sides. 63d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John A. Danks. 105th Pennsylvania, Col. Calvin A. Craig. 110th Pennsylvania (battalion), Maj. Levi B. Duff. 114th Pennsylvania, Maj. Edward R. Bowen. 141st Pennsylvania, Col. Henry J. MadiU. 3d Maine, Maj. WUham C. Morgan. 4th Maine, Capt. Edwin Libby. 20th Indiana, Col. William C. L. Taylor. 86th New York, Lieut Col. Jacob H. Lansing. 134th New York, Lieut. Col. Francis M. Cummins. 99th Pennsylvam'a, Col. Asher S. Leidy. 2d U. S. Sharpshooters, Lieut. Col. Homer R. Stoughton. 602 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XLI, Third Brigade. Col. Bykon E. Pieece. 17th Maine, Col.' George W. West. 3d Michigan,* Maj. Moses B. Houghton. 68th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Jacob W. Greenawalt. 1st U. S. Sharpshooters, Capt. Frank E. Marble. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Henry Prince. First Brigade. Col. William Blaisdell. 1st Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Clark B. Baldwin. 11th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Porter D. Tripp. 16th Massachusetts, lieut. Col. Waldo Merriam. 11th New Jersey, Col. Robert McAllister. 26th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Robert L. Bodine. 84th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Milton Opp. Second Brigade. Col. William R. Brewster. 70th New York, Col. J. Egbert Famum. 71st New York, Col. Henry L. Potter. 72d New York, Lieut. Col. John Leon- ard. 73d New York, Lieut. Col. Michael W. Burns. 74th New York, Maj. Henry M. AUes. 120th New York, Maj. John R. Tappen. TTiird Brigade. Brig. Gen. Gershom Mott. 5th New Jersey, Maj. Ashbel W. Angel. 6th New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Stephen R. Gilkyson. 7th New Jersey, Capt. James McKieman. 8th New Jersey, Maj. "Virgil M. Healey. 115th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John P. Dunne. THIRD DIVISIOK. Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Cabr. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. William H. Morris. 14th New Jersey, Col. William S. Truex. 151st New York, Lieut. Col. Erwin A. Bowen. 10th Vermont, Maj. Charles G. Chan- dler. Second Brigade. Col. J. Warren Keifer. 6th Maryland, Maj. Joseph C. Hill. 110th Ohio, Capt. WilUam S. McElwain. 132d Ohio, Col. William H. Ball. 138th Pennsylvania, Capt. George W. Guss. Third Brigade. Col. Benjamin F. Smith. 106th New York, Lieut. Col. Charles Townsend. 126th Ohio, Capt. George W. Voorhes. 67th Pennsylvania, Col. JohnF. Staunton. 87th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. James A. Stable. * Detachment 5th Michigan and 4ftth New York attached. Chap. XU.] COERESPONDENCE, ETC. UNION. 603 ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. O'Neil W. Robinson, jr. Maine Light, 4th Battery (D), Capt. O'Neil W. Robinson, jr. Massachusetts Light, 10th Battery, Capt. J. Henry Sleeper. New Hampshire Light, 1st Battery, Capt. Frederick M. EdgeU. 1st New Jersey Light, Battery B, Capt. A. Judson Clark. 1st New York Light, Battery D, Capt. George B. Winslow. New York Light, 12th Battery, Capt. George F. McKnight. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery E, Lieut. John K. Bucklyn. 4th United States, Battery K, Lieut. Jolm W. Roder. FIFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gren. George Sykes. PROVOST GUARD. 12th New York, Companies D and E, Lieut. Joseph Hilton. FIRST DIVISION. Col. Jacob B. Sweitzer. First Brigade. Col. James Gwyn. 18th Massacliusetts, Maj. Thomas Wes- ton. 32d Massachusetts, Maj. Mason W. Burt. 1st Michigan, Maj. George C. Hopper. 118th Pennsylvania, Maj. Henry O'Neill. Second Brigade. Lieut. Col. James C. Hull. 9th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Patrick T. Hanley. 32d Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Lutlier Stephenson, jr. 4th Michigan, Lieut. Col. George W. Lumbard. 62d Pennsylvania, Capt. Samuel Con- ner. Third Brigade. Col. Joseph Hayes. 30th Maine, Maj. Ellis Spear. 16th Michigan, Lieut. Col. Norval E. Welch. 44th New York, Lieut. Col. Freeman Conner. 83d Pennsylvania, Maj. William H. Lamont. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres. First Brigade. Col. Sidney Burbank. 2d United States (six companies), Capt. James W. Long. 3d United States (six companies), Capt. Richard G. Lay. 11th United States (six companies), Maj. Jonathan W. Gordon. 12th United States, Maj. Luther B.Bruen. 14th United States (eight companies), Capt. Edward McK. Hudson. 17th United States (seven companies), Capt. Walter B. Pease. Second Brigade. Col. Edgar M. Gregory. 140th New York. Col. George Ryan. 146th New York, Col. David T. Jenkins. 91st Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Joseph H. Sinex. 155th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Alfred L. Pearson. 604 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. THIED DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford. [Cbap. XLI. First Brigade. Col. WlLUAM McCANDLESS. 1st Pennsylvania Reserves, Col. Will- iam C. Talley. 3d Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. Patrick McDonough. 6th Pennsylvania Reserves, Col. Wel- lington H. Ent. tt 11th PennsylvaniaReserves, Col. Samuel M. Jackson. 13th Pennsylvania Reserves (1st Rifles), Maj. William R. Hartshome. Third Brigade. Col. Joseph W. Fisher. 5th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. George Dare. 9th Pennsylvania Reserves, Maj. Charles Barnes. 10th Peimsylvania Reserves, Capt. C. MiUer Over. 12th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. Richard Gustin. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. Almont Barnes. Massachusetts Light, 3d Battery (C), Lieut. Aaron F. Walcott. Massachusetts Light, 5th Battery (E), Capt. Charles A. Phillips. 1st New York Light, Battery C, Lieut. Ela H. Clark. 1st Ohio Light, Battery L, Capt. Frank C. Gibbs. 3d United States, Batteries F and K, Lieut. G«orge F. Barstow. 5th United States, Battery D, Lieut. Benjamin F. Rittenhouse. SIXTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. escort. 1st Vermont Cavalry (detachment), Capt. Andrew J. Grover. first division. Brig. Gen. David A. Russell. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alfred T. A. Torbert. 1st New Jersey, Lieut. Col. William Henry, jr. 2d New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Charles Wiebecke. 3d New Jersey, Maj. WOUam E. Bryan. 4th New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Charles Ewing. 15th New Jersey, Col. William H. Pen- rose. Second Brigade. Col. Emory Upton. 5th Maine, Maj. Aaron S. Daggett. 131st New York, Lieut. Col. E. Olcott. 95th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Edward Carroll. 96th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. WDUam H. Lessig- Third Brigade. Lieut. Col. Gideon Clark. 6th Maine, Maj. George Fuller. 49th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Thomas M. Hulings. 119th Pennsylvania, Maj. Henry P. Truefitt, jr. 5th Wisconsin, Lieut. Col. Theodore B. CatUn. Chap. XLIJ COKKESPONDENCE, ETC. UNION, SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe. Second Brigade. Col. Thomas O. Seaveb. 605 2d Vermont, Col. James H. Walbridge. 3d Vermont, Lieut. Col. Samuel E. Pin- gree. ^ 4th Vermont, Lieut. Col. George P. Fos- ter. 5th Vermont (battalion), Capt. Leonard D. Tice. 6th Vermont, Lieut. CoL Oscar A.Hale. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Neill. 7th Maine (six companies), Col. Edwin C. Mason. 43d New York, Lieut. Col. John "Wil- son. 49th New York, Lieut. Col. George W. Johnson. 77th New York, Lieut. CoL Winsor B. French. 61st Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. George F. Smith. THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Heney D. Teery. First Brigade. Col. Joseph E. Hamblin.* 65th New York, Capt. David I. Miln. 67th New York, Col. Nelson Cross. 123d New York, Lieut. Col. Augustus W. Dwight. 23d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John F. Glenn. 82d Pennsvlvania, Lieut. Col. John M. Wetherill. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Henry L. Eustis. 7th Massachusetts, Col. Thomas D. Johns. 10th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Joseph B. Parsons. 37th Massachusetts, Col. Oliver Edwards. 2d Rhode Island, Col. Horatio Rogers, Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. 62d New York, Lieut. Col. Theodore B. Hamilton. 93d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John S. Long. 98th Pennsylvania, CoL John F. BaUier. 102d Pennsylvania, Col. John W. Patterson. 139th Pennsylvania, lieut. CoL WiUiam H. Moody. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Maj. John A. Tompkins. Massachusetts Light, 1st Battery (A), Capt. WiUiam H. McCartney. New York Light, 1st Battery, Capt; Andrew Cowan. New York Light, 3d Battery, Capt. WiUiam A. Ham. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery C, Capt. Richard Waterman. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery G, Capt. Greorge W. Adams. 4th United States, Battery C, Lieut. Charles L. Fitzhugh. 5th United States, Battery F, lieut. Alexander J. McDonald. 5th United States, Battery M, Capt. James McKJiight. * Brig. Gen. Alexander Shaler temporarily absent. 606 OPEBATIONS EST N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. fCHAP. XLI. CAVALRY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton. HEADQUARTERS GUARD. 6th United States, Capt. Andrew W. Evans. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Wesley Mereitt. First Brigade. Col. William Gamble. 8th Illinois, Lieut. Col. David R. Clen- denin. • 3d Indiana (six companies), Maj. Will- iam Patton. 8th New York, Lieut. Col. Wilham L. Markell. Second Brigade. lieut. Col. George S. Nichols. 4th New York, Maj. William R. Par- nell. 6th New York, Maj. William P. Hall. 9th New York, Capt. Wilber G. Bently. 17th Pennsylvania, Maj. Coe Durland. 3d West Virginia, Companies A and C, Maj. Seymour B. Conger. Reserve Brigade. Col. Alfred Gibbs. 19th New York (Ist Dragoons), Maj. Howard M. Smith. 6th Pennsylvania, Capt. Benoni Lockwood. 1st United States, Capt. Napoleon B. Sweitzer. 2d United States, Capt. George A. Gordon. 5th United States, Capt. Abraham K. Arnold. SECOND division. Col. John P. Taylor.* First Brigade. Lieut. Col. David Gardner. 1st Massachusetts, Capt. Benjamin W. Crowninshield. 1st New Jersey, Lieut. Col. John W. Kester. 6th Ohio, Lieut. Col. William Stedman. 1st Pennsylvania, Capt. Alex. Davidson. 3d Pennsylvania, Maj. James W.Walsh. 1st Rhode Island, Lieut. Col. John L.. Thompson. Second Brigade. Col. Charles H. Smith. Ist Maine, Lieut. Col. Stephen Boothby. 10th New York, Lieut. Col. Wilham Ir- vine. 2d Pennsylvania, Maj. Joseph Steele. 4th Pennsylvania, Maj. George H. Covode. 8th Pennsylvania, Maj. Joseph W. Wistar. 18th Pennsylvania, Maj. George F. Mc- Cabe. 16th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John K. Robison. third division. Brig. Gen. JuDSON Kilpatrick. Headquarters Guard. 1st Ohio Cavalry, Companies A and C, Capt. Samuel N. Stanford, First Brigade. Second Brigade, Brig. Gen. Henry E. Daties, jr. 2d New York, Lieut. Col. Otto Har- haus. 5th New York, Maj. Amos H. White. 18th Pennsylvania, Col. Timothy M. Bryan, jr. Brig. Gen. George A. Custeb. 1st Michigan, Col. Charles H. Town. 5th Michigan, Maj. Stephen P. Purdy. 6th Michigan, Lieut. Col. Henry E. Thompson. 7th Michigan, Lieut. Col. AUvne C. Litch- field. 1st Vermont, Lieut. Col. Addison W. Preston. * Brig. Gen. D. McM. Gregg temporarily absent. Chap. XLI.1 OOKEESPONDENCE, ETC. — UNION. 607 ARTILLERY.* Brig. Gen. Heney J. Hunt. AKTILLERY EESERVE. Lieut. Col. J-oJMES Brady. Second Volunteer Brigade. First Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Wallace Hill. Massachusetts Light, 9th Battery, Capt. John Bigelow. 1st New York Light, Battery B, Capt. Albert S. Sheldon. 1st Ohio Light, Battery H, Lieut. George W. Norton. 1st West Virginia Light, Battery C, Lieut. John G. Theis. Capt. Elijah D. Taft. 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery B, Capt. Albert F. Brooker. 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery M, Capt. Franklin A. Pratt. New York Light, 5th Battery, Capt. Elijah D. Taft. Third Volunteer Brigade. Maj. Robert H. Fitzhugh. Maine Light, 6th Battery (F),+ Capt. Edwin B. Dow. 1st New Jersey Light, Battery A, C^t. WiUiam Hexamer. 1st New York Light, Battery K, Capt. J. E. Burton (11th N. Y. Battery attached). New York Light, 15th Battery, Capt. Patrick Hart. 1st United States, Battery H, Lieut. .Tohn D. Wilson. HORSE ABTILLERY. First Brigade. Capt. James M. Robertson. New York Light, 6th Battery, Capt. Joseph W. Martin. 2d United States, Batteries B and L, Lieut. Samuel B. Mclntire. 2d • United States, Battery D, Lieut. James A. Sayles. 2d United States, Battery M, Lieut. Carle A. Woodruff. 4th United States, Battery A, Lieut. Frederick A. Fuger. 4th United States, Battery E, Lieut. Terrence ReUy. Second Brigade. Capt. Dunbar R. Ransom. 1st United States, Battery E, Lieut. lYank S. French. 1st United States, Battery I, Capt. Alanson M. Randol. 1st United States, Battery K, Lieut. John Egan.| 2d United States, Battery A, Lieut. John H. Calef.§ 2d United States, Battery G, Lieut. WUUam N. Denni3on.§ 3d United States, Battery C, Capt. Dunbar R. Ransom. Unattached. 6th New York Heavy Artillery, Maj. Absalom Crookston. •All organizations of artillery except the reserve will be found in the rosters of the commands with which they served, t Temporarily attached to the First Army Corps. i Serving with Second Cavalry Division. § Serving with First CavaJiy Division. 608 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XU. Abstract from return of the Department of Washington, Maj. Gen. Christopher C. Augur, U. S. Army, commanding, for the month of December, 1863. Present for duty. 1 1 1 n p f Command. 1 o a 1 ■s s General headquartersa 26 48 143 236 5 320 183 93 83 8 6 5 37 28 1,215 2,977 6,697 11 5,178 3,349 1,398 1,115 136 72 90 785 48 1,479 4,379 8,182 16 6,548 4,566 2,082 6,209 199 144' 106 937 50 1,681 5,297 8,907 16 7,664 5,913 2,443 5,608 208 169 130 983 Artillery Camp of Instruction 70 Defenses North of the Potomac 432 Defenses South of the Potomac 445 Tyler's division 6 6 T>iRt.rint nf Alp-'ran^n^v Camp Convalescent, &c TTnrt, Wn-shinfrt/in IVTrt 73 Glymont Landing, Md Mason's Island, D. C Total. 1,039 23,040 33,905 39,069 1,032 a Includes Brigadier-Generals Abercrombie and Weber, and staffs, and bemd of the 17th U S Infantry. 6 And 1st District of Columbia Cavalry. Troops in the Department of Washington (Twenty-second Army Corps), Maj. Gen. Christopher C. Augur, U. S. Army, com- manding, December 31, 1863. HEADQUAKTEES. Brig. Gen. John J. Abercrombie and staff. Brig. Gen. Max Weber and staff. LIGHT AETILLEKY CAMP OF INSTRUCTION.* Lieut. Col. James A. Hall. Connecticut Light, 3d Battery, Lieut. Walter S. Hotchkiss. Delaware Light, Nields Battery, Lieut. Charles G. Rumford. Maine Light, 2d Battery (B), Lieut. Ben- jamin P. Carr. Massachusetts Light, 7th Battery (G), Lieut. Wilbur G. McCurdy. New Jersey Light, 3d Battery, Capt. Christian Woemer. New Jersey Light, 4th Battery, Capt. George T. Woodbury. New Jersey Light, 5th Battery, Capt. Zenas C. Warren. DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON. Brig. Gen. John H. Mabtindale, Military Governor. 9th U. S. Veteran Reserve Corps, Col. George W. Gile. U. S. Veteran Reserve Corps (fifteen com- Sanies), Lieut. Col. Fabian Biy- olf. U. S. Ordnance Department, Maj. James G. Benton. 1st District Columbia Cavalry, Maj. Everton J. Conger. 11th New York Cavalry, Col. James B. Swain. Ist New York light. Battery F, Capt. William R. Wilson. New York Light, 19th Battery, Capt. Edward W. Rogers. New York Light, 33d Battery, Lieut. J. De Witt Wood. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Battery H,Capt. Andrew Fagan. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery H, Lieut. Walter M. Knight. 5th United States, Battery I, Lieut. W. Butler Beck. 5th United States, Battery D, Lieut. Samuel Peeples. 14th New Hampshire, Col. Robert Wil- son. 153d New York, Col. Edwin P.Davis. 37th Pennsylvania, Company F, Capt. John M. Carson. 150th Pennsylvania, Company K, Capt. Thomas Getchell. *Camps Barry and MarshaU, Brig. G«n. William F. Barry was chief pf artillery, defenses of Washington, ^ v » v «. ; , Chap. 2LI.] COBKESPONDENCE, ETC. — UNION. 609 DEFENSES NORTH OF THE POTOMAC* Lieut. Col. Joseph A. Haskin. First Brigade. Col. Augustus A. Gibson. 2d Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Col. Augustus A. Gibson. 1st VermontHeavyArtiUery, Col. James M. Warner. Second Brigade. Col. Lewis O. Moeris. 1st Maine Heavy Artillery, Col. Daniel Chaplin. 7th New York Heavy Artillery, Col. Lewis O.Morris. 9th New York Heavy Artillery, Col. Joseph Welling. 9th New York Battery.Capt. Emil Schu- bert. Third Brigade. Col. Alexander Piper. 9th New York Heavy Artillery, 3d Battalion,-)- Maj. Edward P.Taft. 10th New York Heavy Artillery, Col. Alexander Piper. Provisional Brigades. Maj. Gen. Silas Casey. [No troops.] defenses south of the POTOMAC, t Brig. Gen. Gustavus A. De Russy. First Brigade. Col. Thomas E. Tannatt. 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, Col. Thomas R. Tannatt. 2d New York Heavy Artillery, Col. Joseph N. G. Whistler. Second Brigade. Col. Henry L. Abbot. 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery, Col. Henry L. Abbot. 2d Connecticut Hea-vy Artillery, Lieut- Col. EUsha S. Kellogg. Third Brigade. Col. John C. Tidball. 4th New York Heavy Artillery, Col. John C. Tidball. 16th New York Cavaliy, Company D, Capt. A. Livingston Washbume. Fourth Brigade. Col. Louis Schirmer. 15th New York Heavy Artillery, Col- Louis Schirmer. Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, Company A, Maj. Charles C. Meservey. •Troops at Advance Battery and Forts Baker, Bunker Hill, Reno, Simmons, Slocum, and Sumner. t At Fort Foote. , , ^ „ , ,. t Headquarters at Arlington ; troops at Batteries Garesche and Rodgers, and at Forts Albany, Barnard. Bennett, Berry, Cass, Corcoran, Craig, Ellsworth, Ethan AUen, Famsworth, Haggerty, Lyon, Marcy, O'Rorke Reynolds Richardson, Runyon, C. F. Smith, StrSng, Tillinghast, Ward, Weed, Whipple, Willard, WiUiams, Woodbury, and Worth. 39 R R— VOL XXIX, PT II 610 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XU. TYLER'S DIVISION.* Col. Charles M. Alexander. Irish Legion. Col. James P. McIvor. 183d New York (69th New York Na- tional Guard Artillery), Lieut. Col. Thomas M. Reid. 155th New York. Col. Hugh C. Flood. 164th New York, Col. James P. Mc- Mahon. 170th New, York, Lieut. Col. Michael C. Murphy. Cavalry Brigade. Col. Charles E. Lowell, jr. 3d Massachusetts, Maj. Casper Crown- inshield. 13th New York, Lieut. Col. Henry S. Gansevoort. 16th New York, Col. Henry M. Lazelle. Not Brigaded. 3d District of Columbia, Maj. William F. Garrett. 157th Pennsylvania, Companies A, B, C, and D, Maj. Thomas H. Addicks. 17th New York Battery, Capt. George T. Anthony. DISTRICT OP ALEXANDRIA. Brig. Gen. John P. Slough, Military Governor. Second Brigade (Pennsylvania Reserve Corps). Col. Horatio G. Siokel. 3d Pennsylvania Ileserves,t Maj. Will- iam Briner. 4th Pennsylvania Reserves,-|- Lieut. Col. Thomas F. B. Tapper. 7th Pennsylvania Reserves, Col. Henry C. Bolinger. 8th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. WilUam Lemon. Not Brigaded. 4th Delaware.^ Col. Arthur H. Grim- shaw. 1st District of Columbia, Lieut. Col. Lemuel Towers. 5th New York (veteran), Lieut. Col. Cleveland Winslow. 1st Michigan Cavalry, Company D,§ Capt. Thurlow W. Lusk. Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Battery H, Capt. William Borrowe. CAMP CONVALESCENT, ETC. Lieut. Col. Samuel McKelvey. Camp Convalescent, Lieut. Col. Samuel McKelvey. Camp of Deserters, Maj. Charles G. Freudenberg. Camp of Distribution, Lieut. Frank T. Stewart. FORT WASHINGTON, MD. Col. Horace Brooks. 16th Indiana Battery, Capt. Charles R. Deming. detachments. Glymont Landing, Md. 1st Indiana Cavalry, Companies I and K, Capt. Abram Sbarra. Government Farms, Va. 111th New York, Companies B and C, Capt. Robert C. Perry. mason's ISLAND, D. C. 109th New York, Col. Benjamin F. Tracy. * Constituted December 30, 1863, and Brig. Gen. Robfert O. Tyler assigned to the command. f On duty at Camp Convalescent. i On special duty, under Brig. Gen. Henry S. Briggs, at Alexandria, Va. § Under command Of Liept, Col. Henry H. We^, provost-marshal, at Alex?m- dria, Va. Cbap. XLI.] COEKESPONDENCE, ETC. — UNION. 611 Abstract from return of the Middle Department {Eighth Army Corps), Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood, V. S. Army, commanding, for the month of Decem- ber, 1863. Command. General headquarters First Separate BriRade (Tyler) .. Second Separate Brieade (Vorris) Districtof Delaware (D.Tyler) ... Annapolis, Md. (Waite) Baltimore, Md Benedict, Md. (Bimey) Drummondtown, Va. (Comegys).. Eastville, Va.(Duvall) Fort Delaware, Del. (Schoepf ) Total Present for duty. E O 1,1S? 1,791 392 193 976 1,498 C46 69 274 6,975 ^ ^ 244 1,248 2,067 716 78 404 8,985 is 5« 15 1,514 2,844 760 311 1,630 2,389 751 92 •143 10,749 Bemarks. Belay House, Md. Fort McHeniy, Md. Headquarters Wilmington. Troops in the Middle Department {Eighth Army Corps), Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood, U. S. Army, commanding, December 31, 1863. rmST SEPARATE BRIGADE. Brig. Gen. Ebastds B. Tylee. 3d Delaware, Col. Samuel H. Jenkins. 3d Maryland (Potomac Home Brigade), I^eut. Col. Charles Gilpin. Pumell (Maryland) Legion, Col. Samuel A. Graham. Pmnell (Maryland) Cavalry, Company B, Capt. Thomas H. Watkins. SECOND SEPARATE BEIGADE. Bvt. Brig. Gen. Wiluam W. Moeeis. 10th Maryland, Col. William H. Re- vere, jr. 5th New York Heavy Artillery, Maj. Casper Urban. 8th New York Heavy Artillery (ten companies), Lieiit. Col. "Willard W. Bates. 2d U. S. ArtiUery, Battery I, Capt. Thomas Grey. DISTRICT OF DELAWARE. Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler. 5th Maryland, Capt. Samuel Ford. • 1st Delaware Cavalry, Company A, Capt. WiUiam P. Lord. 1st Delaware Cavalry, Company D, Lieut. Solomon Townsend. Pumell (Maryland) Cavalry, Company C, Capt. Theodore Clayton. BALTIMOBE, MD. Artillery Reserve. Capt. Feedeeic W. Aleilandee. Maryland Light, Battery A (Junior Artil- lery), Capt. John M. Bruce. Maryland Light, Battery B (Eagle Artil- lery), Capt. Joseph H. Audoun. Baltimore Light Artillery, Capt. Frederic W. Alexander. 3d Pennsylvania, Battery H, Capt. Will- iam D. Raiik, Cavalry Reserve. Col. C. Caeboll Tevis. let Connecticut, Capt. William E. Morris. 1st Delaware, Maj. Napoleon B. Knight. 3d Maryland, 2d Battalion, Maj. Will- iam Kelsey. 612 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD.. AND PA, [Chap. XLI. BENEDICT, MD. Brig. Gren. William Birney. 7th U. S. Colored Troops, Col. James Shaw, jr. 9th U. S. Colored Troops, Col. Thomas Bayley. 19th U. S. Colored Troops, Maj. Theodore H. Rockwood. ANNAPOLIS, MD. [ Col. Carlos A. Waite. 2d Maryland Cavalry, Companies A, B, C, D, and E. Capt. William F. Bragg. ^ StyTand (Eastern Shore) 1 (detachments), Capt. Wilson W. Walker. FORT DELAWARE, DEL. Brig. Gen. Albin Schoepf. Delaware Heavy Artillery Company, Capt. George W. AM. Pennsylvania Artillery, Battery A, Capt. Stanislaus Mlotkowski. Pennsylvania Artillery, Battery G, Capt. John J. Young. EASTVILLE, VA. Pumell (Maryland) Cavaky, Company A, Capt. Robert E. Duvall. DRUMMONDTOWN, VA. Lieut. Col. WiLUAM H. COMEGYS. 1st Maryland (Eastern Shore) Infantry, Lieut. Col. William H. Comegys. Smith's Independent Company (Maryland) Cavalry, Lieut. Joseph T. Fearing. Abstract from return of the Department of the Susquehanna, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch commanding, for the m,onth of December 1863. CoDunand. Present for duty. o 1 0 9 9 9 George Cadwalader) : Philadelphia (Maj. Qen. Staff...... 2 18 3 2 ""m 133 70 2 468 148 90 2 505 157 86 Infantry .... Artillery 4 Total 24 866 708 760 4 Franz Sigel): Readings Pa. (Maj. Gen 2 24 "'437' 2 589 2 670 Infantry 2 77 89 99 4 Total 28 514 680 771 4 Chap. XLI.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. UNION. 613 Abstract from return of tlw Department of the Susquehanna, (fcc— CJontinued. Present for duty. 1 Sre! I- 60 ■< ^ ^ CommaDd. i 0) o a. ■s I s HarrishuTK, Pa. (Maj. Gen. Julius Stahel): Staff 4 U 78 5 ■ "123' 1,(535 76 4 ISO 1,881 105 4 151 2,051 106 Total 93 1,834 2,140 2,312 Chambersburg (Brie. Gen. Orris S. Ferry), staff 2 2 2 HaiTisburg (Lieut. Col. James V. Boniford), infantry 4 3 3 8 8 77' 88 78 4 85 95 8 84 8 4 88 100 8 88 8 Chambersburg (Lieut. James W. Piper), Battery E, 5th U. S. 4 Assistant quartermasters and chief quartermaster ((3apt. Alex. N. Shipley) Company F, First Battalion, Pennsylvania Volunteers (Capt. J. A. Ege) HaiTi-sburg (Capt. Jeremiah H. Gilmau), commissaries of subsistence, U. S. Ai-my, and chief commissary of subsistence. Total . .. 31 243 286 298 4 Grand total, Department of the Susquehanna 185 2,957 3,833 4,150 12 Troops in tlie Department of the Susquehanna, commanded by Maj. Oen. Darius N. Couch, December 31, 1863. CHAMBERSBCEG, PA. Brig. Gen. Orms S. Ferry. 1st Battalion Pennsylvania Infantry, Company F, Capt. Joseph A.Ege. 5th U. S. ArtiUery, Battery E, Lieut. James W. Piper. HARRISBTJRG, PA. Maj. Gen. Julius Stahel. 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry, (seven companies), Col. John E.Wynkoop. 21st Pennsylvania, (seven companies).* Nevin's (Pennsylvania) Light Artillery, Battery I, Capt. Robert J. Nevin. PHILADELPHIA, PA. Maj. Gen. George Cadwalader. 27th New York Battery, Capt. John B. Eaton. 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company B, Capt. Michael B. Strickler. 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company L, Capt. Samuel Comfort, jr. 1st Battalion Pennsylvania Infantey (three companies), Lieut. Col. Joseph F. Ramsey. a i n 2d Battalion Pennsylvania Infantry (five companies), Lieut. Col. T. Elwood Zeu. 147th Pennsylvania InJfantry, Company I, Capt. Charles Fair. reading, PA. Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel. 10th New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Charles H. Tay. 1st New York Light Artillery, Battery A, Capt. Thomas H.Bates. 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company G, Capt. Hugh A. KeUey. Ten companies U. S. Veteran Corps.* ^^_ * Commander not of record. 614 OPERATIONS IK N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XU. CAMP WILLIAM PENN, PA. Lieut. Col. Louis Waonee. 8th U. S. Colored Troops, Col. Charles W. Fribley. 32d U. S. Colored Troops (seven companies), Lieut. James E. GriflBn. YOEK, PA. Surg. Henky Palmer. Patapsco (Maryland) Guards, Capt. Tliomas S. McGowan. 50th Company, 2d Battalion, U. S. Veteran Reserve Corps, Capt. Robert T.Knox. Abstract from return of tlie troops in the Department of West Virginia, Brig. Gen. Benjamin F. Kdley commanding, for the month of December, 1863. Present for duty. 1 P. < < Pieces of artillery. Command. o 1 1 2 Headquarters. Commanding general and staff 9 9 9 First Division (Brig. Gen. Jeremiah C. SulUvan): Staff 3 58 46 m 56 20 3 1,149 2,184 1,389 553 56 3 2,101 1,308 2,607 1,764 722 • 62 3 2,287 1,704 3,101 2,765 793 72 Harper's Feny. Do. Do. Do. Do. First Brigade (Col. George D. Wells) Second Brigade (Col. William P. Maulsby). Third Brigade (Col. Robert S. Rodgers). Cavalry forces at Charlestown .... 16 G Heavy artillery 38 Do Cavalry Point of Rocks.Md. Total 853 7,015 8,567 10,725 32 40 Second Division (Col. James A. Mul- "1^^ 2 80 77 108 2,349 2,984 2 2,4C3 2,862 3,313 2 2,649 3,458 3,514 New Creek W Va. First Brigade (Col. James M. Camp- bell). Second Brigade (Col. Joseph Tho- bum). Third Brigade (Col. N. Wilkinson). 2 12 13 9 Do Do. Do. Total 267 7,563 8,640 9,623 2 34 Third Division (Brig.Gen.E.P.Scam- mon): Stafr 5 56 58 10 40 7 '■i,43e' 1,462 378 9(i5 196 5 1,695 1,721 486 1,096 227 5 2,446 2,30G 762 1,290 313 16 First Brigade (Col. Kuthertord B Hayes). i Second Brigade (Col. CarrB. White) Third Brigade Brigade, Fourth Divis- ion (Brig. Gen. WilUam W. AvereU) Staff 9 44 55 32 5 3 1,067 1,192 732 162 14 9 1,231 1,487 932 174 17 10 1,578 2,081 1,437 221 20 New Creek, W.Va. Infantry Do. Mounted infantry Cavahy Do Do. Artillery Detachment of signal corps 12 Do. Do. Total 148 3,167 3,790 5,347 12 Virginia Exempts (Capt. W. C. Thorp). 4 74 170 1S7 Wheeling, W.Va. Grand total 856 a2,268 26,406 33,013 34 102 Chap. XU.l CORKESPONDENOE, ETC. — UNION. 615 Troops in the Department of West Virginia, Brig. Gen. Benjamin F. Kelley, U. S. Army, commanding, December 31, 186:3. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Jeremiah C. Suluvan. First Brigade. Col. George D. Wells. 9th Maryland, Col. Benjamin L. Simpson. 34th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. William S. Lincoln. 12th West Virginia, Maj. William B. Curtis. 17th Indiana Battery, Capt. Milton L. Miner. 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Battery D, Lieut. Andrew Rosney. 1st West Virginia Light Artillery, Battery A, Capt. George Furst. Second Brigade. Col. William P. Maulsby. 1st Maryland (Potomac Home Brigade), Lieut. Col. Roger E. Cook. 2d Maryland (Eastern Shore), Capt. Seth W. Herrick. Maryland Light Artillery, Battery B, Capt. Alonzo Snow. 30th New York Battery, Lieut. Alfred von Kleiser. 32d New York Battery, Capt. Charles Kusserow. Third Brigade. Col. Robert S. Rodoers. 18th Coimecticut, Maj. Henry Peale. 116th Ohio, Col. James Washburn. 123d Ohio, Maj. Horace Kellogg. 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Col. Lewis B. Pierce. 1st West Virginia Cavalry, Company K, Lieut. Anderson Dawson. 5th U. S. Artillery, Battery B, Lieut. Henry A. Du Pont. Cavalry Brigade. Col. William H. Boyd. 1st Connecticut (detachment), Maj. Erastus Blakeslee. Maryland (Potomac Home Brigade) Battalion, Maj. Henry A. Cole. 2d Maryland (Potomac Home Brigade), Company F, Capt. Norval McKinley. 6th Michigan, Company M, Capt Harvey H. Vinton. 1st New York, Maj. Timothy Quinn. 21st Pennsylvania (five companies), Maj. Charles F. Gillies. 22d Pennsylvania, 1st Battalion, Maj. B. Mortimer Morrow. Heavy Artillery. Maj. GusTAVUS F. Mereiam. 5th New York Heavy Artillery, 3d Battalion. Tyler's (Pennsylvania) Battery,* Capt. Horatio K. Tyler. Ist West Virginia Light Artillery, Battery H, Capt. James H. Hglmes. Unattaclied. Engineer Company (Pennsylvania), Capt. William Penn Gaskell. Loudoun (Virginia) Rangers, Capt. Samuel C. Means. * On one of the returns this is designated as the " Park (Pennsylvania) Battery." 616 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XU. SECOND DIVISION. Col. James A. Mulugan. First Brigade. Col. Jacob M. Campbell. 2d Pennsylvania Battalion, Lieut. Col. John C. Lininger. 54th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John P. Linton. 15th West Virginia, Col. Maxwell McCaslin. 1st West Virginia Light Artillery, Battery E, Lieut. Francis M. Lowry. Second Brigade. Col. Joseph Thobuen. 23d Illinois, Lieut. Col. James Quirk. 2d Maryland (Potomac Home Brigade), Maj . John H. Huntley, 1st West Virginia, Lieut. Col. Jacob Weddle. 14th West Virginia. Capt. Jacob Smith. Lafayette (Pennsylvania) Company Cavalry, Sergt. JeflEerson G. Van Gilder. Ringgold (Pennsylvania) Cavalry (five companies), Capt. James Y. Chesrow. Washington (Pennsylvania) Company Cavalry, Lieut. John Dabinett. Ist Illinois Light Artillery, Battery L, Capt. John Rourke. 1st West Virginia Light ArtUlery, Battery D, Capt. John Carlin. Third Brigade. Col. Nathan Wilkinson. 6th West Virginia, Lieut. Col. John F. Hoy. 11th West Virginia, Lieut. Col. Van H. Bulfey. 4th West Virginia Cavaliy, Col. Joseph Snider. 1st West Virginia Light Artillery, Battery F, Lieut. George W. Graham. THIRD division.. Brig. Gen. E. Parker Scammon. First Brigade. Col. Rutherford B. Hayes. 23d Ohio, Maj. James P. Mcllrath. 5th West Virginia, Col. Abia A. Tomlinson. 13th West Virginia, Col. William R. Brown. 1st West Virginia Cavaliy, Company A, Lieut. James Abraham. 1st West Virginia Cavalry (one- company), Capt. George W. Giknore. 3d West Virginia Cavalry, Company G, Capt. Jolm S. Witcher. Second Brigade. Col. Carr B. White. 12th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Jonathan D. Hines. 91st Ohio, Col. John A. Turley. 9th West Virginia, Col. Isaac H. Duval. 1st Ohio Battery, Capt. James R. McMullin. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alfred N. Dupprf;. 34th Ohio,* Capt. Luther Furney. 2d West Virginia Cavalry, Lieut. Col. David Dove. 3d West Virginia Cavalry (three companies), Capt. George W. McVicker. Simmonds' (Kentucky) Battery, Lieut. Daniel W. Glassie. * Mounted. Chap. ZU.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. — UNION. 617 FOURTH DIVISION.* Brig." Gen. William W. Averell. 28th Ohio, Col. Augustus Moor. 2d West Virginia.f Lieut. Col. Alexan- der Scott. 3d West Virginia, t Lieut. Col. Francis W. Thompson. 8th West Virginia,! Col. John H. Oley. 10th West Virgmia, Col. Thomas M. Harris. 16th Illinois Cavalry, Company C, Capt. Julius Jaehne. 3d Independent Company Ohio Cav- alry, Capt. Frank Smith. 14th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Col. James N. Schoonmaker. 1st West Virginia Cavalry, Company A, Capt. Harrison H. Hagan. 3d West Virginia Cavalry, Companies E, F, and H, Capt. Lot Bowen. 1st West Virginia Light Artillery, Bat- tery B, Capt. John V. Keeper. 1st West Virginia Light Artillery, Bat- tery G, Capt. Chatham T. Ewing. WHEELING, W. VA. Capt. Wesley C. Thorp. West Virginia Exempts (one company), Capt. Robert Hamilton. West Virginia Exempts (one company), Capt. Perry G. West. Abstract from return of the Department of the Monongaliela, Maj. Oen. William T. H. Brooks, U. S. Army, commanding, for the month of December, 1863. Present for duty. .g a Conunand. i 1 1^ f 9 6 2 3 3 1 3 1 3 "143 66 63 85 45 79 34 83 9 149 68 66 89 46 83 35 89 10 186 K9 86 Pittsbure-h Pa m Pulaski, Pa.... 71 90 West Alexander Pa 43 96 Total ' 31 597 633 771 Troops in the Department of the Monongahela, Maj. Gen. William T. H. Brooks, U. S. Army, commanding, December 31, 1863. BABNESVILLE, OHIO. Departmental Corps (Ohio Emergency Militia), Capt. James L. Deens. Departmental Corps (Ohio Emergency MHitia), Capt. Hamilton Eaton. HENDRYSBURG, OHIO, Departmental Corps (Ohio Emergency Militia), Capt. Joseph P. Arrick. NEW WILMINaTON," PA. Departmental Corps (Pennsylvania Emergency Militia), Capt. Joseph R. Kemp. • Reported on the return as the " First Separate Brigade; " organization changed by department general orders of December 31 (see p. 595). t Mounted infantry. 618 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XU. PrrTSBURGH, PA. Pennsylvania Emergency Militia (one company), Capt. Samuel T. Griffith. PULASKI, PA. Departmental Corps (Pennsylvania Emergency Militia), Lieut. James M. Brown. SOMEETQN, OHIO. Departmental Corps (Ohio Emergency Militia), Capt. Samuel Beard. WEST ALEXANDER, PA. Departmental Corps (Pennsylvania Emergency Militia), Lieut. John C. Porter. WEST FINLEY, PA. Departmental Corps (Pennsylvania Emergency Militia), Capt. John Henderson. Abstract from return of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, Maj. Oen. Benjamin F. Butler, if. 8. A'rmy, commanding, for the month of De- cember, 1863. Command. General headquartersa Fort Monroe, Va Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. (Barnes) Portsmouth, Va. (Getty) Newport News, Va. (Heckman) Yorktown, Va., and vicinity (West) District of Saint Mary's (Marston) District of North Carolina (Peck) : Headquarters Defenses of New Berne (PaJraer) Sub-District of the Albemarle (Weasells) Sub-District of Beaufort (Jourdan) Sub-District of the Pamlico (McChesney) Total Present for. duty. o 68 175 303 141 183 71 31 148 82 (>5 47 1,330 71 1,734 3,611 6,574 2,877 3,932 1,968 3,114 1,234 1,219 1,316 87,640 t -■1 100 2,069 4,147 8,312 3,837 5,100 2,483 21 4,080 1,700 1,594 1,643 35,092 to 125 2,416 4,686 12,450 4,956 6,956 3,(W7 23 6,090 2,058 2,115 1,926 45,878 Pieces of artillery. 2 6 57 ,14 18 51 61 9 61 49 17 13 65 9 7 198 a Including signal corps. Troops in the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, Maj. Oen. Benjamin F. Butler, U. S. Army, commanding, December 31, 1863. FORT MONROE. 3d Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Col. Joseph Roberts. U. S. Veteran Reserve Corps, 2d Battalion, Maj. James W. H. Stickney. 1st U. S. Colored Cavalry, Col. Jeptha Garrard. Army gunboats. Brig. Gen. Charles K. Graham. Signal Corps, Capt. Henry R. Clum. Chap. XU.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. — UNION, NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH, VA. " Brig. Gen. James Barnes. 619 African Brigade, Brig. Gen. Edward S. Wild. 55th Massachusetts Col-1 ored (detachment). I Capt. Charles 1st North Carolina Col- | A. Jones. ored (detachment). J 2d North Carolina Colored, Col. Alonzo G. Draper. 3d North CaroUna Colored, Lieut. Col. Abial G. Chamberlain. 1st U. S. Colored Troops, Col. John H. Holijian. 5th U. S. Colored Troops, Col. James W. Conine. 10th U. S. Colored Troops, Col. John A. Nelson. Not brigaded. 27th Massachusetts, Col. Horace C. Lee. 148th New York, Company A, Lieut. Col. John B. Murray. 11th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Company A, Capt. George S. Ringland. 2d Massachusetts Heavy Artilleiy, Companies G and H, Capt. Ira B. Sampson. 7 th New York Battery, Capt. Peter C. Regan. PORTSMOtlTH, VA. Brig. Gen. George W. Getty. GETTY'S DIVISION, EIGHTEENTH ARMY CORPS* Second (Harland's) Brigade. Col. Francis Beach. 8th Connecticut, Capt. Henry M. Hoyt. 15th Connecticut, Lieut. Col. Samuel Tolles. 16th Connecticut, Lieut. Col. John H. Bumham. Third Brigade. Col. William H. P. Steere. 10th New Hampshire, Lieut. Col. John Coughlin. 13th New Hampshire, Lieut. Col. Will- iam Grantman. 4th Rhode Island, Maj. James T. P. Bucklin. Cavalry Brigade. Col. Samuel P. Spear. 20th New York, Col. Newton B. Lord. 5th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. WiUiam Lewis. 11th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. George Stetzel. Artillery Brigade. Capt. Frederick M. Follett. 3d New York Light, Battei-y M, Capt. JohnH. Howell. 13th New York Heavy, Companies A, B, C, and D, Maj. Oliver Wetmore, jr. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Battery A, Capt. John G. Simpson. 4th United States, Battery D, Capt. Frederick M. FoUett. 5th United States, Battery A, Lieut. James Gilliss. 4th Wisconsin Battery, Capt. George B. Easterly. *The First Brigade serving in the Department of the South. 620 OPERATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. LChap. XLI. DISTRICT OF CUERITUCK, N. C. Brig. Gen. James H. Ledue. . 81st New York, Col. Jacob J. De Forest. 96th New York, Col. Edgar M. CuUen. 98th New York, Lieut. Col. Frederick F. Wead. 3d New York Cavalry, Company B, Capt. John Ebbs. 3d New York Cavalry, Company C, Lieut. John Mayes. 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry (squadron), Lieut. J. Frank Cunuuings. NEWPORT NEWS, VA. Brig. Gen. Charles A. Heckman. 21st Connecticut, Col. Arthur H. Button. 23d Massachusetts, Col. Andrew Elwell. 25th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Orson Moulton. 9th New Jersey, Col. Abram Zabriskie. 118th New York, Col. Oliver Keese, jr. 3d New York Cavalry, Col. Simon H. Mix. 3d New York Light Artillery, Battery H, Capt. William J. Riggs. 16th New York Battery, Capt. Frederick L. Hfller. YORKTOWN, VA., AND VICINITY. Col. Egbert M. West.* Infantry. 11th Connecticut, Maj. Joseph H. Converse. 139th New York, Col. Samuel H. Roberts. 148th New York, Col. George M. Guion. 4th U. S. Colored Troops, Col. Samuel A. Duncan. 6th U. S. Colored Troops, Col. John W. Ames. Artillery. 8th New York Battery, Capt. Butler Fitch. 16th New York Heavy Artillery (five companies), Capt. James H. McLaughlin. 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Battery E, Capt. Thomas G. Orwig. 4th U. S. Artillery, Battery L, Lieut. John S. Hunt. 2d Wisconsin Battery, Lieut. Carl Schulz. Cavalry. 1st New York Mounted Rifles, Col. Benjamin F. Onderdonk. : DISTRICT OF SAINT MARY'S. Brig. Gen. Gilman Marston. 2d New Hampshire, Col. Edward L. Bailey. 5th New Hampshire, Col. Charles E. Hapgdod. 12th New Hampshire, Capt. John F. Langley. U. S. Cavalry (detachment), Lieut. John Mix. 1st Rhode Island light Artillery, Battery F, Lieut. Thomas Simpson. * Commanding in temporary absence on duty of Brigadier-General Wistar. Chap. XLI.] CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. UNION. DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA. Maj. Gen. John J. Peck. 621 Defenses of New Berne, N. C. Brig. Gen. Innis N. Palmkr. 17th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. John F. Fellows. 12th New York Cavalry, Col. James W. Savage. 3d New York Light ArtUlery, Col. Charles H. Stewart. 92d New York, Lieut. Col. Hiram An- derson, jr. 99th New York, Lieut. |Col. Richard Nixon. 132d New York, Col. Peter J. Qaassen. 5th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery,* Col. Henry T. Sisson. 19th Wisconsin, Maj.Rollin M. Strong. Sub-District of Beaufort, N. C. Col. James Jourdan. 2d Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, Com- pany C. Capt. Charles B. Newton. 2d Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, Com- pany D, and detachment Com- pany A, Capt. Russell H. Corn- well. 2d Massachusetts Heavy" Artillery, Compa- Capt. Nehe- nies A and B. > miah P. Pul- 1st U. S. Artillery, Bat^ ler. teryC. J Mix's New York (Battalion) Cavalry, Capt. Emory Cimimings. 158th New York (seven companies), Lieut. Col. WiUiam H. McNary. 158th New York, Compa-] nies B, D, and E. I Capt. Peter 2d North Caroluia,Com- f B. Steele. pany A. J 5th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, Company A, Lieut. Dutee John- son. 9th Vermont, Col. Edward H.Ripley. 19th "Wisconsin, Company F, Capt. Martin ScherfE. Sub-District of the Albemarle, N. C. Brig. Gen. Henry "W. "Wessells. 12th New York Cavalry (detachment), Capt. John S. Ellison. 24th New York Battery, Capt. A. Lester Cady. 85th New "York, Col. Enrico Fardella. 96th New York (detachment), Lieut. Col. Stephen Mofiitt. 2d North Carolina (recruits), Lieut. Isaiah Conley. 101st Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Alexan- der W. Taylor. 103d Pennsylvania, Col. Theodore F. Lelunann. Sub-District of the Pamlico, N. C. Col. Joseph M. McChesney. 12th New York Cavalry (two companies), Capt. Rowland R. "West. 28d New York Battery, Lieut. Thomas Low. 1st North Carolina, Maj. Charles C. Graves. 58th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Mont- gomery Martin. 5th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, Com- pany C, Lieut. George H. Pierce. 5th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, Com- pany E, Capt. George G. Hop- kins. ♦Detachment 2d Massachusetts Heavy Artillery attached. 622 OPEKATIONS IN N. C, VA., W. VA., MD., AND PA. [Chap. XLI. Abstract from return of the Department of the East, Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, U. S. Army, commanding, for the month of December, 1863. Command. Genera] headquarters City and harbor of New York Riker's Island, New York Harbor.
| 44,240 |
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%20Endate
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kin Endate
|
https://ast.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin Endate&action=history
|
Asturian
|
Spoken
| 212 | 480 |
Kin Endate (; ) ye un astrónomu aficionáu xaponés, prolíficu descubridor d'asteroides, la mayoría en collaboración con Kazurō Watanabe.
Kin Endate treslladar a Hokkaido pa estudiar fotofrafía na ``Hokkaido Designers School´´. Empezó a interesase pola astrofotografía nel institutu, anque nun empezar en serio coles observaciones de los asteroides hasta 1986.
Descubrimientos
Ente 1987 y 2008 afayó 623 asteroides de los que 52 fueron afayaos en solitariu y 571 en collaboración con Kazurō Watanabe. La mayor parte de los asteroides renombraos descubiertos por él tán nomaos n'honor a personalidaes de la cultura china y xaponesa. El Minor Planet Center acredita los sos descubrimientos como K. Endate.
Ente los sos descubrimientos más notables tán (5648) 1990 VU1 y (6500) Kodaira, un asteroide troyanu de Xúpiter y el ’’Mars-crosser’’, respeutivamente. Tamién fotografió per primer vegada del Cometa Shoemaker-Levy 9 col so telescopiu priváu la fecha\15\3\1993}}, diez díes antes del so descubrimientu oficia, pero Kin, que buscaba específicamente asteroides, nun reconoció la cometa ente les sos imáxenes hasta dempués del descubrimientu.
Epónimos
L'asteroide del cinturón principal (4282) Endate descubiertu en 1987 polos sos colegues Seiji Ueda y Hiroshi Kaneda , foi nomáu nel so honor.
Ver tamién
Oxetos astronómicos descubiertos por Kin Endate
Referencies
Enllaces esternos
Descubridores d'asteroides
Astrónomos y astrónomes de Xapón
Astrónomos y astrónomes
| 30,859 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%20%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
هوبير توماس نوكس
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=هوبير توماس نوكس&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 37 | 112 |
هوبير توماس نوكس كان مؤرخ.
حياته
هوبير توماس نوكس من مواليد سنة 1845.
الدراسه
درس فى Windlesham House School و مدرسة هاررو.
وفاته
هوبير توماس نوكس مات سنة 1921.
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
مؤرخين
متعلمين فى مدرسة هاررو
| 36,341 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41695121
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Adamski, Tholle, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3617886, https://stackoverflow.com/users/862106
|
English
|
Spoken
| 356 | 681 |
How to convert decorator @action to non-decorator action in MobX
I am removing decorators from my React Native app (too many issues with babel) and my actions are not working (the contained function does not run).
I'm translating class actions e.g.
class MyStore {
//...
@action
myAction(param) {
//...
}
}
To
class MyStore {
//...
myAction(param) {
action("Perform action with param", (param) => {
//...
})
}
}
What's the correct way to convert a class @action to the non-decorator form?
Should you really use class if you are removing babel? You could do var myStore = { myAction: action(function() { ... }) };.
I see. I'm not sure how the var myStore form would look with extendObservable.
I guess they would just become separate observable properties of the object.
You could checkout mattruby's mobx-examples for some inspiration.
You can define action as
class MyStore {
//...
myAction = action(param => {
//...
});
}
or use runInAction()
class MyStore {
//...
myAction(param) {
runInAction(() => {
//...
})
}
}
What's the correct way to convert a class @action to the non-decorator form?
Decorators evaluate to function calls at runtime, so simply calling them manually would be the most straightforward thing to do. @action is a method decorator, and method decorators take the following arguments at runtime:
The class prototype for instance methods (constructor function for static methods)
The method name (property key)
The property descriptor of the method
With that in mind, you can simply do:
class MyStore {
myAction(param) {
// ...
}
}
// Apply the @action decorator manually:
action(MyStore.prototype, "myAction");
or:
action(MyStore.prototype, "myAction", Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(MyStore.prototype, "myAction"));
If you do this immediately after the class declaration, the result should be completely identical to that by using decorators, without having to use the decorator syntax.
This is a really informative answer, however decouples the action assignment from the class method declaration so not quite as maintainable as @farwayer's answer.
Why not simply use makeAutoObservable?
import { makeObservable, observable, action } from 'mobx';
class MyStore {
someValue = 0;
constructor() {
makeAutoObservable(this)
myAction(param) {
// Your action code here
this.someValue = param;
}
}
| 39,260 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63927015
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 234 | 382 |
osascript syntax error "Expected expression but found end of line. (-2741)"
I am writing a bash script that utilizes AppleScript that disables the microphone and camera, and then clicks the "Join now" button on the google meet webpage. The portion that disables the microphone and camera works perfectly, but I am running into issues with the part of the script that is meant to click the join button. Here is the script:
#!/bin/bash
osascript <<EOF
tell application "System Events"
delay 4
key code 14 using command down
delay 1
key code 2 using command down
delay 1
end tell
EOF
#the following is not working-
osascript <<EOF
tell application "brave"
tell active tab of window 1 to -
execute JavaScript "document.getElementById('Join now')[0].click();"
end tell
EOF
When the second part of the script tries to execute, I get this error:
62:63: syntax error: Expected expression but found end of line. (-2741)
How do I fix this error and get the script to execute properly (click the button)?
You do not have a proper line continuation character after to:
tell active tab of window 1 to -
Use: ¬, e.g.:
tell active tab of window 1 to ¬
The line continuation character can be created by typing optionL in Script Editor.
If it still throws an error, then put it all on one line, e.g.:
tell active tab of window 1 to execute JavaScript "document.getElementById('Join now')[0].click();"
| 16,017 |
|
https://github.com/Miboch/IGJ2021_Preparation/blob/master/src/app/ui/directives/overlay-panel-header.directive.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC0-1.0
| null |
IGJ2021_Preparation
|
Miboch
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 11 | 43 |
import {Directive} from '@angular/core';
@Directive({selector: '[igjOverlayPanelHeader]'})
export class OverlayPanelHeaderDirective {
}
| 33,840 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18248159
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
N. Mert AYDIN, Nufail, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2674821, https://stackoverflow.com/users/923179
|
English
|
Spoken
| 637 | 1,111 |
WSO2 ESB as a Pure Pass-Through WSDL Server with All Original Operations
I am a newbie in the world of WSO2 EST so my question below could be somewhat pathetic but I just wanted to ask to get help asap.
I have a WSDL of a remote web service but it is only presented in SOAP 1.2. My application can only work with SOAP 1.1 WSDL's. So I installed WSO2 ESB, added new proxy service, namely pass-through proxy, and on the "deployed services" list page, I right-clicked WSDL 1.1 on the newly created service row and used "save as" to save WSDL 1.1 version. However, the only operation available in this WSDL is "mediate" and that's all.
What I want to do is just to be able to have all operations available on the original WSDL without altering anything. I want to consume the same operations using the WSDL (1.1) served by WSO2 ESB that communicates with the remote web service using SOAP 1.2.
Thanks in advance.
You need to specify 'Publish WSDL' options and create the WSDL accordingly. If Publish WSDL options are not specified it will show only the mediate operation.
Read the following docs to know more about this.
http://docs.wso2.org/wiki/display/ESB470/Adding+a+Proxy+Service#AddingaProxyService-PublishWSDLOptions
http://maharachchi.blogspot.com/2013/07/publishwsdl-option-in-wso2-esb-explained.html
EDIT - You can specify the format attribute as SOAP 1.2 in the endpoint in your proxy configuration to convert all requests to SOAP 1.2. Sample Proxy config is as follows
<proxy xmlns="http://ws.apache.org/ns/synapse" name="EchoProxy" transports="https,http" statistics="disable" trace="disable"
startOnLoad="true">
<target>
<outSequence>
<send/>
</outSequence>
<endpoint>
<address uri="http://localhost:8280/services/echo" format="soap12"/>
</endpoint>
</target>
<publishWSDL uri="http://localhost:8282/services/echo?wsdl"/>
<description/>
</proxy>
Thank you very much for your response @Nufail. Publishing WSDL with specifying in-line worked great.
However, I want to ask two more questions related to this if you please:
I chose "Pass-through Proxy Template" since all I want to do is to consume the service using SOAP 1.1 WSDL instead. Is this OK? Or should I go with "WSDL Based Proxy Templat"?
The actual web service provider service just works with SOAP 1.2 but my back-end system will consume and produce requests in SOAP 1.1 via WSO2 ESB. Will WSO2 ESB do the necessary conversion and handling?
Kind regards.
Pass-Through proxy should work ok. To convert requests to SOAP 1.2, you need to set the format attribute to SOAP 1.2. To do that you can edit your created Proxy by going to 'Design View' and in step 2, under 'Endpoint' go to edit and then to Advanced Options. In there for 'Format' select SOAP 1.2. Then all the requests going to that address will be converted to SOAP 1.2. Or else you could just go to 'custom Proxy' when creating proxy and go to 'source view' and include the configuration as in the answer edit above.
I specify proxy information (10.0.0.3 as host and 8080 as port) in SOAP UI to establish connection. I need to supply the same proxy information to WSO2 ESB pass-through proxy to connect to the same outside endpoint, right? Where and how do I add this information?
For SOAP UI you need to give IP and port of the ESB Proxy Service. Usually the port will be 8280 for Proxy Services. The backend url should be specified in the ESB Proxy Service. This can be specified in <address> element within <endpoint> according to above example. Then SOAP UI requests will go to ESB and the ESB will forward it to the backend service.
I guess I was not so clear. Let me try to summarize our problem once again @Nufail
All connections from the server WSO2 ESB is installed on should go through an http proxy (10.0.0.3 and port 8080). We have to supply this information to WSO2 ESB but we could not accomplish this.
We tried to edit axis2.xml, synapse.properties and tried to add http.proxyHost and http.proxyPort to some listeners and senders but no luck!
| 41,261 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8697283
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Olympic gymnasts for Georgia (country)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 100 | 390 |
Category:Olympic gymnasts for Georgia (country)
Wikimedia category
Category:Olympic gymnasts for Georgia (country) instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Olympic gymnasts for Georgia (country) category contains human, occupation gymnast
رده:ژیمناستهای المپیک گرجستان
ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:ژیمناستهای المپیک گرجستان نمونهای از ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:ژیمناستهای المپیک گرجستان رده شامل انسان, پیشه ژیمناست
분류:조지아의 올림픽 체조 참가 선수
위키미디어 분류
분류:조지아의 올림픽 체조 참가 선수 다음 종류에 속함 위키미디어 분류
분류:조지아의 올림픽 체조 참가 선수 분류에 포함되는 대상 사람
تصنيف:لاعبو جمباز أولمبيون من جورجيا
تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:لاعبو جمباز أولمبيون من جورجيا نموذج من تصنيف ويكيميديا
تصنيف:لاعبو جمباز أولمبيون من جورجيا يحتوي التصنيف على إنسان, المهنة لاعب جمباز
| 49,491 |
https://github.com/onezens/QQTweak/blob/master/qqtw/qqheaders7.2/GetUserIdentityReq.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
QQTweak
|
onezens
|
C
|
Code
| 85 | 443 |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2013 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import "JceObjectV2.h"
@class AccInfo, DevInf, NSString;
@interface GetUserIdentityReq : JceObjectV2
{
short jcev2_p_3_o_version;
AccInfo *jcev2_p_0_r_userInfo;
DevInf *jcev2_p_1_r_devInfo;
NSString *jcev2_p_2_r_r1;
}
+ (void)initialize;
+ (id)jceType;
- (void)dealloc;
- (id)init;
@property(retain, nonatomic, getter=jce_devInfo, setter=setJce_devInfo:) DevInf *jcev2_p_1_r_devInfo; // @synthesize jcev2_p_1_r_devInfo;
@property(retain, nonatomic, getter=jce_r1, setter=setJce_r1:) NSString *jcev2_p_2_r_r1; // @synthesize jcev2_p_2_r_r1;
@property(retain, nonatomic, getter=jce_userInfo, setter=setJce_userInfo:) AccInfo *jcev2_p_0_r_userInfo; // @synthesize jcev2_p_0_r_userInfo;
@property(nonatomic, getter=jce_version, setter=setJce_version:) short jcev2_p_3_o_version; // @synthesize jcev2_p_3_o_version;
@end
| 42,509 |
https://pets.stackexchange.com/questions/15605
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://pets.stackexchange.com/users/1156, https://pets.stackexchange.com/users/7988, keshlam, user812786
|
English
|
Spoken
| 605 | 783 |
What to do with a kitten a week after spay?
My 5 1/2 month old kitten got spayed yesterday! The vet said to leave the e-collar on for 14 days, and to try to keep her from exerting herself too much. They recommended I keep her in a safe place where she won't be able to jump a lot until she is recovered, to allow the incision to heal. I kept her in the bathroom overnight to be safe, but she will jump at the door if she knows I'm in the apartment, so other than that I've let her roam as usual and just kept a close eye on her.
I will be out of town next weekend for three days (days 8-10 after the surgery) so I'm trying to figure out what to do. The other times I've been out of town, I've gotten a sitter to come check on her in my apartment - she seems lonely when I get back, but otherwise fine. The other option is boarding, which I did for one day at the vet's, and she seemed terrified when I got her back and took a while to unwind.
My concern is that leaving her at home with a cone and a not-totally-healed incision is dangerous, even with someone coming by once or twice a day. (Also, leaving her in small bathroom for that long seems cruel.) On the other hand, I am worried that boarding her would cause too much stress. On the other other hand, this is my first cat and I've read elsewhere that kittens are usually fine after a couple days, so maybe it's not a big deal?
What are the pros and cons of hiring a cat-sitter vs. boarding in this situation? Are there other options or concerns I should consider?
Or find a trustworthy cat-loving friend who is willing to board the little one, or stay in your place over the weekend to keep an eye on her. I've been hiring my niece as cat-sitter since she was old enough to be trusted to deal with litterbox and can opener, to lock up when she left, and to call her parents and/or the vet if there was a problem.
@keshlam Yeah, that would be ideal! Unfortunately, I don't have any local cat-loving friends that I would feel comfortable giving keys to my apartment.
Self-answering what I've decided to do:
Over the weekend I kept an eye on her, while letting her roam as usual during the day. The e-collar makes her a bit more clumsy, but otherwise she didn't get into any troubling situations and has been running and jumping about (despite my best efforts the first couple days) with no discomfort or injury.
So, I feel comfortable leaving her at home now instead of boarding.
Factors contributing to this decision:
She has been in excellent health as a kitten, and is recovering well from the surgery
The e-collar has held up against all attempts to get it off
I've kitten-proofed well enough that she won't get stuck anywhere because of the e-collar
She was very displeased being confined in the bathroom even overnight, so I'm sure sticking her in a small kennel with strange smells and noises would be way worse
Another alternative that was suggested was having a friend stay in my apartment with her, or having her stay at their place for the weekend. This would have been my first choice if I felt she needed closer supervision. Unfortunately I didn't have anyone local I could ask to do that, but it's something that could work well for others.
| 28,283 |
https://github.com/dina-fouad/pyccel/blob/master/tests/errors/semantic/blocking/ex4.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
pyccel
|
dina-fouad
|
Python
|
Code
| 10 | 30 |
# pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring, missing-module-docstring/
x is 1
y is None
| 8,742 |
https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/questions/159281
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
Jason Walke, https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/41261
|
English
|
Spoken
| 158 | 193 |
Aura component documentation
I am trying to do aura component documentation of my project with Inline description. Everything is working fine and I am able to see the documentation but when I go to aura doc I am also seeing cmp source tab, controller tab, helper tab... all the tabs we have on right panel as a tab in the documentation and when I click on those tab, I can see the related code. I do not want this tab to show up on the documentation page. I want to hide this tabs which is broadcasting code.
I am attaching a screenshot
Based on my testing, removing the View Setup and Configuration profile permission removes a user's ability to view component documentation. Would this solve your issue? If not, who is it that you are wanting to not see your code?
Currently, this is not possible on Lightning platform. You cannot customize the documentation site layout or tabs.
| 17,367 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C-%EB%A6%AC%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
폴란드-리투아니아
|
https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=폴란드-리투아니아&action=history
|
Korean
|
Spoken
| 3,308 | 16,346 |
폴란드-리투아니아 또는 정식 명칭 두 민족의 공화국(, , , ) 또는 폴란드 왕관령과 리투아니아 대공국()은 폴란드 왕국과 리투아니아 대공국이 합쳐져 1569년 세워진 동군연합 군주국이다.
16세기에서 17세기까지 유럽에서 가장 큰 영토와 가장 많은 인구를 지닌 국가 가운데 하나였다. 폴란드-리투아니아의 정치 체제의 가장 큰 특징은 귀족들로 구성된 입법부인 세임이 군주를 선출하는 것이었다. 선출된 군주의 왕권은 법과 의회에 의해 일부 제한되었다. 당시로서는 매우 특이한 이런 성질 때문에 이 국가의 정치는 귀족민주정, 또는 황금의 자유라고 불리었다.
법치를 우선하였다는 점에서 이 정체는 현대 민주주의나 입헌군주제, 공화제의 선구적 형태라고 말할 수 있다. 폴란드-리투아니아를 구성하는 두 나라는 공식적으로 평등한 관계였지만, 실제로는 폴란드가 리투아니아를 지배하였다.. 폴란드-리투아니아의 인구는 매우 다양한 민족적, 종교적 집단으로 구성되어 있었기 때문에 모든 시기가 똑같았다고 할 수는 없지만, 당시로서는 다른 곳에서 찾아 볼 수 없는 종교적 관용이 이루어졌다.
그러나 황금기는 수십년 동안에 불과했고, 17세기 중엽 이후로는 정치적, 군사적, 경제적인 쇠퇴 가 계속되어 1795년 힘이 커진 주변의 절대주의 국가인 러시아, 프로이센, 오스트리아에 의해 영토가 나뉘어져 국가 자체가 없어지는 지경에 이르렀다. 전성기에서 소멸까지의 기간은 매우 짧은 편이었지만, 폴란드-리투아니아는 말기에도 커다란 개혁을 진행하였고 세계에서 가장 오래된 성문헌법 가운데 하나인 1791년 5월 3일 헌법을 탄생시켰다.
명칭
정식 국호는 폴란드 왕국과 리투아니아 대공국(, , , , )이었다. 17세기부터는 고귀한 폴란드 공화국(, ), 폴란드 공화왕국(), 폴란드 공화국()이라고 불렸다. 1791년 5월 3일 헌법의 부칙인 두 국민의 호혜보증서에서는 두 국민의 공화국(), , , )이라는 국호를 사용했다. 현대 사학사에서는 폴란드 귀족공화국() 또는 폴란드 제1공화국()으로 소급한다.
폴란드 제1공화국의 "공화국"에 해당하는 표현인 "제치포스폴리타"()는 독일인의 라이히처럼 폴란드인의 국민국가에만 독점적으로 사용되는 표현이다. 폴란드어로 다른 공화국들은 제치포스폴리타가 아니고 레푸블리카()라고 한다.
근년에 들어 일반화되기 시작한 다민족 공화국이란 호칭은 재야(non-academic)역사학자 파베우 야세니츠아(Paweł Jasienica)에 의해 만들어진 언어로, 이 정체가 존재했던 시기에는 사용된 일은 없다.
역사
1569년 루블린 연합으로 시작된 공화국의 창출은 야기에우워 왕조 최후의 국왕이자 대공인 지그문트 2세 아우구스트에 의해 세습 왕권을 선거 군주제(elective monarchy)로부터 지키기 위한 전략의 일환이란 성격도 가지고 있었다. 그가 1572년 붕어한 후 이어진 3년간의 공위기간(interregnum)에 이 연합체제의 조정이 이루어졌고, 귀족계급(슐라흐타)의 권력을 강화하는 입헌체제 및 완전한 선거 군주제가 기능하게 되었다.
폴란드-리투아니아의 황금 시대는 17세기 전반에 찾아왔다. 귀족들이 지배한 강력한 의회(세임)는 30년 전쟁에 참가하는 것을 보류하여 유럽 세계의 대부분이 휘말렸던 심각한 종교전쟁이란 참사로부터 자국을 방어하는 데 성공했다. 폴란드-리투아니아는 스웨덴, 러시아 그리고 오스만 제국의 속국들로부터 자국을 지키기 위해서 주변 여러 나라에 대한 적극적인 확대정책을 개시했다. 17세기 초두에는 동란 시대에 빠져 약체화된 러시아에 대한 몇번의 침략을 벌였고, 폴란드-리투아니아의 군대는 1610년 9월 27일부터 1612년 11월 4일 함락될 때까지 모스크바를 점령통치했다.
폴란드-리투아니아의 위세는 1648년 이후에 받은 2번의 충격에 의해 쇠퇴의 기미가 보이기 시작했다. 최초의 충격은 역사적으로 가장 대규모였던 코사크 반란이었다. 동부 국경의 크레시(Kresy)에서 일어난 이 흐멜니츠키 봉기는 크림 한국의 지원을 받아 이루어진 것이었다. 거기에 반란자가 1654년 페레야슬라프 조약을 통해 러시아의 차르에게 지원을 요구하는 사태에 이르자, 폴란드는 우크라이나에 대한 영향력을 러시아에게 빼앗기게 되었다. 또 하나의 충격은 1655년 스웨덴에 의한 침략으로 대홍수(트란실바니아의 지배자 라코치 제르시 2세, 브란덴부르크 선제후 프리드리히 빌헬름 1세의 군사적 지원을 받았다.)로 알려졌다. 이 침략은 스웨덴 왕가였던 바사 왕조 출신의 선거 군주들의 스웨덴에 대한 적대 정책이 원인으로 일으킨 것이었다.
17세기 후반에 들어 약체화된 폴란드-리투아니아는 신성로마 황제 레오폴트 1세와 동맹을 맺은 국왕 얀 3세 소비에스키에 의해 오스만 제국에게 괴멸적인 타격을 주는 데 성공했다. 1683년 빈 전투는 250년에 걸쳐 지속된 기독교 세계=유럽과 이슬람 세계=오스만 제국과의 오랜 기간 이어진 항쟁의 역사에 있어 최종적인 전환점이 되었다. 몇 세기에 걸쳐 무슬림 측의 위협은 여러 번 이어졌기 때문에 폴란드-리투아니아는 기독교 세계의 방파제(Antemurale Christianitatis (forefront of Christianity)의 칭호를 얻게 되었다. 뒤이어 일어난 16년에 걸친 대튀르크 전쟁(Great Turkish War)의 결과로 오스만 제국의 국경은 영구적으로 도나우강 이남으로 밀려나게 되었고, 두 번 다시 중부 유럽에 위협을 미치는 일은 없었다. 한편 폴란드-리투아니아에 있어 폴란드-리투아니아의 존재감을 주변 여러 나라에 인지시키는 일은 성공했으나 오스만 제국과의 전쟁을 우선시 했기 때문에 기타 주변 여러 나라 사이와 투쟁 및 국내 문제에는 소홀히 하게 되었다. 이렇게 일시적인 공화국은 중흥은 오히려 주변 기독교 국가와의 긴장감을 초래하는 일도 빈번하게 되었다. 또 얀 3세에 의한 내정개혁은 폴란드 의회의 기능정지로 인해 소멸되고, 왕권의 약체화를 진행시키는 일이 되어, 주변 여러 나라에 의한 내정간섭의 원인이 되었다.
18세기까지 공화국은 수많은 국내 문제에 직면하고, 또한 여러 외국의 영향력에 흔들리게 되었다. 정치 시스템의 정지는 공화국을 무정부사태의 직전까지 몰아넣게 되었다. 1791년 5월 3일 헌법의 제정을 그 정점으로 4년 세임(1788년-1792년)등의 개혁의 시도는 뒷걸음치며 사라진 것이 되었고, 폴란드-리투아니아는 주변 여러 나라였던 러시아 제국, 프로이센, 오스트리아 제국에 의해 3번의 영토 분할을 통해 통치되면서 모든 영토를 잃었다. 1795년까지 폴란드-리투아니아 폴란드-리투아니아는 유럽의 지도상에서 모습을 감추었다. 폴란드와 리투아니아가 독립을 다시 손에 넣게 된 것은 1918년이었으며, 그것도 별개로 독립한 민족국가로써였다.
국가 조직과 정치
황금의 자유
선거군주제. 슐라흐타에 의해 선출된 국왕, 말하자면 세습 군주가 아닌 국왕이 국가의 수장이 된 것.
입헌군주제, 말하자면 군주가 파크타 코벤타 및 기타 법률에 의해 계약했다면, 슐라흐타는 국왕이 법적으로 부정한 행위를 할 경우에는 따를 의무는 없었다.
참정권자
공화국의 주요 참정권자는 아래와 같다.
국왕 – 왕권의 확대를 위해 분투하고, 절대왕정의 창출을 시도했다.
마그나트 – 슐라흐타 중 가장 부유한 계층, 특권적인 과두 정치에 의해 국가를 통치하고, 국왕과 가난한 슐라흐타들을 통제했다.
슐라흐타 – 세임의 권한을 확대하고, 슐라흐타에 의한 민주 정치로 국가를 통치하고자 했다.
마그나트와 슐라흐타는 하나의 귀족 계급으로서 연대하는 일은 없고, 다수의 당파가 국왕이 아닌 거대 세력의 마그나트를 각각 지원했다.
공화국의 몰락
1572년 야기에우워 왕조의 통치자가 후사 없이 죽고난 후, 간신히 균형을 유지하던 공화국 정부는 붕괴되었다. 권력은 서서히 중앙 정부에서 지방의 슐라흐타들에게로 이동했다.
주기적으로 비워지는 왕좌를 메꿀 기회가 찾아오면 슐라흐타들은 공화국 내에 강력한 새로운 왕조를 세울 걱정이 없는 외국인 후보자를 선호하며 찾기를 원했다. 이 정책으로 인해 왕위에 관련된 인물은 모든 영향력을 갖지 못하고, 슐라흐타들과의 항시적인 항쟁으로 인해 힘을 잃어버리는 경우가 많았다. 거기에 유명한 사례를 들면 트란실바니아의 지배자 스테판 바토리(재위:1576년-1586년)를 제외하면, 외국 출신의 국왕은 거의 대부분 자국 아니면 출신 가문의 이해에 폴란드-리투아니아의 이해 관계를 연결시키려는 경향이 있었다. 이 경향은 특히 바사 왕가 출신의 최초 선거왕 2명의 통치 시기의 정책과 군사 행동에서 현저하게 나타나, 그들의 정치 방침은 공화국과 스웨덴 사이에서 항쟁을 일으키게 된 원인이 되었고, 이것은 대홍수(1648년)에서 정점에 달했다. 그리고 이런 동란이 폴란드-리투아니아를 황금 시대에서 쇠퇴 시대로 전환시키게 만들었다.
제브지드프스키의 반란(1606년-1607년)을 전기로 마그나트는 권력을 확대해 슐라흐타 민주정은 마그나트 과두정으로 대체되게 되었다. 폴란드-리투아니아의 정치 시스템은 외국의 간섭에 약했고, 여러 외국으로부터 매수된 세임 대의원이 개혁의 시도를 좌절시키는 리베룸 베토를 행사하는 것도 흔하게 되었다. 이런 약한 모습은 독립 국가로서의 폴란드-리투아니아를 몰락시켰고, 주변 여러 나라가 국내를 안정시키려고 군사력을 동원한 17세기 후반부터 18세기 중반까지 약 100년 이상의 기간 동안 폴란드-리투아니아를 정치적인 마취 상태, 무정부 상태로 만들어 버렸다.
후기 여러 개혁
폴란드-리투아니아는 정치 시스템의 개혁을 위해 커다란 노력을 소비하고, 1791년 근대 유럽에서는 최초의 성문 헌법인 1791년 5월 3일 헌법을 제정했다. 이것은 2년 전에 제정된 아메리카 합중국 헌법에 이어, 세계에서 2번째로 탄생한 성문 헌법이었다. 혁명 헌법은 예전 폴란드-리투아니아 연방 국가를 세습왕제의 폴란드-리투아니아 공화국으로 변모시켜, 오래된 시스템이 갖고 있던 유해한 특징을 배제시켰다. 새로운 헌법에는 다음과 같은 사항이 들어 있었다.
리베룸 베토를 폐지하고, 슐라흐타의 연맹 결성을 금지한다.
정부는 입법권, 행정권, 사법권의 삼권 분립을 도입한다.
국민 주권을 창출하고, 귀족들만이 아닌 부르주아들에게도 참정권을 확장한다.
소작농의 권리를 향상시킨다.
종교적 관용을 보장한다. 다만, 가톨릭교도의 배교는 죄를 묻는다.
폴란드-리투아니아를 약체화시켜 완충국의 지위로 머물기를 원하던 주변 열강들에 의해 모든 국경으로부터 침공이 이어졌기 때문에 이 개혁은 늦어지게 되었다. 그러나 국왕 스타니스와프 아우구스트 포니야토프스키와 기타 개혁자들에 의한 강국화 정책은 국내에 커다란 반향을 일으켰다. 러시아는 5월 3일 헌법의 정치 개혁에 의한 혁명의 파급과 폴란드-리투아니아가 유럽 열강국의 지위를 얻을 가능성을 두려워 했다. 예카테리나 2세는 5월 헌법은 자신의 영향력을 빼앗을 것이고, 폴란드 헌법은 자코뱅파의 영향을 받은 것들이라고 선언했다. 그리고리 알렉산드로비치 포템킨은 타르고비차 연합 결성을 위해 이 문서를 기초로 했고, 헌법에 대해서 "민주주의 이념이라는 것은 전염병"이라고 언급했다 . 또한 한편, 역시 프로이센과 오스트리아도 폴란드의 강국화를 우려하고 있어 이것을 핑계로 영토 확장의 구실로 삼았다. 프로이센 재상 에바르트 폰 헤르첸베르크(Ewald von Hertzberg)는 "프로이센의 왕정에 대한 타격"이라고 말했고, 이어 프로이센을 종속시켰던 폴란드의 재강국화를 강한 경계심을 갖고 지켜보았다. 결국 폴란드-리투아니아가 헌법 제정 후 4년 만에 완전히 소멸했기 때문에 5월 3일 헌법은 완전한 형태로 발행되는 일은 없었다.
폴란드-리투아니아의 군사
폴란드-리투아니아군은 2명의 대헤트만 및 2명의 야전 헤트만에 의해 통솔되었다. 군대는 다음의 군단에서 구성되었다.
보이스코 크바르치아네(Wojsko kwarciane) - 국가 세금에 의해 구입한 상비군. 이후 보이스코 코펜트베와 합체했다.
보이스코 코펜트베(Wojsko komputowe) - 전시에 창설된 반상비군. 1652년 이후 보이스코 크팔치아에와 함께 새로운 상설군을 구성했다.
포스포리테 루세네(Pospolite ruszenie) - 슐라흐타의 총동원에 의한 군대.
피에코타 와노바(Piechota łanowa) 및 피에코타 비브라니에츠카(piechota wybraniecka) - 농민의 신병을 기반으로 한 군대.
등록 코사크 군(Registered Cossacks) - 코사크로 구성된 군대. 거의 대부분 보병들이나 일부 마차 요새를 이끄는 기병으로서 사용되었다.
왕립 근위대 - 국왕과 그 가족을 호위하는 것을 주 목적으로 한 군대.
용병대 - 통상 군대의 보충을 위해 고용되고, 기타 많은 군대와 더불어 전투를 벌였다. 독일인, 스코틀랜드인, 왈라키아인, 세르비아인, 헝가리인, 보헤미아인, 모라비아인, 실레지아인 등.
사병대 - 평상시에는 거의 대부분 소규모 연대(수백명 정도)로서 마그나트 및 도시에서 육성되었다. 그러나 전시에는 국가에서 지급된 군자금을 매체로 그 규모도 몇 단계 커진다(수천명 규모).
폴란드-리투아니아에는 다음과 같은 부대도 존재했다.
후사르 - 중장비 기병. 창, 콘체슈(검), 사벨, 도끼, 활, 추모, 후에는 피스톨을 장비했다. 그들의 전투력은 17세기 후반 들어서 총이 보급되어 총보병 연대가 등장할 때까지 매우 신뢰받았다. 멤버는 토바지시 후사르스키(towarzysz husarski)라고 불렀고, 3~4명의 포치토비(pocztowy)를 통솔했다.
코사크 기병 - 폴란드-리투아니아에 있던 경기병의 일반적인 호칭으로 비록 민족적으로 코사크로밖에 불리지 않았다. 오스만 제국의 기사 군단처럼 빠른 기동성을 보유했다.
타보르(Tabor) - 보충용 병사를 마차에 태워 전장으로 말을 이끌고 운반하는 부대. 이 방어 진형은 코사크에 의해 숙달된 것밖에 없어 기타 부대와 비교해서 숫자가 적었다.
폴란드-리투아니아의 해군은 폴란드-리투아니아의 역사 속에서도 커다란 역할을 맡지 못했으나, 1627년 스웨덴의 해상 봉쇄를 격파한 오리바 해전에서 중요한 승리를 거두었다. 흑해에서 코사크들이 오스만 제국 및 그 속국에 대해 차이카(czajka)라고 불리는 소형 선박에 타고 약탈 행위를 계속했다. 그들은 제국의 수도 이스탄불 교외에서 불을 질러버리기도 했다.
경제
폴란드-리투아니아의 경제는 농노제를 기반으로 한 봉건제 농업생산에 의해 지탱되었다. 농노 제도는 폴란드에서 15세기에 금지되었으나, 리투아니아에서는 1588년에 이르러서야 폐지되었다. 가장 노예 제도는 재판 농노제를 대신하게 되었다. 귀족들이 소유한 폴바르크(folwark)라고 불리는 대규모 농장에서 국내 유통, 국외 수출을 위해 농작물이 농노들에 의해 생산되었다. 이 경제 체제는 곡물 생산이 가장 호조를 보였던 시기에 해당하는 폴란드-리투아니아의 초기에는 지배 계급에게 좋은 방향으로 기능했다. 그러나 17세기 후반에 이르러 국내의 경제 상황은 악화일로에 있었다. 슐라흐타들이 곡물 가격의 하락에 의해 이윤이 떨어지는 것을 메우기 위해 소작농들에게 중노동을 부과한 것으로 기타 중앙유럽 여러 지역에서도 재판 농노제란 상황에 빠지게 되었다.
폴란드-리투아니아의 경제가 농업에 의존하게 된 것은 부르주아에 대한 슐라흐타의 압도적 우위와 결합된 것이 국내의 도시화와 산업에 대한 발전이 매우 더디게 된 결과가 되었다. 지주 귀족과 도시 부르주아 사회 계급 간의 갈등은 유럽 세계 전체에 공통된 현상이었으나, 폴란드-리투아니아의 경우 귀족 계급이 승리를 거두는 사태는 동시대 다른 지역에서는 볼 수 없는 현상이었다. 그러나 17세기 중엽의 전쟁과 차례로 위기가 찾아오자 폴란드-리투아니아의 여러 도시의 규모 및 부는 서방 측 여러 나라의 여러 도시와 비교하기엔 손색이 없고, 이 위기의 시대가 도시의 성장 장해에 막대한 영향을 미친 것이라는 주장도 있어, 이것에 관련된 시비는 역사가들 사이에서 지금도 논쟁 중이다. 폴란드-리투아니아는 마그데부르크법에 기초한 도시 및 마을을 다수 갖고 있었다. 폴란드-리투아니아에서 가장 대규모 시장은 루블린에서 열렸다.
폴란드-리투아니아는 유럽 최대의 곡물 생산국이었으나, 곡물의 대부분은 국내에서 소비되었다. 1560년부터 1570년까지 폴란드 왕국령(폴란드령 지역)및 프로이센의 곡물 소비량을 계산해 보면 밀은 약 113,000톤(혹은 226,000 와시트(łaszt; 라제트는 “마지막”, 도량법에 의하면 큰 부피; 곡물의 경우 톤의 약 절반) 에 달했다. 16세기까지 폴란드-리투아니아에서 생산된 곡물량은 약 120,000톤, 그중 6%가 수출되고, 19%가 도시에서 소비되었고, 남은 것은 농촌에서 소비되었다. 폴란드-리투아니아가 수출한 곡물은 서유럽의 수요량의 약 2% 정도를 차지하고 있다고 생각한다. 폴란드-리투아니아의 곡물은 1590년부터 1620년대까지 유럽이 흉작에 괴로워하고, 남부 유럽 국가가 체제 안정을 위해 경쟁하여 곡물 수입을 벌이던 시기에는 매우 중요한 품목이 되었다.
폴란드-리투아니아에서 곡물은 최대의 수출품이었으나, 폴바르크(folwark)의 소유자들은 대부분 국내 곡물 거래의 80%을 취급하였고, 발트해의 항구도시로 향하는 곡물을 수송하는 그단스크(Gdansk; 독일 단치히)의 상인들과 계약을 맺었다. 폴란드-리투아니아를 가로 지르는 많은 하천이 수송에 이용되었다. 비스와강(Vistula), 필리차강(Pilica), 서 부크강(Western Bug), 산강(San), 니다강(Nida), 비에프시강(Wieprz), 니에만강(Niemen) 등이 있다. 이런 강은 비교적 인프라 정비가 잘 이루어져 있고, 연안 항구 및 곡식 창구를 갖추고 있었다. 많은 강에서는 거의 이익이 안 되는 수송업에 종사하는 사람들이 남북을 왕래하며, 바지선과 땟목에는 그단스크의 목재를 팔기 위해 북쪽으로 향했다.
그단스크에서 배는 앤트워프 및 암스테르담이란 대도시에 곡물을 수송하기 위해 네덜란드 및 플랑드르 지방으로 향했다. 곡물과 함께 해상 무역 수출품에는 목재 및 목재로 만든 타르와 재(ash)등이 있다.
육상 교역에서 폴란드-리투아니아는 피혁, 모피, 마, 비단(대부분 비엘코폴스카(Wielkopolska)산)및 리넨을 라이프치히 및 뉘른베르크에 있던 신성 로마 제국의 독일인 주거 지역에 수출했다. 약 5만 마리나 되는 소(牛)들이 실레지아(Silesia)를 경유해 상품으로 운반되었다. 폴란드-리투아니아는 또 향신료 및 사치품, 의복, 어류, 맥주 및 산업을 위해 사용되는 강철 및 여러 도구 등을 수입했다. 그단스크에서 남쪽으로 향하는 배들은 적었으나, 포도주 및 과일, 향신료, 청어를 수입해 운반했다. 대략 16-17세기 동안 폴란드-리투아니아의 무역 수지는 흑자에서 적자로 전환됐다.
대항해시대의 시작과 더불어 호박의 길이란 수많은 옛 교역로가 소멸되는 것과 더불어 새로운 교역로가 차례로 나타났다. 유럽과 아시아를 이어주는 대상 교역로로서 폴란드의 중요성은 희박해졌고, 한편 폴란드와 러시아 사이에서 새로운 교역로가 열렸다. 그러나 폴란드-리투아니아의 조선 기술이 개선되어 해상 교역에 눈을 돌린 후에도 서양과 동양의 연결점으로서의 중요성은 사라지지 않고, 수많은 상품 및 생산물이 폴란드-리투아니아를 통과하여 여러 지역으로 운반되었다. 예를 들어 이스파한 융단은 페르시아에서 공화국으로 수입되었으나, 서구에서 "폴란드 융단"의 이름으로 알려졌다. 폴란드-리투아니아의 통화에는 즈워티(złoty) 및 그로시(grosz) 등이 있다. 그단스크 시에는 독자의 화폐를 주조하는 특권이 주어졌다.
문화
폴란드-리투아니아는 근대적인 정치, 사회 사상의 발전에서 유럽의 중요한 중심지 중 하나였다. 에라스무스와 같은 철학자가 칭찬한 당시로는 희귀했던 외견상 민주적인 정치 시스템을 갖추고 있었다. 또한 대응 종교 개혁의 시대에 있어서도 매우 특이했던 종교적 관용을 실현시켜, 유대교, 동방 정교, 개신교, 이슬람이 국교였던 가톨릭과 더불어 평화적으로 공존했다. 폴란드-리투아니아는 또한 영국과 아메리카 합중국의 유니태니언주의의 선구자였던 기독교 섹트, 폴란드 형제단을 탄생시켰다.
이 정치 시스템의 영향도 있어, 폴란드-리투아니아는 안제이 프리츠 모드제프스키(Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski ;1503-1572), 바프지니에츠 그지마와 고실리츠키( Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki; 1530-1607), 피오트르 스카르가(Piotr Skarga; 1536-1612)등의 정치 사상가들을 배출하고, 스타니스와프 스타시츠(Stanisław Staszic; 1755-1826) 및 후고 코원타이(Hugo Kołłątaj; 1750-1812)는 유럽에서 가장 빨리 성립된 근대적인 성문 헌법, 국가 헌법이며, 대륙에서 최초의 혁명적인 정치 원칙을 확립한 1791년 5월 3일 헌법의 완성을 위한 길을 제시했다.
크라쿠프의 야기에우워 대학은 유럽에서 가장 오래된 대학 중 하나로서 빌뉴스 대학과 더불어 폴란드-리투아니아에서 인문 과학, 자연 과학의 중심이 되었다. 1773년에 창설된 국민 교육 위원회(;Commission for National Education)는 세계 최초의 교육 기관이었다.
폴란드-리투아니아는 다음의 과학자를 배출하였다.
마르틴 크로메르(Martin Kromer; 1512-1589) - 역사가, 지도학자
미하우 센지부이(Michał Sędziwój; 1566-1636) – 연금술사, 화학자
크지시토프 아르치셰프스키(Krzysztof Arciszewski; 1592-1656) – 군인, 기술자, 민족학자
카지미에시 시에미에노비치(Kazimierz Siemienowicz; 1600-1651) - 군사 기술자, 포술의 전문가, 로켓 개발자
요한네스 헤벨리우스(Johannes Hevelius; 1611-1687) – 천문학자, 월지형학의 창시자
미하우 보임(Michał Boym, ; 1612-1659) – 동양학자, 지도학자, 박물학자, 남명 정권을 섬겼던 외교관
아담 아다만디 코한스키(Adam Adamandy Kochański; 1631-1700) - 수학자, 기술자
또한 폴란드-리투아니아는 다음의 고전 작가들도 배출하였다.
얀 코하노프스키(Jan Kochanowski; 1530-1584) - 작가, 극작가, 시인
바츠와프 포토츠키(Wacław Potocki; 1621-1696) - 작가, 시인
이그나치 크라시츠키(Ignacy Krasicki; 1735-1801) - 작가, 시인, 우화 작가, 폴란드 최초 소설가
율리안 우르신 니엠체비치(Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz; 1758-1841) - 작가, 극작가, 시인
또한 많은 슐라흐타들이 회상록 및 일기를 남겼다. 아마 가장 유명한 것은 알프리흐트 스타니스와프 라지비우(Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł; 1595-1656)의 ≪폴란드 역사에 관한 회상≫, 얀 흐리조스톰 파세크(Jan Chryzostom Pasek; 1636년경-1701년경)의 ≪회상록≫을 들 수 있다.
마그나트들은 자신의 권위를 나타내기 위해 여러 건설 계획에 착수했다. 현재 바르샤바 대통령 궁전 및 폴란드 대 헤트만이었던 스타니스와프 코니에츠폴스키(Stanisław Koniecpolski)가 건립한 포드호르차히 성을 비롯한 교회, 성당, 궁전 등이 있다. 최대의 건설 계획은 도시 전체를 건설하는 것이었는데, 대개는 도중에 유야무야가 되어 결국 포기했다. 건설된 도시의 이름의 상당수는 건설한 마그나트의 이름이 붙여진 것이 많았다. 이들 도시 중에 가장 유명한 것은 얀 자모이스키(Jan Zamoyski)에 의해 건설되고, 이탈리아인 건축가 베르나르드 모란드가 설계를 담당한 자모시치(Zamość)가 있다.
사르만티즘
슐라흐타 사이에 보급된 이데올로기는 폴란드 민족의 선조라고 생각한 사르만타이인 연관된 "사르만티즘"이라고 불렀다. 이 신조 체계는 슐라흐타 문화의 중요한 부분을 차지하고, 그들의 생활 영역의 전면에 침투했다. 사르만티즘은 슐라흐타 계급에게 있어 평등 의식, 그들의 기마 취미, 전통 중시, 지방에서의 전원 생활, 평화주의를 장려하고 오리엔트에 영향을 받은 복식의 유행을 낳았다(주반, 코투슈, 스크마나, 파스 코투조비, 데리아, 샤브라 등). 거기에는 다민족으로 구성된 폴란드-리투아니아의 귀족 계급에게 단일 민족 의식에 가까운 연대감을 주었고, 슐라흐타의 "황금의 자유"에 정통성을 각각 부여했다.
초기 사르만티즘은 이상주의적인 것으로 문화 활동에서 분류되어 나온 것으로 신앙심, 성실함, 애국심, 용감, 평등과 자유를 고취시켰다. 그러나 이런 성격은 서서히 부정되었다. 후기에 나타난 과격한 사르만티즘은 신앙심을 광신시키고, 성실함을 정치적 무지로 변화시키고, 자랑을 오만으로 만들고, 용감을 완미(頑迷;완고하고 사리에 어두움)로 자유를 무질서로 변모시키고 말았다. 사르만티즘은 18세기 후반에 일어난 국가의 소멸에 책임이 있다는 비판을 받았다. 사르만티즘에 대한 비판은 혁명을 지향하는 혁명가들에 의해 여러 차례 편향된 견해를 보였다. 이런 자기 비판은 또한 폴란드의 소멸은 자기 붕괴로 초래된 것이라고 증명하는 것으로 러시아, 프로이센, 오스트리아의 역사 저작물에서 동조하는 것도 있었다.
인구와 종교
폴란드-리투아니아의 사용언어
폴란드어 - 공용어. 지배적 언어. 폴란드-리투아니아의 귀족계급의 대부분 및 왕국령의 농민층이 사용하였다. 도시에서 주류 언어로 사용.
라틴어 – 공용어. 외교 분야에서 주류로 쓰여, 귀족 계급 사이에서 제2언어로서 일반적으로 사용되었다.
리투아니아어 - 비공용어. 리투아니아 대공국의 북서부(원래 리투아니아) 및 왕령 프로이센 북부(소 리투아니아)에서 언어로 이용한다. 또한 대공국의 공문서의 일부에도 사용되었다.
독일어 - 공용어. 왕령 프로이센 및 도시부의 소수파 주민이 사용하였다. 외교 분야에서 사용되는 상황도 있다.
히브리어 - 공용어. 유대인이 사용하였다. 이디시어도 사용되었으나, 공용어로서 인정받지 못했다.
루테니아어 - 관청 슬라브어로도 알려졌다. 공용어. 1697년까지 리투아니아 대공국의 관청에서 표준 언어로 사용했고, 때에 따라서 외교 분야에서 사용되었다. 루테니아어의 방언(파생 언어)은 리투아니아 대공국 및 왕국령의 동부에서 구어로서 널리 이용되었다.
아르메니아어 - 공용어. 아르메니아계 주민이 사용하였다.
유산
1807년 건국된 바르샤바 공국은 폴란드-리투아니아를 그 원점으로 삼았다. 같은 발상은 11월 봉기(1830-1831) 및 1월 봉기(1863-1864)의 조국회복운동 그리고 유제프 피우스츠키( Józef Piłsudski)가 제창했다가 실패로 끝난 폴란드 주도의 미옌주모제 구상에도 계승되었다. 오늘날 폴란드 공화국은 폴란드-리투아니아 연합국가의 후계자를 자임하고 있다. 한편 제1차 세계대전의 종결후 재독립한 리투아니아 공화국은 예전 연합국가인 리투아니아 국가의 참가를 처음엔 부정적으로 보았다.
지방행정구획
이 정치체제를 표시하는 상황에는 일반적으로 "폴란드"란 말로 충분했으나, 실제로는 폴란드는 거대한 연합국가 전체의 일부에 불과했다. 폴란드-리투아니아 폴란드-리투아니아는 크게 나뉘며 크게 2부분으로 나뉜다.
폴란드 왕국령(원래 폴란드, 구어로는 <왕국령>)
리투아니아 대공국(구어로는 <리투아니아>)
폴란드-리투아니아는 보에오트포(voivodships; województwa)란 지방행정구획에서 세세하게 분리되어 각 지역은 보에보다(voivod; wojewoda,주지사)에 의해 통치되었다. 각 지역은 거의 스타로스토포(starostwa; 왕령지/대관통치지역)에 의해 구분되어, 스타로스타(starosta; 대관)이 이를 통치했다. 도시에는 카슈테란(castellans; 성주대리)에 의해 통치되었다. 다만 도시는 각각 제미야(ziemia)란 지역행정단위를 만들어 빈번하게 대관의 통치를 피했다.
예전 폴란드-리투아니아에 속한 지역은 중부 유럽에서 동부 유럽에 걸쳐 현존하는 복수의 국가 중에 광범히 하게 분포하였다. 폴란드, 우크라이나, 몰도바(트란실베니아), 벨라루시, 러시아, 리투아니아, 라트비아, 에스토니아등이다. 그리고 헝가리 왕국의 일부였던 슬로바키아의 작은 몇 개 도시도 루보프라 조약으로 폴란드의 일부가 되었다.
폴란드-리투아니아의 주요 지역은 다음과 같다(행정구획으로 나누지는 않았다)
마우오포르스카() - 폴란드 남부, 주요 수도는 크라쿠프.
비에르코포르스카( ) – 포즈난과 바르타 강 수계에 분포한 폴란드 중서부.
마조프세() - 폴란드 중앙부, 주요 수도는 바르샤바.
원 리투아니아 - 리투아니아 대공국의 가톨릭지역, 또한 민족적으로 리투아니아인의 거주지역. 대공국의 북서부를 차지하고 있다.
제마이티아(, ) - 리투아니아 대공국내의 자치령, 대공국의 서부 대부분을 차지하고, 원 리투아니아의 서부지역에 해당한다.
왕령 프로이센() – 발트해 남부 해안지역, 제2차 트루니 조약에 의해 자치령이 되었다. 1569년 루블린 합병때 왕국령에 합쳐졌다.
포메라니아() - 그다니스크 근교의 포모제 지방, 왕령 프로이센의 서부지역.
루테니아() - 폴란드-리투아니아의 동부, 러시아와의 인접지역.
리보니아 공국 - 왕국령과 리투아니아 대공국의 공동영유지역, 1620년대 및 1660년에 스웨덴의 점령통치를 받았다.
쿠를란트-젬갈레 공국() - 폴란드-리투아니아의 북부에 위치한 봉토. 1637년 토바고 섬, 1651년 간비아 강의 성 안드레 섬에 각각 식민지를 건설했다.
실레지아() - 폴란드-리투아니아에 속하지는 않았으나, 소규모 지역이 폴란드-리투아니아의 국왕에 속했다. 특히 바사 왕가의 여러 왕은 1645년부터 1666년까지 오폴레(Opole) 공국의 군주였다.
폴란드-리투아니아의 국경은 전쟁 및 조약에 의해 변화했고, 때에 따라 10년사이에 여러번 바뀌는 상황이 있기도 했다. 국경의 변동은 특히 동부 및 남부에서 심했다. 얌 자포르스키 조약(1582년)이 맺어진 후 폴란드-리투아니아는 거의 815,000 km2의 영토에 약 650만명의 인구를 갖게 되었다. 데우리노 조약(1618년) 후에는 폴란드-리투아니아의 영토는 약 990,000 km2 로 확대되고, 인구도 1,000만명에서 1,100만명 정도로 증가했다(그중 폴란드인은 400만명 정도).
지리
16세기 폴란드의 주교이며 지도학자였던 마르친 크로멜은 라틴어 지도책 ≪폴란드:그 지리, 민족, 문화 및 폴란드 폴란드-리투아니아의 관직≫을 출판했으나, 이것은 당시 가장 알려지지 않은 폴란드-리투아니아의 안내 가이드라고 이야기되었다.
크로멜의 저작과 게라르두스 메르카토르가 제작한 동시대의 지도는 폴란드-리투아니아의 국토 대부분을 평야로 묘사했다.
공화국 남부의 크레시(Kresy)는 스텝 지역으로 유명하다. 타트리 산맥을 그 최고부로 있던 카르파티아산맥은 남부국경을 형성하고, 발트해가 북부의 자연국경이 되었다. 당시 대부분의 유럽 여러나라와 마찬가지로 폴란드-리투아니아는 광대한 삼림지역에 둘러싸여 있어 그 경향은 동부에서 더욱 현저했다. 오늘날 비야오비에자 숲(Białowieża Forest)의 거의 대부분은 상처 없이 남아 있어 유럽의 원시림으로서 최후의 지역이라고 한다.
같이 보기
슐라흐타 목록
폴란드 문장 목록
폴란드-리투아니아 문장학
역사적 힘
마운트&블레이드
각주
참고 자료
Norman Davies, God's Playground, and (two volumes).
Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Memoirs of the Polish Baroque: The Writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, a Squire of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, .
Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way: a Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture, .
Pawel Jasienica, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Commonwealth of the Two Nations), .
Zdzisław Kowalewski, Rzeczpospolita nie doceniona: Kultura naukowa i polityczna Polski przedrozbiorowej (Commonwealth not valued: Science and political culture of the pre-partition Poland), .
Teresa Chynczewska-Hennel, Rzeczpospolita XVII wieku w oczach cudzoziemców (Commonwealth of the 17th century in the eyes of the foreigners), .
Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł, Pamiętnik o dziejach w Polsce (Memoires on the Polish history).
Lukowski, Jerzy Tadeusz, Liberty's Folly: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century, 1697–1795. Routledge, 1991 ().Google Print
Snyder, Timothy. "The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999", New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2003 ().
Stone, Daniel Z. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 (A History of East Central Europe; 4). Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2001 (hardcover, ).
외부 링크
Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage
History of Lithuania in the Middle Ages
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Maps, history of cities in Poland, Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania
유럽의 옛 나라
폴란드의 역사
리투아니아의 역사
우크라이나의 근세사
리투아니아-폴란드 관계
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minuartia valedictionis&action=history
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Swedish
|
Spoken
| 29 | 67 |
Minuartia valedictionis är en nejlikväxtart som beskrevs av Mcneill. Minuartia valedictionis ingår i släktet nörlar, och familjen nejlikväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Nörlar
valedictionis
| 13,078 |
https://github.com/Zulita123/afas/blob/master/mastercontrol/application/views/ex/ex_nilai.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
afas
|
Zulita123
|
PHP
|
Code
| 69 | 368 |
<?php
$dtss="Nilai".date("Y-m-d").".xls";
header("Content-type: application/vnd-ms-excel");
header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename='$dtss'");
?>
<table>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;">Data Nilai Mapel</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center"><?php echo $mpl;?></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>No</th>
<th>Nis</th>
<th>Nama</th>
<th>Urutan Kelas</th>
<th>Nilai</th>
</tr>
<?php
$no=0;
foreach ($nil as $dt) {
$no++;
?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo $no;?></td>
<td><?php echo $dt->nis;?></td>
<td><?php echo $dt->nama;?></td>
<td><?php echo $dt->urutan_kelas;?></td>
<td><?php echo $dt->nilai;?></td>
</tr>
<?php } ?>
</table>
| 49,640 |
https://github.com/adammagana/jquery-form-validator/blob/master/jquery.form-validation.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,012 |
jquery-form-validator
|
adammagana
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 483 | 1,446 |
/**
* jQuery Plugin - Form Validation
*
* @author Adam Magaña
* @since May 25th, 2011
* @see http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Authoring
*/
(function($, undefined){
$.fn.validate = function(options) {
/**
* Object Literal that defines the default settings of the plugin
*/
$.fn.validate.defaults = {
fieldError:function(error) {
//Handles an error on an invididual field
},
success:function() {
//Handles a success on an entire form
},
error:function(errors) {
//Handles an error on an entire form
}
};
/**
* Ternary assignment to 'settings':
*
* If 'options' variable is an object then merge it with '$.fn.validate.defaults'
* Else return '$.fn.validate.defaults'
*/
var settings = (typeof options === "object") ? $.extend({}, $.fn.validate.defaults, options) : $.fn.validate.defaults;
return this.each(function() {
//Automatically bind a submit event to each form
$(this).submit(function(e){
var invalidFields = [];
$(this).find('*[data-validate]').each(function() {
$(this).removeClass('error');
var validation = $(this).data('validate').split(/\s/);
for(var i=0, j=validation.length; i<j; i++) {
var current = validation[i];
if(current in $.fn.validate.validationHooks && typeof $.fn.validate.validationHooks[current].set === "function") {
/**
* If the field passes the validation then pass
* Else add the validation error to the invalidFields array and call the settings.fieldError function
*/
if(true === $.fn.validate.validationHooks[current].set.apply(this, [$(this).val()])) {
//pass for now
}else {
var error = ($.fn.validate.validationHooks[current].message === undefined) ? "This field is required." : $.fn.validate.validationHooks[current].message;
invalidFields.push({
selector: this,
message: error
});
settings.fieldError.apply(this, [error]);
}
}
}
});
/**
* If errors were not found then call the 'settings.success' function
* Else prevent the form from submitting and call the 'settings.error' function
*/
if(invalidFields.length === 0) {
//e.preventDefault();
settings.success.apply(this);
}else {
e.preventDefault();
settings.error.apply(this, [invalidFields]);
}
});
});
};
/**
* Object Literal that defines the validation types
*
* Modeled after jQuery cssHooks, each validation type has two properties: a 'set' property and a 'message' property.
* The 'set' property is the actual function that validates a field. The 'message' property is the error message that
* is returned to the 'settings.fieldError' function when validation fails.
*/
$.fn.validate.validationHooks = {
required:{
set:function(val) {
//Check the type of the input
switch(this.tagName) {
case 'INPUT':
if($(this).attr('type') == 'text') {
val = $.trim(val);
if(val === '') {
return false;
}else {
return true;
}
}else if($(this).attr('type') == 'checkbox') {
return $(this).is(':checked') ? true : false;
}
break;
default:
return false;
break;
}
},
message:'This field is required.'
},
alpha:{
set:function(val) {
var regexp = /^[a-zA-Z]+[a-zA-Z ]+[a-zA-Z]+$/;
if(regexp.test(val)) {
return true;
}else {
return false;
}
},
message:'This field can contain only letters.'
},
numeric:{
set:function(val) {
return (val - 0) == val && val.length > 0;
},
message:'This field can contain only numbers.'
},
email:{
set:function(val) {
var regexp = /^\s*[\w\-\+_]+(\.[\w\-\+_]+)*\@[\w\-\+_]+\.[\w\-\+_]+(\.[\w\-\+_]+)*\s*$/;
if(regexp.test(val)) {
return true;
}else {
return false;
}
},
message:'Not a valid email.'
},
url:{
set:function(val) {
var regexp = /(ftp|http|https):\/\/(\w+:{0,1}\w*@)?(\S+)(:[0-9]+)?(\/|\/([\w#!:.?+=&%@!\-\/]))?/;
if(regexp.test(val)) {
return true;
}else {
return false;
}
},
message:'Not a valid URL.'
}
};
/**
* Map $.fn.validate.validationHooks to $.validationHooks if it is undefined.
*/
$.validationHooks = ($.validationHooks === undefined) ? $.fn.validate.validationHooks : $.validationHooks;
})(jQuery);
| 23,923 |
https://openalex.org/W4283399483
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
Assessing and Monitoring of Building Performance by Diverse Methods
|
Paola Seminara
|
English
|
Spoken
| 18,995 | 32,663 |
sustainability sustainability sustainability sustainability 1. Introduction Buildings are one of the largest energy consumers and emitters of carbon dioxide in
the world [1]. The level of these terms is correlated with the level of demand and how
a building performs. Building performance analysis directs and shows how buildings
can be improved in diverse terms. Different groups, for example, government, industry
professionals and scientists, use this analysis to develop building regulations intended
for existing buildings, new designs, refurbishments, evaluations, and management, for
instance. Thus, this research provides an overview of what approved measures in building
performance exist in the UK and how they operate. As follows, a number of building
criteria are systematically reviewed. Received: 21 December 2021
Accepted: 17 January 2022
Published: 22 January 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
Citation: Seminara, P.; Vand, B.;
Sajjadian, S.M.; Tupenaite, L. Assessing and Monitoring of
Building Performance by Diverse
Methods. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031242
Academic Editors: Eva Schito and
Elena Lucchi
Received: 21 December 2021
Accepted: 17 January 2022
Published: 22 January 2022
Citation: Seminara, P.; Vand, B.;
Sajjadian, S.M.; Tupenaite, L. Assessing and Monitoring of
Building Performance by Diverse
Methods. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031242
Academic Editors: Eva Schito and
Elena Lucchi
Received: 21 December 2021
Accepted: 17 January 2022
Published: 22 January 2022 Keywords: building analysis; building performance; building assessment schemes; building monitoring Citation: Seminara, P.; Vand, B.;
Sajjadian, S.M.; Tupenaite, L. Assessing and Monitoring of
Building Performance by Diverse
Methods. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031242 Article Paola Seminara 1, Behrang Vand 1
, Seyed Masoud Sajjadian 1,* and Laura Tupenaite 2 1
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK;
[email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (B.V.)
2
Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University,
10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected]
*
Correspondence: [email protected] 1
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH
[email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (B.V.) 1
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK;
[email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (B.V.)
2
Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University,
10223 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected]
*
Correspondence: [email protected] *
Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Buildings are one of the largest contributors to energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions (GHG) in the world. There is an increased interest in building performance evaluation as
an essential practice to design a sustainable building. Building performance is influenced by various
terms, for example, designs, construction-related factors such as building envelope and airtightness,
and energy technologies with or without micro-generations. How well a building performs thermally
is key to determining the level of energy demand and GHG emissions. Building standards and
regulations, in combination with assessments (e.g., energy modeling tools) and certifications, provide
sets of supports, guidelines and instructions for designers and building engineers to ensure users’
health and well-being, consistency in construction practices and environmental protection. This
paper reviews, evaluates and suggests a sequence of building performance methods from the UK
perspective. It shows the relationships between such methods, their evolutions and related tools,
and further highlights the importance of post-occupancy analysis and how crucial such assessments
could be for efficient buildings. 1.1. Historical Context TER can be computed via the following methodologies: •
The SAP 2005 for dwellings smaller than 450 m2; •
The SAP 2005 for dwellings smaller than 450 m2; •
The Simplified Building Energy model for dwellings greater than the above. Therefore, TER was assessed for a notional building with the same size and shape as
the actual dwelling, and the proposed Dwellings Carbon Emission Rate (DER) must not be
greater [3]. To assist the DER reduction, a reasonable limit for designed air permeability was
recommended. In 2008, the UK Government passed the Climate Change Act, setting specific
emission reduction targets, with an initial goal of reducing carbon emissions by 80% in 2050
compared to the 1990 levels. Nowadays, the actual target is net-zero by 2050. Therefore,
over the past few decades, the UK Building Regulations have been adapted to reach the UK
Government’s ambitious plan. In 2010, an upgrade of the Part L1A (conservation of fuel and
power) was prepared, with a carbon emissions rate calculation according to the new version
of SAP in 2009. It guaranteed an improvement of 25% compared to the 2006 standards,
in conjunction with U-values for fabric element reduction and air permeability [4]. Later,
in the 2013 version, the Target Fabric Energy Efficiency (TFEE) was established alongside
TER as the minimum energy performance requirement. Afterwards, TFEE and TER were
calculated and analyzed using a new SAP version—SAP2012. As for the TER, TFEE was
calculated considering a notional dwelling of the same size and shape [5]: g
g
p
The next update was published in 2016 with no technical changes. In January 2021, a
consultation was begun to abort changes to Part L, and draft guidance was published. Two
important concepts introduced in the draft version were the following: The next update was published in 2016 with no technical changes. In January 2021, a
consultation was begun to abort changes to Part L, and draft guidance was published. Two
important concepts introduced in the draft version were the following: •
The primary energy rate and the target primary energy rate, alongside TER and TFEE. •
The primary energy rate and the target primary energy rate, alongside TER and TFEE. 1.1. Historical Context The UK Government has recognized the environmental impact of buildings since
1985, when “Part L—Conservation of fuel and power” was introduced into the Building
Regulations. However, the initial approach was based on functional requirements, and
attention was paid to the fabric approach first. The fabric efficiency was calculated via the
following method, outlined in the Building Regulations 1995 edition [1]: Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed
under
the
terms
and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/). •
Elemental method—specific U-values were given for different construction elements;
•
Target U-value method—average U-values were calculated using the total floor area,
the total area of exposed elements, the proportion of windows and heating efficiency; •
Elemental method—specific U-values were given for different construction elements; https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031242 Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 2 of 27 2 of 27 •
Energy Rating method—ventilation rate, fabric losses, water heating requirements,
internal heat and solar gains were simultaneously taken into account using the Gov-
ernment Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). •
Energy Rating method—ventilation rate, fabric losses, water heating requirements,
internal heat and solar gains were simultaneously taken into account using the Gov-
ernment Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). The Kyoto Protocol in 1997 emphasized the importance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sions and their role in global warming. EU countries committed to reducing the mentioned
emissions by 8% below the 1990 levels during the first committed period (2008–2012), and
in the meantime, the UK had a specific target of 12.5% reduction. Consequentially, in 2002,
with an upgrade of the building regulation, the energy rating method was abolished and the
Carbon Index method was gradually applied instead. In this direction, the Carbon Index
limit was set above 8.0 [2]. Thus, this route was changed in 2002 from energy efficiency
measurement to a more comprehensive method, with the inclusion of carbon emissions. In the 2006 edition of Part L, Section 1 on design and construction confronted the
significant amendments, and was renamed Section 1 Design Standards. The carbon dioxide
(CO2) Target Emission Rate (TER) was introduced as the minimum energy performance
requirement for new dwellings. 1.2. Envelope Technical information, for example, the thermal properties of prefabricated building
envelopes, is provided and presented by manufacturers, along with certified laboratory
tests. In the laboratory tests, thermal insulation properties are calculated in compliance with
the EN ISO 8990:1996 [9] under steady-state conditions. For existing buildings, age and
type are used as a starting point, and then energy modeling tools evaluate the building’s
performance in different terms. However, with the use of building energy modeling tools,
inaccuracies—for example, in determining U-values—might occur due to the uncertainty
in the materials’ quantity (i.e., mortar, stones, water) and quality [10]. On-site tests (co-heating, U-value measurements and thermography) can verify the
U-values and heat losses using thermal flux equipment and tools. The in situ U-value
measurements are described by the ISO 9869-1:2014 [11], and preliminary infrared surveys
are usually undertaken to reduce heat loss through thermal bridges [12]. Sensors are placed
on both sides of the element (i.e., wall) and the results are monitored, with internal and
external temperatures recorded. The minimum duration for the test is 72 h, while the
indoor temperature is kept steady [13]. Despite the long time required to undertake an
on-site test and the costs associated, in both new and existing buildings, discrepancies have
been figured out between theoretical U-values and the ones obtained on-site. Therefore, di-
agnostic tests become crucial to evaluate the real energy efficiency of existing buildings [14],
and to verify the envelope performances of new buildings that have the scope to be highly
energy efficient [15]. 1.1. Historical Context Limit fabric parameters (U-values) from 1995 to 2021 [1–6]. U-Values (W/m2K) For Each Updates of “Part L—Conservation of Fuel and Power” 1 It varies depending on SAP calculation. 2 It varies depending on roof insulation. 3 It varies depending on frame
characteristics (i.e., metal, wood, PVC). It should be noted that “Part L—Conservation of fuel and power” is to be executed
on the mainland of the UK. The differences between England, Scotland and Wales are
completely negligible [5,7,8]. 1.1. Historical Context These represent the primary energy used (kWhPE/m2/year) by the dwelling; These represent the primary energy used (kWhPE/m2/year) by the dwelling; •
The near-zero-energy requirements for new buildings state that “where a building is
erected, it must be a nearly zero-energy building” [6]. The next part focused on the construction elements (U-values), with further improve-
ments; for example, the air permeability was reduced from 10 to 8 m3/h/m2 at 50 Pa. The next part focused on the construction elements (U-values), with further improve-
ments; for example, the air permeability was reduced from 10 to 8 m3/h/m2 at 50 Pa. Moreover, the consultation document looked at the requirements for efficiency and the
control of the buildings’ energy systems with self-regulating devices, to be imposed in new
and existing dwellings. The specific guidance for energy systems is given in Chapter 6
of the document [6]. Lastly, Chapter 9 of the document looks at the building handover. Consequently, occupants should receive a copy of the Buildings Regulations Compliance
Report (BREL), photographic evidence of the build quality, and a Home User Guide with
non-technical advice for homeowners regarding how the building’s efficiency is main-
tained [6]. An example of a building’s improvement history (Table 1) summarizes how the
recommended U-values for the construction elements have changed from the first ver-
sion of Part L (conservation of fuel and power) to the last consultation document, dated
January 2021. 3 of 27 3 of 27 Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 Table 1. Limit fabric parameters (U-values) from 1995 to 2021 [1–6]. Element
U-Values (W/m2K) For Each Updates of “Part L—Conservation of Fuel and Power”
1995
2002
2006
2010 Target Emission
Rate (TER)
Introduced
2013 Target Fabric
Energy Efficiency
(TFEE) Introduced
Consultation Version,
January 2021 Target Primary
Energy Rate Introduced
Roof
0.20–0.25 1
0.16–0.25 2
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.16
Exposed walls
0.45
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.26
Exposed floor
and ground floors
0.35–0.45 1
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.18
Semi-exposed
walls and floors
0.6
-
-
-
-
-
Windows, doors,
and rooflights
3.0–3.3 1
2.0-2.2 3
2.2
2.0
2.0
Windows and doors 1.6
Rooflight 2.2
Air permeability
-
-
-
10 m3/(hm2) at 50 Pa
10 m3/(hm2) at 50 Pa
8 m3/(hm2) at 50 Pa
1 It varies depending on SAP calculation. 2 It varies depending on roof insulation. 3 It varies depending on frame
characteristics (i.e., metal, wood, PVC). Table 1. 1.3. Airtightness Airtightness could be described as a building’s ability to maintain heat and avoid
extra air infiltration through leaks [16]. Air leakage could affect up to 50% of the heat loss
in cold climate countries [17]. Typically, air leakage occurs in joints between two or more
building elements (i.e., wall–window, roof–wall, floor–wall), or holes used for services [17]. Design, specifications, construction details and materials are the main factors that influence
airtightness [18]. However, human mistakes and issues related to management processes
and quality control could considerably affect the level of airtightness [17,18]. It should be noted that methods of building construction, such as off-site construction,
could guarantee a higher airtightness level due to the reduction in on-site operations,
tests, etc. [19]. Timber frame constructions could have a lower level of airtightness due Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 4 of 27 4 of 27 to failures in installing services or fitting doors and windows [20]. Cavity masonry walls
are even more prone to low-quality human instalment [18]. Moreover, the level of air
leakage could be associated with the building typology [21], with flats having more air
leakage on the ground and top floors, but a higher airtightness level than houses [18]. Building regulations worldwide recommend a specific level of airtightness, with on-site
tests used to evaluate the building infiltration rate. The infiltration is measured using a fan
pressurization method, also known as the “blower door test”, described by the EN ISO
9972:2015 [22]. The effectiveness of the blower door test has been recognized by various
standards and is widely used [23]. However, the test results might be highly influenced by
weather conditions [24]. The high speed of the wind and the difference between internal
and external temperatures invalidate the test [24]. Furthermore, according to [23], the
test results might be affected by the use of different blower door models, which perform
differently according to the flow range. 1.4. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Ventilation Indoor air quality (IAQ) is related to the health and comfort of building occupants,
and building ventilation is considered a key factor to achieving a good level of IAQ [25]. Moreover, ventilation is crucial for the well-being of the occupants [17]. Despite the
great advantage of airtight buildings reducing or minimizing a building’s energy demand,
the indoor air quality could be affected undesirably, with higher risks of moisture [26]. Other impacts, such as excess radon, volatile organic compounds, or overheating, might
occur [27]. Thermal insulation, airtightness, and efficient heating systems are among the energy
measures that could affect IAQ [28]. An example of the effect of ventilation on occupants’
health is that if the ventilation rate is not adequate, the risk of adult asthma for occupants
could rise [27]. Improving a buildings’ ventilation is considered as a strategy to assist the
optimal performance in terms of energy consumption and noise level [29]. Consequently,
mechanical ventilation and heat recovery systems (MVH) are often used as solutions [27],
despite the following areas of concern [30]: •
Lack of adequate skills in installation; •
Control and operation uncertainties due to occupants’ behavior; •
No implementation of occupants’ preferences and needs at the early stage when
energy-saving measures are to be placed. Finally, it can be summarized that building performance evaluation plays a significant
role in realizing different solutions to decrease the level of energy consumption and carbon
dioxide emission from buildings. In line with the literature review, the different techniques
used to assess a building’s performance have not been well reviewed, collected, or examined
in a study on the UK case. Therefore, this research focuses on this demand to systematically
review different methods that can monitor building performance. This includes the history
of buildings’ energy consumption and carbon emissions, building energy modeling tools,
surveys and interviews, and assessment schemes. This study also outlines the progress of
UK legislation in terms of building regulations. 2. Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions It is a fact that there is a link between population growth and energy consumption
on micro and macro scales. Data reported in [31] and [32] show the importance of the
residential sector for energy consumption. In 2018, it was the third most energy-consuming
sector worldwide and the second in the United Kingdom, with space heating representing
the greatest final energy consumption [33]. The latest data from 2019 confirm that the
building’s operational energy accounts for 35% of the total final energy, and 38% of the
total emissions for the whole construction sector [34]. Considering the above, the terms
nearly/zero-energy/emission buildings have been designated as a key part of the housing
industry and governments’ policies. A nearly-zero-energy building has been defined [35]
“as a building that has a very high energy performance”, where “energy performance of Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 5 of 27 a building” is “the calculated or measured amount of energy needed to meet the energy
demand associated with a typical use of the building”. On the other hand, a nearly/zero-
emission building is defined as a highly energy-efficient and powered building, in which
the associated operational emissions are either zero or negative [36]. Despite the two definitions, energy consumption and carbon emissions can be ex-
tremely correlated. Thus, buildings should aim to be zero or nearly zero, meaning they
should reduce or minimize the energy demand through the design, fabric characteristics,
appliance efficiency, and the supply of energy demand through green and/or renewable
technologies [37]. Looking at the energy demand, this is influenced firstly by site location,
building usage, and outdoor and indoor temperatures [38]. It has been shown [39] that in a
small country like the Netherlands, weather variations could result in as much as 2% of gas
being used for space heating. On the other hand, it is suggested [40] that the first step to decarbonizing the building
sector is to establish and implement an ambitious code for buildings. Hence, governments
such as that in the UK have focused on aspects such as thermophysical properties, insula-
tion, surface treatments and mass, promoting the fabric first approach and passive design
strategies [36]. According to Estiri et al. [41], energy needs are considered to be directly
proportional to the buildings’ size, with single-family detached dwellings consuming more
energy than other building typologies, and different approaches might be necessary to
reduce the energy demand. 3. Building Energy Modeling Building simulation and energy modeling methods were established in late 1970. Due
to the high levels of energy consumption and carbon emissions related to the operational
period of buildings, energy modeling tools offer promising predictions and calculations of
energy demand and usage. Three different methods are generally used for building energy
modeling: •
The traditional approach—white box; •
The data-driven approach—black box; •
The hybrid approach—grey box. The traditional approach is based on thermophysical equations, with data input
including architectural and technical drawings, as well as weather data [51]. The white box
approach is widely utilized by energy modeling software such as EnergyPlus, TRNSYS,
DesignBuilder, and DOE-2. However, two main problems have been identified related to
the traditional approach: the first one is the accuracy required to model the building; thus,
for complex buildings, inaccuracy might occur and higher modeling skills are needed. The
second one relates to the previous point, and is the run-time of simulations [52–54]. The
data-driven approach is based on historical data input; for example, energy consumption. Therefore, through a statical methodology, the building energy consumption is measured
or can be estimated [53]. The main problem associated with the black box approach is the lack of a building’s
thermal and physical characteristics information. However, due to its quicker running
time, this approach is often used when total energy consumption, electricity demand,
and heating/cooling load are required for complex units [52,54,55]. The hybrid approach
utilizes both the traditional and data-driven approaches. Thus, the physical models are
simplified, and historical data and statistical methods are implemented. However, the
results might be affected by the complexity of combining the data utilized [37]. On the other
hand, the time required to develop the model is shorter than the traditional approach, with
valid building energy performance prediction. For these reasons, the grey box approach
has been recognized as the most accurate [53,56,57]. The building energy performance
simulation tools can also be classified according to the level of thermal dynamism as steady-
state models or dynamic models. In a steady-state regime, average data on the weather
and linear programming techniques are used to extrapolate the building’s energy perfor-
mance [58]. In dynamic models, every time-step of the simulations is taken into account
with real weather data. 2. Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions The use of advanced thermal insulation is the most effec-
tive measure for both small residential and apartment buildings, and is less effective for
non-residential buildings [42]. Thus, establishing a building envelope with energy-efficient windows and a high level
of airtightness is considered key to reducing the energy demand and emissions [40]. Other
passive design strategies, such as orientation, building form, and transparency ratio, have
the capacity to optimize the solar gain depending on the climate conditions of the site. Musall et al. [42] assumed that apartments gain more benefits from solar radiation than
small residential buildings, while vice versa, passive cooling is more efficient for small
independent dwellings. All the approaches mentioned previously are considered passive measures, while
the use of new and efficient technologies for HVAC systems, hot water, lighting, and
appliances are considered active measures [43]. Nevertheless, the use HVAC systems is
highly influenced by households’ patterns, incomes, and habits [44]. Once the energy demand has been minimized, no fossil fuel should be used to supply
the energy demand for nearly/zero-energy/emission buildings [45]. Therefore, the UK
government has pushed its agenda to increase renewable energy sources. However, it
is argued [46] that reducing building energy demand must be the driving factor, since
technologies might improve over the years, but energy needs would remain almost con-
stant, or increase, if building fabric and occupants’ behavior are not evaluated. With the
occupants’ behavior playing a crucial role in building energy consumption, the use of
energy management systems (EMSs) [47] has been promoted in the past years, as a strategy
to control energy utilization. Thus, EMSs guarantee thermal comfort and air quality in
households, optimizing the use of energy through automation and technology [48]. The
functions of the EMSs [49] are itemized as: •
Monitoring, controlling, and communicating building energy consumption; •
Planning energy consumption according to users’ patterns and needs, looking as well
at the energy cost; •
Managing the energy demand via home appliances, energy storage and renewable
systems. EMSs guarantee lower energy bills, and the other main advantages of the EMSs [50]
depend on their objectives, for example, cost minimization, energy consumption minimiza-
tion, or carbon emission minimization while maintaining indoor thermal comfort. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 6 of 27 6 of 27 3. Building Energy Modeling After the European Directives 2010/31/EU and 2012/27/EU, in
most European countries, to comply with the legislation, energy modeling tools based
on numerical analysis with calculation-based methodologies have been developed. The
data required for building energy modeling tools based on a calculations methodology are
building location (e.g., geography and the built environment), building physics, HVAC
systems, internal heat gains, and the on-site energy systems. Then, the output data can be
derived in different formats; for instance, indoor air temperature and quality, and energy
demand or consumption. p
On the other hand, in dynamic simulations, it is possible to analyze how different
variants might affect building energy performance. Thus, the building’s physical properties
and dynamic aspects such as weather and occupancy play important roles [56,59,60]. Crawley et al. [61] described the main tools of dynamic simulations, some of which are
summarized as follows: BLAST (three main programs of Space Loads Prediction, Air
System Simulation and Central Plan), DOE-2 (hourly weather information, building and
systems data to forecast building’s hourly energy use and energy cost), EnergyPlus (based
on both BLAST and DOE-2; therefore, various time-steps’ energy use and energy cost are
estimated), TRNSYS (subsystem approach to analyzing the building energy performance),
ESP-r (estimation of a building’s thermal and acoustic performance, which can be used
by different users, with a project manager assigning different modules to a third part
according to the computational needs), Design Builder (simulation of building energy
performance), E-Quest (using three different input wizards: Design Wizard (simple inputs), Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 7 of 27 Design Development Wizard (detailed input), and Energy Efficiency Wizard). Several
studies have been conducted on the accuracy of building energy performance software. The findings of [10,55,62–71] can be considered as follows. Design Development Wizard (detailed input), and Energy Efficiency Wizard). Several
studies have been conducted on the accuracy of building energy performance software. The findings of [10,55,62–71] can be considered as follows. g
The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) is the building energy modeling software
used to design a Passive House building, and is an essential part of the building design
process. As part of the steady-state methodology, it is an accurate tool for assessing the
thermal performance of passive houses [63]. Additionally, PHPP has been validated in
Ref. [64] based on dynamic simulations results. Moreover, the transparency of the outcomes
and the flexibility of the software are its further advantages. 3. Building Energy Modeling Limitations regarding the use
of whole house temperature, rather than the zone temperature approach, might increase
overheating risks. Furthermore, the energy from renewable resources is considered in the
PHPP package, but it is not included in the overall primary energy target, and predicts
the operational carbon as the main factor to determine the building’s efficiency in terms of
both energy and carbon emissions [46]. Moran et al. [64] compared actual energy in a case study using the PHPP, SAP and IES
dynamic simulation models. All three tools overestimated the use of gas and electricity
due to a lack of information relative to the occupants (e.g., internal heat gain profiles). However, by using a reduction factor, the results derived with PHPP and with the dynamic
simulation were close to the actual energy usage; meanwhile, SAP remained unchanged. Furthermore, Bros-Williamson et al. [65] showed that the climatic change predicted by
PHPP was closer to what was recorded. Burford et al. [66] have also highlighted how
adopting different building forms and orientations can reduce energy demand. However,
these two characteristics are not contemplated in SAP models. Kelly et al. [10] have
stated that SAP measures energy cost saving rather than the whole-life energy used by
the buildings. Moreover, carbon emission calculation is not an accurate way to determine
energy demand/consumption in SAP [62]. Grid electricity does not take into consideration
the energy efficiency of the systems adopted. Hence, the risk could be that the design
approach does not look at the most efficient way to use energy. pp
y
gy
Regarding dynamic simulations tools, Schwartz and Raslan [67] have pointed out
the importance of the weather data used in dynamic simulations, and how they could
impact the results obtained from the models. Moreover, the main difference in the results
is determined by how each component is differently considered. M’Saouri El Bat et. [68]
introduced a microclimatic simulation, which is not usually contemplated in dynamic
models, to demonstrate the impact and importance of the street canyon microclimate
once the building energy consumption has been estimated. The variety of plant systems
contemplated in TRNSYS, and the direct incorporation of measurement-based weather,
have both been considered advantageous by Nageler et al. [69]. The importance of the
modular feature in TRNSYS is emphasized, which allows for more flexibility and more
detailed simulations [55]. 4. Surveys and Interviews With the performance gap rising between the development of energy-efficient build-
ings and occupants’ behavior, the use of surveys and feedback techniques to evaluate
building performance and users’ satisfaction is growing exponentially. One of the first survey methodologies developed was the Building Use Studies (BUS)
occupant survey, created in the UK in 1985. Initially, the BUS survey was launched for
non-domestic buildings, and in 2010, a version for domestic buildings was established [72]. The BUS methodology employs user questionnaires using a semantic differential scale from
1—Unsatisfactory, to 7—Satisfactory. The scope of the survey is to evaluate the building
users’ satisfaction in terms of environmental variants (i.e., thermal comfort, acoustic, light-
ing) and functional elements such as space layout [73]. Paper questionnaires are one of
the key points of the methodology, with online surveys available [72]. Moreover, there is a
substantial difference between BUS surveys for non-domestic and domestic buildings. A
standard set of data could be used for domestic buildings, but further investigations such Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 8 of 27 8 of 27 as occupants’ interviews might be necessary to understand the context and the needs [74]. As a consequence, surveys for domestic buildings [74]: •
Might take longer, with BUS survey for non-domestic buildings generally undertaken
in one day; •
Might take longer, with BUS survey for non-domestic buildings generally undertaken
in one day; •
Appear more resistant to setting benchmarks to compare the survey’s results, due to
the scale of the survey for domestic buildings; •
Appear more resistant to setting benchmarks to compare the survey’s results, due to
the scale of the survey for domestic buildings; •
Appear more resistant to setting benchmarks to compare the survey’s results, due to
h
l
f h
f
d
b
ld the scale of the survey for domestic buildings; •
Might be inaccurate due to reluctant responses. Another established survey methodology used widely was developed by the Center
for the Built Environment (CBE), University of California, in 1999. The CBE survey was the
first to use a web platform to evaluate the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of buildings,
including offices and dwellings. A core module with 60 questions is available, wherein
buildings’ environmental and space elements are evaluated. Extra modules that analyze
the buildings’ operation systems can also be added upon clients’ requests [75]. 4. Surveys and Interviews As for the
BUS survey, a rating scale of seven points is used, with a range from −3 (very dissatisfied)
to 3 (very satisfied) [76]. One key difference between the BUS and CBE methodologies is
that the last one comprises two surveys to evaluate the users’ satisfaction—one conducted
before the occupancy, with occupants evaluating the building before being renovated,
and one conducted after six months of occupancy [75]. Furthermore, the CBE surveys
allow for comparing the users’ perception of about different buildings that have been
constructed using the same energy-efficient principles, and for the above reason, the CBE
methodology has been widely used to compare LEED-certified and non-certified buildings,
and to prove the effectiveness of “Green” certification (i.e., LEED, BREEAM) [75]. It should
also be noted that even though CBE could be utilized for domestic buildings, a recent study
conducted by Altomonte and Schiavon [76] asserts that just 1% of the total buildings that
have used the CBE survey fall into the category of multi-family residential/dormitory. However, BUS and CBE surveys are the two methodologies used for both domestic and
non-domestic buildings. Other questionnaire methods are applied exclusively to evaluate
offices buildings, such as Cost-effective Open-Plan Environments (COPE) and the Building
Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE), PROKLIMA [77,78]. y
With research based on surveys and questionnaires, qualitative data are produced
and used as a fundamental support for extended analyses. For instance, Alexi Marmot
Associates (AMA) have developed AMA WorkWare, a tool in which quantitative and
qualitative assessments are collected and analyzed. The AMA toolkit aims to improve the
collaboration between the parties involved in construction projects and the final users, and
contemplates five key methods [79], including web-based questionnaires, space audits,
space occupancy surveys, interviews, workshops, and focus groups. In the AMA WorkWare,
the Soft-Landing Framework intends to improve building performance using integrated
feedback and lessons learnt, and by supporting collaboration between all the parties
involved in a project [80]. Published for the first time in 2009, the Soft-Landing Framework
includes six stages: (1) inception and briefing, (2) design, (3) construction, (4) pre-handover,
(5) initial aftercare and (6) extended aftercare and post-occupancy evaluation. Stage 6 lasts
for three years; several surveys are recommended after one year of occupancy, so that users
can experience cold and warm seasons, and during the third year, to see if the issues that
arose in the previous years have been resolved. 4. Surveys and Interviews On the other hand, during the second year,
it is suggested to conduct occupant focus groups, so that occupants can confront each other
about the issues that arise [80]. 5.1. Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) The Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) is an approach used to calculate building
energy performance in terms of Energy Efficiency Rate (EER) and Environmental Impact
Rating (EIR) [81]. Moreover, energy costs and carbon emissions are estimated. It is based on
the BRE Domestic Energy Model (BREDEM) and it was first introduced in 1994, in Part L1A
of the Building Regulations for the “Conservation of Fuel and Power” in new buildings [82]. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 9 of 27 Several versions of SAP have been developed in past years—1998, 2001, 2005, 2009 and
2012, which is the current version used. With the European directive 2002/91/EC, the
SAP methodology became the National Calculation Methodology in the UK, used to assess
building energy performance and to create the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) [10]. g
gy p
gy
SAP is based on standardized occupancy behavior assumptions and standardized
climate data for the UK [81]. Buildings are rated from 1 to 100, according to the annual
energy cost estimated per meter square. The higher the value, the better the buildings are
performing. The use of SAP was first focused on new dwellings, and later in 2005 and 2006,
the attention of the government was directed towards existing buildings with the creation
of the Reduced Data Standard Assessment Procedure (RdSAP) [10]. The RdSAP is based
on the SAP model. However, in the RdSAP, standardized values are used, according to the
age and typology of the building and its components, including the insulation levels [10]. SAP is based on a steady-state methodology, with fewer inputs required if compared to
dynamic tools [83] and [84]. The inaccuracy of the SAP methodology is mainly due to the
weather data used and the lack of occupants’ behavior inclusion. The limitations of SAP
are related to the estimation of internal temperatures, which are calculated on a monthly
basis and are generalized, rather than categorized by room. Despite its limitations, SAP is
widely known, and the UK government intends to maintain SAP as the main methodology. A new version of SAP10 was published in 2018, which is still under revision. Some changes
should take place in the new version to overcome the problems that arose during the past
few years. 5.1. Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) Some of the changes are summarized as follows: •
55% reduction in carbon emissions produced by electricity; •
Overheating risk increase, with more deep consideration of natural ventilation, which
could also be impacted by noise; •
Building performance calculation could be affected negatively if thermal bridging
details are not provided. The UK government [82] highlighted how changes in emission factors for electricity
could have a great impact on the construction sector (e.g., with firms and contractors) using
more electrical systems for heating and hot water. The UK government [82] highlighted how changes in emission factors for electricity
could have a great impact on the construction sector (e.g., with firms and contractors) using
more electrical systems for heating and hot water. 5.2. Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) Article 11 of the European Directive 2010/31/EU, also known as the Energy Perfor-
mance Building Directive (EPBD), established that all the Member States should put in
place a certification scheme to evaluate the energy performance of their buildings. The
energy performance certificate (EPC) would then become common all around Europe. The main aim of EPCs is to rate building energy efficiency from level A (very efficient)
to G (inefficient), with calculations made according to the common general framework
as per European Directive 2010/31/EU Annex I [35]. Moreover, the European Directive
has suggested the implementation of recommendations for improving building energy
performance within EPCs [35]. The validity of EPCs should not exceed ten years, and they
are mandatory for new buildings or owner(s). The information contained in EPC can be
summarized as: •
The asset rating for the building; •
A reference value (A to G); •
Recommendation report; •
Relevant reference number; •
Address of the building; •
The date on which it was issued. With EPCs, awareness regarding the importance of more efficient buildings has grown
not only in the construction sector, but also between sellers, renters and occupants [10]. The
labeling approach and the recommendations included in EPC reports have caused a trans-
formation during the past few years, with each European country responding differently
in the development and implementation of EPCs in their legislation [85]. Kelly et al. [10] Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 10 of 27 compared the EPCs of three different countries, including the UK, Germany, and Italy. In the UK, EPCs show a normalized scale where unit measures are not expressed, while
German EPCs give the details of the energy consumption, as do Italian ones. Moreover,
German EPCs compare the energy performance of new and old buildings of the same
typology; meanwhile, Italian EPCs show detailed information about the systems’ energy
performance (i.e., HVAC, DHW). The limitations of the UK EPCs were also highlighted [10]. Thus, a comparison within the same building typology, as per German EPCs, could over-
come the difficulties that owners have in understanding the effectiveness of the suggested
measures to improve building energy performance. On the other hand, EPCs in the UK
give information about the environmental impact, and the suggested measures are catego-
rized into three different levels, lower and higher cost, plus other measures. Gokarakonda
et al. 5.2. Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) [86] showed that twenty-seven member countries of the European Union, plus the
UK, have recommendations in their EPC reports. However, in just sixteen countries (Bel-
gium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Portugal, Sweden, UK) are the recommendations related to
the cost and energy savings. They also analyzed the key barriers to the use of EPCs in
different European countries [86]. A lack of understanding of the information, the low level
of interest in EPCs of the end-users, and the lack of connection between the information
provided in EPCs and the renovation process seem to be common problems across Europe. According to [87], the high cost in some European countries is related to the need for
energy audits to stipulate EPCs. On the other hand, having an accredited body for the cer-
tificates establishes their reliability. Reliability is one of the key points for a successful EPC
practice, with the other key points including transparency, cost-effectiveness, comparability,
functionality/usability, and neutrality. Gokarakonda et al. [88] looked at how EPCs could be improved to accommodate the
stakeholders’ needs, and suggest the priorities should be: •
Higher validity of the software used for the EPC; •
Improvement with deep renovation and recommendations of online tools that could
compare the different options; •
An on-site inspection is mandatory. Consequentially, for improving EPCs across Europe, the strategy should focus on two
main areas: deep renovations and EPCs structure and development [89]. EPCs should
be more user-friendly, more training for EPCs assessors should be accomplished across
Europe, and collaboration with the real estate market should be stimulated [89]. For deep
renovations, tools that emphasize their benefits and support the decision-making process
are beneficial in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction
sector. We also consider that deep retrofitting is slow across Europe, despite the introduction
of EPCs [89]. 5.3. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) PHASE II (after retrofit) 1. Analysis of the commissioning and handover process; 2. Building energy evaluation; 2. Building energy evaluation; 3. Building environmental conditions, such as internal temperature, relative humidity,
and indoor air quality; 4. Analysis of occupant satisfaction, with qualitative data based on interviews, activity
logging, and thermal comfort diaries. 4. Analysis of occupant satisfaction, with qualitative data based on interviews, activity
logging, and thermal comfort diaries. Moreover, [94] have highlighted the importance of the involvement of the occupants
in both phases I and II. They [94] also showed that almost 91% of the buildings analyzed
in their study, subjected to retrofit projects, have suffered from problems related to the
commissioning and the handover, especially regarding the use of new technologies, and
the lack of information given to the occupants about them. Hence, BPE is based on
empirically measurable data and qualitative data referring to the occupants’ satisfaction
and the interaction with the environment they are living in. These last aspects have been
proven to have a great impact on the building performance, and for the above reasons,
more interest in the past years has developed around the BEP [95]. Using BPE, the construction sector needs to focus on five key points for delivering
buildings that have a lower impact in terms of energy and GHG emissions [96], as follows: Using BPE, the construction sector needs to focus on five key points for delivering
buildings that have a lower impact in terms of energy and GHG emissions [96], as follows: 1. Aspiration, driven by investors and developers, with targets set since the beginning; 2. Control, with collaboration in the supply chain for the contracting and delivery
processes; 3. Design for performance; edback, to address better delivery and handover; 5. Knowledge improvement for all the parties involved. Despite the benefits of BPE, there are some issues related to its application. Firstly,
there is a lack of policies and incentives, which could cover the costs associated with BPE,
and guarantee the efficiency of buildings [97]. Secondly, the lack of collaboration continuity
between the design team and the contractor once BPE is over, which could manifest as a
lower effectiveness of the BPE [97]. 5.3. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) The concept of a building’s life cycle assessment (cradle to grave) is not linear [90], but a
significant phase is the operational phase. Building Performance Evaluation (BPE) evaluates
the performance of edifices, not just in terms of energy, but also in terms of environmental
conditions and quality for the occupant, by collecting and analyzing quantitative and
qualitative data [91]. Hence, BPE is based on the concept of performance, which includes
the building’s fabric elements, materials, and construction methods, but also the use of
resources such as water and energy, and the impact on the environment, economic system,
and quality of life [92]. Considering the abovementioned terms, the Royal Institute of
British Architects (RIBA), UK [93], has classified the activities necessary to undertake a BPE
as follows: 1. Review of project delivery—at this stage the team and the client experience should be
evaluated; 2. Project outcomes, which include interpretation and analysis of the brief; Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 11 of 27 3. Building use/occupant behavior, which looks at the building fabric and its connection
with the building use, and the occupant patterns; 3. Building use/occupant behavior, which looks at the building fabric and its connection
with the building use, and the occupant patterns; 4. Occupant feedback; 5. Energy use; gy
;
6. System, including health and safety strategy, ventilation strategy, lighting, water and gy
6. System, including health and safety strategy, ventilation strategy, lighting, water and
HVAC systems, control, and maintenance; 6. System, including health and safety strategy,
HVAC systems, control, and maintenance; 7. Environmental performance, a measure of the thermal and acoustic performances,
indoor air quality, heat loss, airtightness, and light levels; 8. Comparisons, predicted performance versus the actual one, and use of previous studies 9. Report, to share with the client and the design team for future references. Even though the approach suggested by the RIBA [93] looks at the whole building
life, for retrofit projects, a different path might be necessary. The Low-Carbon Building
Group [94] have performed BPEs for a retrofit project, following different steps, as below:
PHASE I (before retrofit) 1. Design and construction audit, with analysis of quantitative data, such as SAP calcu-
lation, and qualitative data, such as photographic surveys and team interviews; 2. Building envelope tests, regarding its thermal properties. PHASE II (after retrofit) 2. Building envelope tests, regarding its thermal properties. 2. Building envelope tests, regarding its thermal properties. 5.4. Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) The Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) has its origins in the late 1960s, with a study
conducted at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, where for the first time
the occupants’ sensations regarding the environment they were living in were taken into
account [90]. Between 1960 and 1980, more studies in the UK, the USA, Canada, and New Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 12 of 27 Zealand analyzed the perceptions of people in the environment they were living, studying,
or working in [98]. Zealand analyzed the perceptions of people in the environment they were living, studying,
or working in [98]. g
POE was defined in 1988 [99] as a process to evaluate buildings after they have been
occupied for a period. However, the definition of POE might be summarized as the
activity(ies) by which building performance is evaluated in parallel with the occupants’
satisfaction [100]. Thus, POE is based on questions that aim to analyze technical and
social aspects [101]. It should be carried out at least once after one year [102], while
it is suggested that POE should be regularly performed during the whole building life. Due to the “performance gap”, and its connection with the occupants’ behavior, POE
plays a key role in understanding the relationship between end-users, resources and the
indoor environment, and in helping future building design decisions [98], and in drawing
guidelines for the best practice according to the building typology [102]. POE is based
on data collection for technical performance, looking at the following key elements [103]:
physical systems, environmental systems, adaptability and durability/robustness. The
evaluation process of POE follows seven steps [103]: 1. Identify the strategy and needs;
2. Identify the issues to address;
3. Form a statement or brief for the POE;
4. POE planning;
5. POE execution;
6. Report;
7. Actions in response to the POE. 1. Identify the strategy and needs; Once the handover is completed, POE evaluates the occupants’ perceptions during
the operational phase. There are no specific protocols regarding how POE should be
conducted. However, several methods have been used during the past few years. Ref. [103]
summarized these methods, as shown in Table 2, with questionnaires and surveys clearly
utilized as normal practice. Table 2. Post-Occupancy Evaluation methods used [103]. 5.4. Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) MethodMethod
Techniques Used
Focus
When
Length of the Process
The Montfort Method
Walk through the
building
Process review,
functional performance
1 year after occupancy
1 day
Design Quality
Indicators
Online questionnaire
Quality of the building
Design stage and after
completion
20–30 min
Overall Linking Score
Online/hard copy
questionnaire
Users’ satisfaction
1 year after occupancy
10–12 min per person
PROBE
Questionnaire, focus
groups, energy, and
space audits
Users’ satisfaction and
systems performance
Time suggested after
1 year
From 2 days to over
a month
BUS Occupant Survey
Questionnaire, walk
through the building
Users’ satisfaction
Time suggested after
1 year
10–15 min per person
Energy Assessment
and Reporting
Methodology
Energy use survey
Energy saved
After building
completion
Up to 1 person
per week
Learning from
Experience
Group discussions
Process review
During the whole
construction process, or
at the end
1 seminar, or
continuous evaluation Table 2. Post-Occupancy Evaluation methods used [103]. Despite the increase in interest in POE, limitations of the assessment have been high-
lighted during the past few years. One of the problems is the cost associated with POE. POE proves the effectiveness of the strategy used by the project lead and the design team
to address building performance, and the results associated with POE would benefit the Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 13 of 27 occupants. Thus, if those benefits are introduced and explained to dwellers, they might be
included in the cost process [90]. Furthermore, when POE is conducted, expectations in-
crease regarding how the building performance might be improved, and if additional costs
are needed, there will be concerns related to budgeting and responsible stakeholders [90]. Even if POE is undertaken, due to the lack of collaboration between different construction
phases and stakeholders, it might be difficult to establish responsibility for the success or
the failure of the building in achieving its desired performance [98]. Moreover, since POE is
based on quantitative and qualitative data, the results might not be generalizable for future
references [98]. 5.5. Energy Retrofit Measures (ERMs) Energy retrofitting measures (ERMs) are defined as the changes implemented in build-
ings to reduce their impact in terms of the three sustainability dimensions: environmental,
economic and social [104]. In light of the fact that “roughly 65% of the total expected build-
ings stock in 2060 are already built today in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), Paris, France countries” [105], ERMs represent the most feasible and
cost-effective approach for reducing the construction sector’s influence on energy demand
and GHG emissions [104,106]. Therefore, energy retrofitting measures can be categorized
as follows [107–110]: (1) the demand side, reducing the energy demand through new
technologies, (2) the supply side, using renewable energy sources, and (3) the human side,
with the connection between lifestyle and energy consumption. A deeper classification was
presented in [111], based on monitoring and controlling systems. For example, controlling
lighting and ventilation, using efficient energy systems, and identifying occupants’ patterns
and the energy usage associated with them. Hence, when selecting specific retrofitting
measures, a strategy should be established, with five steps undertaken [108]: 1. Energy modeling and assessment, through surveys, simulations and interviews, to
establish the building’s energy demand and the building’s physical characteristics; g
gy
g
p y
2. Energy retrofit design, with several options taken into considerations; 3. Decision-making criteria assessment, including the economic, environmental and
social aspects, and their weight for the decision-making; 4. Optimal allocation of resources, evaluating the whole approach, and its objectives
and constraints; 5. Risk valuation. 5.
Risk valuation. 5. Risk valuation. Ma et al. [107] suggested a systematic approach for sustainable building retrofits,
focusing on three key areas: strategic planning, the characterization of pre-retrofitting
activities (with several steps undertaken similar to [108]) and the characterization of post-
retrofitting activities, which introduces the evaluation of the strategy adopted and the
satisfaction of the occupants. In [107], they also determined the importance of evaluating
the measures after the occupancy, which could reduce the gap between the energy efficiency
promised and that realized. Figure 1 shows the systematic approach developed by [107]. To deliver efficient ERMs, the UK government published a report in 2016 with twenty-
seven recommendations, looking at different aspects and subjects in a retrofit project [110]: •
Consumer protection, with certified bodies that guarantee the professionality and
validity of the measures adopted. Training might be necessary; y
p
g
g
y
•
Development of guidelines, and advice for consumers and the construction industry; p
g
y
•
Introduction of quality and standards, which could lead to compliance and enforcement. •
Introduction of quality and standards, which could lead to compliance and enforcement. In the report, sector-specific recommendations have been specified, regarding: In the report, sector-specific recommendations have been specified, regarding: •
Insulation and fabric, using a holistic approach in which environment, heritage, occu-
pancy, and the householders’ improvement objectives drive the chosen retrofit measures;
•
Smart meters, with their installation operated by skilled staff that could advise and
inform the consumers; Home energy technologies, with the use of existing and new technologies supported
by advice documents for the benefit of the supply chain and consumers. 14 of 27
ating the
ffi i Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 p
g
y
pp
p
y [
Figure 1. A systematic approach for sustainable building retrofits [107]. Figure 1. A systematic approach for sustainable building retrofits [107]. Figure 1. A systematic approach for sustainable building retrofits [107]. Figure 1. A systematic approach for sustainable building retrofits [107]. To deliver efficient ERMs, the UK government published a report in 2016 with
twenty-seven recommendations, looking at different aspects and subjects in a retrofit pro-
ject [110]:
•
Consumer protection, with certified bodies that guarantee the professionality and
validity of the measures adopted. Training might be necessary;
•
Development of guidelines, and advice for consumers and the construction industry;
•
Introduction of quality and standards, which could lead to compliance and enforce-
ment. 5.
Risk valuation. These recommendations were followed by the British Standards’ publication of PAS
2035: 2019 (Retrofitting Dwellings for Improved Energy Efficiency Specification and Guid-
ance document), wherein a whole-house approach is pursued. The document emphasizes
that the risks related to the interaction between different types of ERM should be evaluated. Moreover, ERMs should be scheduled in a precise order, assessing the possibility of any
knock-on effects [111]. PAS 2035 suggests a cost-effective method, with an approach that
aims to improve the fabric first. Improving envelope insulation is the most effective ERM,
with heat loss reduced up to 40% with cavity wall insulation, and up to 50–80% with
external wall or roof insulation [112,113]. When deciding the appropriate ERMs, the age
and the building typology should be considered. Table 3 shows typical energy uses for
houses built in different years [114]. Table 3. Typical energy use for different house ages [114]. 1910
1975
1995
Space Heating
63%
44%
33%
Hot Water
16%
25%
25%
Lighting
17%
25%
34%
Cooking
4%
6%
8% Table 3. Typical energy use for different house ages [114]. To summarize, ERMs focus on improving the ability of buildings to retain heat, and
on upgrading the technologies used for space heating, water heating, and lighting [115]. Insulation technologies and techniques, shading and glazing systems, airtightness, and
ventilation systems should be adopted to guarantee a higher level of energy loads [116]. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 15 of 27
be th Additionally, the fabric first approach seems to be the most advantageous, in terms of cost
and environmental benefits, as shown in Figure 2. Additionally, the fabric first approach seems to be the most advantageous, in terms of cost
and environmental benefits, as shown in Figure 2. Costs to implement
Services , Metering
££
Active elements, solar thermal,
photovoltaics, wind turbines
£££
Environmental benefits
+ + +
+ +
+
Building Fabric &
Design
£
Figure 2. Cost versus environmental benefits of the energy hierarchy [107]. Environmental benefits Costs to implement Active elements, solar thermal,
photovoltaics, wind turbines
£££ Figure 2. Cost versus environmental benefits of the energy hierarchy [107]. igure 2. 5.
Risk valuation. Cost versus environmental benefits of the energ
It should be noted that the most cost-effective
imple payback calculation, which poorly estimates
with the cheapest solutions becoming the most attra
ost analysis (LCCA) to evaluate ERMs’ costs and
afari and Valentin [104] added to the standard LCC
onsidering the increase in the property value, and
entives for buildings’ energy optimization. Thus, b
It should be noted that the most cost-effective options might be calculated using
a simple payback calculation, which poorly estimates the savings in the long term [10],
and with the cheapest solutions becoming the most attractive [117]. Hence the use of
life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to evaluate ERMs’ costs and benefits [104]. In evaluating
ERMs, Jafari and Valentin [104] added to the standard LCCA the evaluated benefits of
reselling, considering the increase in the property value, and the benefits derived from the
tax incentives for buildings’ energy optimization. Thus, building owners could be made
aware of the ERMs’ advantages, via a detailed and more exhaustive analysis, with costs and
risks being crucial factors for ERMs strategies and decision-making processes. It has been
highlighted in [118] that the influence of the occupants’ behavior in developing effective
ERMs could be as high as 62–86%. Additionally, if the behavior pattern corresponds to a
high energy level, ERMs change the behavior patterns and reduce energy consumption by
up to 50%, making them more efficient than physical improvements. On the other hand, if
the behavior pattern is categorized as low energy level, physical improvements might be
more efficient. Occupant behavior could thus influence the final decision when choosing a
strategy for the most appropriate ERMs. 5.6. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) 5.6. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) However, the new version was also used for major refurbishments, even though for
fit-out or minor refurbishments, the 2008 BREEAM version was recommended by BRE [122]. The major amendments to version 2011 are summarized as follows [123]: Later in 2011, a new version of BREEAM was launched, known as New Construction
2011. However, the new version was also used for major refurbishments, even though for
fit-out or minor refurbishments, the 2008 BREEAM version was recommended by BRE [122]. The major amendments to version 2011 are summarized as follows [123]: The major amendments to version 2011 are summarized as follows [123]: •
New benchmarks and assessment methodologies for determining energy efficiency
and operational GHG emissions. Reductions in energy demand, energy consumption,
and GHG emissions are key requirements in the 2011 versions; y
q
•
Updated benchmarks for construction waste and water consumption; •
Updated benchmarks for construction waste and water consumption;
•
Introduction of new standards for sustainable procurement and post-construction
operational aftercare; •
New and updated reporting requirements of key performance indicators. In 2012, the BREEAM Refurbishment Domestic Buildings scheme was introduced. Due
to the nature of the scheme, over 40% of the available scores are influenced by solutions that
aim to improve energy efficiency [124]. The assessment looks more at the environmental
aspect of the projects, and the energy-saving measures suggested offer more benefits to
the occupants in the long term, increasing also the property value [125]. Currently, the
latest version of BREEAM is the 2018 one, and different assessments are available, as
follows [126]: •
BREEAM Communities, for the master-planning of a larger community of buildings;
A
C
ld
f
b
ld d
d
d •
BREEAM Communities, for the master-planning of a larger community of buildings;
•
BREEAM New Construction: Buildings, for new-build, domestic and non-domestic
buildings; •
BREEAM New Construction: Buildings, for new-build, domestic and non-domestic
buildings; g
•
BREEAM New Construction: Infrastructure, for new-build infrastructure projects; •
BREEAM In-Use, for existing non-domestic buildings in use; •
BREEAM Refurbishment and Fit Out, for domestic and non-domestic building fit-outs
and refurbishments. BREEAM can be carried out in three different stages, including the design stage
(optional), the post-construction stage, and the post-occupancy stage (optional). At the
design stage, an interim BREEAM rating is released, which does not represent the final
rating. However, it is recommended that projects aim to reach high levels of performance. 5.6. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) After the First World War, a need for new buildings arose in the UK. Thus, in 1921,
the Building Research Station (BRS) was founded in London, UK supporting research
regarding methods of construction, building materials and their behavior, and helping
in the development of the British Standard for bricks. With the advent of the Second
World War, the BRS focused its studies on supporting the war effort. Afterwards, the BRS
undertook research related to the use of timber in construction and fire risks for buildings. However, one important date is 1949, when a Building Research Station office, operating
in Scotland, centerd its studies on climate change issues and their connection with the
construction sector. Thus, it can be argued that 1949 paved the way for the creation of the
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM). BRS was an established authority in the construction sector in the UK; the World
Climate Program conference in 1985, known as the Villach meeting, recognized the role of
GHG emissions in climate change. In this context, in 1988, BREEAM was created, and it was
launched in 1990, aiming to minimize the impact that buildings have on the environment,
and focusing on new office buildings [119]. In 1991, two new versions of BREEAM were Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 16 of 27 launched, one called BREEAM 2/91, for new superstores, and BREEAM 2/91 for new
homes. Another update in 1993 introduced the industrial buildings assessments into
BREEAM. In 1998, an update of BREEAM for new offices was published [119]. However,
later in 2000, BRE published the BREEAM assessment called Ecohomes, an environmental
rating for homes. Updated over the years, Ecohomes built the fundamentals for the Code
for Sustainable Homes, developed by the UK government. In 2008, for the first time, two
stages were introduced in the assessment [120]: 1. Design stage (DS)—leading to an Interim BREEAM Certificate; g
g
g
2. Post-construction stage (PCS)—leading to a Final BREEAM Certificate; Moreover, minimum standards and innovation credits have been added to the 2008
BREEAM version. With the introduction of mandatory minimum standards, BREEAM
assessment overcame problems related to the interconnection between energy and water
efficiency, and environmental aspects [121]. Later in 2011, a new version of BREEAM was launched, known as New Construction
2011. 5.6. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) In the post-construction stage, the building is rated according to BREEAM if an interim
rating is already in place. At the post-occupancy stage, building performance is evaluated
after it has been occupied, and the assessment should take place after at least 12 months. Here, the post-occupancy handover, commissioning processes and performance evaluation
would be appraised [126]. The BREEAM rating is based on credits, and ten sections are
considered: Management (21 credits), Health and Wellbeing (22 credits), Energy (31 credits),
Transport (8 credits), Water (4 credits), Material (8 credits), Waste (3 credits), Land Use and
Ecology (5 credits), Pollution (8 credits), Innovation (2 credits). Thus, building performance
is accredited via the following four elements: Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 17 of 27 •
The BREEAM rating level benchmarks;
•
The minimum BREEAM standards;
•
The environmental section weightings;
•
The BREEAM assessment issues and credits. •
The BREEAM rating level benchmarks;
•
The minimum BREEAM standards;
•
The environmental section weightings;
•
The BREEAM assessment issues and credits. •
The BREEAM rating level benchmarks; •
The BREEAM rating level benchmarks; g
•
The minimum BREEAM standards; •
The environmental section weightings; g
g
•
The BREEAM assessment issues and credits. Using the rating benchmark levels, buildings’ performances are compared to other
BREEAM-rated buildings, and to new non-domestic buildings in the UK that have ad-
dressed sustainable performance [126]. The BREEAM rating benchmarks are shown in
Table 4. Table 4. BREEAM rating benchmarks [126]. Table 4. BREEAM rating benchmarks [126]. BREEAM Rating
% Score
Outstanding
≥85
Excellent
≥70
Very good
≥55
Good
≥45
Pass
≥30 Moreover, the equivalent performances for the BREEAM ratings are as follows: 1. Outstanding: Less than the top 1% of UK new non-domestic buildings (innovator); 1. Outstanding: Less than the top 1% of UK new non-domestic buildings (innovator);
2. Excellent: Top 10% of UK new non-domestic buildings (best practice);
3. Very Good: Top 25% of UK new non-domestic buildings (advanced good practice);
4. Good: Top 50% of UK new non-domestic buildings (intermediate good practice);
5. Pass: Top 75% of UK new non-domestic buildings (standard good practice). BREEAM is defined as a sustainability assessment system, looking at three main
aspects of the project: environmental, social and economic. The environmental benefits
of using BREEAM come from the sections dedicated to energy and pollutions, which aim
to reduce emissions. 5.6. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) Additionally, the section dedicated to Land Use and Ecology has
a great impact on the final score, and extra investigations might be required during the
projects to achieve a higher rating. Minimizing construction waste and the sustainable use
of materials bring further environmental benefits to the final construction project [127]. The
social benefits related to the BREEEAM scheme could be associated with the Health and
Wellbeing section, in which visual comfort, indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustic
performance, security and health, and healthy surroundings are taken into consideration by
improving occupants’ comfort and satisfaction. Moreover, Parker [127] has shown that the
use of BREEAM could lead to social benefits for the construction industry. The economic
benefits are related to the consequential reduction in the building’s operational energy
consumption [127]. The importance of BREEAM in evaluating buildings’ environmental
impacts has been recognized worldwide, and since its launch, BREEAM-type schemes have
been developed in Hong Kong, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Australia, New Zealand, and
the USA [128]. However, the scheme has been criticized for the higher costs and high skills
levels it demands. Freitas and Zhang [129] highlighted the lack of flexibility of the scheme
and the complexity of the rating systems as weaknesses. Besides this, looking at the social
aspects, BREEAM might not support people with low incomes who are unable to afford
buildings with high BREEAM standards. In addition, they [129] argued that, in the context
of reducing a building’s operational energy, in BREEAM, more importance is given to the
use of new technologies rather than strategies that minimize the demand for energy. 5.7. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 5.7. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) In 1993, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), Washington, DC, USA was created
with the scope of assisting and supporting the construction community (i.e., stakeholders,
architects, builders, etc.) interested in green buildings. Thus, based on precedent environmental assessments, such as BREEAM, in 1998, the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) was launched as a system to Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 18 of 27 evaluate and certify buildings in the US [130]. In the UK, a significant number of buildings
owned by US companies follow the LEED certification procedure. The pilot version, known
as LEED 1.0 Pilot, was reviewed, and updated in 2000 with LEED 2.0 version. Further
upgrades followed LEED 2.0 version, with the LEED 2.1 and 2.2 administrative updates
applied to simplify the processes of building evaluation and to reduce the costs [131]. Later,
in 2009, LEED 3.0 was released, and the previous rating system was compacted into three
main categories, as shown in Table 5. Table 5. LEED version 2.2 rating system vs. LEED version 3.0 [132]. Rating System
Category
LEED for New Construction
Green Building Design and Construction
LEED for Core and Shell
LEED for School
LEED for Healthcare
LEED for Retail
LEED for Commercial Interiors
Green Interior Design and Construction
LEED for Retail Interiors
LEED for Existing Buildings
Green Buildings Operations and Maintenance
LEED for Existing Schools
LEED for Neighbourhood Development
Green Neighbourhood Development
LEED for Homes
Green Home Design and Construction Table 5. LEED version 2.2 rating system vs. LEED version 3.0 [132]. Rating System
Category
LEED for New Construction
Green Building Design and Construction
LEED for Core and Shell
LEED for School
LEED for Healthcare
LEED for Retail
LEED for Commercial Interiors
Green Interior Design and Construction
LEED for Retail Interiors
LEED for Existing Buildings
Green Buildings Operations and Maintenance
LEED for Existing Schools
LEED for Neighbourhood Development
Green Neighbourhood Development
LEED for Homes
Green Home Design and Construction Table 5. LEED version 2.2 rating system vs. LEED version 3.0 [132]. Table 5. LEED version 2.2 rating system vs. LEED version 3.0 [132]. 5.7. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Category LEED for New Construction
LEED for Core and Shell
LEED for School
LEED for Healthcare
LEED for Retail
LEED for Commercial Interiors
LEED for Retail Interiors
LEED for Existing Buildings
LEED for Existing Schools
LEED for Neighbourhood Development
LEED for Homes Green Interior Design and Construction
Green Buildings Operations and Maintenance
Green Neighbourhood Development
Green Home Design and Construction Moreover, in LEED version 3.0, more attention was given to the use of energy and
GHG emissions reduction, with an increase in credits available for the Sustainable Sites and
Energy and Atmosphere categories. In 2013, a new upgrade was instituted, LEED version
4.0. Thus, new building typologies were introduced into the rating scheme, such as data
centers, warehouses and distribution centers, hospitality, existing schools, existing retail,
and mid-rise residential projects. Furthermore, the process was simplified, and guidelines
for building performance management were introduced [133]. The most recent version of
LEED is 4.1, inaugurated in 2019, which is divided into the following assessments: 1. Building Design Construction, for new constructions and major renovations, core and
shell development, schools, retail, data centers, warehouses and distribution centers,
hospitality, and healthcare; 2. Interior Design and Construction, for commercial interiors, retail, and hospitality
buildings; g
3. Operations and Maintenance, for existing buildings and existing interiors; 3. Operations and Maintenance, for existing buildings and existing interiors;
4
Residential for single family homes multifamily homes and multifamily homes cor g
g
g
4. Residential, for single-family homes, multifamily homes and multifamily homes core
and shell; 5. Cities and Communities, regarding planning and design, or applied to existing cities
and communities. Similar to BREEAM, LEED is based on a credit system. The credits are based on the
principles that projects with the certification must pursue, and its aims are [134]: •
Having less impact on global climate change; •
Adding value for human health and well-being; •
Protecting biodiversity and water resources; •
Promoting the use of sustainable materials; •
Enhancing a sustainable approach, which looks at green economy, social equity, envi-
ronmental justice, and community quality of life. Consequently, a credit weighting system has been established by the USGBC, Wash-
ington, DC, USA following the specific criteria shown in Figure 3. Consequently, a credit weighting system has been established by the USGBC, Wash-
ington, DC, USA following the specific criteria shown in Figure 3. 5.7. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) 19 of 27
Wash- Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 Fi
3 Th
i hti
f th LEED
4 i
t
t
i
[134]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Climate Change
Human Health
Water Resources
Natural Resources
Biodiversity
Community
Green Economy
%
Figure 3. The weighting of the LEED v4 impact categories [134]. EE
Figure 3. The weighting of the LEED v4 impact categories [134]. Figure 3. The weighting of the LEED v4 impact categories [134]. The categories Energy and Atmosphere (33 credits), Water Efficiency (11 credits),
Sustainable Site (10 credits), Materials and Resources (13 credits), Indoor Environmental
Quality (16 credits), Regional Priority (4 credits) and Innovative Design (6 credits) are part
of the core of LEED. However, two new categories have been added in the last version,
Location and Transportation (16 credits) and Integrate Projects (1 credit), making 110 cred-
its available for LEED certification. The intention of the new credit Integrate Projects is to
“Maximize opportunities for integrated, cost-effective adoption of green design and con-
struction strategies” [135]. To have access to this credit, the requirements are as follows:
The categories Energy and Atmosphere (33 credits), Water Efficiency (11 credits),
Sustainable Site (10 credits), Materials and Resources (13 credits), Indoor Environmental
Quality (16 credits), Regional Priority (4 credits) and Innovative Design (6 credits) are
part of the core of LEED. However, two new categories have been added in the last
version, Location and Transportation (16 credits) and Integrate Projects (1 credit), making
110 credits available for LEED certification. The intention of the new credit Integrate
Projects is to “Maximize opportunities for integrated, cost-effective adoption of green
design and construction strategies” [135]. To have access to this credit, the requirements
are as follows: g
[
]
q
•
Owner’s Project Requirements Document, where the missions and goals of the projects g
q
•
Owner’s Project Requirements Document, where the missions and goals of the proje
are determined, addressing social, economic and environmental values; •
Owner s Project Requirements Document, where the missions and goals of the projects
are determined, addressing social, economic and environmental values; j
q
,
g
p
j
are determined, addressing social, economic and environmental values; g
•
Preliminary Rating Goals, specifying the targeted certification that the project wants
to obtain; •
Having an Integrated Project Team and a design charrette (at least four hours). 6. Discussion and Conclusions The construction sector plays a key role in climate change, and adjustments to reduce
building energy usage and GHG emissions are essential. According to our literature
review, building performance assessments based on different methods have not been
comprehensively investigated and reviewed. In this context, this article explores the current
assessments used in the UK, as a case study, to evaluate the buildings’ energy performances,
highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology. Meanwhile, this study
offers an overview of the progress of UK legislation in terms of building regulations. Since the introduction of Part L1A Conservation of fuel and power in 1985, the UK
government has focused on the impact that buildings have in terms of energy consumption. Pursuing the fabric first approach from the beginning, UK legislation has evolved during
the years, focusing as well on the impact that buildings have in terms of emissions. Despite
the intention of the UK government, it can be argued that small changes have been made
over the years regarding the construction elements’ U-values. On the other hand, a new
approach seems to have affected the Part L1A Conservation of fuel and power consultation
version published in 2021. With the buildings’ requirement of being nearly zero-energy,
the introduction of the primary energy rate and the target primary energy rate, alongside
TER and TFEE, is crucial. In fact, with the primary energy rate having been introduced,
the legislation does not focus only on how much energy is used in buildings, but the
use of energy for the extraction and transportation of fuels is also taken into account. Furthermore, the consultation version concentrates on the handover process to figure out
whether occupants’ behavior could highly influence the final building performance. Thus,
it is important to specify what the main factors are that affected the building’s energy
performance and the tools used to evaluate them. With on-site component testing, it can be
figured out the level of improvement that should be accomplished—not just values given,
but the quality of construction process too. On the other hand, IAQ is a vital element in the
well-being of occupants, and with a high level of airtightness in buildings, there are also
higher risks that IAQ could be compromised. Thus, procedures that use less operations
on-site and have successful standardized techniques should be promoted. 5.7. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Meanwhile, the new Location and Transportation credits look at the impact of build-
ings in terms of transportation, promoting carshare parking, and the use of electric vehicles
and bicycle facilities, which have also contributed to human well-being [135]. The LEED
certification is operated by a third party, the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI),
Washington, DC, USA, and the process includes: •
LEED Pre-Assessment; •
Pre-Certification (optional); p
•
Design Review by GBCI after the design documentation’s submittal; •
Construction Review by the GBCI after the construction documentation’s submittal;
•
Certification Awarded. •
Certification Awarded. To be certified with LEED, at least 40 credits are necessary, and the further classification
is as follows, +40 credits—Certified; +50 credits—Silver; •
+60 credits—Gold; •
+80 credits—Platinum. Despite LEED having been widely used worldwide, concerns have been growing
regarding the effectiveness of the certification in terms of energy consumption and emis-
sions. Scofield [136] compared energy usage between LEED buildings and the general
US commercial building stock. Despite an energy-saving average between 18 and 39%
for LEED buildings, 28–35% of them are more energy efficient than the uncertified ones. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 20 of 27 Moreover, no substantial differences in terms of energy consumption between the different
accreditation levels (Certified, Silver, Gold) have been recorded, although the reasons
behind this could be that a Silver-certified building might have a higher score in terms of
the energy credits than a Gold one. Scofield [137] compared 21 certified office buildings
in New York with an uncertified building. Despite Gold-certified buildings showing a
20% reduction in terms of energy consumptions and GHG emissions, LEED-certified and
Silver-certified buildings used more energy than older offices. Altomonte and Schiavon [76]
investigated the occupant satisfaction of LEED-certified and uncertified buildings, and
they found that LEED buildings’ occupants have better air quality. The same results were
obtained when looking at satisfaction in terms of building maintenance, furnishing, etc,
with a lower satisfaction score given by the occupants in terms of the amount of light in
buildings within the LEED buildings. Nonetheless, to overcome the problems related to
energy consumption and GHG emissions, and to monitor building performance, in 2018,
a new program called LEED Zero was launched, which complements LEED certification. Twelve months of monitoring data are required to achieve these certifications, including
LEED Zero Carbon, LEED Zero Energy, LEED Zero Water and LEED Zero Waste. 5.7. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Until now,
no comprehensive studies have been conducted to show how the buildings certified with
the last version of LEED perform, and whether any advantages compared to non-certified
ones are noticeable. 6. Discussion and Conclusions In light of the
above, as the UK government has already anticipated in its consultation document, the
involvement of the buildings’ users at the early stage and best practice in handover should
both be encouraged. Therefore, different measures have been identified to achieve efficient
buildings. These measures are categorized as passive and active measures. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 21 of 27 It has been shown that passive measures are highly influenced by the site and by the
building’s typology. Nonetheless, despite new advanced technologies, active measures are
affected by occupants’ behavior and how the systems are being used. As a result, the use of
energy management systems, which guarantee more automation and control of the energy
consumed within the buildings, seems to be a solution that can alleviate users’ influence. This research focused on the tools used to evaluate these measures. Among them,
energy building modeling tools are crucial in estimating the energy needs of a building. Steady-state models are utilized to accomplish the European Directives 2010/31/EU and
2012/27/EU, with less input and faster output. However, inaccuracies related to the use of
steady-state models may have a significant influence on the results. One of the problems
is that they consider generalized weather data, e.g., Test Reference Year data, which have
considerable influence on building energy performance. On the contrary, dynamic simula-
tion tools offer an opportunity to study the influence of external temperatures and their
relationship with building performance. Surveys and interviews are vital to understanding how users could influence energy
usage. With the qualitative data obtained with interviews and surveys, these methods allow
researchers to understand how “efficient buildings” are perceived by the final occupiers,
and also to compare the perception that users have about buildings built with the same
sustainable principles. Furthermore, these data, accompanied with quantitative data,
facilitate an extensive review of building performance, reminding everyone that buildings
must be efficient in terms of energy and emissions, but that they also need to be efficient
and practical for the final users. Depending on the energy assessment scheme, different factors and tools are consid-
ered. SAP measures the energy and emission ratings of dwellings, and the exclusion of the
dwellers from the SAP methodology has facilitated the comparison of energy performance
between buildings of the same typology. Inaccuracies related to the use of steady-state
model simulation have been reported with the use of SAP. 6. Discussion and Conclusions If the building does not achieve the targets established and evaluated with POE, how will
the responsibilities for the failure be judged and addressed? If the targets are not reached
due to occupants’ behavior, how will the improvements be made? How advantageous is
POE for firms, and does POE negatively affect firms’ reputation? The payback period to renovate existing buildings should be analyzed. Thus, a life
cycle cost analysis is used instead, since it includes the costs associated with the expected
systems’ life, helping the buildings’ owners to develop more of an understanding of the
advantages of ERMs. Alongside active and passive measures, the human side, namely, the
impact of the users, is another category that could be included in ERMs. Thus, for existing
buildings, studies related to costs, risks and occupants’ behavior should be undertaken in
parallel before choosing the measures that best fit buildings’ and owners’ needs. BREEAM assesses the performance of various buildings. It is based on credits, which
are categorized by considering the whole construction process, the building’s operational
energy, and the health and well-being of the occupants. BREEAM offers the opportunity to
change the view of the building construction process, in which each action and each subject
could contribute to the overall building performance. BREEAM has been criticized for its
higher costs and lack of flexibility in its process. g
y
p
As with BREEAM, LEED evaluates the whole construction process, and credits are
assigned and weighted by looking at the overall building’s environmental impact. As a
matter of fact, in both BREEAM and LEED, the post-occupancy stage evaluation is optional;
despite the innovative and comprehensive approaches used in BREEAM and LEED, the
post-occupancy evaluation is a mere part of the two assessments. All this information should stimulate more investments in upgrading existing build-
ings, which are slowly seeing improvements in terms of energy efficiency. As has been
noticed for building regulations, the general approach to improving building performance
has changed over the past years, with the approach now focusing on nearly/zero-energy
buildings so as to reduce the level of energy demand and GHG emissions significantly. To
achieve this, the first step is to focus on the building envelope and to reduce or minimize
its energy demand, then to concentrate on energy systems using microgrid technologies
with or without energy management systems. 6. Discussion and Conclusions Building performance driven by
SAP can be reduced due to the lack of comprehensive details. Despite the improvements
suggested, less attention has been paid to the Reduced Data Standard Assessment Proce-
dure (RdSAP) used for existing buildings, because the standardized values used for the
calculations do not reflect the actual values and characteristics of the elements analyzed. The next scheme is BPE, which analyzes the whole buildings’ life from the design to
the operational period/occupancy process. Therefore, BPE seems to be more coherent with
the idea that buildings should be evaluated all-around, and that the construction process
does not end with the handover, but that occupants’ feedback and actual energy efficiency
should be evaluated. BPE requires a schematic approach, with cooperation between all the
parties from the beginning of the process. The approach might be categorized into different
phases, and for each phase, we should establish the scope, how it will be pursued (which
methodologies are used, qualitative data, quantitative data), and how the results will be
used. Thus, there is a certain complexity in the scheme, implying higher costs, which are
always seen as a disadvantage. Moreover, cooperation is the key part of the assessment, but
it is also known that the construction process might be very fragmented, with designers,
contractors, subcontractors, and final users not always able to maintain a high level of
communication between them. POE might be considered as part of, or at least included in, BPE. POE aims to evaluate
how occupants perceive the environment they are living in. POE is generally carried out
after energy retrofitting measures have taken place. From the review of the SAP assessment
and the EPC, it has emerged that deep renovations are vital to reducing a buildings’ impact
in terms of emissions and energy consumption. Thus, the energy retrofitting measures
used have been analyzed. POE is based on interviews and surveys, and it is correlated
to social studies with no specific protocols. However, due to the performance gap and its
association with occupants’ behavior, POE may make a great contribution in understanding
why efficient buildings fail to meet their optimal performance. On the other hand, several
problems and questions are rising along with POE use. Firstly, it should be clarified who Sustainability 2022, 14, 1242 22 of 27 benefits from POE, in order to recognize who is responsible for the costs associated with it. 6. Discussion and Conclusions gy
g
y
Conversely, the study shows that great attention should be given to the analysis
of buildings while they are occupied. This assessment is crucial when evaluating the
effectiveness of the measures used to develop efficient buildings, but it also considers
owners’ points of view and their perception of the buildings. Additionally, it offers the
opportunity to estimate the occupants’ behavior’s impact on the performance, and to
improve it if necessary. This study flow can be applied to other countries. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, methodology, writing, review and editing, P.S. and B.V.;
writing, review and editing, S.M.S.; editing, L.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not Applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not Applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not Applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1.
The Building Regulations 2010-Part, L. Available online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/
uploads/attachment_data/file/1045920/ADL1.pdf (accessed on 19 December 2021).
2.
The Building Regulations 2002-Part L1A. Available online: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20141202124314
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| 26,712 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45754850
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
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463035818_is_not_an_ai, https://stackoverflow.com/users/404970, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4117728, molbdnilo
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English
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Spoken
| 134 | 273 |
Accessing object unique_ptr is pointing to
Really simple question:
I'm kinda new to smart pointers in C++. I think I got the ownership stuff, but I have no idea how to access what they're actually pointing to. When I try to use the member functions/variables of the object I just get the functions of the unique_ptr class, which is not what I want.
operator*
Do the same as if it were a pointer.
I can see three ways of doing that: operator->, operator*, get().
Here is a running code example: ideone it
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
struct Foo
{
Foo(std::string v) : value(v) {}
void Bar() { std::cout << "Hello, " << value << "!" << std::endl; }
std::string value;
};
int main() {
std::unique_ptr<Foo> FooPtr = std::make_unique<Foo>("World");
FooPtr->Bar();
FooPtr.get()->Bar();
(*FooPtr).Bar();
return 0;
}
| 7,915 |
https://github.com/tranhieunknd/VanHanhLienHo/blob/master/Cwrs.Httl.Web/Scripts/QuanLyTaiKhoan/QuanLyTaiKhoan.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-3-Clause, MIT
| 2,017 |
VanHanhLienHo
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tranhieunknd
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JavaScript
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Code
| 142 | 443 |
function ThongBaoThanhCong(result) {
if (result == 0) {
toastr.success('Thêm tài khoản thành công', 'Thành công');
}
else {
toastr.error('Thêm tài khoản thất bại', 'Thất bại');
}
};
function ThongBaoSua(result) {
if (result == 0) {
toastr.success('Sửa tài khoản thành công', 'Thành công');
}
else {
toastr.error('Sửa tài khoản thất bại', 'Thất bại');
}
};
function ThongBaoThatBai() {
toastr.error('Đã xảy ra lỗi', 'Thất bại');
};
function DeleteUser(userId) {
$.confirm({
title: 'Xóa',
icon: 'glyphicon glyphicon-remove-circle',
content: 'Bạn có muốn xóa bản ghi này không?',
buttons: {
Có: function () {
var url = '/User/DeleteUser';
$.ajax({
type: 'POST',
url: url,
data: { userId: userId },
success: function (dt) {
if (dt == 1) {
toastr.success('Xóa bản ghi thành công', 'Thành công');
$("#container").load("User/SelectAllUser");
} else {
toastr.error('Không xóa được bản ghi', 'Lỗi');
}
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};
| 16,450 |
historicalguidet00citya_1
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,913 |
Historical guide to the city of New York
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 8,047 | 11,233 |
■nil r>,u)i\'d\ •iil;Hi!;ni. HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE CITY OF NEW YORK THE SEAL OF NEW YORK CITY IN 1787. LEGEND (unabbreviated) " Sigillum Civitatis Novi Eboraci: " Seal of tbe City of New York ; Eboraci being the genitive case of the old Roman name for York. SHIELD: Argent, charged with the four sails of a windmill proper; between their outer ends, two beavers proper, one in chief and one in base, and two flour-barrels proper, in fess, one on each side. CREST : A bald eagle proper, rising from a denu-terrestrial globe. The beaver is an emblem of the fur trade, so important in Dutch days ; the sails and barrels represent the bolting industry, a monopoly of which was granted New York merchants by the Bolting Act of 1678. SUPPORTERS (not heraldically part of the city arms and variously represented to-day) : dexter (right) side of shield, a sailor in dress and cap of 1700 holding in his right hand a ship's sounding- line; on the sinister (left) side, an Indian chief with a stringed bow. The sailor is said to be in honor of James who was not only Proprietor of New York but also Lord High Admiral of England ; the Indian represented the inhabitants and possessors of his Province in America. — From a Report of the Saint Nicholas Society. trtje Citp ^imxp Club of ^eto |?orfe 105 West 40TH Street OFFICERS 1912-13 Honorary President President First Vice-President Second Vice-President Treasurer Secretary. Assistant Secretary. Superintendent Assistant Superintendent Assistant Treasurer Mrs. Robert Abbe Mrs. a. Barton Hepburn George F. Kunz, Ph.D., Sc.D. E. R. L. Gould, Ph.D. Mrs. Malcolm Stuart Mrs. Samuel C. Van Dusen Miss Augusta Drake Frank Bergen Kelley, Ph.D. Mr. Charles Kandel Miss Beulah E. Hepburn Prepared zvith the co-operation of and endorsed by ^fje American Scenic anh J^isJtoric $res(erljation ^ocietp OFFICERS 1912 Honorary President President J. Pierpont Morgan, LL.D. George F. Kunz, Ph.D., Sc.D. Vice-Presidents Colonel Henry W. Sackett Dean Liberty H. Bailey Honorable George W. Perkins Henry M. Leipziger, Ph.D., LL.D. Treasurer Hon. N. Taylor Phillips Secretary Edward Hagaman Hall, L.H.D. IV mi I HISTORICAL GUIDE TO THE CITY OF NEW YORK COMPILED BY FRANK BERGEN KELLEY From Original Observatio7is and Contributions Made by Me77ibers and Friends of The City History Club of New York WITH SEVENTY MAPS AND DIAGRAMS AND FORTY -EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS IReviseD BMtion NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY PUBLISHERS .5" Copyright, 1909, by the City History Club of New York. The Excursions are copyrighted separately, the notice and date of each being: ;iven on the first page of each one. The copyright extends to all plates and cuts. Copyright, 1913, by the City History Club of New York. Jpn7, igi3 SECOND EDITION DEDICATED BY THE CITY HISTORY CLUB (by permission) TO Founder and long President of The City History Club of New York IIISTCRIC TRACES COMMITTEE OF THE CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK: Editors of the Historical Guide Reginald Pelham Bolton. Edward Hagaman Hall. Associate Editors Randall Comfort Hopper Striker Mott. Charles A. Ditmas. George W. Nash. Robert E. Parsons. August R. Oh man. Charles R. Lamb. Albert Ulmann. Frank Bergen Kelley, Chairman. Corresponding Members Thomas J. Burton. J. H. Innes. Thanks are due for special aid in securing information and for the use of material to: Frank Warren Crane, William T. Davis, Henry Russell Drowne, Charles Hemstreet, Thomas A. Janvier, Ira K. Morris, Josiah C. Pumpclly, Frederick Van Wyck and many other students of local history. Cartographers: August R. Ohman, Reginald Pelham Bolton. Draughtsmen: Morris W. Ehrlich, Charles Kandel. For permission to copy maps, thanks are due to : Edward Haga- man Hall, John H. Innes, A. Meserole, Harper Bros., W. W. Mun- sell, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Chas. Scrihner's Sons and. Henry Dunreath Tyler. Official Photographer: Frank F. Evans. Photographs have been contributed by Randall Comfort, C. Irv- ing Jones and George W. Nash. Other ilhistrations have been used by courtesy of the Century History Company, G. P. Putnam's Sons, and the Long Island Historical Society. PREFACE The Historical Guide to Nezv York is the result of prolonged ef- forts on the part of the City History Club of New York to discover and to direct attention to the yet visible traces of earlier times which lie hidden within and are fast disappearing from the city of to-day. When the society was founded in 1896 to promote good citizenship through the study of history and civics and by the establishment of self-governing clubs, the need was felt for a systematic survey of and guide to the history of New York City in a simple and convenient form. In order to meet this necessity the Club first published, un- der the direction of a number of well-known writers, The Half Moon Papers, a series of monographs which were afterward incor- porated in two volumes entitled Historic Nezv York. During the past thirteen years, twelve Excursion Leaflets have been prepared, designed to provide, at the lowest possible price, a brief but carefully verified historical description of every part of the city, compiled a? far as possible from original sources. These pamphlets have been extensively utilized b}- members of the junior clubs, some of whom have by their use become competent as trained, and in a few cases, pro- fessional guides ; by the children of the public and private schools of the five boroughs ; and by many other persons who believe, as does the writer, that familiarit}^ with the history of one's own city leading to a knowledge and love of the city itself is the foundation of true civic patriotism. The information thus gathered is now presented in complete form, thoroughly revised and illustrated by maps and photo- graphs. On behalf of the City History Club and on my own part, I thank the many faithful friends of the organization who have contributed of their time and knowledge to the compilation of this work. Some of their names may be found recorded on another page, but the full measure of skill and devotion which they have so generously expended can never be recorded. It is the sincere hope of the founder of the City History Club that this book may prove of real service to all those who desire to know the city better and to work .more effectively for its future good. Catharine A. B. Abbe. Brook End, Bar Harbor, July 5th, 1909. EXPLANATORY EXCURSIONS: the original twelve itineraries still issued as sepa- rate leaflets and numbered in the order of their issue. These are now arranged in -order of topography, beginning with lower Manhat- tan. ROUTES: the Excursions have been divided into Sections, each of which covers sufficient territory for an itinerary of about two hours. Prefixed to the Section numbers are Route numbers (running con- secutively from I to 60) which are also placed at the head of each page (abbreviation R). TYPE. Bold faced type is used for landmarks, tablets or other memorials in existence at the time of publication (1909). Italics indicate directions in routes ; historic sites. Small type indicates general historical accounts, descriptions of historic build- ings which have no visible trace or memorial. Small Capitals in such type indicate some place of importance represented by a name or memorial. KEY MAPS show the approximate location of the various Routes, the numbers thereon corresponding to Route numbers. PLATES : with but four exceptions the maps and diagrams have been specially prepared or redrawn for this Guide Book. The ILLUSTRATIONS in the text are from the set published by the City History Club ; the full page inserts, with one exception, are from original photographs taken for the Guide Book. NOTES : blank pages for original notes are placed at the end of each Excursion, as changes in New York City are so rapid, the old giving place to the new, that accounts of landmarks must be con- stantly amended. SECOND EDITION:—* refers to Addenda and Corrections in- serted at the end of the various Routes, etc. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION Since 1909 many historic buildings have been destroyed, new monu- ments, statues and tablets have been erected, new streets and parks have been opened and some street names have been changed. More- over, errors in the first edition have been discovered and much additional matter added. The changes in the Bronx have been so great that nearly all the maps had to be redrawn. Plates V, XII and LXVII have also been redrawn. In order to save the expense of making entirely new electroplates, corrections and additions to the text have been inserted at the end of the various Routes, reference to them being made by means of asterisks. Part VI has been condensed and the Bronx portion rewritten; Appendix D has been entirely rewritten and the Index has been thoroughly revised. Thinner paper has been used in order to make the book lighter and more portable. The compiler and the editors welcome criticisms and suggestions, as they desire to make the work thoroughly reliable and complete. Frank Bergen Kelley. February, 1913. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY " History of the City of New York," by Martha J. Lamb. " History of the City of New York," by Mrs. Burton Harrison (completing Lamb's History to 1896). " The Memorial History of the City of New York," edited by James Grant Wilson. "Leslie's History of New York," edited by Dr. Van Pelt. " New York," (Historic Towns Series) by Theodore Roosevelt. " Story of the City of New York," (Great Cities of the Republic Series) by Charles Burr Todd. " A Brief History of the City of New York," by Charles Burr Todd. For a brief classified bibliography, see Ulmann's " Landmark His- tory of New York." For an exhaustive bibliography, see Bulletin 24 (35 cents) issued by the State Department at Albany. See also bibliographies at the beginning of each Excursion. "The Dutch Schools of New Netherland and Colonial New York" (Bull. 12, 1912, U. S. Bureau of Education), by Wm. Heard Kilpatrick. "History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century," by Mrs. Schuyler Van Rensselaer. Annual Reports of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. CONTENTS PAGE The Seal of New York City in 1787 iii Preface ' ix Explanatory x Introduction to the Second Edition •. xi General Bibliography xii PART ONE— MANHATTAN i New York's Development 3 Route I. Bowling Green (Excursion VII). ... 11 Route 2. Trinity Church and Wall Street 23 Route 3. Pearl and Broad Streets 30 Route 4. The Battery and Governor's Island .... S3 Fraunces Tavern (Excursion VI) 39 Route 5. City Hall Park and Vicinity (Excursion I). 49 Route 6. St. Paul's to Wall Street 58 Route 7. Wall Street to Franklin Square 61 Route 8. Greenwich Village (Excursion II) .... 69 Route 9. Lispenard's Meadows yy Route 10. Washington Square and Vicinity. ... 80 Route II. Bowery Village (Excursion III) 85 Route 12. The Bowery, Chatham Square and Collect Pond 95 Route 13. Corlaer's Hook and Grand Street to Broadway 99 Route 14. Union Square to Gramercy Park (Excursion V) 103 Route 15. Madison Square and Vicinity 11 1 Route 16. Love Lane and Chelsea Village 115 Route 17. Murray Hill to Central Park 117 Route 18. Bloomingdale and Hamilton Burr Duelling Ground 121 Route 19. Morningside Heights and Manhattanville. 125 Battle of Harlem Heights 128 Side Trip to Fort Lee 131 Route 20. Kip's Bay to Horn's Hook I33 The East River Islands 136 Route 21. Northern Central Park (Excursion IV). 141 Route 22. Nieuw Haerlem 147 Route 23. Hamilton Grange to Fort George .... 151 xiii CONTENTS PAGE Washington's Headquarters (Morris or Jumel Mansion). 156 Route 24. Fort Washington 161 Route 25. Fort Washington Monument to Fort Washing- ton Park 165 Route 26. Fort Tryon 167 Route 27. Kingsbridge to Inwood 168 Route 28a. Colonial and Revolutionary Sites east of Broad- way 170 Route 28b. West of Broadway to Cold Spring. 171 PART TWO— BOROUGH OF THE BRONX 176 Historical Sketch of the Bronx 179 Route 29. Kingsbridge to the City Line (Excursion IX). 181 Route 29a. Two Hundred and Forty-second Street to Yonkers 184 Route 29b. Western Bronx 185 Route 30. Central Bridge to University Heights. 187 Route 30a. University Heights to Jerome Park Reservoir. 190 Route 30b. Williamsbridge and Wakefield 191 Route 31. Harlem River to Hunt's Point 195 Route 32. Western Morrisania, Fordham and Bronx Park 199 Route 2)2>- Throgg's Neck 203 Route 33a. Westchester Village 205 Route 34. City Island and Pelham Bay Park .... 209 Route 34a. Eastern Morrisania, West Farms and Eastchester 212 PART THREE— BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN .... 219 Historical Sketch of Brooklyn {Excursion XII). 225 Route 35a. Williamsburg 227 Route 35b. Greenpoint 229 Route 35c. Bushwick 232 Route 36. Brooklyn Heights to Borough Hall (Excursion VIII) 241 Route Z7- Fulton Street, Fort Greene Park and the Navy Yard 243 Route 38. Prospect Park 245 Route 39. Flatbush 247 Route 40. Flatlands 249 Route 41. New Lots, East New York and Canarsie. 253 Route 42. Brooklyn Bridge to Fort Hamilton .... 257 Route 43. New Utrecht 259 xiv CONTENTS PAGE Route 43a. Gravesend and Coney Island 261 Notes on Flatlands 263 PART FOUR— BOROUGH OF QUEENS 269 Historical Sketch of Queens (Excursion XI) 274 Route z^4. Hunter's Point and Steinway to North Beach. 277 Route 45. Astoria to Steinway 281 Route 46. Maspeth and Laurel Hill 287 Route 46a. South on Flushing Avenue 289 Route 47. Hunter's Point and Woodside to 'Corona. 291 Route 48. Corona to Coe's Mill 294 Route 49. Elmhurst (Newtown) 297 Route 50. Middle Village 293 Route 51. Flushing 304 Route 52. Jamaica 310 PART FIVE— BOROUGH OF RICHMOND 319 Historical Sketch of Staten Island (Excursion X). 32^ Route 53. St. George to Holland's Hook 327 Route 54. St. George to New Springville 333 Route 55. St. George to Arrochar ^^iS Route 56. New Dorp ^y) Route 57. Elm Tree Light 3-1 2 Route 58. Richmond Village 3}3 Route 59. Greenridge and Great Kills 345 Route 59a. Rossville and Woodrow 347 Route 60. Tottenville 349 Route 6oa. Princess Bay 350 PART SIX— SPECIAL ROUTES 355 A. Routes for Children 357 B. Water Routes 360 C. Carriage and Automobile Routes 362 APPENDICES A. The Milestones and the Old Post Road 371 Milestones in Bloomingdale 375 B. Historical Monuments, Statues and Tablets .... ^,77 C. Notable Historic Buildings 391 D. Museums, Collections and Libraries 395 E. Historic Trees, Rocks and Other Objects 403 Index 409 XV LIST OF DIAGRAMS AND MAPS PAGE I. Key Map, Borough of Manhattan 2 11. Duke's Map, 1661-5 to face 6 III. The Lyne-Bradford Map, 1728. to face 6 IV. New Amsterdam, 1644 12 V. Routes i, 2, 3, 4. 13 VI. Trinity Churchyard 24 VII. Governor's Island 34 VIII. Region of Fraunces Tavern, Showing Changes in Water Line 40 IX. Holland Map, 1776 50 X. Routes 5, 6, 7. 50a XI. City Hall Park. •. 52 XII. St. Paul's Churchyard 58 XIII. Part of Montressor Map of 1775 : Greenwich and Environs 70 XIV. Routes 8 and id 74 XV. Anneke Jans Farm yy XVI. Routes 8, 9 79 XVII. Portion of Ratzer Map, 1767 86 XVIII. BouwERiE Village 88 XIX. Route ii 90 XX. Routes 12, 13 96 XXI. Routes 14, 15, 16 104 XXII. Route 17 118 XXIII. Route 18 122 XXIV. Route 19, Battle of Harlem Heights. 128 XXV. Route 20 132 XXVI. McGown's Pass and Vicinity, 1776 142 XXVII. Route 22, Nieuw Haerlem 148 XXVIII. Route 23 152 XXIX. Routes 23, 24, 25. 160 XXX. Fort Washington and its Related Fortifications 162 XXXI. Routes 23, 26, 28a 166 XXXI 1. Routes 27, 28a, 28b 168 xvi PAGE XXXIII. Key Map to the Bronx 178 XXXIV. Routes 29, 29a, 29b 180 XXXV. Routes 30, 31. 32, 34a 186 XXXVI. Routes 30, 30a, 30b, 32 188 XXXVII. Routes 30b, 34a 192 XXXVIII. Routes 31, 33, 34a 194 XXXIX. Routes 32, 34a 200 XL. Routes 33, 33a 206 XLI. Route 34 208 XLII. Key Map to Brooklyn and Queens 2J0 XLI II. Battle of Long Island 224 XLIV. Route 35 228 XLV. Greenpoint 2,-,o XLVI. Route 35c 233 XLVII. Route 36 240 XLVIII. Route 37. 24 ^ XLIX. Routes 38, 39 246 L. Route 40 250 LI. Route 41 252 LII. Routes 42, 43 256 LIII. Route 43a 261 LIV. Old Tracts and Roads in Newtown .... 272 LV. Routes 44, 47 276 LVI. Route 45 282 LVII. Route 46 286 LVIII. Routes 47, 48, 50 290 LIX. Route 49 298 LX. Route 51 305 LXI. Route 52 310 LXII. Modern Jamaica 311 LXIII. Key Map to Richmond 322 LXIV. Route 53 326 LXV. Route 54 33^ LXVI. Route 55 336 LXVII. Routes 56, 57, 58 34o LXVIII. Route 58 343 LXIX. Route 59 346 LXX. Routes 60, 6oa 348 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Manhattan, 1606; 1909 Frontispiece The Fort in Kieft's Day 4 The Block House and City Gate 5 Broad Street Canal 6 The Purchase of Manhattan 16 Bowling Green and the Battery 18 Bowling Green and the Custom House, 1909. .facittg page 18 English City Hall and Trinity Church 27 The Stadt Huys, 1679 facing page 31 The Clermont, 1807 36 Former Appearance of Fraunces Tavern 42 Fraunces Tavern, 1909; Washington's Farewell. Gerritsen Tide Mill, Flatlands , .. Lott Smoke House, Flatlands > focmg page 250 Hand Made Shingles. King Mansion, Jamaica. Moore House, Elmhurst . . . ) , . House, New Dorp. Lake-Tysen House, Karles Neck . / . . ^ Christopher House, Willow Brook J ■ • • ■ /»"»« P^S'^ 3^4 Moravian Church, New Dorp . / Billopp House, Tottenville Utrecht Milestone ^ Eleventh Milestone Unveiling, May 30, 1912 370 XIX PART ONE MANHATTAN Excursions VII, VI, I, II, III, V and IV. Routes 1—28 ATLANTIC OCEAN Plate I. Key for Manhattan Routes. C. K. Roman numerals refer to EXCURSIONS; arabic to ROUTES. 2 PART ONE: MANHATTAN. NEW YORK'S DEVELOPMENT AS SHOWN BY THE TRACES OF OLD ROADS AND STREETS. By Albert Ulmann. Author of " A Landmark History of New York." Tradition furnishes an account to the effect that the first habita- tions of white men on the Island of Manhattan consisted of four houses or huts erected in 1613 on a site now known as 41 Broadway where a bronze tablet commemorates this interesting circumstance. From this simple beginning the settlement grew until some thirty cabins, clustered near the southern end of the island, constituted the little town. Then a general conflagration took place and much damage was done. Before this first of the great fires that have visited Manhattan, in 1626, the lines of a fort were laid out, occupying the site of the present Custom House, the work being completed in 1633-5. Iri those days the shore line was less extended than at present so that the fort easily commanded the entrance to both the Hudson and East Rivers, the water coming up to the line of the present State Street. Fort Amsterdam, as the work was called, built of earth and stone and hav- ing four bastions, rose proudly above the group of small houses and became the distinctive feature of New Amsterdam. In the earliest views of the settlement, such as that of Joost Hartger published in 165 1, it stands forth as the dominating landmark of the little hamlet that occupied the southern end of the Island of Manhattan. The main gate of the fort opened on the present Bowling Green, which from the earliest days was maintained as an open space. It was, in fact, the heart of the old Dutch town. It provided a playground for the children, a site for the May-pole around which the youths and maidens danced, a parade ground for the soldiers and a place for the great market and the annual cattle show. Here, also, those great meetings with the Indians were held at which treaties were ar_ ranged and the pipe of peace was smoked. (Excursion VII.) HISTORICAL GUIDE NEW YORK'S DEVELOPMENT The first streets were laid out in a haphazard manner and the town grew np in a random fashion, the first settlers placing their houses according to the dictates of their fancy. Thus footpaths and cow- paths gradually developed into thoroughfares and produced the tangle of streets that characterizes lower New York to this day. Naturally, roadways leading to the fort assumed shape at an early date, two main paths being established in this wise. One of these paths led to the ferry connecting the town with Brooklyn, the other passed north- ward in a general way along the center of the island. The first of these main roads was practically a shore path following the present line of Stone and Pearl Streets and terminating at about the present Peck Slip. Block-House and City Gate. Reproduced by permission from Todd's " The Story of the City of New York G. P. Putnam's Sons. HISTORICAL GUIDE Broad Street, 1663. Reproduced by permission from Todd's " The Story of the City of New York ": G. P. Putnam's Sons. Besides these primitive thoroughfares, two other pathways were laid out at an early date. Along the present Broad Street a canal extended as far as Beaver Street where it narrowed to a ditch and drained a swamp that extended northward to about Exchange Place. On either side of the canal because, no doubt, of the pleasant sug- gestions of similar scenes at home, the early settlers erected dwellings and a promenade was thus established. East and west of the Broad Street canal, and intersecting it, there was a second ditch which became a pathway and is now known as Beaver Street. The origin of Wall Street supplies another interesting chapter to the story of New York's old thoroughfares. The wooden wall that was erected along the line to which the name still clings was built in 1653 to protect the town against a threatened invasion of New Eng- landers, " a lithe, slippery, aggressive race," whom the Dutch looked upon half in fear and half in scorn. The invasion never took place, but the wall remained for nearly half a century and succeeded nobly in keeping the town from growing beyond its useless barrier. 6 t>^€: . Ej Plate II; Duke's Map, 1661-5 \l'l..Uol.l ir CiiN oTNiu ^oltk ii )lll .1 11 ,1 ii. ■T^^.^-^------,.-. ' Plate III: Lyne-Bradford Map, 1728 Photographed frovi H. D. Tyler's Reproductions NEW YORK'S DEVELOPMENT In the meantime, the Indians inadvertently became the cause of an important road development. In the early Dutch days several bouw- eries or farms had been established northward of the town, the most distant belonging to Governor Stuyvesant, located in the neighborhood of Tenth Street and Second Avenue. In 1655, the Indians made a number of attacks on the outlying settlers, killing several farmers and their wives. As a measure of protection against such atrocities, an order was issued commanding all settlers to abandon isolated farms and to concentrate in hamlets. This led to the formation of a little colony in the neighborhood of Stuyvesant bouwerie and to the devel- opment of the road that connected it with the town, called in those days the Bouwerie Lane and, subsequently, the Bowery. Three years later the murder of a prominent settler who had purchased the flats on which the Village of Haarlem was afterwards built, led to the establishment of a hamlet in that neighborhood and to the extension of the Bouwerie Lane outward to the northern end of the island. An interesting representation of New Amsterdam's outlines and main thoroughfares has fortunately been preserved in the form of a map generally known as " The Duke's Plan," being a draft made in 1664 for the Duke of York upon the capture of the town by the Eng- lish and showing how it looked in 1661 ; the original of the map is in the British Museum. In course of time, new paths beyond the " Wall " were developed. One of these along a rippling stream was called by the Dutch " The Maiden's Path," which the English later translated into Maiden Lane. Whether this title was due to its service as a lover's lane or, as those of a more prosaic nature allege, to its use as a spot where maidens went to do the family washing, will remain in obscurity. The tendency of the city's growth, as shown by a study of a series of the early maps, was northeastward, the western section, together with Broadway, remaining undeveloped. A map of 1728 from a sur- vey by James Lyne and printed by New York's first printer, William Bradford, clearly exhibits the direction of growth. It appears that the shipping interests extended along the East River and this factor in- fluenced the location of warehouses in the neighborhood, as well as the establishment of all sorts of business places near the ferry, in order to capture the Long Island trade. Broadway was, in reality, a distant and unfrequented part of the town. Near Bowling Green there were some five houses, but north of Crown Street (present Liberty Street), there was merely a stretch of open fields. On the map this section appears as the King's Farm. The story of this farm is an interesting 7 HISTORICAL GUIDE and important chapter in the history of New York and it remains a factor to this day. In Dutch days there was a tract between the present Fulton and Warren Streets, extending from Broadway west- ward to the river, known as the Company's Farm, which was set aside to be tilled for the benefit of the Company's civil and military serv- ants. When the English came into control, this property became the private land of the Duke of York. In 1670, additional land was bought from the heirs of Anneke Jans, the farm being then ex- tended to about Christopher Street. When the Duke of York be- came king this tract was called the King's Farm and subsequently, in the days of Anne, the Queen's Farm. In 1705, the entire estate was granted to the " English Church in the Island of New York," (now Trinity) which still retains possession of it. No doubt this very fact, namely that the land belonged to the church, helped to prevent the development of that section, the inhabitants naturally preferring to build where they could acquire title to the land. In the meantime, that portion of Manhattan known to this day as Greenwich Village was developing along lines of its own. The original village occupied the region between West Tenth Street and the present site of Gansevoort Market. Here in the earliest days was an Indian settlement selected by the knowing Red Men for its fer- tility, good fishing and hunting. The Dutch converted the section into a farm and farmers were easily attracted to the fertile spot. For a number of years it retained its Indian title of Sappokanican, but about the year 1720 the name was changed to Greenwich. It grew in popularity and in the course of time became the abiding place of a number of prominent people. Naturally, a line of communication was established between the town and the village, the Greenwich Road along the line practically of the present Greenwich Street being the most direct route. This became a fashionable driveway, but owing to the fact that it crossed Lispenard's Meadows and Minetta Water where there was a causeway, and that after a rain the road became very bad, people frequently gave preference to the Bowery, turning westward at Astor Place where there was a cross road. As has already been mentioned, Greenwich developed along lines of its own, the result being that when the city grew up to it and streets were joined, a hopeless tangle ensued causing such extraor- dinary and startling occurrences as the intersection of West Fourth and Tenth Streets. (Excursion II.). The picturesque Bloomingdale Road which yielded to the aristo- cratic title of Boulevard and subsequently became plain Broadway, NEW YORK'S DEVELOPMENT was opened in 1703, at which time it extended from about Twenty- third Street to One Hundred and Fourteenth Street. In 1795 it Was laid out to One Hundred and Forty-seventh Street where it formed a junction with the Kingsbridge Road. Bloomingdale, which bestowed its pleasantly suggestive name (vale of flowers) upon the roadway that traversed its tract of fine estates, covered the space from about Madison Square to the neighborhood of One Hundredth Street and contained a number of stately mansions nearly all of which have been supplanted by crowded modern structures. The name survives in the designation " Bloomingdale Square," conferred in 1906 on the open space in front of the Bloomingdale Reformed Church at One Hundred and Sixth Street and Broadway. (Excur- sion V.) Kingsbridge Road was the old Post Road to Albany and to New England. It has disappeared from the modern map. As in the case of the Bloomingdale Road, which it joined at One Hundred and Forty-seventh Street, continuing northward along the western section of the island, its name has been supplanted by that of Broad- way. The unvarying rectilinear and rectangular plan of streets that con- signed Manhattan to its prosaic gridiron was the work of a Com- mission consisting of Gouverneur Morris, Simeon De Witt and John Rutherford, appointed in 1807. This Commission, after four years of prodigious effort, evolved the monotonous scheme that has ef- fectively prevented the realization of a city beautiful. Some of the remarks of the worthy commissioners are decidedly interesting. " Circles, ovals and stars," it seems, strongly tempted them, but they did not flinch from their sense of duty. Acknowledging that such fanciful forms would certainly embellish a plan, they remembered that the city, after all, was to be composed principally of the habita- tions of men and that straight-sided and right-angled houses were " the most cheap to live in," and the effect of this economic reasoning was decisive. Referring to another problem with which the commissioners A'restled and which disturbed their consciences to a considerable de- gree, a statement appears as follows : " It may to many be a matter of surprise that so few vacant spaces have been left, and those so small, for the benefit of fresh air and consequent preservation of health." " Had New York been situated near little streams like the Seine or the Thames," reasoned the far-seeing commissioners, " a great number of ample spaces might have been necessary, but Manhattan 9 HISTORICAL GUIDE being embraced by large arms of the sea, neither from the point of view of health nor pleasure was such a plan necessary. Besides, considering the uncommonly great price of land," said the prudent commissioners, " it was along the line of duty to be economical." Another comment is worth repeating : " To some," they remarked, " it may be a matter of surprise that the whole island has not been laid out as a city. To others it may be a subject of merriment that the commissioners have provided space for a greater population than is collected at any spot on this side of China. They have in this respect been governed by the shape of the ground. It is not im- probable that considerable numbers may be collected at Harlem before the high hills to the southward of it shall be built upon as a city; and it is improbable that (for centuries to come) the grounds north of Harlem Flat will be covered with houses." This was just one century ago. Cautious commissioners ! " To have gone further," they explained, " might have furnished materials to the pernicious spirit of speculation." TO EXCURSION NO. VII.— NEW YORK CITY, SOUTH OF WALL STREET. By Frank Bergen Kelley. Corrected with the aid of Albert Ulmann, J. H. Innes and Charles Hemstreet. Capyright, 1898 and 1905, by the City History Club of New York. Revised 1908, 1909 and 1912 HISTORICAL GUIDE Plate IV. Redrawn from Innes' Map of 1644. C. K. (From " New Amsterdam and Its People," by J, IT. Innes. Charles Scribner's Sons). HISTORICAL GUIDE Plate V. Routes i, 2, 3, 4. c. a; 13 BIBLIOGRAPHY •* The Dutch Founding of New York," by Janvier. " New Amsterdam and Its People," by Innes. "A Landmark History of New York," by Ulmann. " Nooks and Corners of Old New York," by Hemstreet. " When Old New York was Young," by Hemstreet. " Literary Landmarks in New York," by Hemstreet. "In Old New York" (articles on "The Evolution of New York" and "The Battery"), by Janvier. "New York Old and New," by R. R. Wilson. "The Story of a Street" (Wall Street), by Hill. " Felix Oldboy's Walks in Our Churchyards," by Mines. " History of Trinity Parish," Dix. Reports of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society (articles on " The Battery," " Castle Garden," " The Fort George Latitude Monument," etc.). " Historic New York," 2 vols, (papers on " Fort Amsterdam," "Bowling Green," "The Stadt Huys," "Old Wells," "Early Wall Street," " The New York Press," " Early Schools " and " Governor's Island"). This Excursion might be called " A walk through New Amsterdam," but for the fact that the section once known as New Amsterdam, and bounded by Greenwich, State, Pearl and Wall Streets, contains many English and Revolu- tionary traces as Vv'ell as those of Dutch interest. To complete a survey of Dutch traces, the journey should be continued up Broadway, Park Row and the Bowery to the region of Stuyvesant's Bouwerie (Excursion III.). Before taking this itinerary, read Mr. Ulmann's article, p. 3, •* New York's Development." See also "The Greatest Street in the World : Broadway," by Stephen Jenkins. Note. — The * refers to Addenda, 1912, on pages 37, 38. Bowling Green MANHATTAN i Route ROUTE I. SECTION I— AROUND BOWLING GREEN. (Figures refer to Plate V; compare with Plates II, III, IV, VI, VII, and VIII). Take Elevated R. R. or Broadway car to Battery Place, or Subway to Bowling Green. The original Hudson River Shore Line approximately followed Greenwich Street and the line of the Ninth Avenue Elevated Railroad to the vicinity of South Ferry Station. Greenwich Street (laid out about 1760) was the shore road to Greenwich Village (Excursion II). The niap of 1695 shows palisades along Greenwich Street connected at the north with the wall on Wall Street. Remains of old posts were dug up when the foundations of the Bowling Green Offices were laid. Battery Place was the western extension of Marketfield Street and derives its name from the battery erected here in English days. (Section IV.) Note the old buildings at the foot of Greenwich and Washington Streets.* i Go up Broadway. Broadway was called the Hcere Straat, the Heere Wcgh and the Broad Way, and extended to Ann Street where it turned east and up Nassau Street to Park Row. I. Tablet on the Washington Building, i Broadway, erected by the Sons of the Revolution to mark the site of the Kennedy House, built about 1760 by Captain Archibald Kennedy, R. N., a member of the Governor's Council and Collector of the Port, later eleventh Earl of Cassilis. It was occupied during the Revolution by Putnam, " King " Sears, Generals Clinton and Carleton, but not by Washing- ton, whose headquarters before September 14, 1776, were at Rich- mond Hill (Excursion II). Later it was owned by Nathaniel Prime and became the Washington Hotel. The Washington Building was erected by Cyrus W. Field and from its tower . and roof can be gained fine views of the harbor. Robert Fulton died in a house which stood just at the rear. 9 and II Broadway are on the site of the tavern of Martin Cregier, a Dutch burgomaster, and of the King's Arms Tavern or Burns' Coffee House, where the Non-Importation Agreement was signed by New York merchants in 1766 (by some located at 113 Broadway). Benedict Arnold had his quarters here for a time. Note. So says Valentine, but Innes claims that Cregier's second house was on the site of 3 Broadway, and doubts whether he kept tavern here. There is also reason to doubt whether the name Burns' Coffee House applied to the King's Arms Tavern. HISTORICAL GUIDE v^ K rt n! ;5 Hog l6 Bowling Green MANHATTAN I Route 2. 17-19 Broadway (see stone lions) was once the British Consulate. Here for a time lived Daniel Webster. 3. 21-27 Broadway, the Stevens House, was built about 1800 by Capt. Stevens as three dwellings, later used for business; then as a hotel, where Jenny Lind and P. T. Barnum stopped.* la Morris Street was the open way to Bayard's Brewery. South of it lay thes original Dutch burying ground. On the west side of Broadway were private residences during colonial days, and shops on the east side. 4. Bowling Green, the heart of New Amsterdam and the center (north and south) of the Geater New York. Here some believe Peter Minuit purchased the Island of Manhattan in 1626. It was known as the Plaine and the Marckveldt in Dutch days and later as the Market Field and the Parade. Here were held the Dutch weekly market and annual kermess, and here the soldiers of the fort paraded. In 1732 it was ordered fenced in and was leased at one peppercorn a year for eleven years to three citizens for a private BozvUng Green, the lease being renewed for a second eleven years, at 20 shillings per annum.* 2 The Stamp Act Riot centered here in 1765, when Gov. Colden's coach, containing his effigy, was burned. Here, in 1770, was set up the gilded leaden equestrian statue of George III (made in London by Wilton, who also made a replica), which was torn down by the mob July 9, 1776, after the reading of the Declaration of Independence. The lead was converted into bullets for the patriots, but the stone cap of the pedestal and the tail and bridle of the horse may yet be seen in the rooms of the New York Historical Society. The stone cap was used as a tombstone to mark the remains of Captain J. Smith (see the inscription upon its face), and later was used as a doorstep by the Van Voorst family of Jersey City. The leaden pieces were dug up on a farm in Connecticut. The head of the statue was rescued by Cox, the proprietor of the tavern at Kings- bridge, and later given up to the British authorities. The iron fence was brought from England in 1771; the iron balls crowning the posts were broken off during the Revolution. Here the Federal Procession of 1787 was reviewed by Washington, and the Federal Ship of State, made and presented by the ship car- penters of New York, remained on the Bowling Green until 1789. Here, in 1794, occurred a riotous public meeting to protest against the Jay Treaty. About 1797 the Green assumed its present oval form. See the bronze statue of Abraham de Peyster, Mayor in 1691-5, and holder of many colonial offices 1685-1721. It was erected by John Watts de Peyster, George E. Bissell, sculptor. 17 HISTORICAL GUIDE i8 Bowling Green MANHATTAN i Route 5. Custom House, site of Fort Amsterdam A traders' fort, the original log blockhouse of 1615, probably occupied this site. Fort Amsterdam was begun in 1626, by Minuit, and was completed in 1633-5 by a structure of earth and stone with four bastions, the main gate opening on the Bowling Green. The fort contained the Director- General's house and the Church of St. Nicholas, or the Church in the Fort, erected in 1642, and mother of the Collegiate Dutch churches. To honor the rulers of the Colony the name of the fort was changed successively to James, William Hendrick, William, Anne and George. After the demolition of the fort in 1790 the Government House was erected here as a presidential mansion, but was occupied by Governors Clinton and Jay. Later it was used as a custom house and was burned in 1815, when the land was sold and private residences erected thereon, which afterwards became known as Steamship Row. In 1902-7 the present Custom House was erected, Cass Gilbert, architect. See in the Collector's Office an inscription over the fire- place stating the history of the site. The statuary on the building is by D. C. French and represents the continents and the great trading nations of ancient and modern times.* 3 See note p. 22. In Battery Park, opposite the west side of the Custom House, see the 6. Fort George Monument, erected in 1818 by the City Cor- poration to mark the site of the southwest bastion of Fort George, This stone was unearthed during the excavation for the subway and was reinstated in 1907 through the action of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society and the New York Historical So- ciety. Go down State Street to Whitehall Street, passing 7. Tablet at 10 Pearl Street, near State Street, erected by the Holland Dames of New Netherlands, incorrectly placed here to mark the site of the first city hall (see .33). 8. 7 State Street, now a home for immigrant girls, one of the mansions of a century ago, on what was in 1800 one of the most fashionable residential streets. 9 State Street is the site of the home of John Morton, the " rebel banker." 19 Route I HISTORICAL GUIDE Bowling g. Tablet, at 51 Whitehall Street, erected in 1904 by the Mary Washington Colonial Chapter of the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution, marks the site of Whitehall Ferry, where Washing- ton made his departure from New York in 1783. Schreyers' Hoek or Capske was the name given to the extreme end of the island, in commemoration of the Schreyers' Hoek in Amsterdam from which ships set sail for America, Capske Rocks lay just south, beyond the original shore line. They were uncovered during the recent excavation for the South Ferry subway station. Go north on Whitehall Street. Whitehall Street was named for 10. Governor Sfuyrc'esanf's House, erected in 1658, later called the White Hall which stood on what is now the southwest corner of Pearl and Whitehall Streets. In Dutch times it was called the Marckveldt, later Beurs or Exchange Street.* 4 Perel Straet in Dutch days extended east only as far as Whitehall Street, and was probably so called because of the " pearly shells " found near it on the beach. It was laid out in 1633 and some of the first Dutch houses were built along it, under the guns of the fort. Pearl Street east of Whitehall Street was here called the Strand. The site of the 11. First (wooden) Dutch Church wac at 39 Pearl Street, not at 33, as is often stated. 12. Tablet, at 23 Whitehall Street, erected in 1902 by the Knickerbocker Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, to mark the site of the house of Dominie Bogardus, whose wife, Anneke Jans, owned the farm which became the property of Trinity Church. Go east on Stone Street. Stone Street was first known as Brouwer Straet, because on it was the Company's brewery (at No. lo); it was called Stone Street from the fact that it was the first New York street to be paved (with cobblestones in 1657). Adam Roelandsen taught the first school of New Amsterdam in liis house on this street (about No. 7).* 5 The West India Company's five stone shops were on the site of the Merchants' Building. Go through the Stone Street entrance of the Produce Exchange, 20 Green MANHATTAN i Route 13. Tablet (on the rear wall of the Produce Exchange, facing the court), erected by the Huguenot Society of America to mark the site of the first Huguenot Church, built in 1688. The White Horse Inn was at the northeast corner of Stone and Whitehall Streets. 14. Marketfield Street is the little street facing the court of the Produce Exchange and in Dutch days was known as Marckveldt Stccgie -(lane) when it connected with the Marckveldt proper. In English days it was called Petticoat Lane, possibly because it was a favorite shopping district for the ladies. Go north on New Street. New Street was so called because opened later than other streets in the vicinity (1679). Go west on Exchange Place and dozvn Broadway. Note the hill, a trace of VerJettenhcrgh (Verlett's Hill), corrupted to Flatten Barrack by the English ; once a favorite coasting place. 15. Tablet, at 50 Broadway, erected by the Society of Archi- tecture and Ironmasters of New York, on the Tower Building to mark it as the earliest example of a skeleton-frame steel structure, originated and designed in 1888-9 by Bradford Lee Gilbert. 16. Tablet, 41 Broadway, erected by the Holland Society, to mark the site of the first white men's houses in Manhattan. They were built in 1613 by Adrian Block who, when his ship, the Tiger, was burned, built the Unrest near this spot. Note. — So says Booth's " History of New York.'* Innes locates this at the foot of Roosevelt Street, East River. Tlie brook running to the foot of Roose- velt Street was long known as the Old Wreck Brook, and the cove at this part of the East River shore might well have furnished shelter to a small craft during winter storms. 39 Broadway is the site of the McComb Mansion, where Washington lived in 1790. Note the irregular frontage of buildings north, authorized by the city government. 17. Revolutionary cannon, 55 Broadway, forming part of the exterior railing. {Removed, 1912, to he }nountcd in Battery Park.) See the statues, by J. Massey Rhind, of Clinton, Wolfe, Stuyvesant and Hudson on Exchange Court, 52-56 Broadway. 21 Route I HISTORICAL GUIDE Bowling Green Go down Exchange Alley, by some supposed to be the old Tin Pot Alley {Tuyn Faat or Garden Lane), marked by a terra cotta tablet at the corner of Broadway. Valentine refers the name to i8. Edgar Street, connecting Trinity Place and Greenwich Street, one of the shortest streets in the city. See old residences and the Hotel Gruetli on the west side of Trinity Place. Edgar Street led to the Edgar Mansion on Greenwich Street, where April 8, 1834, Daniel Webster made an address to the people on the inauguration of Cornelius VV. Lawrence, first elected Mayor of New York. The West India Comf^any's Orchard and Garden occupied the land north of Exchange alley and west of Broadway. Note (5, p. 19). In the Collector's Office see ten mural paintings (1912) by Elmer E. Garnsey of Colonial Ports of the Seventeenth Cen- tury; they include old Amsterdam, New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. 22 Trinity MANHATTAN a Route ROUTE 2. SECTION II —TRINITY CHURCH AND WALL STREET. 19. Trinity Church. Original building 1696-7; burned in the great fire of 1776; rebuilt 1788-90; present building 1839-46, Richard Upjohn, architect. (See "The Church Farm" in Excursion II). The bronze doors designed by St. Gaudens (the gift of W. W. As- tor) representing Biblical and local historic scenes, and the Astor Reredos (the gift of J. J. and Wm. Astor), In a passageway at the north of the Chancel are the effigy of Bishop Onderdonck, me- morial windows to other bishops and some stones from the old building. In the sacristy at the south side are several pictures and memorial tablets including one to a party of Scotchmen who were shipwrecked off the coast of Sandy Hook in 1783. Among the Trinity tombs not indexed are those of Francis and Morgan Lewis, the English governors Sir Henry Moore, Osborne and Delancey and the wife of Governor Clarke. Note the elevation of the yard above Trinity Place, a trace of the original bluffs along the Hudson River shore at this point. The Lutheran Church (1671-1776) stood at the corner of Rector Street and Broadway, this spot afterwards being the location of Grace Episcopal Churchy 1808-46. 23 HISTORICAL GUIDE 24 TRINITY CHURCHYARD. Index to Monuments in Trinity Churchyard.
| 16,577 |
https://github.com/Mdanish777/Programmers-Community/blob/master/Basic/Calculate Factorial of A Number/SolutionByAkshay.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Programmers-Community
|
Mdanish777
|
C++
|
Code
| 48 | 101 |
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
long fact(long n)
{
if (n == 1 || n == 0) {
return 1;
} else {
return n * fact(n - 1);
}
}
int main()
{
long n;
cin >> n;
cout << "Output: " << fact(n);
return 0;
}
| 18,739 |
https://github.com/timriley/sunspot-queue/blob/master/spec/support/delayed_job.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,015 |
sunspot-queue
|
timriley
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 9 | 22 |
# Fake Delayed::Job persistence backend
class Delayed::Job ; end
| 45,420 |
https://github.com/bifroststudios/primitivo-svg/blob/master/src/path/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
primitivo-svg
|
bifroststudios
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 2,939 | 7,798 |
"use strict";
var __assign = (this && this.__assign) || function () {
__assign = Object.assign || function(t) {
for (var s, i = 1, n = arguments.length; i < n; i++) {
s = arguments[i];
for (var p in s) if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(s, p))
t[p] = s[p];
}
return t;
};
return __assign.apply(this, arguments);
};
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
var index_1 = require("../misc/index");
// Logging
var log = require("loglevel").getLogger("path-log");
/***********
* Methods *
***********/
var setDefaults = function (path) {
defaultParameters.numOfGroups = path.parameters.groups.length; // Set num of groups if not exist
path.parameters = __assign({}, defaultParameters, path.parameters);
path.parameters.groups = path.parameters.groups.map(function (group) { return (__assign({}, defaultParameters.groups[0], group)); });
return path;
};
var generateFrame = function (path) {
/*
* Generate frame which is the base for a path and
* serve as the base for a 0-group vertexes.
*/
var _a = path.parameters, depth = _a.depth, rotate = _a.rotate, numOfSegments = _a.numOfSegments, groups = _a.groups;
var numOfVertexes = numOfSegments * Math.pow(2, depth);
var vertexes = [];
for (var i = 0; i < numOfVertexes; i++) {
var radians = void 0;
// If custom radians were provided
if (groups[0].radians)
radians = getRadiansValue(groups[0], i);
// Generate own if not
else
radians = ((Math.PI * 2) / numOfVertexes) * i;
// Rotate
radians = radians + index_1.angleToRad(rotate);
var angle = index_1.radToAngle(radians);
var cosx = index_1.round(Math.cos(radians));
var siny = index_1.round(Math.sin(radians));
var x = cosx;
var y = siny;
vertexes[i] = {
cosx: cosx,
siny: siny,
x: x,
y: y,
radians: radians,
angle: angle
};
}
path.frame = {
vertexes: vertexes,
numOfVertexes: vertexes.length
};
return path;
};
var parseGroupParameter = function (parameter, vertexIndex) {
/* Parse distance, round, or radius group parameters */
// Number for all
if (typeof parameter !== "object")
return parameter;
// Random for all
if (typeof parameter === "object" && parameter.length === 2)
return index_1.randomRange(parameter[0], parameter[1]);
// Distance per vertex
if (typeof parameter === "object") {
parameter = parameter[vertexIndex];
// Number
if (typeof parameter !== "object")
return parameter;
// Random range
if (typeof parameter === "object" && parameter.length === 2)
return index_1.randomRange(parameter[0], parameter[1]);
}
return parameter;
};
var parseGroupParameterReducer = function (key, value, vertexIndex) {
switch (key) {
case "round":
if (typeof value === "object" && value.length > 2)
value = value[vertexIndex];
if (typeof value === "number")
value = [value, value];
break;
default:
// code...
break;
}
return value;
};
var getRoundValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
/* Get round value for a vertex from given group parameters */
var value = group.round;
value = parseGroupParameterReducer("round", value, vertexIndex);
if (typeof value !== "object" || value.length !== 2)
throw "Wrong 'round' value in group number " + group.pk + ". Round: " + value;
else
return value;
};
var getDistanceValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
/* Get distance value for a vertex from given group parameters */
var parameter = group.distance;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (typeof parameter !== "number")
throw "Wrong 'distance' parameters in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var getRadiusValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
/* Get radius value for a vertex from given group parameters */
var parameter = group.radius;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (!parameter)
return parameter;
else if (typeof parameter !== "number")
throw "Wrong 'radius' parameters in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var getTypeValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
var parameter = group.type;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (!parameter)
return parameter;
else if (typeof parameter !== "string")
throw "Wrong 'type' parameter in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var getSmartRoundValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
var parameter = group.smartRound;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (!parameter)
return parameter;
else if (typeof parameter !== "boolean")
throw "Wrong 'smartRound' parameter in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var getLengthBasedRoundValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
var parameter = group.lengthBasedRound;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (!parameter)
return parameter;
else if (typeof parameter !== "boolean")
throw "Wrong 'lengthBasedRound' parameter in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var getAdaptArmsValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
var parameter = group.adaptArms;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (!parameter)
return parameter;
else if (typeof parameter !== "boolean")
throw "Wrong 'adaptArms' parameter in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var getRadiansValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
var parameter = group.radians;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (!parameter)
return parameter;
else if (typeof parameter !== "number")
throw "Wrong 'radians' parameter in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var generateLinearVertexCoordinates = function (vertexes, vertex, prevVertex, nextVertex) {
// Calc X Y coords
vertex.x = prevVertex.x - nextVertex.x; // Substract adjacent points to get x
vertex.x *= 0.5; // Make x twice closer to center
vertex.x += nextVertex.x; // Position x inbetween of adjacent points
vertex.y = prevVertex.y - nextVertex.y; // Make the same with Y
vertex.y *= 0.5;
vertex.y += nextVertex.y;
vertex.radians = Math.atan2(vertex.y, vertex.x);
vertex.angle = index_1.radToAngle(vertex.radians);
return vertex;
};
var generateRadialVertexCoordinates = function (vertexes, vertex, prevVertex, nextVertex) {
var radiansStep = index_1.radiansDelta(nextVertex.radians, prevVertex.radians) / 2;
vertex.radians = prevVertex.radians + radiansStep;
vertex.cosx = index_1.round(Math.cos(vertex.radians));
vertex.siny = index_1.round(Math.sin(vertex.radians));
vertex.x = vertex.cosx;
vertex.y = vertex.siny;
return vertex;
};
var generateVertexes = function (path) {
log.info("generate vertexes");
var frame = path.frame;
var _a = path.parameters, numOfGroups = _a.numOfGroups, numOfSegments = _a.numOfSegments, groups = _a.groups;
var subdivisionDepth = numOfGroups - 1;
var numOfPoints = numOfSegments * Math.pow(2, subdivisionDepth);
var numOfVertexesPerSide = numOfPoints / frame.numOfVertexes;
// Init root group from frame vertexes
groups[0].numOfVertexes = frame.numOfVertexes;
groups[0].pk = 0;
var vertexes = frame.vertexes.map(function (vertex, index) { return (__assign({}, vertex, { type: "C", indexWithingGroup: index, group: 0, round: getRoundValue(groups[0], index), distance: getDistanceValue(groups[0], index), radius: getRadiusValue(groups[0], index) })); });
for (var groupIndex = 1; groupIndex < numOfGroups; groupIndex++) {
log.debug("group number", groupIndex);
var numOfNewVertexes = vertexes.length;
log.debug("number of vertexes", numOfNewVertexes);
groups[groupIndex].numOfVertexes = numOfNewVertexes;
groups[groupIndex].pk = groupIndex;
for (var i = 1; i < numOfNewVertexes * 2; i += 2) {
var indexWithingGroup = (i - 1) / 2;
var protoVertex = {
type: "C",
group: groupIndex
};
vertexes.splice(i, 0, protoVertex); // Inser proto vertex in array
var lastIndex = vertexes.length - 1;
var prevVertexInd = i - 1;
var nextVertexInd = i + 1;
if (nextVertexInd > lastIndex)
nextVertexInd = 0;
var vertex = vertexes[i];
var prevVertex = vertexes[prevVertexInd];
var nextVertex = vertexes[nextVertexInd];
var vertexType = getTypeValue(groups[groupIndex], indexWithingGroup);
switch (vertexType) {
case "linear":
vertex = generateLinearVertexCoordinates(vertexes, vertex, prevVertex, nextVertex);
break;
case "radial":
vertex = generateRadialVertexCoordinates(vertexes, vertex, prevVertex, nextVertex);
break;
default:
throw "Type for group " + groupIndex + " seems to be wrong.";
break;
}
// Set distance, round, and radius values per vertex
log.debug("vertex index withing a group", indexWithingGroup);
vertexes[i].distance = getDistanceValue(groups[groupIndex], indexWithingGroup);
vertexes[i].round = getRoundValue(groups[groupIndex], indexWithingGroup);
vertexes[i].radius = getRadiusValue(groups[groupIndex], indexWithingGroup);
vertexes[i].indexWithingGroup = indexWithingGroup;
}
}
path.vertexes = vertexes;
return path;
};
var remapVertexes = function (vertexes) {
/*
* Add "M" vertex to the array at the start
* Move first vertex to the end
* Set index to each vertex
*/
var newArray = [];
vertexes[vertexes.length] = vertexes[0];
vertexes[0] = __assign({}, vertexes[0], { type: "M" });
vertexes = vertexes.map(function (vertex, index) { return (__assign({}, vertex, { index: index })); });
return vertexes;
};
var setArms = function (path, mode) {
var vertexes = path.vertexes;
var _a = path.parameters, groups = _a.groups, averageLength = _a.averageLength;
var numOfPoints = vertexes.length - 1; // Minus "M" vertex
var firstArmFactors = [];
var secondArmFactors = [];
var averageLength;
for (var i = 1; i < vertexes.length; i++) {
// Adapt arms
var firstArmAdapt = getAdaptArmsValue(groups[vertexes[i - 1].group], vertexes[i - 1].indexWithingGroup);
var secondArmAdapt = getAdaptArmsValue(groups[vertexes[i].group], vertexes[i].indexWithingGroup);
if (mode === "init" && firstArmAdapt && secondArmAdapt)
continue;
else if (mode === "adapt" && !firstArmAdapt && !secondArmAdapt)
continue;
// Prepare vars
var firstArmLength = void 0, secondArmLength = void 0;
// Smart round
var firstArmSmartRound = getSmartRoundValue(groups[vertexes[i - 1].group], vertexes[i - 1].indexWithingGroup);
var secondArmSmartRound = getSmartRoundValue(groups[vertexes[i].group], vertexes[i].indexWithingGroup);
// Length based round
var firstArmLengthBasedRound = getLengthBasedRoundValue(groups[vertexes[i - 1].group], vertexes[i - 1].indexWithingGroup);
var secondArmLengthBasedRound = getLengthBasedRoundValue(groups[vertexes[i].group], vertexes[i].indexWithingGroup);
// Calc individual factor for smart round
var individualFactor = void 0;
if (firstArmSmartRound || secondArmSmartRound) {
var distanceRadians = index_1.radiansDelta(vertexes[i - 1].radians, vertexes[i].radians);
individualFactor = (2 * Math.PI) / distanceRadians;
}
// First arm
if ((mode === "adapt" && firstArmAdapt) ||
(mode === "init" && !firstArmAdapt)) {
// Calc first arm
log.info("calc first arm. Mode: " + mode);
var firstArmFactor = firstArmSmartRound ? individualFactor : numOfPoints;
firstArmLength = (4 / 3) * Math.tan(Math.PI / (2 * firstArmFactor));
if (mode === "adapt") {
// Set scale
var firstArmScaleFactor = firstArmLengthBasedRound
? vertexes[i - 1].length
: averageLength;
firstArmLength *= firstArmScaleFactor;
}
// Round
firstArmLength *= vertexes[i - 1].round[1];
// Set angle
var firstArmRadians = vertexes[i - 1].radians + Math.PI / 2; // angle + 90 from the previous point angle
var firstArmAngle = index_1.radToAngle(firstArmRadians);
log.debug("first arm angle", firstArmAngle);
// Set cos and sin
var cosx1 = index_1.round(Math.cos(firstArmRadians));
if (mode === "adapt")
cosx1 *= -1;
var siny1 = index_1.round(Math.sin(firstArmRadians));
// Set coordinates
var x1 = cosx1 * firstArmLength + vertexes[i - 1].x;
var y1 = siny1 * firstArmLength + vertexes[i - 1].y;
log.debug("vertex " + i + " first arm x: " + x1 + " y: " + y1);
// Add to vertex
vertexes[i] = __assign({}, vertexes[i], { x1: x1,
y1: y1,
cosx1: cosx1,
siny1: siny1 });
}
// Second arm
if ((mode === "adapt" && secondArmAdapt) ||
(mode === "init" && !secondArmAdapt)) {
// Calc second arm
log.info("calc second arm. Mode: " + mode);
var secondArmFactor = secondArmSmartRound
? individualFactor
: numOfPoints;
secondArmLength = (4 / 3) * Math.tan(Math.PI / (2 * secondArmFactor));
if (mode === "adapt") {
// Set scale
var secondArmScaleFactor = secondArmLengthBasedRound
? vertexes[i].length
: averageLength;
secondArmLength *= secondArmScaleFactor;
}
// Set round
secondArmLength *= vertexes[i].round[0];
// Set angle
var secondArmRadians = vertexes[i].radians - Math.PI / 2; // angle + 90 from cur point
var secondArmAngle = index_1.radToAngle(secondArmRadians);
log.debug("second arm angle", secondArmAngle);
// Set cos and sin
var cosx2 = index_1.round(Math.cos(secondArmRadians));
if (mode === "adapt")
cosx2 *= -1;
var siny2 = index_1.round(Math.sin(secondArmRadians));
// Set coordinates
var x2 = cosx2 * secondArmLength + vertexes[i].x;
var y2 = siny2 * secondArmLength + vertexes[i].y;
log.debug("vertex " + i + " second arm x: " + x2 + " y: " + y2);
// Add to vertex
vertexes[i] = __assign({}, vertexes[i], { x2: x2,
y2: y2,
cosx2: cosx2,
siny2: siny2 });
}
}
return path;
};
var getIncircleValue = function (group, vertexIndex) {
var parameter = group.incircle;
parameter = parseGroupParameter(parameter, vertexIndex);
if (!parameter)
return parameter;
else if (typeof parameter !== "boolean")
throw "Wrong 'incircle' parameter in group number " + group.pk;
else
return parameter;
};
var scaleToOne = function (path) {
var groups = path.parameters.groups;
var needToScale;
for (var index = 0; index < groups.length; index++) {
// Check settings if it needs to scale
if (groups[index].incircle) {
if (index_1.getType(groups[index].incircle) === "array") {
// Incircle is an array. Try to scale
needToScale = true;
break;
}
}
else {
needToScale = true;
break;
}
}
if (!needToScale)
// Incircle value is true. Cancel scale and return path as it is.
return path;
var maxX = 0;
var minX = 0;
var maxY = 0;
var minY = 0;
path.vertexes.forEach(function (vertex) {
if (vertex.x > maxX)
maxX = vertex.x;
if (vertex.x < minX)
minX = vertex.x;
if (vertex.y > maxY)
maxY = vertex.y;
if (vertex.y < minY)
minY = vertex.y;
});
var factorX = 2 / (Math.abs(minX) + maxX);
var factorY = 2 / (Math.abs(minY) + maxY);
var shiftX = factorX * maxX - 1;
var shiftY = factorY * maxY - 1;
path.vertexes = path.vertexes.map(function (vertex, index) {
var incircleValue = getIncircleValue(groups[vertex.group], vertex.indexWithingGroup);
if (!incircleValue) {
vertex.x = vertex.x * factorX - shiftX;
vertex.y = vertex.y * factorY - shiftY;
}
if (vertex.type === "C") {
var incircleFirstArmValue = getIncircleValue(groups[path.vertexes[index - 1].group], path.vertexes[index - 1].indexWithingGroup);
if (!incircleFirstArmValue) {
vertex.x1 = vertex.x1 * factorX - shiftX;
vertex.y1 = vertex.y1 * factorY - shiftY;
}
if (!incircleValue) {
vertex.x2 = vertex.x2 * factorX - shiftX;
vertex.y2 = vertex.y2 * factorY - shiftY;
}
}
return vertex;
});
return path;
};
var setCenter = function (path) {
var parameters = path.parameters;
var factorX = 1 - parameters.centerX / (parameters.width / 2);
var factorY = 1 - parameters.centerY / (parameters.height / 2);
path.vertexes = path.vertexes.map(function (vertex) {
vertex.x += factorX;
vertex.y += factorY;
if (vertex.type === "C") {
vertex.x1 += factorX;
vertex.x2 += factorX;
vertex.y1 += factorY;
vertex.y2 += factorY;
}
return vertex;
});
return path;
};
var setDistance = function (path) {
var vertexes = path.vertexes;
var groups = path.parameters.groups;
path.vertexes = path.vertexes.map(function (vertex, index) {
// Setup distance
vertex.x *= vertex.distance;
vertex.y *= vertex.distance;
if (vertex.type === "C") {
// Setup distance
vertex.x1 *= vertexes[index - 1].distance;
vertex.y1 *= vertexes[index - 1].distance;
vertex.x2 *= vertex.distance;
vertex.y2 *= vertex.distance;
}
return vertex;
});
return path;
};
var setPosition = function (path) {
var parameters = path.parameters;
var factorX = parameters.centerX / (parameters.width / 2);
var factorY = parameters.centerY / (parameters.height / 2);
path.frame.vertexes = path.frame.vertexes.map(function (vertex) {
vertex.x += factorX;
vertex.y += factorY;
return vertex;
});
path.vertexes = path.vertexes.map(function (vertex) {
vertex.x += factorX;
vertex.y += factorY;
if (vertex.type === "C") {
vertex.x1 += factorX;
vertex.y1 += factorY;
vertex.x2 += factorX;
vertex.y2 += factorY;
}
return vertex;
});
return path;
};
var setScale = function (path) {
var parameters = path.parameters;
path.frame.vertexes = path.frame.vertexes.map(function (vertex) {
vertex.x *= parameters.width / 2;
vertex.y *= parameters.height / 2;
return vertex;
});
path.vertexes = path.vertexes.map(function (vertex) {
vertex.x *= parameters.width / 2;
vertex.y *= parameters.height / 2;
if (vertex.type === "C") {
vertex.x1 *= parameters.width / 2;
vertex.y1 *= parameters.height / 2;
vertex.x2 *= parameters.width / 2;
vertex.y2 *= parameters.height / 2;
}
return vertex;
});
return path;
};
var calcLength = function (path) {
var parameters = path.parameters;
var maxLength = 0;
var minLength = 0;
var averageLength = 0;
var maxLengthByGroup = [];
var minLengthByGroup = [];
var averageLengthByGroup = [];
for (var i = 0; i < parameters.numOfGroups; i++) {
maxLengthByGroup[i] = 0;
minLengthByGroup[i] = 0;
averageLengthByGroup[i] = 0;
}
path.vertexes = path.vertexes.map(function (vertex) {
var x = vertex.x - parameters.centerX;
var y = vertex.y - parameters.centerY;
vertex.length = Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y);
// Average length
averageLength += vertex.length;
averageLengthByGroup[vertex.group] += vertex.length;
// min & max length
if (vertex.length < minLength || minLength === 0)
minLength = vertex.length;
if (vertex.length > maxLength || maxLength === 0)
maxLength = vertex.length;
if (vertex.length > maxLengthByGroup[vertex.group] ||
maxLengthByGroup[vertex.group] === 0)
maxLengthByGroup[vertex.group] = vertex.length;
if (vertex.length < minLengthByGroup[vertex.group] ||
minLengthByGroup[vertex.group] === 0)
minLengthByGroup[vertex.group] = vertex.length;
return vertex;
});
for (var i = 0; i < averageLengthByGroup.length; i++)
averageLengthByGroup[i] =
averageLengthByGroup[i] / parameters.groups[i].numOfVertexes;
parameters.averageLength = averageLength / path.vertexes.length;
parameters.averageLengthByGroup = averageLengthByGroup;
parameters.minLength = minLength;
parameters.minLengthByGroup = minLengthByGroup;
parameters.maxLength = maxLength;
parameters.maxLengthByGroup = maxLengthByGroup;
return path;
};
var setLength = function (path) {
log.info("set length");
var parameters = path.parameters, vertexes = path.vertexes;
var groups = path.parameters.groups;
var calcFactor = function (newRadius, radius) {
if (newRadius === 0 || radius === 0)
return 0;
return newRadius / radius;
};
path.vertexes = vertexes.map(function (vertex, i) {
var group = groups[vertex.group];
// Calc factor
var factor = vertex.radius ? calcFactor(vertex.radius, vertex.length) : 1;
// Set length
vertex.x = (vertex.x - parameters.centerX) * factor + parameters.centerX;
vertex.y = (vertex.y - parameters.centerY) * factor + parameters.centerY;
if (vertex.type === "C") {
var prevFactor = vertexes[i - 1].radius
? calcFactor(vertexes[i - 1].radius, vertexes[i - 1].length)
: 1;
vertex.x1 =
(vertex.x1 - parameters.centerX) * prevFactor + parameters.centerX;
vertex.y1 =
(vertex.y1 - parameters.centerY) * prevFactor + parameters.centerY;
vertex.x2 =
(vertex.x2 - parameters.centerX) * factor + parameters.centerX;
vertex.y2 =
(vertex.y2 - parameters.centerY) * factor + parameters.centerY;
}
return vertex;
});
log.debug(path);
return path;
};
var recalcRadians = function (path) {
log.info("recalculate radians");
var vertexes = path.vertexes;
var _a = path.parameters, centerX = _a.centerX, centerY = _a.centerY;
path.vertexes = vertexes.map(function (vertex) {
var deltaX = vertex.x - centerX;
var deltaY = centerY - vertex.y;
vertex.radians = Math.atan2(deltaY, deltaX);
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| 2,794 |
cu31924012175349_6
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,918 |
The chemistry of synthetic drugs
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,760 | 12,836 |
The synthetic racemic mixture can be completely converted into the desired active cofoponent. Either the dextro or the IsBvo compound can be racemized by treatment with acids ; the inactive mixture is then resolved into its components, and the isomeride not required can then be again racemized and subsequently resolved, this process being repeated as often as required.' The authors of this method state that the dextro compound also possesses valuable therapeutic properties. The therapeutic uses of adrenaline are very numerous, and a mere list of the references to the literature of this subject would fill pages ; an account of many of these publications is given in Merck's Eeports during the last fifteen years. Adrenaline is largely used in conjunction with cocaine and euoaine, as it produces a localized anaemia, and so checks bleed- ing, and it also appears to neutralize the toxic effect of cocaine. The action of adrenaline in producing ischaemia finds applica- tion in a variety of complaints, hay-fever being an example. Adrenaline is also met with under the names of hemisine, adrenine, epinephrine, suprarenine, etc. Eecently various substances chemically related to adrena- line, and to a large extent resembling it in their physiological action, have been isolated from various plant and animal sources. Of these, para-hydroxyphenylethylamine, H0< >— OH,— OH,— NH, which may be regarded as the mother substance of the series, is the most important. It was first prepared in small quantities 1 Abderhalden and. MtUet, Zeit. physiol. Chem., 58 (1908), 185 ; Abder- haldeu and Thles, Zeit. physiol. Chem., 59 (1909), 22 ; Abderhaldeu and Slavy, Zeit. physiol. Chem., 55 (1909), 129. 2 Cushny, Journ. of Physiol, 38 (1909), 259. = D. R. P: , 220,365. AbRENAUNB AND DERIVATIVES OF ETfiVLAMmE 137 by heating tyroBine,i HO<r~^CHi,— CH— COOH, and it has since been obtained in small quantities from various animal sources. Putrid meat has for some time been known to pro- duce a rise of blood pressure (pressor action), and in 1909 it was found that this action was due to a number of amines,^ of which para-hydroxyphenylethylamine had the most powerful action. The amines which showed this action in a weaker degree were iso-amylamine, (CH3)2CH — CH^ — CHj — NHj, and phenylethylamine. It is almost certain that these bases are produced in the process of putrefaction by loss of carbon dioxide from the corresponding amino acids : — Para-hydroxyphenylethylamine, H0<^ ^CHg — CHj — NHj, /COOH from tyrosine, H0< >CH„— CH( Phenylethylamine, G^'E.^ — CHj — CHj — NHg, from phenyl- /COOH alanine, CgHg— CHj— CH< And isoamylamine, (CH3)2CH — CHj — CHj — NHj, from .COOH leucine, (CH3)2— CH— CHj— CH<; Putrid placental extracts had also been shown to produce a pressor action,' and para-hydroxyphenylethylamine has been isolated from such extracts.* The drug ergot has long been used on account of its thera- peutic properties, but it is very variable in its activity, and requires to be physiologically standardized owing to the un- satisfactory state of our knowledge of the alkaloids present in ergot. Recently, however, a great deal of light has been thrown on the chemistry of ergot by the work of Barger, 1 Schmidt and Nasse, Armalen, 133 (1865), 214. ^ Barger and Walpole, Journ. of Physiol., 38 (1909), 343 ; Dale and Dixon, ibid., 39 (1909), 25. 3 Dixon and Taylor, B. M. J., II. (1907), 1150. ■•Eosenheim, Journ. of Physiol., 38 (1909), 337. 138 SYNThETlC DRUGS Dale, and others. The amorphous alkaloid ergotoxine ' is physiologically active, but it does not possess all the character- istics of the action of ergot, and the small amount of this alkaloid present in most pharmacopceial preparations of ergot led to the postulation of an active principle soluble in water.^ The physiological properties of para-hydroxyphenylethylamine suggested that it might be the expected active principle, and this expectation was realized when it was shown to be present in aqueous extracts of ergot,^ and to be the chief cause of their physiological action. Not only has this substance been isolated from ergot,* but synthetic methods for its preparation have been devised which have rendered practicable its introduction into therapeutics. These syntheses will be discussed together with those of other compounds of this series, but mention should be made at this point of another base isolated from ergot.' This is ^ iminazolyl-ethylamine — NH— CH^. I >C— CHj— CHj— NH2 CH=N/ and it is formed from the amino-acid, histidine — NHj NH— CH. I I >C— CHg— CH— COOH CH=N/ by loss of carbon dioxide in just the same way as p.-hydroxy- phenylethylamine is formed from tyrosine. The action of ergot in producing gangrene of the cock's comb is regarded * as being due to the alkaloid ergotoxine, and the rise in blood pressure is attributed to p.-hydroxyphenylethylamine, while the powerful action of ergot in stimulating the isolated uterus to tonic contraction is caused by ft iminazolyl-ethylamine. This substance, although it has a very powerful' physiological action, differs from all the other active derivatives of ethyl- 1 Barger and Carr, J. G. S., 91 (1907), 357. ^ Barger and Dale, Bio-Chemical Journal, 2 (1907), 286. a Ibid., Proc. Physiol. Sac, 15th May, 1909. 4 Barger, J. C. S., 95 (1909), 1123 ; English Patent (1909), 314. 5 Barger and Dale, Proc. Chem. Soc, 26 (1910), 128 ; J. C. S., 97 (1910), 2592. » Ibid., Proc. Physiol. Soc, 1st July, 1910, xxxviii. ADRENALINE AND DERIVATIVES OP ETHVLAMINE 139 amine described in this chapter in causing a lowering instead of a rise of blood pressure. It has been introduced into medicine under the names of Histamine and Ergamine. The original method for the synthesis of p.-hydroxy- phenylethylamine was by the reduction of p. -hydroxy phenyl - acetonitrile,^ H0< ( ^ CH, — ON, and subsequently two other methods of synthesis were described.^ One of these is by the nitration of benzoyl-phenylethylamine, reduction of the result- ing para-nitro compound to the amine, which yields the ben- zoyl derivative of the desired product when diazotized in boiling solution. This benzoyl derivative is then hydrolyzed. <CZ>CH2— CHj— NH— COC5H5 > N02<CI>CH2— CHa— NH— GOCjHj — > NH2<^CH2— CH2— NH— COCeHj HNO2 V H0< >CH,— CH.,— NH— COC^H, H0<CI>CH2— CH2— NHa < The other method starts from anisic aldehyde, CH.,0< ^ ^ CHO, which, by the method of Perkin and Eobinson,^ yields the acid, CHaOC^CHa— CHg— COOH. This is then converted into the chloride, and thence into the amide — CH30<CI>CH2— CHj— CO— NH2, which by the Hofmann reaction is made to yield the amine CH30<d^CH2— CHj— NHj. By means of strong hydro- bromic acid, the methoxy group is converted into hydroxy, giving para-hydroxyphenylethylamine. p.-Hydroxyphenylethylamine has also been prepared from anisaldehyde by Eosenmund,* who condensed the latter sub- stance with nitromethane to prepare /8-nitro-p.-methoxystyrene. This is then reduced to p.-methoxyphenylethylamine, which is demethylated with hydriodic acid. 1 Barger, /. C. S., 95 (1909), 1123 ; English Patent (1909), 314. 2 Barger and Walpole, J. C. S., 95 (1909), 1720 ; English Patent (1909), 1561. 3 Perkin and Eobinson, /. C. S., 91 (1907), 1079. * Eosenmund, Ber., 42 (1909), 4778. HO syntmstic drugs CH30<^CH(b + H^iCH— NO2 = CH30CZ>CH=CH— NO2 I CH30<I>CH2-CH2-NH, H0<C^CH2— CHa— NHg This substance has been introduced into practice under the name of " Tyramine " as the chief active pressor principle of aqueous extracts of ergot, and being a pure chemical compound it has the advantage in being certain and uniform in its action. Tyramine and adrenaline are representatives of two im- portant subdivisions of these pressor amines, the former being the simplest member of those derivatives of phenylethylamine containing one phenolic hydroxyl group in the para position to the ethylamine group, and the latter being a representative of the compounds containing two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the 3-4 position. Many other compounds of this type have been obtained by synthetic methods, and their physiological action determined. The syntheses of some of the most im- portant will now be considered, and the physiological action dealt with subsequently. The simplest member of the adrenaline series {i.e. those with two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the 3-4 position) is 3-4 di- OCH3 OCH3 06H3 pOHj A0CH3 r^0CH3 r OH, I CH I CH=NOH 11 CHO OCH3 OH sOOH, -> AOH Sodium amalgam HI CH2 I NH, CH,— NH, ADRENALINE AND DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLAMINE 141 hydroxyphenylethylamine, H0< >CHa— CH,— NH.,. This HO compound has been synthesized ^ from eugenol methyl ether, which by oxidation with ozone in benzene solution in pre- sence of water gives the aldehyde of homoveratric acid. This is converted into the oxime, which on reduction with sodium amalgam and glacial acetic acid yields the dimethyl ether of the desired compound. This ether is then converted into the dihydroxy compound with hydriodic acid in the usual manner. By the reduction of the oximes of other aldehydes and ketones, other members of these two series may be obtained. For example, homoanisic aldehyde, CH3O \ ^ CH; — CHO, gives p.-hydroxyphenylethylamine ; and para-methoxybenzyl- methyl-ketone, CHaQj^ ^CH^ — CO — CH3, gives, when treated in the same way, p.-hydroxyphenyl-isopropylamine — CH, I HOCI>— CHj— CH— NH2 3-4 dihydroxyphenylethylamine (A) differs from adrenaline by the absence of a methyl group attached to the nitrogen and of an aliphatic hydroxyl group on the side chain. An interesting intermediate compound (A) (B) Adrenaline. This, it will be observed, differs from adrenaline only by the absence of the aliphatic hydroxyl group, and it is of interest in being a connecting link between that substance and the pressor derivatives obtained from isoquinoline alkaloids {e.g. " Lodal," cf. previous chapter). It differs very little from 1 Mannioh and Jacobsohn, Ber., 43 (1910), 189. 142 SYNTHETIC DRUGS adrenaline in the qualitative nature of its physiological action, but the rise of blood pressure, although not so intense, is more prolonged. This substance has been introduced into therapeutics under the name of " Epinine." It was obtained from l-keto-6-7 dimethoxy-2 methyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline ^ by heating it with hydrochloric acid at 170-175°. The reaction probably takes place in the following stages : — CH,0 CH,0 N— OH, HO HO N— CH, HO HO OH, i NH CO OH, HO HO HCH, OH HO i.e. H0<[3'— ^^S:^— CH2— NH— GHj The corresponding propyl and ethyl derivatives were pre- pared in a precisely similar fashion. The other derivatives of 3-4 dihydroxyphenylethylamine to be considered, are mostly prepared by the same method as that used for preparing the ketone adrenalone and adrenaline itself. In that method, which has been already described, the methylamine used in the last stage of the synthesis of adrena- lone may be replaced by other amines or by ammonia. In this way Dakin ^ and Stolz ^ obtained the ketone — HO H0<^— GO— GH2— NH2 iPyman, /. C. S.,97 (1910), 264. 'Loc. cit. ADRENALINE AND DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLAMINE 143 and its reduction product — HO HO<^CH— CHa— NH2 OH and also the substituted ketones of the type — {B.0)fis^3 . CO . CH2 . NEiEij. Before considering the physiological action of these substances with two phenolic hydroxyl groups, attention must be given to those synthetic products containing one phenolic hydroxyl group in the para position {i.e. those related to tyramine). Most of the compounds of this type resemble tyramine in being derivatives of phenylethylamine, CgHj — CHg — CHj — NHj, rather than of phenylethanolamine, CgHj— CH(OH)— CHa— NHj , but one member of the latter class, and also the correspond" ing ketone, have been prepared and physiologically examined. These are p.-hydroxyphenylethanolamine — HO<[I>CH(OH)— GHj— NH2, and p.-hydroxy-ft)-amino-acetophenone — HO<CI>— CO— CH2— NHj, which could not be prepared by the method employed in the adrenaline series by using phenol instead of catechol, but which have been prepared instead by the following synthesis' (see next page). p.-Hydroxy-(o-chloro-acetophenone could not be condensed with ammonia, but its acetate could be condensed with potas- sium phthalimide, and the resultant compound, on removal of the phthalie acid by hydrolysis, yields the desired compound. The ketone then gives the corresponding secondary alcohol, H0^3CS:(0H)— CHg— NHj, by reduction with sodium and alcohol. The other compounds of this series which have been physio- logically examined differ from tyramine only in having one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the amine group replaced by alkyl groups. iTutin, Caton, and Hann, /. C. S., 95 (1909), 2113. 144 SYNTHETIC DRUGS OCH3 + C1 I CO OH alumiuium chloride CHjCl CH2CI Anisole + ohloraoetyl chloride. p.-hydroxy-to-chloro-aoetophenone Acetic anhydride. . CO . CH, CO CH,C1 CH3 . CO . 0<CZ>— CO— CHj— N /^°\/\ hydrolysis with HCl \co/\/ H0<^_C0— CHj— NH2 Of these, hordenine, H0<^ ^OHji — OHj — N(CH3)2, is an alkaloid, first obtained from barley germs,'^ but it cannot be obtained from tyramine by methylation, as on attempting to do this, no compound but the completely methylated quaternary substance, hordenine-methiodide — HO . CgH, . CH2— CH3 . N(CH3)„ could be isolated.*" A fortiori this method of direct methylation is inapplicable to the preparation of p.-hydroxyphenylethyl- 'L^ger, O. B., 142 (1906), 103 ; 143, 234, 916. "Barger, J. C. S., 95 (1909), 2193. ADRENALINE AND DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLAMINE 14S methylamine, HO . CgH^ . CHa— CHj— NH . CH3. Both these compounds have, however, been prepared by synthetic methods. The synthesis of hordenine was first accomplished according to the following scheme, which is self-explanatory : — ^ CgHj— CHj— CHj— OH > CeHj— CHj— CHa— 01 Pheuylethyl alcohol POI5 , „ ■Kr/pp- 1 (oommeroial substance). v ^--"l^^s/s N02<I^CH,-OH2-N(CH3)2 J, Sn + HOI NH,-^>-CH,-CH,-N(CH3), HO-^^^CHa-CHa-NlCH,)^ Very shortly afterwards, Eosenmund ^ obtained hordenine by the direct methylation of p.-methoxyphenylethylamine with alcoholic potash and methyl iodide, and separation of the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary compounds thus obtained. The methoxy group is then converted into hydroxyl with hydriodic acid. Hordenine was also obtained by this investigator by the action of hydriodic acid on p.-methoxy- phenyl-trimethylammonium iodide — GH30^>CH2-CH2-N(CH3),I > HO^>-CH,-CH2-N(CH3)2 Hordenine is manufactured by the methylation of p.-hydroxy- phenylethylamine with methyl chloride (CH3CI). The p.-hydroxyphenylethylmethylamine — H0< >CHa— CHa— NH— CH3 and p.-hydroxyphenylethylethylamine — H0<^CH2— CHj— NH— C2H5 were prepared by the methylation and ethylation respectively of the acetyl or benzene-sulphonyl derivatives of p.-methoxy- phenylethylamine, the former by both methods, the latter only iBarger, J. C. S., 95 (1909), 2193. « Eosenmund, Ber., 43 (1910), 306. 10 146 SYNTHETIC DRUGS by means of the benzene-sulphonyl derivatives.^ p.-Methoxy- phenylethylamine is prepared as indicated on pages 140-141, and the rest of the synthesis is easily understood from the accompanying scheme : — CHaO^ >CHi,— OHj,— NHji -^ (acetic anhydride) CH30<^CH2— CHj— NH— CO . CH3 (I.) or CH30<i;>CH2-CH2-NH-SO,-CeH5 (II.) In the case of the acetyl derivative (I.), the substance (III.) — CH30<~>CHa— CHa— N(CH3)— CO . CH3 (III.) is formed by the y HI action of sodium and hoC^^CHj— CHj,— N— CO . CH3 (IV.) methyl iodide, and — this on treatment Hydrolyzed CH3 HCl with HI gives (IV.), with oono. which then loses its H0< >CH2— CH^— N— H (V.) acetyl group when | hydrolyzed with CHj concentrated HCl in sealed tubes. The benzene-sulphonyl de- rivative is treated in a similar manner, and the corresponding ethyl-amine is obtained by using ethyl iodide instead of methyl iodide. The Physiological Action of these Compounds. — The re- lation between the chemical structure and the physiological (sympathomimetic) action of amines has formed the subject of an extended investigation by Barger and Dale.^ Dakin' and Loewi and Meyer * had examined many of the ketones of the general formula (HO)2CgH3 — CO — CHjj — NEiBj, and the cor- responding secondary alcohols of the type — (HO)2C6H8— CH(OH)— CH2— NE1E2 1 Walpole, /. C. S., 97 (1910), 941. 2 Barger and Dale, Journ. of Physiol., 41 (1910), 19-59. 3 Dakin, Proc. Boy. Soc, 76 B (1905), 498. 4 Loewi and Meyer, A. e. P. P., 53 (1905), 213. ADRENALINE AND DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLAMINE 147 and they found that in most cases, as for example with adrena- line itself, reduction to the secondary alcohol greatly increased the adrenaline-like action, but where Ej and Ej represent relatively complex radicles, Dakin found no such increase of activity on reduction. The physiological effects examined by Barger and Dale were not confined to rise of blood pressure, but included dilatation of the pupil, action on the cat's uterus, etc., for the details of which the original paper should be con- sulted. Besides the various compounds that have been de- scribed in the preceding sections of this chapter, various other amines were examined. Of the various aliphatic amines that were investigated, the only ones which were found to produce a marked rise of blood pressure were the higher open-chain primary amines, such as amylamine, CjHu . NHj, and hexylamine, CgHu . NHj. Of these, the normal compounds with unbranched side chains were found to be more active than the corresponding iso compounds with branched side chains. Trimethylamine, N(0Hg)3, has practically no pressor action, and neither has tetraethylam- monium iodide, N(G2H5)4l. Cadaverine, NH^ . [CHjJj . NHj, the only diamine examined, was found to have the opposite action (depressor instead of pressor). A large number of fatty-aromatic amines without a phenolic hydroxyl group were also investigated, and it was found that marked sympathomimetic action was associated only with those containing an amino group attached to the second carbon atom of the side chain. y8-phenyl-ethylamine, CgHj — CHj — CHj — NHj, for example, produces all the characteristic sympathomimetic effects. In the series containing two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the 3-4 position, the introduction of an aliphatic hydroxyl in the ;8-position of the side chain, and the methylation of the amino group have an important effect in intensifying the action, but in the present series, this does not hold, methyl-phenyl- ethylamine, CeHj — CHj — GHj — NH . CH3, phenylethanolamine, CgHj — CH(OH) — CHj — NHj, and methyl-phenylethanolamine, CgHj— CH(OH)— CHj— NH . GH,, differing but little in their action from phenylethylamine itself. ^c.-tetrahydro-;8-naph- thylamine — 148 SYNTHETIC DRUGS CH— NH, CH, CH, which may be regarded as a derivative of this type, is more active than phenylethylamine in producing a rise of blood- pressure, but is less active than p.-hydroxyphenylethylamine (tyramine), the simplest member of the next series, namely : — Amines with one Phenolic Hydroxyl Qroup. — The sources and preparation of many of these have already been men- tioned. Methylation of the amino group produces very little increase in the activity, HO— CeH^— CHg— CHj— NH . CH3 (see page 145), being only very slightly more active than the primary amine, while the ethyl derivative — HO— CeH^— CH2— CH2— NH— CaHg is less active than either the methyl derivative or the parent sub- stance. The tertiary base, HO— CgH^- CH2— CHj— N(CH3)2, which is the alkaloid hordenine, has a relatively very weak action, but the quaternary base, hordenine methiodide, HO— CgH^— CH2— GHj— N(CH3)3l, although it has no sym- pathomimetic action, is of interest as it is one of the few exceptions to the rule of Crum Brown and Fraser that quater- nary bases have a curare-like action. Instead, its action re- sembles that of nicotine, which is a physiological antagonist of curare. Destruction of the basic property is accompanied by loss of activity, acetyl p.-hydroxyphenylethylamine — HO— CgH^— CH2— CH — NH . CO . CH3, for example, being inactive. Tyrosine ethyl ester — /COOCH, HO— CfiH,— CH2— Ch/ \nh. is also inactive. A phenolic hydroxyl group in the 3 position is about as active as in the 4 position, the meta-hydroxy compound, PCH2 — CHj — NHj, closely resembling the corresponding ADRENALINE AND DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLAMINE 149 para-derivative (tyramine), but in the 2 position it has no effect, OH ortho - hydroxyphenylethylamine, \_)> — CH^j — CHj — NH2, being no more active than phenylethylamine itself. Amines with two Phenolic Hydroxyl Compounds. — The following compounds in which the two hydroxyl groups are in the 3-4: position were tested : — (a) Derivatives of aceto-catechol {ketones). (1) Amino-aceto-catechol, (HO)2C6H3— CO— CHg— NHj. (2) Methylamino-aceto-oateohol — ■ (HO)20sH3— CO— CH2— NH— CH3. (3) Bthylamino-aceto-catechol — (HO)2C6H3— CO— GH2— NH— G2H5. (4) Propylamino-aceto-catechol — (HO)2C6H3— CO . CHj— NH— CjH,. (5) Trimethylamino-aceto-catechol chloride — (HO)2C,H3-CO-CH2-N(CH3)3Cl. (b) Derivatives of ethyl-catechol. (6) Amino-ethyl-catechol, (HO)2C6H3— CHj— CHj— NHj. (7) Methylamino-ethyl-catechol — (HO)2CeH3-CH2-CH2-NH-CH3. (8) Bthylamino-ethyl-catechol — (HO)2CsH3-CH2-CH2-NH-C,H,. (9) Propylamino-ethyl-catechol — (HO)2C6H3— CH2-CH2-NH— C3H,. (10) Trimethylamino-ethyl-catechol chloride — (HO)2CeH3-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3Cl. (c) Derivatives of ethanol-catechol {secondary alcohols). (11) Amino-ethanol-catechol — (HO)2C6H3CH(OH)— CHj— NHj. (12) Methylamino-ethanol-oatechol (adrenaline) — (HO)2CgH3— CH(OH)— CH2— NH— CH3. And also — (13) 2-4 dihydroxy-eu-amino-acetophenone ^ — 1 Tutin, J. C. S., 97 (1910), 2495-2524. 15° SYNTHETIC DRUGS OH HO<d>— CO— CHa— NHj. It was found that catechol itself has no sympathomimetic action, although it produces a rise of blood-pressure. The following table shows the comparative strength of the action of the various amines in causing a rise of blood-pressure : — Substance (numbered as before). (1) (HO),05H3— 00-OH,— NH,. (2) (HOjjCeHa-OO— OH2— NH— OHg. (3) (HOJAHs-CO-OH^-NH-O^H,. (4) (HOJAHs-OO-OHj-NH-OsH,. (6) (HO)jOeH3-OHj-CH2— NH,. (7) {H0)AHs-0H,-CH,-NH-CH3. (8) (HOJjCeHg— OHa— OH2— NH— C2H5. (9) (HOljCeHa— OH,— CH,— NH— CaH,. (11) r- (H0)jCeH3— CH(OH)— CHj— NH2. (12) r- (HOJaOgHa— CH(OH)— CHj— NH— OH3 (r-adrenaline) Batio of activity. 1-5 2-25 0-25 1-0 5-0 1-5 0-25 60 35 The ratios shown are only approximate, and vary to some extent with the sensitiveness of the animal. The compound numbered (7), which was obtained from an isoquinoline de- rivative, causes a more prolonged rise of blood-pressure than adrenaline. The quaternary bases numbered (5) and (10) re- semble hordenine-methiodide in having a nicotine-like action. This is less than that of hordenine-methiodide in the case of (5), and greater in the case of (10). Although these bases produce a rise of blood-pressure, they are not included in the above table, as their action is not truly sympathomimetic, as is evidenced by their action on other organs. The substance numbered (13) on the list, having the hydroxyl groups in the 2-4 position, is no more active than the corresponding com- pound HO^ y — CO — CH2 — NHj, having one hydroxyl in the 4 position. Further evidence of the non-significance of a hydroxyl group in the 2 position is shown by the trihydroxy compounds, HO OH amino-aceto-pyrogallol, H0\__/ — CO . CHj — NHj, and amino- HO OH ethyl-pyrogallol, H0<( ^— CH,— CH3— NH„ which, although more susceptible to lOxidation than the 3-4-dihydroxy com- ADRENALINE AND DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLAMINE 151 pounds, show no increased sympathomimetic action in com- parison with the latter. The main conclusions are summed up by these investigators as follows : — " (1) An action simulating that of the true sympathetic nervous system is not peculiar to adrenine, but is possessed by a large series of amines, the simplest being primary fatty amines. "We describe all such amines and their action as ' sympathomimetic' " (2) Approximation to adrenine in structure is, on the whole, attended with increasing intensity of sympathomimetic activity, and with increasing specificity of the action. " (3) All the substances producing this action in character- istic manner are primary and secondary amines. The qua- ternary amines corresponding to the aromatic members of the series have an action closely similar to that of nicotine. " (4) The optimum carbon skeleton for sympathomimetic activity consists of a benzene ring with a side chain of two carbon atoms, the terminal one bearing the amino group. Another optimum condition is the presence of two phenolic hydroxyls in the 3-i position relative to the side chain ; when these are present, an alcoholic hydroxyl still further intensifies the activity. A phenolic hydroxyl in the 2 position does not increase the activity. " (5) Catechol has no sympathomimetic action. " (6) Motor and inhibitor sympathomimetic activity vary to some extent independently. Of the catechol bases those with a methylamino group, including adrenine, reproduce inhibitor sympathetic effects more powerfully than motor effects : the opposite is true of the primary amines of the same series. " (7) Instability and activity show no parallelism in the series." CHAPTBE X. DERIVATIVES OP PHENOL (ANTISEPTICS). The entrance of a hydroxyl group into the benzene nucleus increases its solubility and its reactivity, and, as might be expected, these changes are accompaiiied by an increase in its physiological activity and its antiseptic powers. Phenol, CgHjOH, was the first antiseptic to be widely used, and its antiseptic powers are increased by the entrance of halogen or additional hydroxyl groups into the nucleus. The entrance of more hydroxyl groups adjacent to the first, also increases the toxicity of the substance, phenol, , being less toxic than catechol, , and this in its turn being less toxic than pyrogallol, I J AOH JOH' AOH JoH OH On the other hand, the entrance of alkyl groups into the nucleus lowers the toxicity and increases the antiseptic pro- perties, and for this reason the three isomeric cresols, CgH^(0H)(CH3), are better antiseptics than phenol. Unfortu- nately this advantage is marred by the fact that they are much less soluble in water than phenol, and hence many attempts have been made to obtain derivatives of cresol which should retain their antiseptic properties, and yet be more soluble in water. The cresols form an emulsion with (hard) yellow soap, and an emulsion of this sort is known as Creolin, but it suffers from the drawback that it is demulsified by mineral acids, alkalies, or common salt. A solution of the cresols in soft soap is known as Lysol, and has attained wide use as an anti- septic. It is prepared by mixing the crude coal-tar cresol 132 DERIVATIVES OF PHENOL {ANTISEPTICS) 153 (cresylic acid) with linseed oil in presence of alcohol until completely saponified, and the final product dissolves easily in water.^ Lysol solutions suffer from the drawback that they vary in their antiseptic power according to the amount of cresol present, and hence they have to be tested bacteriologically, but they possess the advantage of being less poisonous than phenol or mercuric chloride. The oresols can also be rendered soluble in water by mixing them with the sodium salts of organic sulphonic acids. Thus the cresols and other insoluble substances can be brought into solution by mixing them with the neutralized products obtained from the action of sulphuric acid on resinous oils, etc. .OH The sodium salts of cresotinic acid, CH, . C»Ho^ , \COOH salicylic acid, and of various fatty acids, can also be used to render the cresols soluble. The only substances of this type which are of practical importance are solutions of cresol in soap, but a solution of cresol in sodium cresotinate has been sometimes used internally under the name of Solveol, as a substitute for OH CH3 guaiacol and creosote. Thymol, CHg^ yCBL^^ , is used as ^CH3 an antiseptic and anthelminthic,^ but for the latter purpose thymol carbonate has been recommended instead. It is pre- pared from thymol by the action of carbonyl chloride, COClj, and is called Thymatol. The polyhydric phenols have not been much used in thera- HO/\OH peutics. Eesorcinol, , has, however, found consider- able application in dermatology, and its acetyl derivative, G^^{0'E)^0 . CO . CH3), is used in the same way under the OH name of Euresol. Pyrogallol, ^ ^OH, is also used in some ^)H skin diseases on account of its reducing properties. The high 1 D. R. P., 52,129. '•* Anthelminthio is a term denoting a substance used as a poison for in- testinal parasites, such as tape-worms, thiead-worms, etc. 154 SYNTHETIC DRUGS HO price of phlorogluoinol, ^ ^ OH, has prevented it from coming H0~^ into therapeutic use. A mixture of various phenyl-sulphuric acids, known as Aseptol, is obtained by allowing cold fuming sulphuric acid to act on phenol, and adding alcohol to the reaction product. The substance thus obtained is unstable and liberates phenol, but has no special value. The naphthols are not much used in therapeutics ; a-naphthol HO HO^ onaphthol. fl-naphthol. is more poisonous than j8-naphthol, and so only the latter finds any therapeutic application. Its sodium salt is soluble in water, and has received the name Microcidin. A better-known deriva- tive is Epicarin — HO . CioHe . CH,-^ ^ OH COOH a non-corrosive antiseptic which is strongly acid and forms soluble salts. It is said to be useful in skin diseases, such as scabies. An extended investigation on the effect of substituting halogen atoms or alkyl groups for hydrogen in the nucleus of phenol, and on the germicidal power of other phenolic derivatives, has been carried out by Bechhold and Ehrlich.^ The antiseptic power of these compounds was compared by finding the amount of the phenol required to prevent the growth of certain bacteria under standard conditions, the diphtheria bacillus being the one usually chosen. It was found that the entrance of chlorine or bromine into the nucleus of phenol is accompanied by an in- crease in the antiseptic power. Trichlor-phenol was found to be twenty-five times and tri-brom-phenol forty-six times as active as phenol itself. Tetrachlor-, pentachlor-, and penta- brom-phenols were increasingly active in the order given, the 1 Zeit. physiol. Chem., 47 (1906), 173. DERIVATIVES OF PHENOL {ANTISEPTICS) 155 last-named being five-hundred times as powerful in its action as phenol itself. In the early part of this chapter it was stated that the entrance of alkyl groups into the nucleus of phenol (as in the cresols) increases the antiseptic power, and this was found to be the case with the halogen derivatives of the phenols also. The tetrabrom derivatives of all three cresols were found to be far more active in their germicidal properties than tetra- chlor- or tetrabrom-phenol, the derivative of ortho-cresol being slightly more powerful than the meta or para isomer ides. A one-per-cent. solution of this substance takes less than two minutes to kill the diphtheria bacillus, whereas a corresponding solution of phenol requires more than ten. As the toxicity of this compound is stated to be comparatively slight, it might find useful application, but the toxicity is apparently still too great to permit of its being used internally. In fact, although it was found that the entrance of a bromine atom reduces the toxicity and characteristic convulsive action of phenol itself, nevertheless the conclusion was arrived at that none of these compounds were suitable for use as internal dis- infectants, as they were no more damaging to bacteria than to the animal body. The further introduction of halogen is accom- panied by a rise of toxicity, that of the tribrom- and triehlor- phenols being about equal to that of phenol itself, while the tetra- and penta-halogen derivatives are extremely toxic. The simple phenolic compounds and their halogen derivatives are therefore not suitable for internal disinfection, but greater success has attended the use of phenolic derivatives containing a second group in the molecule, which lowers the toxicity of the compound. The introduction of a carboxyl group, as is usually the case, lowers the toxicity. It is true that it greatly lowers the anti- septic power of phenol, but in spite of this, the ortho-carboxylic ACOOH acid of phenol, (salicylic acid), has marked antiseptic properties, and it has proved to be of great value medicinally. Another type of phenolic derivatives which has proved of value as an internal antiseptic, is represented by guaiacol, I 1 '. Salicylic acid and its derivatives are used more on 156 SYNTHETIC DRUGS account of their value in lowering the temperature and dimin- ishing the pain in rheumatism rather than for the sake of their antiseptic properties, but the acid and its ester with phenol (salol) are also used as antiseptics. The derivatives of salicylic acid will be discussed in the next section, and those of guaiacol in the one after that. Salicylic Acid and Salols. — As has been so frequently pointed out, the introduction of a carboxyl group into phenol lowers its physiological activity. Meta-hydroxy- and para- hydroxy-benzoio acids are practically inert physiologically, but salicylic acid, in addition to having a very slight toxicity, pos- sesses special therapeutic properties which are of very great value. QOOOH Q ^OOH OH OH m.-hydroxy-beuzoio acid. p. -hydroxy-benzoic acid. Salicylic acid. The most important of these is a powerful action against most of the symptoms of acute rheumatism, which is marvel- lous in its intensity. Salicylic acid also possesses marked antiseptic properties, for which it is often used to check gastric fermentation, as its irritant action on the stomach is much less than that of phenol, and for the same reason it is often used to prevent putrefaction in milk, beer, etc. In the body it is rapidly absorbed, and circulates as the sodium salt, which is often used therapeutically instead of the free acid, as of course its action is the same, and it has the advantage of being far more soluble in water. Salicylic acid was first synthesized by Kolbe ^ by the action of carbon dioxide on phenol. Originally this was carried out by passing carbon dioxide into hot phenol in the presence of sodium, but it was found better for technical purposes to prepare dry sodium phenate, GgHjONa, and to pass carbon dioxide into this. Even by this method, however, only a 50- per-cent. yield of salicylic acid was obtained, and if potash were used instead of soda, para-hydroxybenzoic acid was the ^Anmkn, H3 (1860), 115 ; 125 (1865), 201 ; D. E. P., 426. DERIVATIVES OF PHENOL (ANTISEPTICS) 157 chief product. This process was greatly improved by Sohmitt,i who heated sodium phenyl carbonate — -O— CO— ONa A""^^ [ ^ IJ— CO— ONa under pressure at 140° C, by which means a quantitative yield of sodium salicylate was obtained. This process is also applic- able to the preparation of naphthol-oarboxylic acid and oxy- quinoline-carboxylic acid.^ Salicylic acid and its sodium salt frequently produce un- pleasant gastric symptoms, and to overcome this defect various derivatives have been prepared, one of which, acetyl-salicylic ., /\— 0— CO.CH3. acid, , is of very great importance, ihis substance is known under various trade names, such as Aspirin, etc. It has the characteristic action of salicylic acid, being hydro- lyzed in the intestine with liberation of sodium salicylate, and it also has a slight sedative action of its own. It is a favourite Remedy for feverish colds, headaches, etc. It was first obtained by heating salicylic acid with excess of acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride, but a better yield is obtained by carrying out the acetylation in the presence of a condensing agent, such as sulphuric acid, zinc chloride, or sodium acetate. Propionyl, butyryl, and other acyl derivatives of salicylic acid have been obtained in the same way. Of these, methylenecitrylsalicylic acid is known as Novaspirin, salicylosalicylic acid as Diplosal, and suooinylsalicylic acid as Diaspirin. The calcium salt of acetylsalicylic acid is known as Soluble Aspirin or Kalmopyrin, and the sodium salt as Tylnatrin. These, and also the lithium salt, Hydropyrin, are more soluble in water than is Aspirin itself, which they resemble in their therapeutic effect, whilst! the last named has also the characteristic action of lithium salts (c/. p. 220). A substance which is isomeric with aspirin has been obtained by the action of acetyl chloride on salicylic acid in presence of ferric chloride. It is an aceto-salicylic acid of the formula (CH3 . CO) . CgHs . (OH)(COOH), and is not toxic, but it has 1 D. R. P., 29,939. ■'Ibid., 31,240. 158 SYNTHETIC DRUGS far less antiseptic power than salicylic acid itself. Salicyl- /COOH acetic acid, CeH.^ , in which the hydroxylic \0— CHj— COOH. hydrogen is replaced by an acetic acid residue, ( — CHj — COOH) _ instead of by the acetyl group, (CO . CHj), was first obtained by the oxidation of the ortho-aldehyde of hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid.i Subsequently, improved methods of preparing it were devised,^ but this substance does not appear to have come into use as a drug. Schmitt's modification of Kolbe's salicylic acid synthesis has been extended to several other substances. For example, /\ COOH I J OH has been prepared from guaiacol, but it has not ^O— CH3 found its way into therapeutics, and from a- and )3-naphthols the corresponding earboxylic acids have been obtained, in each of which the carboxyl group is in the ortho position to the hydroxyl group. The acid (I.) thus obtained from ^-naphthol is very unstable, splitting up into naphthol and carbon dioxide, but if the temperature at which the synthesis is carried out be raised to 200°-250° C, a stable acid (II.) is obtained. COOH KJJ kA/JcopH I. II. Of the various derivatives of salicylic acid that have been .0 . CO . CH3 mentioned, acetyl-salicylic acid, CgH^c; , is the only ^COOH one of real practical value, but other substances have been used instead of salicylic acid itself, chiefly on account of the distrust with which synthetic salicylic acid was at one time viewed. This distrust arose from the fact that the synthetic acid used often to contain the therapeutically useless para-hydroxybenzoic acid, as well as sometimes being contaminated with the posi- tively harmful cresols. To make sure of obtaining a natural product, some physicians preferred to prescribe the glucoside > Ber., 17 (1884), 2995. 2 c. r. p_^ 93,110, 110,370. DERIVATIVES OF PHENOL (ANTISEPTICS) 159 salicin instead of salicylic acid itself. This glucoside is hydro- lyzed by the organism, with liberation of saligenin (salicyl .CH2 . OH alcohol), CgH^^ , which then forms salicylic acid by \0H slow oxidation. In this way, the use of saligenin or salicin ensures a gradual action of the salicylic acid. Saligenin may be synthesized by the action of formaldehyde on phenol — + HC^^ /■^ /NCHj— OH [Job. ' ^^^^0 i^OH Ortho-coumaric acid, [ Jqh ^^ COOH_ ^^^^^^ tj^g gg^me relationship to cinnamic acid, CgHj — CH= CH . COOH, as sali- cylic acid does to benzoic acid, and as cinnamic acid is more physiologically active than benzoic acid, it was to be expected that o-coumaric acid would have even more powerful antiseptic properties than salicylic acid. This was found to be the case, all three coumaric acids having a marked germicidal action, which is strongest in the case of the ortho acid. Incidentally, it should be noted that sodium cinnamate has been found to be active in promoting leucocytosis, and has been recommended in cases of tuberculosis. Its esters with guaiacol, phenol, ortho and para-cresol are too irritant to be of use, but its meta-cresol ester is free from these drawbacks, and is used under the name of Hetocresol as a dusting powder for tubercu- lous wounds. A similar compound of cinnamic acid with thymol has also been prepared.^ A dilute aqueous solution of sodium cinnamate has been used in Germany under the name Hetol, and a glycerol solution of this substance which has certain advantages over the aqueous one was advocated by Morgan in 1902. The use of drugs, such as sodium cinnamate and sodium ortho-coumarate, which produce leucocytosis,^ appears to have given promising results in the treatment of inoperable cancer when combined with ID. R. P., 99,567, 107,230. "Leucocytosis denotes au increase in the count of tlie white blood- corpuscles. in i6o SYNTHETIC DRUGS local treatment with substances such as copper oleate and antimony oxide.' The acetyl derivative of o-coumaric acid which is suitable for being taken by the mouth has been introduced by Martindale under the name of Tylmarin. Salol and Esters of a Similar Type. — The first ester, both the components of which are physiologically active, to be used medicine was salol, LZpo n C TT (P^^^y^ salicylate). The introduction of this substance by Nencki marked an important development in pharmacology, and many other attempts have been made to convert substances which are too toxic for ordinary use into esters from which the active component is liberated so slowly that it produces no injurious by-eflfects. In the case of salol itself the ester on hydrolysis in the intestine liberates phenol and salicylic acid, the hydrolysis taking place so gradually that the former com- ponent can exert its antiseptic effect without, under ordinary conditions, giving rise to its characteristic toxic symptoms. In this case both components of the ester are active, but this " salol principle," as it is called, can be extended to esters in which only the acid or the alcohol is active, but the use of which in the free state is hindered owing to the possession of toxic or corrosive properties. Derivatives of this kind may be classed as " partial salols," and comprise two types : — (1) Esters in which an active (aromatic) acid is esterified with an inert hydroxylic substance (alcohol), and which there- fore bear a general resemblance in their physiological action to the acid from which they are derived, but which may differ from it in being free from harmful by-effects. (2) Esters in which an active hydroxyl compound (alcohol or phenol) is esterified by an inactive acid. In this case the action of the substance resembles that of the alcohol or phenol, the sodium salt of the acid being inert. It must not be lost sight of, however, that the ester itself may exert a specific action in the unhydrolyzed state {e.g. ' H. Lovell Drage, Lancet, 7th November, 1908, p. 1367. DERIVATIVES OF PHENOL (ANTISEPTICS) i6i triaoetin : see Chap. II., p. 22), and therefore in every case the physiological action of the ester must be experimentally demon- strated before it can be used in therapeutics, as a priori reason- ing based on the behaviour of the component acid and alcohol might be upset by the specific action of the ester. Dealing first with the true salols themselves, it may be said with confidence that no other ester of this class is nearly as important as salol itself. It was found by Nencki that fatty or aromatic acids when allowed to react with phenols in presence of zinc chloride, aluminium chloride, etc., yielded ketones, but if POCI3 were employed as the condensing agent, esters were formed. Thus salol itself, CgH^;^ , is produced |by \C0 . . CgHs heating two molecules of phenol, two molecules of salicylic acid and one of POCI3 at 120° C.^ This method has also been applied to the preparation of the esters of salicylic acid with many other phenols, naphthols, resorcin, etc., and also to the preparation of the esters of other acids, such as nitro-salicylic and oxynaphthoic. A cheaper and simpler modification of this method of preparation is to allow carbonyl chloride to react with an equi-molecular mixture of the sodium salts of the phenol and of the acid. The ester thus formed can usually be separated from the reaction mixture by distilling it off with steam. In this way an enormous number of esters of a similar type to salol have been prepared.^ Salol is also obtained by heating salicylic acid alone at 160°- 240° C, provided that the water split off by the reaction be. re- moved by distillation, and that the access of air be prevented.^ /OH /OH 2 CgH / = CgH / + CO2 + H,0 \GOOH ^COOCgHs /OH /OH C-eH / = C,H / + CO, \COOH \h /OH /OH ^5 ID. E. P., 38,973, 39,184, 43,173. 'Ibid., 46,756, 57,941, 68,111, 70,487; and also Nencki, 0. E., 108 (1889), 254. 3D. E. P., 62,275, II i62 SYNTHETIC DRUGS Another method for the preparation of salol is by heating polysalicylide (C,H402)a; (obtained by heating salicylic acid with POCI3, see Chap. IV.) alone with phenol.^ The higher members of the salol series may be prepared by heating salol itself with the higher phenol, whereby the lower phenol is replaced by the higher. This method is especially suitable for use with phenols which are too reactive to be treated with the vigorous condensing agents used in the first methods ; e.g. hydroquinone, eugenol, carvacrol, etc.^ " Partial Salols " of the First Type.— Methyl salicylate {oil of wintergreen) is the best known of these. The synthetic pro- duct is superior to the natural in being free from the irritant effects of the latter. It is slower in its action than salicylic acid itself. Ethyl salicylate appears to have a specific action of its own, and produces undesirable effects, and hence is not used in therapeutics. Mesotan or Ericin is the methoxy-methyl ester of salicylic acid, CjH,(f . Many esters of \C0— 0— CHa— OCH3 glycerol with salicylic acid, benzoic acid, p.-cresotinic acid, and anisic acid have been prepared, such as — CHj CO CeH, OH CHj— 0— CO— CgH,— OH CH CO CgHj CHj— 0— CO— CgH,— OH OH— 0— CO— CgH,— OH CHj CO C„H^ OH Trisalioylin. Disalioylbenzoin. CHj- 0— CO— CgH,— OH and CH— OH CHj- OH Monosalicylin. The last named is used under the name of GlycosaU I D. B. P., 73,452. ^Ib%d., 111,656, 8 i?)id., 58,396, 126,311, 187,139. DERIVATIVES OF PHENOL (ANTISEPTICS) 163 The monoglycol ester of salicylic acid, CH2— 0— CO— OgH^— OH CH2— OH is known as Spirosal. Salacetol is obtained by the action of monochloracetone on sodium salicylate — .OH C H ^^COONa + 01 . CH, . CO . CH, mmvTn 1 ni nrr nn htj /OH = C H ' *\C0 . 0— CH2 . CO . CH3 + NaCl and is therefore the salicylic ester of acetol, HO — CHj — CO — CH3. It is rapidly saponified in the intestine, but has no particular advantage over salicylic aoid.^ The methyl esters of the acyl salicylic acids have also been used medicinally. Methyl acetylsalicylate is known as Methyl- rhodin, and methyl benzoylsalicylate as Benzosalin. "Partial Saiols" of the Second Type, in which only the phenol is the active part, comprise carbonates and esters of fatty acids. Of these, the esters of guaiacol and creosote are of special importance, and will be considered in the next section of this chapter (which deals with creosote and guaiacol deriva- tives), together with the general methods of their preparation. Thymol carbonate is known as Thymatol. True Saiols. — Of esters of the type of salol in which both components are active, salol itself is the most important, and next to it comes /8-naphthol salicylate, p/V-O— CO— /^ ^ , which is known as Betol, and as Naphtholsalol. The benzoate of ;8- naphthol is also used to a considerable extent under the name of Bemonaphthol. Menthyl salicylate is used medicinally under the names of Salvmenthol and Salit. In addition to the esters of salicylic acid itself, the phenyl esters of acetylsalicylic and of salicylosalicylic acid are used, and are known respectively as Vesipyrin and Disalol. 1 D. B. P., 70,054.
| 40,291 |
https://github.com/matas70/matas/blob/master/js/HTMLMarker.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
matas
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matas70
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JavaScript
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Code
| 228 | 856 |
function HTMLMarker(attr){
this.attr = attr;
this.pos = attr.position;
this.html = attr.html;
}
HTMLMarker.prototype = new google.maps.OverlayView();
HTMLMarker.prototype.onRemove= function(){
if (this.div != null) {
this.div.parentNode.removeChild(this.div);
this.clickableDiv.parentNode.removeChild(this.clickableDiv);
}
};
//init your html element here
HTMLMarker.prototype.onAdd= function(){
var panes = this.getPanes();
// create visual marker (doesn't receive DOM events)
this.div = document.createElement('DIV');
if (this.attr.class) {
this.div.className = this.attr.class;
}
this.div.style.position='absolute';
this.div.innerHTML = this.html;
this.div.style.zIndex = this.attr.zIndex;
panes.markerLayer.appendChild(this.div);
// create clickable marker (invisible but receives DOM events)
this.clickableDiv = document.createElement('DIV');
this.clickableDiv.style.position='absolute';
this.clickableDiv.innerHTML = this.html;
this.clickableDiv.style.zIndex = this.attr.zIndex;
this.clickableDiv.style.opacity = 0;
panes.overlayMouseTarget.appendChild(this.clickableDiv);
var self = this;
google.maps.event.addDomListener(this.clickableDiv, "click", function(event) {
clickEvent = {latLng: self.pos};
google.maps.event.trigger(self, "click", clickEvent);
});
};
HTMLMarker.prototype.setVisible = function(visible) {
if (this.div != null) {
if (visible)
this.div.style.display = "block";
else
this.div.style.display = "none";
}
};
HTMLMarker.prototype.draw = function(){
var overlayProjection = this.getProjection();
var position = overlayProjection.fromLatLngToDivPixel(this.pos);
var panes = this.getPanes();
this.div.style.left = Math.round(position.x - this.div.offsetWidth / 2) + 'px';
this.div.style.top = Math.round(position.y - this.div.offsetHeight / 2) + 'px';
this.clickableDiv.style.left = Math.round(position.x - this.clickableDiv.offsetWidth / 2) + 'px';
this.clickableDiv.style.top = Math.round(position.y - this.clickableDiv.offsetHeight / 2) + 'px';
};
HTMLMarker.prototype.getPosition = function() {
return this.pos;
};
HTMLMarker.prototype.setPosition = function(pos) {
this.pos = pos;
};
HTMLMarker.prototype.setIcon = function(html) {
this.html = html;
// Though this doesn't make the div appear magically, it help zooming onto the point to draw it later
if (this.div) {
this.div.innerHTML = this.html;
this.clickableDiv.innerHTML = this.html;
}
};
| 4,560 |
https://github.com/walmartlabs-wmusiphone/ios-shared/blob/master/IOSShared/Foundation/SDPromise.h
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,017 |
ios-shared
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walmartlabs-wmusiphone
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Objective-C
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Code
| 106 | 262 |
//
// SDPromise.h
// asda
//
// Created by Andrew Finnell on 12/16/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Asda. All rights reserved.
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
// The block can return NSError to have failBlocks propogated. Any other returned
// value, including nil, will fire any dependant promise thenBlocks.
typedef id (^SDPromiseThenBlock)(id dataObject);
typedef void (^SDPromiseFailBlock)(NSError *error);
@interface SDPromise : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, readonly) BOOL isFulfilled;
// Consumer interface. The returned SDPromise is the promise for the result of
// the thenBlock. This allows you to easily chain promise results.
- (SDPromise *) then:(SDPromiseThenBlock)block;
- (void) failed:(SDPromiseFailBlock)block;
// Producer interface
- (void) resolve:(id)dataObject;
- (void) reject:(NSError *)error;
@end
| 50,792 |
6974703_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 1,556 | 1,959 |
Cartwright and Hand, JJ., dissenting: The defendant asked the court to instruct the jury that the plaintiff had failed to make out a case under the first count of his declaration and that the jury should disre: gard that count. The court refused to give the instruction and the defendant excepted. That count did not allege that the plaintiff was an employee of the defendant, but averred that the defendant was possessed of the intersecting street railway tracks in the streets; that while a train of street cars on Cottage Grove avenue was passing over the intersection at Sixty-third street, the defendant, by its servants, negligently operated and propelled a street car on Sixty-third street so that it ran into and struck said train of cars, and that the plaintiff was then and there standing upon one of the cars of said train and in the exercise of due care for his own safety, and was struck and injured. It alleged that while the plaintiff was standing on one car of defendant he was struck by another car, but it did not allege that he was a passenger, that he was rightfully on the car, or any other fact which would raise a duty on the part of defendant to observe care for his safety. If it was a fact that he was on the street car as a trespasser it would have been entirely consistent with the allegations of that count. As it did not state any cause of action the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury to disregard it, and in advising the jury, in substance, by the second instruction, that the plaintiff could recover if he had made out his case by a preponderance of the evidence as laid in the declaration, which included the first count. That count did not disclose the relation existing between the parties, but the evidence introduced by the plaintiff showed that he was a conductor in the employ of defendant and engaged in its service, and that the injury was occasioned by an electric car on Sixty-third street, under the management and control of other servants of the common master. When the evidence established the relation between the parties, the law regulating the duties and obligations between master and servant governed and fixed the rights of the parties. Whatever duties the defendant owed to the plaintiff were the duties of a master toward a servant, which that count failed to, allege, and if the count had been good the evidence did not sustain it. A similar request and instruction were tendered as to the third count, which alleged that the defendant was possessed of the railway tracks which intersected each other at the street crossing; that it operated a train of street cars upon the tracks in Cottage Grove avenue and a trolley car along the tracks on Sixty-third street, which train and trolley car were both in charge of its servants; that the plaintiff was a servant of defendant as conductor on the rear car of the Cottage Grove avenue train; that the trolley car was operated by a servant employed by defendant as a motorman, and that the motorman negligently operated and managed the trolley car on Sixty-third street so that it ran into and struck said rear car on the Cottage Grove avenue train and injured plaintiff, who was in the exercise of due care for his own safety. It alleged that the plaintiff was injured through the negligence of another servant of the common master, and did not allege that they were not fellow-servants, either by a direct averment of that fact or by such statement of their duties as would show that they were not fellow-servants. In order to state a cause of action it was necessary to allege, directly or by intendment, that the servant charged with negligence was not a fellow-servant. (Joliet Steel Co. v. Shields, 134 Ill. 209; Schillinger Bros. Co. v. Smith, 225 id. 74.) The court erred in not instructing the jury to disregard that count, and neither of the counts on which the case'was submitted to the jury stated a good cause of action. On the motions to disregard those counts the court could not consider the question that either would be good after verdict. The defendant also presented to the court, at the close of all the evidence, a motion in writing asking the court to instruct the jury to find it not guilty, and presented a written instruction to that effect, which was refused. We think the instruction should have been given, for the reason that the evidence conclusively proved that the plaintiff and motorman were fellow-servants. The facts upon which the relation depended were not controverted, and we do not see how different conclusions could be drawn from them. The intersection of the tracks was at a transfer point, which the cars frequently crossed. There were rules of the defendant regulating the duties and conduct of the servants in charge of the defendant’s cars. If two cars arrived at the crossing at the same time the cable train had the right of way, and it was the duty of the motorman to stop the electric car and let the cable train pass. If the electric car arrived at the crossing far enough in advance of a cable train to permit crossing with safety it would proceed over the crossing. If the way in front of the cable train was obstructed or there was doubt or uncertainty whether the electric car should attempt the crossing, it was the custom for the motorman and gripman to signal each other. There was no controversy over the fact that the trainmen on the Sixty-third street line, and the trainmen on the Cottage Grove avenue line were crossing the intersection very frequently, and were liable to meet there any minute, day or night, in the performance of their duties, nor that each set of trainmen had every opportunity to observe the manner in which their respective duties were performed at the intersection, in accordance with the established rules or by means of signals, nor that the safety of one train crew depended upon the care, caution and obedience, to the rules of the other. The fact that the electric cars were kept in one barn and the grip-cars in another as a matter of necessity, and that they started from such barns, is of no more significance than the fact that two engines in a switch yard are kept in different round-houses. Of course, the electric car could not run on a cable or a cable car by means of a trolley, but whether the barns were close together or not was of no importance. The fact that the men started from such separate barns no more determined their relations when performing their usual duties than would the fact that they lodged at different houses or lived at separate places when not at work. The fact that they were under different foremen did not affect their relation, if the duties of the trainmen on the electric car line and those on the cable car line brought them into habitual association, so that they might exercise influence over each other promotive of proper caution. (Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Co. v. Driscoll, 176 Ill. 330; Illinois Steel Co. v. Coffey, 205 id. 206.) The fact of personal acquaintance or individual association does not determine the relation. World’s Columbian Exposition v. Lehigh, 196 Ill. 612; Illinois Steel Co. v. Coffey, supra; Chicago City Railway Co. v. Leach, 208 Ill. 198; Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Co. v. White, 209 id. 124; Chicago Union Traction Co. v. Sawusch, 218 id. 130. The conductor and motorman in this case were not employed in different departments of the service but were in the same department. What constitutes different departments of railway service is clearly shown by numerous decisions which illustrate the doctrine, among which are the following: A brakeman on the road and foreman of a round-house.-—Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. Shannon, 43 Ill. 338. A locomotive fireman and track repairers.-Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Swett, 45 Ill. 197. A brakeman and men placing an awning at a station.—Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Welch, 52 Ill. 183. A brakeman and car inspectors.—Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Jackson, 55 Ill. 492. A fireman and servants placing a mail-catcher too near the track.— Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. v. Gregory, 58 Ill. 272. A carpenter and locomotive engineeer.—Ryan v. Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. 60 Ill. 171. A switchman and car inspectors.—Toledo, Wabash and Western Railway Co. v. Fredericks, 71 Ill. 294. A track repairer and locomotive engineer.—Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne and Chicago Railway Co. v. Powers, 74 Ill. 341, and Toledo, Wabash and Western Railway Co. v. O’Connor, 77 id. 391. A section hand and train crew.—Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Moranda, 93 Ill. 302. A common laborer under the control of the assistant foreman of a rolling mill and other servants under the control of the yardmaster in a switch yard.—North Chicago Rolling Mill Co. v. Johnson, 114 Ill. 57. A section hand at a station in his usual labors and those in charge of a construction train.—Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. Kelly, 127 Ill. 637.
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Schwarzbach – comune tedesco del Brandeburgo
Schwarzbach – comune tedesco della Turingia
Schwarzbach – frazione di Elterlein, comune tedesco della Sassonia
Schwarzbach – fiume francese nel dipartimento della Mosella e del Basso Reno
Schwarzbach, oggi Černá v Pošumaví – comune ceco della Boemia Meridionale
Pagine correlate
Schwarzenbach
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Other exemplary maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates have the following structures and abbreviations (wherein Ab is antibody and p is 1 to about 20. In some embodiments, p is 1 to 10, p is 1 to 7, p is 1 to 5, or p is 1 to 4):
Exemplary antibody-drug conjugates where DM1 is linked through a BMPEO linker to a thiol group of the antibody have the structure and abbreviation:
where Ab is antibody; n is 0, 1, or 2; and p is 1 to about 20. In some embodiments, p is 1 to 10, p is 1 to 7, p is 1 to 5, or p is 1 to 4.
Immunoconjugates containing maytansinoids, methods of making the same, and their therapeutic use are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020 and 5,416,064; US 2005/0276812 A1; and European Patent EP 0 425 235 B1, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. See also Liu et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8618-8623 (1996); and Chari et al. Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992).
In some embodiments, antibody-maytansinoid conjugates may be prepared by chemically linking an antibody to a maytansinoid molecule without significantly diminishing the biological activity of either the antibody or the maytansinoid molecule. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020 (the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, ADC with an average of 3-4 maytansinoid molecules conjugated per antibody molecule has shown efficacy in enhancing cytotoxicity of target cells without negatively affecting the function or solubility of the antibody. In some instances, even one molecule of toxin/antibody is expected to enhance cytotoxicity over the use of naked antibody.
Exemplary linking groups for making antibody-maytansinoid conjugates include, for example, those described herein and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020; EP Patent 0 425 235 B1; Chari et al. Cancer Research 52:127-131 (1992); US 2005/0276812 A1; and US 2005/016993 A1, the disclosures of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
(2) Auristatins and Dolastatins
Drug moieties include dolastatins, auristatins, and analogs and derivatives thereof (U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,483; U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,588; U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,237; U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,431). Auristatins are derivatives of the marine mollusk compound dolastatin-10. While not intending to be bound by any particular theory, dolastatins and auristatins have been shown to interfere with microtubule dynamics, GTP hydrolysis, and nuclear and cellular division (Woyke et al (2001) Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 45(12):3580-3584) and have anticancer (U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,149) and antifungal activity (Pettit et al (1998) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:2961-2965). The dolastatin/auristatin drug moiety may be attached to the antibody through the N (amino) terminus or the C (carboxyl) terminus of the peptidic drug moiety (WO 02/088172; Doronina et al (2003) Nature Biotechnology 21(7):778-784; Francisco et al (2003) Blood 102(4):1458-1465).
Exemplary auristatin embodiments include the N-terminus linked monomethylauristatin drug moieties D_(E) and D_(F), disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,498,298 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,659,241, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety:
wherein the wavy line of D_(E) and D_(F) indicates the covalent attachment site to an antibody or antibody-linker component, and independently at each location:
R² is selected from H and C₁-C₈ alkyl;
R³ is selected from H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ carbocycle, aryl, C₁-C₈ alkyl-aryl, C₁-C₈ alkyl-(C₃-C₈ carbocycle), C₃-C₈ heterocycle and C₁-C₈ alkyl-(C₃-C₈ heterocycle);
R⁴ is selected from H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ carbocycle, aryl, C₁-C₈ alkyl-aryl, C₁-C₈ alkyl-(C₃-C₈ carbocycle), C₃-C₈ heterocycle and C₁-C₈ alkyl-(C₃-C₈ heterocycle);
R⁵ is selected from H and methyl;
or R⁴ and R⁵ jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula —(CR^(a)R^(b))_(n)— wherein R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from H, C₁-C₈ alkyl and C₃-C₈ carbocycle and n is selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;
R⁶ is selected from H and C₁-C₈ alkyl;
R⁷ is selected from H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ carbocycle, aryl, C₁-C₈ alkyl-aryl, C₁-C₈ alkyl-(C₃-C₈ carbocycle), C₃-C₈ heterocycle and C₁-C₈ alkyl-(C₃-C₈ heterocycle);
each R⁸ is independently selected from H, OH, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ carbocycle and O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl);
R⁹ is selected from H and C₁-C₈ alkyl;
R¹⁰ is selected from aryl or C₃-C₈ heterocycle;
Z is O, S, NH, or NR¹², wherein R¹² is C₁-C₈ alkyl;
R¹¹ is selected from H, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, aryl, C₃-C₈ heterocycle, —(R¹³O)_(m)—R¹⁴, or —(R¹³O)_(m)—CH(R¹⁵)₂;
m is an integer ranging from 1-1000;
R¹³ is C₂-C₈ alkyl;
R¹⁴ is H or C₁-C₈ alkyl;
each occurrence of R¹⁵ is independently H, COOH, —(CH₂)_(n)—N(R¹⁶)₂, —(CH₂)_(n)—SO₃H, or —(CH₂)_(n)—SO₃—C₁-C₈ alkyl;
each occurrence of R¹⁶ is independently H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or —(CH₂)_(n)—COOH;
R¹⁸ is selected from —C(R⁸)₂—C(R⁸)₂-aryl, —C(R⁸)₂—C(R⁸)₂—(C₃-C₈ heterocycle), and —C(R⁸)₂—C(R⁸)₂—(C₃-C₈ carbocycle); and
n is an integer ranging from 0 to 6.
In one embodiment, R³, R⁴ and R⁷ are independently isopropyl or sec-butyl and R⁵ is —H or methyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R³ and R⁴ are each isopropyl, R⁵ is —H, and R⁷ is sec-butyl.
In yet another embodiment, R² and R⁶ are each methyl, and R⁹ is —H.
In still another embodiment, each occurrence of R⁸ is —OCH₃.
In an exemplary embodiment, R³ and R⁴ are each isopropyl, R² and R⁶ are each methyl, R⁵ is —H, R⁷ is sec-butyl, each occurrence of R⁸ is —OCH₃, and R⁹ is —H.
In one embodiment, Z is —O— or —NH—.
In one embodiment, R¹⁰ is aryl.
In an exemplary embodiment, R¹⁰ is -phenyl.
In an exemplary embodiment, when Z is —O—, R¹¹ is —H, methyl or t-butyl.
In one embodiment, when Z is —NH, R¹¹ is —CH(R¹⁵)₂, wherein R¹⁵ is —(CH₂)_(n)—N(R¹⁶)₂, and R¹⁶ is —C₁-C₈ alkyl or —(CH₂)_(n)—COOH.
In another embodiment, when Z is —NH, R¹¹ is —CH(R¹⁵)₂, wherein R¹⁵ is —(CH₂)_(n)—SO₃H.
An exemplary auristatin embodiment of formula D_(E) is MMAE, wherein the wavy line indicates the covalent attachment to a linker (L) of an antibody-drug conjugate:
An exemplary auristatin embodiment of formula D_(F) is MMAF, wherein the wavy line indicates the covalent attachment to a linker (L) of an antibody-drug conjugate:
Other exemplary embodiments include monomethylvaline compounds having phenylalanine carboxy modifications at the C-terminus of the pentapeptide auristatin drug moiety (WO 2007/008848) and monomethylvaline compounds having phenylalanine sidechain modifications at the C-terminus of the pentapeptide auristatin drug moiety (WO 2007/008603).
Nonlimiting exemplary embodiments of ADC of Formula I comprising MMAE or MMAF and various linker components have the following structures and abbreviations (wherein “Ab” is an antibody; p is 1 to about 8, “Val-Cit” is a valine-citrulline dipeptide; and “S” is a sulfur atom:
Nonlimiting exemplary embodiments of ADCs of Formula I comprising MMAF and various linker components further include Ab-MC-PAB-MMAF and Ab-PAB-MMAF. Immunoconjugates comprising MMAF attached to an antibody by a linker that is not proteolytically cleavable have been shown to possess activity comparable to immunoconjugates comprising MMAF attached to an antibody by a proteolytically cleavable linker (Doronina et al. (2006) Bioconjugate Chem. 17:114-124). In some such embodiments, drug release is believed to be effected by antibody degradation in the cell.
Typically, peptide-based drug moieties can be prepared by forming a peptide bond between two or more amino acids and/or peptide fragments. Such peptide bonds can be prepared, for example, according to a liquid phase synthesis method (see, e.g., E. Schroder and K. Lake, “The Peptides”, volume 1, pp 76-136, 1965, Academic Press). Auristatin/dolastatin drug moieties may, in some embodiments, be prepared according to the methods of: U.S. Pat. No. 7,498,298; U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,483; U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,588; Pettit et al (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:5463-5465; Pettit et al (1998) Anti-Cancer Drug Design 13:243-277; Pettit, G. R., et al. Synthesis, 1996, 719-725; Pettit et al (1996) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 5:859-863; and Doronina (2003) Nat. Biotechnol. 21(7):778-784.
In some embodiments, auristatin/dolastatin drug moieties of formulas D_(E) such as MMAE, and D_(F), such as MMAF, and drug-linker intermediates and derivatives thereof, such as MC-MMAF, MC-MMAE, MC-vc-PAB-MMAF, and MC-vc-PAB-MMAE, may be prepared using methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,498,298; Doronina et al. (2006) Bioconjugate Chem. 17:114-124; and Doronina et al. (2003) Nat. Biotech. 21:778-784 and then conjugated to an antibody of interest.
(3) Calicheamicin
In some embodiments, the immunoconjugate comprises an antibody conjugated to one or more calicheamicin molecules. The calicheamicin family of antibiotics, and analogues thereof, are capable of producing double-stranded DNA breaks at sub-picomolar concentrations (Hinman et al., (1993) Cancer Research 53:3336-3342; Lode et al., (1998) Cancer Research 58:2925-2928). Calicheamicin has intracellular sites of action but, in certain instances, does not readily cross the plasma membrane. Therefore, cellular uptake of these agents through antibody-mediated internalization may, in some embodiments, greatly enhances their cytotoxic effects. Nonlimiting exemplary methods of preparing antibody-drug conjugates with a calicheamicin drug moiety are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,374; U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,586; U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,116; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,285.
(4) Pyrrolobenzodiazepines
In some embodiments, an ADC comprises a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD). In some embodiments, PDB dimers recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. The natural product anthramycin, a PBD, was first reported in 1965 (Leimgruber, et al., (1965) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87:5793-5795; Leimgruber, et al., (1965) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87:5791-5793). Since then, a number of PBDs, both naturally-occurring and analogues, have been reported (Thurston, et al., (1994) Chem. Rev. 1994, 433-465 including dimers of the tricyclic PBD scaffold (U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,799; U.S. Pat. No. 7,049,311; U.S. Pat. No. 7,067,511; U.S. Pat. No. 7,265,105; U.S. Pat. No. 7,511,032; U.S. Pat. No. 7,528,126; U.S. Pat. No. 7,557,099). Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the dimer structure imparts the appropriate three-dimensional shape for isohelicity with the minor groove of B-form DNA, leading to a snug fit at the binding site (Kohn, In Antibiotics III. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 3-11 (1975); Hurley and Needham-VanDevanter, (1986) Acc. Chem. Res., 19:230-237). Dimeric PBD compounds bearing C2 aryl substituents have been shown to be useful as cytotoxic agents (Hartley et al (2010) Cancer Res. 70(17):6849-6858; Antonow (2010) J. Med. Chem. 53(7):2927-2941; Howard et al (2009) Bioorganic and Med. Chem. Letters 19(22):6463-6466).
PBD dimers have been conjugated to antibodies and the resulting ADC shown to have anti-cancer properties. Nonlimiting exemplary linkage sites on the PBD dimer include the five-membered pyrrolo ring, the tether between the PBD units, and the N10-C11 imine group (WO 2009/016516; US 2009/304710; US 2010/047257; US 2009/036431; US 2011/0256157; WO 2011/130598).
Nonlimiting exemplary PBD dimer components of ADCs are of Formula A:
and salts and solvates thereof, wherein:
the wavy line indicates the covalent attachment site to the linker;
the dotted lines indicate the optional presence of a double bond between C1 and C2 or C2 and C3;
R² is independently selected from H, OH, ═O, ═CH₂, CN, R, OR, ═CH—R^(D), ═C(R^(D))₂, O—SO₂—R, CO₂R and COR, and optionally further selected from halo or dihalo, wherein R^(D) is independently selected from R, CO₂R, COR, CHO, CO₂H, and halo;
R⁶ and R⁹ are independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NRR′, NO₂, Me₃Sn and halo;
R⁷ is independently selected from H, R, OH, OR, SH, SR, NH₂, NHR, NRR′, NO₂, Me₃Sn and halo;
Q is independently selected from O, S and NH;
R¹¹ is either H, or R or, where Q is O, SO₃M, where M is a metal cation;
R and R′ are each independently selected from optionally substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₃₋₈ heterocyclyl, C₃₋₂₀ heterocycle, and C₅₋₂₀ aryl groups, and optionally in relation to the group NRR′, R and R′ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring;
R¹², R¹⁶, R¹⁹ and R¹⁷ are as defined for R², R⁶, R⁹ and R⁷ respectively;
R″ is a C₃₋₁₂ alkylene group, which chain may be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, e.g. O, S, N(H), NMe and/or aromatic rings, e.g. benzene or pyridine, which rings are optionally substituted; and
X and X′ are independently selected from O, S and N(H).
In some embodiments, R⁹ and R¹⁹ are H.
In some embodiments, R⁶ and R¹⁶ are H.
In some embodiments, R⁷ are R¹⁷ are both OR^(7A), where R^(7A) is optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(7A) is Me. In some embodiments, R^(7A) is Ch₂Ph, where Ph is a phenyl group.
In some embodiments, X is O.
In some embodiments, R¹¹ is H.
In some embodiments, there is a double bond between C2 and C3 in each monomer unit.
In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are independently selected from H and R. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are independently R. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are independently optionally substituted C₅₋₂₀ aryl or C₅₋₇ aryl or C₈₋₁₀ aryl. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are independently optionally substituted phenyl, thienyl, napthyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are independently selected from ═O, ═CH₂, ═CH—R^(D), and ═C(R^(D))₂. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² each ═CH2. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are each H. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are each ═O. In some embodiments, R² and R¹² are each ═CF₂. In some embodiments, R² and/or R¹² are independently ═C(R^(D))₂. In some embodiments, R² and/or R¹² are independently ═CH—R^(D).
In some embodiments, when R² and/or R¹² is ═CH—R^(D), each group may independently have either configuration shown below:
In some embodiments, a ═CH—R^(D) is in configuration (I).
In some embodiments, R″ is a C₃ alkylene group or a C₅ alkylene group.
In some embodiments, an exemplary PBD dimer component of an ADC has the structure of Formula A(I):
wherein n is 0 or 1.
In some embodiments, an exemplary PBD dimer component of an ADC has the structure of Formula A(II):
wherein n is 0 or 1.
In some embodiments, an exemplary PBD dimer component of an ADC has the structure of Formula A(III):
wherein R^(E) and R^(E″) are each independently selected from H or R^(D), wherein R^(D) is defined as above; and wherein n is 0 or 1.
In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, R^(E) and/or R^(E″) is H. In some embodiments, R^(E) and R^(E″) are H. In some embodiments, R^(E) and/or R^(E″) is R^(D), wherein R^(D) is optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(E) and/or R^(E″) is R^(D), wherein R^(D) is methyl.
In some embodiments, an exemplary PBD dimer component of an ADC has the structure of Formula A(IV):
wherein Ar¹ and Ar² are each independently optionally substituted C₅₋₂₀ aryl; wherein Ar¹ and Ar² may be the same or different; and wherein n is 0 or 1.
In some embodiments, an exemplary PBD dimer component of an ADC has the structure of Formula A(V):
wherein Ar¹ and Ar² are each independently optionally substituted C₅₋₂₀ aryl; wherein Ar¹ and Ar² may be the same or different; and
wherein n is 0 or 1.
In some embodiments, Ar¹ and Ar² are each independently selected from optionally substituted phenyl, furanyl, thiophenyl and pyridyl. In some embodiments, Ar¹ and Ar² are each independently optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, Ar¹ and Ar² are each independently optionally substituted thien-2-yl or thien-3-yl. In some embodiments, Ar¹ and Ar² are each independently optionally substituted quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl. The quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl group may be bound to the PBD core through any available ring position. For example, the quinolinyl may be quinolin-2-yl, quinolin-3-yl, quinolin-4yl, quinolin-5-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-7-yl and quinolin-8-yl. In some embodiments, the quinolinyl is selected from quinolin-3-yl and quinolin-6-yl. The isoquinolinyl may be isoquinolin-1-yl, isoquinolin-3-yl, isoquinolin-4yl, isoquinolin-5-yl, isoquinolin-6-yl, isoquinolin-7-yl and isoquinolin-8-yl. In some embodiments, the isoquinolinyl is selected from isoquinolin-3-yl and isoquinolin-6-yl.
Further nonlimiting exemplary PBD dimer components of ADCs are of Formula B:
and salts and solvates thereof, wherein:
the wavy line indicates the covalent attachment site to the linker;
the wavy line connected to the OH indicates the S or R configuration;
R^(V1) and R^(V2) are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl and phenyl (which phenyl may be optionally substituted with fluoro, particularly in the 4 position) and C₅₋₆ heterocyclyl; wherein R^(V1) and R^(V2) may be the same or different; and
n is 0 or 1.
In some embodiments, R^(V1) and R^(V2) are independently selected from H, phenyl, and 4-fluorophenyl.
In some embodiments, a linker may be attached at one of various sites of the PBD dimer drug moiety, including the N10 imine of the B ring, the C-2 endo/exo position of the C ring, or the tether unit linking the A rings (see structures C(I) and C(II) below).
Nonlimiting exemplary PBD dimer components of ADCs include Formulas C(I) and C(II):
Formulas C(I) and C(II) are shown in their N10-C11 imine form. Exemplary PBD drug moieties also include the carbinolamine and protected carbinolamine forms as well, as shown in the table below:
wherein:
X is CH2 (n=1 to 5), N, or O;
Z and Z′ are independently selected from OR and NR₂, where R is a primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl chain containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms;
R₁, R′₁, R₂ and R′₂ are each independently selected from H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl (including substituted aryls), C₅₋₂₀ heteroaryl groups, —NH₂, —NHMe, —OH, and —SH, where, in some embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl chains comprise up to 5 carbon atoms;
R₃ and R′₃ are independently selected from H, OR, NHR, and NR₂, where R is a primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl chain containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms;
R₄ and R′₄ are independently selected from H, Me, and OMe;
R₅ is selected from C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₅₋₂₀ aryl (including aryls substituted by halo, nitro, cyano, alkoxy, alkyl, heterocyclyl) and C₅₋₂₀ heteroaryl groups, where, in some embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl chains comprise up to 5 carbon atoms;
R₁₁ is H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or a protecting group (such as acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ), 9-fluorenylmethylenoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), or a moiety comprising a self-immolating unit such as valine-citrulline-PAB);
R₁₂ is H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, or a protecting group;
wherein a hydrogen of one of R₁, R′₁, R₂, R′₂, R₅, or R₁₂ or a hydrogen of the —OCH₂CH₂(X)_(n)CH₂CH₂O— spacer between the A rings is replaced with a bond connected to the linker of the ADC.
Exemplary PDB dimer portions of ADC include, but are not limited to (the wavy line indicates the site of covalent attachment to the linker):
Nonlimiting exemplary embodiments of ADCs comprising PBD dimers have the following structures:
wherein:
n is 0 to 12. In some embodiments, n is 2 to 10. In some embodiments, n is 4 to 8. In some embodiments, n is selected from 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
The linkers of PBD dimer-val-cit-PAB-Ab and the PBD dimer-Phe-Lys-PAB-Ab are protease cleavable, while the linker of PBD dimer-maleimide-acetal is acid-labile.
PBD dimers and ADC comprising PBD dimers may be prepared according to methods known in the art. See, e.g., WO 2009/016516; US 2009/304710; US 2010/047257; US 2009/036431; US 2011/0256157; WO 2011/130598.
(5) Anthracyclines
In some embodiments, an ADC comprising anthracycline. Anthracyclines are antibiotic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic activity. While not intending to be bound by any particular theory, studies have indicated that anthracyclines may operate to kill cells by a number of different mechanisms, including: 1) intercalation of the drug molecules into the DNA of the cell thereby inhibiting DNA-dependent nucleic acid synthesis; 2) production by the drug of free radicals which then react with cellular macromolecules to cause damage to the cells, and/or 3) interactions of the drug molecules with the cell membrane (see, e.g., C. Peterson et al., “Transport And Storage Of Anthracycline In Experimental Systems And Human Leukemia” in Anthracycline Antibiotics In Cancer Therapy; N. R. Bachur, “Free Radical Damage” id. at pp. 97-102). Because of their cytotoxic potential anthracyclines have been used in the treatment of numerous cancers such as leukemia, breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma and sarcomas (see e.g., P. H-Wiernik, in Anthracycline: Current Status And New Developments p 11).
Nonlimiting exemplary anthracyclines include doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, daunomycin, nemorubicin, and derivatives thereof. Immunoconjugates and prodrugs of daunorubicin and doxorubicin have been prepared and studied (Kratz et al (2006) Current Med. Chem. 13:477-523; Jeffrey et al (2006) Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Letters 16:358-362; Torgov et al (2005) Bioconj. Chem. 16:717-721; Nagy et al (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:829-834; Dubowchik et al (2002) Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Letters 12:1529-1532; King et al (2002) J. Med. Chem. 45:4336-4343; EP 0328147; U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,579). The antibody-drug conjugate BR96-doxorubicin reacts specifically with the tumor-associated antigen Lewis-Y and has been evaluated in phase I and II studies (Saleh et al (2000) J. Clin. Oncology 18:2282-2292; Ajani et al (2000) Cancer Jour. 6:78-81; Tolcher et al (1999) J. Clin. Oncology 17:478-484).
PNU-159682 is a potent metabolite (or derivative) of nemorubicin (Quintieri, et al. (2005) Clinical Cancer Research 11(4):1608-1617). Nemorubicin is a semisynthetic analog of doxorubicin with a 2-methoxymorpholino group on the glycoside amino of doxorubicin and has been under clinical evaluation (Grandi et al (1990) Cancer Treat. Rev. 17:133; Ripamonti et al (1992) Brit. J. Cancer 65:703), including phase II/III trials for hepatocellular carcinoma (Sun et al (2003) Proceedings of the American Society for Clinical Oncology 22, Abs 1448; Quintieri (2003) Proceedings of the American Association of Cancer Research, 44:1st Ed, Abs 4649; Pacciarini et al (2006) Jour. Clin. Oncology 24:14116).
A nonlimiting exemplary ADC comprising nemorubicin or nemorubicin derivatives is shown in Formula Ia:
wherein R₁ is hydrogen atom, hydroxy or methoxy group and R₂ is a C₁-C₅ alkoxy group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
L₁ and Z together are a linker (L) as described herein;
T is an antibody (Ab) as described herein; and
m is 1 to about 20. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 10, 1 to 7, 1 to 5, or 1 to 4.
In some embodiments, R₁ and R₂ are both methoxy (—OMe).
A further nonlimiting exemplary ADC comprising nemorubicin or nemorubicin derivatives is shown in Formula Ib:
wherein R₁ is hydrogen atom, hydroxy or methoxy group and R₂ is a C₁-C₅ alkoxy group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
L₂ and Z together are a linker (L) as described herein;
T is an antibody (Ab) as described herein; and
m is 1 to about 20. In some embodiments, m is 1 to 10, 1 to 7, 1 to 5, or 1 to 4.
In some embodiments, R₁ and R₂ are both methoxy (—OMe).
In some embodiments, the nemorubicin component of a nemorubicin-containing ADC is PNU-159682. In some such embodiments, the drug portion of the ADC may have one of the following structures:
wherein the wavy line indicates the attachment to the linker (L).
Anthracyclines, including PNU-159682, may be conjugated to antibodies through several linkage sites and a variety of linkers (US 2011/0076287; WO2009/099741; US 2010/0034837; WO 2010/009124), including the linkers described herein.
Exemplary ADCs comprising a nemorubicin and linker include, but are not limited to:
wherein:
R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from H and C₁-C₆ alkyl; and
The linker of PNU-159682 maleimide acetal-Ab is acid-labile, while the linkers of PNU-159682-val-cit-PAB-Ab, PNU-159682-val-cit-PAB-spacer-Ab, and PNU-159682-val-cit-PAB-spacer(R¹R²)-Ab are protease cleavable.
(6) Other Drug Moieties
Drug moieties also include geldanamycin (Mandler et al (2000) J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 92(19):1573-1581; Mandler et al (2000) Bioorganic & Med. Chem. Letters 10:1025-1028; Mandler et al (2002) Bioconjugate Chem. 13:786-791); and enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof, including, but not limited to, diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the tricothecenes. See, e.g., WO 93/21232.
Drug moieties also include compounds with nucleolytic activity (e.g., a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease).
In certain embodiments, an immunoconjugate may comprise a highly radioactive atom. A variety of radioactive isotopes are available for the production of radioconjugated antibodies. Examples include At²¹¹, I¹³¹, I¹²⁵, Y⁹⁰, Re¹⁸⁶, Re¹⁸⁸, Sm¹⁵³, Bi²¹², P³², Pb²¹² and radioactive isotopes of Lu. In some embodiments, when an immunoconjugate is used for detection, it may comprise a radioactive atom for scintigraphic studies, for example Tc⁹⁹ or I¹²³, or a spin label for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging (also known as magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), such as zirconium-89, iodine-123, iodine-131, indium-111, fluorine-19, carbon-13, nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, gadolinium, manganese or iron. Zirconium-89 may be complexed to various metal chelating agents and conjugated to antibodies, e.g., for PET imaging (WO 2011/056983).
The radio- or other labels may be incorporated in the immunoconjugate in known ways. For example, a peptide may be biosynthesized or chemically synthesized using suitable amino acid precursors comprising, for example, one or more fluorine-19 atoms in place of one or more hydrogens. In some embodiments, labels such as Tc⁹⁹, I¹²³, Re¹⁸⁶, Re¹⁸⁸ and In¹¹¹ can be attached via a cysteine residue in the antibody. In some embodiments, yttrium-90 can be attached via a lysine residue of the antibody. In some embodiments, the IODOGEN method (Fraker et al (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 80: 49-57 can be used to incorporate iodine-123. “Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunoscintigraphy” (Chatal, CRC Press 1989) describes certain other methods.
In certain embodiments, an immunoconjugate may comprise an antibody conjugated to a prodrug-activating enzyme. In some such embodiments, a prodrug-activating enzyme converts a prodrug (e.g., a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO 81/01145) to an active drug, such as an anti-cancer drug. Such immunoconjugates are useful, in some embodiments, in antibody-dependent enzyme-mediated prodrug therapy (“ADEPT”). Enzymes that may be conjugated to an antibody include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatases, which are useful for converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; arylsulfatases, which are useful for converting sulfate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; cytosine deaminase, which is useful for converting non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), which are useful for converting peptide-containing prodrugs into free drugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, which are useful for converting prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents; carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes such as β-galactosidase and neuraminidase, which are useful for converting glycosylated prodrugs into free drugs; β-lactamase, which is useful for converting drugs derivatized with β-lactams into free drugs; and penicillin amidases, such as penicillin V amidase and penicillin G amidase, which are useful for converting drugs derivatized at their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or phenylacetyl groups, respectively, into free drugs. In some embodiments, enzymes may be covalently bound to antibodies by recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art. See, e.g., Neuberger et al., Nature 312:604-608 (1984).
c) Drug Loading
Drug loading is represented by p, the average number of drug moieties per antibody in a molecule of Formula I. Drug loading may range from 1 to 20 drug moieties (D) per antibody. ADCs of Formula I include collections of antibodies conjugated with a range of drug moieties, from 1 to 20. The average number of drug moieties per antibody in preparations of ADC from conjugation reactions may be characterized by conventional means such as mass spectroscopy, ELISA assay, and HPLC. The quantitative distribution of ADC in terms of p may also be determined In some instances, separation, purification, and characterization of homogeneous ADC where p is a certain value from ADC with other drug loadings may be achieved by means such as reverse phase HPLC or electrophoresis.
For some antibody-drug conjugates, p may be limited by the number of attachment sites on the antibody. For example, where the attachment is a cysteine thiol, as in certain exemplary embodiments above, an antibody may have only one or several cysteine thiol groups, or may have only one or several sufficiently reactive thiol groups through which a linker may be attached. In certain embodiments, higher drug loading, e.g. p>5, may cause aggregation, insolubility, toxicity, or loss of cellular permeability of certain antibody-drug conjugates. In certain embodiments, the average drug loading for an ADC ranges from 1 to about 8; from about 2 to about 6; or from about 3 to about 5. Indeed, it has been shown that for certain ADCs, the optimal ratio of drug moieties per antibody may be less than 8, and may be about 2 to about 5 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,498,298).
In certain embodiments, fewer than the theoretical maximum of drug moieties are conjugated to an antibody during a conjugation reaction. An antibody may contain, for example, lysine residues that do not react with the drug-linker intermediate or linker reagent, as discussed below. Generally, antibodies do not contain many free and reactive cysteine thiol groups which may be linked to a drug moiety; indeed most cysteine thiol residues in antibodies exist as disulfide bridges. In certain embodiments, an antibody may be reduced with a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or tricarbonylethylphosphine (TCEP), under partial or total reducing conditions, to generate reactive cysteine thiol groups. In certain embodiments, an antibody is subjected to denaturing conditions to reveal reactive nucleophilic groups such as lysine or cysteine.
The loading (drug/antibody ratio) of an ADC may be controlled in different ways, and for example, by: (i) limiting the molar excess of drug-linker intermediate or linker reagent relative to antibody, (ii) limiting the conjugation reaction time or temperature, and (iii) partial or limiting reductive conditions for cysteine thiol modification.
It is to be understood that where more than one nucleophilic group reacts with a drug-linker intermediate or linker reagent, then the resulting product is a mixture of ADC compounds with a distribution of one or more drug moieties attached to an antibody. The average number of drugs per antibody may be calculated from the mixture by a dual ELISA antibody assay, which is specific for antibody and specific for the drug. Individual ADC molecules may be identified in the mixture by mass spectroscopy and separated by HPLC, e.g. hydrophobic interaction chromatography (see, e.g., McDonagh et al (2006) Prot. Engr. Design & Selection 19(7):299-307; Hamblett et al (2004) Clin. Cancer Res. 10:7063-7070; Hamblett, K. J., et al. “Effect of drug loading on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of an anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate,” Abstract No. 624, American Association for Cancer Research, 2004 Annual Meeting, Mar. 27-31, 2004, Proceedings of the AACR, Volume 45, March 2004; Alley, S. C., et al. “Controlling the location of drug attachment in antibody-drug conjugates,” Abstract No. 627, American Association for Cancer Research, 2004 Annual Meeting, Mar. 27-31, 2004, Proceedings of the AACR, Volume 45, March 2004). In certain embodiments, a homogeneous ADC with a single loading value may be isolated from the conjugation mixture by electrophoresis or chromatography.
d) Certain Methods of Preparing Immunoconjugates
An ADC of Formula I may be prepared by several routes employing organic chemistry reactions, conditions, and reagents known to those skilled in the art, including: (1) reaction of a nucleophilic group of an antibody with a bivalent linker reagent to form Ab-L via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with a drug moiety D; and (2) reaction of a nucleophilic group of a drug moiety with a bivalent linker reagent, to form D-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with a nucleophilic group of an antibody. Exemplary methods for preparing an ADC of Formula I via the latter route are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,498,298, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Nucleophilic groups on antibodies include, but are not limited to: (i) N-terminal amine groups, (ii) side chain amine groups, e.g. lysine, (iii) side chain thiol groups, e.g. cysteine, and (iv) sugar hydroxyl or amino groups where the antibody is glycosylated Amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups are nucleophilic and capable of reacting to form covalent bonds with electrophilic groups on linker moieties and linker reagents including: (i) active esters such as NHS esters, HOBt esters, haloformates, and acid halides; (ii) alkyl and benzyl halides such as haloacetamides; and (iii) aldehydes, ketones, carboxyl, and maleimide groups. Certain antibodies have reducible interchain disulfides, i.e. cysteine bridges. Antibodies may be made reactive for conjugation with linker reagents by treatment with a reducing agent such as DTT (dithiothreitol) or tricarbonylethylphosphine (TCEP), such that the antibody is fully or partially reduced. Each cysteine bridge will thus form, theoretically, two reactive thiol nucleophiles. Additional nucleophilic groups can be introduced into antibodies through modification of lysine residues, e.g., by reacting lysine residues with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent), resulting in conversion of an amine into a thiol. Reactive thiol groups may also be introduced into an antibody by introducing one, two, three, four, or more cysteine residues (e.g., by preparing variant antibodies comprising one or more non-native cysteine amino acid residues).
Antibody-drug conjugates of the invention may also be produced by reaction between an electrophilic group on an antibody, such as an aldehyde or ketone carbonyl group, with a nucleophilic group on a linker reagent or drug. Useful nucleophilic groups on a linker reagent include, but are not limited to, hydrazide, oxime, amino, hydrazine, thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide. In one embodiment, an antibody is modified to introduce electrophilic moieties that are capable of reacting with nucleophilic substituents on the linker reagent or drug. In another embodiment, the sugars of glycosylated antibodies may be oxidized, e.g. with periodate oxidizing reagents, to form aldehyde or ketone groups which may react with the amine group of linker reagents or drug moieties. The resulting imine Schiff base groups may form a stable linkage, or may be reduced, e.g. by borohydride reagents to form stable amine linkages. In one embodiment, reaction of the carbohydrate portion of a glycosylated antibody with either galactose oxidase or sodium meta-periodate may yield carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone) groups in the antibody that can react with appropriate groups on the drug (Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques). In another embodiment, antibodies containing N-terminal serine or threonine residues can react with sodium meta-periodate, resulting in production of an aldehyde in place of the first amino acid (Geoghegan & Stroh, (1992) Bioconjugate Chem. 3:138-146; U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,852). Such an aldehyde can be reacted with a drug moiety or linker nucleophile.
Exemplary nucleophilic groups on a drug moiety include, but are not limited to: amine, thiol, hydroxyl, hydrazide, oxime, hydrazine, thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide groups capable of reacting to form covalent bonds with electrophilic groups on linker moieties and linker reagents including: (i) active esters such as NHS esters, HOBt esters, haloformates, and acid halides; (ii) alkyl and benzyl halides such as haloacetamides; (iii) aldehydes, ketones, carboxyl, and maleimide groups.
Nonlimiting exemplary cross-linker reagents that may be used to prepare ADC are described herein in the section titled “Exemplary Linkers.” Methods of using such cross-linker reagents to link two moieties, including a proteinaceous moiety and a chemical moiety, are known in the art. In some embodiments, a fusion protein comprising an antibody and a cytotoxic agent may be made, e.g., by recombinant techniques or peptide synthesis. A recombinant DNA molecule may comprise regions encoding the antibody and cytotoxic portions of the conjugate either adjacent to one another or separated by a region encoding a linker peptide which does not destroy the desired properties of the conjugate.
In yet another embodiment, an antibody may be conjugated to a “receptor” (such as streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pre-targeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a “ligand” (e.g., avidin) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g., a drug or radionucleotide).
E. Methods and Compositions for Diagnostics and Detection
In certain embodiments, any of the anti-PMEL17 antibodies provided herein is useful for detecting the presence of PMEL17 in a biological sample. The term “detecting” as used herein encompasses quantitative or qualitative detection. A “biological sample” comprises, e.g., a cell or tissue (e.g., biopsy material, including cancerous or potentially cancerous skin tissue, including possible or confirmed melanoma; biopsy material from lymphoma, such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; and biopsy material from kidney tumors).
In one embodiment, an anti-PMEL17 antibody for use in a method of diagnosis or detection is provided. In a further aspect, a method of detecting the presence of PMEL17 in a biological sample is provided. In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting the biological sample with an anti-PMEL17 antibody as described herein under conditions permissive for binding of the anti-PMEL17 antibody to PMEL17, and detecting whether a complex is formed between the anti-PMEL17 antibody and PMEL17 in the biological sample. Such method may be an in vitro or in vivo method. In one embodiment, an anti-PMEL17 antibody is used to select subjects eligible for therapy with an anti-PMEL17 antibody, e.g. where PMEL17 is a biomarker for selection of patients. In a further embodiment, the biological sample is a cell or tissue (cancerous or potentially cancerous skin tissue, including possible or confirmed melanoma; biopsy material from lymphoma, such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; and biopsy material from kidney tumors).
In a further embodiment, an anti-PMEL17 antibody is used in vivo to detect, e.g., by in vivo imaging, a PMEL17-positive cancer in a subject, e.g., for the purposes of diagnosing, prognosing, or staging cancer, determining the appropriate course of therapy, or monitoring response of a cancer to therapy. One method known in the art for in vivo detection is immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET), as described, e.g., in van Dongen et al., The Oncologist 12:1379-1389 (2007) and Verel et al., J. Nucl. Med. 44:1271-1281 (2003). In such embodiments, a method is provided for detecting a PMEL17-positive cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering a labeled anti-PMEL17 antibody to a subject having or suspected of having a PMEL17-positive cancer, and detecting the labeled anti-PMEL17 antibody in the subject, wherein detection of the labeled anti-PMEL17 antibody indicates a PMEL17-positive cancer in the subject. In certain of such embodiments, the labeled anti-PMEL17 antibody comprises an anti-PMEL17 antibody conjugated to a positron emitter, such as ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, ⁷⁶Br, ⁸⁹Zr, and ¹²⁴I. In a particular embodiment, the positron emitter is ⁸⁹Zr.
In further embodiments, a method of diagnosis or detection comprises contacting a first anti-PMEL17 antibody immobilized to a substrate with a biological sample to be tested for the presence of PMEL17, exposing the substrate to a second anti-PMEL17 antibody, and detecting whether the second anti-PMEL17 is bound to a complex between the first anti-PMEL17 antibody and PMEL17 in the biological sample. A substrate may be any supportive medium, e.g., glass, metal, ceramic, polymeric beads, slides, chips, and other substrates. In certain embodiments, a biological sample comprises a cell or tissue (cancerous or potentially cancerous skin tissue, including possible or confirmed melanoma; biopsy material from a lymphoma, such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; and biopsy material from a kidney tumor). In certain embodiments, the first or second anti-PMEL17 antibody is any of the antibodies described herein.
Exemplary disorders that may be diagnosed or detected according to any of the above embodiments include PMEL17-positive cancers, such as PMEL17-positive skin cancer (such as melanoma); PMEL17-positive lymphomas (such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma); and PMEL17-positive kidney tumors. In some embodiments, a PMEL17-positive cancer is a cancer that receives an anti-PMEL17 immunohistochemistry (IHC) score greater than “0,” which corresponds to very weak or no staining in >90% of tumor cells, under the conditions described herein in Example K. In some embodiments, a PMEL17-positive cancer expresses PMEL17 at a 1+, 2+ or 3+ level, as defined under the conditions described herein in Example K, using the 31D1 antibody (the 31D1-expressing hybridoma was deposited at the ATCC as 7509(31D1.6.7) on Apr. 24, 2012). In some embodiments, a PMEL17-positive cancer is a cancer that expresses PMEL17 according to an in situ hybridization (ISH) assay. In some such embodiments, a scoring system similar to that used for IHC is used. In some embodiments, a PMEL17-positive cancer is a cancer that expresses PMEL17 according to a reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay that detects PMEL17 mRNA. In some embodiments, the RT-PCR is quantitative RT-PCR.
In certain embodiments, labeled anti-PMEL17 antibodies are provided. Labels include, but are not limited to, labels or moieties that are detected directly (such as fluorescent, chromophoric, electron-dense, chemiluminescent, and radioactive labels), as well as moieties, such as enzymes or ligands, that are detected indirectly, e.g., through an enzymatic reaction or molecular interaction. Exemplary labels include, but are not limited to, the radioisotopes ³²P, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³H, and ¹³¹I, fluorophores such as rare earth chelates or fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, umbelliferone, luceriferases, e.g., firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,456), luciferin, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, saccharide oxidases, e.g., glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, heterocyclic oxidases such as uricase and xanthine oxidase, coupled with an enzyme that employs hydrogen peroxide to oxidize a dye precursor such as HRP, lactoperoxidase, or microperoxidase, biotin/avidin, spin labels, bacteriophage labels, stable free radicals, and the like. In another embodiment, a label is a positron emitter. Positron emitters include but are not limited to ⁶⁸Ga, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, ⁷⁶Br, ⁸⁹Zr, and ¹²⁴I. In a particular embodiment, a positron emitter is ⁸⁹Zr.
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Order unanimously affirmed, with costs to respondent. If either party moves for a preference of the trial of the action, such motion should be granted. (Appeal from order of Monroe Special Term, which granted plaintiff’s motion for alimony.) Present — Williams, P. J., Bastow, Goldman, Henry and Del Vecchio, JJ.
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Samedi 14Mars 1818. A i >,;• 1 N.° 90, ( 2.me Année. ) S’adresser, pour les abonnemens et pourtout cequi a rapport au Journal du Gard, à M. J. B. GUIBERT, Imprimeur du Roi, à Nismes, boulevart du Grand-0mm< Grand-0mm< ) fé. -'r'.-'ê-ÿ:.''..'!/ Vo---.’ Ce Journal paraît les Mercredis et Samedis Prix : pour Nismes , zo francs , et z4 francs pour toutes les autres Communes ( franc de port. ) Les lettres et l’argent doivent être affranchit. Cours. JOURNAL DU GARD, POLITIQUE, ADMINISTRATIF ET LITTÉRAIRE-Fin LITTÉRAIRE-Fin rapport fait à la Chambre des Pairs par M. le maréchal duc de Tarante. Une dernière pétition a été examinée. Son auteur , ancien agent diplomatique , croit apercevoir de grands vices dans les principes sur lesquels repose le projet de loi présenté par le Gouvernement sur le recrutement. tic projet, selon lui, n’est jToint assez liberal. Le pétitionnaire établit que tout militaire devra commencer par être soldat, et qu’il n’y aura pas d nuire avancement possible que celui accordé à l'ancienneté. Les exceptions à cette règle seraient réservées pour les actions d’éclat. Votre commission n’a pas jugé ces observations susceptibles d’être prises en considération. Le 2Ç).e article fixe à quatre aimées la durée du service d’un grade immédiatement iniérieur pour, arriver au degré supérieur. 11 ne sera dérogé à cette règle qu’a la guerre, pour les .besoins extraordinaires ou poui des actions d’éclat. La mise à l'ordre du jouide l’armée préviendra et empêchera les abus. ^ Plusieurs observations oiit été faites sur cette disposition ; mais l’article ayant réuni la grande majorité, a été adopté. Enfin l’art. 3o, qui termine le titre de l’avancement, le dernier du jarojét de loi, renvoie à un règlement d'administration publique inséré au bulletin des lois , les autres règles de l’avancement sur les mêmes bases, et abroge tonies dispositions contraires. Cet article a été unanimement adopté. Eu nous résumant, Messieurs, nous répétons.-que nous adoptons les bases fondamentales du recrutement volontaire , des appels et des rengagemens. Nous eussions désiré que le service territorial pût être réduit, afin que les charges fussent moins pesantes pour les hommes atteints par le sort j mais votre commission n’a pas cru devoir faire de ce voeu 1 objet d un amendement. V.oti’e sagesse pèsera cette considération. Elle propose que la libération par congés absolus soit maintenue fidèlement pour les anciens sous-officicrs et soldats, et que les hommes mariés de cette catlié-gorîe, mais non libérés, puissent jouir de la faveur de l’exemption que le projet de loi accorde aux jeunes gens mariés des prochains appels. Ces deux dernières propositions font l’objet, de son amendement à l’art, if Nous répétons encore que l’avancement par rang wd’ancienneté, jusqu’au grade de capitaine inclusivement , offre un état aux militaires qui se destinent au noble métier des armes; qu’ils ont droit d’être élevés aux grades supérieurs dans le système du choix , mais que, dans l’intérêt de l’État et de l’armée , il est ué-cessaire qu’il y ait parmi eux concours de talent et d’émulation pour y être appelé. C’est ainsi qu’il était assez généralement pratiqué avant la révolution et sous le dernier Gouvernement,. Avec de tels élémens, vous serez certains que le militaire français continuera à faire l’orgueil de la nation. N’en doutons point, Messieurs, il y a eu dans nos armées, pendant les orages de la révolution, un principe jusqu’alors inconnu qui y a développé cette valeur brillante, ces grands talens, objet, jusqu’au dernier moment, de l’admiration de l’Europe. Sur quoi reposait-il? Qui T’avait fait naître? Tout nous, répond : « Le service personnel et la carrière de l’avau-» cernent ouverte à tout le momie ». Voilà les deux sources fécondes qui ont fourni les riches exemples dont la France s'enorgueillit. Tous les genres de gloire et d’illustration ont été épuisés. Mais cette gloire, Messieurs, elle est toute faite, cette illustration est toute acquise; vos années n outplus qu’à soutenir ce noble poids de la couronne. Le principe que nous réclamons ne peut donc plus avoir les mêmes iuconvéniens , ni pour nous, ni pour le repos de nos voisins. Nous sommes en paix avec tout le monde, la modération est aujourd’hui assise sur le trône ; mais en 'même temps que le trône est résolu de respecter l'indépendance des couronnes, il a droit d’attendre qu’on respecte la sienne. C’est en élargissant la base de son système défensif que nous seconderons ses intentions généreuses et Libérales. Ne nous laissons donc plus conduire parla superstition des mots; et eette conscription, naguèros l’objet d’un si juste effroi, désormais assujétie à des règles; inflexibles que vous établirez vous-mêmes, fera la sûreté de la Franco, comme elle en. a fait les douleurs. Notre tâche est achevée ; d'autres voix plus éloquentes; se feront entendre à cette tribune; aucune ne sera animée d'un dévouement plus vrai, plus profond au Roi, à la patrie. Les membres de votre commission , unis par ce sentiment, ont pu désirer et vous proposer des modifications de quelques articles de la loi; mais ils n’en-sont pas moins pénétrés de cette vérité, que ses dispositions sont un bienfait dont l’histoire conservera le souvenir. La loi est nationale , précisément parce qu’elle est monarchique ; elle est monarchique, jiarçe que tout ce qui rattache le passé au présent, le présent h l’avenir, tout ce qui garantit aux hommes la fixité de leur état, et leur assure un prix légitime de leurs services, compose autant de liens par lesquels sont enchaînés les intérêts individuels-au grand intérêt général , le maintien du tr ône et de nos liber tés. Devant ces principes éternels s’évanouissent les craintes puisées dans un noble sentiment, mais exagé-r rées par la défiance. Et nous aussi, Messieurs, nous, défendions cette prérogative royale, palladium de tous nos droits, si jamais elle était attaquée; mais lorsque le Roi fait le plus noble usage de celte prérogative, celui de proposer la loi pour déterminer le. sort des Français qui se rendent volontairement eut 'I 111 appcue sous ses drapeaux, nous osons croire que cette loi réparatrice sera reçue clans les rangs des Graves aux cris unanimes de vive le Roi ! La commission dont j’ai l’honneur d’être l’organe vous propose, Messieurs, l’adoption du projet de loi, avec les amendemens indiqués aux art. 24 et 28. ( Moniteur. ) FRANGE. — Paris, 6 mars 1818. Hier au soir, avant l’ordre, M. le duc de Pieggio a été admis à une audience particulière du Roi. Aujourd’hui , après la messe, le bureau de la chambre dés députés, conduit par S. Exc. le ministre de l’intérieur , «présenté au Roi le projet de loi adopté par la chambre , dans la séance du 2 mars , relativement aux conditions d’admissibilité des députés. M. le duc de Richelieu a travaillé ensuite avec le Roi. — Conformément à la loi du 8 novembre 1814 , relative à la liste civile et à la dotation de la couronne, l’inventaire de tout le mobilier des châteaux royaux vient d’être terminé; il se monte, dit-on , à la valeur d’environ 42 millions , uon compris les porcelaines, verreries et autres ojets. Cet inventaire , au terme de l’article 4 de la loi du 8 novembre, doit être transmis en double à la chambre des pairs et à la chambre des dépntés. — Le gouverneinentvoudraitprocurfcr aux colonies françaises vingt-trois ecclesiastiques en état de desservir les paroisses, savoir: pour la Guadeloupe, quinze ; Saint-Pierre de Miquelon , deux; Pile de liourbon , deux ; Sénégal, trois ; Cayenne , un. Chacun de ces ecclésiastiques aura sur les lieux un traitement de 2000 fr.; ses frais de déplacement sont fixés à 600 f., outre 3 fr. par myriamètre pour se rendre de son domicile actuel au port où il devra s’embarquer. Arrivé à bord , il y sera nourri à la table de l’état-major. Son passage est aux frais du Roi. — De légères secousses de tremblement de terre se sont fait sentir , le 22 février , à Turin , et les 23 et 24 à Marseille : leur direction était du nord au sud. Le 18 de février , entre dix et onze heures du soir, de semblables commotions ont été ressenties à Roufï'acli, Soultz , etc., et jusqu’aux environs de Béfort,dans le département du Haut-Rhin. Les habitons étonnés de cet accident, bien rare dans leurs contrées, sortirent de leurs maisons. Ce tremblement de terre, qui n’a occasionné aucun dégAt , ne fut pas même sensible à Colmar, où, en revenche , un violent ouragan a effrayé toute la ville, dans la soirée du 21. Paris a éprouvé la nuit dernière une tempête extrêmement violente. — On cite un grand nombre d’accidens qui en seraient résultés. Très-peu de maisons ont été exemptes de quelques dommages. Un cheval a été tué par les débris d’une cheminée renversée ; heureusement que le cavalier n’a eu qu’une jambe cassée , a la suite de la chute. Des arbres ont été arrachés sur les diverses routes qui aboutissent à la capitale. 1 L’abbé Junelli vient de découvrir dans la bibliothèque de Naples cinq poèmes inconnus de Dracon ti ns , jioële chrétien du S.” siccle : les sujets eu sont tires de la mythologie. On va les imprimer à Naples. — On se plaint h Trieste que la place est encombrée de grains , dont le débit est, dit-on , lent et très— difficile. On attribue ce défaut de vente à de grands ajtprovisionnemens verses, et existant dans des lieux qui en manquaient encore il y a deux mois. — f .a cour d’assises de 1 ilérault a statue , le 17 février dernier , dans un affaire tics —scandaleuse • n un mari avait surpris en flagrant délit, et blessé d’un coup de couteau, un ennemi de son honneur. Le jury, en reconnaissant le fait pour constant, a déclaré le prévenu excusable. ——Un soldat autrichien fut, il y a quelque temps fusillé pour avoir volé , et son corps fut transporté à la salle d’anatomie de Vienne ; h l’instant où on voulait le disséquer , il donna quelques signes de vie , on lui administra aussitôt des secours ,et, quoiqu’il ait reçu une balle dans la tête et une autre dans le bas-veutre,. on ne désespère pas de le sauver. On nous écrit d’Alby ; L’autorité vient de faire construire une voiture grillée pour transporter les accuses de la prison au palais de justice. Il y a six places dans cette voiture, et à chaque place il y a un anneau de fer pour tenir la chaîne qui attachera les prisonniers. M.me Manson sera conduite en chaise à porteur, escortée de gendarmes. Cette femme célèbre travaille encore, à ce qu’on assure, à la rédaction d’un antre mémoire , qui doit contredire tout ce qu’elle a dit dans le premier Ensuite elle réfutera peut-être le tout à l’audience' — O11 dit que la fille Arlabosse, qui avait été conduite à Àlby, a été mise en liberté après avoir subi un interrogatoire. Décidément Mathurin Brimeau 11’a point appelé du jugement qui le condamne à sept ans d’emprisonement. R est peu de révolutions à l’issue desquelles on n’ait vu quelque imposteur faire momentanément des dupes sous un nom célèbre, plus ou moins grossièrement ressuscité. Celui de ces aventuriers dont l’histoire se retrace le plus naturellement à l’esprit, dans les circonstances actuelles, est le Simnel qui parut en Angleterre sous le règne de Henri VIL Ce jeune homme était garçon boulanger, comme Bruneau l’a été lui-même ; comme Bruneau , il eut l’audace de se donner pour l’héritier légitime de la couronne, le jeune ducd’Yorck, qui, de même que le fils infortuné de nos rois, avait péri à la fleur de l’âge dans la tour de Londres. Les ennemis de Henri VII feignirent de reconaître dans Simnel le duc d’Yorck, dont ils n’ignoraient pas le triste çort, et le peuple n’hésita point à les croire sur parole. Pour mieux éviter les regards trop clairvoyans, Simnel fut conduit en Irlande ; il fut couronné à Dublin; ses partisans levèrent des troupes en son nom, et le conduisirent en Angleterre: mais ses armes ne furent pas heureuses ; il fut vaincu et pris. Henri VII, en politique consommé, voulut que ce misérable servît lui-même à détruire les fables dont il avait été l’objet. Simnel fut en conséquence exposé en public, sans liens et presque sans garde; on permit au peuple de l’approcher et de l’interroger. Se voyant ainsi abandonné de ceux qui l’avaient fait agir, il avoua de bonne grâce toutes ses impostures. Le roi eut pitié de lui, et l’envoya dans ses cuisines, où reprenant sans peine ses premières habitudes, il acheva de détromper les esprits les plus crédules. Simnel , dans ce siècle, n’aurait pas poussé son rôle plus loin que n’a pu le faire Bruneau. C’est en rapprochant des faits semblables que l’on peut, non faire de vaines phrases sur le progrès des lumières , mais se féliciter des bienfaits de la civilisation. — La chambre îles pairs, dans sa séance du 5 , a demandé et ordonné la clôture de la discussion du projet de loi sur le recrutement de l’armée. La commission du concordat s’est réunie le 7 ; celle du budget attend le travail de ses rapporteurs pour les communiquer à la chambre ; la discussion sur ce dernier objet aura lieu , clit-011 ,• le 20. ( 359 ) NISMES. AVIS IMPORTANT. Le Préfet du département du Gard rappelle à ses administrés que la culture du tabac est interdite dans ce département; que, d’après les dispositions de l’art. 180 de la loi du 2,8 avril 1816, aile ne peut avoir lieu-que dans les seuls départemens où elle était autorisée en I8I5 , et que des-lors ils doivent s’interdire absolu-ment cette culture ; que, dans le cas où ils s’y seraient livrés ou s y livreraient à l’avenir , la régie des contributions indirectes provoquera la destruction des séinis et plantationsquelle qu’eu soit l’étendue, ainsi que l’application rigoureuse des peines prononcées par lart. 181 de la meme loi, c’est-à-dire, une amende de. 00 fr. par cent pieds de tabac , si là plantation' est faite sur un terrain ouvert ; et i5o fr., si le terrain est clos de murs. Le préfet espère que cet avis engagera les propriétaires et cultivateurs à se conformer aux dispositions de la loi précitée, et à éviter l’application des peines qu elle prononde. M. le vicomte de Brue-Signy, colonel de la légion du Gard , a prononcé à Gap un discours , le i.er de ce mois , à l occasion de la distribution de plusieurs croix de Saint-Louis. MM. bonne , chef de bataillon ; Drujon , major; F abre, Veyrier et Planque , capitaines, ont été reçus chevaliers de cet ordre. Wons regrettons que les bornes de cette feuille ne nous permettent pas de rapporter en entier le discours de M. le colonel; nous en citerons ïes passagessuivans : «Nobles guerriers du Gard! vous l’avez, conquise cette croix illustre , dans les combats , eu faisant votre devoir en braves et loyaux soldats Vous allez prononcer prononcer seraient religieux ! Par cc serment, vous reconnaîtrez que vous n’êtes plus à vous , mais tout au Roi...... Admis dans cet ordre de chevalerie, toutes vos actions se rapporteront au Souverain ; et vous devez a vos chefs la révélation de ce qui viendrait à votre connaissance contre la personne, les intérêts des bocRBOKs , et, par conséquent, contre la sûreté de FEtat .. " kt vous, braves soldats , jouissez do voir vos officiers récompensés de leur fidélité ! Ce nouvel honneur qu ils vont recevoir, appartient à vous tons. Oui, tous, vous pourrez y prétendre avec de la valeur, puisque vous etes Français Les grades dans les armées du K01 sont donc vos propriétés, ainsi que la faveur du monarque..... et je serai heureux, si je puis y contribuer en les sollicitant un jour pour vous » Ce discours a été couronné par des cris mille fois répétés de Vive le Roi ! Vivent les Bourbons ! Le tribunal de police municipale de In ville d INismes a, dans son audience du 6 de ce mois, condamné i. A 1 amende d’un franc et aux dépens, les sieur Jean Baptiste Reboul, Jean Gracias , Jean Roux, Jeai rontet cafetiers, et Pierre Chamontin , dit La l'on-wwe,billardier, pour avoir, en contravention à i’arrêti «urinaire , relatif à la sûreté publique, reçu du mond< «ans leurs cafés après dix heures du soir ; Innf A<Vnmei>([e,(1ï"n frailc et ai,x dépens, Joseph Fnnze , tailleur d habits , et Anne Lafite , pour avoir . en contravention aux dispositions du susdit arrêté ■nssc ouvertes, pendant la nuit, les portes d’allée dé murs maisons ; -, M5'HA damende et aux dépens , le sieur Jacques tié ’ ca!aaretleri Pour «voir été trouvé en contraVen-7 o V7dlt 25 fdvricr et Ie 2 mars courant ; 4Fnhn, à 6 fr. d amende et aux dépens, le sieur I Louis Nuty, fouriiier, pour contravention aux art. c et 12 du décret du 6 janvier 1814} sur l’exercice de la boulangerie, à Nismes. Le tribunal a de plus ordonné la confiscation au profit des pauvres dés pains saisis chez ledit Nuty. — Par jugement des 6 et i3 février, le tribunal de i.re instance de l’arrondissement d’Alais a condamné les sieurs Antoine Roux, de Boucoiran ; Cyprien Bourely, de Saint-Jean-de-ValériscIc ; Joseph Agnel, de la même commune, et Louis Nicolas, de celle de Robiac ; chacun à l’amende de 3o fr. et à la confiscation de leurs fusils, pour contraventions aux lois et règle-mens sur Le port-d’arnies et la chasse. — Les tribunaux de i.re instance d’Uzés et du Vigan ont applique les mêmes peines aux sieurs Pierre Bastide, deLirac; Védrine, deBagnols; Jean Rous-sière fils et son domestique, et David Bousquet, de Puechredon. Ces jugemens ont été rendus les 10, 11, i3 et vj février derniers. Nous lisons avec douleur les détails de plusieurs stupides, parmi lesquels celui dont nous allons parler présente des circonstances horribles. 11 est à désirer que des récits pareils inspirent plus d’aversion pour ces principes funestes qui privent les hommes des secours consolons que la morale et la religion leur offrent contre les peines de cette vie. ° Marseille, le 4 mars. Le sieur P...., négociant, domicilié à Toulouse, poussé, au désespoir, par un motif que l’on ignore, su rend près des montagnes , dites de Montradon , à une lieuu environ de Marseille. Là, il se tire un coup de pistolet dans la bouche , se fracasse un côté de la tête , et 11e meurt pas ; il recharge son pistolet, se tire un second coup, se déchire la tête de l’autre côté, et ne meurt point encore. 11 descend alors la montagne, tombe lorsqu’il est au bas , reste deux jours étendu sur le sol, exposé à toutes les intempéries de l’air, et ayant la tete ouverte comme une grenade. 11 est enfin aperçu par un paysan qui appelle les officiers des douanes d un poste voisin pour l’aider à secourir cet homme encore vivant. O11 le transporte en ville, et, chose presque incroyable , il a voulu faire et a fait réellement une partie du cuemm a pied, M. idoulhuid, chiiuraicii en chef de i’I'ôtel-Diou , le soigne, et n’est pas sans espoir de ie sauver. (,e malheureux a une femme'et cinq cnfaiis; il est âge de trente-sept uns environ, Grenoble, 28 février. En terminant la mission qui a eu lieu dans cette ville, M. Labbe Ruusan a recommande a son auditoire la paix et l’union, si nécessaires à tous les Français. Son discours , simple et plein d’onction , a fiui’par ces uiots remarquables : « C’est aux pieds de la croix que nous devons " a'>jurer toute haine et tout ressentiment. Tous » Français , n’ayons plus qu’un coeur et nue aine; et » n’oublions jamais que nous avons un père commun »-dans les cieux , qui est Dieu , et un père commun ” sur la terre , qui est le Roi ». Gette prorogation a été accueillie aux cris lon'r-, temps répétés de V ive le Roi! Vivent les Bourbons ! ANGLETERRE. — Londres, 2 mars. Des lettres de Cadix du G , et de Madrid du 18 du mois dernier, apportent la nouvelle inattendue que la. cour d’Espagne a pris la résolution d’établir quatre ports libres dans la péninsule ; savoir: Cadix, Saint-Ander, la Corogne et Alicante. Les marchandises étrangères seront ( 36o ) reçues libres de droits; et, en payant un modique impôt de 3 pour ioo, elles pourront être réexportées dans toutes les parties de l’Amérique méridionale. Cette résolution a été adoptée après de fortes représentations des marchands de Cadix , qui, convaincus par le temps et l’expérience, n’insistent plus sur l’exécution de leurs vieilles lois et de‘ leurs règlemens coloniaux. — Une lettre de la Vera-Cruz , du 7 novembre , annonce qu’outre la prise de Mina et la destruction de toute sa bande , un chef, nommé Begara , s’est rendu avec ses troupes entre les mains des troupes royales à Puenre del Rey, profitant' ainsi de i’amnistie proclamée à l’occasion de l’heureux '.accouchement de la reine. Le 20 février , on a pendu, à Londresdeux fn-res, commis-marchands, dont l'allié n’avait que 20 ans, et le cadet 18. Ils avaient volé des soiries et de la dentelle dans la boutique confiée à leurs soins. Deux jeunes commis de la poste générale viennent d’otre arrêtés, comme convincus d'ouvrir frauduleusement les lettres , et d’en avoir soustrait des effets de commerce. SUISSE. Genève, 2 mars. On assure que l’ordre vient d’être donné à tous ïes gouveruemens cautonnaux, parle directoire fédéral , de tenir prêts leurs premiers conringens, pour le cas oit les événemens rendraient nécessaire leur mise en activité. Les dernières lettres de Berne donnaient peu d’esperauce de voir terminer promptement des démêlés qui existent entre le grand-duché de Bade et la confédération suisse. D'autre part, le bruit se répand que le gouvernement sarde fait passer des troupes en Savoie, dans l’intention de tonner un camp d’observation sur les frontières du canton de Genève.* M. l’ancien syndic Desart part aujourd’hui pour Berne , chargé d’une mission extraordinaire. VARIETES. De cent personnes qui s’égarent , il en est air moins quatre-vingt-dix qui ne seraient pas favorisées-, si elles n’avaient pas quitté'la ligne ouverte devant elles. C’est par inconstance ou par inquiétude que 1 011 change de voie; or, l’inquiétude et l’inconstance sont de très-mauvaises conseillères en voyage, en affaire , en politique. La Charte, en s’exprimant très-explicitement sur nos droits politiques, renferme aussi nos devoirs , qu’il 11e faut pas oublier. Le chemin pour arriver aux honneurs, aux distinctions, pouvait être tracé de plusieurs manières ; mais celui-ci une fois établi , il 11’y a plus sur ses bords que des sentiers dangereux ou des précipices. Tenons-nous donc, pour notre propre sûreté, sur la nouvelle direction qui nous est indiquée. Plus de sy-stètnes , plus de rêves, plus de perfectibilités idéales, si nous-ne voulons nous détruire nous-mêmes. Mous avons une patrie et un Souverain;' servons-les tous deux, non à notre manière , mais comme ils l’ont entendu l’un et 1 autre.. Sommes-nous humiliés par quelques restes d’anciennes distinctions 1 mais l’accès de celles qui sont conservées est ouvert à tous; parvenons-y par un mérite reel et des talens utiles. ; ' Sommes-nous attristés par trop d’çgaüté 1 elevons-nous par des services qui nous mettent hors de pair. Remarquez bien que le peuplé est modeste par-tout où la grandeur est affable, et que la richesse est toujours considérée lorsqu’-elle est bienfaisante. Le fils d’un homme célèbre sera toujours remarqué par la s.ociété , et même par le gouvernement, mais comme debiteur envers tous les deux de plus grands efforts pour les servir. Les noms titrés sont comme les uniformes, qui servent à-la-fois à mieux reconnaître et les braves et les déserteurs. Telle eSl la Morale de la Charte; et.certes, il eût été difficile de la dicter plus parfaite , et sur-tout plus française. Finissons donc de démolir , car nous serions encore une fois écrasés sous les décombres ; et, pour notre propre intérêt, suivons avec honneur la route que la sagesse royale nous a tracée dans un de ses momens de la plus haute inspiration : la voie est suffisamment large pour toutes les ambitions vertueuses. Un soldat français , qui a servi dans notre armée d’Egvpte , et pris part a nos brillans succès dans cette'conlré.e , est entré dans le corps de manie-lucks. Ses services l’ont conduit à monter au rang de bey et à jouir de toutes les prérogatives qui 7 sont attachées. C.è brave, n’oubliant ni son pays , ni le nom de Français, ni l’honneur qu’il a eu de combattre dans nos rangs , a toujours son babil de grenadier français au chevet de son lit. La couronné d’Ecosse, récemment retrouvée , après avoir été long-temps ensevelie <Jans un endroit ignoré du château d Edimbourg, est oruee dune quantité considérable de perles. Leur beauté est moins remarquable que leur origine : Elle sont écossaises , et l’on suit qu’autrefois l’Ecosse en produisait eu abondance. C’était principalement dans la rivière d’ïthan , en Àberdeensbue, qu’on trouvait les plus belles. Un juif, dans le siècle dernier, donna 35 giuuées dune, de ces perles , et la revendit bientôt après plus de îoo. Ou en pêchait autrefois aussi dans quelques rivières d’Irlande. LIBRAIRIE. Le Fieux Couteur , peiis journal lécréatifà l’usage de l’enfance et de la jeunesse des deux sexes. Les numéros de cet ouvrage soin ornés d’ane jolie gravure ; le style et l’intencion des contes font l’éloge d-.s edi-.eurs. Ou sousciit à Paris, chez Emery , libraire , rue Mauconsei!, n." 3o ; Dentu et Do!ai:n„y , libraires, au Palais royal. On peut également s’adresser an Bureau du Journal du Gard. ihix ; pour si:: mois, ou six miméios , iz tr. Pour un an , ou douze numéros , 20 fr. rendus franc de port. Mémoire de Mime Manson , 7.e édition, 1 vol. 4 fr. 5o ç. Réponse de l’abbé Diilon à l’abbé Clausel, sur le concordat de 1817 , 1 vol. 2 Ir. Lyon en 1817 , par le colonel Fsbrier, 1 v. r tt-Sur tt-Sur événemens de Lyon , par le comte Chabrol. z fr. Réponse de M. le général Canuel, à l’écrit de M. Fabrier, 1 V. in. 8.° !:r* Un chapitre de la.vie de Malesherbes , sur les .protestai», par Huileau, 1 vol. ijrZD. Livre de poste pour 1S18, avec une carte du ro-yaumedeFrance ,. 1 vol. 111-8.° . 8 fr. A Nismes ,.chez Melquiond , libraire, vis-à-vis l’Esplanade. Souscription. Dictionnaire historique , par Félix Peller , nouvelle éditiou revue, corrigée et augmentée d’un supplément de 4 volumes;, eu total, 12 volumes in-SV Ç Les deux premiers paraissent et sont en vente , au prix de 6 fr. le volume); l’ouvrage complet iz volumes in 8.° , ci , 1D’¬ EFFETS PUBLICS. (COURS AUTHENTIQUE.) Mars 5 p. °/0 Cons. Act. de la Banque. Oblig. du trésor» 1818.' jouiss.duiimars Joniss. de janvier. ■ intérêts compris. fr. c. fr. c. fr c. £r. ■ c. 5. > * J 65,5o. 65,35. î * 1 i55o, * I548,5O. p.te °/0 par mois. 6. 65-45. 65,5o. i55o, • 1548,75. 7-65,70. 7-65,70. i55o, . i56o,. A HISMES , CHEZ J. B. CUIBERT, IMPRIMEUR DU ROI. AN l8l8.
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 29 | 36 |
*966Motion for leave to appeal dismissed upon the ground that the order sought to be appealed from does not finally determine the action within the meaning of the Constitution.
| 27,350 |
https://github.com/AutoscanForJavaFork/Artemis/blob/master/src/main/java/de/tum/in/www1/artemis/web/rest/dto/PlagiarismCaseDTO.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,019 |
Artemis
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AutoscanForJavaFork
|
Java
|
Code
| 74 | 320 |
package de.tum.in.www1.artemis.web.rest.dto;
import java.util.Set;
import de.tum.in.www1.artemis.domain.Exercise;
import de.tum.in.www1.artemis.domain.plagiarism.PlagiarismComparison;
import de.tum.in.www1.artemis.domain.plagiarism.PlagiarismSubmissionElement;
public class PlagiarismCaseDTO {
private Exercise exercise;
private Set<PlagiarismComparison<? extends PlagiarismSubmissionElement>> comparisons;
public PlagiarismCaseDTO(Exercise exercise, Set<PlagiarismComparison<? extends PlagiarismSubmissionElement>> comparisons) {
this.exercise = exercise;
this.comparisons = comparisons;
}
public Exercise getExercise() {
return exercise;
}
public void setExercise(Exercise exercise) {
this.exercise = exercise;
}
public Set<PlagiarismComparison<? extends PlagiarismSubmissionElement>> getComparisons() {
return comparisons;
}
public void setComparisons(Set<PlagiarismComparison<? extends PlagiarismSubmissionElement>> comparisons) {
this.comparisons = comparisons;
}
}
| 17,818 |
https://openalex.org/W2022818738
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
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CC-By
| 2,014 |
Viable offspring after successful non-surgical embryo transfer in goats
|
J. F. da Fonseca
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,661 | 5,525 |
Viable offspring after successful non-surgical embryo transfer in goats
[Nascimento de fetos viáveis após transferência de embriões não-cirúrgica em caprinos] J.F. Fonseca1, L.V. Esteves2, F.N. Zambrini3, F.Z. Brandão2, M.G.C.D. Peixoto4, R.S. Verneque4,
L.G.B. Siqueira4, J.H.M. Viana4 1Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos Núcleo Regional Sudeste CEJHB–Embrapa Gado de Leite Coronel Pacheco, MG
2Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói, RJ
3Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa, MG
4Embrapa Gado de Leite Juiz de Fora, MG 1Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos Núcleo Regional Sudeste CEJHB–Embrapa Gado de Leite Coronel Pacheco, MG
2Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói, RJ
3Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa, MG
4Embrapa Gado de Leite Juiz de Fora, MG It has been more than 100 years since the first
successful embryo transfer (ET) was reported in
rabbits by Heape in 1890. In goats, Warwick et
al. (1934) reported the first kid born after the use
of ET. Since then, small ruminants have been in
ET programs around the world, but need for
surgical procedures has limited a greater
expansion of the ET industry in those species. Brazil is a good example that this scenario can be
changed. In this country, near to 100% of
commercial
goat
embryos
transferred
to
recipients
in
2010
were
recovered
via
transcervical (Fonseca et al., 2010). Likewise,
the same pattern is now observed in the Brazilian
market of sheep embryos, after new cervical
relaxation procedures have been developed and
applied
under
field
conditions
to
allow
transcervical embryo recovery in donor ewes
(Gusmão et al., 2009). barrier to transcervical procedures. On the other
hand, in goats, once the cervix is immobilized, a
catheter can be easily passed through the cervical
rings after prostaglandin priming (treatment)
(Fonseca et al., 2011). Thus, the objective was to
test the possibility and feasibility of non-surgical
embryo transfer in recipient goats without drugs
for cervical relaxation. This study was carried out during the local non-
breeding
season
(November)
in
Coronel
Pacheco, Minas Gerais, southeast region of
Brazil. The research unit is located at 435 m
altitude, 21º35’S and 43º15’W latitude and
longitude, respectively. The area receives an
average annual precipitation of 1581 mm3. Average annual temperature experienced at this
site was 21ºC. This research was reviewed and
approved by the Animal Care Committee of
Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF / 0116-
2011) and it is under the ethical principles of
SBCAL (Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência em
Animais de Laboratório). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-41626783 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-41626783 Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.66, n.2, p.613-616, 2014 Recebido em 19 de abril de 2013
Aceito em 28 de novembro de 2013
E-mail: [email protected] Fonseca et al. Non-surgical uterine flushing was performed
using the cervical route in both donors. One of
the donors received a superovulation treatment
before uterine flushing, whereas the other one
did not receive any treatment. Embryos were
recovered six to seven days after the first
breeding using the transcervical technique as
described by Fonseca et al., (2013). Embryos
were classified according to the stage of
development and quality as proposed by the
IETS manual (International Embryo Transfer
Society; Stringfellow and Seidel, 1999). catheter was moved laterally to reach the desired
uterine horn. Both the mandrel and the two Allis
forceps were removed; the syringe/tom cat
device was attached to the urethral catheter; the
embryos were transferred to the uterine horn
ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the CL; and,
finally, the urethral catheter was removed. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed 23
days after embryo transfer (30 days gestation) to
visualize intrauterine content, the embryonic
vesicle, and fetal heart beat, as a confirmation of
pregnancy. The partum was assisted. Ten non-lactating pluriparous Toggenburg goats
were induced to estrus by a combination of
progestagen/prostaglandin/eCG in a six day
protocol (Fonseca et al., 2005). Copora lutea
(CL) were detected one day before embryo
transfer by transrectal ultrasonography. Seven
days after estrous detection, females presenting
CL in one ovary were selected to test the
efficiency of embryo deposition. Four does were
used, for that purpose, two received a pair of
embryos and the other two received one embryo
only. A 5 mL syringe with 2 mL of PBS medium
was coupled to a tom cat catheter, so that the
embryos were aspirated into the central within
three columns of the tom cat catheter. A number
2 Collin speculum was inserted into the vulva
until reach the vagina fornix and, with the aid of
a light source, the cervix was visualized and
immobilized using two 26cm Allis forceps
clipped on and under the cervical opening. A
number six urethral catheter with a mandrel was
humidified with PBS medium and inserted into
the cervix and the cervical rings were gently
transposed. After lost of resistance, the urethral The
following
parameters
were
recorded:
embryo morphology and quality; number and
location of corpora lutea; interval from speculum
insertion to its removal; time elapsed for cervical
transposition; pregnancy, offspring survival, and
parturition rates. Results are summarized in Table 1. Viable offspring after successful non-surgical embryo transfer in goats
[Nascimento de fetos viáveis após transferência de embriões não-cirúrgica em caprinos] Given the efficiency of uterine flushing by the
cervical route and also the reduced anesthesia
and surgical risks or sequels, we believe that
surgical embryo recovery will be gradually
restricted or even prohibited. Considering that
goat embryos recovery by the cervical route has
been described before (Fonseca et al., 2013), and
following the history of the cattle embryo
industry, we are now focused on transcervical
embryo transfer in small ruminants, the last step
of the entire procedure. It is well known that
sheep cervices present very complex and variable
morphology (Anel et al., 2006), which is a great Two lactating Toggenburg goats (donors) and 10
pluriparous non-lactating Toggenburg goats
(recipients) were enrolled in this study. The
mean body weight and condition score (scale 1 to
5) were 76.8±4.7kg and 3.8±0.2, respectively. Animals were managed in an intensive system
receiving maize silage and a protein concentrate
according to their maintenance demand. Mineral
and water were offered ad libitum. Recebido em 19 de abril de 2013
Aceito em 28 de novembro de 2013
E-mail: [email protected] Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.66, n.2, p.613-616, 2014 Fonseca et al. The seven
ova/embryo
collected
were
classified
as:
nonfertilized (NF; n=1), compact morulae (Mc;
n=3), and blastocyst (Bl; n=3) embryos. Embryo
quality varied from grade 1 (excellent) to 3
(regular). The
interval
from
speculum
insertion to its removal was inferior to three
minutes, whereas the period of time to transpose
the
cervix
was
less
than
one
minute. Ultrasonography at Day 30 confirmed that all
embryos transferred reached the desired uterine
horn, i. e., the fetuses were visualized in the
same horn as recorded during embryo transfer. Two (50%) of the four recipients became
pregnant and gave a birth to three kids. Table 1. Records from recipient goats that received embryos by non-surgical transfer (via transcervical)
Parameter
Recipients
#8729
#8745
#8746
#8771
Total
Number of corpora lutea
3
2
1
2
8
Ovary / uterine horn
Left
Left
Left
Left
-
Embryos transferred
Mc-1*
Bl-1+Mc-3
Bl-1+Mc-3
Bl-1
6
Survival rate (%)
0.0 (0/1)
100.0 (2/2)
50.0 (1/2)
0.0 (0/1)
50.0 (3/6)
# Ear-tag number of each recipient. * Embryo morphology and quality. ( ) Number of embryos. Table 1. Records from recipient goats that received embryos by non-surgical transfer (via transcervical)
Parameter
Recipients
#8729
#8745
#8746
#8771
Total
Number of corpora lutea
3
2
1
2
8
Ovary / uterine horn
Left
Left
Left
Left
-
Embryos transferred
Mc-1*
Bl-1+Mc-3
Bl-1+Mc-3
Bl-1
6
Survival rate (%)
0.0 (0/1)
100.0 (2/2)
50.0 (1/2)
0.0 (0/1)
50.0 (3/6)
# Ear-tag number of each recipient. * Embryo morphology and quality. ( ) Number of embryos. From 10 goats which estrus was induced, four
were selected for ovulation in only one ovary. Since Ginther and Kot (1994) revealed the
possibility of real time ultrasonography for
monitoring ovarian follicular dynamic in goats,
many studies have been developed on ovarian
follicle
growth
(Menchaca
et
al.,
2002) and ovulation (Menchaca and Rubianes, 2004). In addition, our group have previously monitored
the development of copora lutea during the
estrous cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant
goats (Arashiro et al., 2010). This last
study attested/confirmed
the efficiency
of
ultrasonography to detect CL on day 6 of the 614 Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.66, n.2, p.613-616, 2014 Viable offspring after... estrous cycle, which was required for a precise
localization of the CL in goats used as embryo
recipients. One of the key points to perform
embryo transfer by laparoscopy is an accurate
CL identification. Fonseca et al. By using ultrasonography, this
could also be applied to the non-surgical embryo
goat transfer. Moreover, the procedures for
transcervical artificial insemination previously
developed by our group (Fonseca et al., 2011),
which were performed with goat in the standing
position, enabled us to easily locate, evaluate,
immobilize, and transpose the cervix. The use of
these concepts in a similar way gave us the
support to try the transcervical embryo transfer
as well. seen during and after the transcervical embryo
transfer The present study reported the possibility of
altering the last step of embryo transfer in small
ruminants, the transfer itself, from surgical to a
non-surgical procedure. The ET procedure
currently
described
was
quick
and
self-
performed. Before, the use of laparoscopy was a
requisite, and the risks associated to the
techniques were similar to any other surgical
process. In the present study, by using non-
surgical ET, we observed a 50% parturition rate,
which open a promissory window for the goat
embryo transfer industry, that can now apply ET
procedures under field conditions in less
laborious way. Further studies may confirm the
feasibility of non-surgical ET in large scale
operations. If so, embryo transfer in goats will be
performed in a very similar way to the
correspondent technique in cattle. Finally, the
technique reported in this study could be
performed and applied in field conditions in the
near future to lead and conserve breeds in locals
where infrastructure is restricted, such as those
still observed in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Transcervical embryo recovery can be efficiently
performed (Fonseca et al., 2013) and can replace
laparotomy or laparoscopic recovery in goats. Numerous advantages were previously described
(Fonseca et al., 2011), including no needs for
food and water restriction, animal welfare, and
health care as the most important reasons to
eliminate complex anesthesia and surgical
procedures. Throughout the entire procedure of
embryo transfer, females did not present
behavioral signs of pain, e.g., vocalization and
postural discomfort. In general, their behavior
was similar to that observed during other
routine activities, such as traditional artificial
insemination and ultrasonographic examinations. Considering that no anesthesia was used, it was
expected that there was some degree of pain. However, we also expected that this pain or
discomfort was lower than those expected during
procedures for local or general anesthesia used in
surgical ET. Fonseca et al. Also, the distress that animals
experience after the end of the anesthetic drugs
effects was absent when the non-surgical ET was
used. Finally, no lesions, wounds, and blood was These are the first results from a series of non-
surgical embryo transfer program in Brazil. The
reported technique was simple and quickly
performed, and allowed an efficient embryo
deposition direct to the desired uterine horn, after
CL location. Further, studies are still needed in
large scale. However, when feasibility is
confirmed, it can definitely change embryo
transfer procedures in goats. Considering that no anesthesia was used, it was
expected that there was some degree of pain. However, we also expected that this pain or
discomfort was lower than those expected during
procedures for local or general anesthesia used in
surgical ET. Also, the distress that animals
experience after the end of the anesthetic drugs
effects was absent when the non-surgical ET was
used. Finally, no lesions, wounds, and blood was Keywords: goat, non-surgical embryo transfer,
cervical via ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FONSECA, J.F.; ZAMBRINI, F.N.; ALVIM,
G.P. et al. Embryo production and recovery in
goats by non-surgical transcervical technique. Small Rumin. Res., v.111, p.96-99, 2013. The authors thank to Dr José Henrique
Bruschi
(in
memorian)
and
Dr
Marlene
Bruschi from Agropecuária Água Limpa for
providing animals, animal housing and feeding,
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
(EMBRAPA; Project 01.07.01.002.05), and
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas
Gerais
(FAPEMIG,
Project
CVZ-APQ
01367/09) for the financial support to this study. JFF, FZB and RSV are CNPq fellows. GINTHER, O.J.; KOT, K. Follicular dynamics
during
the
ovulatory
season
in
goats. Theriogenology, v.42, p.987-1001, 1994. GUSMÃO A.L.; SILVA J.C.; BITTENCOURT
T.C.C. et al. Coleta transcervical de embriões em
ovinos da raça Dorper no semiárido do Nordeste
Brasileiro. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.61,
p.313-318, 2009. Palavras-chave: cabra, transferência de embriões não cirúrgica, via cervical Palavras-chave: cabra, transferência de embriões não cirúrgica, via cervical RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade da técnica de transferência não cirúrgica em
cabras. Quatro cabras não-lactantes pluríparas da raça Toggenburg foram utilizadas como receptoras
de embriões, sendo que duas receberam um embriões e duas receberam dois embriões coletados não
cirurgicamente cabras doadoras. Os corpos lúteos das receptoras foram detectados um dia antes da
transferência de embriões por ultrassonografia transretal. Uma seringa de 5mL contendo 2mL de meio
holding foi acoplada em um cateter tomcat, no qual os embriões foram aspirados em uma coluna central
a duas outras colunas. Um espéculo Colin número 2 foi inserido na vulva e na vagina, e com o uso de
uma fonte de luz, a cerviz foi localizada e imobilizada com uma pinça de Allis. Um cateter uretral
número seis acoplado a um mandril e lubrificado com meio PBS foi inserido na cérvix, e assim os aneis
cervicais foram gradualmente transpostos. Após perder a resistência, o cateter uretral foi movido
lateralmente para o corno uterino desejado. O mandril e a pinça de Allis foram retirados e o conjunto 615 Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.66, n.2, p.613-616, 2014 Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.66, n.2, p.613-616, 2014 Fonseca et al. seringa e tomcat foi acoplado ao cateter uretral e o conteúdo injetado no corno uterino ipsilateral ao
corpo lúteo com posterior retirada do cateter. Cabras que ovularam em apenas um ovário foram usadas
para testar a eficiência da deposição do embrião. O tempo gasto entre a inserção do espéculo e a sua
remoção foi inferior a três minutos. O tempo para transpor a cérvix foi inferior a um minuto. A
ultrassonografia revelou a deposição de líquido no corno desejado. Receptoras que receberam dois
embriões tornaram-se gestantes e pariram três crias. Estes primeiros resultados encorajam a técnica e
demonstram que a transferência de embriões em caprinos pode ser feita totalmente por procedimentos
não cirúrgicos. Palavras-chave: cabra, transferência de embriões não cirúrgica, via cervical REFERENCES MENCHACA, A.; RUBIANES, E., Relation
between progesterone concentrations during the
early luteal phase and follicular dynamics in
goats. Theriogenology, v.57, p.1411-1419, 2002. ANEL, L.; ALVAREZ, M.; MARTINEZ-
PASTOR, F. et al. Improvement strategies in
ovine artificial insemination. Reprod. Dom. Anim., v.41, p.30-42, 2006. MENCHACA,
A.;
RUBIANES,
E. New
treatments associated with timed artificial
insemination in small ruminants. Reprod. Fertil. Devel., v.16, p.403-413, 2004. ARASHIRO, E.K.; FONSECA, J.F.; SIQUEIRA,
L.G.B. et al. Assessment of luteal function in
goats
by
ultrasonographic
image
attribute
analysis. Small Rumin. Res., v.94, p.176-179,
2010. STRINGFELLOW,
D.A.;
SEIDEL,
S.M. Manual
da
Sociedade
Internacional
de
Transferência de Embriões. Savoy: IETS, 1999. 145p. FONSECA, J.F.; BRUSCHI, J.H.; ZAMBRINI,
F.N. et al. Induction of synchronized estrus in
dairy goats with different gonadotrophins. Anim. Reprod. v.2, p.50-53, 2005. WARWICK, B.L.; BERRY, R.O.; HORLACHER,
W.R. Results of mating rams to Angora female
goats. In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 27., 1934,
p.225-227. FONSECA, J.F.; OLIVEIRA, M.E.; VIANA,
J.H. Uso de procedimentos não cirúrgicos para a
produção, recuperação e inovulação de embriões
em pequenos ruminantes. Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim., v.35, p.113-117, 2011. FONSECA, J.F.; SOUZA, J.M.G.; CAMARGO,
L.S.A. Produção de oócitos e embriões de
pequenos ruminantes: passado, presente e
futuro. Acta Sci. Vet., v.38, ,p.337-369, 2010. 616
| 10,087 |
https://github.com/AlexisPG/Projet-BO-et-FO/blob/master/app/Resources/views/Public/Category/renderCategories.html.twig
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
Projet-BO-et-FO
|
AlexisPG
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Twig
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Code
| 20 | 51 |
{% for cat in categories %}
<a href="{{ path("voir_categorie", { id:cat.id }) }}" class="list-group-item"> {{ cat.title }}</a>
{% endfor %}
| 31,875 |
US-34094006-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,200 | 1,386 |
1. A method for pre-tenuring new object memory allocation in a generational garbage collector, comprising: determining, using a dynamic profiling technique, a frequency of execution of a plurality of code blocks; selecting a plurality of allocation sites within the plurality of code blocks, wherein each of the plurality of allocation sites is a point within the plurality of code blocks where an object is instantiated, wherein instantiation of the object allocates memory space for the object; determining a frequency of execution of the plurality of allocation sites; initiating a memory collection of a first young generation; selecting a plurality of candidate sites with highest frequencies of execution from the plurality of allocation sites, wherein the remaining allocation sites comprise non-selected allocation sites, and wherein a frequency of execution of the plurality of candidate sites allocates more bytes than a frequency of execution of the non-selected allocation sites; completing the memory collection of the first young generation; initiating a memory collection of a second young generation after the completion of the memory collection of the first young generation; counting bytes allocated to each of the plurality of candidate sites after initiating the memory collection of the second young generation; determining, for each of the plurality of candidate sites, a survival rate of allocated bytes that survive memory collection based on counting bytes allocated; and storing to an older generation in a memory heap a plurality of objects from the plurality of candidate sites with survival rates greater than a predetermined threshold.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein counting allocated bytes initiates after the plurality of candidate sites are selected.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: terminating counting allocated bytes for one of the plurality of candidate sites when the survival rate is greater than the predetermined threshold.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of candidate sites selected is predetermined.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: placing one of the plurality of candidate sites with survival rate less than the predetermined threshold in a held back state; and removing the site from the plurality of candidate sites.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: terminating counting allocated bytes for one of the plurality of candidate sites when the site is removed from the plurality of candidate sites.
7. The method of claim 5, further comprising: removing one of the plurality of allocation sites with survival rate greater than the predetermined threshold from the held back state; and placing the site in the plurality of candidate sites.
8. An apparatus for pre-tenuring new object memory allocation in a generational garbage collector, comprising: a memory module; a mechanism, resident in memory, that determines, using a dynamic profiling technique, a frequency of execution of a plurality of code blocks; a mechanism, resident in memory and operable for the plurality of code blocks, that selects a plurality of allocation sites within the plurality of code blocks, wherein each of the plurality of allocation sites is a point within the plurality of code blocks where an object is instantiated, wherein instantiation of the object allocates memory space for the object; a mechanism, resident in memory and operable for the plurality of allocation sites, that determines a frequency of execution of each of the plurality of allocation sites; a mechanism, resident in memory and operable during a first young generation collection, that selects a plurality of candidate sites from the plurality of allocation sites with highest frequencies of execution, wherein the remaining allocation sites comprise non-selected allocation sites, and wherein a frequency of execution of the plurality of candidate sites allocates more bytes than a frequency of execution of the non-selected allocation sites; a mechanism, resident in memory and operable during a second young generation collection occurring after the first young generation collection, that counts bytes allocated by each of the plurality of candidate sites between young generation memory collections, and that determines, for each of the plurality of candidate sites, a survival rate of bytes allocated that survive memory collection based on based on counting bytes allocated; and a mechanism, resident in memory, that stores to an older generation in a memory heap a plurality of objects from the plurality of candidate sites with survival rates greater than a predetermined threshold.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the mechanism that counts bytes allocated by one of the plurality of candidate sites between young generation collections is generated at compile time.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the mechanism counts bytes allocated by one of the plurality of candidate sites between young generation collections after the site is selected as one of the plurality of candidate sites.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising: a mechanism, resident in memory, that ends counting allocated bytes for one of the plurality of candidate sites when the survival rate for the site is greater than the predetermined threshold.
12. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: placing one of the plurality of candidate sites with survival rate less than the predetermined threshold in a held back state; and removing the site from the plurality of candidate sites.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: removing one of the plurality of allocation sites with survival rate greater than the predetermined threshold from the held back state; and placing the site in the plurality of candidate sites.
14. A computer readable medium storing instructions to pre-tenure new object memory allocation in a generational garbage collector, the instructions comprising functionality to: determine, using a dynamic profiling technique, a frequency of execution of a plurality of code blocks; select a plurality of allocation sites within the plurality of code blocks, wherein each of the plurality of allocation sites is a point within the plurality of code blocks where an object is instantiated, wherein instantiation of the object allocates memory space for the object; determine a frequency of execution of the plurality of allocation sites; initiate a memory collection of a first young generation; select a plurality of candidate sites with highest frequencies of execution from the plurality of allocation sites, wherein the remaining allocation sites comprise non-selected allocation sites, and wherein a frequency of execution of the plurality of candidate sites allocates more bytes than a frequency of execution of the non-selected allocation sites; complete the memory collection of the first young generation; initiate a memory collection of a second young generation after the completion of the memory collection of the first young generation; count bytes allocated to each of the plurality of candidate sites after initiating the memory collection of the second young generation; determine, for each of the plurality of candidate sites, a survival rate of allocated bytes that survive memory collection based on counting bytes allocated; and store to an older generation in a memory heap a plurality of objects from the plurality of candidates sites with survival rates greater than a predetermined threshold.
15. The computer readable medium of claim 14, the instructions further comprising functionality to: place one of the plurality of candidate sites with survival rate less than the predetermined threshold in a held back state; and remove the site from the plurality of candidate sites..
| 36,223 |
bpt6k31201511_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Freie Presse : sozialistisches Organ für den Nieder-Rhein und für Lothringen ["puis" sozialistisches Organ für das Département des Nieder-Rheins]
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None
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German
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Die Wahlreiormkomddie fient weiler. Frossard verzichtet erneut auf die Vorbringung seiner Torpedo-Interpellation. — Die Radikalen Iassen Herrn Daladier wissen, dass sie nicht für die Proporzvorlage stimmen werden. — Neues nutzloses Amendement-Gefecht. (Telegramm unseres Pariser Mitarbeiters.) PARIS, 23. Juni. Die Torpedierungsihterpellation wurde auch heute wider ailes Erwarten nicht gefechtsbereit gemacht. Er hatte das nicht notig : auf der einen Seite bewiesen die Kreiswahlanhànger erneut wàhrend zweier Sitzungen, dass sie noch über reichlich Obstruktionsreserven verfügen und andererseits liess die radikale Fraktion heute morgen nach einer Sitzung ihren Parteichef, den Ministerprâsidenten Daladier, wissen, dass sie keineswegs geneigt sei, für die zur Behandlung stehende Proporzvorlage zu stimmen und dass sie im Falle einer Annahme eine zweite Lesung fordem würde, dass beim gegenwàrtigen Tempo der Débatte Herr Daladier sein Schlussdekret "bis zum K(erbst in der Tasche behalten muss. Wir wissen nicht, ob sich der radikale Parteichef soviel Hartnàckigkeit gegenüber geschlagen zeigt, auf jeden Fall wurde heute nachmittag wieder behauptet, dass er angesichts dieser Sachlage zu Beginn der kommenden Woche bereits Sessionssehluss anordnen werde. Im Verlauf dieser absolut mteresselesen heutigen Vormittagssitzung, deren Amendementgefeeht in gewissen Augenblicken einer Wiederaufnahme der Generaldebatte glich, war erneut viel die Rede von der Rettung und Erhaltung des demokratischen Régimes. Wir erkennen als erste die guten Absichten gewisser Kreiswahlverteidiger an. da wir schon mehr als einmal unsere persônlichen Befürchtungen iibcr die Auswirkungen des Proporzes in gegenwartiger Période in Frankreich AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA Nach der «Neuen Welt Ifc u il m bühnc > erklàrte kürzlich JX |1 Jj £ Kapitan zur Sce Heye an lasslich eines in amthchem Auftrag in Berlin gehaltenen Yortrags: ■ Man darf ohne weiteres glauben, dass die Franzosen an sich politisch und militàrisch keine aggressiven Ziele verfolgen. sondern wahrhaft den Frieden wiinschen. Wo Frankreich Bundesgenossen anstrebt, wo es Staaten finanzielle Unterstützung leiht, tut es das weniger, um seine politischen und Handelsinteressen zu erweitern, als um dadurch die Erfolgsaussichten eines Angriffes auf franzôsisches Land zu verringenv. — Das ist die pure Wahrhcit! Die offizicllcn Instanzen Deutschlands kennen sie schr irohl. Die breiten Massen aber dürfen sie nicht erfahren. Deshalb irvrde die Aeusscrung des Kapitàns zur Sec Heye auch ureder ron der Presse, noch row Rundfunk durchgegeben. Denn das Yolk muss doch an die •Einkreisung » glauben! mrnmTmrmmTmm m zum Ausdruck gebracht haben. Wir vermôgen uns aber nicht den von Tag zu Tag steigenden Befürchtungen zu verschliessen. dass Debatten wie diese sich mehr diskreditierend als jedes Wahlsystem für das demokratische Systems auszuwirken vermôgen und wir betonen dies auch auf die Gefahr hin, uns zu wiederholen. Nach dem Wahlquotienten hatten die Kreiswahlanhànger heute die nationale Liste aufs Korn genommen. Ihre Argumente waren durch die Bank die gleichen : Schaffung einer parlamentarischen Bureaukratie, die mit der Wàhlerschaft nicht mehr verbunden ist, Herstellung von Privilegien für Parteichefs, Wahl von Abgeordneten, die keine Wàhlerkontingente mehr hinter sich haben : w T orauf der unermüdliche V r erteidiger der Vorlage. der Kommissionspràsident C a y r e 1 u. a. antwortete, dass nur die Einfuhrung der nationalen Liste die durch die Panaschierung ermôglichte Kôpfung der Parteien, die Dezimierung ihrer Chefs zu verhindern und zu mildern vermôge. Die Débatte verlief im übrigen wieder genau so resultatlos wie gestern: Ablehnung in der Vormittagssitzung eines Amendements des Abgeordneten Pierre Cot, das die Ersetzung des Proporzes im nationalen Rahmen durch einen reinen Kreiswahlproporz bestimmte, mit 348 gegen 229 Stimmen ; Ablehnung in der Nachmittagssitzung eines Amendements unseres Kameraden St-Martin, welches die Aufstellung der nationalen Liste erst nach vollzogener Wahl und deren Indikationsziffer verlangte, mit 350 gegen 226 Stimmen, Ablehnung eines Amendements T h i o las, das eine départementale VerteiIung der Stimmenreste verteidigte, mit 347 gegen 218 Stimmen, eines Amendements Thiolas-Marthé mit 401 gegen 193 Stimmen, eines Amendements Marthé mit 351 gegen 236 Stimmen. eines Amendements Pinault mit 336 gegen 248 Stimmen, usw., usw., wobei zu beachten ist, dass die Hôhe der Ziffern derer, die diese Amendements ablelinten weniger durch das Anwachsen der unbedingten Proporzanhànger im Verlauf dieser Débatte, als vielmehr durch den sich steigernden Widerwillen gegen dièses Spiel zu erklâren ist. Schliesslich (Schluss umseitie ) finir ■ StandpMikt. Dm die Revolutionsleler i. D er Elsissischc Kaiholikenbund schligf AI arm. Was passierl ist? Man will, scheint's f die Anderihalb Jahrhundert • Feier der Grossen Révolution g®. biihrend begehen, und selbst einige katholische Vereine bezw. Sektionen — penses donc! — sollen eine aktive Mitwirkung emstlich in Erwagung gezogen haben. Das reicht dem Kaiholikenbund, nm «Hallo!» zu schreien und den betreHenden Organisation nen jede Teilnahme an den Veranstaltungen kategorisch zu verbieten. Und die Verbandsleitung der katholischen Mânnerund Jünglingsvereine schliesst sich dem Veto eindringlichst an, indem sie diese Posaune blist: « Wir machen nicht mit! Unsere glëubigen Vorfahren, die in der Révolutionszeit so heldenmütig unter Lebensgefahr ihren Glauben bekannt haben nnd manche von ihnen sogar als Martyrer für den Glauben gestorben sind (armes Muitersprack I — «Fr. Pr.»), würden sich im Grabe umdrehen, wenn das Gegenteil der Fall ware Für die Revolutionsfeier sind unsere katholischen Vereine nicht -u haben!» Wenn sie nicht «mitmachen» wollen, so mogen sie's hait bleiben Iassen: man wird auch ohne sie auskommen! Aber eine Bemerkung mogen uns die Herrschaften gestatten: Die Grosse Révolution war, abgesehen von ihren Auswirkungen auf die ganze Welt, für die Geschichte der franzosischen Nation im vollsten Sinne des Wortes grundlegend. Sie diskutieren, gegenüber einzelnen ihrer Phasen und Akte Reserven machen, darf als normal gelten. Sie jedoch in Bausch und Bogen ablehnen, s o scharf, s o résolut, s o hundertprozentig, dass man selbst offiziellen Gedenkfeiem nicht nur fem bleibt, sondem aus diesem Fembleiben gar noch eine aufdringlichgerâuschvolle Manifestation machl, ... heisst ganz einfach, das Wesentliche und Fundamentale der franzosischen Geschichte verleugnen. Wie übrigens unsere Manifestanten diese Haltung vereinbaren mit ihrer Teilnahme an den Feiem des Quatorze Juillet und mit ihrer Mitwirkung beim Singen oder Spielen der «Marseillaise», will uns ganz und gar nicht einleuchten. Denn der Quatorze Juillet ist doch faktisch der Gedenktag des Sturmes auf die Bastille, (der, wenn auch nur symbolhaften Charakters, zu den grossen Geschehnissen der Révolution gehort), und die «M arseillaise» hat doch die gegen die Koblenzer kampfenden Revolutionsarmeen auf ihren Siegeszügen begleitet. Es bedeutet also einen direkl phanomenaIen Mangel an Logik, was die Herren vom Kaiholikenbund und der diversen Cercles sich da auf einmal leisten! Einen Mangel an Logik, an dem selbst das Trémolo um die Glaubensbrüder und Martyrer, die sich «im Grabe umdrehen würden», nicht das Geringste indert: wenn dies es nimlich berechtigt ware, müsste e$ die Herren Manifestanten auch davon abhalten, am Quatorze Juillet zu Oaggen und die «Marseillaise» zu singen. Aber mit dem Hervorheben von Bedenken religioser Natur sollten die frommee Dio Latto un Ferma Osten. Engiand lâsst die japanische Warnung unherücksichiigi. h. HONGKONG. 23. Juni. Die britischen Flottenbehôrden haben den britischen Handelsschiffen geraten. die japanische Warnung, wonach sie in Swatow nicht anlcgen sollten, unberücksichtigt zu Iassen. Sie haben sofort zwei Kricgsschiffen befohlen, die Anker zu lichten und nach Swatow in Sec zu stechen. V Ein Missverstàndms? h. TOKIO. 23. Juni (Domci). Der Sprceher des Gaimusho hat der Presse heute erklârt, dass die japanischen Flottenbehôrden den fremdlândischen Schiffen gewôhnlich raten, und schon vor Beginn der Feindseligkeiten. eine neue Zone von Flottenoperationen zu vermeiden. und dass man den Sinn der japanischen Warnung an die fremden Schiffe, die Umgebung von Swatow zu mciden. vollkommen missterst anden habe. Die japanischen Flottenbehôrden hatten aus freundschaftlichem Sinn heraus jeden môglichen Zwischenfall dort vermeiden wollen, aber nicht die Absicht gehabt. den auslàndischen Handelsschiffen die Einfahrt in den Hafen von Swatow zu verbieten. -■ Chamberlain noch ïmmer optîmistisch. h. LONDON. 23. Juni. Chamberlain hat heute morgen im Unterhaus folgendes er klàrt : Die Rcgierung prüft zurzeit, wie der Mangel an leicht verderblichen Lebensmitteln in den Konzessionen behoben werden kann. Was die Belàstigungen anbetrifft, denen britische Staatsangehôrige ausgesetzt waren, so wird Lord Halifax heute, bei einer Begegnung, die er mit dem Botschafter von Japan haben soll, diesem deutlich zu verstehen geben. wie die Regierung über diese unertràglichen Beleidigungen denkt. Der Premierminister fügte hinzu, dass er heute morgen noch keinen amtlichen Bericht über die Lage in Swatow erhalten hat, dass aber nach den vorliegenden Pressemeldungen die Japaner ihre Auffassungen etwas geàndert zu haben scheinen. Von Repressalien ist für den Augenblick nicht die Rede. -k Das erste Opfer des geladenen Stacheldrahtes. h. LONDON. 23. Juni. Aus Tientsin wizd der Reuteragentur gemeldet : Die Elektrifizierung des japanischen Stachel drahts um die britische Konzession hat ein erstes Opfer gefordert. In der Nâhe der Barrikade wurde die Leiche eines Chinesen gefunden. der über die Barrikade wollte und dabei den Tod fand. Hitler will in München sprechen. h. BERLIN, 23. Juni. Der Führer und Kanzler wird anlàsslich der Ankunft von mehreren 100 it&lienischen Frontkàrnpfern am Sonntag, den 25. Juni, nach München reiaen und im Laufe der Kundgebung, die um 16,30 Uht auf dem Konigsberg etattfindet, das Wort eigveifen. Deutsche Truppenbewegungen. h. LONDON, 23. Juni. Der diplomatische Mitarbeiter des «Manchester Guardian» meldet siarke Konzentrationen deutscher Truppen in verschiedenen Teilen Deutschlands und besonders in der Siegfried-Linie. Die Türkei haut Flugzeuge für England. h. LONDON, 23. Juni. Der Fachredakteur für Luftfahrtprobleme des «Daily Express» tciit mit. dass die Türkei demnàchst Flugzeuge auf Rechnung der britisçhen Regierung bauen werde. Erdbeben vernichtet 66 Mensehenleben. ACCRA < Goldküste', 23. Juni. Bei einem heftigen Erdbeben, das sich heute in Accra und auf dem Gebiete der Goldküste ereignete. sollen 66 Personen umgekommen und zahlreiche ar.dere verletzt worden sein. Es befinden sich keine Europàer unter den Opfern. Eine ZDangssersicherang gegen llnDetterschëden. h. PARIS, 23. Juni. Die Landwirlschaftskommission der Kammer beschàfligie sich Donnersfag mil dem Projekt einer Landesversicherung gegen die landwirtschafllichen Kalamitâlen und hat folgende grundsëtzüche Entscheiduna aetroffen: 1. Versicherungszwang. 2. Was die Pflanzen anbetrifft, so werden vier Risiken versichert: Hagel, Frost, Sturm und Ueberscnwemmung, wàhrend die Tiere gegen die Viehsterbiichkeit versichert werden. 3. Die Abschàtzung des erlittenen Schadens erfolgt für das Vieh durch Sachversîândige, für die übrigen Schâden durch Vergleich zwischen dem Wert der beschàdigîun Emte und dem Durchschnittswert der Ernten der drei vorhergehenden Jahre. 4. Die Finanzierung dieser Versicherung erfolgt zu einem Drittel durch das Budget des Slaates, zu einem Drittel durch Sondergebühren auf den Erlôs der landwirtschaftlicher. Erzeugnisse, und zu einem weiteren Drittel durch einen noch zu bestimmenden Beiîrag des landwirîschaftlichen Eigentums (Erhôhung der Grundsteuer) und des landwirischaftlichen Betriebs (so und so viel pro Kopf des Viehbesiandes oder auf die Gewichtsur.d Masseinheiten der Ernten). 5. Die Geschàdigîen werden für die Pflanzen bis zu 80 Proz. entschëdigt und für das Vieh ebenfalls bis zu 80 Proz., wenn es sich um Seuchenverlust handelî und in den übrigen Palier, bis zu 70 Proz. 6. Die nationale Versicherungskasse wird ein ôffentliches Unlernehmen sein, verwaîteî von einem Zentralraî, mit einem Departemenîalcomité in jedem Departement und eir.er Oriskasse in jeder Gemeinde, welcher d:e Landwirie obl’.gatorisch beitreîen mus ïCr,. r.Orv Das 11-Boat ..Ptéix 1 atlaso h. SAIGON. 23. Juni. Navh den letzten Au^kiinften i«*f <lie "t-nane I-açe des l -Rootes c Phénix3 festgestellt worden. soweit die Krmittlunçen « einer Tiefe von 105 Metern das mit t'inen: «lœhstmass on Sirherheit erlauben. f)i»* Hebunçsarf>eiten T wenn soir h e iiber}iaii{>t moçlit-h Mnd. konnen nur mit sehr mürhticen Hilfsmitteln begonnen werden. ilie san/e Be«»lkerung der indorhinesisrhen Küstenstrirh** hat sirh der Tramer der Marine angesrhlossen. T rauergottesdienste in Anwesenheit d**r Bebbrden und Marinedelegationen *ind gestern so in Pnom Penh und heute In Tanan erfolgt. Panser Gericht oeist Deutsche Klaoe ah. h. PARIS, 23. Juni. Als cite Tscnecho slowakei von Deutschland beseizt wurde. flüchteten mehrere Industrielle und Kaul leute ins Ausland. wàhrend die deutsche Regierung sogenannte * Reichskommis sare ernannte, die den Auftrag erhielten. die Geschàfte und Betriebe der Ausgewan derten weiter zu verwalten. Nun haben jedoch diese ausgewanderten Industi lellen und Kaufleute franzôsische Schulaner. An wen sollen diese ihre Schulden bezahlen ° Diese Frage wurde heute nachmittag vor dem Pariser Handelsgericht aufgeworfen. Ein franzôsischer Gcschàftsmann hatte bei der tschechischen Firma Roha m Harta vor der deutschen Besetzung Wàschearti kel gekauft. und der ehemahge Besitzer der Firma. H. Lovil. zurzeit in London wohnhaft, klagte auf Bezahlung der gelieferten Ware. Aber der deutsche Reichskommissar Walter, der jetzt die Firma leitet. erhob ebenfalls Ansprüche auf das Geîd. Das Gericht entschied dahin, dass der franzôsische Schuldner dem früheren Besitzer der Firma. H. Lovil, das Geld schulde. und folglich auch diesen bezahlen m üsse. Der Reichskommissar Walter wurde mit seiner Klage abgewiesen und muss obendrein noch die Kosten des Verfahrens begleichen. I GtiSTMnNimdHEUTM I Berliner Soreen — um uns... Lange hatte man van dem Jamosen Doktor Robert Ernst und seinen Berliner «Heimatstimmen» nichts mehr gehôrt. Da der «Führer» offizieU seinen tVerzicht» auf das Elsass proklamxerte, musste sich auch der offenbar m Statthalter-Perspektiven schvcelgende «17nierführer* einige Diskretion auferlegen, und so ist er «hierherum* fast in Vergessenheit geraten. In jüngster zeit aber blast der Mann icieder mâchtig Fanfare: Die «deutsche ..Vergewaltigung*’ des tschechischen Volkes von 1938» kônne «recht gut nebcn der franzôsischen ..Befreiung” Elsass-Lothringens von 1913 bestehen». Und: Hitler habe die Tschechen vom Militàrdienst be• freit, «wàhrend die franzôsischen „Befreier” nach der Besetzung unserer elsasslothringischen Heimat sofort die Bewohr.er zum Heeresdienst herangezogen haben.» Ja, in einem Gruss an «Adolf Hitler, den Führer aller Deutschen», druckt der durchaus unberufene Berliner Wahrer unserer elsassischen «Belange» mit Plakatschrift-Lettern folyendes. «Im neuen Europa, das un Werden und in der Gcstaltung bcqriffen ist, werden die Erkenntnisse vom Eigenrecht jeder. Volkstums, die der Führer immer wieder der. europaischen VOlkern vor Augcn stcllt, auch für unsere alte elsass-lothringtsche Heimat die Rettung t or dem sinnlosen und naturwidrigen Unterund Aufgehen in fremdem Volkstum weisen.t So echt schwulstig-geschwollen ist das Aber wenn man's zieei, drei Mal überliest, kapiert man’s doch. Und weiss: Die Gefahr eines «sinnlosen und naturwidrigen Unterund Aufgehens in fremdem Volkstum» iciirde bloss heraufbeschworen durch das Adolf Hitler wie Robert Ernst vor.schicebende «neue Europa». Danti aber, wenn es erst so vjeit kâme — und wir bczueifeln es stark, da schliesslich auch die Baume des Nazismus nicht in den Himmel waehsen — lourde sich die «Erkenntnis vom Eigenrecht jedes Volkstums» bei uns bestimmt ganz, ganz an der s auswirken, als die Herren von der Sprce sich das vorstellen * Die Basler . Eli". Die Neue Basler Zeitung» scheint sien mehr und mehr den Ruf eines icenigstens offiziôsen Organs der deutschen Auslandspropaganda sichern zu wollen. Im Gegensatz zum Grossteil der schweizerischen Presse unternimmt es dieses Blatt, so ganz im Sinn und Stil seiner Gônner von jenseits des Rheins gegen die Auffassung der erdrückenden Mehrheit der aufrechten Hehetier von echtem Schrot und Korn wie folgt loszudonnern: Es isf ein Jetmmer und mit der offiziellen Neutralitatspolitik des Blindes nicht zu vereinen, wie ein Teil der Schiceizer Zeitungcn eine Kriegspartei in Europa durch ihre Korrespondenten in London und Paris unter stützen Idsst. Iat man wirklich in Sera eo mrfv, das» man glaubt, eine schweiaerische N eut ralitât sei aufrechtsuerhalten beim Weiterdulden dieser Presset Der Neutralitàtspolitik des Staates muss eine venünftige Haltung der Presse entsprcchen.» So kônnte bei uns auch axe «Elz» schreiben. Aber die «Elz» vertrxtt die Mexnung des Durchschnittselsiissers ebenso vcenig xcie die «Neue Basler Zeitung» jene des Durchschnittsschweizers * Aile Hocheehtung ! Die evangelisch-theologxsche Fakultdt der Universitat München in Westfdlen hat Prof. Dr. Karl Barth, der heute xcxeder in seiner Schiceizer Heimat lebt, nachdem er viele Jahre long in Deutschland Unxversxtàtsprofessor war, den ihm seinerzeit verliehenen Titel eines Ehrendoktors entzogen, und zwar mit der Begründung, dass er durch sein Verhalten der ihm enviesenen Ehre «unwürdig» geworden sei. Visiert ist damit das mannhafte Eintreten des genannten Professors für die Unabhangigkeit der Tschechoslowakei und die eindeutige Kennzeichnung der Xazipolitik gegenüber diesem Staat. Prof. Dr. Karl Barth hat sich also d adurch des Titels eines Ehrendoktors «unwürdig» enriesen, dass er die Wahrheit sagte und die schàndliche Freiheitsteraubung und vcrbrecherische Ausplünderung des tschechischen Volkes vom Standpunkt der Ethik und der ôffentlichen Moral in scharfen Worten verurteilte. Erfiillt von diesem Bewusstsein, icird er — der übrigens bercitt 193$ den Treueid au} Hitler ablehnte — die gegen ihn ergriffene Massnahme als uahre Auszeichnung cmpfinden und viclleicht stolzer darauf sein als auf offiziclle Titel und Diplôme. Aile Hochachtiing! * Démission ! Das in Forbacli erschcincnde «Grenzland» schrcibt zum bekannten «Heiligenbildchenv-Skandal, unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der von Gcneralratsmitglied Antoni-Fénétrange gespielten Rolle, u. a. folgendes: cAngesicnts unserer sensationellen Enthullungen hat die moscUanisclic klcrikal-reaktionare Presse ein Komplott des Schwcigcns organisiert. An diesem. Komplott ist auch die sogenannte .Lothringer Front» beteiligt, war doch der famose Antoni ihr Vizcprasitient. Inséré Généraitàte, welche in ihrer Mehrheit dieser Front angehoren, schàmen sich heute, so lange Zeit Antonis Fülirung anerkonnt zu haben, und wollen durch Totschweigen die Sache m Vergessenheit bringen lasscn. Doch, wir konnen dies nicht zugeben, umso wcniger, als diese Leutc keine Gelcgcnheit versàumten, um uns und unsere Freunde il srhmdhlichstcr Weise zu vei le uni den uiui zu beschnnitzen. Wir betrachten c.s al .s unsere nationale Pflicht, aufklarcnd zu wirken, zurnal diese Korruptionsaffare sich unter dem weiten Deckniantel der Kirchc nbspieItc, der allcri.tnul Gclichter Untersehlupf bot. Hatten ■s h h diese Vorgai, im III. Reich abgc.spiclt. •lirai dir Rosse. Antoni und G'nossen schon liingstens miter du Hackbeil gekommen. So aber konnen dtcs r Bursr he n unserm Hcrrgott eni den K nie» danken, dass sie in dem von il nen so verlcunidcten und gegen Judaserosrhen ver rat en, r, Fr.ir.kreich lebent Leidcr ist ihr .'.chnuR.licites Valialten erst se it jüngster Zeit gesetzheh zu erjassen und lai das Gcselzesdekret keine riickwirkendc Kiaft, setdass Antoni de F rü h te seiner Korrrption in aller Ruhe :n seiner Finstinger Villa geniessen kanu. Moiahsch ist aber der Mann gcrichtet und mit ihm aile diejenigen, welche sich um ihn n ha et en um in t.ossloser Hctze unsere gutmiitige Becôlkerung gegen •!•■ franzôsischen Institutionen aufznpt itschen.> Zum Sehluss vcrlanejt das Blatt cm mal mehr die Démission des Herrn Antoni solde diejenige der übrigen Generalratsmitglieder seiner Partei, damit der Wàhlcrschaft Gelegenhcit geboien werde. mit dern Stimmzettel ihrer Enirüstung Ausdruck zu verleihen. Die ugliscl-nssisüeu verëuëliigei ail du totei Piüt ? h. LONDON, 23. Juni. Heute bezweifelt niemand mehr, dass die englisch-franzô» sisch-russischen Verhandlungen in ein kritisches Stadium getreten sind, doch deswegen geben die Morgenzeitungen einem Communiqué der Tass-Agentur noch keine alarmierende Auslegung. Die Kommentare der Londoner Zeitungen zeigen im Gegenteil, dass ein gewisser Optimismes überwiegt, da von einem Abbruch der Verhandlungen nicht die Rede ist. Die Konsultationen gehen weiter, neue Instruktionen sollen noch gesiern abend dem Moskauer britisçhen Botschafter, Sir William Seeds, zugegangen sein. Eine Annâherung der beiderseitigen Standpunkte bleibt also môglich. h. LONDON, 23. Juni. Der franzôsische Botschafter Corbin hatte heute abend im Foreign Office eine lange Besprechung mit Lord Halifax über den gegenwàrligen Stand der Verhandlungen mit Moskau. Der Wunsch, zu einem Abschluss zu gelangen, ist in London offensichtlich; man ist bereit, aile zu einem Abkommen führenden Wege zu erforschen, verhâlt sich jedoch sehr reserviert hinsichtlich der Résultats, die von solchen Anslrengungen zu erwarten sind. Dur Iranzësiscn-tnriiscRe Vertrao anferzeicënet. h. LONDON, 23. Juni. Aus Ankara wird der Reuteragentur gemeldel: Der Akkord zwischen Frankreich und der Türkei über den Sandschak Alexandrette ist heute nachmittag unîerzeichnet worden. h. PARIS, 23. Juni. Zur Unterzeichnung des franzôsisch-türkischen Abkommens hat Aussenminister Georges Bonnet dem «Intransigeant» folgende Erklàrung gemacht: Die franzôsisch-türkischen Vereinbarungen, welche heute unîerzeichnet werden, definieren in glücklicher Weise die Beziehungen zwischen der Türkei, Frankreich, Syrien und dem Libanon und sie regeln ihre gutnachbarlichen Beziehungen. Sie bringen somit einen kosibaren Beitrag zur politischen Stabilitàt im ôstlichen Miltelmeerbecken. Parallel mit der kürzlichen englisch-türkischen Erklàrung werden sie die Grundlage einer fruchibaren Zusammenarbeit zweier Machte bilden, die gleichermassen an der Aufrechterhaltung der Ordnung und des Friedens in der Levante und in Europa inieressiert sind. Im Laufe der Unterzeichnung im Quai d'Orsay hielt nach H. Georges Bonnet auch der lürkische Botschafter Duad Davas eine Ansprache, worin er sagte: «Ich empfinde eine grosse Freude, die franzôsisch-türkische Einigkeit heute besiegelt zu sehen. Die beiden Lânder haben die heutigen Abkommen bloss unîerzeichnet, um den Frieden zu festigen. Diese Abkommen sind gegen niemand gerichtet. Unser Idéal ist der Friede, und auf diese Weise arbeiten wir an seiner Sicherung. Frankreich, die Türkei und England werden ailes, was in ihrer Macht sîeht, zur Erhaltung des Friedens tun, den die ganze Menschheif wünscht.» Die GrahlrefomRonëdie gehl oeler (Sehluss) wartete man die Kontrolloperationen der letzten Abstimmungen, die fast regelmàssig notig wurden, da gewisse Herren aus Obstruktionsgründen ihre Stimmzettel gleieh dutzendweise in die Urnen warfen, überhaupt nicht mehr ab und vertagte die Fortsetzung der Komodie auf kommenden Dienstag. In den Zwischen akten wàhrend dieser Abstimmungen am laufenden Band nahm die Kammer eine Vorlage an. welche die Schutzgesetzgebung für Schuhfabrikanten und Schuhhàndler bis zum 1. Januar 1940 verlàngert. Die Kammer buchte ausserdem die Absicht der Regierung. ein Heiratsdarlehen zu sehaffen, und die Notwendigkeit. die Kammerbureaux am Dienstag tagen zu lassen, um einen Antrag auf Aufhebung der Immunitàt des Abgeordneten Henry de K é r i 11 i s zu behandeln, gegen den cin Strafverfahren im Gange ist. Schàflein, nach de»bereit, im Kaiechismns-Anhang prakiizierten unwnrdigen Méthode, vom eigentlichen Kern des histerischen Geschehens, das der Begnti «Grosse Révolution» umschliesst, abgelenkt werden. Wiwerden uns deshalb gestatten, in unserer nàchsten Nommer die Dinge etwas zu»echtzurücken und an die Ifi « Schrooller » einige Fragen n f#/ richten. Die „aelorliare“ BesieranS. PARIS, 23. Juni. ♦ ) Herr Daladier besitzt seit langen Monaten bereits fast ungeschmâlerte Diktaturvollmacht. Er kann nach Belieben — denn die übrigen Minister marschieren stumm, wenn er kommandiert — die Dekret-Presse in Bewegung setzen. Er besitzt eine Mehrheit, die ihm willig folgt und eine Opposition, die ihm wirklich keine allzu ernsten Schwierigkeiten bereiteL Man hat ihm wàhrend langer Jahre Energie zugesprochen, und die Rechte, die einmal das Wunder der sich selbst zu Barrikaden schichtenden Pariser Pflastersteine für seine Wiederkehr nach dem 6. Februar 1934 prophezeit batte, erblickte in ihm plôtzlich den langgesuchten Mann, der fàhig wàre, ein autoritàres Régime in Frankreich zu errichten. Sie hat sich geirrt, wie schon so oft, und einige Fausthiebe auf das Rednerpult und einige giftige Ausfalle gegen die Kommunisten mit mânnlicher Energie verweehselt. Denn schliesslich : was hat Herr Daladier bis heute persônlich dazu beigetragen, dass man in Frankreich einen neuen Luftzug verspürt ? Dass trotz der Parteispaltungen eine effektive Einheitsfront der Franzosen dasteht, sobald die Aussenpolitik in Frage kommt? Sein Verdienst ist es gewiss nicht, und noch im Verlauf der letzten aussenpolitischen Débatte der Kammer operierte er derart, dass diese Front nach aussen nicht in Erscheinung treten konnte. Dass Frankreichs Rüstungen heute einen andern Stand aufweisen als im September des verflossenen Jahres? Kein Verdienst, das er hier beanspruchen kann, denn er war jahrelang ununterbrochen Kriegsminister, und wenn im verflossenen Herbst Frankreich nicht den militàrischen Erfordcmissen der Lage gewachsen war, dann müsste in erster Linie der langjàhrige Kriegsminister Daladier zur Verantwortung gezogen werden. Wir wissen. dass eine Tat vorhanden ist, die ihm von der Reaktion als grosses Plus auf sein Konto gestellt wird, die einzige grosse «antoritâre» Tat: die Niederzwingung und Niederknüppelung des Generalstreiks vom 30. November, das damais von der Regierung gegebene Zeichen zur Dezimierung der Arbeiterschaft, zur Sàuberung der Betriebe, zu Massregelungen, denen, dem offiziellen Gestàndnis eines Ministère zufolge, dreiviertel Millionen franzôsischer Arbeiter zum Opfer fielen. Das war die grosse autoritaire Tat Daladiers, die ihm die Rechte nicht vergessen wird. Sie blieb aber allein auf weiter Flur. Dafür liess man auf allen andern Gebieten die Dinge in jammervollster Weise laufen. Ein Bcispiel, eines der typischsten: das Schauspiel, welches das Parlement seit Wochen bietet. Immer wieder muss betont werden, dass man die Abgeordneten, die im gegenwârtigen Augenblick, der etwas mehr Grosse, Selbstdisziplin und Ernst erfordern müsste, diese Komôdie der Irrungen bieten, nicht allein verantwortlich hierfür machen darf. Dass sie sogar den geringsten Teil von Verantwortung tragen. Diese fàllt voll und ganz der Regierung zu, welche die Parlamentsmaschine absichtlich auf Leerlauf eingestellt hat, fàllt Herm Daladier im besonderen zu, der offen zu erkennen gibt, dass ihn das parlamentarische Getriebe nicht interessiert. Einer, der für gewôhnlich nicht mit Dreschflegeln drcinhaut, wurde von diesem allgemeinen Verfahren derart angewidert, dass er gestem in der «Oeuvre» mit reichlich grobcr Feder schrieb und die Regierung heftig schüttelte: Paul Boncour. Denn er begreift nicht, dass diese Regierung dieses toile Spiel um die Wahlreform ruhig geschehcn làsst. dass sie eine Kammer zwischen Furcht und Hoffen hinund herpendcln làsst, morgen schon vielleicht aufgelost oder um zwei Jahre verlângert zu werden, dass sie diese Kammer zu einem pseudogesehàftigen Nichtstun verurteilt. Er schreibt hierbei: tlch begreife wohl, dass dies den Feldzug Blums rechtfertigt, der immer wieder erklàrt. dass der parlamentarische Betrieb nicht dieses Zentralmotors entbehren kann. dieses belebenden und mitreissenden Eléments, welches die Tâtigkeit einer Re gierung sein muss, die offen mit dem Parlament zusammenarbeitet, statt aile List ihm gegenüber anzuwenden oder es in Ferien zu schicken.» Paul Boncour begreift nicht, dass in diesem halben Kriegszustand, in dem wir uns befinden, die Parlamentsmaschine noch genau wie mitten im Frieden «arbeitet» mit allen ihren Kommissioncn und Unterkommissionen, mit ihren Amendements und Schlichen und Manôvern, die nur dazu dienen, aus Gesetzestexten etwas ganz anderes zu machen, als ihre Urheber im Auge hatten. Und er zollt hierbei unserer soziabstischen Fraktion ein wohlverdientes Lob: «Auch hier hat diê Sozialistische Partei recht gesehen. Sie hat das Studium einer unerlàsslichen Reform der parlamentarischen Arbeit vollzogen. Ich erwarte ungeduldig die Resultate. Môgen sie kühne, sehr kühne sein!» Es freut uns, auf diese Einsicht und Unteratützung zu stossen. Es freut uns, festzustellen, dass auch ausserhalb der Partei die Ziffer jener wâchst, die im Namen der Republik, im Namen der Démocratie, die es zu erhalten und zu verteidigen gilt, einsehen und begreifen, dass dem gegenwàrtigen unhaltbaren Zustand ein Ende bereitet werden muss. Wird endlich das braune Netz gelichtet? Fast unbemerkt ging vor kurzem eine MeL dung durch einen Teil der Presse, wonach am Sitz der Francistes und bei deren «Führer», dem bekannten Marcel Buccard, Haussuchungen vorgenommen und belastende Dokumente beschlagnahmt wurden. Einige Tage spâter erfuhr man, dass in Reims bei den «Francistes» Briefe gefunden wurden, aus denen die Verbindung der Organisation mit den deutschen und italienischen Propagandastellen nervorgeht. In Arras und Dunkirchen wurden 40 bezw. 500 Kilo Propagandamaterial des Deutschen Fichte-Bundes in franzôsischer Sprache — zumeist übersetzte Hitlerreden — beschlagnahmt. Ein Zufall hat die Pariser Polizei ndlich mit einem weiten Lager luxuriôs ausgestatteter antisemitischer Hetzschriften bekannt gemacht. In ein Haus am Boulevard Magenta wurden dieser Tage nicht weniger ris zehn Lastautos voll antisemitischer Propagandaliteratur, Flugblâtter, Broschüren, Eücner, in Ballen verpackt, geliefert. Beim Abladen platzten mehrere Ballen und die antisemitische Propagandaliteratur ergoss sich aufs Pflaster. Es entstand ein erregter Volksauflauf, den erst das Eingreifen der Polizei beschwichtigen konnte. Marcel Bucard, Francisme, Darquier de Pellepoix, Rassemblement Anti-Juif, das sind doch die Leute und die Organisationen, die am 6. Februar 1934 unter dem Ruf «La France aux Français» Frankreich emeuern wollten. In Wirklichkeit war oder ist dies die fünfte Kolonne der deutschen Auslandsdienste, die auf der sogenannten Geopolitik eines gewissen Haushoffer und anderer Nazi-«Philosophen» basiert, wonach der zu erobernde Staat zuerst von innen ausgehôlt werden muss. Es wird dabei angeraten, sich auf die extrem rechts stehenden Kreise, Parteien, und Organisationen zu stützen die man mit dem Antisemitismus und dem Antimarxismus gewinnen kann. (Beispiele: Oesterreich Tschechoslowakei, Spanien.) Als Franco seinen Putscn vom Stapel liess, stützte er sich in erster Linie auf die deutsche Hilfe. die seine iîîegaîen Truppen reichlich mit Waffen und .Munition ausgerü stet batte. Es ist dies keine fahrlàssige Behauptung, sondern eine erwiesene Tatsache. Die spanischen Republikaner haben das braune Netz in ihrem Lande aufgedeckt. In seinem Werk «Spione und Verschworer in Spanien», Editions du Carrefour 1936, bringt Franz Spielhagen den lückenlosen Beweis der nationalsozialistischen Durchsetzung Spaniens vor dem Putsch. Es ist eine Arbeit, die sich ausschliesslich auf offizielle nationalsozialistiscne Dokumente stützt. Dem «Republikaner» kann man über das braune Netz noch folgendes entnehmen: «Wie hat sich die deutsche Spionage bei uns eingeschlichen? Wo sind seine Anfange zu finden? Zweifellos sind die «Francistes» (Parole: «La France aux Français») die Stützpunkte der deutschen Pro' paganda und der deutschen Spionage in Frankreich. Der Gründer des Francisme in Frankreich ist ein gewisser Baron von Potters. Die erste Versammlung des «Francisme» fand am 8. April 1933 zu Paris, Rue Dode de la Bumerie, statt. Es waren dort etwa dreissig Personen anwesend. Sie vereinigten sich auf folgendes Programm : «Antisemitismus, Antifreimaurereï, Antibolschewismus.» Das Hauptziel, das sich die Versammlung steckte, war, sich eine grosse franzôsische Zeitung zu sichern. Von Potters wohnte der Versammlung hei. Er war eben von einer Reise nach München zurückgekehrt und berichtete über die Scnônheiten des Dritten Reiches. Als man ihm die Frage stellte, wie er sich die «Erneuerung Frankreichs» vorstelle, erwiderte er: «Sie kônnen Vertrauen in mich haben. Ich war einer der besten Freunde Hitler» und ich stand neben ihm, als er mit Ludendorf marschïerte.» Am 28. Juni, fand eine zweite Versammlung Rue Jean Goujon statt. Wieder war es von Potters, der die angehenden Francisten empfing. Neben ihm standen zwei uniformierte junge Leute in braunem Hemd, mit schwarzer Kravatte und einem béret casque. Dieser zweiten Versammlung wohnten etwa 200 Personen, worunter eine grosse Zabi Auslander bei. Aile Reden, die gehalten wurden, wandten sich gegen die Republik und das demokratische Régime. Es wurde der Beschluss gefasst, sich die Privatadressen sozialistischer und radikaler politischer Persônlichkeiten, linksstehender Finanzleute und Joumalisten zu verschaffen. Der Francisme war die getreue Nachahmung des Nationalsozialismus. Von Potters war früher ein Diplomat des Hauses Habsburg, er war ein Freund der Gebrüder Mannesmann, die grosse Interessen in 11arokko haben. Noch im Frühjahr 1933 arbeitete er an der ôsterreicnischen Botschaft in Paris, Boulevard Haussmann. Er war aber immer ein Agent der NSDAP. in Paris. Woher kommt die antisemitische Literatur, woher die antisemitischen Flugschriften? Die Polizei gibt sich den Anschein, als suche sie verzweifelt nach den Druckereien, die die antisemitischen Flugblâtter und Handzettel herstellen, die in Ietzter Zeit überall im Elsass auftauchen, ohne etwas Positives zu finden. Und doch besteht eine ganz offizielle Stelle, wo man diese Sachen in jeder Menge haben kann, vorausgesetzt, dass man den Preis dafür bezahlt. 8, rue Thirman, in Alger, befindet sich die Druckund Verlagsanstalt des Bloc antijuif. Man kann dort zum Preise von 5 Frs. die berüchtigteif Zionistischen Hefte in franzôsischer Sprache bezienen, um die ein grosser Prozess in der Schweiz ging und die ebenfalls das Werk des «Weltdienstes» von Potters und des Oberstleutnant FJeiscbhauer sind. Daneben liegen sëmtliche Werke Henry Costons auf. Die antisemitischen Handzettel kann man zum Preis von 2 Frs. das Hundert beziehen. Zu der von Potter und Fleischhauer geleiteten einfachen politischen Spionage gesellte sich auch die militàrische. Aus den Aktenstücken geht hervor, dass nicht nur in der Schweiz, sondern aucn in Frankreich Mordanschlâge vorbereitet wurden. Aus einem wahrend des Tôdtli-Prozesses verlesenen Brief des Weltdienstund Gestapoagenten Markoff geht hervor. dass Millionen für diese Organisation verwendet wurden. Dass fur Frankreich auch Mordplane gehegt wurden, gent aus folgendem Brief Tôdtlis an den Weissgardisten Patrikeff in Paris hervor «Auf Ihren Brief autworte ich: Falls Sie nberzengt sied, dass der «Typns» ein Sowjetagent ist, dann behalten Sie ihn ™ A™**Im notigen Moment werden wir Intervenfion iranzdsischer Député] flir Dr. sekanina. PARIS, 23. Juni. Eine Anzahl franzôsischer Abgeordneter, unter ihnen der Vizepràsidenl der Kommission für Auswârfige Angelegenheiten, Ernest Pezet, die Abgeordnelen Jean Leroy und Roberi Lassalle haben sich an den Prâsidenten des bôhmisch-mâhrischen Proteklorals Hacha gewandt und ihn gebeten, zugunsten des bekannlen Prager Rechtsanwalls Dr. Ivan Sekanina bei den nationalsozialistischen Behôrden zu inlervenieren. Die Befürchlung, dass Dr. Sekanina sich wegen Hochund Landesverrats vor den deutschen Gerichten zu veranlworten haben werde, isl vor einigen Tagen durch eine offizielle Verlaulbarung der deutschen Zeitungen beslâtigl worden. Sie berufen sich auf Paragraph 4 des deutschen Strafgesetzbuches, dessen im Jahre 1934 abgeànderter Texi in der Tat die Môglichkeit gibt, einen Auslander wegen einer im Ausland begangenen, nach den dortigen Geselzen vôllig rechlmâssige Handlung zu verfolgen. Mit Hilfe dieser Beslimmung des Slrafgeseizbuches soll nun jedes Einfreten Dr. Sekanina zugunsten deutscher Flüchtlinge in der Tschechoslowakei oder zugunsten polifischer Gefangener in Deutschland, insbesondere seine Mitwirkung als Verteidiger im Reichstagsbrandprozess aïs Hochund Landesverrat qualifiziert werden. Dr. Sekanina, der schon seit Wochen vôllig isoliert und ohne dass ihn auch nur sein Verteidiger sprechen dürfle, im Berliner Gestapo-Gefàngnis in der Prinz Albrechtstrasse sitzt, befindet sich daher in der grôssten Gefahr. Eine Luftsekufx Ausstellung wurde seeben eut der Esplanade des Invalides in Paris erëHneL Unser Bild xeigt Artilleristen, die eine Flngabwehrkanene in Siellung bringen. Nebenbei bemerki. In der Baster r A. Z.» Iesen wir:. Welche reltsame Blüten am Baume der international en Poîitik gedeihen, erhellt aus dem «Keiratsanzeiger» des «Baslerslab», ir den sich seit jeher allerlei absonderliche Dokumenle der Menichlichkeit verirrten. Des Insérai jedoch, das wir am Samstag, der. :0 Juni, in Nummer 131 des Blattes vorfanden, ist zu schôn, als dass wir es vr.rem Lesern vorenthalten dürften. Es lauîeî wôrtlich: «Malin! 21 j. Gemülsmeosch mit sich. Exister,?., Xebenheruf Kunstmaler, wünscht sich ein humorvolles, aufricht. Madel im Aller von 25-22 J., das gexvilît ist, mit mir ■in rreun«tsthafî zu troten, um dann ein Zweimàchteabkomnien und gegenseitiger (sic!) Nichtangriffspakt ahzuschîiessen, damit ein unzertrennlicher Block entstehen kann. um die gemeinsamen Interessen für die glückliche Zukunftsehe zu begünstigen. Bin natürlich und treibe Badeund Autosport. — Anonymes und postlagernd zwecklos. Offerten wenn môglich mit Bild, das, wenn nicht passend. retourniert wird, unter Chiffre.. an den Baslerslab. Strengste Diskretion.» Der Sljâhrige Gemütsmensch scheint seine Tageszcitung mit Eriolg zu lesenl Wir fragen uns nur, wozu es gut sein soll, einen Nichtangriffspakt zu schliessen, wenn das Ziel dieser diplomatischen Aktiviiat schliesslich die Zukunftsehe sein soll ! Trotzdem hoffen wir, dass der natürliche Kunstmaler im Nebenberuf trotz der Einkreisungspolifik einer etwaigen Schwiegermulter seinen unzertrennlichen Block môglichst schlagartig zustandebringt, und dass er die berechtigten Ansprüche nach Erweiterung seines Lebensraumes nicht eiwa beim Badeund Aufosport anmeldeî, woraus leichi eine Dreierallianz entstehen kônnle. ... ein paar Mànner schicken, um ihn zu liquidieren. Seien Sie vvrsichtii:.» Brief Tôdtlis an Peter Nikolajewîtsch vom 16. Oktober 1935: «Anbei lege ich einen Arnkel aus den «Letzten Xachrichten» bei. Man darf natürlich nicht glauben, aber wenn das wahr ist. was da geschrieben Ist, warum zum Teufel hat man ihm nicht den «Abschied» gegeben. Ich kann gar nicht begreifen. Die Leute machen grosse GeschRhten und wo es nôtig wàre, ein kleines Stückchen Blei zu verwenden. da treiben sie Sparsamkeit » Aus weiteren Briefen geht hervor, dass Tôdtli in standigem Briefwechsel mit ?ottc-rs und Fleischhauer, sowie auch mit Himmler, Chef der Gestapo, stand. Ein anderer Brief beleuchtet die Tâtigkeit der Organisation des «Weltdienstes» im Hafcn von Rouen und anderen franzdsischen Hàfen. Wie man sienf hat dieser Prozess auch für uns die grosste Bedeutung. Offen und unverschàmt treiben die A génie-n von Potters in Frankreich ihr Unwesen. Dieser Umstand muss unbedingt aufhôren. Wir unterstreichen. dass unter dem bei der Affâre Tôdtli beschlagnahmten Material e.ck Briefe befinden, die auf eine verbrecher:sche Tâtigkeit der Xazizellen in Frankreich hinweisen. Und wieder kann man aus diesen Briefen ersehen. dass auch in Frankreich ein nationalsoziailistischer «Hafendienst» existiert, wie er in Spanien vor Francos Putsch bestar.den natte! Haben die zustàndigen Steiien versucht. Einblick in die Akten des Tôdtliprozesses zu nenmen? Wir wissen es r..-h* Was xvir aber wissen. ist. dass Tôdtli nicht nur mit von Potters und seinem Weltriienst, sondern auch mit Henry Coston in F-:ef!:cher Verbindung stand. Die Briefe liège: ieî den Akten. Henrv Coston hat seine Verlundungsleute im Elsass. V,".r kennen sie! Auf das h in sch.liessen wir mit dem Text eines Wandzettels a b, der von diesen Hitlerrrgan.-aticnen in Mülhausen angeklebt wurde jr:d der lautet: «Chef de la SFIO: Leon Biurr,. Juif aiiemand. Chef du Front Populaire: Victor Basch Juif Hongrois. La France est sou.le règne de l’Etranger. Etwas zvnischeres als die iLueragenten fcibt es nient!» fiillels mer Daims. h. BERLIN, 23. Juni. Der Reichspropagandaminister Dr. Gôbbels kam geslenx aui der Sommer-Sonnenwendfeier in Berlin auch wieder auf die Danziger Frage zu iprechen und erklârte u. a.: England hat Polen in seiner starrkôpfigen und unvernûnftigen Haltung ermuligt. Gôbbels versteigt sich sogar zu der Behauptung, dass dies in der Hoffnuug geschehen sei, so einen Brandherd in Europe zu schaffen. Uebrigens, so fügt der Minister hinzu, ist die Danziger Frage für vemünftige Menschen kein Problem mehr. Niemand kann bezweifeln, dass Danzig eine rein deutsche Stadt ist. Wir haben internationale Forderungen erhoben in folgender Fassung: Befriedigung unserer natürlichen Lebensbedürfnisse. Man kann sie nicht abstrakt behandeln, man kann diese Forderungen nicht bagalellisieren. Wenn man es doch in London, Paris und Warschau versucht, nun gut, dann geht es auf Kosten dieser Staaten und Vôlker. Zuerst hat man uns in Versailles ausgeplündert. Jetzt môchten die Englânder sich mit uns versôhnen, ohne das geringste Zugestândnis zu machen. Das ist die Quadratur des Kreises. Der Minister schloss mit den Worten: Der Westwall ist errichîet. In Europe haben wir in Italien einen guten Freund, der mit uns über aile Hindemisse marschieri. Wir be, sitzen die stârkste Wehrmacht der Welt. Wenn man heute versucht, uns zu erschrekken, bleiben wir fest entschlossen. Im amtlichen Text der Rede von Dr. Gôbbels ist der nachstehende Satz, der an Ort und Stelle gehôrt wurde, nicht zu findem Wir kennen nur ein Ziel, wir wollen ailes zurückerobern, was uns in der Geschichte gehôrt hat. Das Geheimnis des betronkenen Schifles. Rum und Mornhium. Einer der geheimnisvollsien Schiffsuntergânge der letzten Jahre ist eben vor dem Prisengericht in Sidney unerwartet aufgeklârt worden: der Besitzer und Kapitan eines Perlenschiffes hat auf hoher See die gesamle Mannschaft betâubt, um das Schitl zum Sinken zu bringen und von Lloyds eine Versicherungssumme von 25 000 Pfund einzukassieren. Die Affâre, deren Schilderung wie ein Gemisch aus einem Abenteuerroman von Stevenson und einer Kriminalgeschichle von Edgar Wallace wirkt, begann damit, dass der Schiffseigner Charles Roscoe aus Port Darwin am 6. Juli 1938 bei der Ship Insurance Co. Ltd. die Meldung ersiattele, sein Segelkuller «Atalanta* sei auf derRuckkehr westlich vom Golf von Carpentana mit Mann und Maus unlergegangen. Das Schiff «Antony Scarlett», das den Segler begleitete und von Roscoe persônlich kommandiert wurde, war unbeschâdigt davongekommen. Die Beobachtungen von «C—XX». Der Unlergang des Kutters war für Lloyds I keine Bagatelle, denn das kleine Schiff war für die hohe Summe von 25 000 Pfund versichert worden. Da die Ladung aber aus Perlen bestand, die auf Rechnung des Besitzers Roscoe von malaischen Tauchern aus der Timor-See gefischt worden waren, schien trotzdem kein Grund zu einem Argwohn vorhanden zu sein. Hinterher, nach der Katastrophe, gewann die Sache jedoch ein anderes Gesicht, und Lloyd veranlassten die bei ihnen rückversicherle austrahsche Gesellschaft, eine genaue Untersuchung durchzuführen. Der Kommandant des Küslenwachschiffes «C XX» der den Kutter kurz vor seinem Verschwinden als letzter gesichtet halte, wurde vernommen und erklârte, derKurs der «Atalanta» sei in hôchstem Grad verdâchtig erschienen. Das Schiff habe wie ein Betrunkener in der stürmischen See hinund hergeschlingert und auf seine Flaggenund Raketensignale, durch die er ihm die Einfahrt in den schützenden Carpentaria-Golf empfahl, überhaupt keine Antwort gegeben. Die Bewegungen der an Bord befindlichen Matrosen hàtten durch das Fernglas ebenfalls wie diejenigen von Betrunkenen ausgesehen. Kurz danach müsse die «Atalanta» dann auf ein Riff gelaufen und sofort gesunken sein. Fünf Flaschen Rum. Die Aussagen des Deckoffiziers des «Antony Scarlett» liessen die Angelegenheii noch verdâchtiger erscheinen, ohne sie aber einer Aufklârung nâherzubringen. Er erklârte, Roscoe habe sich in einem Augenblick von Windstille mitten auf hoher See allein vom «Antony Scarlett» auf die «Atalanta» übersetzen lassen, um den 14 Matrosen des Kutters «zur Stirkung» fünf Fla schen Rum zu bringen. Eine Vierlelslunde spâter sei er dann wieder zurückgekommen, und zwar mit einer grossen verschlossenen Kassetle, in der sich nach seiner Erklàrung wichtige Dokumenle befunden hâtten. Das Unglück selbst, so meinte der Deckoffizier, sei offenbar darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Mannschaft der «Atalanta» durch den wieder aufkommenden Sturm vollkommen den Kopf verloren hâtten i unmôglich kônnten sie aber betrunken gewesen sein, denn dass jemand mit fünf Flaschen Rum 14 aile australische Seeleute betrunken machen kônne, sei nach seinen Erfahrungen ausgeschlossen. Der Richter des Prisengerichts und die Sachverstândigen der Versicherungsgesellschaft schlossen sich dieser Auffassung an. Aber gleichzeitig beschloss das Prisengericht, da man dadurch nicht weiler kam, Taucher einzusetzen und auf dem Meeresgrund Recherchen vornehmen zu lassen. Die Toten sagen aus. Nach einer Anzahl vergeblicher Versuche, die mehrere Monate in Anspruch nahmen, gelang es dem Skaphander-Taucher Scarp von der australischen Bundesmanne, das in 25 Meter Tiefe liegende Wrak zu betreten. Er stellte fest, dass die Flanken des Schiffes an zahlreichen Stellen von Riffspitzen durchbohrt waren. Die «Atalanta» musste also in wenigen Minuten gesunken sein, und die kostbare Ladung war offenbar durch eine der klaffenden Oeffnungen auf den Meeresboden hinuntergesunken und durch den vom Sturm aufgewuhlten Triebsand verschlungen worden. Das Prisengericht stellte nach diesen Feststellungen seine Untersuchungen ein, und die Versicherungsgesellschafi verstàn digte den Schiffseigner Roscoe, dass die 25 000 Pfund innerhalb von acht Tagen an ihn ausbezahlt wiirden. In der Zwischenzeit veranlasste der medizinische Sachverstândige der Ship Insurance Co., Dr. Ryolt, den Taucher Scarp jedoch, noch einmal in das Wrak hinunterzusteien und zwei Leichen der erlrunkenen Matrosen mit heraufzubringen. Dann setzte er eine gerichtsârztliche Autopsie durch und fand so die T-ôsung des Geheimnisses : sowohl die beiden T.eichname als auch die mitgebrachten leeren Rumflaschen enthielten Spuren von Morphium. Roscoe hatte das Gift in den Rum geschx'ittet, die wertvollsten Perlen in der Kassette mitgenommen, und die 14 Matrosen hâtten dann im Morphiumrausch den Tod gefunden. Nach diesen Feststellungen fehlte zur Liquidierung der Affâre nur noch das Gestândnis des Tâters. Es ist nicht erfolgt, denn Roscoe hat es vorgezogen, sich in dem Augenblick, in dem die Beamten ihn verhaften wollten, durch einen wohlgezielten Herzschuss selbst zu richten. E. W. Die „auiornare“ Regieiung. (Schluss). halb sie nichts tat, wo doch seit Monaten bereits der Skandal der naristischen Propaganda in Frankreich ôffentlich enthüllt wurde? «Weshalb» — schreibt er wôrtlich — «kônnen Flugblâtter, in denen der Fricdensheld Hitler gefeiert und der franzôs sche Bellizismus angeprangert wird, ruhi;.die Grenze überschreiten ? Weshalb duldet man, Hn«a eine besondere hitlerseh*? Pro paganda unter den in Frankreich wohuenden Polen betrieben wird? Weshalb hut man nach der Entdeckung des Skandal* Nordfrankreichs (Arras, Dunkerque) nicht sofort bei jenem Haussuchung veranstaltet, der als der Chef der Bande in Frage kommt?.... Weshalb schliesslich werden die Erfurter Papiere in sorgfâltiger Weise von der Postverwaltung verteilt? Welches ist die geheimnisvolle Macht, die veranlasst, dass die Magistratspersonen so langsam und milde vorgehen, dass Zentner Flugblâtter die Grenze passieren, und dass unsere Postier gezwungen sind, Briefe zu verteilen, welche die zynischsten Entstellungen der Wahrheit und die entsetzlichsten Verleumdungen gegen Frankreich enthalten? Ist bei uns irgendwelche geheime Macht vorhanden, welche der deutschen Propaganda erlauben sollte, Frankreich als erobertes Land zu behandeln?» Und zum Schluss schreibt der ehrliche Radikale Albert Bayet: «Die Regierung hat im Namen der ôffentlichen Wohlfahrt Dekretvollmachten gefordert; es wàre denn doch sonderbar, wenn Gôbbels und seinen Werken und Taten gegenüber die Regierungsvollmachten zur vollen Ohnmacht werden sollten.» Das sind harte aber wohlverdiente Worte. Man hat uns in den letzten Wochen die Ohren vollgeleiert mit der Mélodie: Kammerverlàngerung, Kammerauflôsung und wieder Kammerverlàngerung. Für die Regierung — und einen Teil ihrer Mehrheit — schien sich das ganze politische Leben nur hierum zu drehen. Ailes andere schien nebensâchlich geworden zu sein. Es ist gut, dass auch ausserhalb der sozialistischen Reihen Mànner aufzumucken beginnen, die der Regierung etwas nàher stehen als wir. Ob sie aber mehr Gehôr finden werden, ist leider eine andere Frage. Das deutsche Volft dnrstet nach lîahrheit. LONDON, 23. Juni. Die deutsche ôffentliche Meinung scheint nicht immer mit derjenigen des Führers und seiner Hintermânner in Einklang zu stehen. Das beweist folgende Tatsache: Die deutschen Radiostationen haben fast aile ihre Sendungen in englischer Sprache ausgeschaltet, weil diese bei dem englischen Publikum keinerlei Anklang fanden. Hingegen erhâlt die British Brodcasting Corporation fast tàglich einen Stress Briefe von Deutschen, die, wie sie erkliren, mit Begeisterung die von den englischen Sendern in deulscher Sprache durchgegebenen Meldungen aufnehmen. Und dies, trotzdem sie wissen, dass auf Abhôren fremder Sender eine Gefàngnisstrafe steht. Doch diese Drohung fruchtet nichts, beweist aber, welche Bedeutung die Deutschen den englischen Sendungen beimessen, die von ihnen als Wahrheit und Boten der Freiheii aufgenommen werden. Fer eine polnische Dehrsnende. WARSCHAU, 23. Juni. Der friihere Pràsident Paderewski hat an die polnische Nation einen Aufruf gerichtet zugunsten der Landesverteidigung, worin er vorschlagt, jeder Bürger môge sich seinen Vermôgensverhâltnissen entsprechend verpflichten. einen monatJichen Geldbeitrag für die Wehrmacht und deren Ausriistung beizusteuem. Paderewski geht selbst mit dem guten Beispiel voran, indem er eine Summe von 1000 Zlotys (ungefàhr 7000 Francs) an den Wehrfonds ablieferte und sich verpflichtete, jeden Monat 250 Zlotys enzuzahlen. Bu Bild der amerikamschen Flotte, als diese vor ihrem Durchgang zu» StUlen Ozean ver de» Ktasl von Panama «lit» In der Maginotlinie. (Die Gerichtsbehorden von Metz fuhien eine Untersuchung gegen Lebensmittelïalseher, die die Soldaten der Maginotlinie mit minderwertigem Broie beliefert haben). ■— Uns schickcn sic schlechtcs Brot, dem Hitler geben sic daftir gutes Eiscnerz und da soll noch einer sagen, dass das Kricgstreibcr sind .... Politische Haussuchungen.
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A dual-phase xenon TPC for scintillation and ionisation yield measurements in liquid xenon
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L. Baudis
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English
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Spoken
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Zurich Open Repository and
Archive Zurich Open Repository and
Archive
University of Zurich
University Library
Strickhofstrasse 39
CH-8057 Zurich
www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich
University Library
Strickhofstrasse 39
CH-8057 Zurich
www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 A dual-phase xenon TPC for scintillation and ionisation yield
measurements in liquid xenon Laura Baudisa, Yanina Biondi, Chiara Capelli, Michelle Galloway, Shingo Kazama, Alexander Kishb,
Payam Pakarha, Francesco Piastrac, Julien Wulf
Department of Physics, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Received: 7 January 2018 / Accepted: 12 April 2018 / Published online: 30 April 2018
© The Author(s) 2018 searches has seen a dramatic increase over the last decade, a
developmentwhichwaslargelyleadbythedual-phase,xenon
time projection chamber (TPC) technique [2–4]. Large liquid
xenon TPCs such as LUX [5], PandaX [6] and XENON1T [7]
constrain the cross section of weakly interacting massive par-
ticles on nucleons down to 8 × 10−47 cm2 [8–10], while
the upcoming XENONnT [11], LUX-ZEPLIN [12], and the
planned DARWIN detector [13] are expected to improve
upon these results by more than one and two orders of mag-
nitude, respectively [14]. The DARWIN detector will also
search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe, mea-
sure the low-energy solar neutrino flux with < 1% precision,
observe coherent neutrino-nucleus interactions and detect
galactic supernovae [13,15,16]. Abstract
A small-scale, two-phase (liquid/gas) xenon time
projection chamber (XurichII) was designed, constructed
and is under operation at the University of Zürich. Its main
purpose is to investigate the microphysics of particle inter-
actions in liquid xenon at energies below 50 keV, which are
relevantforrareeventsearchesusingxenonastargetmaterial. Here we describe in detail the detector, its associated infras-
tructure, and the signal identification algorithm developed for
processing and analysing the data. We present the first char-
acterisation of the new instrument with calibration data from
an internal 83mKr source. The zero-field light yield is 15.0
and 14.0 photoelectrons/keV at 9.4 and 32.1 keV, respec-
tively, and the corresponding values at an electron drift field
of 1 kV/cm are 10.8 and 7.9 photoelectrons/keV. The charge
yields at these energies are 28 and 31 electrons/keV, with the
proportional scintillation yield of 24 photoelectrons per one
electron extracted into the gas phase, and an electron lifetime
of 200 µs. The relative energy resolution, σ/E, is 11.9 and
5.8% at 9.4 and 32.1 keV, respectively using a linear combi-
nation of the scintillation and ionisation signals. We conclude
with measurements of the electron drift velocity at various
electric fields, and compare these to literature values. As part of our R&D studies related to rare event searches,
we have designed, constructed and are operating a new, small
liquid xenon TPC (Xurich II) at the University of Zürich. A dual-phase xenon TPC for scintillation and ionisation yield
measurements in liquid xenon This builds upon our experience with larger TPCs, such as
employed in XENON10/100/1T, and with a previous, small-
scale TPC (Xurich I). The latter instrument demonstrated the
capability of a spatially uniform calibration of liquid xenon
detectors with 83mKr [17] and was used to study the response
of liquid xenon to electronic recoils down to 1.5 keV [18]. In a dual-phase (liquid–gas) TPC, the interactions of par-
ticles are observed via two distinct signals: the first is the
prompt scintillation light (S1), while the second is caused
by ionisation electrons that are drifted and extracted into the
gaseous phase where they produce electroluminescence (S2). The photons are detected by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)
and the difference in arrival time between the S1 and S2 sig-
nals yields the depth, or z-position, of an interaction. The
S2 light distribution in the PMTs yields the (x, y)-position
of an interaction, while the S2/S1 ratio allows to distin-
guish between electronic recoils (ERs) and nuclear recoils
(NRs) [19,20]. a e-mail: [email protected]
b e-mail: [email protected]
c e-mail: [email protected] dual-phase xenon TPC for scintillation and ionisation yield measurements in
liquid xenon DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5801-5 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich
ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-159537
Journal Article
Published Version
The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich
ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-159537
Journal Article
Published Version llowing work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at:
Baudis, Laura; Biondi, Yanina; Capelli, Chiara; Galloway, Michelle; Kazama, Shingo; Kish, Alexander; Pakarha,
Payam; Piastra, Francesco; Wulf, Julien (2018). A dual-phase xenon TPC for scintillation and ionisation yield
measurements in liquid xenon. European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields, 78:351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5801-5 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78:351
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5801-5 Regular Article - Experimental Physics 2.1 Instrumentation The XurichII dual-phase TPC contains an active volume of
3.1 cm diameter and 3.1 cm height of xenon, for a total mass
of 68 g, assuming a liquid xenon density of 2.92 g/cm3. The
structure delineating the cylindrical xenon volume is made
out of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), as well polyamide-
imide(Torlon) andpolyetheretherketone(PEEK) for thenon-
reflective components. It is viewed by two circular, 2-inch
photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), one placed in the liquid and
one in the gaseous phase above the liquid, as shown schemat-
ically in Fig. 1. An electric field is defined by a set of three
electrodes. The electron drift field is maintained between the
cathode, at negative potential and located above the bottom
PMT, and a grounded gate mesh, placed a few mm below the
liquid xenon surface. The drift field uniformity is ensured by
seven copper field shaping rings, separated by PTFE spac-
ers. The stronger field, necessary to extract electrons into the
vapour phase, is produced between the gate and an anode
mesh that are held in place by a Torlon spacer. The anode is
located a few mm above the liquid–gas interface. The liquid
level is regulated by a weir system and a motion feedthrough,
and must be accurately controlled to allow for two-phase
operation. Three plate capacitors allow us to determine the
level with 10 µm precision, computed as an RMS of the
baseline fluctuations. One 5 cm long cylindrical capacitor
is placed outside the active volume in order to monitor the
liquid level during filling of the detector. Fig. 1 Schematic figure of the XurichII TPC. The liquid xenon (LXe)
is contained within a structure made of PTFE and seven Cu field shap-
ing rings. Two 2-inch PMTs view the active detector region, one placed
in the liquid, and one in the gaseous phase on top. The electron drift
and extraction fields are defined by three electrodes that are made of
etched stainless steel meshes. Legend: (1) top PMT, (2) Torlon extrac-
tion spacer, (3) liquid level control, (4) inner PTFE reflector, (5) PTFE
drift spacers/insulators, (6) copper field shaping rings, (7) bottom PMT,
(8) PMT holder (PTFE) a copper cold finger immersed in a liquid nitrogen bath. A
constant temperature is maintained by a 5 W heater at the top
flange of the inner cryostat vessel. The xenon is constantly
purified by circulating it through a hot metal getter (SAES
MonoTorr). 1 Introduction Radiation detectors using the noble gas xenon in its liquid
form, with energy thresholds in the keV range, are of inter-
est for direct dark matter detection experiments, searches
for solar axions and axion-like particles, detection of low-
energy solar neutrinos and measurements of coherent neu-
trino nucleus scattering, as well as for other rare event
searches [1]. In particular the sensitivity of direct dark matter a e-mail: [email protected]
b e-mail: [email protected]
c e-mail: [email protected] 123 351
Page 2 of 11 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 Fig. 1 Schematic figure of the XurichII TPC. The liquid xenon (LXe)
is contained within a structure made of PTFE and seven Cu field shap-
ing rings. Two 2-inch PMTs view the active detector region, one placed
in the liquid, and one in the gaseous phase on top. The electron drift
and extraction fields are defined by three electrodes that are made of
etched stainless steel meshes. Legend: (1) top PMT, (2) Torlon extrac-
tion spacer, (3) liquid level control, (4) inner PTFE reflector, (5) PTFE
drift spacers/insulators, (6) copper field shaping rings, (7) bottom PMT,
(8) PMT holder (PTFE) This article is structured as follows: we introduce the new
detector in Sect. 2, together with the description of its data
acquisition and trigger system. In Sect. 3, we detail the data
processing and analysis of the S1 and S2 signals. We present
the main results from calibration measurements in Sect. 4,
including our measurements of the electron drift velocity as a
function of the applied electric field. In Sect. 5 we summarise
our results, and outline the near-future goals of the project. 123 2.3 The data acquisition system The data acquisition (DAQ) system generates the trigger,
digitises the waveforms of the two PMTs, and stores the data
to disk. The signals from the PMT bases are digitised by a
CAEN V1724 Flash ADC with 10 ns sampling period, 2.25 V
full scale, 14-bit resolution and 40 MHz bandwidth, after
passing through a CAEN 625 fan-in/fan-out module. For the
trigger, generated by a leading edge discriminator (CAEN
N840), we nominally require that the top PMT signal height
exceeds a threshold of 10 mV, which corresponds to an S2
signal of about 60 PE and to a deposited energy of 0.6 keV. The trigger acceptance has been measured with a pulse gen-
erator and is 100% above 8 mV. Regardless of whether the
trigger is generated by an S1 or an S2 signal, it is placed in
the middle of the event window of 60 µs width, sufficiently
larger than the maximum electron drift time of 19 µs at a
field of 220 V/cm. The event rate during runs with the 83mKr
calibration source does not exceed ∼100 Hz, resulting in a
pile-up fraction below 0.6%. Fig. 2 The electric field uniformity map in the detector volume, simu-
lated with KEMfield [22]. The top and bottom of the plot correspond to
the gate and cathode electrodes, respectively. The mean deviation from
field uniformity in the target volume is 2.8%. The nominal fiducial vol-
ume cut used for analysis removes 3 mm from the top and bottom,
reducing the mean field deviation from uniformity to 0.9% The performance of the detector is constantly monitored
by a series of temperature, pressure and gas flow sensors. The temperatures inside the liquid xenon and at the top inner
cryostat flange to which the heater is coupled, the pressure
inside the TPC, the heater output power, and the gas recir-
culation flow are read out and and displayed on a website,
where the values are updated once per minute. If any of the
parameters exceeds a certain pre-defined range, email and
SMS alarm messages are issued. 2.1 Instrumentation The gas handling and purification systems are
described in [17], where we employed a different TPC in an
otherwise identical setting. The gas system is equipped with
a small chamber that allows us to introduce the metastable
83mKr calibration source (T1/2 = 1.83 h) into the xenon gas
flow, and thus into the TPC. The krypton source is produced
by the decay of 83Rb (T1/2 = 86.2 days) embedded in zeolite,
and is described in detail in [17]. The PMTs are of type R9869 from Hamamatsu Photon-
ics, developed for liquid xenon applications. They feature
synthetic silica (SiO2) windows and 12 stages of amplifica-
tion. The quantum efficiency of the bialkali photocathode at
175 nm is ∼35%, the photocathode coverage is 16 cm2. The
PMTs are operated in a negative bias configuration with the
anode at ground, and the high-voltage (HV) is supplied by
a CAEN N1470 module. The HV is distributed to the pho-
tocathode and the dynodes by voltage dividers (PMT bases)
with a total resistance of 3.55 M. The heat dissipation is
∼100 mW per base. The achieved ionisation electron lifetime, which is a mea-
sure of the liquid xenon purity, is (198 ± 8) µs, corresponding
to an electron mean-free-path of ∼40cm. This value is suf-
ficient for our needs, because the maximum drift distance in
the TPC is 3.1 cm (∼20 µs). The TPC is contained within a stainless steel vessel,
located inside a vacuum cryostat, with cooling provided by 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 Page 3 of 11
351 Page 3 of 11
351 Fig. 2 The electric field uniformity map in the detector volume, simu-
lated with KEMfield [22]. The top and bottom of the plot correspond to
the gate and cathode electrodes, respectively. The mean deviation from
field uniformity in the target volume is 2.8%. The nominal fiducial vol-
ume cut used for analysis removes 3 mm from the top and bottom,
reducing the mean field deviation from uniformity to 0.9% The field cage and the dedicated voltage divider circuit
with a total resistivity of 1.05 G allow us to apply a
high voltage to the cathode of up to 6 kV. The nominal
potential on the anode is 4 kV, for an extraction field of
(10.32 ± 0.14) kV/cm, resulting in complete extraction of
ionisation electrons from the liquid to gas phase [23,24]. 3 Signal processing The design of the electric field cage of the TPC was opti-
mised based on simulations with COMSOL [21] and KEM-
field [22], with the goal of maximising the field uniformity
and the optical transparency of the electrodes. The resulting,
two-dimensional field map is shown in Fig. 2. The electrodes
(cathode, anode and gate) are made out of chemically etched
stainless steel meshes with thickness and wire diameter of
100 µm and pitch of 2.7 mm, respectively, resulting in 93%
geometrical optical transparency. The signal processing starts from the pulse identification and
calculation of the relevant peak quantities, and is followed
by conversion of the measured PMT charge into the unit of
photoelectrons (PE). Subsequently, a correction to the scin-
tillation signal is applied to account for spatial variations in
the light collection efficiency. 3.1 Pulse identification Because of the width of the
S2 signal (FWHM<0.35 µs), the efficiency to separate two
S2 pulses is unity if the corresponding particle interactions
occur at a distance >1 mm apart in z. Fig. 3 The S1 signal templates for the bottom PMT, derived from cal-
ibration data acquired with the grounded anode mesh (hence no S2
signals present) and various electric drift field settings. These range
from 0 kV/cm (cathode at ground, black solid) to 1 kV/cm (cathode at
3 kV, blue, dot-dashed). The χ2 filter employed in the data processing
is calculated using the S1 template defined at the same electric field. The histograms are normalised by their area the trace area between sample (i−l) and sample (i+r), which
corresponds to the interval overlapping with the template. Within each waveform, a candidate S2 is accepted if the
value of the χ2-filter for the time sample that corresponds
to its maximum is higher than a set threshold. When an S2
pulse is accepted, its properties are quantified using all time
samples to the right and to the left of the maximum, until
the S2 filter reaches either zero or a relative minimum. The
latter condition indicates the presence of an additional S2 in
the signal trace; in this case the filter is applied by the same
method to the remaining part of the search region. If, on the
contrary, the value of the χ2-based filter is lower than the
threshold, the pulse is identified as an S1 candidate. Once all
S2 search regions in the waveform have been evaluated, the
S2 peak finder loop terminates, and the S1 peak finder iterates
over all the S1 search regions to evaluate the candidate pulses. For each selected S1 signal the respective pulse properties are
computed using the same criteria as for the S2 signals. The
S1 searching loop ends when all S1 regions in the waveform
have been evaluated. The pulse identification algorithm first scans each signal
trace to look for S2 candidates within a search region defined
by Ai[2] > 0. In each trace where at least one S2 candidate is
identified, the filter is applied to detect S1 pulses in a search
region where Ai[1] > 0. Inside these regions a candidate S2
is selected if Ai[2] > Ai[1] in every time sample i; otherwise
the entire trace is removed from the S2 search. 3.1 Pulse identification The histograms are normalised by their area Time samples (1 sample = 10 ns)
-5
0
5
10
15
Normalized amplitude [AU]
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
cathode at 0 kV
1.0 kV
2.0 kV
3.0 kV Ai[1] =
i+ w1
2
j=i−w1
2
Sj,
(1)
Ai[2] =
i+ w2
2
j=i−w2
2
Sj −
max
j∈[i−w2
2 ,i+ w2
2 ]
A j[1],
(2) Ai[1] =
i+ w1
2
j=i−w1
2
Sj,
(1)
Ai[2] =
i+ w2
2
j=i−w2
2
Sj −
max
j∈[i−w2
2 ,i+ w2
2 ]
A j[1],
(2) (2) where Sj is the amplitude of the baseline-subtracted wave-
form corresponding to bin j, and w1 and w2 are boundary
conditions for the S1 and S2 signal widths, respectively. Due
to the relatively short decay constants of the xenon scintilla-
tion light, (4.3 ± 0.6) ns and (22.0 ± 1.5) ns for the singlet
and triplet components, respectively [25], and a fast transit
time of the PMTs (< 20 ns [26]), all information about the S1
pulse shape is contained within a time window w1 = 80 ns. The S2 signal full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) does
not exceed 0.8 µs, thus w2 = 1.1 µs is a sufficient time inter-
val to contain the entire pulse. Because of the width of the
S2 signal (FWHM<0.35 µs), the efficiency to separate two
S2 pulses is unity if the corresponding particle interactions
occur at a distance >1 mm apart in z. where Sj is the amplitude of the baseline-subtracted wave-
form corresponding to bin j, and w1 and w2 are boundary
conditions for the S1 and S2 signal widths, respectively. Due
to the relatively short decay constants of the xenon scintilla-
tion light, (4.3 ± 0.6) ns and (22.0 ± 1.5) ns for the singlet
and triplet components, respectively [25], and a fast transit
time of the PMTs (< 20 ns [26]), all information about the S1
pulse shape is contained within a time window w1 = 80 ns. The S2 signal full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) does
not exceed 0.8 µs, thus w2 = 1.1 µs is a sufficient time inter-
val to contain the entire pulse. 3.1 Pulse identification Since only 2 non-segmented PMTs are employed to detect
the scintillation light in the TPC, the reconstruction of the
(x, y) interaction vertex is not possible. Hence the fiduciali-
sation of the target volume is performed with the z-coordinate
of an interaction only, which is reconstructed with a resolu-
tion of 0.2 mm (1σ). The deviation of the electric drift field
from uniformity in the target volume is 2.8%. Fiducialising
the target by removing 3 mm from the top and bottom of the
liquid removes high-field regions close to the cathode and
gate electrodes and reduces the non-uniformity with respect
to the volume-averaged value to 0.9%. The identification of S1- and S2-like pulses is performed
with an algorithm which employs two different width-based
filters and an additional χ2-filter. Prior to applying the filters,
the signal baseline height and its RMS noise amplitude are
quantified using the first and last 50 time samples (1 sample
= 10 ns) of each digitised waveform, on an event-by-event
basis, and subtracted from the signal trace. Events where the
two baseline values differ by > 3 × RMS are discarded from
further analysis. 12 3 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 351
Page 4 of 11 The width-based filters are defined as:
0 18
0.2
cathode at 0 kV The width-based filters are defined as: Time samples (1 sample = 10 ns)
-5
0
5
10
15
Normalized amplitude [AU]
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
cathode at 0 kV
1.0 kV
2.0 kV
3.0 kV
Fig. 3 The S1 signal templates for the bottom PMT, derived from cal-
ibration data acquired with the grounded anode mesh (hence no S2
signals present) and various electric drift field settings. These range
from 0 kV/cm (cathode at ground, black solid) to 1 kV/cm (cathode at
3 kV, blue, dot-dashed). The χ2 filter employed in the data processing
is calculated using the S1 template defined at the same electric field. 3.2 Photomultiplier gain calibration The gains of the PMTs are regularly calibrated with blue light
(∼470 nm) from an external LED, transferred into the TPC
via polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) optical fibres. We use
two methods to determine the PMT gain. In the first, fit-
based method, the light level is adjusted such that a PMT
shows a signal in the time window considered for analy-
sis in ∼5% of all triggers. The second approach is based
on a model-independent method described in [27], without
making any assumptions about the underlying single photo-
electron distribution. Both methods yield consistent results:
the gains are (2.77 ± 0.05) × 106 at 870 V for the top, and
(3.66 ± 0.09) × 106 at 940 V for the bottom PMT. These
have been chosen to avoid non-linear effects in the PMTs
and electronics for calibration runs. The quoted uncertainty
is the RMS of the gain measurements performed regularly
over a period of 6 months, showing that the values are stable
within 3% (see Fig. 5). The peak areas are converted into
photoelectrons using the time-averaged gain value for each
PMT. Fig. 6 Dependency of the S1 signal on the electron drift time, and
hence on the depth z of the interaction, measured with a 83mKr cal-
ibration source. The correction function, a 2nd-order polynomial fit,
is represented by the blue line (top) with residuals from the fit <2%
(bottom) cated correction function is applied to compensate for non-
uniformities in the detector response. Due to the absence
of (x, y)-position reconstruction, only the depth-dependence
can be studied and taken into account. A spatial correction map for the scintillation signal from
each PMT and their sum has been determined in-situ using
83mKr data. Figure 6, top, shows the summed signals from the
32 keV line. From this data one can see the S1 dependence
as a function of interaction depth. A correction function was
obtained by first performing a Gaussian fit on the S1 distri-
bution of each slice (± 0.5 mm around each z-position). A
second order polynomial approximation was fit to the mean
of each slice in a pre-defined analysis volume, −25 mm
< z < −5mm, and used to analytically obtain the corrected
S1 signals. The residuals from the fit are shown in Fig. 6, 3.1 Pulse identification The horizontal Time samples (1 sample = 10 ns)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
3
10
Time samples
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Signal filter value [AU]
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
S1 filter
S2 filter
filter
2
χ
inverted
Time samples
1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
Time samples
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
3
10 Fig. 5 The gains of the top (black) and bottom (red) PMTs, shown
here over a period of 6 months, are stable within 3%. The horizontal
lines indicate the mean and RMS spread of the measured gain values Z [mm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Total S1 [PE]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
−
10
1
10
Z [mm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Residuals, fraction
0.04
−
0.02
−
0
0.02
0.04
Fig. 6 Dependency of the S1 signal on the electron drift time, and
hence on the depth z of the interaction, measured with a 83mKr cal-
ibration source. The correction function, a 2nd-order polynomial fit,
is represented by the blue line (top) with residuals from the fit <2%
(bottom) Z [mm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Total S1 [PE]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
−
10
1
10
Z [mm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Residuals, fraction
0.04
−
0.02
−
0
0.02
0.04 Fig. 4 A signal trace acquired with the bottom PMT from calibration
with the 83mKr source, top. The middle panel illustrates the performance
of the pulse identification algorithm, where width-based S1 and S2
filters are shown in green and red, respectively. The value of the inverted
χ2 filter is shown in grey, with the threshold represented by the dashed
grey line. The bottom panel shows a zoom into the regions where S1
and S2 pulses were identified Total S1 [PE] 3.1 Pulse identification The correction function, a 2nd-order polynomial fit,
is represented by the blue line (top) with residuals from the fit <2%
(bottom)
cated correction function is applied to compensate for non-
uniformities in the detector response. Due to the absence
of (x, y)-position reconstruction, only the depth-dependence
can be studied and taken into account. A spatial correction map for the scintillation signal from Time samples (1 sample = 10 ns)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
3
10
Time samples
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Signal filter value [AU]
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
S1 filter
S2 filter
filter
2
χ
inverted
Time samples
1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
Time samples
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
3
10
Fig. 4 A signal trace acquired with the bottom PMT from calibration
with the 83mKr source, top. The middle panel illustrates the performance
of the pulse identification algorithm, where width-based S1 and S2
filters are shown in green and red, respectively. The value of the inverted
χ2 filter is shown in grey, with the threshold represented by the dashed
grey line. The bottom panel shows a zoom into the regions where S1
and S2 pulses were identified Date
28/05
19/06
10/07
01/08
23/08
14/09
05/10
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18/11
09/12
31/12
)
6
10
×
Gain (
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
Top PMT
Bottom PMT
Fig. 5 The gains of the top (black) and bottom (red) PMTs, shown
here over a period of 6 months, are stable within 3%. The horizontal
lines indicate the mean and RMS spread of the measured gain values Date
28/05
19/06
10/07
01/08
23/08
14/09
05/10
27/10
18/11
09/12
31/12
)
6
10
×
Gain (
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
Top PMT
Bottom PMT
Fig. 5 The gains of the top (black) and bottom (red) PMTs, shown
here over a period of 6 months, are stable within 3%. 3.1 Pulse identification After this first
operation, a χ2-filter is applied to the selected pulse candi-
dates. The χ2-filter is based on a template calculated for each
PMT as a function of applied drift field, as shown in Fig. 3. The templates are built from ∼104 S1 signals acquired with
the extraction field (anode potential) set to zero, hence no
electroluminescence (S2) signals are generated. The selected
S1 signals are aligned on the time sample corresponding to
their maximum amplitude, then the amplitude in each time
sample is computed as the median of all accumulated signals. The resulting signal shape is normalised by its total area. Within each waveform, the similarity of a candidate pulse
with an S1-like signal is measured by the value of the χ2-
filter, defined as: The performance of the pulse identification algorithm is
illustrated in Fig. 4 on an example of a signal trace acquired
with the 83mKr source. From the study of selected data sets
processed with and without the additional χ2-filter, we con-
cluded that this auxiliary tool for signal identification effi-
ciently detects small S1-like pulses very close to S2 signals,
usually corresponding to interactions located in the 2 mm
region between the gate mesh and the liquid surface. In addi-
tion, the χ2-filter is able to identify S1s with the size of a few
photoelectrons surrounded by noise and initially misidenti-
fied as S2 signals. χ2
i =
r
k=−l
Tk −˜Si+k
2
,
(3) (3) where Tk isthetemplateamplitudeinsamplek,andl andr are
the numbers of samples to the left and right of the sample that
corresponds to the template maximum (k = 0). The ˜Si is the
amplitude of the waveform at time sample i, normalised by Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 Page 5 of 11
351 Time samples (1 sample = 10 ns)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
3
10
Time samples
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Signal filter value [AU]
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
S1 filter
S2 filter
filter
2
χ
inverted
Time samples
1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
Time samples
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
ADC channels
1
10
2
10
3
10
Fig. 3.1 Pulse identification 4 A signal trace acquired with the bottom PMT from calibration
with the 83mKr source, top. The middle panel illustrates the performance
of the pulse identification algorithm, where width-based S1 and S2
filters are shown in green and red, respectively. The value of the inverted
χ2 filter is shown in grey, with the threshold represented by the dashed
grey line. The bottom panel shows a zoom into the regions where S1
and S2 pulses were identified
3.2 Photomultiplier gain calibration
The gains of the PMTs are regularly calibrated with blue light
(∼470 nm) from an external LED, transferred into the TPC
via polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) optical fibres. We use
two methods to determine the PMT gain. In the first, fit-
based method, the light level is adjusted such that a PMT
shows a signal in the time window considered for analy-
sis in ∼5% of all triggers. The second approach is based
on a model-independent method described in [27], without
making any assumptions about the underlying single photo-
electron distribution. Both methods yield consistent results:
the gains are (2.77 ± 0.05) × 106 at 870 V for the top, and
(3.66 ± 0.09) × 106 at 940 V for the bottom PMT. These
have been chosen to avoid non-linear effects in the PMTs
and electronics for calibration runs. The quoted uncertainty
is the RMS of the gain measurements performed regularly
Date
28/05
19/06
10/07
01/08
23/08
14/09
05/10
27/10
18/11
09/12
31/12
)
6
10
×
Gain (
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
Top PMT
Bottom PMT
Fig. 5 The gains of the top (black) and bottom (red) PMTs, shown
here over a period of 6 months, are stable within 3%. The horizontal
lines indicate the mean and RMS spread of the measured gain values
Z [mm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Total S1 [PE]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
−
10
1
10
Z [mm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Residuals, fraction
0.04
−
0.02
−
0
0.02
0.04
Fig. 6 Dependency of the S1 signal on the electron drift time, and
hence on the depth z of the interaction, measured with a 83mKr cal-
ibration source. 3.3 Light collection efficiency Geometrical and optical properties of the TPC lead to
non-uniformities in the scintillation light collection effi-
ciency (LCE) within the target volume. Therefore, a dedi- 12 3 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 351
Page 6 of 11 Depth [mm]
10
−
5
−
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Relative LCE
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Top PMT
Bottom PMT
Fig. 7 The mean LCE relative to the average over the fiducialised vol-
ume, indicated by the vertical dashed lines, as a function of interac-
tion depth. A comparison of relative LCE is made between simulation
(discrete points with one standard deviation error bars) and data after
parametrisation (solid lines) for the top and bottom PMTs (red and blue,
respectively) Depth [mm]
10
−
5
−
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Relative LCE
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Top PMT
Bottom PMT Table 1 The most relevant optical parameters for simulations of the S1
light propagation and LCE predictions, as encoded in the Geant4 model
Parameter
Value
LXe refractive index
1.63
LXe Rayleigh scattering length
30 cm
LXe absorption length
50 m
Gas Xe refractive index
1.0
Gas Xe Rayleigh scattering length
100 m
Gas Xe absorption length
100 m
PTFE refractive index
1.58
PTFE reflectivity
0.95 Fig. 7 The mean LCE relative to the average over the fiducialised vol-
ume, indicated by the vertical dashed lines, as a function of interac-
tion depth. A comparison of relative LCE is made between simulation
(discrete points with one standard deviation error bars) and data after
parametrisation (solid lines) for the top and bottom PMTs (red and blue,
respectively) bottom. The variation in S1 after applying the correction in
this fiducial region is <2%. To benchmark the position-dependent LCE for the S1
signals, Monte Carlo simulations have been performed and
the results compared with measured data. From 106 inter-
action vertices within the simulated volume, 103 photons of
wavelength 175 nm were generated isotropically and with
random polarisation. The detector model takes into account
relevant physical processes, e.g. light absorption, reflection
and refraction at the surface boundaries of each material,
Rayleigh scattering, attenuation and transport of the pho-
tons. 3.3 Light collection efficiency The electrodes were encoded to allow for 93% trans-
parency and a refractive index to match the one of gaseous
xenon (anode) and LXe (gate, cathode). Additionally, the
refractive index of the PMT window was encoded, and the
photocathodes were modelled for unitary QE, allowing for
full absorption of the propagated photons. The most relevant
optical parameters are listed in Table 1. within the ±1 σ predictions, thus verifying the results of the
electron drift velocity measurement (see Sect. 4.2) as well as
the reconstruction of interaction depth. For the bottom PMT,
thepredictionslightlyoverestimatestheLCE.Thesimulation
also shows a much steeper decrease of the relative LCE as
a function of depth with respect to the top PMT. For the
latter, the photocathode absorption as a function of photon
incidence angle may play a role. Further details can be found
in [28]. 4 Results Primarily due to internal reflection at the liquid–gas inter-
face from the higher refractive index of LXe as compared to
GXe, it was observed in both simulation and data that most
of the S1 light is collected by the bottom PMT. The unbinned
spatial LCE distributions were fit to obtain mean LCE val-
ues for top, bottom, and both PMTs, yielding (12.5 ± 0.1),
(47.0 ± 0.1), and (59.8 ± 0.1)%, respectively. The radial
dependence was observed to be highly uniform in the sim-
ulations, with a slight decrease in light collection at larger
radii. The radial variations relative to the mean LCE were
± 5, ± 0.5, and ± 1.5% for top, bottom, and both PMTs,
respectively. In this section we present first results obtained with the
XurichII TPC. We first discuss the energy calibration and
energy resolution of the detector, after which we show mea-
surements of the electron drift velocity as a function of elec-
tric field and compare these to literature values. 123 4.1 Energy calibration The energy calibration is performed with 83mKr, providing
low-energy lines at 9.4 and 32.1 keV uniformly distributed
within the target volume [17]. These are tagged by exploiting
their double-S1 and double-S2 topology, given the measured
half-life of the first excited state at 9.4 keV of (155 ± 1) ns. In
Fig. 8 we show the anti-correlation between the scintillation
and ionisation signals for the 32.1 keV line with data from
one calibration run. The relative LCE, i.e. the mean light collection efficiency
relative to the volume-averaged values given above, is shown
in Fig. 7 as a function of interaction depth using slices in z of
0.5 mm. We observe a good agreement between simulation
(discrete points with error bars given by one sigma of each
Gaussian fit slice) and measurement (solid lines) for top and
bottom PMTs (red and blue, respectively) within the analysis
volume as indicated by the vertical dashed lines. The match is By performing these measurements at various drift fields,
we can observe the anti-correlation between scintillation
light and ionisation in the TPC, as illustrated by the S1 and 123 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 Page 7 of 11
351 351 S1 total [PE]
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
S2 bottom [PE]
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
-1
10
1
10
Fig. 8 Charge and light anti-correlation for the 32.1 keV energy line
from a calibration with 83mKr. The data were acquired at nominal TPC
settings: cathode at 3 kV, anode at 4 kV. The S1 signal is corrected
using the function shown in Fig. 6. Events with lower S2 values are
attributed to events close to the walls of the TPC, and thus reduced
charge collection S1 total [PE]
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
S2 bottom [PE]
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
-1
10
1
10 sured S1 and S2 signals, and are defined as: ECES = W(nγ + ne) = W
S1
g1
+ S2
g2
,
(4) (4) where W = (13.7 ± 0.2) eV [29] is the energy required to pro-
duce an excited or ionised xenon atom, nγ is the number of
photons emitted by the excimer de-excitation and electron-
ion pair recombination processes, ne is the number of elec-
trons that escape recombination, and ECES is the so-called
combined energy scale. 4.1 Energy calibration The 9.4 keV
line yields a higher total number of quanta than the 32.1 and 41.5 keV
lines, and we refer to the main text for an explanation S1 (total) light yield [PE/keV]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
S2 (bottom) light yield [PE/keV]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
9.4 keV
32 keV signal
41 keV signal
higher field
lower field The absolute calibration is used to predict the potential
of our detector to observe low-energy nuclear recoils, where
the energy threshold is estimated based on the predictions of
the NEST model [33,34]. An analysis threshold of 2 PE cor-
responds to a mean number of 10.5 primary photons, which
translates to an energy threshold of (2.3−2.7) keV nuclear
recoil energy, depending on the drift field. S1 (total) light yield [PE/keV] Fig. 9 Anti-correlation between scintillation and ionisation signals
measured at drift fields in the range (0.2 −1.3) kV/cm. The 9.4 keV
line yields a higher total number of quanta than the 32.1 and 41.5 keV
lines, and we refer to the main text for an explanation The charge-light anti-correlation can be quantified and
used to build an energy scale by combining both signals
(see Eq. 4), and thus to improve the energy resolution of
the detector. The energy spectrum for the 32.1 keV line is
shown in Fig. 11, together with the spectra reconstructed
with the scintillation or ionisation signals alone. The energy
resolution (σ/E) is (16.6 ± 0.1)% for S1, (20 ± 1)% for S2,
and (5.8 ± 0.3)% for the combined energy scale. It is worth
mentioning that the energy resolution for the S2-only case is
generally expected to be superior compared to the S1-only
case. This is not observed here, likely due to the absence of
an (x, y)-position reconstruction and hence the presence of
events close to the PTFE wall of the TPC with reduced charge
collection. S2 photon yields for three energies in Fig. 9. As expected,
the proportion of light and charge changes at different drift
fields, but their sum remains constant. The data points for
32.1 and 41.5 keV, the sum of 9.4 and 32.1 keV transition
energies due to the short half-life, fall on the same line; this
is expected, for the number of quanta is proportional to the
deposited energy. 4.1 Energy calibration We determined the gains from the electric field depen-
dency of S1 and S2, namely from the x- and y-intercepts
in Fig. 9. The photon detection efficiency for prompt scin-
tillation is g1 = (0.191 ± 0.006) PE/photon, affected by the
light collection efficiency in the liquid xenon target and the
quantum efficiency of the photomultiplier tubes. The charge
amplification gain is g2 = (24.4 ± 0.4) PE/electron. Com-
bining these quantities with the light and charge yields for
the 83mKr lines, a calibration of the prompt and propor-
tional scintillation signals in terms of the absolute num-
ber of quanta is performed. This is shown as a function
of the electron drift field in Fig. 10, together with the val-
ues obtained at low fields and at 41.5 keV by large-scale
TPCs such as XENON100 [30], LUX [31], PandaX [32]
and XENON1T [7]. The charge yield at 9.4 keV is not
shown due to systematic effects described above. The agree-
ment between our results and the values from LUX, PandaX,
XENON100, and XENON1T is remarkable, while our mea-
surements extend to higher electric drift fields. Fig. 8 Charge and light anti-correlation for the 32.1 keV energy line
from a calibration with 83mKr. The data were acquired at nominal TPC
settings: cathode at 3 kV, anode at 4 kV. The S1 signal is corrected
using the function shown in Fig. 6. Events with lower S2 values are
attributed to events close to the walls of the TPC, and thus reduced
charge collection S1 (total) light yield [PE/keV]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
S2 (bottom) light yield [PE/keV]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
9.4 keV
32 keV signal
41 keV signal
higher field
lower field
Fig. 9 Anti-correlation between scintillation and ionisation signals
measured at drift fields in the range (0.2 −1.3) kV/cm. 4.2 Electron drift velocity measurements The z-coordinate of an interaction in a two-phase TPC is
linearly related to the measured time delay between the
prompt and proportional scintillation signals. This depen-
dence, together with the knowledge of the physical dimen-
sions of the TPC was exploited to measure the electron drift
velocity as a function of the electric field in liquid xenon at a
temperature of 184 K. The thermal contraction of the PTFE
(16.5 × 10−5 K−1 [35]) has been taken into account, result-
ing in an absolute contraction of the TPC length by 0.46 mm. The dominant uncertainty of 0.2 mm is due to the tolerance
in the machining of the structural components. Fig. 10 Absolute scintillation (top) and ionisation (bottom) yields for
the 83mKr energy calibration lines as a function of the electron drift
field. The ionisation yield for 9.4 keV transition is not presented due
to systematic effects described in the text. Also shown are data points
from LUX [31], XENON100 [30], XENON1T [7], and PandaX [32] Energy [keV]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Counts
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
S1
S2
combined scale
Fig. 11 Observed 32.1 keV line from a calibration with the 83mKr
source at a drift field of 1 kV/cm. The spectrum is shown for different
energy determinations, using S1 (green), S2 (red) and a linear combi-
nation of the two, ECES (blue). The relative energy resolution (σ/E) is
(5.8 ± 0.3)% for the combined energy scale Energy [keV]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Counts
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
S1
S2
combined scale The drift times corresponding to the positions of the gate
and the cathode meshes were determined by the maximum
and minimum of the time distribution of events, respectively,
as demonstrated in Fig. 13. To minimise the uncertainty on
the drift time determination, we select events from 83mKr
decays with the same time delay between the two largest S1
and largest S2 signals. Since events related to background,
dark counts in the PMTs or pileup are expected to have no
correlation between the delay time of the two largest S1s with
the delay time of the two largest S2s, this population shows
a high purity of physical events related to 83mKr decays. Their distribution, shown in Fig. 4.1 Energy calibration This depen-
dence, together with the knowledge of the physical dimen-
sions of the TPC was exploited to measure the electron drift
velocity as a function of the electric field in liquid xenon at a
temperature of 184 K. The thermal contraction of the PTFE Drift field [kV/cm]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
/keV]
ph
Absolute scintillation yield [n
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Xurich II:
9.4 keV
32.1 keV
41.5 keV
XENON100, 41.5 keV
XENON1T, 41.5 keV
LUX, 41.5 keV
PandaX, 39.6 keV
Drift field [kV/cm]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
/keV]
e
Absolute ionization yield [n
10
15
20
25
30
Xurich II:
32.1 keV
41.5 keV
XENON100, 41.5 keV
XENON1T, 41.5 keV
LUX, 41.5 keV
PandaX, 39.6 keV
Fig. 10 Absolute scintillation (top) and ionisation (bottom) yields for
the 83mKr energy calibration lines as a function of the electron drift
field. The ionisation yield for 9.4 keV transition is not presented due
to systematic effects described in the text. Also shown are data points
from LUX [31], XENON100 [30], XENON1T [7], and PandaX [32]
0.2
[%]
µ
/
σ
Resolution,
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Fig. 12 Energ
electric drift fi
channels, S1 (
the resolution
constant as exp
using S1 or S
field, the re
constant at (
4.2 Electron
The z-coord
linearly rela
prompt and
dence, toget
sions of the
velocity as a
temperature Drift field [kV/cm]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
/keV]
ph
Absolute scintillation yield [n
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Xurich II:
9.4 keV
32.1 keV
41.5 keV
XENON100, 41.5 keV
XENON1T, 41.5 keV
LUX, 41.5 keV
PandaX, 39.6 keV
/keV]
e
d [n
25
30
Electric field [kV/cm]
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
[%]
µ
/
σ
Resolution,
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
S1
S2
combined scale
Fig. 12 Energy resolution for the 32.1 keV line as a function of the
electric drift field. 4.1 Energy calibration However, this agreement is not observed
for the 9.4 keV signal, resulting in a higher apparent yield
of quanta. Its origin is most likely the presence of the trail-
ing tail of the 32.1 keV S2 pulse underneath the following
S2 signal, and the presence of spurious extracted electrons,
originating from photoionisation of the gate electrode and of
LXe impurities following the rather high intensity 32.1 keV
proportional scintillation light. The energy resolution at 32.1 keV is shown as a function of
the electron drift field in Fig. 12. While the energy resolution The detector-specific gains, g1 and g2, in units of detected
photoelectrons/quantum, can be determined from the mea- 12 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 351
Page 8 of 11 Drift field [kV/cm]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
/keV]
ph
Absolute scintillation yield [n
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Xurich II:
9.4 keV
32.1 keV
41.5 keV
XENON100, 41.5 keV
XENON1T, 41.5 keV
LUX, 41.5 keV
PandaX, 39.6 keV
Drift field [kV/cm]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
/keV]
e
Absolute ionization yield [n
10
15
20
25
30
Xurich II:
32.1 keV
41.5 keV
XENON100, 41.5 keV
XENON1T, 41.5 keV
LUX, 41.5 keV
PandaX, 39.6 keV
Fig. 10 Absolute scintillation (top) and ionisation (bottom) yields for
the 83mKr energy calibration lines as a function of the electron drift
field. The ionisation yield for 9.4 keV transition is not presented due
to systematic effects described in the text. Also shown are data points
from LUX [31], XENON100 [30], XENON1T [7], and PandaX [32]
Electric field [kV/cm]
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
[%]
µ
/
σ
Resolution,
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
S1
S2
combined scale
Fig. 12 Energy resolution for the 32.1 keV line as a function of the
electric drift field. While the resolution using only one of the two signal
channels, S1 (green) or S2 (red) deteriorates with increasing drift field,
the resolution for the combined energy scale, ECES (blue), remains
constant as expected
using S1 or S2 signals alone deteriorates with increasing drift
field, the resolution of the combined energy scale remains
constant at (5.8 ± 0.3)%. 4.2 Electron drift velocity measurements
The z-coordinate of an interaction in a two-phase TPC is
linearly related to the measured time delay between the
prompt and proportional scintillation signals. 4.1 Energy calibration While the resolution using only one of the two signal
channels, S1 (green) or S2 (red) deteriorates with increasing drift field,
the resolution for the combined energy scale, ECES (blue), remains
constant as expected Electric field [kV/cm]
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
[%]
µ
/
σ
Resolution,
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
S1
S2
combined scale
Fig. 12 Energy resolution for the 32.1 keV line as a function of the
electric drift field. While the resolution using only one of the two signal
channels, S1 (green) or S2 (red) deteriorates with increasing drift field,
the resolution for the combined energy scale, ECES (blue), remains
constant as expected Electric field [kV/cm]
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
[%]
µ
/
σ
Resolution,
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
S1
S2
combined scale Drift field [kV/cm]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
/keV]
ph
Absolute scintillation yield [n
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Xurich II:
9.4 keV
32.1 keV
41.5 keV
XENON100, 41.5 keV
XENON1T, 41.5 keV
LUX, 41.5 keV
PandaX, 39.6 keV [%]
µ
/
σ
Resolution, Fig. 12 Energy resolution for the 32.1 keV line as a function of the
electric drift field. While the resolution using only one of the two signal
channels, S1 (green) or S2 (red) deteriorates with increasing drift field,
the resolution for the combined energy scale, ECES (blue), remains
constant as expected Drift field [kV/cm]
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
/keV]
e
Absolute ionization yield [n
10
15
20
25
30
Xurich II:
32.1 keV
41.5 keV
XENON100, 41.5 keV
XENON1T, 41.5 keV
LUX, 41.5 keV
PandaX, 39.6 keV /keV]
e
Absolute ionization yield [n using S1 or S2 signals alone deteriorates with increasing drift
field, the resolution of the combined energy scale remains
constant at (5.8 ± 0.3)%. 4.2 Electron drift velocity measurements We find good agreement
with the measurements by LUX and XENON, which were
performed in a temperature regime similar to XurichII. The
deviation from the EXO-200 data points, and in particular
from older measurements by Miller and Gushchin, may be
attributed to the known dependence of the electron mobil-
ity in LXe with the temperature, which roughly follows
μe ∝T −3/2. measurements by Miller et al. at 163 K [36], Gushchin et
al. at 165 K [37], to measurements from XENON10 [38],
XENON100 [24,39] and LUX [40] at 177, 182, and 174 K,
respectively, and to the recent study by EXO-200 at 167 K
and fields below 0.6 kV/cm [41]. We find good agreement
with the measurements by LUX and XENON, which were
performed in a temperature regime similar to XurichII. The
deviation from the EXO-200 data points, and in particular
from older measurements by Miller and Gushchin, may be
attributed to the known dependence of the electron mobil-
ity in LXe with the temperature, which roughly follows
μe ∝T −3/2. 4.2 Electron drift velocity measurements 13, was first smoothed with
a Gaussian convolution kernel and then derivated. The drift
times corresponding to the gate and cathode electrodes were
therefore determined as the positions of the maximum and
the minimum of the calculated derivative, respectively. Fig. 11 Observed 32.1 keV line from a calibration with the 83mKr
source at a drift field of 1 kV/cm. The spectrum is shown for different
energy determinations, using S1 (green), S2 (red) and a linear combi-
nation of the two, ECES (blue). The relative energy resolution (σ/E) is
(5.8 ± 0.3)% for the combined energy scale 123 12 Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78 :351 Page 9 of 11
351 Page 9 of 11
351 s]
µ
Drift time [
0
5
10
15
20
Normalized rate
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
s]
µ
Drift time [
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Normalized rate
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
s]
µ
Drift time [
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
-0.4
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
Fig. 13 Top: Drift time distribution for the 32.1 keV line, normalised
to the maximum value (blue histogram). Also shown is the convolution
of the original distribution with a Gaussian kernel (red histogram), and
the derivative of the smoothed drift time distribution, normalised to the
absolute maximum (green histogram). Bottom: Zoom into the derivative
of the time distribution, showing the time corresponding to the gate (left)
and anode (right). The shaded region indicates the interval where the
derivative is above 90% of the absolute relative maximum value. This
interval is taken as the uncertainty on the position of the two electrodes s]
µ
Drift time [
0
5
10
15
20
Normalized rate
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
s]
µ
Drift time [
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Normalized rate
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
s]
µ
Drift time [
17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
-0.4
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0 measurements by Miller et al. at 163 K [36], Gushchin et
al. at 165 K [37], to measurements from XENON10 [38],
XENON100 [24,39] and LUX [40] at 177, 182, and 174 K,
respectively, and to the recent study by EXO-200 at 167 K
and fields below 0.6 kV/cm [41]. 5 Summary Fig. 13 Top: Drift time distribution for the 32.1 keV line, normalised
to the maximum value (blue histogram). Also shown is the convolution
of the original distribution with a Gaussian kernel (red histogram), and
the derivative of the smoothed drift time distribution, normalised to the
absolute maximum (green histogram). Bottom: Zoom into the derivative
of the time distribution, showing the time corresponding to the gate (left)
and anode (right). The shaded region indicates the interval where the
derivative is above 90% of the absolute relative maximum value. This
interval is taken as the uncertainty on the position of the two electrodes We described in detail a new small-scale, two-phase xenon
TPC (Xurich II), optimised for light and charge yield mea-
surements at energies below 50 keV. We characterised the
performance of the TPC with calibration data acquired with
an internal, uniformly distributed 83mKr source. The volume-
averaged light yield at 9.4 keV is 15.0 and 10.8 PE/keV
at zero and ∼1 kV/cm electric drift field, respectively. It
is 14.0 PE/keV and 7.9 PE/keV at an energy of 32.1 keV. These light yields are higher than the ones obtained in the
single-phase operation of the Xurich I detector [17]. Together
with an ionisation yield at these energies of 28 and 31 elec-
trons/keV, respectively, and an S2 yield of 24 PE/e−, we can
reach a low energy threshold of 2–3 keV in the nuclear-recoil
equivalent energy scale, depending on the drift field. We note
that this is the first direct measurement of the absolute charge
yield in liquid xenon for the 83mKr 32.1 keV deexcitation,
performed at several drift fields of interest for dark matter
searches. Electric field [kV/cm]
2
−
10
1
−
10
1
10
s]
µ
Electron drift velocity [mm/
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
This work, T=184 K
EXO-200, 167 K
LUX, 175 K
XENON10, 177 K
XENON100, 182 K
Miller et al, 163 K
Gushchin et al, 165 K
Fig. 14 Measured drift velocity of ionisation electrons as a function
of electron drift field (open red circles) in the XurichII TPC, along with
several literature values: XENON10 [38], XENON100 [24,39], LUX
[40], EXO-200 [41], as well as older measurements by Miller et al. at
163 K [36], and Gushchin et al. 5 Summary at 165 K [37] Electric field [kV/cm]
2
−
10
1
−
10
1
10
s]
µ
Electron drift velocity [mm/
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
This work, T=184 K
EXO-200, 167 K
LUX, 175 K
XENON10, 177 K
XENON100, 182 K
Miller et al, 163 K
Gushchin et al, 165 K s]
µ
Electron drift velocity [mm/ The relative energy resolution, σ/E, using a linear com-
bination of the light and charge signals is (5.8 ± 0.3)% at
32.1 keV, comparable to other state-of-the-art, small-scale
(x, y)-position sensitive liquid xenon detectors [42]. The
drift velocity of ionisation electrons was measured for elec-
tric fields from (0.22 ± 0.03) kV/cm to (1.26 ± 0.03) kV/cm
and is in the range (1.53 −1.88) mm/µs, in agreement
with literature values when we consider the temperature-
dependence of the electron mobility. Fig. 14 Measured drift velocity of ionisation electrons as a function
of electron drift field (open red circles) in the XurichII TPC, along with
several literature values: XENON10 [38], XENON100 [24,39], LUX
[40], EXO-200 [41], as well as older measurements by Miller et al. at
163 K [36], and Gushchin et al. at 165 K [37] Our near-future goals with this detector are to measure the
electron extraction efficiency into the gas phase as a function
of applied electric field, the nuclear versus electronic recoil
discrimination as a function of drift field, as well as the light
and charge yields of low-energy nuclear recoils generated
by neutrons from a D–D fusion generator operated at the
University of Zürich. We plan to improve the performance
of the detector by replacing the top PMT with an array of
segmented photosensors, thus adding (x, y) position recon-
struction capability. The systematic uncertainties were studied by employing
a second method for the reconstruction of the electrode coor-
dinates, based on the time delay of secondary electrons orig-
inating from the main S1 signal via photoionisation of the
stainless steel meshes. The observed drift times, correspond-
ing to the total drift length of the chamber, are in agreement
within uncertainties with the results from the first method. The measured electron drift velocity as a function of elec-
tric field in the TPC is shown in Fig. 14, and compared to 12 3 3 Eur. Phys. J. 5 Summary C (2018) 78 :351 351
Page 10 of 11 351
Page 10 of 11 Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Swiss National
Science Foundation under Grants Nos. 200020-162501 and 200020-
175863, by the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreements No. 690575 and No. 674896, and by the European Research Council (ERC)
under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation pro-
gramme, grant agreement No. 742789 (Xenoscope). F.P. received sup-
port from the University of Zurich Forschungskredit fellowship, No. K-72312-05-01. We thank Andreas James for significant contributions
to the design and construction of the TPC and its sub-systems, and
Daniel Florin for his help in the design and production of the printed
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| 191 | 561 |
لورينزو سانز مانسيبو (19 أبريل 1943 - 21 مارس 2020) ، كان رجل أعمال إسباني في قطاع العقارات، وكان رئيساً لنادي ريال مدريد خلال الفترة من 1995 حتى 2000 وكان مالكًا لنادي ملقا والذي يترأسه حالياً ابنه فرناندو سانز - لاعب في ريال مدريد سابقاً-.
وخلال فترة رئاسته استطاع الفريق العودة لبطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا بعد غياب 32 عاما وذلك عام 1998 عندما فاز الفريق بالنهائي على يوفنتوس الإيطالي بهدف -المدير الرياضي السابق بالفريق- بريدراج مياتوفيتش. وأعاد الفريق الفوز بالبطولة مرة أخرى عام 2000 عندما فاز في أول نهائي يجمع فريقين من نفس الدولة في بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا وكانت أمام نادي فالنسيا وانتهت لمصلحة الريال بنتيجة 3-0.
ولكن البطولتين الكبيرتين لم تشفع له بالفوز في انتخابات عام 2000 وبأسباب أخرى مالية والتي خسرها أمام فلورنتينو بيريز.
وفاته
توفي يوم السبت 21 مارس 2020 عن عمر ناهز 76 عاما إثر إصابته بفيروس كورونا المستجد "كوفيد-19".
مراجع
أشخاص من مدريد
أصحاب أعمال إسبان في القرن 20
أصحاب أعمال إسبان في القرن 21
أصحاب أعمال من مدريد
سانز، لورينزو
مواليد 1943
مواليد في مدريد
وفيات 2020
وفيات بسبب جائحة فيروس كورونا في إسبانيا
وفيات في مدريد
وفيات من جائحة فيروس كورونا في مدريد
| 47,591 |
https://github.com/aggrosoft/shirtnetwork-client/blob/master/src/shop.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
shirtnetwork-client
|
aggrosoft
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 530 | 1,822 |
import backend from './backend.js';
import deepEqual from './util/deepEqual.js';
export default {
store: undefined,
config: undefined,
useStock: false,
lastShopRequestData: {},
lastStockRequestData: {},
init (store, config, useStock) {
this.store = store
this.config = config
this.useStock = useStock
this._attachEventListeners()
},
async _attachEventListeners () {
this.store.watch(function(state, getters){ return getters.selectedVariant; }, () => this.reloadShopInfos() && this.reloadStockInfos() );
this.store.watch(function(state, getters){ return getters.selectedSize; }, () => this.reloadShopInfos() && this.reloadStockInfos() );
this.store.watch(function(state, getters){ return getters.selectedPrinttype; }, () => this.reloadShopInfos() );
this.store.watch(function(state, getters){ return getters.amount; }, () => this.reloadShopInfos() );
this.store.dispatch('observe', {event: 'checkout', callback: () => this.checkout() });
this.store.dispatch('observe', {event: 'navigate', callback: (to) => {
if (this.config.links[to]) {
Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), {
target: '_blank',
href: this.config.links[to],
}).click();
}
}});
this.store.dispatch('observe', {event: 'tocart', callback: () => {
top.location.href = this.config.cart.link;
}});
},
_getShopRequestData () {
const sizes = this.store.getters.selectedSizes;
const selections = this.store.getters.localVar('selections');
const custom = this.store.getters.localVar('checkoutData');
const product = this.store.getters.selectedProduct;
const variant = this.store.getters.selectedVariant;
const size = this.store.getters.selectedSize;
const printtype = this.store.getters.selectedPrinttype;
const amount = this.store.getters.amount;
return {
psku: product ? product.artNr : '',
vsku: variant ? variant.artnr : '',
ssku: size ? size.artnr : '',
ptid: printtype ? printtype.id : '',
ptname: printtype ? printtype.name : '',
vtitle: variant ? variant.name : '',
stitle: size ? size.name : '',
sskus: sizes.map( function (s) { return { sku: s.size.artnr, amount: s.amount, size: s.size.id }}),
custom: custom,
sel: selections,
am: amount
}
},
async reloadShopInfos () {
const data = this._getShopRequestData()
if (deepEqual(data, this.lastShopRequestData)){
return
}
this.lastShopRequestData = data
const settings = this.config.infos
if (settings.handler) {
this.store.dispatch('setLocalVar', {localVar: 'shopProductInfos', value: await settings.handler(data)});
return
}
this.shopCancelToken && this.shopCancelToken.abort()
this.shopCancelToken = new AbortController();
try {
const response = await fetch(settings.url, {
method: 'POST', // *GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
body: this._buildFormData(new FormData(), Object.assign(data, settings.data)),
signal: this.shopCancelToken.signal
});
this.store.dispatch('setLocalVar', {localVar: 'shopProductInfos', value: await response.json()});
} catch(e) {}
},
async reloadStockInfos () {
if (this.useStock) {
const data = this._getShopRequestData()
if (deepEqual(data, this.lastStockRequestData)){
return
}
this.lastStockRequestData = data
const settings = this.config.stock
if (settings.handler) {
this.store.dispatch('setStocks', await settings.handler(data));
return
}
this.stockCancelToken && this.stockCancelToken.abort()
this.stockCancelToken = new AbortController();
try {
const response = await fetch(settings.url, {
method: 'POST', // *GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
body: this._buildFormData(new FormData(), Object.assign(data, settings.data)),
signal: this.stockCancelToken.signal
});
this.store.dispatch('setStocks', await response.json());
} catch(e) {}
}
},
async checkout () {
this.store.dispatch('setLoading', true)
document.body.dispatchEvent(new Event('designerBeforeGetCheckoutInfos'))
await this.config.cart.init()
const data = await this._getCheckoutData()
const sizes = data.sizes || [{oxid: data.aid, amount: this.store.getters.amount, size: this.store.getters.selectedSize ? this.store.getters.selectedSize.id: undefined}]
for (const selection of sizes) {
const confids = await backend.saveConfig({size: selection.size})
const config = confids.pop()
await this.config.cart.addItem(config, data, selection)
document.body.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('designerAfterCartAdd', {detail: {config, data, selection}}))
}
document.body.dispatchEvent(new Event('designerBeforeCheckout'))
await this.config.cart.submit()
this.store.dispatch('setLoading', false);
this.store.dispatch('setShowAfterSalesModal', this.config.cart.showAfterSalesModal);
},
async _getCheckoutData () {
const settings = this.config.cart
const data = this._getShopRequestData()
if (settings.handler) {
return await settings.handler(data)
}
const response = await fetch(settings.url, {
method: 'POST', // *GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
body: this._buildFormData(new FormData(), Object.assign(data, settings.data)) // body data type must match "Content-Type" header
});
return await response.json()
},
_buildFormData(formData, data, parentKey) {
if (data && typeof data === 'object' && !(data instanceof Date) && !(data instanceof File)) {
Object.keys(data).forEach(key => {
this._buildFormData(formData, data[key], parentKey ? `${parentKey}[${key}]` : key);
});
} else {
const value = data == null ? '' : data;
formData.append(parentKey, value);
}
return formData
}
}
| 29,289 |
https://github.com/kingdonb/kuby_test/blob/master/builder.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
kuby_test
|
kingdonb
|
Shell
|
Code
| 41 | 93 |
#!/bin/sh
bundle exec kuby -e production dockerfiles --only app > manifests/Dockerfile
bundle exec kuby -e production dockerfiles --only assets > manifests/Dockerfile.assets
# bundle exec kuby -e production resources | minus secrets
bundle exec ruby builder.rb # > outputs to - manifests/k8s.yml
| 30,406 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60536289
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
0m3r, AMC, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11301900, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3486773, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4539709, user3486773
|
English
|
Spoken
| 385 | 790 |
How to save HTML email as an outlook file using Python?
Someone created a nice email template in outlook and sent it to me for automation.
I opened the email in HTML, and used that HTML to recreate the exact email images, formatting and all.
I can send this email out just fine, but I was then asked if I could save all the email files in a folder so that one could click on it and have it open up in their outlook (a .msg file).
I can save my email as an .mht and .elm file, but neither will open in outlook.
Seemed like an easy request...
msgRoot = MIMEMultipart('related')...
...
...
msgAlternative = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
msgRoot.attach(msgAlternative)
msgText = MIMEText('no alternative text version')
msgAlternative.attach(msgText)
msgText = MIMEText("""
...
...#too much going on here to paste. formatting and attaching images.
...
The part where I can successfully save this as .mht file:
with open("C:/LOCAL/test/"+var+'.mht', 'w+') as out:
gen = email.generator.Generator(out)
gen.flatten(msgRoot)
Is there an easy way to just save this as the .msg file so that it opens in the client? Like a preloaded email file. You open it, it's addressed etc... just need to hit send.
Does this answer your question? Saving to .msg file in Python, or alternatively, sending mail to the file system
Save it on your Computer folder or Outlook folder?
Save it to my computer folder
Work with SaveAs Method [MSDN] with OlSaveAsType to get the correct file format
Example
import win32com.client
Outlook = win32com.client.Dispatch("Outlook.Application")
olNs = Outlook.GetNamespace("MAPI")
Inbox = olNs.GetDefaultFolder(win32com.client.constants.olFolderInbox)
SubFolder = Inbox.Folders["folder name"]
for Item in SubFolder.Items:
try:
Item.SaveAs("D:\\Temp\\email.msg", 3) # OlSaveAsType 3
except Exception as e:
print(e)
OlSaveAsType
+--------------+----+---------------------------------------+
| olDoc | 4 | Microsoft Office Word format (.doc) |
| olHTML | 5 | HTML format (.html) |
| olICal | 8 | iCal format (.ics) |
| olMHTML | 10 | MIME HTML format (.mht) |
| olMSG | 3 | Outlook message format (.msg) |
| olMSGUnicode | 9 | Outlook Unicode message format (.msg) |
| olRTF | 1 | Rich Text format (.rtf) |
| olTemplate | 2 | Microsoft Outlook template (.oft) |
| olTXT | 0 | Text format (.txt) |
| olVCal | 7 | VCal format (.vcs) |
| olVCard | 6 | VCard format (.vcf) |
+--------------+----+---------------------------------------+
| 24,356 |
https://github.com/rbabari/blender/blob/master/source/blender/draw/engines/eevee/shaders/irradiance_lib.glsl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Naumen, Condor-1.1, MS-PL
| 2,021 |
blender
|
rbabari
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 661 | 2,440 |
uniform sampler2DArray irradianceGrid;
#define IRRADIANCE_LIB
#ifdef IRRADIANCE_CUBEMAP
struct IrradianceData {
vec3 color;
};
#elif defined(IRRADIANCE_SH_L2)
struct IrradianceData {
vec3 shcoefs[9];
};
#else /* defined(IRRADIANCE_HL2) */
struct IrradianceData {
vec3 cubesides[3];
};
#endif
IrradianceData load_irradiance_cell(int cell, vec3 N)
{
/* Keep in sync with diffuse_filter_probe() */
#if defined(IRRADIANCE_CUBEMAP)
# define AMBIANT_CUBESIZE 8
ivec2 cell_co = ivec2(AMBIANT_CUBESIZE);
int cell_per_row = textureSize(irradianceGrid, 0).x / cell_co.x;
cell_co.x *= cell % cell_per_row;
cell_co.y *= cell / cell_per_row;
vec2 texelSize = 1.0 / vec2(AMBIANT_CUBESIZE);
vec2 uvs = mapping_octahedron(N, texelSize);
uvs *= vec2(AMBIANT_CUBESIZE) / vec2(textureSize(irradianceGrid, 0));
uvs += vec2(cell_co) / vec2(textureSize(irradianceGrid, 0));
IrradianceData ir;
ir.color = texture(irradianceGrid, vec3(uvs, 0.0)).rgb;
#elif defined(IRRADIANCE_SH_L2)
ivec2 cell_co = ivec2(3, 3);
int cell_per_row = textureSize(irradianceGrid, 0).x / cell_co.x;
cell_co.x *= cell % cell_per_row;
cell_co.y *= cell / cell_per_row;
ivec3 ofs = ivec3(0, 1, 2);
IrradianceData ir;
ir.shcoefs[0] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.xx, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[1] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.yx, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[2] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.zx, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[3] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.xy, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[4] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.yy, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[5] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.zy, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[6] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.xz, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[7] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.yz, 0), 0).rgb;
ir.shcoefs[8] = texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ofs.zz, 0), 0).rgb;
#else /* defined(IRRADIANCE_HL2) */
ivec2 cell_co = ivec2(3, 2);
int cell_per_row = textureSize(irradianceGrid, 0).x / cell_co.x;
cell_co.x *= cell % cell_per_row;
cell_co.y *= cell / cell_per_row;
ivec3 is_negative = ivec3(step(0.0, -N));
IrradianceData ir;
ir.cubesides[0] = irradiance_decode(
texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ivec2(0, is_negative.x), 0), 0));
ir.cubesides[1] = irradiance_decode(
texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ivec2(1, is_negative.y), 0), 0));
ir.cubesides[2] = irradiance_decode(
texelFetch(irradianceGrid, ivec3(cell_co + ivec2(2, is_negative.z), 0), 0));
#endif
return ir;
}
float load_visibility_cell(int cell, vec3 L, float dist, float bias, float bleed_bias, float range)
{
/* Keep in sync with diffuse_filter_probe() */
ivec2 cell_co = ivec2(prbIrradianceVisSize);
ivec2 cell_per_row_col = textureSize(irradianceGrid, 0).xy / prbIrradianceVisSize;
cell_co.x *= (cell % cell_per_row_col.x);
cell_co.y *= (cell / cell_per_row_col.x) % cell_per_row_col.y;
float layer = 1.0 + float((cell / cell_per_row_col.x) / cell_per_row_col.y);
vec2 texel_size = 1.0 / vec2(textureSize(irradianceGrid, 0).xy);
vec2 co = vec2(cell_co) * texel_size;
vec2 uv = mapping_octahedron(-L, vec2(1.0 / float(prbIrradianceVisSize)));
uv *= vec2(prbIrradianceVisSize) * texel_size;
vec4 data = texture(irradianceGrid, vec3(co + uv, layer));
/* Decoding compressed data */
vec2 moments = visibility_decode(data, range);
/* Doing chebishev test */
float variance = abs(moments.x * moments.x - moments.y);
variance = max(variance, bias / 10.0);
float d = dist - moments.x;
float p_max = variance / (variance + d * d);
/* Increase contrast in the weight by squaring it */
p_max *= p_max;
/* Now reduce light-bleeding by removing the [0, x] tail and linearly rescaling (x, 1] */
p_max = clamp((p_max - bleed_bias) / (1.0 - bleed_bias), 0.0, 1.0);
return (dist <= moments.x) ? 1.0 : p_max;
}
/* http://seblagarde.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/pi-or-not-to-pi-in-game-lighting-equation/ */
vec3 spherical_harmonics_L1(vec3 N, vec3 shcoefs[4])
{
vec3 sh = vec3(0.0);
sh += 0.282095 * shcoefs[0];
sh += -0.488603 * N.z * shcoefs[1];
sh += 0.488603 * N.y * shcoefs[2];
sh += -0.488603 * N.x * shcoefs[3];
return sh;
}
vec3 spherical_harmonics_L2(vec3 N, vec3 shcoefs[9])
{
vec3 sh = vec3(0.0);
sh += 0.282095 * shcoefs[0];
sh += -0.488603 * N.z * shcoefs[1];
sh += 0.488603 * N.y * shcoefs[2];
sh += -0.488603 * N.x * shcoefs[3];
sh += 1.092548 * N.x * N.z * shcoefs[4];
sh += -1.092548 * N.z * N.y * shcoefs[5];
sh += 0.315392 * (3.0 * N.y * N.y - 1.0) * shcoefs[6];
sh += -1.092548 * N.x * N.y * shcoefs[7];
sh += 0.546274 * (N.x * N.x - N.z * N.z) * shcoefs[8];
return sh;
}
vec3 hl2_basis(vec3 N, vec3 cubesides[3])
{
vec3 irradiance = vec3(0.0);
vec3 n_squared = N * N;
irradiance += n_squared.x * cubesides[0];
irradiance += n_squared.y * cubesides[1];
irradiance += n_squared.z * cubesides[2];
return irradiance;
}
vec3 compute_irradiance(vec3 N, IrradianceData ird)
{
#if defined(IRRADIANCE_CUBEMAP)
return ird.color;
#elif defined(IRRADIANCE_SH_L2)
return spherical_harmonics_L2(N, ird.shcoefs);
#else /* defined(IRRADIANCE_HL2) */
return hl2_basis(N, ird.cubesides);
#endif
}
vec3 irradiance_from_cell_get(int cell, vec3 ir_dir)
{
IrradianceData ir_data = load_irradiance_cell(cell, ir_dir);
return compute_irradiance(ir_dir, ir_data);
}
| 12,815 |
5d06a54ada458b1e906f5f8d965c4357
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,991 |
Arrêté du 14 mai 1991, article 1
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 122 | 165 |
Le montant des émissions d'obligations assimilables du Trésor en francs réalisées au cours du mois d'avril 1991 est arrêté à la somme de 10,142 milliards de francs répartis comme suit : 5,603 milliards de francs d'obligations assimilables du Trésor 9,5 p. 100 Janvier 2001 ; le prix moyen pondéré de ces obligations qui portent jouissance du 25 janvier 1991 a été arrêté à 102,91 p. 100 ; les souscriptions ont été réglées le 25 avril 1991 ; 4,539 milliards de francs d'obligations assimilables du Trésor 8,5 p. 100 Décembre 2012 ; le prix moyen pondéré de ces obligations qui portent jouissance du 26 octobre 1990 a été arrêté à 94,18 p. 100 ; les souscriptions ont été réglées le 25 avril 1991.
| 19,151 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21755121
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Juft Shāh Rēg
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 99 | 242 |
Juft Shāh Rēg
Juft Shāh Rēg
Juft Shāh Rēg Geonames-ID 1139125
Juft Shāh Rēg land Afghanistan
Juft Shāh Rēg geografiska koordinater
Juft Shāh Rēg instans av sanddyn
Juft Shāh Rēg höjd över havet
Juft Shāh Rēg GNS-ID -3378265
Juft Shāh Rēg inom det administrativa området Kandahar
Juft Shāh Rēg
dune in Afghanistan
Juft Shāh Rēg GeoNames ID 1139125
Juft Shāh Rēg country Afghanistan
Juft Shāh Rēg coordinate location
Juft Shāh Rēg instance of dune
Juft Shāh Rēg elevation above sea level
Juft Shāh Rēg GNS Unique Feature ID -3378265
Juft Shāh Rēg located in the administrative territorial entity Kandahar
| 25,619 |
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II.%20Ferenc%20%28egy%C3%A9rtelm%C5%B1s%C3%ADt%C5%91%20lap%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
II. Ferenc (egyértelműsítő lap)
|
https://hu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=II. Ferenc (egyértelműsítő lap)&action=history
|
Hungarian
|
Spoken
| 23 | 77 |
II. Ferenc francia király (1544–1560).
II. Ferenc német-római császár (1768–1835), I. Ferenc néven osztrák császár és magyar király.
II. Ferenc nápoly–szicíliai király (1836–1894).
| 23,617 |
https://github.com/rust-random/rand/blob/master/rand_distr/src/utils.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,023 |
rand
|
rust-random
|
Rust
|
Code
| 658 | 1,620 |
// Copyright 2018 Developers of the Rand project.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.
//! Math helper functions
use crate::ziggurat_tables;
use rand::distributions::hidden_export::IntoFloat;
use rand::Rng;
use num_traits::Float;
/// Calculates ln(gamma(x)) (natural logarithm of the gamma
/// function) using the Lanczos approximation.
///
/// The approximation expresses the gamma function as:
/// `gamma(z+1) = sqrt(2*pi)*(z+g+0.5)^(z+0.5)*exp(-z-g-0.5)*Ag(z)`
/// `g` is an arbitrary constant; we use the approximation with `g=5`.
///
/// Noting that `gamma(z+1) = z*gamma(z)` and applying `ln` to both sides:
/// `ln(gamma(z)) = (z+0.5)*ln(z+g+0.5)-(z+g+0.5) + ln(sqrt(2*pi)*Ag(z)/z)`
///
/// `Ag(z)` is an infinite series with coefficients that can be calculated
/// ahead of time - we use just the first 6 terms, which is good enough
/// for most purposes.
pub(crate) fn log_gamma<F: Float>(x: F) -> F {
// precalculated 6 coefficients for the first 6 terms of the series
let coefficients: [F; 6] = [
F::from(76.18009172947146).unwrap(),
F::from(-86.50532032941677).unwrap(),
F::from(24.01409824083091).unwrap(),
F::from(-1.231739572450155).unwrap(),
F::from(0.1208650973866179e-2).unwrap(),
F::from(-0.5395239384953e-5).unwrap(),
];
// (x+0.5)*ln(x+g+0.5)-(x+g+0.5)
let tmp = x + F::from(5.5).unwrap();
let log = (x + F::from(0.5).unwrap()) * tmp.ln() - tmp;
// the first few terms of the series for Ag(x)
let mut a = F::from(1.000000000190015).unwrap();
let mut denom = x;
for &coeff in &coefficients {
denom = denom + F::one();
a = a + (coeff / denom);
}
// get everything together
// a is Ag(x)
// 2.5066... is sqrt(2pi)
log + (F::from(2.5066282746310005).unwrap() * a / x).ln()
}
/// Sample a random number using the Ziggurat method (specifically the
/// ZIGNOR variant from Doornik 2005). Most of the arguments are
/// directly from the paper:
///
/// * `rng`: source of randomness
/// * `symmetric`: whether this is a symmetric distribution, or one-sided with P(x < 0) = 0.
/// * `X`: the $x_i$ abscissae.
/// * `F`: precomputed values of the PDF at the $x_i$, (i.e. $f(x_i)$)
/// * `F_DIFF`: precomputed values of $f(x_i) - f(x_{i+1})$
/// * `pdf`: the probability density function
/// * `zero_case`: manual sampling from the tail when we chose the
/// bottom box (i.e. i == 0)
// the perf improvement (25-50%) is definitely worth the extra code
// size from force-inlining.
#[inline(always)]
pub(crate) fn ziggurat<R: Rng + ?Sized, P, Z>(
rng: &mut R,
symmetric: bool,
x_tab: ziggurat_tables::ZigTable,
f_tab: ziggurat_tables::ZigTable,
mut pdf: P,
mut zero_case: Z
) -> f64
where
P: FnMut(f64) -> f64,
Z: FnMut(&mut R, f64) -> f64,
{
loop {
// As an optimisation we re-implement the conversion to a f64.
// From the remaining 12 most significant bits we use 8 to construct `i`.
// This saves us generating a whole extra random number, while the added
// precision of using 64 bits for f64 does not buy us much.
let bits = rng.next_u64();
let i = bits as usize & 0xff;
let u = if symmetric {
// Convert to a value in the range [2,4) and subtract to get [-1,1)
// We can't convert to an open range directly, that would require
// subtracting `3.0 - EPSILON`, which is not representable.
// It is possible with an extra step, but an open range does not
// seem necessary for the ziggurat algorithm anyway.
(bits >> 12).into_float_with_exponent(1) - 3.0
} else {
// Convert to a value in the range [1,2) and subtract to get (0,1)
(bits >> 12).into_float_with_exponent(0) - (1.0 - core::f64::EPSILON / 2.0)
};
let x = u * x_tab[i];
let test_x = if symmetric { x.abs() } else { x };
// algebraically equivalent to |u| < x_tab[i+1]/x_tab[i] (or u < x_tab[i+1]/x_tab[i])
if test_x < x_tab[i + 1] {
return x;
}
if i == 0 {
return zero_case(rng, u);
}
// algebraically equivalent to f1 + DRanU()*(f0 - f1) < 1
if f_tab[i + 1] + (f_tab[i] - f_tab[i + 1]) * rng.gen::<f64>() < pdf(x) {
return x;
}
}
}
| 45,988 |
https://github.com/Yahia-RO/python_NHSM/blob/master/second_degree_equation.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
python_NHSM
|
Yahia-RO
|
Python
|
Code
| 86 | 320 |
#Solve a second degree equation
from math import sqrt
print("This program will solve the equation ax^2+bx+c=0")
a=int(input("Please, give coefficient a "))
b=int(input("Please, give coefficient b "))
c=int(input("Please, give coefficient c "))
print("Your equation is "+str(a)+"*x^2+"+str(b)+"*x+"+str(c)+"=0")
if (a==0):
if (b==0):
if(c==0):
print("Your equation admits an infinity of solution")
else:
print("Your equation admits no solution")
else:
print("Your equation admits one solution:",-c/b)
else:
delta=b**2-4*a*c
if delta==0:
print("Your equation admits a double solution:",-b/(2*a))
elif delta>0:
print("Your equation admits two real solutions solution:",(-b-sqrt(delta))/(2*a),"and",(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a))
else:
print("Your equation admits two complex solutions solution:",(-b-1j*sqrt(-delta))/(2*a),"and",(-b+1j*sqrt(-delta))/(2*a))
| 21,506 |
bpt6k5546776q_1
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Journal des finances, de l'agriculture, du commerce et des travaux publics : guide financier
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,858 | 12,173 |
SEPTIEME ANNEE" l -->:-., SAMEDI 8 MAI 1875 NUMERO 2 SOMMAIRE Revue de la Bourse. — Crédit foncier de France. Assemblées générales. L'emprunt de la ville de Naples. — L'emprunt de Roumanie. — Mines de Malfldano. — Chemins de fer Romains. — Banque Franco-Egyptienne. Actes officiels. — Avis financiers. — Chronique. Le Guide financier. Recettes : Omnibus de Paris.— Voitures à Paris. — Grande Compagnie des Télégraphes du Nord. Emprunt 1875 de la Ville de Naples (souscription publique). — Emprunt de Roumanie (émission de 2,230,000 f r. de rentes 5 0/0.) Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans ; rapport (suite et An.) Bilan de la Banque de France. — Bilan de la Banque d'Angleterre. — Tirages. — Annonces. Recettes des chemins de fer et valeurs diverses. — Tableaux de Bourse. REVUE DE LA BOURSE Les éventualités fâcheuses qui pesaient sur le marché des fonds publics et dont il est facile de discerner le pressentiment dans notre précédente revue, se sont réalisées cette semaine avec une brusquerie et une intensité qui dépassent malheureusement toutes les craintes qu'on avait pu concevoir. Un spéculateur, dont le nom a défrayé, depuis plusieurs mois, les polémiques de la presse financière, M. Philippart, a réuni les agents de change qui avaient opéré pour lui pendant le cours du mois d'avril, et leur a déclaré nettement qu'il était hors d'état, soit de payer ses différences, soit de rembourser l'argent qui lui avait été prêté sous forme de reports. Mais il offrait, à titre de règlement, ou tout au moins de couverture, de transmettre à ses créanciers une quantité considérable de titres, consistant principalement en obligations du chemin de 1er d'Orléans à Rouen et de Lille à Valenciennes. Après avoir pris le temps de réfléchir à cette proposition et de consulter la Chambre syndicale, plusieurs agents de change ont accepté la compensation de leurs créances respectives en obligations au cours de 200 fr. On n'évalue pas les pertes qu'entraîne ce règlement à moins de 25 à 30 millions de francs, répartis entre une trentaine d'agents de change. Cette catastrophe, si grave qu'elle soit, était facile à prévoir. Entrepreneur des chemins de fer de Lille à Valenciennes, du Nord-Est, d'Orléans à Rouen, de Sedan à Lérouville, de la Vendée, de Bressuire à Poitiers, j'en passe et des plus médiocres, M. Philippart pliait sous le poids de ses engagements ; la concentration entre ses mains du capital de la Banque franco-hollandaise et de l'Union Belge ne lui avait procuré qu'un secours passager. Il eût fallu, pour sauver sa situation, que le capital de la Société auxiliaire du Crédit Mobilier, montant à 160 millions de francs, fût souscrit par le public. Une série d'incidents, d'un caractère assez fâcheux pour inspirer la prudence aux capitalistes les plus aventureux, n'a pas permis que ce résultat fût atteint. L'annulation, par le tribunal de commerce et par la cour d'appel de Paris, des actions de priorité créées par l'assemblée générale des actionnaires du Crédit Mobilier du 2 mars, avait été un premier coup porté au prestige naissant du groupe j belge dont M. Philippart était l'âme. Le blâme dirigé par le ministère public contre ia convocation et les décisions de l'assemblée générale du 14 avril était d'un mauvais augure pour les destinées de la Société auxiliaire. Il pesa sans doute d'un grand poids sur la décision prise par la Banque de France et qui eut pour conséquence de faire disparaître son nom des annonces de la souscription publique. Enfin, au dernier moment, on apprit que .depuis le 22 avril une instruction était ouverte, à la requête du parquet de la Seine, sur certains actes prétendus délictueux, qui lui avaient été dénoncés à la charge de M. Philippart. C'en était assez, ou plutôt, c'en était trop. La souscription aux 320,000 actions de la Société auxiliaire échoua complètement; d'après des renseignements officieux, émanés du groupe belge lui-même, le nombre des actions souscrites n'aurait pas dépassé 150 à 160,000. Or, comme nous l'avions fait remarquer samedi dernier, divers intermédiaires échangeaient couramment les actions du Crédit Mobilier ancien contre des certificats de souscription à deux actions de la Société auxiliaire libérées de 250 fr. Le capital du Crédit Mobilier ancien est divisé en 80,000 actions qui pouvaient ainsi absorber 160,000 actions nouvelles. La concordance de ce dernier chiffre avec le nombre d'actions nouvelles qu'on prétend avoir été souscrites indique assez que les souscriptions effectives ne doivent tenir qu'une bien petite place dans le résultat final. Quoi qu'il en soit, la constitution de la Société auxiliaire devenant impossible, et les ressources sur lesquelles M. Philippart avait pu compter lui échappant, il s'est trouvé réduit à déclarer son embarras dans les termes que nous venons d'exposer. On comprend qu'un pareil dénoûment ait jeté le trouble le plus profond sur le marché des fonds publics. On se demande où s'arrêteront les conséquences d'une aventure sans exemple dans nos annales financières. Quelle est, par exemple, la situation des souscripteurs par versement ou par échange aux actions de la Société auxiliaire 1? Rentreront-ils dans leurs titres ou dans leur argent? Et les Compagnies de chemins de fer dont les titres ont servi à régler le compte des agents sont-elles ou non créancières de la Banque Franco-Hollandaise et du Crédit Mobilier ? Et ces deux établissements pourront-ils résister aux demandes de remboursement qui vont fondre sur eux? Autant de questions obscures encore,' mais bien faites pour alarmer la spéculation, déjà si maltraitée. Si les pertes étaient limitées aux portefeuilles ou aux caisses qui ont participé, en connaissance de cause, à une entreprise si périlleuse, on pourrait envisager la situation avec une certaine indifférence. Malheureusement, la baisse qui frappe justement des valeurs discréditées s'est étendue à toutes les autres et même aux fonds publics. C'est ce qu'on va voir par la comparaison suivante des cours entre le samedi 1er mai et le vendredi 7. Le 3 0/0 est tombé de 64.25 à 63.55 ; le 5 0/0 de 102.52 à 101.70; la Banque de Paris de 1,171 à 1,140 ; le Crédit Lyonnais de 780 à 615; le Crédit Mobilier de 360 à 217.50; la Banque Franco-Hollandaise de522.50 à 360, la Compagnie Immobilière I de 61.25 à 38.75 ; le Suez de 677,50 à 635 ; 18 JOURNAL DES FINANCES le Crédit Mobilier Espagnol de 960 à 800 ; les Chemins de fer Autrichiens de 672.50 à 658.75 ; le Nord de l'Espagne de 285 à 270; le Madrid-Saragosse de 340 à 310, etc., etc. Il est clair que la spéculation vend à tour de bras, en même temps que les personnalités engagées se créent des disponibilités en vendant des titres pour faire face à leurs engagements. Il nous suffit, pour aujourd'hui, de constater cette situation douloureuse, sans récriminer contre les agissements plus que téméraires qui l'ont déterminée. Nous avons, d'ailleurs, la conviction que la crise sera courte. Le vrai public, le vrai public des capitaux, n'était pas entré dans des combinaisons qui lui inspiraient une défiance instinctive ; on aurait dit qu'il attendait, pour rentrer dans le courant des affaires, que la place fût débarrassée de certains ferments dangereux. Laissons donc la spéculation régler ses comptes. L'orage qui vient de fondre sur la Bourse purifiera l'atmosphère. Nous ne serions même pas surpris, nonobstant les agitations du marché, que les capitaux de placement ne fissent très bon accueil aux affaires nouvelles qui les sollicitent en ce moment, et qui ont le très grand avantage de ne promettre ni primes fantastiques ni aléa d'aucune sorte : nous voulons parler de l'emprunt de la ville de Naples et de l'emprunt roumain 5 0/0, auxquels nous consacrons ci-après des articles spéciaux, AUGUSTE VITU. CREDIT FONCIER DE FRANCE Nous avons rendu compte sommairement de rassemblée générale des actionnaires du Crédit Foncier de France, qui a eu lieu le 27 avril. Nous y revenons aujourd'hui pour faire connaître à nos lecteurs la situation de ce grand établissement de crédit. Le trait le plus saillant de cette situation, c'est la reprise des prêts hypothécaires à long terme, dont le montant a presque triplé d'une année à l'autre. Le Crédit Foncier a fait, en 1874,559 prêts à long terme, pour 32,573,964fr. 23 c. Ce chiffre ne s'était élevé, en 1874, qu'à 13,319,000 fr. Le montant des prêts hypothécaires à long terme réalisés par le Crédit Foncier depuis sa fondation jusqu'au 31 décembre 1874, s'élève à 1,195,154,071 fr. 85 c, et leur nombre à 21,441. Pour se rendre compte du développement que ces opérations sont appelées à prendre, il suffira de constater que, pendantlapériode de 1860 à 1869, la moyenne annuelle des prêts hypothécaires avait été de 89 millions. On voit qu'il y a encore une marge importante avant de revenir à cette moyenne. En même temps que le chiffre des prêts hypothécaires progressait, le chiffre des annuités arriérées diminuait d'une manière sensible. Ce chiffre, qui s'élevait, au 31 décembre 1873, à 13,174,462 fr., est descendu, au 31 décembre 1874, à 9,773,136 fr. C'est une diminution de 3,401,325 fr. sur l'exercice 1873, lequel présentait déjà une diminution de 4 millions sur l'exercice précédent. Il est bon de faire remarquer que les événements t< de 1870-1871 avaient laissé le Crédit Foncier 1 en face de plus de 32 millions d'annuités échues à recouvrer. 1 La part qui, dans cet arriéré, concerne la 1 Compagnie Immobilière est de 1,534,843 fr. ; I en ajoutant à ce dernier chiffre la portion f du semestre courue du 31 janvier jusqu'à ce s jour, la somme due par la Compagnie Im« mobilière est de 2,348,082 fr. • Les prêts communaux à long terme réalisés en 1874 par le Crédit Foncier ont été de 1 25 pour 13,564,521 fr. Le total de ces prêts, 1 depuis la loi du 6 juillet 1860 jusqu'au 31 décembre dernier, s'élève à 769,451,083 fr., sur lesquels le Crédit Foncier a recouvré 279 millions 403,193 fr. Sur la différence, soit 490 millions 47,889 fr., 318,412,282 fr. sont dus par la ville de Paris et 6,005,379 fr. par le département de la Seine. * L'ensemble des obligations foncières et communales en circulation, s'élevait, au 31 décembre 1874, à 1,304,891,122 fr. Le mouvement des dépôts et retraits en compte courant, pendant l'exercice de 1874, a été de 418,517,133 fr. ; le nombre des comptes ouverts est de 9,899. Le nombre des chèques payés a été de 47,650, pour 198 millions 945,322 fr. Le solde des comptes courants qui était, au 1« janvier 1874, de 48,538,405 fr., s'est élevé, au 31 décembre, à 66,048,293 fr. L'intérêt de ces comptes a été de 3 0/0 du 1er janvier au 5 juin, de 2 1/2 0/0 du 6 juin au 14 juillet, et de 2 0/0 du 15 juillet au 31 décembre. Les crédits ouverts par le Sous-Comptoir des Entrepreneurs, et approuvés par le Crédit Foncier, s'élevaient, au 31 décembre dernier, au nombre de 298, et en somme de 47 millions 120,275 fr. Le chiffre total des effets escomptés dans le courant de 1874, avec l'intervention du Sous-Comptoir des Entrepreneurs, s'est élevé à 140,470,655 fr.,pour lesquels le Crédit Fonder a perçu 344,671 fr. de commission. Les immeubles dont le Crédit Foncier a été contraint de se rendre adjudicataire par suite d'expropriations, sont au nombre de 55, dont 13 maisons à Paris, 5 maisons dans la banlieue, 27 maisons à Marseille et 10immeubles dans les départements. Le total du prix d'acquisition est de 1,801,200 fr., et, si on y ajoute les frais et réparations, le prix de revient est de 2,297,982 fr. L'ensemble de ces immeubles donne aujourd'hui un revenu de 140,000 fr,, qui pourra s'élever à 190,000 fr. après l'exécution des réparations en cours. Les frais généraux de 1874 présentent, une augmentation de 24,174 fr. sur.ceux de 1873, et les impôts payés à l'Etat par le Crédit Foncier, sans y comprendre le droit de transmission et l'impôt de 3 0/0 sur les actions et les obligations, s'élèvent à 297,419 fr. Les bénéfices nets de l'exercice 1874 s'élèvent à 7,002,609 fr. 37 c, qui ont été employés de la manière suivante : A-compte de 12 fr. 50 paraction payé en j anvier dernier.. 2.500.000 » 10 0/0 des bénéfices restants, à la réserve 475.260 93 Dividende de 23 fr. 75 payables à partir du 1er, juillet prochain ,,,.... 4.275.000 » Reporté à nouveau 2.348 44 Total égal.......... 7.002.609 37 Par suite des prélèvements ci-dessus, le total des diverses réserves s'élève à 21 millions 991,292 fr. 87. Un actionnaire ayant proposé d'accroître le dividende au moyen d'un prélèvement sur la réserve, M. le baron de Soubeyran a répondu avec beaucoup de justesse que le chiffre des réserves est, pour ainsi dire, la mesure du crédit d'une institution financière, et que, loin de les réduire, il faut s'appliquer à les maintenir et à les accroître. L'assemblée a approuvé les comptes qui lui étaient présentés, et a fixé à 36 fr. 25 le dividende de 1874. CREDIT AGRICOLE Assemblée générale du 29 avril 1875. Le compte rendu des opérations de l'exercice 1874 présenté à cette assemblée, au nom du conseil d'administration, par M. L. Frémy, gouverneur, constate que l'année qui vient de s'écouler a été bonne pour la Société, qui a vu son crédit s'accroître, ses ressources grandir et s'affermir encore les bases solides que la prudence du conseil d'administration s'esl toujours efforcée d'assurer à son existence et à sa prospérité. Le mouvement général des affaires de 1874 est sensiblement le même que celui de 1873, par suite des limites dans lesquelles le conseil s'est volontairement renfermé. D'ailleurs, le chiffre des bénéfices est, à 25,000 fr. prés, semblable à celui du précédent exercice. La situation financière et l'abondance des capitaux ont permis à la Société de s'associer à des opérations destinées à offrir, à sa clientèle, un emploi fructueux et sûr de ses épargnes. C'est ainsi qu'avec le concours de son agence de Bordeaux, elle a émis les obligations que la chambre de commerce de cette ville a créées pour l'agrandissement de son port; les titres, qui représentaient une somme de 3 millions, sont aujourd'hui tous placés. Conjointement avec les principaux établissements Ue crédit de Paris, le Crédit Agricole a pris sa part dans l'émission des obligations communales 4 0/0, avec lots, créées par le Crédit Foncier, en vue de prêter au syndicat des départements de l'Est la somme de G5 millions nécessaire pour la construction des canaux. En outre, la Société emploie ses capitaux flottants dans des participations financières, étudiées avec soin, et qui sont appelées à donner des résultats avantageux. Le mouvement total de la caisse s'est élevé à 1,597 millions ; celui de la Banque de France, pour Paris et les agences, à 591 millions. 11 est entré dans le portefeuille 1 milliard 81 millions de valeurs. Le montant des crédits réalisés sur hypothèques ou nantissements a été de 19 millions et les remboursements ont atteint 20 millions. Le solde des crédits était de 58 millions au 31 décembre dernier. Le solde des dépôts de fonds avec chèques, appartenant à 16,847 déposants, était, au 31 décembre 1874, de 15,800,000 fr. L'intérêt servi a été de 3 0/0 jusqu'au 6 juin, de 2 1/2 jus~ qu'au 15 juillet et de 2 0/0 jusqu'à ce jour. Au 29 avril courant, le solde de ce compte est de à6,880,000 fr. Les comptes courants espèces et effets à quinze jours de vue, qui étaient de 1,800,000 fr. fin 1873, se sont élevés à 3,800,000 fr. L'intérêt servi a été de 3 1/2 0/0 jusqu'au 6 juin et de 3 0/0 jusqu'à ce jour. Le solde des bons de caisse en circulation qui était, au 31 décembre dernier, de 55,140,000 fr., s'élève, au 29 avril, à 59,300,000 fr. Le chiffre des placements nouveaux JOURNAL DES FINANCES 19 a atteint et même dépassé le montant des rembour| vea sements. L'équilibre n'a donc jamais été rompu enj ris< Ire les prêts réalisés et les titres en circulation, et, I pour le maintenir, le conseil a dû modifier d'abord ace le taux d'intérêt des bons, qui a été abaissé de eni 5 1/2 à 5 O/O, et ensuite en élever le prix à 510 fr. ] Ces faits prouvent la fidélité et la légitime confiance plo de la clientèle de la Compagnie. 1 Le nombre des agences du Crédit Agricole est 18' encore de douze, qui ont escompté, en 1874, pour pri 648 millions d'effets. no Le mouvement total des correspondants s'est kil élevé à 1 milliard 209 millions. Au nombre de ces correspondants figurait le Comptoir de l'Agriculture, gn dont la liquidation, facilitée par le Crédit Agricole, du est aujourd'hui presque terminée. Le solde du compte de profits et pertes, y compo pris le report de l'exercice 1873, est de 1,858,182 fr. sa 96 c, qui ont été répartis de la manière suiici vante : di A-compte de 10 fr. par action payé en janvier ti< dernier 800.000 » pt Réserve statutaire 75.294 15 s'i Dividende complémentaire de al 5 fr. 50 par action payable le rc lor juillet prochain 440.000 » Report à l'exercice 1875 542.888 81 ti] Total égal 1.858.182 96 ll Par suite du prélèvement ci-dessus, la réserve C1 statutaire se trouve portée à 1,879,566 fr. 55. Vl L'assemblée a approuvé, à l'unanimité, les comptes de l'exercice 1874, et la répartition des bénéfices telle que nous l'indiquons plus haut. e En remplacement de MM. le comte de Cerminy, Bartholony et Coullet, démissionnaires, et de M. Lalimier du Clésieux, décédé, le conseil a choisi pro° visoirement, comme administrateurs, MM. Péridon, t: Victor Bonnet, Pollet et Tiersonnier. Ces nominations ont été ratifiées par l'assemblée. MM. Boudet, I! Josseau et West, administrateurs sortants, et M. ^ Bordeaux, censeur sortant, ont été réélus. c 1 COMPAGNIE ] DU CHEMIN DE FER DU NORD ^ Assemblée générale ordinaire el extraordinaire du 28 avril 1875. L'assemblée des actionnaires de la Compagnie du Nord s'est tenue, le 28 avril, sous la présidence de M. le baron Alphonse de Rothschild, président du ■ conseil d'administration. Cette réunion était à la fois ordinaire et extraordinaire ; elle avait a prendre connaissance, comme assemblée ordinaire, des comptes de 1874 et a statuer, comme assemblée extraordinaire, sur divers traités et ouvertures de crédits. Le nombre des actions représentées était de 129,779. Après la constitution du bureau, l'assemblée a entendu le rapport de la commission de vérification des comptes sur les comptes de 1873. M. le baron de Champlouis, l'un des administrateurs, a ensuite donné lecture du rapport du conseil d'administration. Ce rapport se divise en trois parties : situation financière et état des travaux, exploitation, objets divers soumis a l'assemblée extraordinaire. Au 31 décembre 1874, le total des dépenses portées au compte de premier établissement s'élevait à 859,055,358 fr. 50. Ce total atteignait, au 31 décembre 1873, le chiffre de 828,991,648 fr. 07. La Compagnie a fait face a ces dépenses au moyen de ses ressources disponibles et de l'émission de 124.327 obligations au cours moyen de 284 fr. 11. p Le rapport fait connaître que, pour régulariser | les dépenses faites en 1874, sur l'ancien et le nouI nouI réseau, l'assemblée extraordinaire doit autoriser une ouverture de crédits pour 11.633.598 fr. c; L'assemblée extraordinaire a eu également à l< accorder une ouverture de crédits de 13 millions E environ, pour les besoins des lignes Nord-Belges. Le rapport aborde ensuite le chapitre de l'ex4 ploitalion. La longueur des réseaux français exploités, en t 1874, est restée la même que pendant l'exercice précédent, savoir: Ancien réseau, 1.150 kilom.; t nouveau réseau, 380 kilom. ; Amiens à Rouen, 13 kilom. En tout, 1.661 kilomètres. £ L'exercice 1874 s'est ressenti, pour la Compagnie du Nord, comme pour toutes les entreprises, du ralentissement général des affaires. Les recettes de cet exercice présentent, par rapport à 1873, des augmentations qui ne sont pas sans importance en ce qui concerne les voyageurs, les accessoires de la grande vitesse, les marchandises à pelite vitesse et les animaux. Mais le ralentissement très-notable qu'ont éprouvé, pendant le premier semestre, les transports de combustibles, s'est traduit par une diminution de produit qui a absorbé les neuf dixièmes de l'accroissement des recettes des autres branches de service. Celte diminution dans les transports de combustibles, n'a pas été due a un arrêt de la consommation, mais aux approvisionnements anticipés faits, en 1873, par l'industrie qui appréhendait une nouvelle hausse des charbons. En outre, la Compagnie a eu a subir, en 1874, dans ses recettes de l'ancien réseau, une perte exceptionnelle par suite de l'éboulement du tunnel de Charonne sur le chemin de Ceinture. Les bénéfices provenant de ce chemin figurent, aux comptes de 1874, pour 34.553 fr., en diminution de 531.943 fr. sur 1873. ' L'obstruction de la voie a déterminé une longue interruption de service et la Compagnie a eu à prendre sa part des dépenses de la reconstruction de cet ouvrage d'art. En résumé, le mouvement général du trafic, en 1874, a présenté, par réseaux, les différences suivantes sur 1873 : Diminution de recettes B provenant Augmentation des combustibles sur les çl 0u autres liranclies u Chemin do Ceinture. do service. e Ancien réseau... 3.366.000 3.077.000 u Nouveau réseau. 306.000 929.000 Amiens U Rouen. 151.000 219.000 ie Réseaux réunis.. 3.823.000 4.225.000 a La balance de cette comparaison fait ressortir, ien faveur de 1874, un excédant de 402.000 fr., ou :e 0.34 0/0. La liquidation des produits partageables de l'exera cice 1874 s'établit comme suit : 1Recettes d'exploitation de l'ancien réseau 106.445.C85 23 aDépenses d'exploitation 50.704.949 92 Excédant < 55.540.735 31 Intérêts, amortissement et char;ts ges diverses 17.377.964 93 Reste 38.162.770 38 )rBénéfice des lignes Nord-Belges 395.765 52 ; à 38.558.535 90 if_ A déduire les insuffisances du nouveau réseau et de la ligne d'Aau miens à Rouen 4.868.821 12 ~? Reste 33.689.714 78 Ajoutant le reliquat de l'exercice 1873 21.224 85 >er mOn a un total a répartir de 33.710.939 63 Ce total permet d'attribuer à chaque action de capital une somme de 64 fr., savoir : 16 fr. par intérêt à 4 0/0 sur 400 fr. et 48 fr. pour dividende, En voici l'emploi détaillé : Amortissement de 340 actions à 400 fr , 136,000 0 Dividende de 48 fr. à 2,864 actions de jouissance..... , 137.472 » Intérêt de 16 fr. sur 522,306 ac-, lions 8.356.896 « Dividende de 48 fr. sur 522,136 actions 25.062.528 « 33.692.896 » Solde à reporter sur 1875 18.043 63 Total égal... 33.710.939 63 Le rapport aborde les questions réservées à l'assemblée extraordinaire. Deux demandes de crédit lui ont d'abord été soumises, ainsi que nous l'avons constaté plus haut, l'une de 11.633.598 fr. pour régulariser les dépenses d'établissement faites , en 1874 , sur les lignes en exploitation de l'ancien et du nouveau réseau; l'autre, de 13 millions, pour les besoins des lignes Nord-Belges. D'aulres ouvertures de crédit sont nécessaires pour les objets suivants : Les lignes de Doullens à Bouquemaison, d'Arras à Doullens, de Frévenl a Bouquemaison et d'Amiens à Canaples, ont été rétrocédées à la Compa[ gnie l'année dernière. Une partie de ces lignes est j exploitée, le reste est en construction. Le crédit demandé pour les travaux est de 11.837.000 fr. Les Docks de Saint-Ouen vont être reliés prochal» ' nement par des voies directes aux gares de l'Ouest et de l'Est. La Compagnie a obtenu la concession d'un chemin qui joindra sa gare de la plaine Saint» ' Ouen aux Docks et qui pourra se prolonger jusqu'à Pantin. L'exécution de ce chemin exige un crédit de 1.300.000 fr. Un iécret du 11 juin 1874 a déclaié d'utilité publique un chemin de fer de ceinture pour la ville do Lille. Ce chemin, qui aura une longueur de 6.200 moires, offrira les plus grands avantages a l'indusn trie. La ville donne gratuitement les terrains à la Compagnie, qui se charge de le construire et de l'exploiter. Le crédit prévu pour ces dépenses est de 500.000 fr. Depuis plusieurs années surgissent, sur divers points du réseau du Nord, des tentatives de concur_ renée qu'il importe de déjouer. En même temps, la 10 Compagnie cherche le plus possible à tenir compte des r voeux légitimes des populations. A cet effet, le con,u seil a cru devoir favoriser l'établissement de divers chemins de fer d'intérêt local, soit en prenant r„ directement la concession de ces chemins, soit en participant à la formation de leur capital sous forme d'avances et de souscriptions d'actions et 23 d'obligations. En accordant ainsi son concours à )2 ces entreprises, la Compagnie s'attache à faire pré' — valoir le principe des faibles dépenses d'établtsseW ment et, comme condition nécessaire, le système des voies étroites. 93 La Compagnie a passé un traité avec le départe™ ment du Pas-de-Calais pour là concession d'une g2 ligne d'intérêt local de Bully-Grenay à la ligne de _ Béthune-Abbeville. Ce chemin, concédé pour 75 ans, 90 coûtera 150,000 fr. par kilomètre, matériel roulant compris. Un crédit de 4,500,000 francs est nécessaire pour cette dépense. L'assemblée extrâordi12 nâire avait à ratifier le traité et a accorder le crédit. : ~ La Compagnie a conclu avec les concessionnaires des chemins de fer d'intérêt local d'Anvin vers fi Calais, d'Avesnes aAubigny, de Boisïeux àMarqùtûfl ' _ et de Vêlu-Bertincourt à saint-Quentin, divers; 63 arrangements pouf la formation de leur cajù&V.'tres/ 20 JOURNAL DES FINANCES arrangements étaient soumis à la ratification de £ l'assemblée extraordinaire. Le rapport fait observer 1 que toutes ces lignes sont appelées à avoir un trafic rémunérateur. i Il s'est formé l'année dernière, avec le concours < de la Compagnie, une Société de recherches, et, i éventuellement, d'exploitation pour le tunnel sousmarin qu'on se propose d'établir entre la France et l'Angleterre. Une convention a élé conclue a cet effet. Le 18 janvier dernier, le gouvernement a présenté un projet de loi tendant à concéder ce chemin de fer sous-marin à cette Société. La moitié du capital de l'entreprise a été souscrite par la Compagnie du Nord. En Angleterre, les Compagnies de Soulh-Eastern et The London Chatham and Dover vont constituer une Société analogue. L'établissement d'un chemin de fer international aurait pour la Compagnie du Nord des avantages qu'il est facile de prévoir. Le conseil a demandé à l'assemblée extraordinaire de ratifierla convention conclue avec la Société d'exploration. Après la lecture du rapport, M. le baron Alphonse de Rothschild, président du conseil d'administration, a pris la parole. Nous résumons le sens de son discours : « Si l'on tient compte de l'embarras général des affaires pendant l'année dernière, a dit M. de Rothschild, les résultats de noire exploitation n'ont pas été défavorables. Ils n'ont eu à se ressentir que de circonstances accidentelles : le haut prix des combustibles, l'éboulement du tunnel de Ceinture. L'exercice courant donne, jusqu'à présent, des recettes satisfaisantes qui font bien augurer des mois qui vont suivre. « Une lutte des plus vives, a ajouté M. le président, est engagée depuis quelque temps contre les grandes Compagnies. On nous reproche de ne savoir ni construire, ni exploiter; de construire à des prix excessifs et de provoquer la concurrence par notre esprit d'inertie et notre résistance aux voeux des populations. Notre passé répond à ces accusations. En employant une expression familière, je dirai que la bonne marchandise est toujours chère, moins pourtant que la mauvaise. Dans les entreprises de chemins de fer, toute défecluosité dans la construction aboutit à une augmentation notable des frais d'exploitation, et toute économie mal faite, en exploitation, entraîne des retards, des désordres, qui se traduisent par des réclamations du public, et, en fin de compte, par des sacrifices pour es Compagnies. Ces considérations ne doivent pas exclure la préoccupation du progrès. A cet égard, e conseil d'administration du Nord est à l'abri de toute critique; pour le bon emploi du combustible et l'application des rails en acier, notamment, personne ne l'a devancé. Mais j'affirme que toute comparaison entre des Compagnies ayant peu ou point de trafic et les nôtres est d'une entière inexactitude. Nous ne cessons d'étudier, d'examiner les conditions de notre exploitation et nous pouvons répondre qu'à la Compagnie du Nord, étant admises les exigences de son service, tout se fait avec la plus grande économie possible. Faut-il nous arrêter au grief qui nous reproche de ne pas donner satisfaction aux populations ? Les traités soumis à votre approbation réfutent ce reproche ; ils consacrent les vrais principes : emploi des voies étroites pour les chemins d'intérêt local et aussi— comme on le verrait par le détail de ces traités — participation sérieuse du public à la formation du capital. Ces principes seuls peuvent sauvegarder l'avenir. » M. le baron de Rothschild a terminé cette allocution très chaleureusement applaudie, en adressant au personnel qu'employé la Compagnie du Nord, des éloges et des remercîments, qui seront pour les agents de tout grade de cette vaste administration un puissant encouragement. Une vacance s'est produite dans le conseil par le décès de M. Henry Barbet, le conseil a désigné comme son successeur, M. le comte de Germiny, régent de la Banque de France. Les administrateurs sortants, MM. le baron James de Rothschild, Deschamps, Ch. Picard, le général Morin, le vicomte de Saint-Pierre et Louis Halphen, ont été réélus, sauf M. Louis Halphen, qui, étant empêché par l'état de sa sanlé de continuer ses fonctions, a été remplacé par M. le comle Pillet-Will, régent de la Banque de France. L'EMPRUNT DE LA VILLE DE NAPLES Un emprunt de 16,471 obligations pour la ville de Naples est offert au marché français par la Société de dépôts et comptes courants. Ces obligations, émises à 410 francs et remboursables à 500 fr. en trente années par 60 tirages semestriels, rapportent 25 fr. d'intérêt par an, payables en or à Paris, Naples, Rome, etc. Dans ces conditions, l'emprunt nouveau représente un placement de 7 0/0, soit 3/4 déplus que la rente italienne; on peut donc penser que, dans un avenir prochain, il arrivera au même niveau que la dette générale de la Péninsule; c'est une prime de 15 à 20 francs qui profiterait à chaque obligation émise aujourd'hui à 410 ir. Le budget municipal de la ville de Naples atteste une situation financière satisfaisante : en face d'une recette ordinaire de 18 millions de francs, la dette municipale, y compris l'emprunt nouveau, n'exige qu'une annuité de 5,115,000 fr. U n'y a pas à douter du succès de cette émission, qui sera ouverte les 11 et 12 courant. L'EMPRUNT DE ROUMANIE La Société Générale est chargée d'émettre en France 2,230,000 francs de rente 5 0/0, créés par la Roumanie (Principautés Danubiennes), en vertu d'une loi du 29 mars 1875. Cet emprunt est émis à 71.50 pour 5 f r. de rente ; le miûimum des souscriptions est de 25 francs de rente pour 357.50, payables 40 francs en souscrivant ; 42 50 à la répartition ; 100 francs fin juillet et 100 francs fin août. Dans ces conditions, la rente roumaine, jouissance du 1er avril, payable par semestre en or, à Paris et à Londres, rapporte exactement 7 0/0. Il est à remarquer que ce fonds d'Etat est exempt de tout impôt. En le comparant au 5 0/0 italien, qui, dans les cours actuels, ne rapporte que 6 0/0, on aperçoit un avantage d'un sixième en faveur de la rente roumaine. Il convient de rappeler que le premier emprunt roumain émis sur le marché de Paris, enl867, se trouve, à l'heure qu'il est, sibien classé, qu'il est presque impossible i de s'en procurer. Le fonctionnement de l'amortissement en a déjà remboursé une forte partie : la totalité de l'emprunt sera éteinte en 1890. La rapidité avec laquelle la Roumanie marche dans la voie du progrès et son exactitude à remplir ses engagements, sont la conséquence de ses richesses naturelles et de sa position géographique. Les Principautés Unies ont une superficie totale de plus de 12 millions d'hectares, avec une population de 5 millions d'habitants. Le sol en est tellement fertile, que i'engrais y est complètement inconnu et que l'agriculture, tout en n'ayant pas encore atteint le maximum de son développement, peut, néanmoins, rivaliser par ses produits avec les pays les plus privilégiés. Elle possède 1,300 kilomètres de chemins de fer en pleine exploitation et des forêts non encore exploitées d'une valeur immense. La chaîne des Karpathes, qui la sépare de l'Autriche, renferme dans son sein de nombreuses mines de fer, de plomb et de cuivre, de la houille, des lignites et même de l'or et de l'argent. Leur exploitation procurera à l'Etat roumain des sources considérables de revenus. Le chiffre des exportations s'élève à 180 millions ; celui des importations est seulement de 90 millions. Les mines de sel rapportent à l'Etat 4 millions; la régie des tabacs, 10 millions; les domaines produisent 20 millions par an. Les lois administratives sont identiques aux nôtres; il existe un contrôle efficace du budget qui en assure le fonctionnement régulier. Ce court exposé prouve, jusqu'à l'évidence, que la Roumanie est appelée à un grand avenir et que sa Rente offre toutes les garanties d'un placement de premier ordre. MINES DE MALFIDANO Le lendemain du jour où le conseil d'administration des Mines de Malfldano annonçait qu'il proposerait à l'assemblée des actionnaires du 20 mai courant, de fixer à 50 francs le dividende de l'exercice 1874, les actions de ces mines subissaient une brusque dépréciation et tombaient de 650 francs à 570. Nous sommes allés aux informations, et nous sommes en mesure de dire que rien ne justifiait une panique, dont les traces sont, d'ailleurs, presque effacées aujourd'hui. Si le dividende, qui était de 65 fr. l'année dernière, a été ramené à 50 fr., cette fois, c'est à raison de la faiblesse du prix du zinc sur le marché des métaux; le conseil, par prévoyance, a fait subir une réduction considérable à l'inventaire du minerai restant en magasin, mais la production n'a pas été atteinte. Au surplus, il faut convenir qu'au prix de 600 francs, une valeur rapportant, en mauvaise année, 50 francs de revenu, offre encore un placement rémunérateur et assez attrayant pour les capitalistes. JOURNAL DES FINANCES 21 1 CHEMINS DE FER ROMAINS } COMITÉ DE PARIS Les administrateurs français de la Société des 'Chemins de fer Romains se sont réunis au siège social, le jeudi 29 avril, pour exaj miner les propositions qui doivent être soumises à l'assemblée convoquée à Florence pour le 10 mai prochain, et donner aux actionnaires français leur opinion sur la nature de ces propositions et sur la conduite à tenir. Après délibération approfondie : Vu le procès-verbal de l'assemblée du 18 septembre 1873, dans laquelle, à l'unanimité, les actionnaires ont recommandé à la commission déléguée pour traiter du rachat avec le gouvernement, de faire tous ses efforts por obtenir, dans toute combinaison qui serait adoptée pour la constitution d'une nouvelle Société, l'option d'une participation en faveur des porteurs d'actions non garanties; Considérant que la commission s'est acquittée de son mandat, comme il résulte de sa lettre en date du 18 novembre 1873, adressée aux ministres compétents ; Considérant qu'il doit être dans les convenances du gouvernement d'améliorer les conditions du rachat en laissant aux anciens actionnaires les bénéfices éventuels d'une nouvelle combinaison d'exploitation, et qu'il ne saurait, sans injustice criante, les écarter pour appeler, à leur place, des éléments étrangers à fonder une nouvelle affaire sur la ruine de la leur ; Les administrateurs ont décidé à l'unanimité : l° Qu'il y avait lieu de voter les propositions présentées par le gouvernement italien, mais avec cette réserve qu'il assurera aux actionnaires anciens un droit de participation dans toute nouvelle Société constituée pour l'exploitation du réseau Romain, soit aux conditions accordées aux chemins de fer Méridionaux, qu'il a rachetés à un prix plus élevé que les Romains, soit à telles autres qui seraient réglées d'un commun accord ; 2° Qu'ils défendraient contre toute proposition tendant à la modifier, l'indemnité de 7 lires 50 revenant aux actions ordinaires. Un ou plusieurs des administrateurs soussignés se rendront à Florence pour assister à l'assemblée du 10 mai, et se chargeront de représenter les actionnaires qui, au plus tard le 5 mai, auront déposé leurs titres au siège social, 56, rue de la Victoire, en manifestant le désir d'être représentés par eux. CHERNOVIZ, BLAVET, LE FRANÇOIS, WALLUT. 4 _ BANQUE FRANCO-EGYPTIENNE SOCIÉTÉ ANONYME — CAPITAL : 50 MILLIONS L'assemblée générale des actionnaires de la Banque Franco-Egyptienne a eu lieu le 22 avril, sous la présidence de M. Albert Rostand, vice-président du conseil d'administration. 29,264 actions étaient représentées à cette assemblée. Le rapport du conseil d'administration a s fait connaître les résultats de l'exercice 1874; | malgré la crise qui a sévi pendant lo prêter prêter ces résultats ont été favoral blés. I La plus importante des opérations de la Banque a été la part prise dans l'achat et le placement de la deuxième partie de l'em> prunt égyptien 1873. Cette affaire est actuellement liquidée. La Société a continué à participer à différentes affaires de bons du Trésor égyptien et delà Daïra, etla succursale d'Alexandrie, dotée d'un capital important, a poursuivi avec succès ses opérations de banque. Les créances de la Sociélé sur les gouvernements turc et espagnol ont été remboursées. La Banque a participé avec profit à la grande opération en rente turque 5 0/0, faite par la Banque ottomane, à l'achat des annuités du chemin de fer d'Orléans à Châlons, à rémission des bons de liquidation de la Ville de Paris et à différentes autres opérations financières. Elle s'est aussi intéressée à la création de la Banque de l'IndoChine. La liquidation des affaires de chemins de fer aux Elats-UDis d'Amérique, à laquelle le conseil d'administration a consacré tous ses efforts, a fait un pas considérable pendant l'exercice éco'Jlé, et le conseil d'administration espère que la prochaine réunion trouvera cette liquidalion très avancée. Les bénéfices nets de l'exercice s ■>. sont élevés à la somme de 5.200.214 f. 61 Les prélèvements statutaires étant, y compris 10 0/0 à porter à la réserve 780.615 08 On a réparti : Aux actionnaires, à titre de dividende de 35 fr. par action 3.500.000 » A la réserve extraordi naire 859.091 96 Transport au compte profits et pertes 1875 59.906 57 Total égal 5.200.214 61 Un à-compte de 12 fr. 50 ayant été payé le 1er janvier, le solde du dividende, soit 22 fr. 50 c, sera payable à partir du l« juillet, sous déduction des impôts résultant des lois , de finance, soit : Pour les titres nominatifs : '. de Fr. 0.67 1/2 en fr. 21.82 1/2 Pour les titres au porteur : , de Fr. 1.04 en fr. 21.40 3 Toutefois, les actionnaires auront la fa! culte de toucher leur coupon dès le 1er mai, sous escompte, à raison de 4 0/0 l'an. Cette répartition attribue aux actionnaires 14 0/0 du capital versé et permet d'ajouter, tant à la réserve statutaire qu'à la réserve extraordinaire, une somme de l million 250,000 fr., ce qui porte l'ensemble des réserves à 6,250,000 francs, soit à 62 fr. 50 par action, représentant 25 0/0, du capital versé. L'assemblée a approuvé le rapport du e conseil et les comptes de l'exercice, a ratifié e la nomination de M. Félix Nouette-Delorme 't comme administrateur de la Société, en rem'.placement de M. Gunzburg, démissionnaire, et a réélu MM. Rostand, Rey de Foresta ef :e Grieninger, désignés par le sort comme membres sortants du conseil d'administraa tion et du comité des censeurs. 4; M. Morel Kahn a été nommé commissaire 3pour l'exercice courant. ACTES OFFICIELS Par décret du Président de la République, en date du 30 avril 1875, rendu sur la proposition du ministre des finances : M. Baroche, trésorier-payeur général à Caen (Calvados), a été nommé trésorier-payeur général du déparlement de la Marne. M. le vicomte des Méloizes-Frénoy, trésorierpayeur général à la Rochelle (Charenle-Inférieure), a été nommé trésorier-payeur général du département du Calvados. M. Anlhoine, trésorier-payeur général a Mende (Lozère), a été nommé trésorier-payeur général du déparlement de la Charenle-Inférieure. M. Bellon de Chassy, receveur particulier des finances à Cosne (Nièvre), a été nommé trésorierpayeur général du département de la Lozère. — Par arrêtés du ministre des finances, en date du 26 avril 1875, ont été nommés : M. Rémond, percepteur de la 10° division de Lyon (Rhône), 1'° classe, à la perception de la 7e division de Lyon (Rhône), lr 0 classe. M. Lacombe, percepteur de la 9° divisson de Lyon (Rhône), lro classe, à la perception de la 9° division de Lyon (Rhône), 1r 0 classe. M. de Sarrazin, ancien capitaine d'infanterie, à la perception de Ladon (Loiret), 3° classe. — Par arrêtés du ministre des finances, en date du 28 avril 1875, ont été nommés : M. Ilermary, percepteur de Cérences (Manche), 3e classe, à la perception d'Audruick (Pas-de-Calais), 2° classe. M. Recoing, employé à l'administration des postes, à la perception de Cérences (Manche), 3° classe. M. Petit, ancien militaire blessé, à la perception de Songé-le-Ganelon (Sarlhe), 3° classe. — Par arrêtés du ministre des finances, en date du 29 avril 1875, ont été nommés : M. Lafarge, percepteur de Saint-Sornin (CharenteInférieure), 1° classe, a la perception de SaintHilairedeVillefranche (même département), Celasse. M. Pignot, percepteur d'Augerolles (Puy-deDôme), 4° classe, à la perception de Genouillé (Charente-Inférieure), 3° classe. M. Mory, ancien chirurgien de marine et ancien maire, a la perception d'Augerolles (Puy-de-Dôme), 4e classe. M. Mariott, percepteur de la 1e 1' division actuelle de Montpellier (Hérault), lr 0 classe, a été maintenu percepteur des contributions directes de la 2° division de Montpellier réorganisée, 1™ classe. M. Amet, percepteur de la 2° division actuelle de Montpellier (Hérault), lr 0 classe, a été maintenu percepteur des contributions directes de la 2» division de Montpellier réorganisée, lvo classe. M. Gourmel, percepteur de Tonnay-Boutonne (Charente-Inférieure), 3° classe, à la perception de Saint-Denis-du-Pin réorganisée (mêmedépartement), , 3° classe. i M. Thublier, percepteur de Montendre (CharenteInférieure), 3° classe, à la perception de TonnayBoutonne (même département, 3° classe. L M. Boyveau, percepteur de Saint-Denis-du-Pin • (Charente-Inférieure), 4e classe, à la perception de » Montendre (même département), 3° classe. M. Dautriche, percepteur d'Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis , (Charente-Inférieure), 3e classe, à la perception de t Saint-Julien-de-1'Exap réorganisée (même départei ment), 3° classe. M. Mercier-Valenton, percepteur de Saint-Julien de-1'Exap (Charente-Inférieure), ^classe, à lapcrî ception d'Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis (même département), 3° classe. JOURNAL DES FINANCES AVIS FINANCIERS MINISTÈRE DES FINANCES Les porteurs de certificats non libérés de l'emprunt de 2 milliards sont informés que la rente 5 0/0 correspondant à ces certificats a été vendue à la Bourse, conformément aux clauses du contrat de l'emprunt. La caisse centrale du Trésor tient à la disposition des intéressés la somme qui leur revient sur le produit de celte vente. Les demandes de liquidation, accompagnées des certificats, devront être adressées, sur timbre, au ministre des finances (Direction du mouvement générale des fonds). Elles devront indiquer d'une manière très-précise les noms, prénoms et domicile des réclamants. Ces derniers recevront, en réponse, le décompte de leur liquidation et l'avis de se présenter h la caisse centrale pour retirer la somme à laquelle ils auront droit. Dans les départements, les porteurs de certificats non libérés pourront déposer leur demande de liquidation et leurs certificats à la recelte particulière ou à la trésorerie générale, qui se chargera, dans ce cas, d'effectuer le remboursement entre leurs mains. La caisse de retraites pour la vieillesse a reçu, du 16 au 30 avril 1875, 9,277 versements, s'élevant à 435.279 fr. 91. Elle a ouvert 720 comptes nouveau. U a été acheté, pendant la même période, 46,661 fr. de rente ayant coûté 991,988 fr. 40 c. Il a été inscrit au grand-livre de la dette publique 99,700 fraecs de rentes viagères aux noms de G56 parties. CANAL DE SUEZ. — Ont passé le canal de Suez, depuis le 21 avril, 49 navires. La recette du service du transit, du 21 au 20 avril, s'est élevée a la somme de 850,000 fr. Le transit du 1er au 30 avril a été de 129 navires et les recettes, pour la même période, se sont élevées à la somme de 2,390,000. CHEMIN DE FER DE NANTES A SE GRÉ.— M. le ministre des travaux publics, par une décision du 16 mars 1875, a prescrit l'ouverture d'une enquête d'utilité publique sur l'avant-projet d'un chemin de fer d'intérêt général de Nantes à Segré. Cet avant-projet comprend : 1° Une ligne directe passant par ou près Carquefou, Ligné, Mouzeil, Tallé, Pannecé, Saint-Mars-laJaille, Freignè, Candé et Chazé-sur-Argos. 2° Une variante se détachant du chemin de fer de'Tours à "Nantes à Ancenis, passant à Mésange et aboutissant à Saint-Nars-la-Jaille pour se confondre avec la ligne précédente. L'enquête aura lieu, en ce qui concerne la LoireInférieure, du lundi 10 mai au lundi 14 juin 1875 inclusivement, et sera ouverte simultanément a la préfecture et dans les sous-préfecture d'Ancenis et de Cliâteaubrianl. CANAL DE LA BOURNE. — La Chambre syndicale dés agents de change de Lyon, dans sa séance du 29 avril dernier, a décidé que les actions de la Société du Canal de la Bourne seraient admises à la cote officielle de la Bourse de Lyon à dater du 30 du même mois. CHRONIQUE Pendant le mois d'avril, ladelte publiquedes EtatsUnis a été diminuée de 2,335,000 dollars. L'encaisse métallique du Trésor s'élève à 94 millions 622,000 dollars et la réserve de papier-monnaie est de 10,960,000. — Le 28° rapport du conseil fédéral sur l'étal des travaux du Gothard nous apprend qu'au 31 mars la galerie de direction du grand tunnel était ouverte sur 3,537m6, soil un peu moins du quart de la longueur totale à percer. L'élargissement en calotte était effectué sur une longueur totale de l,497ml ; la cunelte du stoss était ouverte sur l,213m7; le stross lui-même 491ml ; enfin l'excavation avait été complétée sur une longueur de 233 mètres. Pendant le mois de mars, la galerie de direction a avancé de 178m8, dont 92ml du côté de Goeschenen, et 86m7 du côté d'Airolo, ce qui représente un avancement moyen de 5m76 par jour. Le nombre des ouvriers occupés, pendant le mois de mars, sur les deux chantiers, a été de 2,357 en moyenne, 2,679 en maximum. Le tunnel a, dès la fin du mois de mars, dépassé la sortie sud du Trou d'Uri ; il passe exactement sous la petite chapelle qui se trouve au nord du Trou d'Uri, à 1,835 mètres de l'ouverture de Goeschenen. A 2,200 mètres, la galerie passera pour la quatrième fois sous la Reuss et rentrera eusuite, pendant environ 1,300 mètres sous la plaine d'Andermalt, a une profondeur moyenne de 315 mètres environ. Sur les deux chanlicrs, les infiltrations sont devenues insignifiantes. On continue à travailler activement sur les sections des vallées tessinoises Lugano Chiasso, Biasca, Bellinzone et BellinzoneLocarno. Le nombre des ouvriers employés sur toute la ligne du Gothard a été, pendant le mois de mars, de 3,552 en moyenne ; il était de 3,226 à la fin de février. — C'est le 5 de ce mois, au tiragedes obligations de la Ville de Paris, qu'a fonctionné pour la première fois la nouvelle roue affectée a cette opération. Le travail de la mise en route des 500,000 numéros qu'elle doit contenir aura lieu ce même jour, au Palais de l'Industrie, en présence de la commission de l'emprunt, sous la présidence de M. le préfet de la Seine, et soumis en même temps à la vérification du public. Ces 500,000 numéros seront apportés dans vingt-cinq grands cartons, contenant chacun vingt boîtes de 1,000 numéros mis en étuis, qui ont été scellés au préalable.
| 42,547 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81li%20Mitti%20Got
|
Wikipedia
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kāli Mitti Got
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kāli Mitti Got&action=history
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Cebuano
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Spoken
| 82 | 136 |
Ibabaw'mg patag ang Kāli Mitti Got sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa State of Himāchal Pradesh, sa amihanang bahin sa nasod, km sa amihanan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Pebrero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Agosto, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Oktubre, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga dapit sa State of Himāchal Pradesh
| 26,333 |
https://github.com/lukas1013/tic-tac-toe/blob/master/packages/server/src/app/controllers/auth.ts
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
tic-tac-toe
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lukas1013
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TypeScript
|
Code
| 205 | 569 |
import { Request, Response } from 'express';
import { checkPassword, createInstance } from '../models/Player';
import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid';
import { app_secret } from '../../config';
import generateToken from './utils/generateToken';
class AuthController {
async signUp(req: Request, res: Response) {
const { email, name, password } = req.body;
if (!email && !password) {
//creates a guest
const guest = await createInstance({ name: name ?? 'Guest' + uuidv4().slice(0,10) }, true)
if (guest) {
return res.json({
guest,
token: generateToken(guest.playerId, app_secret)
})
}
return res.status(400).send()
}
//creates a new player
const player = await createInstance({ email, name, password });
if (player) {
return res.json({
player: {
name: player.name,
email: player.email,
score: player.score,
level: player.level
},
token: generateToken(player.playerId, app_secret)
})
}
return res.status(400).send()
}
async signIn(req: Request, res: Response) {
const { user, password } = req.body;
const player = await createInstance({
attributes: [
'email', 'isGuest', 'level', 'score', 'name', 'playerId', 'password'
],
where: { email: user, name: user },
orOperator: true
})
if (!player) {
return res.status(401).send({ message: 'Player not found' })
}
if (!(await checkPassword(password, player.password))) {
return res.status(401).send({ message: 'Incorrect password' })
}
return res.json({
player: {
name: player.name,
email: player.email,
score: player.score,
level: player.level
},
token: generateToken(player.playerId, app_secret)
})
}
}
export default new AuthController();
| 29,784 |
12560892_1
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Caselaw Access Project
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,018 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 1 | 5 |
Affirmed..
| 12,369 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000116297203 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000116297203 http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?iiif=fdb|18610.0|0221|1|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0|10.0|0 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000116297203_1
|
Europeana
|
Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,867 |
Fremden-Blatt
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None
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German
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Spoken
| 10,334 | 19,031 |
35sr. S1 Wien. Donnerstag 21 Februar 1867. Das Fremden-Blatt erscheint täglich. Man pränumerirt Wollzeile Nr. 4. Ganziähr. 12 fl. Oesterr. W. Halbjahr. 6 fl. „ » Vierteljahr. 3 fl. „ » ohne Zustellung. Kremim-Mattl; Cigrnlbümrr: Gustav Heine. (Morgen -Blatt.) . Zahrg. Re-aktionSvurea« r Wollzeile Nr. 17. Abonnement für die Provinz» Ganzjähr. 16 fl. Oesterr. Halbjahr. 8 fl. „ „ Vierteljahr. 4 fl. „ „ Einzelne Blätter 5 kr. Pränumerations-Preis für das Morgen- und Abendblatt: Für Wien: Vierteljährig 3 fl. fr. Für einen Monat 1 „ >, Für die Zustellung des Morgen- und Abendblattes inS Haus monatlich 30 kr., vierteljährig 90 kr. pt die Provinz: Vierteljährig mit täglicher Postversendung 4 fl. — kr. „ „ täglich zweimaliger Postversendung 5 „ — „ Neu eintretende Abonnenten werben «m deutlich ge- chriebene Adressen und Angabe der letzten Poststatiou ersucht. Wien, 2«. Februar. Die diesseitigen Landtage haben ihre Arbeiten in sehr ruhiger Stimmung begonnen. Angesichts der völlig veränderten Lage, in welcher die neue Legislaturperiode eröffnet wurde, treten die einzelnen Versamm lungen mit einer natürlichen Befangenheit und Reserve an ihre nächste Aufgabe: die Wahl zum legalen Reichsrath. Was die deutsche Partei in dem jüngsten Wahlkampfe als die unerläßliche Bedingung ihrer weiteren verfassungsmäßigen Wirksamkeit bezeichnet hatte und was sie nunmehr wirklich errungen: den legalen Reichsrath, das erscheint jetzt schon wieder den centralistischen Worthelden als ein zweifelhaftes Gut, dessen Erreichung kaum „deS Schweißes der Edelsten" .werth war. Allerdings wurde die angestrebte Verfaffungsmäßigkeit um einen Preis gewonnen, welcher den centralistischen Verfassungstreuen geradezu als der schwerste Verlust, als die empfindlichste Niederlage erscheinen muß. Die Februarverfassung ist weder ihrem Geiste, noch ihrer Form nach wiederhergestellt — nur der Rumpf derselbm existirt heute noch, und eine Rumpfversammlung ist es, die den nächsten legalen Reichsrath bilden wird. Dies zu beschönigen oder zu ver heimlichen, liegt heute in NiemandenS Interesse. Im Gegentheile ist eS gut, wenn die Unhaltbarkeit jener Verfaffung, die den Keim ihrer eigenen Undurch führbarkeit in sich trug, nunmehr als eine öffentliche Thatsache anerkannt wird. „Der verfassungsmäßige Reichsrath", wie er nun wieder in's Leben tritt, ist nicht die ganze formelle Rechtskontinuität nach dem Wortlaute der Februarverfassung, aber dieser Reichsrath ist die faktische Rechtskontinuität des sistirten ReichSrathes, der, so wie er im Jahre 1861 bestanden, nun wieder zur Revision der Verfassung zusammentritt. Die Abwesenheit der Siebenbürger, die mittlerweile im Pester Landtage sich eingefunden, zählt eben zu jenen vollendeten Thatsachen, die in unserer Verfassungsgeschichte überhaupt eine so wichtige und entscheidende Rolle spielen. Es wäre vergebliche Mühe, heute noch über die Rechtsfrage, so weit sie den legalen Reichsrath betrifft, eingehende Erörterungen anzustellen. Wer die Februarverfassung von jeher für ein organisatorisches Meister werk gehalten hat, der mag nun auf ihren Trümmern Klagelieder anstim men; sie werden ungehört verhallen. Wer jedoch die Februarverfaffung nur deshalb noch in Ehren hält, weil sie der diesseitigen Reichshälfte dm einzigm prakttschen Boden zu weiterer konstitutioneller Entwicklung berei tet, der wird den heute gegebenen Zustand nehmm, wie er ist und von dem, wenn auch schwankenden, doch einzig möglichen Rechtsboden aus für die freiheitliche Organisation des Staates und für die materielle und gei stige Entwicklung des Volkes zu wirken bemüht sein. Die nächstdringende Frage ist daher: wird der verfaffungSmäßige Reichsrath seitens aller diesseitigen Landtage beschickt werden und wie dürfte sich sodann die Majorität dieses ReichsratheS gestalten? Allen An zeichen nach werden selbst jene Landtage, in welchen die flavische Natio nalität die Mehrzahl bildet und in welchen die größte Sympathie für dm „Außerordentlichen" heimisch ist, doch nicht die Beschickung des verfaffungs- mäßigen ReichSrathes verweigern. Den mtscheidendm Ausschlag in diesen Laudtagm gibt bekanntlich der darin stark vertretene Großgrundbesitz. Die ser, seiner materiellen und seiner standeSmäßigm Natur nach, zur jeweiligm konservativen, d. h. ministeriellen Partei zählend, wird wohl auch jetzt sich der Politik der Regierung zuneigen und wmigstmS zum größten Theile für die Beschickung des ReichsratheS stimmen. Die Ezechm werden diesem loyalm HerzmSzuge folgen, die Polm werdm in kluger Berechnung ihrer schwierigen Stellung sich willig dem allgemeinen Zuge nach dem Reichs- I rathe anschließen. * Allerdings ohne Protest und ohne große staatsrechtliche Verwahrun gen wird es nicht abgehen. Aber kommen werden sie Alle, das scheint heute schon gewiß. Die Ezechen und Polen werden den ordentlichen Reichsrath j als den für sie außerordentlichen erklären, als einen ReichSrath ad hoc ' und in diesem Sinne werden sie an demselben Theil nehmen. Also im ' Grunde genommen, werden wir doch wieder den außerordentlichen ordent lichen Reichsrath haben — wie er ursprünglich projektirt war. Wmn Graf i Belcredi heute auf die großen Schwierigkeiten zurückblickt, die er sich selbst mit dem „Außerordentlichen" bereitet hatte, wenn er sieht, wie es sich doch ? nur darum gehandelt hat, ob die Deutschen oder die Ezechen und Polen ; nach ihrer Faxon reichsrathselig werdm, so wird er gewiß nachträglich ' sich selbst ob der vielen Gewifsensskrupel belächeln, mit welchen er seine i Ideen der Völkerbeglückung ins Werk zu setzen sich abmühte, und er wird ' nun erkennen, daß die staatsmännische Kunst in Oesterreich weit mehr ein. energisches , und konsequentes Vorgehen in einer bestimmtm Richtung als - ein bedächttges und vorsorgliches Abwägen der verschiedenen „Rechtsforderungcn und Ansprüche" erfordert. Vor Allem müssen die Völker wissen, was di« Regierung will und dann muß die Regierung dasjenige mit fester Hand ■ vollführen, was sie will. Besonders gilt dies jenen Nationalitäten gegen über, welche wohl die Neigung besitzen, der Einigung der StaatSelemmte in der diesseitigen Reichshälfte zu widerstreben, nicht aber die Kraft, diese Einigung auf irgend einer vernünftigen konstituttonellm Basis selbst her beizuführen. Findet diese Nachricht Bestätigung, die wir natürlich noch abwarten müssen, so darf sie als ein Zeichen gelten, bis zu welchem Grade sich in Spanien bereits die Unhaltbarkeit der Zustände gesteigert, und bis in welche Regionen die beinahe in Permanenz erklärte Verschwörung reicht. In Paris, von wo aus der Königin von Spanien der letzte Staats streich offenbar angerathen worden, mag man sich Angesichts der wachsen- den Aufregung in dem Nachbarlande nicht sehr behaglich fühlen. Preußen hat in der Thronrede des Kaisers Napoleon sich an einer Stelle sagen lassen müssen, daß schon die Stimme Frankreichs allein mäch tig genug war, ihm Halt zu gebieten, an einer andern Stelle dagegen hat es das zweideutige Kompliment erhalten, es suche Alles zu vermeiden, was Frankreichs Empfindlichkeiten erwecken könnte, und stimmt mit demselben über die europäischen Hauptfragen überein. Der „Siecle" kömmt auf die erstangeführte Stelle der Thronrede in einem Artikel zurück, welcher insoferne von Interesse ist, als er dar- thut, daß selbst solche ftanzöfische Organe, die während der Kriegsaktion Preußens die Schleppträger Bismarcks gewesen, mit dem Resultate, das der deutsche Krieg gehabt hat, sich nicht befreunden können. „Anstatt einer aufmerksamen Neutralität", sagt Herr Leon Plse, „hätten manche Leute im Interesse Deutschlands eine bewaffnete Neutra lität gewünscht. Die, welche sich in dieser Hypothese gefallen, meinen, daß man Preußen hätte hindern können, so gewaltsam zu sein, als es den Schwachen gegenüber gewesen ist. „Ich habe nicht Einm Soldaten bewaff net und nicht Ein Regiment vorgehen lassen, sagte der Kaiser, und die Stimme Frankreichs genügte, den Sieger vor den Thoren Wiens anzu halten." Welche Lehre für Diejenigen, die vor einer Jnterventton Furcht hatten! Das ist recht gut; aber der Sieger ist nicht vor Hannover, ebm so wenig vor den Herzogthümern stehen geblieben. Preußen hat sich selbst fett abgerundet. Es hat damit angefangen an sich selbst zu denken, ehe es an Deutschland dachte. Wären wir bewaffnet gewesen, so hätte man uns vielleicht für die Freiheiten Deutschlands eben so viel Rechnung gettagen, als man uns für diejenigen Italiens Rechnung zu tragen hat. Was in der deutschen Einheit geschehen ist, das ist ohne uns geschehen. — Es ist wahr, daß, wie die kaiserl. Rede bestätigt, Preußen Alles anwendet, uns zu beruhigen. Wir glauben in der That, daß es ohne uns weiter gegangen wäre, als es z. B. in Sachsen gegangen ist. Aber mit einer bewaffneten Neutralität wäre es weniger weit gegangen und wir bedauern, daß der Druck, von dem wir gesprochen haben (der Druck, den die Kammermajorität und ein Theil der öffentlichen Opposition auf die Regierung ausübten), diese bewaffnete Neuttalität verhindert hat." Graf Plater und General Bosak-Hauke, Mitglieder der pol nischen Emigration von 1831 und 1863, richten an französische Blätter ein Schreiben, um die Angabe der „Jndep." zu dementtren, daß einige polnische Emigrirte dem Kaiser Napoleon ein Memoire überreicht hätten, in welchem von einem Plane zur Umgestaltung der Karte Europa'« und von der Annexion Belgiens, Genfs und des linken Rheinufers an Frank reich die Rede wäre. Die polnische Emigration verttete eine auf Unabhän gigkeit und Freiheit der Völker gegründete Sache und weise jede Ungerech tigkeit, jeden Eingriff in die Rechte Anderer zurück. Uebrigms — meinen diese beiden Herren — sei die Wiederherstellung Polens eine Nothwendig keit geworden» welche Napoleon III. durch die Citatton einer Aeußerung Napoleons, betreffend die Vereinigung geographischer Völker, indirekt be stätigt habe. Aus den Landtage«. Wie», 20 Februar. Die Wahlprüfungen haben heute im niederösterreichischen Landtage zu langwierigen, nicht uninteressante» Debatten Anlaß gegeben. Einen der Diskus- fionspunkte bildete die Wahl im Korneuburger Landbezirke, bei welchem die Beeinflussung der letzten Wahlen durch die Regierung zur Sprache kam. Wir haben das Resultat der Debatte bereits im Abendblatt mitgetheilt, der Landesaus schuß wurde angewiesen, Erhebungen betreffs dieser Wahl zu pflegen. (Bei dieser Gelegenheit sei noch ein Druckfehler des gestrigen Abendblattes berichtigt. Abt Hayd- mann sagte nämlich, die Wahlprüfungskommiffion scheine nicht ruhig gewesen zu sein, aber keineswegs: die Kommiffion scheine nicht richttg gewesen zu sein.) An die Stelle des Bürgermeisters Schloß wurde Dr. Wrann als gewählt in den Landtag berufen. Die lebhafteste Debatte riefm aber die Wahlen des Großgrundbesitzes hervor. Der Landesausschub stellte den Antrag, die Wahl der Grafen Sprinzen- ftein und Wurmbrandt und des Abtes Steininger zu annulliren. Jeder von den genannten Herren hatte 88 Stimmen — so viel betrug die absolute Ma jorität — erhalten, nun beantragt aber der Landesausschuß zwei Stimmen, die Bischof Feßler für sich als Besitzer des Gutes Ochsenberg und in Vollmacht für den Prälaten Eder abgegeben hatte, als ungiltig zu erklären, weil Bischof Feß ler nicht, wie erforderlich, als Besitzer in der Landtafel eingetragen ist. Entfallen aber die zwei Stimmen des Bischofs, so beträgt die absolute Majorität blos 87, und der Landesausschuß stellt als Konsequenz den Anttag, den Freiherrn v. Tinti, der 87 Stimmen erhalten hatte, als gewählt in den Landtag zu berufen, und den Statthalter zu ersuchen, für die erledigten zwei Plätze Neuwahlen auszuschreiben. Diese Anträge riefen eine sehr eingehende Debatte hervor. Für die Giltigkeit sämmtlicher Wahlen sprachen Bischof Feßler, Graf Chorinsky, Graf Falkenhayn, Se. Emz. Kardinal Rauscher und Graf Fünfkirchen. Die Gründe, welche gegen den Landesausschuß vorgebracht wurden, waren, daß die Eintragung in die Landtafel nicht nothwendig sei, daß die Annullirung der Wahlen ein Eingriff in das Recht der Wahlkommiffion wäre, daß die Zusam menstellung der Wählerlisten blos Sache des Statthalters, nnd eine Einsprache nach abgelaufener Reklamationsfrist unmöglich sei; endlich wurHr sogar von den Grafen Falkenhayn und Chorinsky eine Reihe von Fäüennnmhaftgemacht, daß Nichtberechtigte sich an der Wahl betheiligt, und die Wählerliste überhaupt bisher nicht vollständig nach der ausgestellten Forderung des Landesausschuffes ent worfen gewesen sei. Zu einer erregteren Szene gab Graf Fünfkirchen Anlaß, der behLlptete, daß die Annullirung der Stimmen des Bischofs Feßler ein Eingriff kn die Rechte der Wahlkommiffion wäre. Er wiederholte diese Aeußerung viermal unter steigendem Widerspruch und schließlich unter großer Heiterkeit der Versammlung. Graf Fünfkirchen stellte den Antrag, sämmtliche Wahlen zu genehmigen. Mit einer brillanten Rede trat Dr. v. Müh lfeld ein, welcher den Stand punkt des Landesausschuffes unter rauschendem Beifall vertrat. Er gab zu, daß es sich hier um eine Form handle, aber er gab zu bedenken, ob denn nickt über haupt die Wahl des Gro ßgrundbesitzes nicht ei »e bloß e Form sei. Um so strenger müffe diese daher gewahrt werden. Da aber mehrere Mißstände und Gebrechen betreffs der Wahlen des Großgrundbesitzes aufgezählt worden seien, stellte Dr. Mühlfeld den Antrag, die Wahlatte» an den Landesausschuß zurückzuweisen zu nochmaliger Prüfung und möglichst baldiger Berichterstattung. Zugleich solle der Ausschuß angewiesen werden, die Wählerlisten und Landtafel einer genauen Revision zu unterziehm. Der Antrag des Grafen Fünfkirchen wird abgelehnt (für denselben stimmt blos die Rechte), ebenso der des Dr. v. Mühlfeld, für welchen außer der Rechten noch die Abgeordneten Berger, Zelinka, Bauer, Kopp, Strudel, Pacher, Haimerle, Mühlfeld und Kur and a stimmten. Bischof Feßler enthielt sich der Abstimmung. Der Antrag des Landesausschuffes wurde ange nommen. Freiherr v. Tinti erscheint somit als gewählt, die Wahlen der Grafen Sprinzenstein und Wurmbrandt und des Abtes Steininger, welche den Saal sogleich verließen/ find annullirt. Der Standpunkt des Dr. Mühl seid scheint uns der richtige in dieser rein juridischen Formfrage gewesen zu sein. Eine Schwenkung. (Orig.-Korr.) Prag, 19. Februar. Ich signalifire Ihnen eine bedeutsame Wandlung, die sich in den feu dalen Kreisen vorbereitet. Kein geringer Theil der Aristokratte ging nur aus verwandtschaft lichen Rücksichten und oft ganz privatm Motiven und nur ungern mit dem Sistirungsministerium; Einzelne von Ihnen suchen denn auch jetzt bereits den Pfad, um sich der deutschen Partei zu nähern. Die Debatte über die Beschickung des ReichsratheS dürste ihnen dazu die gewünschte Gelegenheit bietm. Aus ganz zuverlässiger Quelle kann ich Ihnen dmn auch mittheilen, daß Fürst Schwarzenberg, der Chef des Hauses, sich dahin ausge sprochen hat, daß er den vom Ministerium Brust einzuschla genden Weg al« den einzig richtigen betrachte, um Oester reich endlich zu konsolidiren. Der Fürst wird als politischer Geg ner seiner eigmm Familie im Landtage auftreten und den größten Theil der älteren Herren des böhmischen Hochadels als Genossen haben. Sollten Thun und Clam-Martiniz — was jedoch sehr zu bezweifeln ist — gegen die Beschickung des Reichsrathes auftreten; dann wird das Gros des Groß grundbesitzes gern die Gelegenheit benützen, die „nationale Fahne" zu verlassen. UebrigenS fällt das selbst Thun und Clam gar nicht bei. Sie spre chen sich heute nur noch nicht offen und entschieden aus, dem weisen Rathe Rieger's folgend, um die Jungczechen nicht kopfscheu zu machen. Sie werden aber schon in dm nächsten Tagen erklären, wie eine charakteristische Wandlung im adeligen Großgrundbesitz eintrat, derselbe unbedingt die Reichsrathswahlm vornehmen wird und sie, falls sie gegen die Beschickung des ReichsratheS auftreten, als Führer ohne Partei dastehen; sie werden ferner zu bedmkm gebm, wie bei der dermaligen Zusammensetzung des Landtages die czechtsche Partei die bedeutende Majorität der Reichsräthe aus Böhmen zählen wird; falls dieselben aber die Nichtbeschickung des ReichsratheS dekretiren und sich aus dem Landtage absentiren würden, die Re gierung den Landtag auflösen und zu direkten Wahlen schreiten wird. Die direkten Wahlen fürchten aber die Czechen wie das Feuer, denn sie wissen nur zu gut, daß dann nicht nur in allen gemischten Be zirken Reichsrathswahlm vorgenommen würdm, sondern auch in vielen rein czechischen solche, wenn auch nur als Minoritätswahlen zu Stande kämen. Die czech'' ffchcn Journale sprechen sich daher auch trotz ihrer Mß- stimmung über die „Zuschrift des Ministers", wie sie die Regierungsmit theilung zu «e inen belieben, höchst referdirt über die „Beschickung des Reichsrathes" aus. Gestern fand über diesen Gegenstand eine stürmische Llubb-Sitzung rer Nationalen statt, die heute fortgesetzt wird. Hofrath Laschet wird krankheitshalber seinm Sitz im böhmischen Landtage nicht «einnehmen. Aus Alexandrien. (Orig.-Korr.) — 30. Jänner. Heute fand die feierliche Uebergabe des königlich großbritannischen Bach-Ordens an den Vize-König statt. England hat bei diesem Anlasse Ismail Pascha zu Ehren ein ungewöhnliches Ceremoniell zu entfalten für angezeigt erachtet und es war mit der Ueberreichung des Großkreuzes des gedachten Ordens der Kommandant des englischen Mittelmeergeschwaders, Lord Clarence Edw. Paget, beauftragt worden. ES hatten sich in Folge dessen unter dem Kommando des genannten Vize-Admirals in den letzten Tagen mehrere englische Kriegsschiffe im Hafm von Alexandrien versam melt, um bei dem feierlichen Anlasse der Ordens-Ueberreichung die eng lische Flagge in entsprechendem Glanze zu entfalten. Der Vize-König seinerseits hat gleichfalls ganz besondere Aufmerk samkeiten für die englischen Gäste an dm Tag gelegt. Lord Clarence Paget ist überall als Gast Ismail Pascha's mit großer Auszeichnung em- pfangm und behandelt worden und der Vize-König ließ ihm zu Ehren nach erfolgter Ordens-Uebergabe in der Nähe der Abaffie eine Truppen revue aller Waffengattungen abhalten, an der gegen 10.000 Mann be theiligt waren. Die Auszeichnung des Vize-Königs mit dem Bath-Lrden hat hier ein gewisses Aufsehen erregt und beschäftigte vielfach die Gemüther, die sich gleichzeitig mit den verschiedmartigsten Kombinationen politischer Natur be faßten. Gesteigert wurde die Aufregung in diesen Kreisen durch ein heute hier angelangtes Telegramm, das von einem Auslaufen eines französischen, für Syrien bestimmten Geschwaders berichtet. Man spricht vielfach von einer Differenz in der politischen Auffassung bezüglich Egyptens zwischen Frankreich und England, und deshalb bettachtet die im Lande stärkste Partei, die französische, jede mglische Manifestation mit Mißttauen. Ich glaube, daß der Vize-König selbst nicht weiß, wie er seine Beziehungen zu England einrichten soll, das aus seiner Reserve nicht recht heraustreten will, allerdings dürfte aber Ismail Pascha genauer wiffen, wie er mit Frankreich steht, und nähere Jnformationm darüber wird ihm wohl auch Nubar Pascha bringen, der am 5. von Frankreich hier ankommt. Der egyptische politische Horizont ist nicht ohne Wolken. Am 2. Febmar dürste Graf Castiglione hier eintreffen, der dem Vize-König vom Könige von Italien den Annunziata-Orden überbringt, mit dem Großkreuze des Mauritius- und Lazarus-OrdenS ist Ismail Pascha bereits dekorirt. (Amtliches.) Se. Majestät hat dem Regimentsarzte Doktor Jaromir Freiherrn v. Mundy bei Quittirung seiner Charge den Titel eines Stabsarztes allergnädigst zu verleihen geruht. Der Minister für Handel und Volkswirthschaft hat den Ministerialkonzipr- sten Otto Hübner zum Sekretär im Status der Postdirektionen ernannt. Die königlich ungarische Hofkanzlei hat den Supplenten am Untergymna sium zu Felegyhaza, Emerich Fekete, zum wirklichen Gymnasiallehrer daselbst ern annt. ' TageSnerrigkeLte«. Wien, 21. Februar. * Se. Majestät der Kaiser empfing gestern Vormittags, 10 Uhr, den un garischen Ministerpräsidenten Grafen Andrassy, Se. Exzellenz den Herrn Staats minister Baron Beust und mehrere hohe Militärs. Mittags präsidirte Se. Ma jestät der Kaiser einem Ministerrath, an welchem auch Se. Exzellenz Graf An drassy Theil nahm. Se. Majestät wird heute Vormittags die allgemeinen Audienzen ertheilen. * Ihre k. Hoheit die Erzherzogin Gisella besuchte Montag das Vereins lokale des katholischen Gesellenvereins in Mariahilf, ließ sich den Drechslergehilfen Josif Appel, welcher das Allerhöchstdersclben von dem Vereine gewidmete Spinn rad verfertigt hatte, vorstellen, und reichte demselben ein Geldgeschenk. Während eines fast dreistündigen Aufenthaltes daselbst, hat sich die anmuthige Prinzessin um alle Vereinsangelegenheiten erkundiget und sich gleichzeitig die Vorstände des Vereins vorstellen lassen. * Se. kaiserl. Hoheit Erzherzog Karl Ferdinand sammt Gemalin ist vorgestern nach Brün«, Erzherzog Ludwig Viktor nach Salzburg abgereist. * Der Leichnam des zu Mentone verstorbenen Erzherzogs Stefan, kaiserl. Hoheit, wird wahrscheinlich von Mentone gleich nach Ofen gebracht, und daselbst in der Gruft des k. Schlosses beigesetzt werden. In dieser Gruft ruhen die Leichname des Erzherzogs-Palatins Josef, seiner Gemalin und seiner verewig te» Kinder. * Der Gesundheitszustand des früheren Kriegsministers FML. v. Franck in Mentone flößt Besorgniß ein. Nach einer vorübergehenden Besserung ist wieder eine ernste Verschlimmerung eingetreten. * Der Jnsant Don Carlos von Spanien und seine Gemalin, Prin zessin Margarethe von Parma, befinden sich seit einigen Tagen in Triest und haben ihre Wohnung bei der Frau Gräfin Molina genommen. * FML. v. Poppovic, der Wohnungs-Nachbar und intime Freund des verstorbenen Feldmarschalls Grafen Eugen Wratislaw, ist nach längerem Lun genleiden Dinstag um 8 Uhr Früh in seiner Wohnung verschieden. Da derselbe der griechischen vicht-unirten Konfession angehörte, haben sich die hiesigen Vor stände derselben gestern um 8 Uhr Früh um die aufgebahrte Leiche versammelt, und für heute 2 Uhr Nachmittags das Leichenbegänguiß veranstaltet. Die Leich« wird mit militärischem Kondukt auf dem St. Maxer Friedhofe beerdiget. Ter Ver storbene, 72 Jahre alt, hinterließ ein ansehnliches Vermögen, dessen Erbm ein k. k. Rittmeister der österreichischen Armee und zwei Nichten in Kroatien sind, er war Besitzer mehrerer hoher Orden und erst seit neun Jahren in Pensions stand versetzt. * Gestern um 10 Uhr Früh ist in der Wohnung des verstorbenen Feld marschalls Grafen Wratislaw durch eine militärische Kommission, unter Inter vention eines Beamten des Josefstädter k. k. Bezirksgerichtes und in Anwesenheit sämmtlicher Erben die Inventur vorgenommen und das Testament des Verblichenen eröffnet worden. Dasselbe vermacht mit Inbegriff der großen und einträglichen Besitzungen ein Aktivvermögen von 3,750.000 fl. Der Verstorbene hat nicht blos seine Anverwandten, sondern auch seine Dienerschaft und die Gemeindearmen der Josefstadt reichlich bedacht. * In Linz starb am 17. d. M. Jgnazia Weiß Edle von Starken sei s, Staats- und Konferenzraths-Witwe, an den Folgen einer Lungenentzündung im 81. Jahre ihres Lebens. * Am 17. d. M. starb der Vorsteher des k. k. politischen Bezirksamtes in Meltau, k. k. Statthallereirath Eduard Fischer Edler v. Wildensee. * General der Kavallerie Graf Clam - Gallas, welcher zu dem Begräbnisse des Grafen Wratislaw hier angekommen war, ist nach Böhmen abgereist. * Freiherr v. Bach, der sich in der Leopoldstadt durch den Kauf eines Hauses ansässig gemacht hat, begibt sich dem Vernehmen nach zur Ausstellung nach Paris und zwar zu längerem Aufenthalte. * Die in der jüngsten Zeit in einigen Kronländern eingeführten Gerichts einrichtungen haben in den Beamtenkreisen Besorgnisse hervorgerufen, welche auch in den öffentlichen Blättern ihren Ausdruck fanden. Die „W. Abdpst." glaubt diese Besorgnisse theils als verfrüht, theils als unbegründet bezeichnen zu können. Die erwähnten Einrichtungen sind nur provisorische Verfügungen, welche unerläßlich geworden sind, um von dem Augenblicke an, wo die bisherigen gemisch ten Bezirksämter ihre Thätigkeit einstellen, bis zur Einführung einer definitiven Gerichtsorganisation für den gcregeltm Gang der Rechtspflege eine entsprechendere Vorsorge zu treffen. Bei diesen nur provisorischen Verfügungen war die Regie rung verpflichtet, sich streng innerhalb jener Tangente zu halten, welche von der für die gemischten Bezirksämter in dem allerh. sanktionirten Finanzgesetze bemesse nen Gesammtdotation nach verläßlichen Erhebungen auf die Justiz entfallen ist. So sehr auch die Regierung von der Ueberzeugung durchdrungen ist, daß die Lage der Justizbeamten einer Verbesserung dringend bedürfe, so sind doch proviso rische Einrichtungen nicht der geeignete Anlaß, eine solche Verbesserung anzustre ben; diese Frage muß jenem Momente vorbehalten bleiben, wenn auf verfassungs mäßigem Wege auf Grund der neuen Gesetze ein neuer Gerichtsorganismus in's Leben tritt, und wir glauben dann, erklärt der offiziöse Artikel, bei den uns be kannten huldvollen Intentionen allerh. Orts auf eine günstige Lösung um so zu versichtlicher hoffen zu können, als sich auch in den Vertretungskörpern einige Ge neigtheit dazu wiederholt kundgegeben hat. Aber auch als nicht begründet müssen wir die geäußerte Besorgniß der Beamten erklären. Die Regierung hat bis jetzt stets an dem von der Gerechtigkeit und der Humanität gebotenen Grundsätze festge halten: daß ein definitiv angestellter Beamter, wenn er bei einer Aenderung im Organismus im aktiven Dienste verbleibt, an den bis dahin genossenen, nicht one- rosen Bezügen keine Einbuße erleiden soll, und dieser Grundsatz wurde selbst auf jene Ansprüche ausgedehnt, welche dem Beamten bei seiner Anstellung in einer Tienstkategvrie rücksichtlich der Vorrückung in die höheren Gehaltsstufen eröffnet worden sind. Die mit Rücksicht auf das Finanzgesetz nothwendig gewordene Abrun dung der Gehalte von 500, 600 und 700 fl. trifft daher nur Diejenigen, welche in dem — wie wir hoffen kurzen — Provisorium zu der Gehaltsstufe von 500 fl. ge langen, und sind von dieser Abrundung die Adjuten per 315 fl. jedenfalls aus geschlossen. * Dem „Czas" wird aus Wien geschrieben, Dr. Ziblikiewicz habe, da er sich um einen Tag länger als die übrigen Mitglieder der „Föderalistenkonferenz" (wie die polnischen Blätter den „Slavenkongreß" nennen) in Wien aufgehalten, eine längere Unterredung über Galizien mit Baron Beust gepflogen. Dem Kor respondenten zufolge soll der Herr Minister Herrn Zyblikiewicz seiner wohlwollen den Gesinnung für Galizien und der Absicht versichert haben, daß er nicht im Min desten hinsichtlich Galiziens von der von seinem Vorgänger eingeschlagenen Bahn abweichen wolle. Das Eine soll jedoch den genannten Abgeordneten unangenehm berührt haben, daß Baron Beust auf die Frage betreffs der Sanktionirung des vom letzten galizischen Landtage angenommenen Unterrichtsgesetzes keine bestimmte Antwort gegeben, vielmehr immer, wenn die Rede darauf gekommen, diplomatisch ausgewichen sei. * Bei der gestern Vormittags im Bezirk Josefstadt vorgenommenen Wahl eines Vorstandes an Stelle des bisherigen Vorstandes Herrn Josef Schmidt, welcher sein Mandat zurückgelegt hatte, wurde der Bezirksausschuß Herr Johann L o i d o l t, Dr. der Medizin und Hauseigenthümer, zum Bezirks - Vorstand gewählt. * Die Wiener Handelskammer hat beim Gemeinderath die Errichtung von öffentlichen Wag- und Meßanstalten angeregt. Die Verhandlungen über diese für den öffentlichen Verkehr so wichtige Frage sind bereits eingeleitet worden. * Bei der jüngsthin vorgenommenen Revision der Wiener Friedhöfe hat sich der Stadtphysikus Dr. Jnnhauser die Ueberzeugung verschafft, daß auf deni Wäb- ringer Friedhofe nur mehr für zwei Reihen eigener Gräber Platz sich ergibt, daß daher die Gräber ohne Monumente, bei denen das Dezennium verstrichen ist, zu benützen sind, um vorerst Abhilfe für den Mangel an Raum zu schaffen. Der Stadtphysikus beantragte deshalb, daß der Friedhof sobald als möglich erweitert werde, und daß zu dieser Erweiterung der bereits angekaufte Ackergrund verwendet werde. Auf dem Schmelzer Friedhofe werden Leiche» von Döbling, Ottakring und in eigenen Gräbern selbst Leichen beerdigt, die für den Hundsthurmer Friedhof bestimmt waren. In diesem Falle wurde beantragt, daß solche Beisetzungen ohne früher eingeholte Erlaubniß nicht mehr gestattet werden. Bei dem St. Marx« Friedhöfe hat sich der Uebelstand herausgestellt, daß seit einiger Zeit die über den Neustadt« Kanal führende Brücke, welche zur Verbindung d« Hauptstraße mit dem Wege zum Friedhofe dient und die Umgebung dieser Brücke an Montagen Vor- und Nachmittags von Ochsenheerden förmlich belagert wird. Da dieser Weg deshalb für Leichenbegängnisse nicht nur sehr beschwerlich, sond«n auch sogar ge fährlich wird, so hat der Stadtphysikus Dr. Jnnhaus« auf die allsogleich« Abstellung dieses Uebelstandes im Jntereffe der öffentlichen Sich«heit hingewiesen. * In d« vorgestern stattgefundenen Sitzung der 2. Sektion des Gemeinde raths kam der vom Bezirk Alsergrund angeregte Bau einer Brücke über das Stroheck zur Verbindung der beiden Vorstadtbezirke Als«grund und Leopoldstadt, beziehungs weise Lichtenthal und Brigittenau, zu V«handluug. Da jedoch für den Bau dies« Brücke weder im Anlehen noch im Budget vorgesorgt wurde, übrigens ein diesfäl- liger Antrag des Gemeinderaths Löblich vorliegt, der erst erledigt w«den muß, so wurde die Bezirksvertretung dahin verständigt, daß die Bewilligung zum Bau dies« Brücke im heurigen Jahre nicht mehr erfolgen kann, und daß die definitive Entscheidung in dieser Frage erst nach Behandlung des genannten Antrages erfol gen wird. * Die Kommunikation zwischen dem Prater und dem Fischnhaufe über die Schleuße der dortigen Badeanstalten ist noch immer nicht g«egelt. Während des letzten Hochwaffers war sie wieder gänzlich unterbrochen und auch jetzt ist die Kommunikation, da der Boden durchweicht ist, kaum möglich. Eine Regulirung wäre im Interesse der zahlreichen Paffanten sehr wünschenswerth. * Der Wafferstand der Donau fällt ununterbrochen. Derselbe betrug gestern im Kanäle 3 Fuß, 3 Zoll ober Null, ist daher um 5 Zoll niedriger als vorgestern. * Im niederösterreichischen Gewerbeverein hält heute Ahends 7 Uhr Herr Rudolf Riegl er einen Vortrag: „Aus der Geschichte d« Gewerbe." * Im Vereine für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich findet am Freitag, den 22. Februar, Abends 7 Uhr im V«eiuslokale (Stadt, H«rengaffe, Landhaus, ebener Erde, links) der fünfte V«einsabend statt. Vorträge: Dr. A.Pelz „Ueber Wiens Handelsverhältniffe: Dr. M. Thausing: „Ueber die ältesten Wiener Zeitungen." * Bei 300 ungarische Studenten versammelten sich vorgestern Abends im hübsch ausgeschmückten Saale „zum Adler" in der Alservorstadt, um die Ernennung des ungarischen Ministeriums freudig zu feiern, und wenn wir den Eindruck, den dieses Freudenfest auf jedenEinzelncn der Theilnehmer machte, am richtigsten bezeichnen wollen, so können wir sagen: Es war ein erbebendes. In der Ansprache, die Dr. E lbel, Präses des Tä-sas kör, als Eröffnungsrede an die Versammlung hielt, hob er in der würdevollsten Weise die Größe und Wichtigkeit des Momente» her vor, der die Zusammenkunft bestimmt und lud die Versammlung zur Lust und Freude an diesem denkwürdigen Tag ein. In einer mit stürmischem Beifall auf genommenen Rede des Mediz. A. Klei» wurde das Jubelfest, welches der Kaiser aur 18. Februar 1867 seinen Völkern bereitet, glänzend beleuchtet und beim Schluß satz des Toastes auf Se. Majestät: Der König spricht das Zauberwort „Freiheit" u»d das Volk rief mit Begeisterung und Jubel: „LIzen a Kiraly“ entstand end loser Jubel und stürmischer Eljenruf. Dr. D eve'rcsey schilderte in humoristischer Weise die jüngste Vergangenheit unseres politischen Lebens und trank auf die Er stehung, die Erhebung und Zukunft Ungarns. — Viele Toaste wurden noch ge bracht, auf Ihre Majestäten, das Ministerium, Deak, Horvath, Mihaly, auf Oester reichs Macht und Glanz, auf die Vereinigung Siebenbürgens mit Ungarn, auch wurde an Deak ein Telegramm, welches den Jubel d« ungarischen Studenten in Wien ausdrückte, abgesendet. * Ziehrer's Benefize-Maskenball findet Samstag, den 23. Februar, in den Sälen der k. k. Gartenbau-Gesellschaft statt. Dies« Ball, welcher seit Ziehrer's erstem Auftreten alljährlich zu den renommirtesten Maskenbällen zählt, wird auch Heuer seinen Ruf bewähren. Als Novität wird Ziehrer an diesem Abende eine neue Walzerparti»: unter dem Titel: „Ballchronisten" zur ersten Aufführung bringen. * Das, letzten Montag in Schwender's Colosseurst mit allgemeinem Beifall aufgenommene Ausstattungs-Maskenfest: „Pariser Leben", wird heute Donnerstag auf Verlangen wiederholt. * Nachdem das vom Schillerverein „Die Glocke" veranstaltete Kränzchen sich der allgemeinen Zufriedenheit d« Theilnehmer erfreute und von sehr viele» Seite» der Wunsch einer Wiederholung desselben ausgesprochen worden ist, so beabsichti gen die Mitglieder des Vereines ein zweites Tanzkränzchen Montag, den 4. März 1867, in den Sälen zu den drei Engeln zu arrangiren. * Die in der Restauration Chantante vorgestern zum ersten Male gegebene« Piecen „Die Gschna, Gschna, Gschnapigsten vom Grund", von Hirsch, „Die Geschä mige", „Der Kammerherr", „D« Arangeur", «freuten sich alle vor einem sehr zahlreich versammelten Publikum einer sehr guten Aufnahme. Hauptsächlich wur de« die Frls. Hartmann, Pretsch und Berger und die Herren Kalwo und Freimann mit Beifall belohnt. Das Publikum blieb bis 1 Uhr Nachts in d« besten Stimmung im Lokale. * Der Männergesangsverein „Biedersinn" veranstaltet am 25. d. M. im Saale zum „großen Zeisig" ein zweites Tanzkränzchen. * Der Verein „Epheu" veranstaltet Samstag den 23. d. in den Sälen zum „großen Zeisig" ein geschloffenes Kostume-Kränzchen. Bei der Beliebtheit des Vereines dürfte vorauszusehen sein, daß der Besuch ein sehr reg«r sein wird. Es haben sich viele der Vereinsmitglieder zu Gruppen vereinigt, so daß ein sehr ani- mirtes Fest zu erwarten steht. * Vorigen Samstag wettete Baron Baldaczv mit dem Baron O. Uslar- Gleichen um eine Summe von 4000 fl. ö. W., daß er in einem Zeitraume von 20 Stunden von Wien nach Linz reiten werde. Die Wette wurde ins Werk ge setzt und vom Baron B. richtig gewonnen. Er ntt nämlich Montags um 7 Uhr Früh von hi« weg und langte Dinstag Früh 3 Uhr in Linz an, wo sein Wett- gegner bereits sein« harrte, und Beide noch desselben Morgens mittelst Westbahn nach Wien zurückkehrten. D« Pferdewechsel hat in den Stationen St, Pülte», Amstetten und Enns stattgefunden, ' ; , * Der durch seine bizarren Einfälle bekannte Graf R. mußte vorgestern we- ! gen Geisteszerrüttung schleunigst in eine Privatheilanstalt gebracht werden. Der Graf, welch« bereits seit länger« Zeit von fixen Ideen befallen war, klagte häufig sein« Umgebung, daß man nach seinem Leben trachte und daß seine Hingebung ihn vor Mord« schützen möge. Vorgestern wurde derselbe abermals von diesem traurigen Phantasiegebilde d«art befallen, daß « schrie und tobte und Verwüstun gen in seiner Wohnung anrichtete. * Borgest«« fand hin das Leichenbegängniß des sehr bekannten Thier- ) Händlers F. Carpenesano statt, welcher vor einigen Tagen ein Glas Waffet) trank, in welchem sich ein Stück von einem alten Eisennagel befand. Dieses ; schluckte er mit hinab: jed« Versuch, es aus dem Schlund« herauszubekommen, war , vergebens, und so mußte d« im kräftigsten Mannesalter sichende Mann st«ben. * Der auf der Wieden wohnhafte Realschül« Karl Möller versuchte sich vorgestern Morgens, da er mit seinen Eltern wegen einer durchschwärmten Nacht Streit hatte und diese ihm die Thüre wiesen, mittelst Schwefelsäure zu vergifte«. Bmeits hatte der junge Brausekopf eine kleine Quantität dies« ätzenden Säure zu sich genommen, als er, von sein« Mutter noch rechtzeitig bemerkt, von seinem entsetzlichen Vorhaben abgehalten und in ärztliche Pflege gebracht wurde. * Der in der Josefstadt, Langegaffe, wohnhafte Maler Georg H. kam vorgestern Abends in stark b«auschtem Zustande von einem Faschingsschmause j nach Hause. Er entkleidete sich rasch und erhängte sich mittelst eines Hosenriemens an dem Thürhacke« seines Zimmers. Die Hausfrau fand den Maler bereits in leblosem Zustande an der Zimmeithüre hängen. Sie schlug Lärm und den herbei- eilenden Nachbarsleuten gelang es, den Selbstmörder wieder ins Leben zurück zurufen. * Vorgestern Nachmittags hat sich im Gastsause des H. nächst den Kaiser- I mühlen im Prater der Offizin Baron G. L. des Infanterie-Regiments Prinz von Preußen durch einen Pistolenschuß entleibt. Der Offizier aß früher noch ein Schnitzel, trank ein Seite! Wein und begab sich abseits. Als man den Schuß ver nahm, fand man bereits einen Leichnam mit zerschmettertem Kopse. Der Selbst mörder hatte die Pistole an die Stirne angesetzt und dieselbe im Sitzen losgedrückt. Vor läng«« Zeit hatte sich auf dem nämlichen Orte ein Selbstmörder de» Hals durchschnitten. * Das Tagesgespräch bildet der gestern Nacht erfolgte Selbstmord eines höhnen kais«lichen Beamten, des Ritter v. M rißl. Ueber den Selbstmord er halten wir nachstehenden Bericht: Borgest«» Abends erschien in einem hiesigen Hotel ein bei 50—53 Jahre alter, ziemlich elegant gekleideter Mann, gab vor, so eben aus Lyon gekommen zu sein, und wünschte auf mehrere Tage ein auf die Straße gehendes Zimmer, Der Paffagier wurde sofort bedient, ihm ein Zimmer im 2. Stocke geöffnet und die weitere» Befehle entgegengenommen. D« Unbekannte gab vor, sehr müde zu sein, ließ sich das Bett öffnen und begab sich zur Ruhe. Das Stubenmädchen wurde beauftragt, ihn des Morgens zeitlich zu wecken, da er früh Geschäfte habe. Als das Mädchen Morgens 6 Uhr den Paffagier wecken wollte, gab dieser kein Lebenszeichen mehr von sich. Das Mädchen machte sofort die Anzeige. Man eilte nun in das Zimmer des Gastes, allein dieser lag leblos mit verzerrtem Gesichte im Bette. Ein sofort herbeigeholt« Arzt konstatirte eine Vergiftung durch Cyaukali, und fand man auch auf dem Nachtkästchen neben dem Bette noch ein Stück Cyankali in der Größe einer Nuß. Der Vorfall wurde so fort zur polizeilichen Kenntniß gebracht und nach den in den Kleidertaschen vorge fundenen Papieren wurde d« Verstorbene als der in d« Stadt wohnhaft gewesene kaiserliche Beamte Ritter v. Meißl erkannt. Die Motive des Selbstmordes sind bisher unbekannt. Ins Fremdenbuch hatte sich der Gast als Franz Rösser, Privatier aus Lyon, eingetragen. * D« Spenglergehilse Fried. Aug. L. hatte schon seit ungefähr zwei Jahren ein intimes Liebesverhältniß mit d« Handschuhnäh«in Veronika N. und führten beide einen gemeinschaftlichen Haushalt. Zu Aqsang Dezem ber erkrankte das Mädchen und beinahe zu gleicher Zeit v«lor L. seine Beschäfti- gung und wurde dienstlos. Die aufgesparte« wenigen Kreuzer waren bald aus gegeben. Da faßten beide den Entschluß, ihr Leben gemeinsam zu enden. Vorgestern- Früh ging L. aus, kam aber bald mit ein« Maß Bier und eickgen Päckchen Zünd hölzchen wieder in die Wohnung zurück. Während nun L. von fünf Päckchen Zünd hölzchen dm Phosphor in das Bier schabte, zog das Mädchen ihre besten Kleider an, worauf sich beide auf das Bett setzt«« und das vergiftete Getränk zu sich nah men. Bald stellten sich furchtbare Schmerzen ein, welch« das Mädchen bewogen, nach Hilfe zu rufe», da sie nicht mehr fähig war, sich vom Platze zu bewegm. Selbst fürchterlich leidend, durch das Schmerzensgeschrei seiner Geliebten aber in seinem Innersten gepeinigt, kroch L. in die Küche, wo er es v«suchte, den Schlüffel umzudrehm, was ihm endlich auch gelang. Er öffnete nun die Thüre und rief mit schwach« Stimme nach Hilfe. Die gegenüb« wohnmde Amtsdienersgattin Anna Klamer hörte sein Rufm und trat auf sein Bitten in die Wohnung, wo sie das Mädchen schon bewußtlos fand. Sie flößte ihr, sowie dem L. sofort Milch ein und sandte «ach einem Arzte, d« sofort die V«giftung durch Phosphor erkannte und geeignete Gegmmittel anwandte, wodurch die Rettung der beidm Unglücklichen ge lang, die ab« an den Folgen ihres Schrittes krank darniederliegen. * D« hi« bei seine» Freunden auf Besuch weilende Maschinendirektor William Levingstone aus London, war Montag Abends im Theater und hernach in einer Restauration gewesen, von welcher er erst gegen ein Uhr Nachts in sein Quartier zurückkam. Kaum zwei Stunden nach seiner Zurückkunft hörte der im nebmliegenden Zimmer befindliche Jngeneur Oswald Oleszkiew icz ein Beben ' und Schlagm in dem Zimmer des Engländers, er eilte zu ihm, um die Ursache des Lärmes zu ersabren. Wie erschrak er aber, als er seinen Freund damit beschäftigt sah, die im Zimmer stehenden Möbel zu zertrümmern und mit einem Messer die Ueberzüg«, Vorhänge u. dgl. zu zerschneiden. Er befragte ihn um den Grund des Vandalismus, wurde ader von diesem mit Möbelstücken beworfen, so daß er sich genö thigt sah, das Zimmer zu verlasien. Kurze Zeit darauf wurde es ruhig, worauf er in Gesellschaft eines inzwischen geholte» Arztes wieder in das Zimmer des Tobsüchtigen trat, der nun blutbeflekt mit durchschnittenem Halse besinnungslos am Sopha lag. Glücklicherweise war die Verletzung nicht lebensgefährlich und wurde der Wahn sinnige in eine Privatheilanstalt gebracht. * Der Affekuranz-Agent Augustin M. entfernte sich vorgestern Früh in einem sehr aufgeregten Zustande aus seiner Wohnung, gegen Mittag erhielt seine Frau einen Brief durch einen Dienstmann, in welchem ihr der Mann mit theilte, daß es ihm unmöglich, noch weiter zu leben, und er daher gesonnen sei, seinem Leben ein Ende zu machen. Es wurde sofort die Anzeige erstattet und be reits Nachmittag wurde der Unglückliche im k. k. Prater mit durchschoffener Brust, aber noch lebend aufgefunden. * Der Yens. Major Anton v.Manarszy entfernte sich am 14. d. Mts. aus seiner auf der Mariahilferstraße befindlichen Wohnung und ist seither nicht wieder zurückgekehrt. Es ist zu fürchten, daß ihm ein Leid widerfahrm sei. Ebenso Perließ der Musikdireftor Alfons Bella seine am Neubau befindlich« Wohnung und wurde seitdem nicht wieder gesehen. Weiter wird der Rentier Baron Blache aus Verona aus seiner in der Jägerzeile befindlichen Wohnung vermißt. * Vorgestern Vormittags wurde von einem Finanzwachaufseher in einem Wäldchen in Rodainr der Leichnam eines bei 20 Jahre alten, ziemlich elegant geklei deten jungen Mannes an einem Baumaste erhängt aufgefunden. Bei der Leiche wurde ein Brief vorgefunden, in welchem der jugendliche Selbstmörder unglückliche Lieb« und Verrath als Motiv des Selbstmordes bezeichnet. * Im Monat Jänner sind 19 Männer vom Militär, 425 vom Civil, daher 444 Männer, 457 Frauen, 466 Knaben, 387 Mädchen; im Ganzen mithin 1754 Individuen gestorben. Todtgeboren wurden 39 Knaben, 46 Mädchen. Es ergibt sich daher ein Totale von 1839 Verstorbenen und inbegriffen die zur Obduktion in das allgemeine Krankenhaus gebrachten 9 Leichen von 1848. * Aus Leoben, 18. Februar, wird berichtet: Der nahe Steinkohlenberg bau hat nach längerer Pause wieder sein Opfer gefordert. Seit Anfang Jänner t I. arbeitete» im Tullinggraben, in dem v. Mayer'schen Johanni-Baue zwischen der fünften und sechsten Horizontstrecke, in wechselnden Tag- und Nachtschichten, je .zwei Bergarbeiter. Samstag den 16. Februar Mittags sind die Arbeiter Barthlmä Schalk und August Tausch! angefahren. Ersterer war damit beschäftigt, eine Verschallung herzustellen, damit die herabgezogenen Berge die Strecke nicht ver- stürzen. Nach bewerkstelligter Versicherung begaben sich beide Arbeiter zum Vor orte, um den Verhau hereinzuziehen. Es war bei 4 Uhr Nachmittags, als die Berge zu bröseln begannen. Beide Häuer gingen daher auf die Strecke zurück und warteten «twa eine halbe Stunde auf das weitere Hereinbrechen, jedoch vergeblich. Unbeachtet der Warnung des Mitarbeiters Tausch! stieg nun der Häuer Schalk, nur mit dem Berg eisen versehen, ohne Beachtung der gefährlichen Ortsverhältniffe, auf die kleine durch zwei Schwartlinge und ein Brett gebildete Bühne. Er hatte kaum 3 bis 4 Streiche mit dem Bergeisen geführt, so brachen die Berge plötzlich herein, die Grubenlichter erlöschten und hötte der ferner stehende Tauscht einige Schmerzenslaute seines Arbeitsgenoffen. -Schnell zündete Tauscht wieder sein Grubenlicht an und rief die übrigen Bergleute aus den nahen Belegräumen herbei. Unter Anleitung des Obersteigers und des Vorhäuers, sowie der sich bald am Orte mit dem k. k. Bergkommisiär einfindenden Commission wurde nach Kräften an der Ausbringung des Verunglückten gearbeitet, welch^ aber leider zu spät, am Sonntag den 17. I. I. Früh gelungen ist. Der Unglückliche hatte seine Unvorsichtigkeit bereits mit dem Leben gebüßt und wird seine entseelte Hülle heute von seinen Kameraden mit allen bergmannischm Ehren zur letzten Grubenfahrt getragen. * In Fiume haben sich arge Mißhelligkeiten zwischen der Bevölkerung, «elche Freudendemonstrationen veranlassen wollte, und dem Civilkapitän Smaic ergeben, der dem entgegentrat. Er konnte jedoch nicht durchdringen und am Mon tag war die ganze Stadt beflaggt, überall ertönte Jubel und am Abend fand ein Fackelzug statt. * Hirnök ist zur Erklärung ermächtigt, daß die vom Wiener Korresponden ten des „T. a. B." kolportirte verbreitete Nachricht über einen Wortwechsel zwischen chnn apostolischen Nuntius und dem Primas von Ungar» anläßlich des Concorda tes vollkommen unbegründet und reine Erfindung sei. * In der am 18. d. M. abgehaltenen Spezialsitzung der ungarische» Akademie hielt Professor Römer einen Vortrag über einen im Besitze des Grafen Arthur Batthpanyi befindlichen alterthümlichen silbernen Hausaltar, von welchem er nachwies, daß derselbe ursprünglich ein Eigenthum der hl. Margaretha, Tochter des Königs Bela IV., gewesen sei, welche im Jahre 1270 auf der nach ihr benannten Margarethen-Insel bei Ofen starb. Dieser Altar wurde öfter in den authentischen Verzeichnissen der Preßburgcr Clarifferinnen angeführt, kam nach Aufhebung dieses Ordens unter Kaiser Josef II. in den Besitz des Primas Bat- thyanyi, und von da in die Hände des gegenwärtigen Eigenthümers. Der vortra gende Archäologe äußerte zum Schluffe den Wunsch, daß diese auf 8000 fl. veran schlagte Antiquität aus dem Zeitalter der Arpaden entweder für das Pester Na tionalmuseum oder für den Graner Kirchenschatz angekauft werde. * Aus Rimahombat vom 17. d. wird geschrieben: Außer den vor mehreren Tagen verhafteten Herren Karl Stesancssok, Notar von Nagy-Röcz«, und Dr. Zoch, Professor daselbst, wurden wegen starker Jnzichten des Hochver- rathes und der Majestätsbeleidigung auch die Herren Gallai, Notar von Rasko, und Bakulinvi, gewesener Stuhlrichter, gefänglich eingezogen. No tar Stesancsok wurde gestern von Rimahombat nach Pelsöcz in das Komi tatsgefängniß unter starker Gendarmerieeskorte abgeführt. Außerdem sind noch mehrere Verdächtige aus Nagy-Röcze und Jolsva verhaftet und in meh reren Orten des Gömörer Komitates Hausuntersuchungen vorgenommen s — worden. Die ganze slavische Korrespondenz des Debrecziner Wechselgerichtsbei- rtzers Tarn er wurde in Beschlag genommen und aus Dckreczin dem hiesige» Gerichte zur Verfügung gestellt. Es verlautet, daß noch mehrere hiedurch kompro- mittirte Personen eingezogen werden solle». Die Bevölkerung in Rimaßombat ist ehr aufgeregt, was sich auch vom größten Theile des Komitates mit Recht sagen läßt. Die Aufregung und Erbitterung Rimaßombat's dürfte darin eine Hauptnahrung ge funden habe», daß schon seit Jahren auf der eine Viertelstunde von Rimaßombat entfernten Pußta Sz. häufige slavische Zusammenkünfte und Sitzungen abgehalten wurden. Mit der Untersuchung dieser Angelegenheit ist der Komitatsoberfiskal Alois v. Letassy betraut und wurde ihm der Stuhlrichter Michael v. Smer- csanyi beigegeben. Herr Letaffy ist heute Morgens von einer Reise zurück gekehrt und wurde sogleich, obschon heute Sonntag ist, eine mehrstündige Ätzung des Komitatsgerichtes abgehalten. Von den Jnhaftirten wurde kein einziger reigelassen und scheint die ganze Angelegenheit viel wichtiger zu sein, als die lavischen Blätter gelten lassen wolle», da Proklamationen vorgefunden wurden, welche die Jnhaftirten an die slavische Bevölkerung vertheilten. Als sicher kann ich Ihnen melden, daß schon am heutigen Tage im telegraphischen Wege das hohe Causarum-Regalium-Direftorat verständigt wurde, und wir sehen demnächst einer Kommission desselben entgegen. * Aus Cesalouia, 12. Febr., wird Näheres über das Erdbeben gemeldet, welches am 4. d. M., um 6 Uhr 10 Min. Morgens die Insel verheerte. Theater und Kunst. (Harmoniethealer.) Eine „dramatische Kleinigkeit" nennt sich bescheiden das Stückchen: „Das Mädl aus dem Volke" von Schlesinger, welches gestern zum ersten Male aufgeführt wurde und seinem Zwecke ent sprach, das Publikum zu unterhalten. In die leicht geschürzte Handlung sind zeitgemäße Witze und Anspielungen verflochten, die bei dem Audito rium verfingen. Fräulein Stubel und die Herren Frank und Stolze fanden Beifall und wurden mit dem Verfasser zum Schlüsse gerufm. — Gestern besuchte Ihre k. Höh. Frau Erzherzogin Sofie die Ausstellung des österreichischen Kunstvereines. — Schlachtenmaler L'Allemand jun., der bekanntlich im Auftrage Sr. Maj. des Kaisers bei der Südarmee weilte, hat soeben das erste große Gemälde der Schlacht von Custozza begonnen. Es wird dasselbe den „Helden von Custozza", Se. kais. Höh. FM. Erzherzog Albrecht, umgeben von seinem Hauptquartiere, die Schlacht leitend darstellen. Sr. t. Hoheit zunächst stehen der gegenwärtige Kriegs minister FML. Frhr. v. John und mehrere andere Generale und Oberste; der Mit telpunkt einer zweiten Gruppe ist Se. k. Höh. Erzherzog Rainer; die Adjutanten der Herren Erzherzoge FML. Graf Braida und Major Graf Wurmbrand, die Ma jore Graf Welsersheimb und Baron Kennet, die Vertreter der einzelnen Truppen körper, die Ordonnanz-Offiziere, ja selbst die Hofgendarmen und Botenjäger werden mit vollster historischer Treue wiedergegeben — als die Zeugen des ewig unvergeß lichen Tages. — In etwa 14 Tagen wird der k. k. Hof-Marine-Maler I. C. B. P üttner die bildliche Darstellung der Seeschlacht von Liffa für Se. Majestät dm Kaiser vollendet haben. Wie „die Schlacht bei Helgoland" ist das Bild 6 Fuß breit und 4 Fuß hoch. — Der Oberstkämmerer Fürst Vinzenz Ausersperg ist noch immer leidend und sein Zustand macht vor Allem eine groß« Schonung nothwendig. Nichtsdesto weniger versieht er mit großer Aufopferung die Pflichten seines Amtes und empfängt täglich den Bericht des Sektionschefs v. Radda und ertheilt die auf die Führung der Hoftheater nothwendigen Instruktionen. Wahrscheinlich erst nach voll ständiger Wiederherstellung des Fürsten soll in seinem Palais eine theatralische Vorstellung stattfinden, bestehend aus dem Lustspiel „Die schöne Müllerin" und einem kleinen französischen Stück. Die Darsteller gehörm der hohen Aristokratie an. — Bei der letzten Aufführuug von Grillparzers „Ottokar" erlittHr.Wag ner einen kleinen Unfall. In der Szene des Zweikampfes drang Hr. Hartman» so ungestüm auf ihn ein, daß er ihn leicht verwundete und Herr Wagner zu blu ten anfing. — Frau Hebbel ist von einem nervösen Leiten, von dem sie befallen wor den war, wieder genesen. — Direktor Salvi ist gestern Abends nach Pest gereist. Die Reise ist Privatangelegenheiten gewidmet. Tie Nachricht, daß er dort irgend eine Oper für das Wimer Theater sucht, erweist sich als eine irrige. — Herr Ferenczy ist kaum hergestellt aus Nizza in Wien angelangt, als er hier vom Neuem erkrankte, wodurch eine Repertoire-Veränderung eintreten mußte, da der Sänger gestern zum ersten Male wieder auftreten sollte. — Tie F r ey'sche Singspielhalle wird heute, nachdem die 14tägige Sistirungs- frist abgelaufen ist, wieder eröffnet. — Im Theater in der Josefstadt gelangt nächsten Samstag in Verbindung mit der „Wunderfontaine", welche durch ihre Pracht das anwesende Publikum er freut, eine von I. B. Wild und C. Gärtner verfaßte Posse: „Oalospinthbehrowo- krene" oder „Eine Wunderwelt" zur ersten Aufführung, die sehr vielen Spaß und komische Situationen enthalten und von der Direktion recht nett ausgestattet werden soll. — Das große Oelbild, „die Gestrandeten an der Nordsee", von Elisabeth Jerichau-Vaumann, Professorin der kgl. Akademie zu Kopenhagen, welches bei der Berliner Ausstellung durch die Preismedaille ausgezeichnet wurde und nunmehr für die Pariser Ausstellung bestimmt ist, bleibt nur noch bis Ende dieses Monats in der Ausstellung des österr. Kunstvereins. Am 15. wurde in die Februar-Ausstellung nachträglich eine Reihe Studien und Skizzen von Josef Selleny aufgenommen, welche der renommirte Künstler von seiner Novarareise mitgebracht hat. Angekauft wurden in diesem Monate vom österr. Kunstvereine die Oelgemälde „Eva", von Canon in Karlsruhe, „Hofmeisters Leiden", von Löfs- ler-Radymno, „Leopold in Wen", „Ansicht des Dachsteins", von Ant Schif fer in Wien und „Motiv von Naßkör", von Georg Geyer m Wien. Außerdem wurde der Landschaftsmaler Julius Marak in Wim vom Verein mit der Aus führung seiner Kohlenzeichnung, „der Kongreß unter den Ulmen , als Oel- gemälde betraut. Als diesjährige Prämienblätter des österr. Kunstvererns sind be stimmt: a) zwei Kupferstiche nach Karl R ahl's Fries für die Universität in Athm, „Prometheus bringt dem Menschengeschlecht das himmlische Licht» und „Paulus predigt das Evangelium am Areopag zuAthen. Das ganze Werk, mit desien Ausführung der Kupferstecher Herr Christian Mayer in Wien betraut wurde, wird fünf Kupferstiche umfasien, von denm die obgenannte» Eckstücke des Frieses nur eine Vereinsprämie pro 1867 bilden, die drei großen Mittelstücke aber in den nächstfolgenden drei Jahren als Prämimblätter zur Ab gabe gelangen. Mit dm ersten Kupferstichen wird ein Croquis des ganzen Frieses in lithographirten Umriffen mit erläuterndem Texte unentgeltlich an die Mitglieder ausgegeben. Die lithographische Ausführung desselben wurde dem Akademiker Hrn. Ernst Pjeßler übertragen: dm erklärmden Text hat der Schriftsteller und Kunst- referent Hr. Ludwig Speidel zur Unterstützung dieses Werkes zu verfasse» sich bereit erklärt. Ebenso hat sich der Architekt Hr. Theophil Hansen geneigt finden lassen, einen einheitlichen Rahmen zu komponiren, und wird der Verein du Be stellung der Rahmen (sammt Glas) in erforderlicher Anzahl für, die Mitglieder, welche darauf reflektiren und ihre diesfälligen Wünsche noch rechtzeitig bekannt ge ben, übernehmen: b) als zweites Prämienblatt pro 1867 wurde ein Farbendruck von Gottfried Seelos nach Lindemann-Frommels in Rom „Castell Gandolfo (päpstliche Villa am See Albano) bestimmt, desien Original sich in der Galerie des Prinzen von Sachsen-Koburg-Gotha befindet. — Se. Majestät der Kaiser von Oesterreich hat dem Dr. Hermann Baer- wald, Lehrer am jüdischen Lehrerseminar zu Berlin, für sein Werk: „Baum- gartner's Formelbuch", welches die Wiener Akademie der Wiffenschaften m Aner kennung desien Werthes für österreichische Geschichtsforschung aus eigene Kosten drücken ließ, die Medaille für Kunst und Wisienschaft verliehen. , MÄ , — Herr Zottmayer hat sich nach Graz begeben und in dem dortigen Theater die schon seit so langer Zeit von den Grazern sehnsüchtig erwarteten Tenor laute hören lasien. Die Freude über diesen zu Stande gebrachten Tenor muß eine sehr große gewesen sein, sonst hätte sich der Referent eines Grazer Blattes nicht zu der komischm Behauptung versteigen können, daß er vor Herrn Walter einen großen Vorzug voraus habe. In Wien hat man dies zu bemerken bisher keine Gelegenheit gehabt. — Dem Vernehmen nach werden die Damen Balazs, Bognur und Mün yik zu Oester» ihre Engagements am Pest er Nationaltheater verlasien. — In der am Samstag abgehaltenen Sitzung der Pest er Thcaterkommis- sion gelangten die wegen Pachtung des dortigen Stadttheaters eingereichten Offerte der Herren Gundy und Koltai zur Verhandlung. Herr Gundy hat in seinem Offerte der Stadt jährlich den Betrag von 4500 Gulden und für die Vorstellungen im Sommertheater jährlich 600 Gulden angeboten, und sich auch verpflichtet, Opernvvrstellungen zu geben. Tie Theaterkommisiion hat die Berücksichtigung dieses Offertes empfohlen. Nachträglich hat jedoch Herr Koltai ein neues Offert eingereicht, in welchem derselbe der Stadt jährlich den Betrag von 5000 fl. anbietet und sich verpflichtet, auch Opernvorstellungen zu geben. — Man schreibt aus München, 18. Februar: Vor wenigen Tagen ward unter großem Geleit und mit nicht »geringerer innerer Theilnahme Frln. Emilie Linder zur Erde bestattet. Sie war in Basel im Jahre 1798 gebor-n und im Jahre 1824 als Schülerin der Akademie der Künste, zur Zeit, wo mehrere Damen sich an dieser Anstalt ausbildeten, hieher eingewandert. Mit dem Besitz eines bedeu tenden Vermögens vereinigte sich aber auch in ihr die nicht häufige Begabung der trefflichsten Verwendung desselben. Ihr Leben bestand neben der Liebe zur Kunst in der größten Liebe zur Menschheit, in dem unermüdlichsten Eifer, allenthalben Gutes zu stiften und Segen zu verbreiten. Schon auf ihrer ersten Reise nach Jta- lim (1825) erbarmte sie sich — obgleich damals noch Protestantin — des gerade durch mannigfaches Mißgeschick zum Verfall gebrachten Klosters der deutschen Franziskanerinnen in Assisi. Ihren Mitteln ist die Erhaltung desselben zu danken, und bis zu ihrem Lebensende waren die Nonnen mit ihrer Retterin in dankbarstem Verkehr geblieben. Schon bald nach ihrer Ansiedelung in München hatte die hohe geistige Begabung und der feine ästhetische Sinn der Trefflichen den auserlesensten Kreis um sie geschaart. Cornelius, Ringseis, Schlotthauer, Eberhard, die beiden Boisieröe, Heß, Görres, Clemens Brentano und andere fanden in dem Hause des Fräuleins den ihnen entsprechendsten Vereinigungspunkt. In Rom war ebenso ein reger Verkehr mit Overbeck, Veith, Koch, Schnorr und den namhaftesten Meistern der edelsten Richtung gegründet worden. Emilie Lindner selbst aber hat ihre Kunst als Malerin in bescheidenster Weise ausgeübt, indem sie ihre Gemälde nur armen Kapellen oder Kirchen widmete. Umsomehr aber spendete sie an andere Künstler in reichem Maß. Sie war es, welche einige Schüler der Akademie eigens nach Mailand schickte um die Kopie des Leonardo-Abendmals anfertigen zu lasten, welche sie in das von ihr in ihrer Vaterstadt Basel gegründete Kunstmuseum mit vielen andern Gegenständen von hoher Bedeutung stiftete. Im Jahre 1844 trat Emilie Linder zur katholischen Kirche über. Ihrer inneren Richtung mag dieser Schritt eine besondere Genugthuung gewesen sein; das Gebot der christlichen Liebe war aber ins Herz gewachsen, so daß die Manifestationen dieser schönsten Eigen schaft des Christen wohl nicht vermehrt werdm konnten. Nach allen Seiten hi» floß aus dieser Quelle der reichste Strom; aber es war ein stilles Wirken ohne Sang und Klang. Dabei lebte die Geberin selbst in einfachster Zurückgezogenheit und Bescheidenheit. Die namhafte Sammlung der schönsten Kunstgebilde, welche ihre Wohnung zierte, war wohl der einzige Genuß, den sie sich selbst gestattete. Die prächtigsten Zeichnungen von Overbeck, Schwind und andern Meistern umgaben sie. Ihrer Hand aber haben wir nnter andern das vorzügliche Bildniß Clemens Brenlano's zu danken. Handel, Industrie und Verkehr. (Wochenausweis der österreichischen Nationalbank.) Bank noten-Umlauf 277,188.680 fl. — kr. Hievon ab: Auf Grund des Gesetzes vom 7. Juli 1866 erfolgte Vorschüsse 60,000.000 fl. — kr. Am Schluffe des Monates bar zu begleichende Forderung der Bank aus der kommisiionsweisen Be sorgung des Hypothekar-Anweisungengeschäftes (§. 62 der Statuten) 230.524 fl. 72- 2 kr. Zusammen 60,230.524 fl. 72»/, kr. Verbleibm 216,958.155 fl. 27»/, kr. — Bedeckung: Metallschatz 103,186.903 fl. 13 kr. In Metall zahlbare Wechsel 44,582.086 fl. 10 kr. Staatsnoten, welche der Bank gehören 10,516.109 fl. — kr. Lekompte 36,439.642 fl. 71 kr. Darlehen 28,900.900 fl. — kr. Eingelöste Coupons von Grundentlastungs - Obligationen 77.506 fl. 79 kr. 9,629.900 fl. — kr. eingelöste Pfandbriefe ü 66 2 / 3 °/o 6,419.933 fl. 33 kr. Zusammen 230,123.081 fl. 6 kr. (Ungarisches Handelsministerium.) Die Herren Räthe des Han delsministeriums haben sich heute in einer Zusammentretung mit der Ausscheidung der Agenden für das ungarische Handelsministerium beschäftigt., (Die neue Nordbahn-Konzession) für die mährischen Linien dürste schon in den nächste» Tagen Anlaß zur Einberufung einer außerordentlichen Ge neralversammlung der Aktionäre geben. Die Ausfertigung und Publikatton der Konzessionsurkunde erfolgt erst nach dem Ergebnisse der bei der Generalversamm lung gefaßten Beschlüffe. In die erste Bauperiode fallen die Linien von Brünn über Wischau» Proßnitz und Olmütz mit der Abzweigung nach Prerau, und in die zweite die Fortsetzung der Sternberger Linie nach Zuckmantel. (Prioritäts-Obligationen der böhmischen Nordvahu.) Wie „Werth. Geschäftsbericht" mittheilt» hat die Kreditanstalt gemeinsam mit dem Äankhause Rothschild den ganzen Betrag dieses zu emittirenden Werthpapieres übernommen. (Wolleinsuhr nach Preußen.) Dieselbe ist — via Oderberg — wieder gestattet, wenn derlei Sendungen Von legalen Gesundheitspäsien be gleitet werden. (Baumwolle.) Wien. Die reproduzirten geringeren Ernteschätzungen werden mit großem Mißtrauen aufgenommen, und die neuesten Liverpooler und Manchester Berichte geben vielmehr Zeugniß von einer gedrückten Stimmung. Auch die neuesten Nachrichten aus Salonichi und Alexandrien lassen eine flauere Hal tung des dortigen Baumwollgeschästes abnehmen. Die hiesigen Garnspinnereien stehen gegenwärtig um so weniger im Vortheil, als der weichende Gang der frem den Valuten theilweise verlustbringend ist. (Baumwollgarne.) Wien. Heutige Börse. Die Tendenz im Garnverkehr ist eine entschieden flaue, und ist in Folge desien ein Rückgang von wenigen Kreuzern per einfaches Bündel eingetreten. Der Markt für Garne ist auch außerhalb Oesterreich ein sehr matter, und dieser, Gesammteindruck von allen Plätzen ist nicht geeignet, einen besieren Ton für das Geschäft hervorzurufen. Die Preise sind allerdings nur wenig geändert, aber es war zufolge der Geschäftslosig- keit auch hiezu keine Veranlassung. Au der Börse war wohl rege Konversation aber kein Geschäft. (Schafwolle.) Wien. Der hierortige Verkehr bleibt, wie „Werth. Geschästsb " meldet, auf den Bedarf der Fabrikation beschränk, und hat in der abgelaufenen Woche kaum einige hundert Centner betragen, wobei die Auswahl mangelhaft bleibt. Der Bezug russischer Wollen, sowie die eine geraume Zeit vor Ablieferung stattfindende Kontrahirung derselben hat für österreichische Händler und Fabrikanten ein bedeutendes Erschwerniß in der eingetretenen Beflerung der rus sischen Valuta, im Gegensatz zur Verschlechterung der österreichische», gefunden. Der Papierrubel, der im vorigen Jahre 1 fl. und etliche 40 kr. kostete, wird jetzt mit fl. 1.73—74 bezahlt. (Beiläufig wollen wir hiebei erwähnen, daß, obgleich Papier rubel keine Stelle im Coursblatt finden, dennoch kaum ein Tag vergeht, an welchem an hiesiger Börse nicht Umsätze darin stattfinden.) Anderseits lauten die Berichte über den Gang der Wollmanufakten in England, Frankreich und dem Zollverein fortwährend sehr kläglich. Unter diesen Umständen läßt sich auch den mit 28. d. M. in London zu eröffnenden Kollonialwollauktione» kein besonders günstiges Horos- cop stellen, da abgesehen von dem enormen Quantum von nahe an hunderttausend Ballen — vielleicht auch darüber — die Aussichten auf lohnende Verwendung sehr getrübt erscheinen. (Börsenbericht.) Wie», 20. Februar. Ohne irgend einen speziellen Anlaß war die Börse heute in fester und lebhafter Stimmung, die namentlich in der beffern Haltung der Eisenbahnaktien zum Ausdruck gelangte, indeß auch mehr oder minder die übrigen Effeften zu höheren Coursen in Verkehr kamen, am meisten vernachlässigt blieben jedoch Lose der letzten Jahrgänge und Kreditaktien. Diese Aktien waren nur bei Eröffnung des Vorgeschäftes in besserer Haltung, sie er reichten 182.10, ermatteten jedoch Mittags auf 190 40 und schloffen nur etwas er holt, zu 191, gleichwohl noch 1 Gulden über ihrem gestrigen Cours!; dagegen mußten sich Lose der letzten Jahrgänge mit den kleinen Besierungen von zwei bis drei Zehnteln begnügen. Bedeutender Umsatz fand in Staatsbahnattien statt, die ihre gestern eingeschlagene steigende Richtung heute mit Entschiedenheit fortsetzten, indem sie von 208.90 bis 213.50, gegen gestern nahezu um 6 Gulden stiegen. Während jedoch Pardubitzer-Aftien von ihrem Eröffnungscourse 138, um reichlich 2 Gulden, bis 135.75 reagirten, gewannen die Attien der beiden Westbahnen, trotz dem sie nicht auf den höchsten Coursen schloffen, je 2 Gulden am Course und haben sich Südbahnaktien um eben so viel gehoben; auch Nordbahnaktien stiegen um 1 Perzent, bis 165.50. Innerhalb des Schrankens erreichten die Umsätze keine grobe Ausdehnung, doch waren sämmtliche Jndustrieaktieu um 1 Gulden, Lloyd- attien um 3 Gulden» Staatspapiere, von welchen das neue steuerfreie Anlehen in stoßen Posten umgesetzt wurde, um »/« Perzent höher gefragt, und theilweise def ekten sich auch Gruudentlastungs-Obligattonen um »/« Perzent. Von Nebenpapieren liegen 1839er bei fehlenden Abgebern um 3 Perzent, Pfandbriefe und Prioritäten aber blieben vollkommen vernachlässigt, von letzteren nur die der Staatsbahn etwas bester gefragt. Devisen und Valuten anfangs zu den gestrigen Coursen um- zesetzt, hoben sich schließlich bei geringem Verkehr um »/« Perzent und blieben zur höheren Notiz gefragt. Geld ist noch fortwährend sehr flüssig. (Avenddvrse.) An der Abendbörse eröffneten die Effekten zu ihren Mittagsschlußcoursen. Arotterdam, 20. Februar. 5"/- Neues steuerfteieS Anlehen 45'«. Lori verzinslich 66*/«. 5°/ 0 Metalliques 46'/,. 2'/,*/„ Metalliques 23'/,. Naiioual- Aolrhe« 53. Silber - Anlehen 57'/«. Dien — —. Amerikaner —. Ita liener —. Fest. 20. Fckruar. (SLlußcourse.) 3<7, Rente 69 55. 4*/,% Rente 99.75. Italienische Rente 53 45 Staatsbah» 4l3 Kredit mobilier 493. Lom bards 410. 1860er Lose 890 Lesterreichische Anlebene-Obligationen per Tag 330. ans Zeit 323. 1875er Lombardische Bons 446 25 1876« Lombardisch« BonS 447.50. Träge, unbelebt. KsnsolS 91 gemeldet. London» 20. Februar. Konsols 90'.. Lombarden 16'/«. Anglo-Oeiierr. Bank V Türk. Konsols 30.11. Silber 60'/«. Wechsel —. Amerikaner 74.01. Italiener 53.03. Donaufürstenthümer-Anleihe '/, Prämie. Matt. London, 20. Februar. (Getreidemarkt.) Weizen, englischer, Ge schäft langsam, Montagspreise; Weizen, fremder, Geschäft beschränkt, wenig ver änderte Preise. Gerste, Hafer unverändert. Schön, mild. Liverpool, 20. Februar. (Baumwoll-Markt.) Umsatz 8000 Ballen. — Unverändert. — Georgia 14. New Orleans 14'/,. Fair Dhollerah 11"/«. Middling Fair Dhollerah 11'/«. Middling Dbollerab 11 Bengal 8'/«. Good Fair Bengal 8"/«. New Oomra 11"/«. P«nam 15 Egyptian 16'/«. New »Bork, 19. Februar. (Kabeltekegramm.) Wechselconrs in Gold- 108"/« Goldagio 36'/,. Bonds 111'/,. Illinois 115'/,. Eriebahn 56. Baumwolle 33 Rohes Petroleum —. Raffinirtes 29. Eingesendet. Die Wein» «. Delikatefsen-Handluna von Adalbert Schreyer, Wien, Weihburggasse Nr. II, empfiehlt nn Klein- und Großverkauf zu Möglichst billigm Preisen das Beste und Feinste aller Gattungen echt« und renom- mirt« Champagner, Bordeaux-, Rhein- und Moselweine, Dessert weine, Ausbrüche, Tokayer, Rum, Arac, Liqueure, österr. und un garische Weiß- und Rothweine, Vöslauer Schaumwein u. s. w. Fern« alle Gattungen feinster Delikatesien, als: französischer, englischer und Düs seldorfer Senf, Senfmehl, Sardinen, Thon, Lachs, Krebsschwänze, Hommürd, Anchois, englische Saucen, Erbsen, Fisolen, Spargel, Trüffel u. s. w. in Flacons und Dosen. Käse, feinste Speise-Oele, Thee, echten Tapioca exotique (Sago), französische Gelatine weiß und roth u. s. w. — Preislisten werden au f Verlangen fra nko abgegeben. Zur Pariser Welt Ausstellung. Da die Erfahrung bei den verschiedenen Ausstellungen gelehrt, daß selbst neue und praktische Gegenstände, wenn selbe nichc geschmackvoll und dem Zweck entsprechend exponirt, von dem großen Publikum stets unbeachtet geblieben und selbst von Seite der Jury nicht mit dem erwünschten Erfolg gekrönt wurden, so dürfte es vielen der Herren Aussteller nicht unerwünscht sein, daß wir den tüchtigen Fachmann Herrn M. Worliezek, welcher bereits alle großen Ausstellungen praktisch mit gemacht, für die Pariser Ausstellung gewonnen, und selber sowohl die Aufstellun g als die Wahrung unserer sonstigen Interessen übernommen, und sich bereit erklärt, noch einige größere Firmen zu vertreten. Jakob Rothderger. Kran» Javurek. Jgn. HSnig. Adolf Weltsch. find zu haben bei Joh. C. Sothen, Graben 13. „SotteS Segen!" 200.000 Gulden für 2'/, Gulden; Promesse« auf 1864« 100 fl.-Staatslose. Ziehung schon Freitag de» 1. März. Lipstadt «fc Comp, in Wien, Ecke vom Kärntnerrivg Nr. 1. Mschtrag. Der zwischen den Kabineten von Berlin und Paris stattgehabte Gedankenaustausch über die orientalische Angelegenheit bezieht sich, wie der „B. u. H. Ztg." versichert wird, auf die gegenüber den möglichen Verwicklungen einzuhaltenden leitendm Gedanken und die Nothwendigkeit der den christlichen Bevölkerungen ohne Rücksicht auf die absolute Integrität der Türkei zu machenden Zugeständnisse. Bindende Verpflichtungen für ein in Einzelheiten feststehendes Programm hat dagegen Preußm nicht übernommen. I8«4-r Promefsen & 2'/, fl., per 1. März, Haupttreffer 200.000 fl. StaatSlose . . . 43 fl., „ 20. „ 100.000 fl. Armenlofe . . . 4 50 h. „5. „ „ 1000 Dukaten, Telegraphische Landtags-Berichte. Graz, 20. Februar. Die Wahlen für den Reichs rath werden auf eine bei nächsten Tagesordnungen gesetzt. Abgeordneter Pfeiffer beantragt eine Adresse an Se. Majestät mit der Bitte, daß die im Zuge stehende Rekruti- r ung mit Umgehung der neuen Heeresergänzungsv«ordnung nach dem früheren Gesetze vorgenommen werde. Nächste Sitzung Freitag. Tagesordnung: Wahl des Landesausschuffes. Laibach, 20. Februar. D« Präsident verliest eine Mittheilung der Regi«ung, welch« zufolge d« Schluß d« Seffion auf den 28. Februar bestimmt ist. Sämmtliche vom Landesausschuffe beanständete Wahlakte wurden vom Land tage ratifizirt. Zur Prüfung der eingebrachten Regierungsvorlage, betreffend die Reichsrathswahlen, wurde ein Ausschuß von sieben Mitgliedern eingesetzt. Innsbruck, 20. Februar. 23 Abgeordnete d« Rechten stellen den Antrag: Se. Majestät zu bitten, die Durchführung der Verordnung vom 28. De zember 1866 bis nach erfolgter verfassungsmäßiger Behandlung derselben zu fistiren. D« Antrag wird einem Komite übergeben. Brünn, 20 Februar. Dr. Prazak beantragt, daß die im Paragraph« 54 der Landtagswahlordnung ausgesprochene Begünstigung der Aende rungen der Bestimmungen derselben auch auf die jetzige Landtags periode ausgedehnt w«de. Telegraphische Depeschen. Brünn, 20. Februar. (Telegramm des „Fremdenblatt".) Die heutigen Wahlen der Landesausschüsse sind entschieden zu Un gunsten der Druschen ausgefallen. Von den neugewählten sechs Landes ausschüss en gehören fünf der föderalistischen, nur Dr. Giskra der deutschen Partei an. Pest, 20. Februar. (Telegramm des „Fremdenblatt".) Zuver lässig findet die Eidesleistung der Minister in Ofen statt. Seine Majestät der Kaiser wartet zur Reise nach Ofen blos die Ankunft des Kronprinzen Humbert ab, der Se. Majestät wahrscheinlich begleiten wird. Heute kommt Graf Andrassy hier an.
| 42,472 |
https://github.com/pelagios/peripleo2/blob/master/app/controllers/admin/authorities/BaseAuthorityAdminController.scala
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
peripleo2
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pelagios
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Scala
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Code
| 100 | 372 |
package controllers.admin.authorities
import org.joda.time.DateTime
import services.item._
import services.item.importers.DatasetImporter
import controllers.BaseAuthController
import play.api.mvc.ControllerComponents
abstract class BaseAuthorityAdminController(
components: ControllerComponents,
importer : DatasetImporter
) extends BaseAuthController(components) {
protected def upsertDatasetRecord(
uri : String,
title : String,
descriptions : Seq[Description] = Seq.empty[Description],
categories : Seq[Category] = Seq.empty[Category],
license : Option[String] = None,
logoUrl : Option[String] = None,
lastChangedAt : Option[DateTime] = None
) = {
val record = ItemRecord(
uri,
Seq(uri),
DateTime.now,
lastChangedAt,
title,
None, None, // isInDataset, isPartOf
categories,
descriptions,
None, // homepage
license,
Seq.empty[Language],
logoUrl.map(url => Seq(Depiction(url, DepictionType.IMAGE))).getOrElse(Seq.empty[Depiction]),
None, None, None, // geometry, representativePoint, temporalBounds
Seq.empty[Name],
Seq.empty[Link],
None, None)
importer.importRecord(record)
}
}
| 10,439 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulteney%20Grammar%20School
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Pulteney Grammar School
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulteney Grammar School&action=history
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English
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Spoken
| 1,416 | 2,239 |
Pulteney Grammar School is an independent, Anglican, co-educational day school. Founded in 1847 by members of the Anglican Church, it is the second oldest independent school in South Australia. Its campuses are located on South Terrace in Adelaide, South Australia.
History
Foundation
In May 1847, a group of founding trustees met in Adelaide in order to discuss the establishment of a new school for the children of Adelaide. Twelve months later, on 29 May 1848, the new institution Pulteney Street School was opened. The school was established in the Anglican tradition, which continues to this day, though it admitted students of all denominations and children from non-Christian faiths.
It began operating shortly after St Peter's College was founded (and, years before that, that fellow Anglican establishment moved to its present location in Hackney). The Pulteney Street School was clearly aimed at a different demographic, having a monthly charge of 2/6d per month for each pupil, deemed "a rate which the poorest can surely afford to pay for the education of their children". The school had 50 attendees by the end of its first week of operation, and 180 by October 1848. Classes were taken at a newly constructed building at the corner of Pulteney and Flinders streets, boys and girls being taught separately; the girls' classes ceasing around 1854.
Latter history
21 principals have governed the school, the first being E. K. Miller, who served from 1848 to 1851, before being replaced by several of even shorter duration, during which the school's title became Pulteney Street Central Schools. More durable Principals, (W. S. Moore, 24 years in office, W. P. Nicholls, 41 years, and W. R. Ray, 26 years), led Pulteney to become an esteemed educational institution, with its traditional competitors including Scotch College, Prince Alfred College, and St Peter's College. The first female Principal, Anne Dunstan, took office in 2014.
In 1919 the old building was acquired by the Commonwealth Government for repatriation purposes, and the school was required to move to its current premises on South Terrace, where a new building, now called the Nicholls Building, was opened by Lord Forster, then Governor-General, in July 1921. The school's move heralded the change in its name to its current form, and also brought financial uncertainty to the board of governors, who elected W. R. Ray in 1946 to attempt to bring the school back onto its feet.
By 1953, Pulteney Grammar School offered a full education for boys, beginning in what is now called 'reception', until 'Leaving Honours' (Year 12).
The school changed its structure from an all-boys day-school to admit students of all genders in 1999.
School structure and demographics
As of 2012, the School has 1000 students enrolled and over 150 teaching and non-teaching staff.Pulteney is composed of four sub-schools located on the same campus. The 'Kurrajong' and the ELC (Early Learning Centre) for students up to year 2, Prep School for years 3–6, Middle School for years 7-9 and "one ninety" (Senior School) for the final years 10–12. Each sub-school is overseen by a Head of School responding to the Principal.
According to the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority, the school economic background distribution is: 72% upper quarter, 23% upper middle quarter, 5% lower middle quarter, and 1% lower quarter. There are no Aboriginal students in the school community, as of 2015. The school attendance rate in 2013 was 100%.
Notable alumni
An active Old Scholars' network maintains a connection between the institution and its alumni. Like other schools of a similar standing, Pulteney's alumni identify themselves with an old boys' tie, which is presented to students upon graduation.
Rhodes Scholars
Charles Ashwin, 1952. Rhodes Scholar for South Australia.
Peter Gibbard, 1991. Rhodes Scholar for South Australia.
Jack Turner, 1992. Rhodes Scholar Australia at large.
Mark Mussared, 1976. Rhodes Scholar for South Australia.
John Pritchard, 1935. Rhodes Scholar for South Australia.
Simon Best, 1973. Rhodes Scholar for South Australia.
Politics, diplomacy and Law
John Gardner MP, Minister for Education (2018–2022), Member for Morialta (2010–present)
Stephen Mullighan MP, Minister for Transport & Infrastructure (2014–2018), Member for Lee (2014–present)
Ted Mullighan, died 2011, QC and former Supreme Court Judge
The Hon. John Sulan, Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia
Sir Frederick William Holder KCMG, 19th Premier of South Australia, prominent member of inaugural Commonwealth Parliament, first Speaker of the House of Representatives
John Darling Jr. MP, company director and politician, Member for East Torrens 1896–1902, Member for Torrens 1902–1905
Ian Haig (1935–2014), diplomat and business leader
Medicine
Ernest Robert Beech, emeritus consultant physician of the Royal Perth Hospital
Wyatt 'Rory' Hume, pharmacologist, former vice-chancellor of the University of New South Wales, and Provost of the United Arab Emirates University
Sir Leonard Ross Mallen, died 1980, Federal councillor of the Australian Medical Association
Richard Sanders Rogers, medical pioneer, and authority on Australian orchids
Military
Arthur Seaforth Blackburn VC, soldier and lawyer; Winner of the Victoria Cross
Colonel Walter Dollman VD, a Pulteney "old boy" and president of the Old Scholars Association, was commander of the 27th Battalion that saw service in Egypt, Gallipoli and in the Somme.
David Kenney, flight lieutenant, awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross,
Brigadier General Stanley Price Weir, DSO, VD, JP (1866–1944), public servant and Australian Army officer
Sports
Lloyd Pope, Under 19 Australian Cricketer.
Bruce Abernethy, former AFL player and sports news reader.
Josh Francou, Magarey Medal winner 1996, player for North Adelaide Roosters (SANFL) and Port Adelaide Football Club (AFL) Australian rules football clubs.
Jordan McMahon, current player in the AFL for the Richmond Tigers.
Andrew Leipus, sports physiotherapist
Maurice P. Hutton, died 1940, cricketer and footballer
Harry Blinman, famous South Australian cricketer and former President of the South Australian Cricket Association
Michael Aish, Magarey Medal winner 1981
Arts
Peter Dawson, internationally acclaimed bass-baritone and songwriter
Harold Thomas, first Aboriginal student of Pulteney, and designer of the Australian Aboriginal Flag
Sean Williams, science fiction author
Lewis Fitz-Gerald, actor.
Jeffrey Smart, expatriate Australian artist of the Precisionist movement. Smart's works today return prices in excess of AUD$1,000,000 at auctions worldwide. He is a disciple of Adelaide artist Kirkman Meller, died 1962, South Australian writer
Michael Burden, Fellow in Music, Dean and Chattels Fellow at New College, Oxford, also Director of New Chamber Opera, and Professor of Opera Studies in the Faculty of Music, University of Oxford
Keith Phillips, photographer, Official Photographer of University of Adelaide
Rhett Giles, Actor (Stage/Film) and Producer
Business
Joseph Albert Riley, (1869–1940), prominent Adelaide businessman, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, philanthropist, notably awarded the King Albert Medal for services in the Great War
Colin Blore Bednall, journalist and media manager, Editor and Director of Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd.
Oscar Lionel Isaachsen, banker
Alan Scott Martin, died 1958, former Assistant Chief Valuer of the Land Tax Department, and former member of the Australian Land Board
Other
Jed Richards, author of 'One Long Day'
Controversy
In 2009, heritage groups and members of the public condemned Pulteney's plan to demolish a two-storey bluestone mansion within the school's boundary. The building was not heritage listed, but it was one of the last remaining mansions on South Terrace and had been recommended for conservation under Adelaide's Townscape List. The school went ahead with demolition, citing a need to act quickly to take advantage of the national economic stimulus program following the 2007–2010 global financial crisis and that retaining the building was neither practical nor affordable.
In August 2023, a petition was circulated by self-described "members of the Pulteney community" complaining about the departure or reassignment of teachers which had caused a deficit of experience and unreasonable expectations of remaining staff; a decline in university entrance scores and primary-level pupil assessments; and changes such as the merging of its middle school and the previously self-contained unit for year 11 and 12 students. The school's board promptly engaged an independent firm to conduct a review of its leadership, with expected completion by mid-October.
See also
List of schools in South Australia
Further reading
W. R. Ray, Pulteney Grammar School 1847-1972 : a record (1973).
W.R. Ray and K. Brunton, F.H. Greet & J.R. Moore, Pulteney Grammar School 1847-1997 : a record. Revised and brought up to date (1997).
Lingard Goulding, Under the kurrajong trees : Pulteney Grammar School from 1847 until 2020 (2020)
References
External links
Pulteney Grammar School website
Anglican primary schools in Adelaide
Anglican secondary schools in Adelaide
Educational institutions established in 1847
Junior School Heads Association of Australia Member Schools
1847 establishments in Australia
South Terrace, Adelaide
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Unknown
| 1,084 | 1,550 |
96 A.2d 818 (1953)
STATE
v.
PERSONS.
No. 238.
Supreme Court of Vermont. Caledonia.
May 5, 1953.
*819 John H. Downs, State's Atty., St. Johnsbury, for plaintiff.
Ernest E. Goodrich, St. Johnsbury, for defendant.
Before SHERBURNE, C. J., JEFFORDS, CLEARY and CUSHING, JJ., and HUGHES, Superior Judge.
CLEARY, Justice.
This respondent was convicted of petit larceny after a trial by jury in Caledonia municipal court. The case was brought here on the respondent's exceptions and is reported in 117 Vt. 306, 91 A.2d 701.
We held that determination of the value of the stolen property was a question for the jury under proper instructions and that it was error for the court below to hold as a matter of law that the value was less than $50. The entry order was "Judgment reversed. Conviction and sentence set aside, and cause remanded." On December 10, 1952, the state's attorney moved to enter a nolle prosequi in Caledonia municipal court. On the same date the Caledonia county clerk issued a warrant on an information filed by the state's attorney charging the respondent with grand larceny. On December 12, 1952, a hearing was held in the Caledonia municipal court on the motion which the state's attorney had made on December 10, 1952; the motion was granted but the entry of the nolle prosequi stayed pending an appeal to this Court. The case is now here on the respondent's exception to the granting of that motion.
The respondent relies on the rule that in cases of concurrent jurisdiction the court first acquiring jurisdiction will retain it to the end to the exclusion of other tribunals. Weiner v. Prudential Ins. Co., 110 Vt. 22, 24, 1 A.2d 708, 118 A.L.R. *820 1237; Lalime v. Desbiens, 115 Vt. 165, 168, 55 A.2d 121. But this rule is not to be given unyielding effect in all cases. It does not apply where the jurisdiction of the first court has come to an end. State v. Van Ness, 109 Vt. 392, 397-399, 199 A. 759, 117 A.L.R. 415.
The respondent claims that this Court remanded the case to the Caledonia municipal court and this necessitates a new trial there in order that the respondent may not again be prosecuted at some later date in this same cause. His fear is unfounded. County and municipal courts have concurrent jurisdiction in case of petit larceny. V.S. 47, § 8305. But only county courts have jurisdiction in case of grand larceny, V.S. 47, § 8304, except on a plea of guilty. V.S. 47, §§ 2421, 2423, 8615. An information charging the higher degree of a crime includes the lower degree and if the State fails to prove the greater offense, but proves the lesser, the respondent may be convicted of the lesser. State v. Albano, 92 Vt. 51, 55, 102 A. 333; State v. Deso, 110 Vt. 1, 5, 1 A.2d 710. So, if the respondent is tried on the information in county court he is in no danger of another prosecution in either court for the offense charged.
The respondent claims that because he was convicted of petit larceny in the municipal court he cannot be prosecuted for grand larceny in the county court and that a plea of former jeopardy is not waived by his appeal from his conviction. Though consideration of the question of former jeopardy is premature unless and until the respondent files such a plea in the county court we shall dispose of his contention in the hope that it may avoid another appeal to this Court.
When the respondent brought the case to this Court, after his conviction in the municipal court, and this Court held that his conviction was erroneous and set it aside the whole adjudication below was wiped out and the case proceeded de novo. State v. Emery, 59 Vt. 84, 89, 7 A. 129; State v. Bradley, 67 Vt. 465, 472, 473, 32 A. 238; Kilpatrick v. Grand Trunk Ry. Co., 74 Vt. 288, 309, 52 A. 531. To sustain the defense of former jeopardy the respondent would be obliged to prove that he had been legally convicted of the same offense for which he is now prosecuted in county court. State v. Pianfetti, 79 Vt. 236, 244, 65 A. 84. Even before the nolle prosequi in the municipal court there was no jeopardy in the mere pendency of the former prosecution there. State v. Lindsay, 86 Vt. 201, 203, 204, 84 A. 612. Until there is a final verdict of guilty or not guilty of one of the offenses charged, there can be no bar to a further prosecution for either offense charged, from the lowest to the highest. State v. Bradley, 67 Vt. 465, 472-474, 32 A. 238; State v. Deso, 110 Vt. 1, 11, 1 A.2d 710. This respondent has not been in jeopardy since no valid judgment has been rendered against him. State v. Emery, 59 Vt. 84, 88, 7 A. 129; State v. Frotten, 114 Vt. 410, 416, 46 A.2d 921.
Finally the respondent claims the state's attorney's motion to enter a nolle prosequi should have been denied. In support of his contention he quotes a rule of law that this Court refused to follow in State v. Van Ness, 109 Vt. 392, 397, 199 A. 759, 117 A.L.R. 415. He cites several of our cases and says they are not in point in the present case but does not say why. They are in point and all hold what has long been the law of this State, that a state's attorney may, at any stage of a trial before verdict, enter a nolle prosequi by permission of the court in the exercise of the court's judicial discretion. State v. I. S. S., 1 Tyler 178, 179; State v. Roe, 12 Vt. 93, 109; State v. Bissell, 106 Vt. 80, 91, 170 A. 102; State v. Van Ness, 109 Vt. 392, 397, 399, 199 A. 759, 117 A. L.R. 415; State v. Deso, 110 Vt. 1, 10, 12, 1 A.2d 710. Here the state's attorney took the precaution to obtain the court's permission, though a trial had not been started. The reason why the municipal court granted the motion does not and need not appear. Whatever the reason, we have no doubt but that the court exercised its judicial discretion. State v. Deso, 110 Vt. 1, 10, 12, 1 A.2d 710. The stay of the entry is vacated and the cause remanded. Let the entry of nolle prosequi be made.
| 46,078 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo%20Komeito
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Novo Komeito
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novo Komeito&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 150 | 291 |
Komeito (公明党) é um partido político japonês. Partido Político, que tem como objectivo, actuar dentro da sociedade politica japonesa, utilizando as doutrinas da Soka Gakkai que visam a paz mundial.
O Partido Novo Komeito foi fundado pela fusão dos partidos Komeito, que tinha sido fundo em 1964, e Partido da Nova Paz em 7 de novembro de 1998. Em 2014, o partido voltou a denominar-se Komeito, declarando-se como herdeiro das tradições do antigo Komeito.
Até aos anos 1990, o Komeito era um tradicional aliado do Partido Socialista do Japão, mas desde dos finais da Década de 1990 o partido tem sido o parceiro da coligação governativa do Partido Liberal Democrata.
Resultados eleitorais
Eleições presidenciais
Câmara dos Representantes
Veja também
Soka Gakkai
Lista de partidos políticos do Japão
Ligações externas
Website oficial do Partido Novo Komeito
Website oficial em inglês do Partido Novo Komeito
Partidos políticos do Japão
Partidos políticos conservadores
| 14,532 |
https://github.com/pwn-college/pwn-college/blob/master/dojo_plugin/api/v1/scoreboard.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause
| 2,020 |
pwn-college
|
pwn-college
|
Python
|
Code
| 301 | 1,121 |
import contextlib
import math
import datetime
from flask import url_for
from flask_restx import Namespace, Resource
from CTFd.cache import cache
from CTFd.models import db, Solves, Challenges
from CTFd.utils.user import get_current_user
from CTFd.utils.modes import get_model, generate_account_url
from ...utils import active_dojo_id, dojo_standings
from .belts import get_belts
def email_group_asset(email):
if email.endswith("@asu.edu"):
group = "fork.png"
elif email.endswith(".edu"):
group = "student.png"
else:
group = "hacker.png"
return url_for("views.themes", path=f"img/dojo/{group}")
def belt_asset(color):
if color == "blue":
belt = "blue.svg"
elif color == "yellow":
belt = "yellow.svg"
else:
belt = "white.svg"
return url_for("views.themes", path=f"img/dojo/{belt}")
@cache.memoize(timeout=60)
def get_standings(count=None, filters=None, *, dojo_id=None):
if filters is None:
filters = []
Model = get_model()
score = db.func.sum(Challenges.value).label("score")
fields = [
Solves.account_id,
Model.name,
Model.email,
score
]
standings_query = (
dojo_standings(dojo_id, fields)
.filter(*filters)
.group_by(Solves.account_id)
.order_by(score.desc(), db.func.max(Solves.id))
)
if count is None:
standings = standings_query.all()
else:
standings = standings_query.limit(count).all()
return standings
def standing_info(place, standing):
belts = get_belts()["users"]
return {
"place": place,
"name": standing.name,
"score": int(standing.score),
"url": generate_account_url(standing.account_id),
"symbol": email_group_asset(standing.email),
"belt": belt_asset(belts.get(standing.account_id, {}).get("color")),
}
scoreboard_namespace = Namespace("scoreboard")
@scoreboard_namespace.route("/overall/<int:page>")
class ScoreboardOverall(Resource):
def get(self, page):
user = get_current_user()
dojo_id = active_dojo_id(user.id) if user else None
standings = get_standings(dojo_id=dojo_id)
page_size = 20
start = page_size * page
end = page_size * (page + 1)
page_standings = list((start + i + 1, standing) for i, standing in enumerate(standings[start:end]))
result = {
"page_standings": [standing_info(place, standing) for place, standing in page_standings],
"num_pages": math.ceil(len(standings) / page_size),
}
if user:
with contextlib.suppress(StopIteration):
place, standing = next((i + 1, standing) for i, standing in enumerate(standings)
if standing.account_id == user.id)
result["me"] = standing_info(place, standing)
return result
@scoreboard_namespace.route("/weekly")
class ScoreboardWeekly(Resource):
def get(self):
user = get_current_user()
dojo_id = active_dojo_id(user.id) if user else None
week_filter = Solves.date > (datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(days=7))
standings = get_standings(count=10, filters=[week_filter], dojo_id=dojo_id)
page_standings = list((i + 1, standing) for i, standing in enumerate(standings))
result = {
"page_standings": [standing_info(place, standing) for place, standing in page_standings],
}
return result
| 41,799 |
US-31794140-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,940 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,346 | 2,883 |
Drive connection
Aug. 25, 1942. J. w. BATCHELDER 2,293,882-
DRIVE CONNECTION Filed Feb. 8, 1940 f 14 2' I a lNVEN TOR! B junes Wflatchelder,
ATTORNEY Patented Aug. 25, 1942 UN iTED STATES FATE NT ()FFICE DRIVE CONNECTION James William Batchelder, Titusville, 'Pa. Application February 8, 19.40, Serial No..3l7,941
4 Claims. (01. 287-5208) The instant invention-relates to drive connections.
Anobject of theinventio-n is the provision of dependable, effective, and economical means and arrangement for securingtogether two-elements in driving relation by means of a set-screw in such manner that the set-screw will be prevented from working loose.
Another important object of this invention is theprovisionof-self-locking characteristics in a set-screw withoutthe use of non-standard forms of screw threads, it beingpossible to form the screw of the present invention with either standard American National 'Fine or American National Coarse screw threads, as well as Briggs, Whitworth, and other-standard forms and leads or pitches.
A further object of this invention is the provision of a self-locking set-screw of such design that standard tools such as screw drivers, wrenches, and the like, may be used to operate the screw. In this connection, it may be stated that the head ofthe screw included in the present invention may be provided with conventional types of tool engaging means or heads, such as slots; splined, hexagonal or other shaped recesses; hexagonal or square heads and the like.
A still further object of 'the instant invention is to provide a set-screw which can be used many times without impairment of its self-locking characteristics. In the past, set-screws have been used with fibre or metallic lock washers or have been provided with bendable elements adapted to hold the screw in place. Such bendable elements could only be used once and, in any event, were unreliablein their action. The present construction entirely avoids the necessity for such comparatively fragile means for holding a screw.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a locking screw of such design that it is adapted for economical production in modern, high speed, automatic machinery. In this con nection, the set-screw is of a one piece construction which greatly facilitates construction and use in reducing to a minimum the steps of manufacture, and ease of assembly. With the present construction, therefore, no special skill is required in its application and a ready determination of its locking characteristic is had upon visual inspection. I
Another important objectv of the invention is the provision of a set-screw which is adaptedito transmit. torqueas well as lock together two or more elements.
In the past, where even a light 55 torque was to be transmitted between two elements, it was necessary to provide a key. With the present invention, by virtue of the increased holding power provided, no key isnecessary, since the set-screw will withstand at least light-torque loads.
The set-screw included in the present invention comprises a threaded body portion and a non-threaded extended portion, one of these portions being tapered. Any suchform of set-screw is particularly adapted to lock ecurely together two elements when the outer element is provided with a threaded aperture to receive the threaded body portion of the set-screw, with the other portion of the set-screw extending into a recessin the inner element.
According to the present inventiomthe recess of the inner element would be cylindrical and of slightly greater depth than the length of the extending end of the screw, and of a diameter substantially corresponding to the diameter of the tap drill used to form the aperture of the outer element, or at least to form the extreme innerportion of such aperture. That is, the recess will be smaller than the smallest diameter of the aperture, but slightly larger than the diameter of the set-screw extension, and the recess will also be deeper than the length of setscrew extension.
The instant invention may be readily'incorporated in an ordinary hub and shaft combination and is adaptablefor installation on machinery already built,-it being merely necessary to provide a recess in the shaft, sleeve, or the like upon which a hub, for example, is to be mounted, the recess receiving the extended threadless portion of my improved set-screw.
Tapered point set-screws have heretofore been provided, but all such previous set-screws included means to engage endwise against a shaft or to pass entirely through the shaft. Such known types have a tendency to become loose if not provided with separate locking means or materially weaken the shaft.
Previous'inventions have suggested the use of a tapered pin extending entirely through the shaft, having the smaller end threaded to cooperate with a nut fordrawing it into tight engagement. The present improvement avoids the necessity of piercing the shaft and thus a stronger construction results. Further, removal of the nut of such prior devices did not force the pin out of locked relationship. Unscrewingthe set-screw of .the present invention positively causes it to be released.
It is to be noted that the present forin of locking screw cooperates with the shaft in a manner to preclude a marring thereof which permits the hub or other outer element to be easily removed from the shaft or other inner element as compared to a form of set-screw which mars the surface of the shaft making axial movement of the hub on the shaft difiicult. To avoid this drawback, it has been the practice in the past'to undercut the shaft to receive the end of the setscrew but no cooperation has been established between the undercut and the set-screw otherwise than to permit endwise engagement of the set-screw with the shaft. The present invention provides a permanent locking means which does not interfere in the least with a ready separation of the hub and shaft elements.
Summarizing the prior practice, it is pointed out that it has involved the use of arrangements which were disadvantageous in that they were non-locking, or could be used but once, or either badly marred or weakened the shaft or other inner element. The present invention eliminates all of these difficulties, and at a cost substantially below the cost of every prior device except those which were most obviously inefiicient.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the specification and drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the improved set-screw or look screw, and
Figure 2 shows an application of the lock screw shown in Figure 1.
In the form of the invention shown in Figure 1, the set-screw or lock screw is provided with a cylindrical threaded body portion In and a tapered inner end portion or extension H. The opposite end of the body may be slotted as at l2 or otherwise formed to receive a screw driver, wrench, or other driving tool. The taper on the inner end portion is relatively steep, and the largest diameter of the tapered end is preferably smaller than the root diameter of the threads.
A locking screw so constructed is adapted to be driven into a cylindrical threaded aperture I3 in a hub [4, as shown in Figure 2, the hub being positioned on a shaft l5 which is provided with a cylindrical recess l5 cooperating with the threaded aperture l3. When the locking screw is in position in the aperture, its tapered inner end portion ll fits partially within the recess IS. The locking screw is driven in by means of the cooperating threads until the tapered inner end II has frictional engagement at I! with the wall of the recess H5, at substantially its uppermost edge, with such force that accidental displacement of the locking screw is prevented. It is necessary in order to obtain such locking action that the recess extend into the shaft such a distance that the end of the screw cannot engage the bottom. The tight engagement at I! of the tapered end within and at the upper edge portion of the cylindrical recess, is also effective accurately to align the hub with respect to the shaft, the recess acting as a centering point. The tapered end extending into the recess transmits torque between the shaft and the hub and, in instances where a light load is carried, the end of the locking screw alone may serve as the key between the hub and the shaft.
The locking screw so far described has an extending end portion that is somewhat smaller than the body portion and a shoulder is thus formed. In using this locking screw, therefore,
it is essential that the frictional locking action 7 take place before the shoulder reaches the bot tom of the threaded aperture. That is, the proportion of the parts must be such that the tapered friction binding action must be accomplished before the shoulder abuts any portion of the shaft or hub which would prevent the screw driving in far enough to obtain the required frictional engagement.
The use of the set-screw described will be understood upon reference to Figures 1 and 2. The screw is adapted to be driven through a threaded aperture in the hub such that the extending end portion fits within the recess provided in the shaft. The locking screw, therefore, serves the dual function, as above explained, of transmitting torque and locating the hub axially of the shaft, using the recess as a centering point.
It is essential to the invention that the slope of the tapered element which is driven into frictional engagement, be relatively steep in order that there will be as much frictional area in contact as possible. Variations in the degree of slope may be provided for different types of work, and in very close machine work, the slope will be steepest. In the rougher grades of work, it is suggested that a slope cannot be as great. However, sufficient friction may be easily attained to eifect a permanent application of the set-screw whereby a more reliable locking of two relatively movable parts is obtained.
Various modifications of the invention will appear to those skilled in the art, all of which are comprehended within the following claims.
I claim:
1. In combination a hub element, a shaft element, and a locking screw, said screw being provided with a threaded portion and an integral extending end portion, at least one of said portions being tapered, one of said elements having an opening in the form of a threaded aperture cooperating with said threaded portion, said other element having an opening in the form of a recess cooperating with said integral end portion, said locking screw being adapted to be driven into said threaded aperture until, while the end surface of said screw is spaced from the bottom surface of said recess, said tapered portion frictionally engages the wall of said recess and locks said screw in place with said integral end extending into said recess to prevent relative rotation between said hub and said shaft, said tapered portion of said screw being coaxial with the one of said openings in which it is positioned, at least a part of the surface of said tapered portion meeting to form an angle with a part of the surface of one of said openings which angle is not greater than about twenty degrees.
2. The combination of a shaft having an opening in the form of a cylindrical recess formed therein, a hub movably positioned on said shaft,
said hub being provided with an opening in the form of a threaded aperture, and a locking screw for fixing said hub to said shaft, said locking screw having a threaded portion for cooperating with said threaded aperture and having also an integral end portion for cooperating with said recess, said integral end portion being tapered, said locking screw being adapted to be driven into said threaded aperture until said tapered portion engages the wall of said cylindrical recess and frictionally locks said screw in place with said integral end extending into said recess to prevent relative rotation between said hub and said shaft, said tapered portion of said screw being coaxial with that one of said openings in which it; is positioned, a part of the surface of said tapered portion and a part of the surface of said recess meeting to form an angle which is not greater than about twenty degrees.
3. The combination of a shaft having a cylindrical recess formed therein, a hub movably positioned on said shaft, said hub being provided with a threaded cylindrical aperture, and a locking screw for fixing said hub to said shaft, said locking screw having a cylindrical threaded portion for cooperating with said threaded aperture and having also an integral end portion for cooperating with said recess, said integral end portion being tapered, said locking screw being adapted to be driven into said threaded aperture until said tapered portion engages the wall of said cylindrical recess and frictionally locks said screw in place with said integral end extending into said recess to prevent relative rotation between said hub and said shaft a part of the surface of said tapered portion and a part of the surface of said recess meeting to form an angle which is not greater than about twenty degrees.
4. In combination, a locking screw, and a first means slidably mounted upon a second means, said locking screw having a threaded portion and an extended end portion, at least one of said portions having a taper, means providing an opening in the form of a threaded aperture in one of said means and means providing an opening in the form of a recess in the other of said means, said locking screw being driven into said threaded aperture with said extended end portion within said recess and with said tapered portion having a circumferential zone in frictional contact with the surface of that one of said openings within which it is positioned a part of the surface of said tapered portion and a part of the surface of said recess meeting to form an angle which is not greater than about twenty degrees.
JAMES W. BATCHELDER.
| 19,558 |
US-202117220843-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,046 | 9,151 |
Tissue hydration monitor
ABSTRACT
A tissue hydration monitor and method includes a sensor module having a plurality of LEDs positioned to emit a plurality of different wavelengths of light toward the user's skin and a detector that detects light transmitted and reflected through the user's skin to generate signals corresponding to an intensity of detected light at each of the different wavelengths. A processor/controller module generates a baseline hydration level based on the received signals, calculates a relative hydration level, and generates an output indicative of relative hydration personalized to the user. The housing is secured against the user's skin by an adhesive patch or a strap.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/395,148, filed Apr. 25, 2019, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,966,655, which claims the benefit of the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/663,926, filed Apr. 27, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a tissue hydration monitor and more particularly to a tissue hydration monitoring system and method for personalized hydration monitoring.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Dehydration is a condition in which water in a living body decreases below the individual's normal functioning level. Dehydration can occur when an individual exerts him or herself for extended periods of time with inadequate water intake to offset losses of internal water from respiration, perspiration, and waste removal, or the temperature rises to a point where an individual cannot produce enough sweat to maintain their normal body temperature. Persons that regularly exert themselves in low humidity and/or high temperature conditions and/or for extended periods of time are prone to experience dehydration or dehydration symptoms. Elderly persons and children are also especially prone to experience dehydration or dehydration symptoms.
In less severe cases of dehydration, an individual's ability to perform tasks may begin to deteriorate. For example, in the case of endurance or professional athletes, an individual that becomes dehydrated by loss of as little as 2% body weight may begin to experience a decline in performance. Low levels of hydration lead to low blood volume, compromising circulation, nutrient exchange, hormone balance, and waste removal. When dehydrated, sodium levels in the blood decrease, resulting in hyponatremia, the first signs of which can include fatigue, headache, weakness and nausea. Additional manifestations include cramping, disorientation and confusion, swelling of extremities, and, in extreme cases, swelling of the brain. Cramping can be common in athletes and is a good key indicator that the body has depleted its electrolytes. Losses in excess of 5% of body weight can decrease the capacity of an individual to perform a task by as much as 30%.
There is currently no wearable sensor on the market that provides accurate and personalized hydration requirements. It is important for athletes to have a self-calibrated measurement of hydration needs because each athlete will have particular needs based on their diet, exercise and genetics. In order to maintain peak performance, it would be desirable to monitor an individual's hydration level regularly, or even continuously, allowing the detection of fluctuations at early stages before performance levels are impacted, and especially before the person approaches a critical dehydration condition. The present invention is directed to a method and device that allows one to easily monitor and provide notification of hydration levels to permit early correction before dehydration occurs.
BRIEF SUMMARY
In an exemplary embodiment, a wearable optical device uses light emitting diodes that emit light and one or more photo diodes that detect light from the skin. In a preferred embodiment, the device will use at least 4 optical wavelengths, e.g., 740 nm, 850 nm, 940 nm, 1450 nm, and a single detector. Other wavelengths may be used, for example, at variations of +/−10 nm based on LED availability and technical adjustments. Ideally, the LEDs and photo diode will be positioned at least 1 cm away from each other with a light blocking partition in between to stop any light from traveling directly from an LED to detector without penetrating the skin. The depth the light will travel in tissue depends on the wavelength and the source-detector separation and tissue constituents, up to several centimeters deep.
The wearable device includes a wireless communication module, for example, BLUETOOTH® or similar wireless communication circuitry and corresponding software, to communicate with a smart phone, tablet, or computer in which an application (“app”) has been stored for entering settings and for receiving and storing data.
In one aspect of the invention, the system controller collects information from the user over a pre-determined time period to establish a personalized baseline from which subsequent performance is measured. Thresholds for generating alarms or other indicators of deviation may be pre-set by the system controller, or the user may tighten or expand the threshold range using the associated app. In one embodiment, the system controller, or the associated app on the user's phone, tablet or computer, may execute a learning algorithm or other appropriate algorithm to continuously or periodically update the user's personalized baseline. For example, as the user's conditioning improves, or as the intensity of workouts increases, he or she may experience changes in hydration responses which should be taken into account when determining acceptable ranges.
The device may be fitted with a strap to allow the device to be worn on a wrist, upper or lower arm, ankle, calf, or other location on a limb. The strap should be sufficiently pliable and elastic to firmly press the sensor area against the skin to prevent outside light from entering the sensor, and to ensure that the light-blocking partition is effective in preventing light from the LEDs from being picked up directly by the detector without passing through the skin. In a preferred embodiment, the sensor is temporarily affixed to the skin using a non-irritating, skin-friendly pressure-sensitive adhesive (“PSA”). Such adhesives are commercially available from a number of sources for securing skin-bonded devices for periods of time of a few hours up to a week.
The present invention relies upon on near-infrared spectroscopy of tissues. This method is not novel and has been extensively researched. There have been previous patents filed using the near-infrared spectroscopy method to measure tissue hydration. However, the prior art either uses different wavelengths, different algorithms, or both, and does not provide a personalized calibration system for determining an optimal hydration range.
In one aspect of the invention, a tissue hydration monitor includes a housing configured to be disposed against a user's skin; a sensor module disposed within the housing, the sensor module including: a plurality of LEDs configured to emit light toward the user's skin at a plurality of different wavelengths; and a detector configured to detect light from each of the plurality of LEDs transmitted and reflected through the user's skin over a period of time and generate signals corresponding to an intensity of detected light at each of the different wavelengths; a processor/controller module configured for receiving signals from the sensor module, executing an algorithm for generating a baseline hydration level based on the received signals, calculating a relative hydration level at time points within the period of time, and generating an output indicative of relative hydration at the time points; and a power supply configured to provide power to the sensor module and the processor/controller module. The period of time may include periods of user activity ranging from resting to exercising, wherein the baseline hydration range is generated at time points during resting and the relative hydration level is calculated at multiple time points during exercising. The plurality of different wavelengths are wavelengths absorbed by oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, lipid, and water and are preferably 740 nm, 850 nm, 940 nm and 1450 nm. An indicator responsive to the processor/controller module is provided for generating an alert indicative of a predetermined deviation from the baseline hydration level. The predetermined deviation is preferably a change of less than or equal to +2%. The indicator may be an LED disposed to emit light from a surface of the housing. A light shield is preferably disposed around the detector to prevent stray light from impinging upon the detector.
In some embodiments, an adhesive material is applied to the housing to removably seal the sensor to the user's skin. The adhesive material may be in the form of a patch dimensioned to seal the perimeter of the housing against the user's skin to produce a substantially light-tight seal. The patch may be formed from at least a breathable material and a water resistant material. In other embodiments, a strap may be attached to the housing for retaining the housing against the user's skin.
The tissue hydration monitor may further include a communication module in communication with the processor/controller module for transmitting data to a remote mobile device for displaying the output. The mobile device may have an application installed therein with instructions for further processing of the output.
In another aspect of the invention, a method for monitoring hydration in a subject includes placing a sensor device against the skin of the subject, the sensor device comprising a plurality of LEDs configured to emit light toward the user's skin at a plurality of different wavelengths; detecting light from each of the plurality of LEDs transmitted and reflected through the user's skin over a period of time and generating intensity signals corresponding to light at each of the different wavelengths; generating a baseline hydration level from the intensity signals; calculating a relative hydration level relative to the baseline hydration level at a plurality of time points within the period of time; and generating an output indicative of relative hydration at the time points. The plurality of different wavelengths are wavelengths absorbed by oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, lipid, and water and may be 740 nm, 850 nm, 940 nm and 1450 nm. The method may include transmitting data to a remote mobile device for displaying the output and generating an alert indicative of a predetermined deviation from the baseline hydration level, where the predetermined deviation is a change of less than or equal to +2%. The period of time includes periods of subject activity ranging from resting to exercising, wherein the baseline hydration range is generated at time points during resting and the relative hydration level is calculated at multiple time points during exercising.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A is a prior art plot showing absorption coefficients of water, whole blood, fat and melanin with several different concentrations of each tissue constituent; FIG. 1B provides a prior art plot of absorption coefficients of oxygenated hemoglobin, hemoglobin, water and lipid.
FIG. 2 plots how oxygen saturation S and relative hydration level ΔW may change over time and how they will appear in the received optical intensity.
FIG. 3A is a graph showing hydration versus dehydration measured over a five day period using water absorption in accordance with the inventive approach; FIG. 3B is a plot comparing dehydration measurements obtained using water absorption and urine specific gravity over the same period.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the basic components of an embodiment of the inventive hydration sensor.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing data processing flow according to an embodiment of the inventive sensor system in which the user interface components and background processing components are indicated.
FIGS. 6A-6 e illustrate different embodiments of the wearable hydration monitor, where FIG. 6A is a diagrammatic view of a sensor (back and front); FIGS. 6B and 6C show the lower and upper sides of a second embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 6D and 6E illustrate alternative LED layouts.
FIG. 7 is a plot of exemplary hydration data with time for a personalized hydration index.
FIG. 8 is an exploded view demonstrating attachment of an embodiment of the inventive device to the user's skin.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1A (from Jacques, infra), absorption coefficients of water, whole blood, fat and melanin with several different concentrations of each tissue constituent are provided for different wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared. FIG. 1B provides a plot of absorption coefficients of major endogenous agents in biological tissue. Light within the first two wavelength ranges (˜740 nm to ˜760 nm (red) and ˜850 nm to ˜940 nm (NIR)) will provide a measure of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) and oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO₂) respectively. Using these two measurements, we can determine the tissue oxygen saturation based on known absorption data. See, e.g., S. L. Jacques, “Optical properties of biological tissues: a review,” Phys. Med. Biol. 58 (2013) R37-R61, Pellicer and Bravo Mdel, “Near-infrared spectroscopy: a methodology-focused review”, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 February; 16(1):42-49. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2010.05.003, both of which are incorporated herein by reference for purposes of background information on the optical properties of tissues.
A Fourier transform of the 850 nm signal will provide the heart rate of the user. At 940 nm (and again at about 1200 nm and 1420 nm), lipid is the dominant absorptive chromophore, so the signal will provide a measure of lipid content of the tissue. Starting at around 1000 nm, with significant peaks at around 1480 nm and 1950 nm, water becomes the dominant absorber, providing a measure of the water content of the tissue. In the exemplary embodiment, light at 1450 nm (NIR) was selected, primarily for economic reasons, for detecting water absorption Using light with each of the four discrete wavelength ranges together will provide an indication of the scattering and melanin contribution.
Over the time and range scales of interest, the intensity of light received can be approximated by a linear combination of the absorption coefficient μ_(a) and the scattering coefficient μ_(s). I=A ₁μ_(a) +A ₂μ_(s) (1) where A₁ and A₂ are unknown constants that depend on the sensor geometry, electronics, and other factors that will not change appreciably over the time-frames of interest. The absorption coefficient μ_(a) has a complicated dependency on wavelength and tissue composition. Over the wavelengths of interest, the scattering coefficient can be approximated to be a linear function of wavelength. μ_(s) =s ₁ +s ₂λ. (2)
Eq. 3 provides the total absorption coefficient for a generic tissue: μ_(a) BSμ _(a,oxy) +B(1−S)μ_(a,deoxy) +Wμ _(a,water) +Fμ _(a,fat) +Mμ _(a,melanosome)+2.3C _(bili)ε_(bili)+2.3_(βC)ε_(βC) (3) where S is the HGb oxygen saturation of mixed arterio-venous vasculature, B is the average blood volume fraction (f_(v.blood)), W is the water content (f_(v.water)), Bili is the bilirubin concentration (C(M)), βC is the β-carotene concentration (C(M)), F is the fat content (f_(v.fat)), and M is the melanosome volume fraction (f_(v.melanosome)), or alternatively, the concentration of melanin monomers (C(M)).
Each term can potentially depend on time and on the wavelength of light. Over the time-frame of interest, the last four terms will not change appreciably over time but on optical wavelength, so they can be lumped into a parameter D. In addition, we are primarily interested in estimating relative changes to hydration (W) from a baseline (starting) value, so W(t_(i)) is separated into W₁+ΔW(t). Writing that out with the explicit dependencies for time wavelength λ and time t, μa(λ,t)=BS(t)_(μ) a,oxy(λ)+B(1−S(t))_(μ) a,deoxy(λ)+(W _(1+Δ) W(t))_(μ) a,water(λ)+D(λ). (4)
The inventive device will measure the intensity of light at four wavelengths, denoted with λ_(k) and thousands of points in time, denoted with t_(i). I(λ_(k) ,t _(i))=A ₁(BS(t _(i))μ_(a,oxy)(λ_(k))+B(1−S(t _(i)))μ_(a,deoxy)(λ_(k))+W ₁ +ΔW(t _(i)))μ_(a,water)(λ_(k))+D(λ_(k)))+(s ₁ +s ₂λ_(k)). (5)
S, the level of HGb oxygen saturation and will vary with each arterial pulse over a time frame of a second or less. Relative hydration ΔW will change over the time-frame of minutes or hours, and our goal is to track these changes. A variety of signal processing techniques may be applied to estimate ΔW (t_(i)) in the presence of the other unknowns A₁, A₂, S(t_(i)), W₁, D, s₁ and s₂. One example would be one or more least-squares fits (regression) using all of the I(λ_(k), t_(i)) data recorded by the device over the period of minutes or hours. Temporal band-pass filtering of I(λ_(k), t_(i)) may be employed, if appropriate, to separate spectral components of I.
Relative hydration values may be used to generate the user's personal hydration index (“PHI”). In an exemplary implementation, for the initial set of measurements (i.e., the “training data”), the first 3 min of a training session is used to establish an average intensity value for the sensors' four LEDs. Data is then collected for the duration of the training session. At the end of the training session, the average intensity value for the entire session is taken as the baseline for the next session. Notifications indicating “out of optimal range” can be initially pre-set at a threshold of 2% from baseline based on general agreement within the scientific literature that this deviation corresponds to onset of cognitive defects. In a preferred embodiment, notifications would be generated before a change of +/−2% occurs to allow sufficient time for the user to rehydrate before an out of range condition is reached. During a given training or activity session, i.e., a monitored time period, the inventive device will periodically measure and calculate relative hydration to determine the user's relative hydration level at a number of time points, where the monitored period of time may include periods of activity ranging from resting to exercising. The type of exercise with vary with the individual, and may range from walking to intense athletic activity. At any given time point during the monitored time period, the inventive device may generate a notification if the measured relative hydration approaches or exceeds the predetermined threshold to prompt the user to rehydrate. Notifications may occur at multiple time points during exercising, particularly in extended periods of intense activity.
Ideally, notifications will be generated prior to the point at which the user's performance could be impacted by hydration status. In testing of the prototype, a sensitivity of 0.1% was achieved, which is 10× more sensitive than thirst (1-2%). With more data and more advanced analytics, the range may be personalized to allow the user to set his or her own ideal threshold to allow proactive hydration to maintain the user's optimal hydration level throughout an activity. In other embodiments, signal processing techniques such as machine learning and data mining may be employed to derive a relationship between I(λ_(k), t_(i)) and ΔW(t_(i)) to generate the user's PHI and appropriate notification thresholds.
FIG. 2 illustrates how oxygen saturation S (upper panel) and relative hydration level ΔW (center panel) may change over time, and how they will appear in the received optical intensity (lower panel) for example wavelengths of 700 nm (for HbO₂), 850 nm (for Hb), 1200 nm (for lipid), and 1500 nm (for water).
FIGS. 3A and 3B are plots of water absorption measurements taken over a period of five consecutive days. FIG. 3A shows the normalized water absorption levels for the test subject for each day upon waking (dehydration) and one hour after drinking 473 ml (16 ounces) of water (hydration). During the one hour period, the subject engaged in light activity and ate breakfast. In each case, the measurement duration was 5 minutes. The detected values were averaged over the collection period then normalized, with hydration being used for normalization. FIG. 3B compares the results of dehydration water absorption measurements using a 1450 nm signal to urine specific gravity (USP) measurements for urine collected upon waking (dehydration), showing good correlation. The line at 1.01 USP is the delineation where any measures above 1.01 USP is considered dehydrated.
Referring first to the hydration monitoring system 400 diagram in FIG. 4 , within the sensor assembly 402 are three main modules: the sensor module 406, the processor/controller module 422, and the wireless communication module 424. In sensor module 406, the LEDs 409-412, i.e., LED1, LED2, LED3, and LED4, can be controlled to pulse on and off sequentially, while the detector 415 detects continuously to measure the intensity of reflected light from each of the LEDs. Power for components within the sensor assembly 402 is provided via a battery 418, preferably rechargeable through a USB or similar charging port 416. In some embodiments, inductive charging circuitry, such as is widely used in smart watches and some smart phones, may be included. On/off switch 417 may be provided to enable manual control of power consumption. The data that is collected will be processed through the processor/controller module 422, the results of which may be stored in memory 423 then transmitted via a BLUETOOTH® (or similar wireless communication module 424) to a mobile application 432 downloaded onto a smart phone 430, tablet, computer, or other personal portable device. The user will be able to interact with the device using the mobile application 432 (“app”) and determine his or her current hydration status as well as review past measurements. Indicator light (LED) 420 is connected to processor/controller module 422 to provide quick visual feedback to alert the user when preset conditions, e.g., dehydration or overhydration, are detected. Alternatively, or in addition to the indicator light 420, the sensor device may include an audio or vibration device connected to the processor/controller module 422 for generating an audible or haptic alert to indicate that the user's hydration level is no longer within the desired optimal hydration range.
FIG. 5 provides a flow diagram of functions within various components of the inventive monitoring system. In the diagram, elements with a solid outline indicate user interface while the dashed outlines indicate background processing. Sensor assembly 402 is activated after being placed in close contact with the user's skin. The LEDs are activated and an optical signal is detected and processed within processor/controller module 422. The detected signal 502 is transmitted via wireless transmission 504 to the mobile device 430, which has been previously loaded with the mobile app 432. In step 506, the app 432 executes processing within the mobile device 430, including establishing a baseline range for the user's personal hydration index (“PHI”) based on relative hydration and normalized intensity using the algorithms described above, then comparing the corresponding values of the currently detected signal to the PHI to determine whether the user is dehydrated, overhydrated or within this or her range of optimal hydration (step 510). Referring briefly to FIG. 7 , a sample plot of exemplary hydration data with time for a personalized hydration index (PHI) determined through an initial calibration period is shown. In the plot, the y-axis is the PHI with the baseline optimal hydration range indicated in the shaded region, with activities indicated along the x-axis that initiate changes in the user's hydration level relative to the optimal range.
Returning to FIG. 5 , in one embodiment, in step 512, a determination that the user is within the optimal range may result in a message being sent to sensor assembly 402 to activate a green display at indicator light 420, while being out of range could generate a red or yellow display. In another embodiment, step 512 could active different colors for each of under-, over-, and optimal hydrations, for example, a blue light for overhydration, red for underhydration and green for optimal. A yellow display could provide an additional indication that the user is approaching the limits of their optimal range. As noted above, step 512 may alternatively or in addition cause an audible or haptic alert to be generated. In step 516, the determined hydration level can be sent to a remote data collection/storage medium for use in, e.g., community data mining. To provide one example of possible applications of this step, the data could be collected by a coach or team trainer who may be on the sidelines monitoring athletic performance of a number of team members, providing additional data for decisions on player substitution or for developing insights into impacts of hydration on the team's performance. In step 518, the mobile app can be updated to include the current data to allow a history to be stored.
The device incorporates both novel hardware and software. As shown in FIGS. 6A-6E, in an exemplary embodiment, the housing 404 of the wearable sensor 402 is a flattened disk, typically having a diameter on the order of 25-60 mm (˜1-2.5 in.) and a thickness of about 8-12 mm (˜0.3-0.5 in.). The dimensions may be revised as technological advances permit further miniaturization of the sensor components. While the shape of the housing 402 is shown as generally circular in cross-section, it will be readily apparent that additional shapes may be used. For example, an ellipsoidal shape could be used as well as polygons that have sufficiently large corner angles to avoid sharp corners that could cause skin irritation or injury should the device be impacted during athletic activity. Further, although the profile of the housing 404 is illustrated as generally flat with a uniform thickness across the full diameter, the perimeter of the housing may be tapered toward the edges to create a plano-convex profile. The edges of the housing should be beveled or rounded to reduce edges that could cause injury to anyone coming into contact with the device during athletic activity. A silicone-based (non-irritating, non-allergenic) adhesive may be used to enclose and seal the housing to protect the device electronics against moisture intrusion from perspiration and other liquid exposure. As discuss above with reference to FIG. 4 , the hardware encased within the housing includes the battery 418, LEDs 409-412, 420, photodiode (optical detector) 415, mini-USB port 416, switch 417, voltage regulators, microcontroller, analog front-end (all in processor/controller module 422) and BLUETOOTH® or similar wireless communication module 424.
The battery 418 and BLUETOOTH® 424 will allow the device to operate and communicate wirelessly with the mobile application 432. The mini-USB port 416 will allow charging of the battery as well as wired data transfer. The voltage regulators, microcontroller, analog front-end will power and control the sensor. The battery life must be sufficient to drive the LEDs, data collection, indicator lights, and Bluetooth data transmission for at least 24 hrs.
FIG. 6A illustrates an embodiment of the wearable sensor that utilizes an adhesive fabric patch 440 to removably affix the sensor 402 to the user's skin to ensure close and continuous contact for extended periods and/or during activity. A silicone-based adhesive system will keep the device in place and provide water resistance. Skin-friendly adhesives are commercially available for attachment of sensors and similar devices for periods ranging from a few hours to about a week. The adhesive should be able to stay on the skin and measure comfortably for at least 24 hrs. In some embodiments, the adhesive may be a liquid or gel that can be applied directly to the skin using an applicator or brush. The patch should be sufficiently flexible, e.g., a foam, gel, fabric, or combination thereof, to avoid skin irritation. The adhesive fabric patch 440 has a larger diameter than the sensor housing so that the entire perimeter of the patch contacts and adheres to the user's skin to provide a light-tight and water-resistant seal around the sensor. A small opening 426 in the patch 440 allows the indicator light 420 to be viewed. The patch may be, for example, a thin Neoprene® material with a non-irritating adhesive, pre-cut to the correct dimensions to achieve the desired coverage, or kinesiology tape, e.g., KT Tape®, may be cut to size to hold the sensor in place. Extension tab 442 in the pre-cut patch provides an easily-grasped feature to facilitate application and removal of the patch.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example of application of the sensor to a user's skin using a pre-cut multi-ply adhesive patch, which includes a double adhesive middle layer 444 that is cut to match the outer shape of patch 441, which is in contact with the outer surface of sensor 402. In some embodiments, the outer patch 441 may be permanently attached to the outer surface of the sensor housing 404, with only the middle layer 444 being replaced, while in other embodiments, outer patch 441 may be removable and replaceable, provided as a package with the middle layer 444, with removable backing sheets that can be peeled off to expose fresh adhesive for application to the skin. The center opening 446 in middle layer 444 fits closely around the edges of sensor 402 to provide a light-tight seal around the device to prevent exterior light from being picked up by the detector 415. The middle layer 444 (facing the skin), may be formed from a water absorptive material to absorb perspiration from exercise, minimizing the contribution of signal artifacts due to moisture. The outside facing layer 441 of the adhesive system is preferably breathable for airflow, to prevent overheating as well as allowing skin to stay dry. The design of the adhesive patch is important to the performance of the sensor in terms of moisture and light control. In general, the patch, whether single ply or multi-ply should be able to hold the sensor in place for 24 hrs and limit movement between the skin and the device, while allowing the skin to remain sufficiently dry to minimize signal artifacts from perspiration.
In the exemplary implementation, light sources 409-412 are LEDs selected to emit light at each of 740 nm, 850 nm, 940 nm, and 1450 nm, for detecting absorption by oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO₂), deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb), lipids, and water, respectively. The specific combination of wavelengths selected are unique in that they collectively provide a comprehensive personalization of the measurements including fat content, skin color, tissue oxygenation, heart rate, and water content. It should be noted that the detection targets exhibit absorption peaks at other wavelengths, and that selection of appropriate combination of LEDS and wavelengths will be within the level of skill in the art. In general, any combination of wavelengths in the range of 600-2000 nm that is sufficient to provide blood flow, oxygen saturation, lipid and water content may be used. In one embodiment, the LED wavelengths can be changed to target the spectra of other or additional chromophores of interest. Different algorithms to normalize and process the data can also be applied to achieve similar/improved results. Various classification algorithms may be used to achieve similar/improved results as well.
Referring to FIG. 6A, LEDs 409-412 are positioned within the plane of the contact surface 405 of the sensor to at least partially surround, and be equidistant from, detector 415. Light guard ring 425 encircles detector 415 to prevent light from the LEDs from directly entering the detector from the sides, so that only light reflected up through the skin impinges on the detector 415. Since guard ring 425 is preferably pressed firmly against the user's skin to create a good seal against light intrusion, it should be formed from a soft, pliable material such as silicone O-ring or a similar compressible, non-irritating material.
The housing 404 will preferably be formed of an opaque (non-light-transmissive) plastic or polymer material, e.g., black or dark colored, to minimize stray light being reflected or transmitted. The housing may be formed of two halves, closely fitted together and sealed to minimize moisture intrusion into the interior of the device. In some embodiments, the housing 404 may be a rigid material, a rigid material with an elastomeric coating (for comfort and/or increased safety), or an elastomeric material with sufficient rigidity to provide protection for the electronic components enclosed therein. It may be desirable to fill the interior of the housing with a potting material or other protectant to ensure that the electronic components are well protected against moisture and impact. Each of LEDs 409-412, indicator light 420, and detector 415 will preferably be located behind transparent windows that are sealed to the interior of the housing to create a waterproof seal. The windows may be partially recessed within the surface, i.e., not flush with the contact surface 405, to serve as a light shield to minimize lateral light leakage into the detector.
The embodiments of FIGS. 6A and 8 , with the adhesive patch fastener, provide an advantage that the sensor may be affixed anywhere on the user's body where there is a sufficiently flat surface area to achieve a good seal. FIGS. 6B and 6C illustrate an alternative approach to affixing the hydration sensor to the user's skin that would generally be applied to a limb or area of the body where a belt or strap can be worn. In this embodiment, the sensor housing 404 is attached to a strap 450 that can be wrapped around a user's arm or leg. As shown in FIG. 6B, the strap 450 can be attached using a hook-and-pile type fastener, e.g., VELCRO®, while in FIG. 6C, the strap is shown including a buckle 454 attached to the strap. In either variation, the strap 450 will preferably be sufficiently elastic to firmly but comfortably hold the sensor against the user's skin with minimal slippage.
FIGS. 6D and 6E illustrate alternative arrangements of the LEDs and detector. In each case, the LEDs are positioned to at least partially encircle the detector 415, which is generally located near the center of the skin contacting surface 405 of the housing 404. The positioning of the LEDs relative to the detector is designed to aid in identification of motion artifacts through signal processing methods. Other arrangements following the same general configuration will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art.
The data processing algorithms described above are used to generate the personal hydration index (PHI), which takes into account light scattering, melanin, lipid content, and blood flow as well as water content. Another parameter that may be measured and incorporated into the algorithms is heart rate. The algorithm may use the heart rate frequency of the water content to measure the arterial water content. When water is consumed, it is first absorbed into the blood stream from the stomach before being distributed to skeletal muscle. The lipid content can be used to normalize the PHI to athletes having a different Body Mass Index (BMI). Testing may be required to determine a maximum BMI at which the device may not be effective in providing an accurate measurement due to a thicker lipid layer. The algorithm to use the heart rate to isolate and ensure the water measurement is coming from arterial blood is novel. The algorithm to normalize the data using individualized scattering coefficients as well as lipid content is novel. The algorithm to combine all the measurements into a personalized hydration index is novel.
For use, the user will preferably place the device on an area of skin that directly overlies a major artery and which has a sufficiently flat and smooth area, e.g., free of folds, bends, wrinkles, or protruding scars, to allow the sensor to lay flat on the skin. Possible locations include the brachial artery on the inside of the bicep, the posterior tibial artery behind the calf, and femoral artery on the inside of the thigh. As previously described with reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B and 8 , the device may be applied using a s double-sided adhesive patch that can be left on the body for at least 24 hrs. After washing the area, the user may then re-apply the device by replacing the adhesive patch to continue monitoring their PHI.
Motion artifacts can be a major issue for light detection on the skin. Approaches to minimize these motion artifacts include ensuring the adhesive is applied to keep the sensor on the skin without separation. Use of a water absorbing material on the adhesive patch will help absorb sweat accumulated during exercise. For embodiments employing an adhesive patch, the patch should be formed of a breathable material to allow airflow and minimize moisture accumulation between the sensor and the skin. LED pulse frequencies may be set up as semi-random to avoid repeated frequencies that may contribute to motion artifacts, such as the heart rate. By using a moving average of the data points, it is possible to smooth out the data and exclude large artifacts due to exercise movement.
The calibration period for establishing the personal baseline should preferably be at least 12 hrs, during which the high and low limits of the PHI are calculated. The calibration procedure should preferably be performed on a day of relatively low movement by the user to allow for more accurate determination of the optimal hydration range. The LEDs can also be turned on and off at different frequencies to avoid heart rate synchronizing with any movement artifacts (heartbeat).
Another approach to establishing the baseline PHI can include employing a hybrid procedure: a long collection time (12 hrs), or using a pre-determined “standard PHI”, then continuously updating the baseline with each successive workout to gradually personalize it for the user. Using the PHI, relative changes in hydration during periods of exercise can be determined.
In some embodiments, for example, where the hydration monitors are used on team athletes, the data can be collected for monitoring by a coach or trainer, with identifying information intact, to allow the coach or trainer to identify individual players who may need to be called in from the activity to rehydrate. In other embodiments, the data can be stripped of identifying information and stored in a cloud for data mining purposes. Each user may be labeled using one or more tags that classify the user's athletic grouping. For example, labels may include, but not be limited to, exercise of choice, resting heart rate, height, weight, gender, ethnicity, exercise duration, exercise intensity, athletic classification, e.g., amateur or professional, or other characteristics that can be used to distinguish among factors that may impact hydration and/or sensitivity to fluctuations in hydration.
Using these labels, various data mining algorithms may be used to classify the athlete as over-hydrated, dehydrated, or optimally hydrated based on their PHI. Possible data mining algorithms include learning machines (neural networks, support vector machines, Bayesian networks, genetic algorithms, etc.), statistics, clustering, regression, etc. The computational processing may either be done locally on the mobile application, or on a cloud computing system, in which measurements may be compared against populations of persons falling within the same or similar classifications based on data accumulated from other users and stored in a central database. Data analytics may include feature selection and machine learning algorithms to identify attributes that are most determinative of hydration. Once the classification(s) is/are made, one or more indicator LEDs may be activated to display, for example, red for measurements out of optimal range, green for inside optimal range, and yellow or orange for insufficient data/error or for nearing out of optimal range. The user can access more detailed information through the mobile application.
The more data that is collected, the more accurate the PHI will be, and classification algorithms will become more robust to indicate dehydration, over hydration, or optimal hydration. Measurements can be improved by applying more than one sensor on the body. By measuring in different areas of the body, it is possible to generate an overall total body average of hydration, rather than a point measurement. This technique may be useful in discarding outlier data due to artifacts at one location.
The use of more than one sensor will necessitate more than one adhesive patch (or strap) and an modified data processing algorithm to combine the measurements and tease out the artifacts. A combined total body personal hydration index (PHI) can be calculated from the multiple measurement sites.
In some situations, the user may not want to make continuous, real-time measurements during activity. In these situations, an adhesive or strap need not be applied. Instead, the user can simply place the sensor on dry skin for measurement periods, such as before and after a workout, to provide two measurement points. Assuming the calibration of the optimal hydration range has already been achieved, this simple measurement with provide data indicating how much water loss occurred during a given exercise session. A similar approach may be used if the user wishes to monitor his or her hydration during time outs or other interruptions in activity. To provide a practical illustration, it is not uncommon for athletes to suffer severe muscle cramping during football games or tennis matches. A quick measurement during a break in play could allow the athlete to quickly determine whether they are approaching dehydration and take preventive measures, before actual cramping occurs.
The software includes a self-calibration algorithm, using the high and low hydration range in at least one calibration day (24 hrs) before the device is ready to accurately determine a personalized optimal range, taking into account, tissue scattering, lipid content as well as water content. Once the optimal range is determined, the device will be able to determine percentage PHI changes, indicating over-hydration, dehydration, or optimal hydration during exercise. The more measurements the user logs, the more accurate the optimal range becomes and therefore the more accurate PHI predictions.
The user may decide to use only this or her own measurements, in which the processing can be processed in the mobile application, or he or she may choose to access data from other users on the cloud using cloud computing techniques as are known in the art. Ideally, once enough data is loaded onto the cloud, the athlete will be able to compare and contrast his/her athletic level and hydration needs against other athletes of similar categories.
Novel aspects of the inventive device and method include the specific preprocessing of the data to feed into classification algorithms as well as the option to either run the classification locally on the mobile application or using cloud computing.
Although the disclosure has been shown and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art based upon a reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. The disclosure includes all such modifications and alterations and is limited only by the scope of the following claims. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (e.g., elements, resources, etc.), the terms used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary implementations of the disclosure.
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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Medical device for removal or injection of biological material by remote control
ABSTRACT
A device for sampling biological materials having a tube having a front segment and rear segment, wherein the outer diameter of the front segment is smaller than the outer diameter of the rear segment. The inner diameter of the front segment is smaller than the inner diameter of the rear segment. The front segment has a distal opening. A rod having a piston having an outer diameter substantially equal to the inner diameter of the rear segment, wherein the rod is engaged within the tube, the piston is positioned within the rear segment, such that when the rod is partially withdrawn from the tube, a negative pressure is created in the front segment that is greater than the negative pressure created within part of the rear segment by the partial withdrawal of the rod, thereby enabling the sampling of the biological materials through the distal opening.
The present invention relates to a device for medical use for removal or injection by remote control, of the type including a tube and a rod movable within the interior of the tube. The invention relates to a sampling device formed by a catheter tube of very small cross section to enable its non-invasive, non-traumatizing introduction by natural routes, particularly for applications in the field of gynecology. The object of the invention is to improve the performance of the sampling devices made in the form of flexible catheter tubes with a rod, by increasing the ratio between the sampling capacity and the external cross section of the tube.
In the prior art, devices of this kind are known that are intended particularly for taking samples in such organs as the lung, blood vessels, and viscera, and for taking endouterine samples. The tube is constituted by a flexible catheter tube of very slight diameter to enable passage through natural routes in a non-invasive and non-traumatizing manner. The term "snap ring" in the sense of the present patent is understood to mean any elongated flexible element capable of being introduced into the inside of the tube.
The devices in the prior art are constituted of an outer tube and a rod provided with a piston. The tube is introduced by a natural route and is pushed in until the end of the tube arrives at the level of the zone where sampling is to be done. The physician then exerts traction on the end of the rod extending outside the tube. The piston creates negative pressure and causes mucus and cells to be aspirated into the inside of the tube.
The device is then withdrawn, and the sample is recovered by pushing the piston, for histological and cytological analysis of the sample.
The devices of the prior art cannot be used, however, when the introduction route is smaller than 2.8 mm or has a shrinkage of cross section less than the external cross section of the tube. To overcome this difficulty for sampling in organs that open through natural routes of very small cross section, the prior art has proposed using puncturing needles. The devices for sampling with such needles are described in the following patents, by way of example: PCT WO 86/06951, GB 2 256 369, U.S. Pat. No. 3,088,454, German Patent 935 625, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,470. These devices are not satisfactory, because they involve more traumatic intervention than when flexible devices are used.
Reducing the diameter of the devices to a flexible capillary tube is no longer an appropriate solution, because it would mean an inadequate internal volume for obtaining a void sufficient to assure aspiration of the sample, and it would be deleterious to the mechanical qualities of the assembly.
The object of the invention is to overcome the disadvantages discussed above by proposing a device for sampling through natural routes of very small cross section, nevertheless permitting sampling of quantities of biological material sufficient for purposes of histological or cytological analyses.
To that end, the invention relates more particularly to a device characterized in that the tube has a rear segment having an internal diameter substantially equal to the external diameter of the piston and a front segment having an internal cross section less than the internal cross section of the rear segment and greater than the external cross section of the rod, the piston being fixed on the rod at a position enabling the introduction of the front portion of the rod into the front segment of the tube, the front segment having an opening for communication with the external surroundings.
The vacuum is achieved in the segment having the larger cross section and is transmitted into the front segment having the smaller cross section. This segment of smaller cross section is plugged when at rest by the end of the rod, which prevents the penetration of fluids or air prior to the aspiration.
Advantageously, the rear segment has an annular or right-angle stop whose internal cross section is less than the external cross section of the piston.
In a first variant, the front segment has at least one lateral distal opening on its end.
In a second variant, the front segment has at least one frontal distal opening on its end.
In a particular embodiment, the device further includes a tubular element whose rigidity is greater than the rigidity of the tube and whose internal cross section is larger than the external cross section of the tube and whose length is greater than the length of the front segment.
This embodiment makes it possible to guide the front segment into the cavities.
Preferably, this embodiment further employs a front segment made of an elastically deformable material with shape memory.
The invention will be better understood from reading the ensuing description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of the device in accordance with the first embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the device in accordance with a second embodiment.
The device is constituted by only two pieces, namely a semi-rigid or flexible catheter (1) and a semi-rigid rod (4), both of them of plastic material for medical use.
The device (1) is constituted by a single tubular element of plastic material, deformed so as to have a rear segment (2) and a front segment (3). It is formed by a catheter made of a single piece of polypropylene or flexible methacrylate, or of any other material known in this field of the art for making material for medical usage. It is made by stretching part of a tube whose cross section is initially constant, so that the tube then has two consecutive segments of different cross sections.
A semi-rigid rod (4) is positioned on the interior of the tube (1). The length of this rod (4) is greater than the length of the tube (1), and its rear end is provided with a handle (7) enabling the physician to exert traction on the rod (4). In the way as for the tube, the rod is constituted by an element of solid plastic material, part of which has a bulge forming the piston (5). This bulge may be obtained by stretching the element of plastic material on either side of the part forming the piston.
The rod is provided with a piston (5) surrounded by a toroidal sealing ring (6) having an external diameter substantially equal to the diameter of the rear segment (2).
This piston (5) is placed on the rod (4) in such a way as to come just to the rear of the transition zone between the front segment (3) and the rear segment (2) when the rod (4) is pushed all the way into the tube (1). The difference between the end (8) of the rod (4) and the piston (5) is thus substantially equivalent to the length of the front segment (3).
The front segment additionally has a lateral distal opening (9) in proximity with its rear end.
When the physician withdraws the rod (4) as far as the stop (10), he creates a negative pressure corresponding to the volume of the rear segment (2) cleared by the displacement of the piston (5), whose end must remain inside the segment (2).
This negative pressure has repercussions in the front segment. The negative pressure created at the level of the opening (9) corresponds to the negative pressure in the rear segment, multiplied by the ratio between the cross section of the rear segment (2) and the cross section of the front segment (3).
The rear segment moreover has an annular or right-angle stop (10) that prevents the inopportune withdrawal of the rod (4).
FIG. 2 shows a variant embodiment, in which the tube is introduced into an outer tube (11) of greater rigidity, and having a shoulder (12).
The length of the outer tube (11) is greater than the length of the rear segment (2), and is less than the total length of the tube, so as to enable a relative displacement of the tube (1) with respect to the outer tube (11) by way of action upon the rear portion of the outer tube (11).
The front segment (3) at least is made of a material that retains shape memory and that at rest has a curved shape. When it is engaged within the outer tube (11), the front segment comes into alignment with the rear segment (2) so as to form a straight tube. The physician can then exert traction on the outer tube (11) in order to release the front segment from any transverse constraint. The front segment then resumes the curved shape, making it possible to reach sampling zones that are inaccessible to a straight tube. In this embodiment, the opening (12) is frontal. By way of example, the length of the front segment is 130 mm, the inside diameter is 1.5 mm, and the external diameter is 1.95 mm. The length of the rear segment is 137 mm, the internal diameter is 2.6 mm, and the external diameter is 3.7 mm. The length of the rod is 298 mm, and its diameter is 1.5 mm. On its rear end, it has an enlarged handle portion 25 mm in length. The piston extends over a length of 1 mm.
The device is manufactured in the following way:
Beginning with a tube made by extrusion, lengths of tubing of circular cross section are prepared, having a length less than the length of the final device and having an external cross section substantially equal to the final cross section of the rear segment. One of the ends of each length of tubing is cut on a diagonal, and a rigid steel wire whose cross section is substantially equal to the inside cross section of the front segment is threaded into the length of tubing.
Next, the length of tubing thus prepared is introduced into a heated die that has a conical orifice whose inlet cross section is substantially equal to the external cross section of the length of tubing, and whose outlet cross section is substantially equal to the final cross section of the front segment. Cutting one of the ends on the diagonal makes it easier to introduce the length of tubing into the die. The length of tubing is pulled through the die over a length substantially equal to the length of the front segment. The temperature of the die is substantially equal to and in any case greater than the softening temperature (Vicat point) of the material constituting the length of tubing, so as to obtain an irreversible extrusion rather than an elastic deformation.
The tube thus prepared is then baked at 90° for approximately 30 minutes.
Next, the graduations are marked on the front segment, and the front end is closed with a heated mold against which the front end is mashed. The distal opening is made with the aid of a hollow punch. The graduations are also marked on the front segment.
The rod is also prepared by extrusion. The piston is made by duplicate molding. After the rod has been introduced into the outer tube, the rear end of the tube is mashed against a heated mold in such a way as to partly crimp the rear edge in order to form a shoulder in the form of a flange.
I claim:
1. A method for manufacturing a device for remote sampling for medical use, characterized in that a length of tubing whose length is less than the length of the final device and whose external cross section is substantially equal to the final cross section of the rear segment is cut from a tube made by extrusion; a rigid steel wire whose cross section is substantially equal to the internal cross section of the front segment is threaded into the length of tubing; next, the length of tubing thus prepared is introduced into a heated die having a conical orifice whose inlet cross section is substantially equal to the external cross section of the length of tubing, and whose outlet cross section is substantially equal to the final cross section of the front segment; and the length of tubing is pulled through the die over a length substantially equal to the length of the front segment.
2. A method for manufacturing a remote sampling device for medical use as defined by claim 1, characterized in that the front end is closed with a heated mold against which the front end is mashed; the distal opening is made with the aid of a hollow punch; and the graduations are also marked on the front segment.
3. A method for manufacturing a remote sampling device for medical use as defined by claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a rod likewise prepared by extrusion, having a piston made by duplicate molding, is introduced into the tubular element.
4. A method for manufacturing a remote sampling device for medical use as defined by claim 1, characterized in that the rear end of the tube is mashed against a heated mold in such a way as to partly crimp the rear edge in order to form a shoulder in the form of a collar, after introduction of the rod into the outer tube.
5. A device for sampling biological materials, comprising:(a) a tube having a front segment and a rear segment, wherein:the outer diameter of the front segment is smaller than the outer diameter of the rear segment; the inner diameter of the front segment is smaller than the inner diameter of the rear segment; and the front segment has a distal opening; (b) a rod having a piston having an outer diameter substantially equal to the inner diameter of the rear segment, wherein, when the rod is engaged within the tube, the piston is positioned within the rear segment, such that, when the rod is partially withdrawn from the tube, a negative pressure is created in the front segment that is greater than the negative pressure created within part of the rear segment by the partial withdrawal of the rod, thereby enabling sampling of the biological materials through the distal opening; and (c) an outer tube of rigidity greater than that of the tube, such that when the tube and rod are engaged within the outer tube, the tube and the rod obtain the shape of the outer tube.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the tube is composed of a semi-rigid or flexible material to enable easy insertion of the device through a natural route, and the rod is composed of a semi-rigid material.
7. The device of claim 5, wherein the distal opening is either a lateral opening or a frontal opening.
8. The device of claim 5, wherein the rear segment of the tube has a stop that prevents inopportune full withdrawal of the rod from the tube.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the front segment of the tube has a curved shape at rest, such that, when front segment extends beyond the length of the outer tube, the front segment curves to enable reaching of sampling zones that are inaccessible to the more rigid outer tube.
10. The device of claim 5, wherein the rod is adapted to be withdrawn such that the sampled biological materials are retained in both the front segment and a portion of the rear segment, thereby enabling sampling of sufficient quantities of the biological materials.
11. The device of claim 5, wherein the device is adapted to operate without any puncturing needles.
12. The device of claim 5, wherein the distal opening is plugged by the end of the rod, when the rod is fully engaged within the tube.
13. The device of claim 5, wherein the piston comprises a bulge in the rod and toroidal sealing ring.
14. A method for manufacturing a tube for a device for sampling biological materials, the tube having a front segment and a rear segment, wherein the outer diameter of the front segment is smaller than the outer diameter of the rear segment, and the inner diameter of the front segment is smaller than the inner diameter of the rear segment, the method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a single piece of tube material whose cross section is substantially equal to the cross section of the rear segment; and (b) stretching part of the single piece of tube material to form the front segment.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein step (b) comprises the step of introducing the tube material into a heated die having a conical orifice whose outlet cross section is substantially equal to the external cross section of the front segment.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein one end of the tube material is cut on a diagonal to facilitate introduction of the tube material into the die.
17. A device for sampling biological materials, comprising:(a) a tube having a front segment and a rear segment, wherein:the outer diameter of the front segment is smaller than the outer diameter of the rear segment; the inner diameter of the front segment is smaller than the inner diameter of the rear segment; and the front segment has a distal opening; (b) a rod having a piston having an outer diameter substantially equal to the inner diameter of the rear segment, wherein, when the rod is engaged within the tube, the piston is positioned within the rear segment, such that, when the rod is partially withdrawn from the tube, a negative pressure is created in the front segment that is greater than the negative pressure created within part of the rear segment by the partial withdrawal of the rod, thereby enabling sampling of the biological materials through the distal opening, wherein the piston comprises a bulge in the rod and toroidal sealing ring..
| 12,529 |
https://github.com/JosefRichmond/RoboWelder/blob/master/Assignment_Code/logging/log4matlabTestCase.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause, MIT
| 2,021 |
RoboWelder
|
JosefRichmond
|
MATLAB
|
Code
| 572 | 2,178 |
classdef log4matlabTestCase< TestCase
methods
%% test_construct
function test_construct(self)
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt');
delete(logger);
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt',false);
self.assertEquals(logger.append == false,1);
delete(logger);
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt',true);
self.assertEquals(logger.append == true,1);
delete(logger);
end
%% test_mlog
function test_mlog(self) %#ok<MANU>
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt');
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing','Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing','Testing writing log file error message'};
delete(logger);
end
%% test_SetLoggerLevel
function test_SetLoggerLevel(self) %#ok<MANU>
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt');
logger.SetLoggerLevel('testing',logger.WARN);
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing','Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing','Testing writing log file error message'};
delete(logger);
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt');
logger.SetLoggerLevel('testing',logger.ERROR);
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing','Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing','Testing writing log file error message'};
delete(logger);
end
%% test_GetLoggerLevel
function test_GetLoggerLevel(self)
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt');
logger.SetLoggerLevel('testing',logger.WARN);
self.assertEquals(logger.WARN == logger.GetLoggerLevel('testing'),1);
delete(logger);
end
%% test_heavyUsage
function test_heavyUsage(self)
filename = 'temp.txt';
try delete(filename); end %#ok<TRYNC>
logger = log4matlab(filename);
for i=1:1000
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing2','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing3','Testing writing log file debug message'};
end
fid = fopen(filename);
data = textscan(fid, '%s','delimiter','\n');
fclose(fid);
self.assertEquals(size(data{1},1)==3000,1);
delete(logger);
end
%% test_manyCallsFewWrites
function test_manyCallsFewWrites(self)
filename = 'temp.txt';
try delete(filename); end %#ok<TRYNC>
logger = log4matlab(filename);
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Make sure there is at least one line'};
logger.SetLoggerLevel('testing',logger.ERROR);
logger.SetLoggerLevel('testing2',logger.ERROR);
logger.SetLoggerLevel('testing3',logger.ERROR);
for i=1:1000
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing2','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing3','Testing writing log file debug message'};
end
fid = fopen(filename);
data = textscan(fid, '%s','delimiter','\n');
fclose(fid);
self.assertEquals(size(data{1},1)==1,1);
delete(logger);
end
%% test_logFromNamespaceClass
function test_logFromClass(self)
filename = 'temp.txt';
namespaceNClass = ['nameSpace.',mfilename('class')];
logger = log4matlab(filename);
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,namespaceNClass,'Testing writing a class with a . in it'};
fid = fopen(filename);
data = textscan(fid, '%s','delimiter','\n');
fclose(fid);
self.assertEquals(size(data{1},1)==1,1);
logger.SetLoggerLevel(namespaceNClass,logger.ERROR);
self.assertEquals(logger.GetLoggerLevel(namespaceNClass)==logger.ERROR,1);
for i=1:1000
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,namespaceNClass,'Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,namespaceNClass,'Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,namespaceNClass,'Testing writing log file error message'};
end
fid = fopen(filename);
data = textscan(fid, '%s','delimiter','\n');
fclose(fid);
% There 1000 error messages and 1 debug message from before
self.assertEquals(size(data{1},1001)==1,1);
delete(logger);
end
%% test_SetCommandWindowLevel
function test_SetCommandWindowLevel(self)
logger = log4matlab('temp.txt');
% default is to only output ERRORs
self.assertEquals(logger.commandWindowLevel == logger.NONE,1);
display('You should see NO messages now:');
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing','Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing','Testing writing log file error message'};
logger.SetCommandWindowLevel(logger.ERROR);
self.assertEquals(logger.commandWindowLevel == logger.ERROR,1);
display('You should see ONE messages now: an ERROR');
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing','Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing','Testing writing log file error message'};
logger.SetCommandWindowLevel(logger.WARN);
self.assertEquals(logger.commandWindowLevel == logger.WARN,1);
display('You should see TWO messages now: a WARN and an ERROR');
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing','Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing','Testing writing log file error message'};
logger.SetCommandWindowLevel(logger.DEBUG);
self.assertEquals(logger.commandWindowLevel == logger.DEBUG,1);
display('You should see THREE messages now: a DEBUG, a WARN and an ERROR');
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'testing','Testing writing log file debug message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.WARN,'testing','Testing writing log file warning message'};
logger.mlog = {logger.ERROR,'testing','Testing writing log file error message'};
delete(logger);
end
%% test_logMatrixToString
function test_logMatrixToString(self)
filename = 'temp.txt';
logger = log4matlab(filename);
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'myClassName',['The transform is ',logger.MatrixToString(eye(4))]};
fid = fopen(filename);
data = textscan(fid, '%s','delimiter','\n');
fclose(fid);
self.assertEquals(size(data{1},1)==6,1);
delete(logger);
end
%% test_logExceptionToString
function test_logExceptionToString(self)
filename = 'temp.txt';
logger = log4matlab(filename);
% An intentional error for testing purposes
try a(0)
catch ME
logger.mlog = {logger.DEBUG,'myClassName',['There was an error',logger.ExceptionToString(ME)]};
end
fid = fopen(filename);
data = textscan(fid, '%s','delimiter','\n');
fclose(fid);
self.assertEquals(size(data{1},1)==10,1);
delete(logger);
end
end
end
| 37,917 |
https://github.com/JoshLikesBeer/commons-workflow/blob/master/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/workflow/ContextListener.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
commons-workflow
|
JoshLikesBeer
|
Java
|
Code
| 293 | 549 |
/*
* Copyright 1999-2001,2004 The Apache Software Foundation.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.commons.workflow;
import java.util.EventListener;
/**
* A <strong>ContextListener</strong> registers its interest in receiving
* <code>ContextEvent</code> notifications when the occur on a particular
* <code>Context</code> of interest.
*
* @version $Revision$ $Date$
* @author Craig R. McClanahan
*/
public interface ContextListener extends EventListener {
// --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods
/**
* Invoked immediately after execution of the related Activity has
* been completed normally, been suspended, or been aborted by
* the throwing of a StepException. The Step included in this event
* will be the last one to be executed.
*
* @param event The <code>ContextEvent</code> that has occurred
*/
public void afterActivity(ContextEvent event);
/**
* Invoked immediately after the specified Step was executed.
*
* @param event The <code>ContextEvent</code> that has occurred
*/
public void afterStep(ContextEvent event);
/**
* Invoked immediately before execution of the related Activity has
* started. The Step included in this event will be the first one
* to be executed.
*
* @param event The <code>ContextEvent</code> that has occurred
*/
public void beforeActivity(ContextEvent event);
/**
* Invoked immediately before the specified Step is executed.
*
* @param event The <code>ContextEvent</code> that has occurred
*/
public void beforeStep(ContextEvent event);
}
| 22,888 |
bpt6k426026w_39
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Journal des audiences de la Cour de cassation, ou Recueil des arrêts de cette cour, en matière civile et mixte
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,239 | 12,988 |
Mais, le 8 du même mois de juillet, le liquidateur de la maison Delamarre frères intervint dans cette instance. Il soutenait que le contrat du 11 décembre 1819 était nul pour deux motifs Le premier fondé sur ce que, contrairement à l'art. 252 du c. côm. ce contrat 65 avait été passé, par le capitaine, sans l'autorisation des sieurs Delamarre, propriétaires du navire, quoiqu'ils demeurassent dans le lieu où les parties avaient traité, et sur ce qu'il n'était pas vrai, malgré les énonciations de l'acte, que le capitaine eut été autorisé par le syndic et par le commissaire nommé à la faillite Delamarre. Le second motil' était fondé sur ce que le contrat n'avait pour cause que des créances résultant d'un compte courant, et qu'en conséquence il était simulé et nul. 1 Ces moyens ont été accueillis, par jugement du tribunal de commerce de Rouen qui a déboulé les sieurs Dupont et compagnie de léur demande. Appel, de la part des sieurs Dupont et compagnie, auxquels se sont joints les sieurs Ancessy et compagnie de Marseille alors faillis mais représentés par les sy ndics' provisoires de leur faillite. '· ̃ Les sieurs Dupont et les syndics out persisté à soutenir que le capitaine Battandier, avait été autorisé par les syndics et le commisaire de la faillite Delamarre à faire l'emprunt dont il s'agissait. Quant à la simulation dont l'acte d'emprunt était argué, i!s sont convenus qu»; lors de la rédaction du contrat, le capitaine n'avait pas reçu des sieurs Ancessy et compagnie les 2o,53o fr. qu'il disait lui avoir été délivrés comptant. La vérité est, ajoutaient-ils, que les sieurs Ancessy n'ont alors remis au capitaine que 2,000 fr. mais ils étaient porteurs de trois lettres de grosse, qui étaient échues, et au paiement desquelles les frères Delamarre étaient obligés envers eux; or, ce sont le montant de ces trois lettres de grosse, les 2,000 fr. délivrés comptant, ot une autre somme stipulée pour les profits ou intérêts maritimes qui ont formé celle de 2o,53o fr. portée dans le contrat du i 1 décembre 181g. – Ainsi il a une cause réelle, et il doit être exécuté. v Subsidiairement et dans le cas où la cour n'ordonnerait pas le paiement de la susdite somme de 2o,53o fr. ils concluaient à ce que les sieurs Delamarre fussent déclarés leur5 débiteurs; io de la somme de 16,177 fr., montant des trois anciennes lettres degrosse, a0 de la somme de 2,000 fr. fournie le 11 décembre 1819. Le 5 mars 1821, arrêt, par défaut, de la cour royale de Rouen, et sur l'opposition formée parles sieurs Dupontet c'e. arrêt contradictoire du 12 juin suivant, qui considère, l° que l'acte d'emprunt souscrit ce jour, i 1 décembre 1819, par le capitaine Battandier, ne peut être obligatoire contre les frères Delamarre, parce qu'il a été fait sans leur au-ij torisation, et que le capitaine ne représentant point celle qu'il dit avoir reçue du syndic et du commissaire à la faillite l'existence n'en est pas constatée; – 20 qu'il est demeuré constant, entre les parties qu'il y a simulation dans le contrat du 11 décembre 1819' v la somme y mentionné n'ayant pas été prêtée pour le dernier voyage à l'exception d'une1 somme de 2,000 fr. Le, troisjeme'se referait à Ja disposition del'arrêtqui jugeque l'emprunt fait sans aucune autorisation par le capitaine, Battandier, est, aux termes de, l'art. 233, c. com. nul reli., tivement aux sieurs Delainarte; les demandeurs ont prétendu, en J'ai t, mais sans eu admii 1 nistrer la preuve, que le capitaine avait été autorisé par le syndic et le commissaire de la faillite Delamarre; que, d'ailleurs son opération avait été réellement utile aux créanciers. Lé quatrième et dernier moyen, dirigé contre le capitaine Battandior, avait pour objet d'établir que, si ,1e contrat n'était pas obligatoire contre les, sieurs Delamarre, il Pétait certainement contre le sieur Battandier, qui a déclaré, dans cet acte avoir reçu l'autorisation pour le' passer, et qui s'est engagé personnellement, non pas seulement, comme l'a décidé la cour royale,de Rouen, au paiement des, 2,000 fr. comptés lors dela rédaction mais encore à celui, des autres,sommes énoncées au contrat et s'élevanl en totalité à '2o,53o fr.L.'obligation personnel se rapportait à toutes ces sommes. Or, si la cour areconnu cette obligation comme valable, pour,les 2,ooo fr., il avait môme raison de la recon, naîlrç.pour le. surplus de k), somme; et', par conséquent, d'aptes les art. 1 1 34 et 1997 c. c.iv,jelle devait condamner le capitaine a acquitter la totalité de la dette.. ̃ ,> teneur Battandie^a Ski défaut. • ̃' • ,1 ̃ •_ i ̃ •̃ AnnÊT. :̃ i LAjCOURj – 8urIcsconel.conf.'déM".C?a/»er,av.géû.; – Considérant, sur le premier moyen, que^ipardes conclusions subsidiaires, les sieurs Dupont et Ancessi ont formé devant la cour royale une demande qu'ils nïavaientpas explicitement formée en première instance, et que'n'ayaiit pas trouvé cette demande suffisamment instruite, la courroyaleapu, sans violer l'art-, A6A du eod, pen., renvoyer la discussion devant les premiers juges; Sur le second moyen, que la,c)iâp,os,ition de l'arrêt relative^ la simulation, est fondée.sur des faits qu'il déclare conslans ej.qui,ne peuvent ,donner lieu. ^aucuae discussion devant cette cour; 'i ,̃̃“• Sur le ti'àifiîme moyen qu'en jugeant que, les sieurs Ijelainarre n'étaient pas obligés par la contrat à la grosse souscrit pbr 1r capitaine JE(attandierr l'arrêt a fait, en droit, une juste, application de rart:'a3s codv ôotu., puisqu'il déclare, en fait, que rien-iie constate queB<Utanrdhir^eûl été autorisé' à souJerire cecontrat dans l'intérêt des sieurs Delamarre; – Rejette-. oMaiij sur 1» quatfi&me moyeri; Yulês ar-t.r i i3A. d'en ouvrir deux autres situdés 'dans la même eliqtnbrè, 'sous iPpr'ètexte ijue ces armoires appartiennent à un tiers, et quiln'ena pas les clefs. Ilfte'péut, d'ailleurs, cxiger que l'ouverture ne soit faite qu'en présence du'maire.'i {' ` (L'administration des Contiubutions indirectes C les époux Lamotiie.) Le 14 mai 1817, des employés de l'administration des contributions indirectes, faisant leurs exercices chez Jean Laniothe, débitant de boissons, en son absence, requirent sa femme de leur faire l'ouverture de plusieurs armoires. Cette femme en ouvrit d'abord deux; mais, à l'égard de deux autres qui étaient placées dans les mêmes chambres elle déclara qu'elles ne lui appartenaient pas, et qu'elle n'en avait pas les clefs, ajoutant que les employés n'avaient pas le droit d'exiger cette ouverture hors de la présence du maire. Sur ce refus les employés rédigèrent procès-verbal, pour contravention aux articles 56 et 208 de la loi du 28 avril 1816 ̃Traduits devant le tribunal correctionnel d'Oléron les époux Lamothefurenl admis prouver que les deux armoires en question appartenaient au nommé Lagarde, qui se les était réservées, ainsi que les clefs, lors de la location'qu'ilavait faite de sa maison aux mariés Lamothe. = ,•̃'̃ 1 Sur le vu de l'enquête et d'un'prétendu bail a loyer, dont la'date n'est pas rappelée dans le jugement, le tribunal d'Oléron renvoya les époux L amothe des demandes de l'administration. – Sur l'appel interjeté par l'administration, ce jugement fut confirmé par la cour royale de Pau. ''<>̃' ) Pourvoi en cassation de la part de l'administration. ̃̃ ÀEHÊT. T. 1' r LA CODRj – sur les concl. de M. Fréteau-de-Pèny, av. gèn^; Vu les art. 5a et 56 de la loi du 28 avril 1816 – Attendu que la réponse faite par la femme Lamothe à la sommation ̃à elle faite par les employés d'ouvrir deux armoires placées dans son domicile, pour y faire leur visite, que ces deux armoires ne lui appartenaient pas, et qu'elle n'en avait pas les clefs, formait un obstacle réel i l'exercice des employés, et, par conséquent, une contravention aux lois ci-dessus rappelées, qui devait nécessairement entraîner l'application des peines qu'elles prononcent; que les mariés Lamothe étant débitans de boissons, ils n'avaient pas le droit d'éxiger la présence d'un officier public auxjvÎEites et exercices des employés; quecelte faculté n'est accordée par la loi qu'A ceux qui n'exercent aucune des professions qui les soumettent à ces exercices; qu'en supposant que les deux armoires dont les employés requirent l'ouverture appartinssent réellement aux locateurs de la maison habitée par les mariés Lamothe, et qu'ils s'énfussenl réservé les clefs, ces circonstances ne pourraient 'nullement atténuer la contravention constatée contre Lamothe, par la raison que nul n'est oensé ignorer la loi, et que les locateurs, comme le locataire débitant, ont dû savoir que celui-ci étant assujetti, par son état, aux visites'et exercices des employés, devait être mis en mesure de satisfaire, à tout ins,tant, ù chaque réquisition des employés, et être, à'cet effet, muni de toutes les clefs de ses ap.partemens et des meubles y contenus, pour en faire l'ouverture, à toute réquisition; que, s'il il .en était autrement, et si, sous un prétexte quelconque, soit d'absence de clefs ou autrement, il était loisible à un débitant de refuser, ou même seulement de retarder une ouverture qtiilui est requise, il arriverait le' plus souvent que les objets de fraude disparaîtraient, et que la M'serait éludée, au grand préjudice de l'état;' – Attendu qu'en déchargeant les mariés Lamothe des demandes de l'administration, et en ne leur appliquant pas les peines portées par la loi, sous le prétexte frivole qu'il était prouvé que les deux armoires placées dans leur domicile ne leur appartenaient pas, la cour de Pau a méconnu et violé la lettre, l'esprit et l'objet de la loi ci-dessus rappelée; Par ces motifs, CASSE et ahhulle, etc. y j, î)u 3 décembre i8io,Sect.'crim. – M. Barris, prés. – M. Cliasle, rapp. » Mais, quand on a une législation spéciale, il faut examiner avec soin ce qu'elle dit, ce qu'elle veut. Il faut se dire que l'impôt, puisqu'il est nécessaire, demande une action prompte, et que les retards provenant d'une cause arbitraire sont aussi condamnables qu'une résistance illégitime. » "• Rappelant ensuite le proeès-verbal rédigé par les employés, faisant mention du refus d'ouverture des deux armoires placées dans les mêmes endroits que les deux autres ouverles à leur réquisition, et, mettant en regard ce proeès-verbal et l'art. 5G de la loi du 28 avril 1816, portant: « Les débilans seront leaus d'ouvrir leurs caves, celliers et autres parties de leurs maisons aux employés, pour faire leurs visites, etc., M. le procureur général ajoutait ` « La cour aura observé ces mots et autres parties de leurs maisoni. Peut-être que s'il s'agissait de quelque cave, de quelque cellier ayant une existence isolée, le locataire pourrait dire que le maître de la maison s'eu est réservé la jouissance; oubien que lui,locataire, a sous-loué ces objets; et alors il nous paraîtrait trop rigoureux de contester l'admissibilité de la preuve écrite ou testimoniale. Mais prenons bien garde aux énonciations du procès-verbal. La femme Lamothe fait l'ouverture de ses appartenons là se trouvent deux armoires qu'elle veut bien ouvrir mais là aussi s'en trouvent deux autres dont elle refuse l'ouverture. Or, la cour royale de Toulouse pouvaitelle admettre la preuve que les époux Lamothe n'avaient pas la jouissance de ces deux dernières armoires? En d'autres termes les époux Lamothe (en supposant leur déclaration sincère) avaient-ils pu se mettre dans une situation à ne point déférer immédiatement à la sommation des employés? La loi dit que les débilans ouvriront leurs caves celliers et autres parties de leurs maisons aux employés cela signifie-t-il qu'ils pourront suspendre l'exercice de la régie, ne pas ouvrir eux-mêmes, mais faire ouvrir, soit par un tiers, soit par un serrurier, en présence du maire ? Assurément, un pareil système est diamétralement contraire h l'esprit et àla lettre de la loi. Nous n'avons pas besoin de dire qu'en fait, il y aurait souvent des retards préjudiciables. Dans les petites communes; le maire no réside pas toujours sur les lieux: c'est quelquefois un homme d'un rang'distingué qui a son domicile ailleurs; l'adjoint, qui est souvent un cultivateur, passe sa journée dans les champs. Voyez donc quel retard ilfau drait éprouver! Et si les commis quittent le local, quel moyen facile il y aurait de faire disparaître le corps de délit! » M. le procureur général a, en conséquence, conclu à la cassation. A RE£T. 'f' LA COUR, – sur les conel. conf de M. le barou Mourre, proc. gen.Vu l'art. Sade la loi du'i8 avrilai8i6, qui est la reproduction de l'art. 3 de la loi du uh avril 1806, del'art. n% du décret réglementaire du 2i déc. 1808, de l'art. 53 de lu loi du 8 dée. 18 1 sur les boissons -Vu égalemcnt l'art. 56 de ladite loi du 28 avril 1816 sur les contributions indirectes. – Considérant qu'il suit du rapprochement de ces divers articles, que l'intention du législateur a "été constamment que les débitans déboisions fussent indéfiniment assujettis aux visites et exercices des employés de la régie des contributions indirectes, et à tout ce qui serait né J eessaire au complément de ces visites et exercices, ce qui comprend l'obligation, non seulement de procurer aux employés, à l'instant même où ils le requièrent, un libre accès à toutes les parties de leurs maisons où se fait le débit, et de leur ouvrir les portes des chambres et de toutes autres dépendances du domicile des débitans, mais encore de leur'ouvrir-sur-le champ tous coffres, armoires et autres meubles y existant, susceptibles de renfermer des boissons ou d'autres objets de fraude ou de contravention, et d'être, à cet effet, munis, en touttemps, des clefs nécessaires; – Que tel est l'espritdes lois qui viennent d'fltre citées, esprit manifesté notamment par ledit art. Mais considérant, en droit, que cette conduite de la femme Lamothe constituait un refus formel de visite, et que la régie ayant conclu en conséquence à ce que Lamothe fût condamné à 3oo fr. d'amende, conformément à l'art. 96 de la loi dudit jour 28 avril, et aux dépens, la loi voulait que ces condamnations fussent prononcées pour contravention aux art. 5a et 53 ci-'des,gus cités Que cependant la cour royale de Toulouse, chambre des appels de police correctionnelle, a, au contraire, rendu, le 26 juillet 1820, l'arrêt dont la régie demande la cassation, par lequel, en confirmant le jugement du tribunal correctionnel d'Oléron du i°r août 1817, qui a mé^ connu cette contravention, elle a relaxé les époux Lamothe de l'action de la régie avec dépens; Que la cour royale a fondé cet arrêt, en fait, sur ce que Lamothe n'avait ni la propriété ni aucun usage des deux armoires en question; et, en droit, d'une part, sur l'inapplicabilité de l'art. 56 invoqué par la régie à deux meubles appartenant, a-t-elle dit, an sieur Lagarde qui en avait les clefs; d'autre part, sur la nécessité de concilier cet article avec l'art. 9 de la charte constitutionnelle, qui porte que, toutes les propriétés sont inviolables, n – Desquels motifs elle a tiré la conséquence, que la femme Lamothe n'était point coupable de refus de visite pour avoir demandé que l'ouverture requise ne se fît qu'en présence de l'aulorité municipale. Mais qu'aucun de ces motifs ne peut justifier l'arrrêt attaqué; 1° parce que les articles invoqués par la régie étant généraux et absolus, il suffisait que Lamothe fût cabaretier, et que le fait matériel du refus d'ouvrir de suite les deux armoires fût constant, pour qu'il fût du devoir des juges de déclarer que, par ce fait, il avait été contrevenu à ces articles; et d'appliquer la loi répressive de cette contravention, sans s'occuper de l'art. Du 20 nov. 1824. – Sect. réunies. – Mgrle comte de Peyronnet, garde des sceaux, prés. – M. BaUlj, rapp. ENREGISTREMENT – Piièsoiiptioîi.– Vente.– Saisie.– Nullité. U inscription de l'acquéreur sur les registres des mutations et le paiement des con.tributions, établissait une présomption légale pour la perception des droits d'enregistrement, et cette présomption ne peut être écartée par l'allégation d'une convention verGale contraire qu'auraient faite les parties contre lesquelles cette même présomption est établie. > 'Le droit de mutation, ainsi acquis en faveur de la régie, ne peut lui être entdvépar l'exception de nullité portée par l'art. 692 du code de procédure civile, qui déclare nulle, et sans qu'il soit besoin de la faire prononcer, toute aliénation d'immeubles faite par la partie saisie, à compter du jour de la dénonciation à elle faite de la saisie. (Le sieur Pàliïel C. la direction gén. de I'Enbegistrement.) La première de ces résolutions a déjà été consacrée plusieurs fois, et notamment par deux arrêts de la cour de cassation, des 2 août 1809 et i4 janvier 1824, rendus dans des espèces encore plus favorables, puisque les parties, contre lesquelles la présomption de mutation est établie, ne se bornaient pas à alléguer des conventions verbales, mais produisaient des actes sous seing privé contraires à la présomption. (V. plus haut, p. 55. ) II parait que le sieur Palluel avait désintéressé de ses deniers plusieurs créanciers qui poursuivaient l'expropriation des biens du sieur Bernard, son oncle. Avertie par cette sommation, la régie découvrit les changemens opérés par Bernard sur le registre des mutations; elle décerna en conséquence, une contrainte contre le sieur Palluel en paiement de la somme de6,o5ofr. pour droit et double droit de la vente alléguée par Bernard. Le sieur Palluel a répondu, 1° qu'il ne détenait les biens de son oncle qu'en vertu d'un bail ferme verbal, et comme gage des sommes qui lui étaient dues; 2° que, dans tous les cas, la vente que la régie prétendait exister, aurait porté sur des biens'saisis et se trouverait nulle, aux termes de l'art. 692 du c. pr. civ. d'où il concluait que la régie ne pouvait réclamer aucun droit de mutation. Le 1 1 oct. j 823, jugement du tribunal civil de Grenoble qui, sans s'arrêter h ces moyens de défense accueille l'action de la régie ot condamne le sieur Palluel au paiement du montant de la contrainte, par les motifs suivans <r Considérant que la preuve de mutation de propriété, d'après Par, 12 de la loi du 22 frimaire an 7, peut résulter de deux circonstances; 1° du changement sur les rôles de la contribution foncière, 2" des paie" mens faits d'après ces rôles, par l'acquéreur; Considérant que ces deux circonstances se rencontrent dans l'hypothèse de la cause;-Que Joseph Palluel opposeinutilement que le changement a été fait sur les rôles a son insu, parce que les paiemens qu'il a faits des impositions prouvent que ce changement est son ouvrage, ou qu'il a été fait de son consentement;-Qu'il est convenu au procès que Palluel était répartiteur dans sa commune d'oii il il suit qu'il n'a pas pu ignorer le changement dont il s'agit, et que s'il eût ° était fait malgré lui et à son insu, il l'aurait fait réparer; – Considérant qu'il résulte, du certificat délivré le 2 avril 1821 par le maire de Sainte-llarie-d'Allais, que Palluel s'est chargé lui-même le 14 mars 1820, des art. 51, 52 et 40, faisant partie de l'immeuble dont il s'agit, et ce changement se ratlachant a celui dont il vient d'être question, il ne peut pas dire qu'il n'est pas son ouvrage; – Que Palluel ne pouvait écarter la conséquence qui résulte de cette jouissance que par un bail à ferme par aete authentique; qu'il ne suffit point d'alléguer *[u'il a joui comme fermier, attendu que dest fui à prouver l'exception dont il oppose., d'après le principe in exceptione reus fit aclor; Considérant que Palluel ne peut pas mieux opposer, pour se dispenser de payer les droits réclamés par l'administration la nullité prononcée par l'art. 692 c. pr. parce que cette nullité n'est prononcéo que dans l'intérêt des créanciers; – Que d'après l'art. 6g3 c. pr. l'aliénation prononcée.par l'art. 692 doit avoir son exécution, si, avant l'adjudication, l'acquéreur consigne somme suffisante pour acquitteras créances inscrites; d'où: il suit que Palluel qui est du nombre des créanciers qui avaient connaissance des poursuites en expropriation de cet immeuble, ainsi qu'il résulte de la notification des affiches à lui faite par procès^verbal du juin 1816, n'a évidemment acquis que dans l'in-. Pourvoi en cassation de la part du sieur Palluel, fondé sur les deux moyens dont suit l'analyse i° Fausse appfication de l'art. 12 de la loi du 22 frimaire an 7. – II est constant que la régie ne peut percevoir de droits que sur des conventions écrites; cependant, en faveur de l'état, on a fait une exception à cette règle, par l'art. 12 de la loi du 22 frim. an 7, qui permet la perception des droits, lorsque la mutation est établie, par l'inscription du nom de l'acquéreur sur le rôle de la contribution foncière, et par des paicmens par lui faits d'après ce rôle; – Mais ces présomptions, établies par cet article, ne peuvent résulter que de faits ou d'actes émanés de la partie contrevenante, au profit der laquelle une vente aurait été faite.-Or, dans l'espèce, aucun acte n'est émané de la part du sieur Palluel; le changement a été fait sans sa participation, et par un tiers qui n'avait pas qualité; le sieur Bernard était maire, et le receveur seul peut le faire. D'ailleurs, il n'y avait pas vente, il n'y avait qu'antichrèse donc, cet article 12a a été faussement appliqué. 2° Violation des art. 692, 6g5 c.pr.ctv. – En supposant qu'il y eût vente cette vente1' était nulle, parce qu'à l'époque oii on la suppose, elle ne pouvait être consentie, aux termes des articles cités, par Bernard qui était poursuivi dans ses immeubles, et celte' fente était Lutte ipso facto. On ne peut pas dire que Palluel se trouvait dans le cas de l'art. 695; car, pour que la vente soit valable d'après cet ar ticle, il faut consigner la totalité dos sommes dues, et Palluel n'avait rien consign é. 1 AïRÊr. LA COUR,-sur les concl. de M. B rillat-de-Savarin, f. f. d'av. gén. Sur le premier moyen: Attendu, en droit, que, d'après la disposition de l'art. 32 de la loi du 22 frim. an 7, la mutation d'un immeuble est suffisamment établie pour la demande du droit d'enregistrement et la poursuite du paiement contre le nouveau possesseur par l'inscription de son nom au rôle de la contribution foncière et des paiemeus par lui faits d'après ce rôle; – Que cette présomption légale de mutation ne peut être écartée par des actes sous seing privé émanés des parties contre lesquelles la même présomption est établie; Et attendu qu'il a été reconnu, en fait, que Palluel a été inscrit au rôle de la contribution foncière pour les immeubles dont il s'agit, et qu'il a constamment payé d'après ces mêmes rôles – Que le prétendu bail verbal allégué par Palluel n'a nullement été prouvé; Sur le deuxième moyen, attendu qu'il rentre dans le précédent; – Attendu, au surplus, que l'aliénation des biens dont il s'agit, loin d'avnir été attaquée en nullité par les prétendus créanciers de Bernard, vendeur, a eu son plein et entier effet en faveur de Palluel qui a toujours joui des mêmes biens;Que le droit de mutation, ainsi légalement acquis à la régie, n'aurait pu lui être enlevé par aucun" événement ultérieur, étranger à la même régie; – Rejette.. "•̃ Du 17 août 1824. – Sect. des req. M. Lasaudade, prés. d'âge. – M. Lasagni, rapp. M. Odilon-Barrot av. JUGEMENT CORRECTIONNEL– Opposition.– Paktie civile. La partie civile, a, comme le prévenu, le droit de former opposition à un jugement rendu par un tribunal de police correctionnelle. Elle n'est point privée de ce droit et le Jugement rendu contre elle n'est pas contradictoire son égard lorsqu'après avoir simplement exposé l'affaire, sans prendre de conclusions elle n'a point paru it une audience à laquelle la cause avait été renvoyés pour entendre les plaidoiries et où le jugement ailé prononcé. (Les sieurs Cabré et consorts C. les sieurs Ligouset et consorts.) s Le 19 mars 182-3 les sieurs Ligounet et consorts ayant cité le sieur Carré et autres devant le tribunal de police correctionnelle firent l'exposé de la cause, aux termes de l'art, go c. inslr. crim. L'affaire fut renvoyée à une autre audience, lors de laquelle les témoins furent entendus, et l'on renvoya au i5 mars 1825 pour les plaidoiries respectives. – Le i5 mars 1823, jugement du tribunal correctionnel de Vienne, qui donna défaut de plaider contre les demandeurs, et renvoya les défendeurs des fins de la citation. Opposition à ce jugement; Carré soutient que 1 opposition n'est pas recevable parce que l'exposé fait par le demandeur, équivalant à des conclusions le jugement était contradictoire. Mais, sans s'arrêter à cette exception, le tribunal a reçu l'opposition. Appel par Carrelet consorts. – L'art."] 90 c. inst. crim., disaient-ils, est le seul qui trace les règles de la procédure devant les tribunaux correctionnels: il porte que le procureur du roi ou la partie civile exposeront d'affaire que l'instruction orale se fera ensuite, que le prévenu présentera sa défense, qu'il pourra répliquer au ministère public, et que le jugement sera prononcé, au plus tard, a l'audience suivante. On voit, par cet article, que la partie civile, à la différence du prévenu qui peut répliquer n'a la parole qu'une seule fois, et cela, pour exposer l'affaire; c'est donc nécessairement dans' ce seul plaidoyer que la loi lui accorde, qu'elle doit faire connaître ses conclusions. Or, dans l'espèce, le jugement constate que la partie civile a fait son exposé; elle a donc implicitement pris ses conclusions, et, dès-lors, le jugement intervenu est contradictoire.– Dans l'usage l'exposé se fait par la lecture de la plainte ou de la citation, actes qui-bien certainement renferment les conclusions de la partie civile: Ce qui achève de J 1 prouver que cet exposé contient les conclusions c'est que la loi dit que le prévenu proposera sa dé fense, ce qui suppose une demande qu'il connaît et qu'il combat. Ligounet et consorts répondaient L'exposé, dont parle l'art. 190, n'empnrte pas l'idée de conclusions. Pour bien saisir l'esprit de l'art, igo dont la rédaction est in complète, il faut le rapprocher do l'art. i55, relatif à la procédure devant les. tribunaux do simple police; la partie civile, y est-il dit, ne prend ses conclusions qu'après la lecture (les procès-verbaux et l'audition des témoins. Quel motif y aurait-il pour nu point appliquer celte disposition aux matières correctionnelles? – Si l'on veut s'en tenir à l'art igo, on voa queleprocureurdu roi peut, commelaparlie civile, faire l'exposé de l'affaire: et c'est ce qui arrive le plus souvent. Alors, la partie civile ne prend plus la parole pour cet objet; i comment le jugement pourrait-il être contradictoire à son égard, puisqu'elle n'aurait rien dit ?-D'ailleurs, l'exposé n'est qu'un récitprésenté pour faire connaître sommairement aux magistrats l'affaire qui va leur être soumise; il ne lie aucune contestation, il n'indique aucun des moyens des parties, qui ne sont fixées, sur la demande et sur la défense, que par le résultat del'instruction qui se fait à l'audience. Peut-on dire, dès-lors, sans donner à la lettre de la loi un sens forcé que la partie civile est réduite au silence, précisément au seul moment où elle peut connaître et débattre ses droits? Aussi, l'usage constantestd'entendre la partie civile après l'audition des témoins. – Tout ce qui s'estfait E jusque-là forme l'instruction delacause; et, de même qu'au civil, les écritures et actes d'avoué, qui précèdent le jugement d'une affaire ne rendent pas une instance contradictoire, de même, en matière correctionnelle, l'instruction orale ne rend pas le jugement contradictoire, si la partie civile n'a pas exposé l'objet et les moyens de sa demande. Le 9 janvier 1824, arrêt confiimalif de la cour de Grenoble, mofivé ainsi qu'il suit – Considérant que le jugement du i5 mars 1823 exprime qu'il a été rendu par défaut de plaider contre les parties civiles; que le défaut de plaider e-t exclusif de la con-, tradiction, sans laquelle il ne peut exister de jugement contradictoire; Considérant qu'il est indifférent qu'à diverses audiences antérieures, les parties civiles eussent exposé l'affaire que les pièces eussent été lues, et que des témoins charge et à décharge eussent été entendus, dès que, d'une part, l'affaire n'avait point été plaidée à la suite de l'instruction, mois continuée à l'audience du 1 5 marj pour entendre, est-il dît, les' plaidoiries des parties; que, d'autre part, à cette dernière audience, les pirties civiles, ni leur défenseur, n'avaient point comparu pour plaider que les prévenus seuls auraient été entendus, etque tout se serait passé en défaut à l'égard des autres; Considérant. que, devant les tribunaux correctionnels, comme devant les tribunaux civils un. jugement ne peut être réputé contradictoire qu'aulant que toutes les parties ont plaidé et pris des conclusions après l'instruction Considérant qu'il résulte de ce qui précède que le jugement du i5 mars, rendu réellement par défaut de plaider, était susceptible d'opposition, j » “. i Pourvoi en cassation de la part de Carré et consorts.< ) Abrêt. < LA. COUR, – sur les concl. de M. de Murchangy av. gén.; – Considérant que le droit de former opposition à un jugement par défaut appartient de droit à la partie, contre laquelle' il a été rendu qu'elle ne peut donc en être privée, sous le prétexte que la loi ne le lui aurait pas expressément accordi qu'il suffit qu'elle ne le lui ait point interdit;– Corisidérunt'qd'aucune disposition du eod. d'inst. crim. n'a interdit la partie ci vile ledroit de former opposition à unjugement rendu par défaut contre elle, cmiMtièrede police correctionnelle; que ce droit rét suite, au contraire, des expressions générales de l'art. 208; etque si, dans les art. 186 et 187, il n'est parlé que de l'opposition du prévenu condamne par défaut, ce n'est que d'une manière démonstrative, eluulleinent reMrictive; – Considérant que, du droit que l'art. QUOTITÉ DISPONIBLE.– Rapport.– Piuêciput. Le père du famille est Irrévocablement dessaisi des biens compris dans les donations entre-vifs qu'il fait à ses enfans ou a l'un d'eux, en avancement d'hoirie; – Dès-lors, la disposition qu'il fait ultérieurement, même en faveur d'un autre de ses enfans de la portion disponible ne peut, en aucune manière s'exécuter sur ces biens quels que soient les termes dans lesquels il a disposé, la quotité disponible qu'il a léguée ne peut se calculer que sur les biens composant réellement sa succession au moment de son décès abstraction faite de ceux précédemment donnés en avancement d'hoirie. Cette solution que la cour de cassation vient de sanctionner dans deux espèces semblables que nous allons faire connaître, met le sceau à la jurisprudence dont elle avait posé la base dans ses arrêts des So décembre 1816 (1817, p. 25) et 27 mars 182s (1822, p. 236). • Mais en même temps elle condamne nnc distinction qu'en rapportant le dernier de ces arrêts, nous avions pensé pouvoir établir, entre le cas où le père a disposé d'une partie de ses biens correspondante à la portion disponible, comme du quart, du tiers ou de la moitié, mais sans exprimer qu'il léguait la portion disponible elle-même ou qu'il entendait que la .quotité léguéo se prélevât sur tous ses biens, y compris ceux qui étaient sortis de ses mains par des dons en avancement d'hoirie, et le cas où le père de~famille avait expressément manifesté sa volonté à cet égard par les termes dans lesquels il avait disposé. Le 25 juillet 1808 contrat de mariage entre Elisabeth-Clémentine et le sieur Galtié; le père do la future lui donne, en avancement d'hoirie une somme de i5,ooo fr. Le 29 novembre 1810, testament par lequel Guillaume Cassaignes fait les dispositions suivantes « Je lègue à dame Anne Donnadieu, mon épouse, la jouissance, sa vie durant, de la moitié de tous et chacun de mes biens meubles et immeubles; enfin je donne, par préciput et hors part à Madeleine Cassaignes, ma fille cadette, le quart de mes susdits biens en quoi qu'ils consistent et puissent généralement consister, pour être, ledit quart, pris de préférence sur ma maison et enclos aux Cordeliors, si toutefois elle préfère le prélever sur cet objet lors du partage qui sera fait de ma succession ;'et, dans ce cas, si madite maison et enclos se trouvent dépassenla portion disponible, elle sera tenue de se retrancher en moins prenant sur le reste de mes biens; comme s'ils se trouvaient insuffisans, elle s'en remplira sur le surplus de madite succession, indépendamment de sa portion égale à celle de chacune de ses deux autres sœurs. » Le 20 février 81 1, autre contrat de mariage entre ladite Madeleine et le sieur Lavernhe; le père de la future lui fait donation entre-vifs, etpar préciput, du quart de ses biens présens et à venir, tels qu'ils se trouveront à son décès, ce quart évalué à la sommede 20,000 fr. à compte de laquelle la future déclare avoir reçu celle de 12,000 fr. Il est convenu que ce quart, ainsi donné, sera sujet au support des jouissances de moitié des biens que le donateur entend léguer à la dame son épouse, par tout testament fait ou à faire et par proportion relative à la totalité do la succession. On voit que les termes,, dans lesquels est conçue cette donation, sont moins favorables à la donataire que ceux du testament du 29 nov. 1810; aussi, remarquera -t-on que les sieur et dame Lavernhe ont agi particulièrement eu vertu du testament. Après le décès de Guillaume Cassaignes, arrivé le 23 février 1819, Dorothée, la dernière de ses filles, mariée au sieur Cantaloube, et qui n'avait rien reçu dans son contrat de mariage, a formé contre ses deux sœurs, une demande en liquidation et en partage de la succession du père commun. Les mariés Gallié ontacquiescé au partage; mais ils ont demandé, etles mariés Cantaloube ont demandé aussi avec eux, que les iS,ooo fr., qui leur avaient été donnés en avancement d'hoirie, ne fussent point rapportés à la masse, pour la fixation du quart précipuaire postérieurement légué aux époux Lavernhe le rapport n'étant dû qu'aux cohéritiers et non aux légataires, suivant l'art. 857 c. civ. Les sieur et dame Lavernhe, invoquant les termes de leur contrat de mariage etsurtout ceux du testament du 2gnov. 1810, demandent que leur quart précipuaire soit calculé sur l'universalité des biens composant la succession du père commun, sans en distraire les i5,ooo fr. précédemment donnés en avancement d'hoirie aux mariés Galtié. Le 8 février 1820, jugement du tribunal civil de Figeac, qui décide que le quart pré; cipuaire donné à la dame Lavernhe ne sera fixé que d'après les biens que son père possédait effectivement au jour de son décès, non compris les i5,ooo fr. donnés en avancement d'hoirie à la dame Galtié. – Mais, sur l'appel, ce jugement aétéinfirmé, pararrêt de la cour royale d'Agen, du 2 mai 1822, qui a jugé que ce qui avait été donné'en avancement d'hoirie à la dame Galtié, devait concourir avec le reste de la succession à la composition du legs que Cassaignes avait fait, par préciput, à la dame Lavernhe, et en déterminer la valeur. Les motifs de cet arrêt sont, en substance, que la dame Lavernhe 66* agissant en vertu ^.u testament de sonpère qui lui donnait jusqu'à concurrence du quart de ses biens, il faut nécessairement, pour la fixation de ce legs et pour savoir si la réduction doit avoir lieu, prendre en considération tous les biens qu'a laissés le père et ceux qui doivent entrer fictivement dans la masse pour en fixer l'étendue. Pourvoi en cassation de la part des mariés Galtié et Canialoube pour ̃violation de l'art. 857, et fausse application de l'art. 922 c. civ. Les demandeurs se bornaient à invoquer les arrêts de la cour de cassation des 5o décembre a 8 16 et 27 mars 1822. -Les défendeurs à la cassation répondaient il que ces deux arrêts contredits par un grand nombre d'arrêts de cours royales, ne suffiraient peut-être pas pour fixer la jurisprudence 2° Qu'il y avait d'ailleurs, entre les espèces de ces arrêts et celle de la cause, cette différence notable, que dans les premières le père n'avait donné que le quart des biens qu'il laisserait à son décès, tandis que dans celle actuelle, le père avait disposé du quart de tous ses biens, en quoi qu'ils puissent consister. Sur ce dernier point, les défondeurs reproduisaient le système que nous avons exposé, vol. de 1822, p. 24i et dont nous avons parlé en commençant cet article. ÀnnÊT (après un long délibéré en la chambre du conseil). LA COUR, – sur les concl. contr. de M. Cahier, av. gén. – -Vu les art. 8g4, 857, 92i et 022 cod.civ.; – Considérantqu'aux termes de l'art. 89A, la donation entre-vifs, régulièrement acceptée, dépouille irrévocablement celui qui l'a faite; qu'ainsi, en principe général, et sauf les exceptions expressément établies par la loi, les choses données entre-vifs ne font plus partie de la succession du donateur; qu'il suit de li i°que, quels que soient les termes dans lesquels est conçu le testament du sieur Cassaignes, le legs qu'il a fait par préciput sa fille cadette, la dame Lnvernhe, du quart de tous ses biens, ne peut comprendre que le quart des biens dont il était saisi à son décès, et qui composaient réellement sa succession; – a° Que la dame Lavernhe ne peut se prévaloir des art. 857 et 922, concernant soit le rapport, soit la réunion fictive à la succession, des biens donnés en avancement d'hoirie, puisque, d'une part, le rapport n'est dû que par l'héritier à son cohéritier et qu'il n'est pas dû par le légataire, alors même qu'à cette qualité il réunit celle d'héritier, car la loi s'exprime en termes généraux qui n'admettent aucune exception à cet égard; puisque, d'autre part, la réunion fictive ne peut également avoir lieu qu'au profit des héritiers à réserve, et sur leur propre demande, ce dont il n'est nullement question dans l'espèce; de tout quoi il résulte qu'en décidant que les biens donnés en avancement d'hoirie à la 'dame Galtié par le sieur Cassaignes, son père, seront réunis à ceux dont il était saisi au moment de son décès, et entreront dans sa succession aux fins de concourir avec le reste de ladite succession à la composition du legs qu'il a fait à la dame Lavernhe, et d'en déterminer la valeur et l'étendue, la cour royale d'Agen a violé l'art. 8ç)i et faussement appliqué les art. 857, 921 et 922 précités; – Par ces motifs, CASSE (1). Du 8 décembre 1894. – Sect. civile. – M. Brisson, prés. ̃ – RI. Ruptrou, rapp. –MM. Raoul ot Teysseyrre, av. (i) La même cour d'Agen, dont on vient de voir l'arrêt cassé, avait dès le 10 juin 1824, conformé sa jurisprudence à celle de la cour de cassation. Voici l'espèce de son arrêt, qui juge en même temps, comme la cour suprême l'a décidé plusieurs fois ( 1S24 p. 83), que l'appel incident est recevable en tout état de cause, même contre les chefs du jugement, autres que ceux sur lesquels il y a appel principal. "*• Le sieur Serager avait deux filles, l'une mariée au sieur Cluzan l'autre au sieur Vergnes; en les mariant, il leur avait fait à toutes deux des dons en avancement d'hoirie. – Par testament du 3o juin i8l5, il a disposé du tiers de ses biens par préciput. Question de savoir si ce legs devaitse calculer sur tous les biens de la succession, y compris ceux précédemment donnés en avancement d'hoirie, comme le prétendait la légataire': ou si, comme le soutenait la dame Cluzan, il f.ill.iit faire distraction de ces biens dans la computation de la valeur du legs? – Le y août 1823, jugement du tribunal de Gourdon, qui décide que, pourla fixation du préciput, il faut faire entrer dans la masse les dons en avancement d'hoirie. Appel de la part de la dame Cluzan, qui invoque la jurisprudence de la cour de cassation. ̃ a* Espèce.– (Jotjbdan C. Joiïiuun.) '̃ Trois filles sont nées du mariage du sieur Jourdan avec la dame Marie Sénat. L'aînée de ces filles mariée en l'an 4, au sieur Sabattier, reçut, enavancement d'hoirie, la nue propriété de deux pièces de terre; de plus, son père s'obligea de nourrir et entretenir les futurs époux pendant trois ans. La puînée épousa, en l'an j jo le sieur Saint-Arroman, et reçut aussi, de son père, en avancementd'hoiric,'unc somme de 4,ooo fr. LacadeLle, mariée au sieur Lamothe, ne reçut rien. Le 29 mai 1809, testament de Jourdan père, ,dont voici les termes: « Je donne et lègue à ma fille aînée (la dame Sabattier), a titre de préciput et hors part, la propriété du quart de tous mes biens meubles et immeubles en quoi que le tout consiste et puisse consister, en y comprenant les biens que je lui ai donnés, par son contrat de mariage, pour, par elle, ne jouir néanmoins du présent legs par préciput, qu'après le décès de Marie Sénat, mon épouse, à laquelle j'en donne la jouissance pendant son vivant. Je déclare qu'afin de pouvoir partager mes biens d'une manière juste et équitable entre mes filles, quant à la propriété, et mon épouse quant à la jouissance, j'ai fait procéder à leur estimation par des experts. Il résulte, du rapport de ces experts, que j'approuve, comme très-juste et très judicieux que mes biens s'élèvent à la somme totale de 60,000 fr.; îi cette somme, je joins celle de 4,000 fr. pourle montant de la constitution dotale quej'ai faite à ma seconde fille, dame de Saint-Arroman, pour, par elle, la précompter sur sa portion héréditaire. Sur cette somme totale de 64,000 fr. le quart de préciput et hors part que je lègue à madite ,fille aînée se porte à la somme de i6,ooofr., pour lequel quart je lui donne et lègue la maison que j'habite, etc, » ( suit le partage de ses biens a chacune de ses filles).. • ». Le 7 septembre 1817, décès du testateur.1' – Débat sur le point de savoir s'il a été au pouvoir du sieur Jourdan père de calculer le legs précipuaire sur l'universalité des biens de sa succession, ou s'il n'a pas dû, au contraire, excepter ceux précédemment donnés en avancementd'hoirie, et ne computer la portion disponible que sur ceux restés entre. teur à son décès mais encore des biens par lui donnés en avancement d'hoirie, lesquels entreront fictivement dans la masse. Les motifs de cet arrêt se réduisent en substance, aux deux snivans 1 Dans tous les cas, lorsqu'il s'agit d'évaluer la quotilé disponible, la réunion fictive, ordonnée par l'art. 92a du c. civ. doit avoir lieu bien quo la quotité ainsi évaluée ne puisse nullement se prendre sur les biens antérieurement donnés, parce que l'art. 857 refuse le rapport au légataire; 20 d'ailleurs dans l'espèce, l'intention manifeste du testateur a été que la quotité disponible par lui léguée fût ainsi évaluée. Pourvoi en cassation de la part des mariés Saint-Arroman et Lamothe, pour violation de l'art. 85^ et fausse application de l'art. 922 c. civ. Comme dans l'espèce précédente, les. demandeurs se reposaient avec confiance sur les précédons arrêts de la cour de cassation. lis faisaient observer qu'il importait peu que la volonté du père eût été de computer le quart précipuaire, dont il avait disposé sur l'universalité de ses biens, y compris ceux donnés en avancement d'hoirie, parce qu'il n'avait pas été au pouvoir du père, dessaisi de ces derniers biens par la donation qu'il on avait faite, d'en disposer une secondefois. Les défendeurs, sans chercher à justifier le système admis par le premier motif de l'arrêt dénoncé, système condamné par la jurisprudence de la cour' suprême, s'attachaient au second motif; ils soutenaient que la volonté du père de famille était la seule règle à suivre en cette matière, et que la différence do la disposition dont il s'agissait dans l'espèce avec les termes du legs qui avaient été l'objet des arrêls invoqués par le demandeur, devait nécessairement amener une solution opposée. Les défendeurs nous faisaient l'honneur de citer et de développer les réflexions que nous avons présentées en faveur de ce système et auxquelles nous avons eu déjà occasion de renvoyer.. Cette défense n'a pu sauver l'arrêt de la cour royale de Pau, de la cassation. Arrêt (après un long délibéré en la chambre du conseil). LA. COUR,-sur les concl. contr. de M. Cahier, av gén. – Vu les art. 894,857,921 et Q22C0t!. civ.; Considérantqu'aux termes de l'art. 8g4,la donation entre-vifs, régulièrement acceptée, dépouille irrévocablement celui qui l'a faite; qu'ainsi, en principe général, et sauf les exceptions expressément établies par la loi, les choses données entre-vifs ne font plus partie de la succession du donateur; qu'il suit de là, il que, quels que soient les termes dans lesquels est conçu le testament du sieur Jourdan, le jegs qu'il a fait par préciput à sa fille aînée la dame Sabattier, du quart de tous ses biens, ne peut comprendre que le quart des biens 'dont il était saisi, à son décès, et qui composaient réellement sa succession; 2, Que la dame Sabattier ne peut se prévaloir des art. 85y et 922 concernant, soit le rapport, soit la réunion fictive à la succession, des biens donnés eu avancement d'hoirie, puisque, d'une part, le rapport n'est dû que par l'héritier n son cohéritier et qu'il n'est pas dn par le légataire alors même qu'à cette qualité il réunit celle d'héritier; car la loi s'exprime en termes généraux qui n'admettent aucune exception à cet égard; puisque, d'autre part, la réunion fictive ne peut également avoir lieu qu'au profit des héritiers à réserve, et sur leur propre demande; ce dont il n'est nullement question dans l'espèce; De tout quoi il resulte qu'en ordonnant que, pour déterminer le montant du legs fait à la dame Sabattier, les biens antérieurement donnés entre-vifs par le testateur, seraient réunis fictivement à ceux dont il était saisi au moment de son décès, la cour royale de Pau a violé l'art.; 8o,4, et faussement appliqué les art. 857, 921 et 922 cod. civ; – Farces motifs, Casse. Du 8 décembre 1824. – Sect. civ. M. Brisson, prés. M. Rupérou, rapp,MM. Guilkmin et Nicod, av. VENTE.– Gollocation. – Résolution. – Inscription. – Vende™. – Privilège.' Le vendeur qui ne s'est pas conformé aux dispositions des art. 3 et 5g de la loi du. 1 1 brumaire an 7, relative au délai de trois mois qu'elle accordait pour inscrire les privilèges, est dec.hu de son privilège pour le paiement du prix, et son hypothèque n'a (le rang que d^ jour de l'inscription. • .1 t Is vendeur d'un immeuble qui, pendant la poursuite en expropriation a demandé qu'on fît une plus grande vente, qui a provoqué l'état. d'ordre et de distribution du prix de cette vente en a poursuivi la fin, et qui après s'être désisté, d'une demande en résiliation de l'adjudication contre l'adjudicataire faute rie consignation du prix l'a encore poursuivi pour faire, revendre l'immeuble à la est présumé avoir renoncé à demander la résolution de son contrat pour défaut de paiement du prix: du moins l 'arrêt qui le décide ainsi, échappeà la censure de lacour de cassation. (Le marquis de Piennes C. les sieurs de Juigné.) La question de savoir si, lorsque le vendeur a réclamé le droit d'être colloqué pour le paiement du prix qui lui est dû, est ensuite recevable à exercer' l'action résolutoire est fort controversée comme on peut le voir par les arrêts rendus en sens contraire et qui se trouvent cités vol. de 1825, p. 1^ sup. – M. Grenier, dans son Traité des hyp. tom. 2 p. 575 se prononce pour la négative. L'arrêt que nous allons rapporter tend à confirmer cette opinion. Nous ferons remarquer que Pothier était du même avis dans l'ancienne jurisprudence. {Traité du contrat de vente, nos 461 et 462.) · · Les sieurs de Saint-Germain étaient débiteurs des sieurs-de Piennes d'une rente de 14.000 livres. En 1691 le sieur de Saint-Germain fit abandon de la terre de liegneville aux sieurs do Piennes, pour demeurer quittes de cette rente de 14,000 liv. L'exécution de cet acte rencontra beaucoup de difficultés qui furent jugées par divers arrêts. En 1788, les sieurs de-Juigné, créanciers d'un des ancêtres de la famille de SaintGermain, firent saisir réellement la terre de Re'gneville sur les sieurs de Piennes, et les débats élevés sur cette saisie ont été jugés en faveur des sieurs de Juignë"par sentence du bailliage de Coutances de 1789 par arrêt du parlement de Rouen die 1-793, et par deux arrêts de la cour royale de Caen de 1808 et 1809. 1 ̃ > ̃<̃ Cette terre, dont la propriété, par l'effet de l'abandon de 1691 résidait cnfcre'les mains du sieur de Piennes, a été vendue, par adjudication, ait sieur Gallien, le 21 oct. 1811. Les sieurs de Juigné avaient pris, le 18 février 1808, une inscription hypothécaire, et les sieurs de Piennes n'en prirent aucune j,usqu 'en 1812. •> ̃1 •>"̃ "> Le sieur de Piennes avait d'abord demandé la résiliation de l'adjudication, sUrleifoudément qu& l'adjudicataire n'avait pas' consigné son prix; mais plus lard/ il se désista de cette demande provoqua l'ouverture d'un ordre*, 'demanda à y être colloqué par préférence à tous autres créanciers, en vertu du privilège de vendeur, résultant en sa faveur de l'acte de 1691, qu'il n'avait fait transcrire qu'en 1812; et enfin il poursuivit même, contre l'adjudicataire la revente de l'immeuble dur folle-enchère. ̃ Se réglant sur la date des inscriptions, le juge-commUsairè colLo'qua M. de Jiiignê en premier ordre. M. de Piennes forma opposition au règlement provisoire, et »,subsidi,airementj y défaut de paiement, déclara-se rendre incidemment demandeur en résolution ducontrat de 1691. ̃̃̃̃>:[-, <"• Â-l, '̃}>>;̃, ̃ Le,2Ô mai 181g jugement du Iribunjalrle Coutances,qui maintien,! le règlement provisoire du juge commissaire, et déclare le sieur de, Piennes non recevable dans sa de-' mande en résolution du contrat de 1691. – Sur l'appel, arrêt de la. cour de Gàen, du 7 février 1 823 qui confirme cé;jugement,;par les motifs, suivans: « Attendu que, d'après' les art.
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https://github.com/piotrkonefal-pega/bolt/blob/master/packages/components/bolt-link/src/link.twig
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,020 |
bolt
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piotrkonefal-pega
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Twig
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Code
| 585 | 1,292 |
{% import "@bolt-components-link/_link-macros.twig" as macros %}
{% set schema = bolt.data.components["@bolt-components-link"].schema %}
{% if enable_json_schema_validation %}
{{ validate_data_schema(schema, _self) | raw }}
{% endif %}
{# set up psuedo self-validation by limiting param values to what's specifically allowed in the component schema #}
{% set icon_positions = schema.properties.icon.properties.position.enum %}
{# Variables #}
{% set base_class = "c-bolt-link" %}
{% set attributes = create_attribute(attributes | default(attributes) | default({})) %}
{% set attributes = attributes.addClass(classes) %}
{% if icon %}
{% set icon_position = icon.position in icon_positions ? icon.position : schema.properties.icon.properties.position.default %}
{% endif %}
{% if url or attributes["url"] %}
{% set url = url | default(attributes["url"]) %}
{% elseif href or attributes["href"] %}
{% set url = href | default(attributes["href"]) %}
{% endif %}
{% if target or attributes["target"] %}
{% set target = target | default(attributes["target"]) %}
{% endif %}
{% if onClick or attributes["on-click"] %}
{% set onClick = onClick | default(attributes["on-click"]) %}
{% endif %}
{% if onClickTarget or attributes["on-click-target"] %}
{% set onClickTarget = onClickTarget | default(attributes["on-click-target"]) %}
{% endif %}
{# Set up checks to validate that the component's prop values are allowed, based on the component's schema. #}
{% set display_options = schema.properties.display.enum %}
{% set valign_options = schema.properties.valign.enum %}
{# Check that the component's current prop values are valid. If not, default to the schema default #}
{% set display = display in display_options ? display : schema.properties.display.default %}
{% set valign = valign in valign_options ? valign : schema.properties.valign.default %}
{% set classes = [
base_class,
isHeadline ? "c-bolt-link--headline" : "",
display in display_options ? "#{base_class}--display-#{display}" : "",
valign in valign_options ? "#{base_class}--valign-#{valign}" : "",
] %}
{#
Sort classes passed in via attributes into two groups:
1. Those that should be applied to the inner tag (namely, "is-" and "has-" classes)
2. Those that should be applied to the outer custom element (everything else EXCEPT c-bolt-* classes, which should never be passed in via atttributes)
#}
{% set outer_classes = [] %}
{% set inner_classes = classes %}
{% for class in attributes["class"] %}
{% if class starts with "is-" or class starts with "has-" %}
{% set inner_classes = inner_classes|merge([class]) %}
{% elseif class starts with "c-bolt-" == false %}
{% set outer_classes = outer_classes|merge([class]) %}
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
{# Filter out attributes assigned above #}
{% set filtered_attributes = attributes | without("url") | without("href") | without("target") | without("class") %}
{# link component's custom element wrapper #}
{% spaceless %}<bolt-link
{% if display %} display="{{ display }}" {% endif %}
{% if valign %} valign="{{ valign }}" {% endif %}
{% if url %} url="{{ url }}" {% endif %}
{% if target %} target="{{ target }}" {% endif %}
{% if isHeadline %} is-headline="true" {% endif %}
{% if outer_classes %} class="{{ outer_classes|join(' ') }}" {% endif %}
{# todo: rename on-click + on-click-target to only allow onClick + onClickTarget to unify the prop syntax; deprecate adding these via attributes #}
{% if onClick %} on-click="{{ onClick }}" {% endif %}
{% if onClickTarget %} on-click-target="{{ onClickTarget }}" {% endif %}
{{ filtered_attributes }}
>
{# Add semantic <a> tag for better accessibility #}
<a
{% if url %} href="{{ url }}" {% endif %}
{% if target %} target="{{ target }}" {% endif %}
is="shadow-root"
class="{{ inner_classes|join(' ') }}"
{{ filtered_attributes|without('id') }}
>
{{ macros.slotted_icon(icon, icon_position, "before") }}
<replace-with-children class="{{ "#{base_class}__text" }}">
{{- text | default(label) | default("Learn More") -}}
</replace-with-children>
{{ macros.slotted_icon(icon, icon_position, "after") }}
</a>
</bolt-link>{% endspaceless %}
| 9,947 |
bub_gb_1-hZ3dhiH6cC_77
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,811 |
Encyclopedie Methodique
|
None
|
French
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Spoken
| 6,669 | 14,351 |
66. GAYELI. brûlé. Gladiolus bradeatus, Thunb. GUTHRIE fit nain commun, imbué, coptylus leucophyllus, folius suffrutescens, chlamys. Vahl, Enum. Pl ined.; -Anca. i. Thunb. Prodr. 186, & Adt. ioc. Uft. Nat. Hafsk, v. 6. Ieon. Ses ligueurs sont rameutes, hautes de 6 pouces; ses feuilles titres sous les némaka, conformes, longues de trois pouces, étalées ou courbées en saule. Ses fleurs imbriquées, couvertes, saillantes, panouielent en un trône, par les pathes ovalis, thomboïdes, longues de 6 lignes, entières, aiguës; la corolle bombée; le tube droit, filiforme, pépinié à son sommet, puis élargi en un limbe incisé; les directions ovales. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. (Thunb.) 6-7. Glaïeul brisé. Gladiolus sp. bradeatus, Jacq. Gladiolus sp. suffractus, scandens; foliis suffrutescens, infundibuliformibus, spaticis revolubilis, in luteo-cittrino coloris. Vahl, Enum. Pl ined. pag. 109. — Jacq. Suppl. Se Icon. Rar. i. tab. 311. Ses ligueurs sont géométriques, battes d'un pied, cylindriques. Ses feuilles caulinaires, conformes, longues de 6 à 7 pouces moins; celles des ligueurs plus courtes, étroites, mélangées de moisture; les petals dents, recourbées, composés décroissants à 7 fleurs; les pathes à deux valves rondes, un peu arrondies, membraneuses, blanches-traves, avec une tache d'un pourpre-brun au sommet de la valve extérieure, deux à l'intérieur, le limbe de la corolle safrané, deux fois plus long que la spathe; le limbe commun. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. (Thunb.) GbuUolus corollâ, fauct labii fuptriorit irllami tUUé i lacini'n unguiformibus , fpalhis ohiujit , foliit iilUMi injtformihui. Vahl , l'.nutr. Plant. ICO. — Alton, Horc. K«v. pag. 65. — Curtis, Magaz. Sea ^as libm ^]illdl^wt j qaelqaiBfbis raiBeii7 G L A fes ; les feuilles plus courtes , lonjvies de fix à huit pouces , linéatrcî, enlîtormes ; les fpathes courtes, ovalîs , obtufes, fouveiii membraneufes & inciféea à leur fomtnet j la corolle d'un fauve-pale 5 le tube long d environ neuf pnucesi les divifions du limbe oblongues, ovales, obtufef, quelquefois légère* ment échancrées, plut coartes que le tube} les trois fupérieures marqué.'S, â leur orifice , d*uiw tache jaune , rouge âties à l'.urs bords , munies de trois lames comprimées, jaunes, obtufes. pet pendicidairasj d une ligne 8e demie de diamètre* Cette plante ccoit au Cap deBooneoEfpéraaee.. If ( Alton. ) 69. Glayeul à longues fleurs. Ghiiotuhn^ forut. Linn. Gladiolus coroll* tuho loagiffimo; lacinit timbi al terné, angupior€s; folSs Giuarirtnfi.formibus.i , Enum.Phnt. 1. pag. lit. — Linn. Suppl. pag. 96. — Thunb. Difl. de Glad. n". xa. — Redouté , 1 i I i j c tab. 34. — Jacq. Suppl. 14, te koo. Rar. x* tab. iiij. ixia panituUuL De LafO(èa» D*. 14. /«;« Img^Mt. Btrg. Plant. Cap. pag. 7. ^. 1 (lLàio!,.j ( longiflorus ) , corulU muii<t , tubo gr^cili , lvnf/ij]'rr.o ; fvHis ang^flu , enjlformihiiS f glabris; eaulc r^irr.ufo ; frathù wdvulà txitiiore tri dtntùût hitriert bidtntMâ. Jacq. Suppl. 1}, & Ic> Kar. a. tab. a6i. y. ? GLiSolus ( rofeus ) , corolU tutus IcngijfmuJt laiirsiii fuptriurt ovatJ , foliis Itntari-tnjifrrmibia, Vah! , Ei>unri. Plant, i. pag. tlO. — Jacq. Soppk il, ^' Icon. Rar. 1. tab. 161. Cette plante a des tiges élastiques, nu, ramulés, luisants, glabres, hirsutes d'un poil se plissant; trois ou quatre feuilles glabres, plus couvertes que les tiges, étroites, linéaires, à longue gaine, trois nervures outre celle des bords; les épis râtelés en panicule ou quelquefois simples, les feuilles inclinées, les spathes très-couvertes, trilobées; la vaque très végétative bidentée; le tube de la corolle long de trois pouces, un peu courbé vers le fond; les découpures du limbe linéaires; les alternes plus étroites, plus obtuses. Cette plante offre des variétés qui renivent difficiles à distinguer sans caractères particuliers; les espèces qui en approchent le plus, la variété végétative par ses feuilles plus larges; la découpure supérieure du tube alongée; quant à la plante type, elle s'en distingue par la valve extérieure de la spathe à trois dents, intérieure deux dents. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Gladiolus x grandiflorus Jacq. Gladiolus Digitally by Google OLA Cladiolus carolinus fut renommé sur la longueur de sa tige, lacinié, limpetiforme, lancéolé; solitaire en couvert; formant. Vallei, Ennem. Pl. Jard. 1. pag. 1. — Jéc. Coll. 4. pag. 162 et sequel. Ses feuilles sont assurément nombreuses, droites, glabres, diploïes sur leur face supérieure, lancéolées, conformes, fortes d'un demi-pied; ses tiges fleuries, fortes d'une à deux longueurs de ses feuilles; les fleurs sont éloignées, trilobées, droites, longues de trois pouces; la spathe a deux valves Niées, la supérieure longue de deux pouces, l'intérieure plus courte; le tube de la corolle blanc. noieu cylindrique; Us -découpures du limbe préqu'en mique, laïciées, d'un jaune-pâle, traversées par une ligne purpurine. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. 71. GLADIOLUS à long tube. Gladiolus tuberosus. Jacq. GLÉEULE spiCIS tentaculé; torpille tubéreuse, fruit vert, émaillé; épanouissante, squatibrute; tribut inférieure multicarpéle, radiaire, feuille étroite, étroïte, vertuoso-pliquée, vierge, extrême. Plante, i. pag. iij. — Jacq. Suppl. 28, & Icon. Rèf. 1. tab. 164. — Létanji Suppl. «9» W. A. & Icon. Kar. 2. tab. 267. Cnidium longirhynchus, Ait. "Bot. Repos. tab. 3. Ses bâtons sont arrondis, de la grosseur d'une noisette; ses feuilles nervées, plissées, velues, en forme de losanges, longues de cinq à dix pouces; les tiges plus courtes que les feuilles, molles, velues; les fleurs droites; les spithes en deux vives, velues, concaves, aiguës, un peu fibreuses, brunes à leur sommet; l'extérieure entière ou légèrement dents; l'intérieure beaucoup plus courte, écartant dents; le tube de la corolle cylindrique, blanc, on peu courbé, presque long de huit pouces; les divisions du limbe oblongues, inégales, aiguës, longues d'un pouce, d'un blanc jaunâtre, purpurines sur leur dos; les spatules droites, concaves; les inférieures marquées d'une ponction rouge. Dans la vépréension, les feuilles sont plus longues; le tube de la corolle violet; les divisions supérieures du limbe d'une couleur sucrée, incarnat. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. 71. GLADIOLUS délicat. Gladiolus delicatulus. Vahl. GLÉEULE tentaculé campanulé; spatules traversées, valvulaires, valvules extrémitaires, foliacées, feuilles étroites, verticales, étroïtes, végétaux. Vahl, Enum. 1041.2. Pag. 1 '4 Sun & Ljrn, l'Lflr, Bildus flu, Supplément. Tab. II. GLÉEULE 795 Oldaea purpurea, coronis pappillosa; laciniis obtusis, acutius; stipulis trivili, liliaceis foliis late lancelatis, typicis stipitibus, vaginis glauco-viscaces, Vahl, Enun. Plant. 2. pag. 114. Ses feuilles sont molles, ovalues, lancéolées, velues, disparues sur deux rangs; le milieu glabre; les tiges cylindriques, de la longueur des feuilles, drues, velues, un peu couvertes à leur sommet, terminées par plusieurs épis; environ cinq fleurs dressées, inodores; les spatules velues; la valve extérieure plus grande, incurvée, presque longue d'un pouce et demi, la corolle d'un rouge-rose plus ou moins foncé, longue d'un pouce et demi; le tube droit, fusiforme, le limbe comprimé; les découpures uncéolées, étalées, presque égales; les trois alternatives mucronées. La plante ne paraît être qu'une variété de celle-ci, qui en diffère par sa corolle pourpre, par ses spatules et ses trois valves. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Osera-t-on la considérer comme une variété du Gladiole commun ou du Gladiole immédiat? Gladiole mucronée. Gladius montanus, Jacq. Glaïmus prolifera, filifolia; spathea unciformis; butin, interiorum sapu, angustissima. Vahl, Enum. Plant. 1. pag. 113. — Jacq., Coll. 4 pag. 162, & Icon. Rar. 2. tab. Gladiole ringens. Thunb. Prodr. pag. 184. Soc. Bot. Histoire Nat. Habita vol. 6. Ghidiolus (muronatus) fervit, sicut unus; Ut male trans, sed fortis tubus longioribus; pugnavit apice (mixrgir)alis, mucronatus. Lam. Illustr. n° J. Ses leaves sont imprenables ou rèmes, glabres, angulisques, un peu flexueuses, plus longues que les feuilles elles-mêmes ci-dessus, plissées, velues, pilosité sur des rangs leurs gaines longues, glabres, presque en forme de pétiole; les spathe à trois valves lancéolées, concaves, stiques, velues, ciliées; la corolle longue de l'extrémité, Odé; le tube presque cylindrique, de la longueur de la spathe, écartée, jaunâtre à son orifice; les trois divisions supérieures conique, obtuses, mucronées, d'un pourpre violacé-clair; les inférieures étalées, jaunes; les stipules jaunes à leur éminence. La plante de M. de Lamarck paraît être différente de celle-ci, sea leurs sont disposées ainsi. Gléniopsis (Vahl.) Villefias. Vahl. Clytanthus corollis subcampatulifolia, efficiens; spatium triplici, integrim in unum. Plante, a. p. 103. hdû ^liUofî^ Élu Hoft. Rev. l. p. 18. Cent centimes sont-ils valus? Par toutes les pattes, signe blanchâtre, hantées de six à sept pouces; longues de deux ou trois, oblongues, lancéolées, un peu agriles, nerveuses, presque pilosées, rétrécies en un point le virginale, larges d'un demi-pouce; les extrémités ou les manches du rameau à leur base, continus de cinq à six, approchent violent; violacé, aux extrémités trois fois plus petites que celles du climat palétuf; les épines de la longueur du tube de la corolle, deux fois plus fortes. Un éricacée, trèpident, labellum à leur fonce. GLAYA oniférée. Quelque chose de succulent. Émince. Glandulus picteus scandens, muculenter spatiosus gladius, iris, mumurrahleus, apicus Leensis, 19mm rigitum, tectum involucrum. Vahl, Enum. Fiant, x. dm. 117. Thomelin prodr. 158 et Aâ. Soc. Hill. Nat. Hist. vol. 6. Icon. Les tiges sont longues de six à sept pouces, légèrement velues, pubérules, nerveuses, rétrécies en pétiole; les fleurs disséminées, unilatérales, de couleur bleue, forment en nombre de quinze, placées en épis sur des rameaux tessellés; les spatules très-courtes, membraneuses, brunes, tricophores à leur sommet; le tube de la corolle filiforme, un peu plus long que les spatules; le limbe en masque. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. CLAYTON VILLARS COEURÉ-GIROFLÉ. Gustaceae suffocante. Morus nigra, foliis inclytis, floribus scandentibus, flos rubicundus, fructu ingens, Jacq. Lui aussi de la famille des Moraceae, il est mentionné par P. l'Eveque, 4. pag. 46. tab. 491. Cette espèce, renouvelable par la belle culture de ses fleurs par la fin de l'hiver, qui sont presque tout à la fois radicales et caulinaires, longuement canaliculées, pourvues, vers leur mi-lieu, d'un orifice à écouler ; la partie à partir de ce point jusqu'à leur base, élargies en lamer de sainte-Clotide, plumée vers leur extrémité. Les ovules de la Brochure d'uvre noire (les lèvres cylindriques, vertes, longues d'un pied ; un peu rameuses, pourvues d'une ou de deux frondes, que l'extrémité terminée par un pic de fer contient de nombreuses fleurs semblables, asymétriques, unilatérales ; le tube de la corolle grise, cylindrique, les découpures ongulaires, concaves et obtuses ; les trois inférieures plus courtes, celle du milieu marquée d'une large tache jaune. Cette plante croît au bord de la Bière d'Or, Espençot. Gladiole campanulée, Jaq. Gladiolus folius campanulats ; folio amplius, folio supertius, folio ramulosus, glabrus, folio patha bivoltina ; laciniis corolla alterna, unicaulis, Jaq. Hér. Schellenberg, 1 pag. 7, lab. 15. Ses tiges sont libres, rameuses, longues de cinq à six pouces, garnies d'environ quatre feuilles radicales ondulées, environnées, environnées, velues, légèrement plissées, souvent plus longues que les tiges. Les feuilles sont environ au nombre de cinq ; la corolle campanulée, de couleur bleue, marquée d'une tache jaune à sa base, ses divisions oblongues, obtuses, presque égales, les alternes ondulées ; les spatules à deux valves. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Cette espèce est remarquable par ses laryxes, plus longues que les hampes ; les fleurs disposées en grappes terminales, leur tube plus court que les spathe. Cette plante a été décrite par Commelin, et nommée par Vahl, Enum. Plant, a. pag. 118. Ses tiges sont érigées, leur base, parfemée de quelques poils rares, ses feuilles linéraires, nerveuses, plus courtes que les tiges, les fleurs imbriquées, disposées en un épichypetal formé de trois pouces ; les spathe mémorables, en forme de paillettes, cintrées, une fois plus courtes que le tube de la corolle ; celle-ci, formée d'un tube filamenteux. Digitized by Google. Cette plante est vivace au Cap de Bonne-Espérance : Ses tiges sont dressés, hutus d'un pied plus ; environ un à quatre feuilles radicales. Puis au sommet, les tiges enfiformes, à extrémité nervurée, les feuilles latérales arrondies, rapprochées, au centre incisées, disposées en un épicypéal alongé ; les spathe ovales, de couleur brunâtre, hétérogènes, fins cottés de la sorte de la consoude. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Effets diminueux ou minus. Gladiolus (equitnis), feuillage morphologique, magasin, mutinaire, l'épée comprimée, corolle campagnole, tabac liérevaste. Thuub. Act. Soc. Hist. N° Hafnia. vol. Icflo, Elle reflète beaucoup au gladioli atlaticus elle est plutôt grande, fears et patentes très fermes. Elle croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Gaudulus (viridis), corail rouge, petit, sexué, feuillage persistant et efficace, très odorant, triangulaire, membraneux, Aït. Hort. Rev. p. 481. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance; elle est remarquable par ses fleurs vertes, marquées et restées ouvertes de structure perforée. Cladium (rubro-caeruleum), villosum, corolle lincolnienne, principalement; tacines velues, couleur bleu foncé, forme étroite, lanceolée, scapo long, en deux sections, fleurs blanches. Vahl, Enum. Plant, i. pag. 98. Blanched, Côteau. Rev. p. M / Rar. t. pag. »f, — Curt, Magaz. tab. 412. L'espèce au Cap. Hafnia. Catalogue pag. Si. Icen. Il y a un rapport entre ce glaiseux et le gladiolus paludosus de la famille, tu. , qua'avec l'ixia purpura, pourpre, violacé d'Aiton, que toutes ces plantes pourraient n'être que des variétés. Gladiolus (italicus), corolle divertissante, laciniée, famille fyléacée, feuilles élastiques, gastrophises; espèce ramifiée. Jacq. Collect. 4. Plant. & Icon. Har. 2. ub. 159. Gladiolus (alatmus), Aït. incessamment, cos tatus petit, suffumé, pubère. Andr. Specierum Horti Berolinensis Catalogus 8. Cas deux plantes ne paraissent pas devoir se rapporter au gladiolus alatus de Linné, qui est le gladiolus galéatius de Jacquin. La variété diffère tap la de Bonne-Espérance. vol. 6. — An Dictionnaire Deff. ? GLadiolus (pycnanthemus, foliis unguiculatis, floribus heterotopis, introrsus floribus rotatis, foliis linearibus longitudinale fecta. Burman, Prodr. 1. Le gladiolus pycnanthemus, p. 16, tab. 76, fig. 1 Jacquin. Gladiolus (Uceratum) . Magnificently formed, Atlas; fertile, wide spreading, long-lasting. Burman, Prodr. a. Gladiolus (bicolor) . Mainly annual, with red or pink flowers, sometimes white. Bornmayer, Synopsis; Planta tal. pag. 69, tab. 79, fig. J. Gladiolus (quadricolor) . Leaves revolute; flowers purple, linear, and twisted. Burman, Prodr. Sut alchemilia. Ses feuilles sont tri-tongues, linéaires, quadrangulaires, et les pétales à deux valves alongées; les écailles méplates. Cette plante croît volubile au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Gladiolus (caryophyllaceus), foliis triserratis; Borophylla tubulosa, squamulis latiissimis. Bornmayer, Prodr. St. seltlylyli. Cette plante est rapprochée beaucoup de Vanhooltja tunonia. Ses feuilles sont plus rares; ses tiges hautes de trois pieds; ses fleurs plus grêles, moins rongées. Elle croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Gladiolus (antholyrus nervosus), fruit tassiforus. Prodr. 7. Se Amblyt. a. GLEICENA. Géographie de Brochures de la Nouvelle-Hollande, qui a de très-grands rapports avec les espèces, dont il peut faire partie. Voy. ce mot. GLINUS. (Voy. GYNUR, Musci. Gen.) tab. 4t. fif. I, fAiai» diâamneida, a". H fis. i,gliMi$Utmiu,tf.t, fcCjc m. tab. tjo.) Hbhbh » 7!9^ . G L O GLOBA. ( Foytx GtoBBiE , 8e Redouté , Lnhe. wl. i & j. Catimeium , Suppl.) .e gtMa marantiHa eft gravé il.ins lej P/anitt exo tiques de Smith . txh. loj ; c'eft .o/<-.m; JiUoiftra , Doun. Cant, i. Cet auteur y ajoute «ne antre espèce » f/*Ma num«fm, ub. 1 17. ♦ Glohhj riapnnica ), ractmo ten-r.intjll , ctrnuo ; foUts tnf,j,rnubus, inugris. Thuiib. Jjp. i;. GLOBULARIA. ( Voyti Globulaire. ) Jlluftr. tal>. y^;. fiR. I , g.'ohula:,^ ^'u/gMb, B*. I i — bg. l , globuiaria tordi fuiia , n". 4. SUITX DES ESPè^S. I0.GLOBULARIA blanchâtre. GAMwMikcMr/ ema.VW. Globularia cauti htrtaceo , foliit fibcanefieniibsis , radicalihui fpdtkaUùi , enuUni* 9bovMo-UiKioiatii , paltis glabrrrimis i dtntUm MHtmit fiMktU, iasi Îiiojît. ImI[. Journ. bot. i. pic 212. >-> Vivfay]/' ragm. Flor. ita). j . pag. 2. tab. {. ! Cette petite plante , haute 4et(iois i cinq pouces, a des tiges droites, herbacées, an peu roides, cylin driques» garnies Aà feuilles alternes , un peu blan châtres , rcarreafes â leurs bords ; les radicules longuement pétiolées , fpani'éts , d'argio, eiuiè fe» , un peu ordulée'. -, les raiilin.iires plus petites , 'IWTilcs.ovalej-'anccoleesi les fltiits reunies en trne feiile tète t-rminj'ci le calice heriffe, à cinq àé loiipurc^ linéaires, aiguè'; la corolJ« purpuiine , irrégiilière ; la lèvre inférieure i tWtt OvifieiM ^lioéairest la fupérieure entière. Cette plante croit en Italie, sur le mot car. GLOCHIDION. (Bradamia, Syft.) GLORIOSA. (Métonique.) GLORIOSA. (Bradamia, HoL.) Genre de plantes ornementales, très aimées des horticulteurs, irrégulières, de la famille des orchidées, qui a de grands rapports avec les calades, ce qui offre pour caractère essentiel : Une seule feuille très finie, pennat, adhérant à l'axe central ; un anthodium fendu en plusieurs loges, contenant de nombreux grains. Observations : Ce petit genre, très voisin des calades, en diffère par le nombre de loges contenant les graines et par la forme de l'anthodium, qui à peine offre deux lèvres. Les espèces du même genre sont des herbes terrestres, pleuves. Leur racine est pourvue d'hurles entières, enveloppées d'une feuille languissante ; elles ne produisent qu'une seule feuille radicale, émaillée, à sa base, d'une gainne membraneuse. Les hampes se divisent par une, rarement par deux fleurs, accompagnées chacune d'une bractée, outre les feuilles florales. La corolle est bleue avec un appendice en forme d'ungue de fer. Épices suivantes : Euphiloses. 1. Gloxinia (C. minor) , appendice semi-lunaire ; même période que les roses. Bradamia, Nov. Hort. I. Pagina 2. 2. GLOSSOPETALUM (minor), apéniocliffe; bis paraclitus, obtusus, Brown, I. c. Ces deux espèces ennemis dans la Nouvelle Hollande, se caractérisent d'après la forme de l'appendice. Dans la première, il se divise, juste sous le liquide, en dix lobes étalés, aigus; dans la seconde, les lobes sont plus profonds, plus rapprochés, obtus. (Brown.) GLOSSOPETALUM. (Voy. Goupi.) GLOTTERON. (Voy. Hydrocère.) GLOSSARIUM. Genre établi par Heister, pour le martyniér verger linn, (royaume des Cornes) Svo. Il faut y apporter le support le plus stable, le palétuvier de Vandeii. CLUTAGO. Comarca (famille des Lorantheae. Suppl.) CYTISUS purpureus, Linn., espèce étonnante, remarquable par ses feuilles ovales courtales, acuminées, fermes, épaissies par l'extrémité; son épine caulinaires, ses fleurs parfumées, rouges pourpre, sa pulpe sucrée, son noyau américain, ou rather hard. Wild. Spec. Plant. 4. p. 172. Cytisus purpureus, Rosb. Género spice diffère du cytise aucurarium, it ses feuilles sont deux ou trois fois plus courtes, évidemment plus petites, en sorte que leur longueur varie de deux pu trois pieds, ovales oblongues, acuminées; les pétioles sont très longs, depuis leur base jusqu'à leur jonction. L'odeur caractéristique se trouve seulement à l'appréhension de la plante, de son feuillage, de grandes fois confluente, sont le bord des feuilles, à leur base. Les fleurs sont disposées en un épi axial sur l'extrémité des rameaux. Le fruit est une capsule globuleuse, de taille et d'une nécessité semblable à celle d'une noisette. Cette plante croît dans les Indes orientales. " Cytisus purpureus (écologie), feuilles ovales, utrinque spinosus, iridéus. Wild. Spec. Plant. 4. p. 177. Hippomane (spina), feuilles ovalues, légèrement décidées, uncinées. Linn. Spec. Hort. 141. — Mill. Dict. Huthuria usitata, Georg. Amer. 50, & Icon. 171. fig. 1. Le synonyme de Plukenet, tab. 196, fig. 1, rapporté et cité par cette plante, convient à l'apioszvark, la vigne sauvage elle-même est caractérisée par ses feuilles caulinaires, dentées, éfinées à leurs bords. Elle est originale d'Amérique. Ce genre a de fortes ressemblances avec le fondateur. Glycine. (Br. v. N. Holl.) C'est le Glycinus. Lim. (Feuille, Suppl.) Glycine. Cette plante, illustrée dans tab. 609, fig. 1, glycine latifolia, a. 6, lig. 1, glycine wild. Spec. Plant. pag. 1061, représenté dans Veck Choix de Plantes, tab. 41. Oistratia monticola a été situé parmi les espèces nouvelles ajoutées au genre depuis Linné. M. Vahl a rétabli le genre Trichilia pour le chêne de Charité, figuré comme levant un genre particulier. Il a également établi le genre Podira pour une plante gravée dans les manuscrits sous le nom de glycine, & qui me paraît être le glycine péruvienne. Wild. Spec. Plant. tab. 100. Clavija pyrifolia de Swartz, Prodr. 1y, paraît être une plante moins élevée que le dolichos pycantha de cet ouvrage. Voyez Dolichos, n° 54, & Suppl., 506, que l'aride Abrus de Linné. Addit. Pag. 756, & Biper A, Santal. M. de Lamarck rapporte au clavaria lenticularis, n° 94, le cystidium villosum d'Aublet. M. Vahl l'a nommé glycine promont, Symbol. 1, pag. 81, & Wild. Spec. Plant. 2, pag. 1061. Selon M. Persoon, Clavijarium viscidum Linn. est une plante que l'on appelle glycine villosum, Synop. 1, pag. 120. Michaux, dans sa Floride américaine, volume 2, présente les variétés de glycine répartées à travers l'Amérique. Avoir. GLY 797 Glycine (erebus), tout au long de l'été, empreinte de dolours. Walter. Flor. car. Ghew (volubilis), cédre, parfum, foliaire, sempervivens, têtard, tricaulex. Cyclymen (IDonophylla), caule volutpati, folius onustus, vultusatise, sempiternus, firmamentum. Simplicia Walter. Flor. car. La seconde et la troisième variété sont remarquables par leurs feuilles simples, rénovées. Suivez les conseils. 16. Glycine clandeestiae. Glycine clamidaceae, Werner. Glycine persévérante, latifolie, lançolée, subula, stricta, peduncules trinévres, axillaire ennemie, caule tissu, capillace, nucléaire, verticillé, persistant. Willd. Spec. Plant. pag. 104. — Wendland. Observ. 54. Les tiges sont grimpantes, épjeus, cylindriques et velues; les feuilles pétiolées, alternees, composées de trois folioles étroites, lancéolées, obtuses, presque glabres en dessous, couvertes en dessus de poix couchés; les folioles latalet longues de 1 à 3 pouces; les fleurs à peine fertiles, situées dans les feuilles, veines au sommet des jeunes rameaux, médiocrement pédonculées, au nombre de trois, de la grosseur d'une tête d'épinglette; la pédonculée pourvue de deux branches biconvexes, velues; le calice velu, à cinq dents; le corolle à trois pétales plus courts que le calice; les étamines réunies, dont cinq plus longues, soie velue; le pistil ascendant; le stigma en hélice, les gousses linéaires, cylindriques, pileuses, peu arquées; environ neuf graines noires. Cette plante croît à la Nouvelle-Hollande, 17. Glycine australasienne. Glycine australasica, Watt. Glycine avec feuilles ovales, trinervues, glabres; pétioles filiformes, subulatés, florifères; fruits butinables, dispersés. Willd. Spec. Plant. Pag. 10. — Roth. Citalect. I. Pag. 87. Gfyeiat monois Schkuhr Bot. Ann. 12. Pag. 10. Tab. I. Scutiges font green-interspaciés. Les feuilles sont ternes, ébréchés, ovales, aiguilles, longues d'un point à deux les feurs pendantes du sommet des rameaux, fortement élevées, petites à la corolle velue, finement étagée, à quatre points de la corolle, la langue, comme celle de l'espèce. Glycine monotypique, Wild. Glycine foliis ternatis, foliolis linearis, leguminosae, capitulifera, Wild. Spec. Plant. 1. Pag. 1056. Ses lacs doivent être couchés ou renversés. Ses feuilles sont pétiolées, ternées, les marges, ovales, chuaves, mucronées, longues, les latérales à deux lobes, méthylure de forme parabolique, à trois lobes semblables, les pétioles fortes de ceintures ponctuées; les podoricules axillaires, longues de cinq pouces, cinq à sept fleurs réunies au haut. Cette plante croît dans la Caroline. Wild. Glycine heterophylla, Willd. Glycine foliis heterophyllis, foliolis linearis, leguminosae, capitulifera, Willd. Spec. Plant. 1. Pag. 1056. Glycine toute hétérofoliacée, feuilles étranges, foliolis émoussés, sterns ferles, feuilles axillaires gaies, folliculaires; homogamine à hétérophylle. Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 10. Pag. 106. Cette plante a des tiges cylindriques et grises, finement punctées, ses feuilles ternées, composées de trois folioles linéaires terminées, toutes fleuries, un peu plus grandes que les stipules ovales, aux pédoncles très courtes, charges d'une seule fleur. La corolle jaune, les gousses allongées, quadrillées, mucronées, longues d'un demi-pouce, contenant deux graines ornées d'une cicatrice centrale. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Glycine obscure. Willd. Les tiges sont grimpantes, métalliques, la couleur changeant du vert foncé au jaune. Les feuilles alternes, ternées, les folioles glabres, ovales, acominées, mucronées; les latérales fortes, d'une longueur de deux pouces, terminées par une pointe longue de deux pouces; les stipules petites, oblongues, signées; les pédoncules axillaires plus longs que les pétioles, terminés par trois fleurs ou plus. Les fleurs diffèrent, en forme d'ombelle; les bractées légèrement alterées, les pétales alternés, alternés, et les sépales écartés. Cette plante croît dans la Petition. Alyce amère. Willd. Les feuilles sont ternées, ovales, finement velues, la base étroite, muni d'un pétiole long de cinq pouces. La fleur se compose de cinq pétales jaunes, alternés, écartés; le centre est garni d'une aiguille. Les fruits sont des gousses fibres, contenues dans deux grains. Cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Glycine stricta, Willd. Cette plante, d'après M. Wildenow, est proche du Cataractacte; mais elle en diffère par son étendard étroit, oblongue, ovale, recourbé. Ses branches sont rigides, cylindriques, sans compagnons; les feuilles ont trois, quatre, ou cinq feuilles; les folioles ovales, obtues, mucreuses, glabres en dessous, soyeuses en dessus. Les fleurs sont disposées en grappes plus longues que les feuilles. La corolle par sa longueur; les goutes, dans leur jeunesse, linéaires, acuminées, fortes et blanchâtres. Cette plante entre dans la famille des Légumineuses. (Witt). Glycine folle femelle. Glycine malheureuse. Glycine folle femelle, ou longue, mauveuse, pourpre; racine axillaire, filiforme et sublugulaire; les feuilles composées, comptant de trois à cinq feuilles; les folioles ovales, obtues, mucreuses, glabres en dessous, soyeuses en dessus. Les fleurs sont disposées en grappes plus longues que les feuilles. La corolle, par sa longueur; les goutes, dans leur jeunesse, linéaires, acuminées, fortes et blanchâtres. Cette plante croît sur les collines aux environs de Podlecherr. (Witt.). Glycine fougerainglaine. Glycine élastique. Glycine folle femelle, ou longue, mauveuse, pourpre; racine axillaire, filiforme et sublugulaire; les feuilles composées, comptant de trois à cinq feuilles; les folioles ovales, obtues, mucreuses, glabres en dessous, soyeuses en dessus. Les fleurs sont disposées en grappes plus longues que les feuilles. La corolle, par sa longueur; les goutes, dans leur jeunesse, linéaires, acuminées, fortes et blanchâtres. Cette plante croît sur les collines aux environs de Podlecherr. (Witt.). Cette plante a des tiges droites, mesures et tomenes sur les rameaux un peu ramifiés; les feuilles consistantes; les folioles oblongues, ovales, obtuses, mucronées, longues d'un pouce, couvertes en dessous de poils couchés; les fleurs axilaires, médiocrement pédonculées. Glycine lépreuse. Glycine intellectuelle. Glycine falaise, ovato-rhombique, pubère et tomentueuse, tomentueuse, exillaris, liguliflore, caule o Liili. VjHI, Symbol, t,. pag. 88. — Svat, Prod. 105. — Ait. Hort. Kew. j. pag. 87. Espèce rectangulaire par le réseau que forment, à la face supérieure des feuilles, des nervures fasciculées nombreuses. Ses tiges sont légèrement grimacés, timbrés, cannelés, pubérulents, anguleux et feuilles ternées, pétiolées, les folioles ovales, quelqu'un peu rhombodales, assez larges, foncées d'un vert plus foncé, spillés, riches en lobes en dressures, tomentueuses à la renclinité en dessous. Précédemment dans leur jeunesse, les folioles s'aplatissent au-dessus, prenant des formes appexées axillaires, beaucoup plus courtes que les feuilles; les inflorescences en grappes, axillaires; les pétales curieux; le calice vu des découpes droites, lancéolées, aiguës; la corolle jaune, on peau orange, un peu plus longue que le calice; les gousses un peu compressées, un peu ovales, longues d'environ un demi-fouce, couvertes de quelques poils très courts, maculées, emergant croisées sur quatre sépales. Cette plante croit à la Jamaïque, ainsi qu'à l'île de Saint-Thomas, où elle a été décrite par M. Duchesne. Cette glycine a des feuilles ternes, elliptiques, unifoliolées; pedicellées, pubérulentes, suffisamment facetées, munies d'un pétiole; les folioles ovales, quelqu'un peu rhombodales, assez larges, foncées d'un vert plus foncé, spillées, riches en lobes en dressures, tomentueuses à la renclinité en dessous. Précédemment dans leur jeunesse, les folioles s'aplatissent au-dessus, prenant des formes appexées axillaires, beaucoup plus courtes que les feuilles; les inflorescences en grappes, axillaires; les pétales curieux; le calice vu des découpes droites, lancéolées, aiguës; la corolle jaune, on peau orange, un peu plus longue que le calice; les gousses un peu compressées, un peu ovales, longues d'environ un demi-fouce, couvertes de quelques poils très courts, maculées, émergées croisées sur quatre sépales. Cette plante croit à la Jamaïque, ainsi qu'à l'île de Saint-Thomas, où elle a été décrite par M. Duchesne. On baptise cette plante originaire de la Guinée. Clycine blanche. Effectuant un cheminement. Wilde. GLYCYTIS. Clycine blanche, urniforme, feuilles entières, subtiles, mentholées, élances fortes, tanins péducaux, axilaires, liques, émincées, éclatantes, glabres; eau vert fondu, viscid. Sp. Pl. pag. 1065. Ses tiges sont ligneuses, usées, droites, ramifiées, les feuilles alternes, terneuses; Les feuilles ovales, arrondies, obtuses, légèrement mucronées, un peu puberules en dessous, longues d'un pouce; les latérales plus courtes; Les pétioles et les pédoncules bilatéraux, plus courts que les pétioles; les gousses oblongues, un peu glabres, contenant deux lignités. Cette plante croît dans les Isles Britanniques. Glycine de l'Antilles. Jacquelandia, foliée ternière, vaste, composée de racèmes; feuilles longues, découpées, renfermant de petits fleurs, odoriférantes, hirsutes, caustiques; il est d. Sp. Pl. pag. 1064, — Jacqu. Icon. Rac. 1. ub. 142, & Coll. t. pag. w. Ses feuilles sont cylindriques, grimpantes, glabres et larges, ses folioles élargies, un peu arrondies; ovales, un peu rhombodales, glabres à leurs deux faces. Quelquefois parsemées en dessous de poils rares, chargés de points élancés, l'épine sensible, longue d'un pouce; les pédoncules latéraux, filiformes, plus longs que les feuilles, suivant une grappe de fleurs blanches, pétallées; les calices courts, presque glabres; les découpures ouvertes, ovales, un peu obtuses, la corolle jaune, rayée, un peu plus longue que le calice; l'ovule très-puissant; les gousses vertes, pétrisses, comprimées, pileuses, mucronées, contenant deux ou trois graines. Cette plante croît aux Antilles. On la cultive au Jardin de Paris. Glycine Willd. Feuilles rhomboïdes. Glycine rhamnoides Willd. Feuilles foliaires, ternées, subtendes rhombes, épaissies sur les branches, subtendues ; racines secondaires, foliaires longiores, lumineuses ; racines caulinaires. Willd. Spec. Plant. Pag. 106. Cette plante a des branches grimpantes, des feuilles pétiolées, ternées, les folioles claires, agrandes, rhomboidales, perpendiagues, enduites de tons de fleurs. Les fleurs sont simples ; les latérales longues, de l'ordre de la longueur terminale plus longue, pépinière ; les feuilles subtendues ; les grappes axillaires longues, de trois pouces, contenant huit à dix fleurs, unilobées, les gousses de dix à douze lignes, globules, aiguilles, comptées, formant un nombre de l'immensité. Cette plante croît dans le Kodem de l'Orient. Crassula rhamnoides, Willd. Feuilles longues, ternières, rhombiques, ovalis, minces, racinaires, dix à douze branches, feuilles subtendues, lumineuses, Willd. Enum. Plant. Pag. 716. Humb. Cette plante est molle et puberulente sur toutes ses parties. Ses tiges sont ligneuses, grimpantes, velues ; les feuilles ternées, parsemées de poils glanduleux ; les folioles ovales, rhomboidales, acumineuses ; les fleurs disposées en grappes axillaires, préfixes au long des branches, les feuilles ; les sens foliaires oblongues, attaquées par les démences d'un coloris écarlate, marquées, comme celles de la faim prémontée, d'une tache noire ; mais plus petite. Cette plante croît dans l'Antériorité méridionale. Glycine minima Willd. Feuilles foliaires, ternières, utrinomialement subséquentes, épaisses, subulaires, feuilles minces, humides, lumineuses, polypérmées, Willd. Enum. Plant. iv pag. 716. Ses tiges font triangulaires, pouces, herbacées, tes poils recourbés, et les feuilles terrestres, les folioles elliptiques, aiguës à leurs deux extrémités, longues d'environ un demi-pouce, un peu pileuses à leurs bases dans leur jeune état; les fleurs presque folliculaires, axillaires ou légèrement pédicellées, petites; les gousses longues d'un pouce, médiocres, glabres, linéaires, polylobées, vainqueur en un pointe de couleur ochracée. Cette plante croît dans la Nouvelle-Hollande. Glycine touchée. Glycine humiflua. Willd. Glycine foliosa lemmopsis, chlorophyll, chlorophyll, fuscus viridis; leguminosa intumuit, idulepioritis; Willd. Enum. Plant. Première page 796. Ses racines annuelles, supérieures, plusieurs tiges couchées, étalées sur la terre, pileuses, cylindriques, longues de deux ou trois pouces; les feuilles ternes, les folioles oblongues, obtuses, un peu ridées, et pileuses en dessous; les pédoncles axillaires, uniflores, rarement à deux fleurs; les calices à trois divisions; la corolle jaunâtre, fermée; l'étranglement d'un blanc-foncé, violet à sa base; les ailes claires, veau jaune, foncée. GLY La carène obtuse, de couleur blanc-rose, impreinte de points noirs, rudérale et pileuse. Le lieu natal de cette plante n'est pas connu. Glycine sagittalis. Glycine fija. Willd. Enum. Plant. Pag. 7f 7. — Huns. 8c Bonpl. Arbores et dont les branches sont grises, remarquables par ses feuilles timples, ovales, larges, acuminées, finement dentées, longues de 3 ou 4 pouces, soutenues par des pétioles allongées, d'un pouce et demi ou de deux pouces, muni, un peu au-dessous de la base des évents, de deux épices d'arêtes; les stipules ovales, légèrement cadues, échaussées, longues d'une ligne. Cette plante croissait à la Havane, est érigée. Glycine (triloba), utilisée, source américaine, jaune proserée, pedicinat leions. Linn. Mant. 16. Doté de branches. MailC. t. JM|. 101. Id. O (glycine Dolichos), Observations. Glycine (heterophylla), utilisée, tempérée, guérisseuse, oblongue, étroite, finement dentée, longue, découpée en morceaux. Prag. Ad Cap. B, Glycine (arcuata), utilisée, tempérée, florissante, rayonnante, éparse, fine, veloutée. Thunb. Prag. 151. Ononis argentata. Linn. Suppl. 14. Ad Cap. B. Spei. Glycine (glandulosa), foliacée, résistante, solidement attachée, épanouie, pedicinat leurythmes, uniflorie, centrale démuni. Thunb. Prag. 11. Ad Cap. B. Spei. Glycine (totta), subérulée, mitrulégolée, foliacée, élouée; échancrée à la base, Thunb. Prag. 14. Ad Cap. B, Spei. Glycine (sericea), foliacée, ternacée, foliacée, brune, fortement veloutée, légèrement écaillée, centralité tricuspée, longue, trepée, Thunb. Prag. 11. Ad Cap. B. Spei. Glycine (lebistlea), épanouie, ternacée, foliacée, brune, fortement veloutée, légèrement écaillée, centralité tricuspée, longue, trepée, Thunb. Prag. 11. Ad Cap. B. Spei. Hôtel. Glycine (lucida), volubilis, foliis ternatis; foliolis ovatis, pubescentes, integerrimis; racemes terminaux, grandulose, pedicellata urniformis; leguminibus retinuis. Glycine (fecunda), foliis ternatis, fulvus sed brevioribus racemis quadratibus. Glycine (rosea), foliis alternis, simplius ternatis; foliolis cordato-ovatis, integerrimis; pedunculis tristis; Ugulari compressus, carnulenta monosperma, Forsk. Glycine (floribunda), foliis imparipinnatis, uninuis, ovatis; racemi folio longioribus, causa fructuconese, Volk. Wilden. Spec. Plant. pag. 1066. Myrchos polyphyllus. Thunberg. Lapon. 18. Houttyn. Linn. PL. Sft. 8. pag. 156. tab. 6, fig. 1. (Voy. Duc, n°. 13, Observations.) GLYCIRRHIZA. (Voy. Réglisse.) Gmelin. Glycine. Fl. Austr. Cent. tab. 541, gleb Banaafiatka, D. I. (Fig. CAMT.) SVIDT DES ESPAGNOLS. 1. Gmelin, petites fleurs. Glycine pedicellata, Roxb. Gmelin, folius ovatus, florifera, simplicifolia, eminuitur, Rob. Fl. Ind. pag. 161. tab. 31. Glycine indica. Brown, Fl. Ind. pag. 111. ? Cette plante n'est point connue, & je n'ai pu me procurer la partie de l'ouvrage de Roxburg, dans lequel elle est figurée. Ses rameaux sont armés d'aiguillons alternas, assez droits. Ses feuilles sont de forme ovale, venneuses, presque trèfes et simples. Elles ont les mêmes qualités que celles du pedicule. Cette plante croît au Coromandel. (Roxb.) GNAPHALE. Gypsicum. Plusieurs espèces de Gynaphalium ont été figurées dans les différentes familles, soit comme apparentes, soit comme distinctes dans des genres différents : lesunes sont rapportées aux Lythracées, les autres aux Euphorbes. Ce mot, supplément; aux anacanthum, th. 691, fig. I, gnaphalium fondum, Suppl.; d'autres aux elychrysum, th. 693, fig. I, gnaphalium orientale, n°. 4 5 — fig. 2, gnaphalium vericatum, n°. 11. Voyez encore, dans le Supplément, les articles Anthellnca et autres. GNAPHALION, EVA, ELY CRITTION : Ce sont autant de genres paternelles pour plusieurs espèces de gnaphalium. Observons : Le gnaphalium capitatum, L., 10, est le gnaphalium crepuscum. Thlumb. Prod. 147, He Wild. Spec. Plant, pag. 1856. 1. Le gnaphalium pratense, n°. 71, n'est point le Bouglossum, Sapulnum, Tum 11. La plante que Wahl a désignée sous ce nom. Nous la servons, conçue sous ce titre de gnaphalium thraspium, elle est l'une des espèces de Larvalieae. Linn. Spec. Plant. 3. p. 1856. D'après les observations de M. Smith, le gnaphalium sylvaticum, n°. 70, est le gnaphalium silvicola. Linn. Spec. Plant. 1100. — Flor. lap. 298. — 1st Cr. s'oc. 675, -JY. fort. din. 194. Il rapporte la synonymie suivante : Gnaphalium norwegicum. Retz. Prodr. Scand. n°. 1006. — Hark. 10 Jacq. Colla. 1. pag. 21. Sous le nom de gnaphalium rusticum, le même auteur conserve la synonymie placée au gnaphalium silvaticum, n°. 71, Si Flor. dan. tab. 1119. Il existe entre le gnaphalium sylvaticum, n°. 71, et le gnaphalium palustre, n°. 72, de si grands rapports, qu'il est difficile de tenir ces deux plantes éloignées l'une de l'autre, à plus forte raison deux genres différents, les caractères qui les séparent n'étant d'ailleurs que peu troublés. Suite des espèces. Même, lanceuses, argentées et métriques. 9%. Gnaj>halb divaiiqné. GiuifkatiiB» dhmieé' Gnavhjtiiim frialcofum , foliis ampltxictuli -ut , pandurifarmi-fpathuliitis , oîtufu , tomfU^*} cw ?mho éivtriCMO, ramis dh aricatis. WiLd. Spec> lant. Jf«|> tSf f • — Berg. Plant. Cap. pag. Xf. — Tlmw. Fiodr. 1 j i. Gntfh^Umn fiâtkJatum. Bncm. Ptodr. dp. ij. Biyckryfum foliis oblvng:s , d'iiiti caulem auriliâ & tomtntofis. Breyn. Proîlr. 19. tab. 1 8. fig. j. ArbrilTeau dont les tiiies font tomenteuf.s , di vifées en rameaux nonibr.;ux, très-ctales , r.im! fiés; les feuilles feiïi!'--s, alternes, petites, am pli'xii'iuk-s , l'p. élifes , prefquc l an.lulifor 1 , ob tufes. tomcenteufcs i leurs deux face< { les fleurs difpofées en cor^'mbes terminaux , longuemeae pédonculés, touffias, très-ranifiis, divariquési les pédonculin tomenceux ; les pédicelles extré memenc cooni • cendrés ou on pea roustrté les ealicM |:tobu1eax , co npofés d'écaillés btan* ches j imbriquées. Cette plante croit aa Cap de Bonne -E()>£ raoce. ^ 93. GhaPHAIB ruBe. Gnapkttium afperum, Thunb. Gnaphalium friuitofitm , foliis Untari'ful'aLtttt ^ autroMuit, miis,fi»rU { fort foliurio^ttmbtali^ liiii 8c3 G N A yîjjftf. WilW. Spec. Want. j. pag. i8j^. — Thunb. Prcdr. 147. Sri tiges font ligneiifcs} fes rmiea-ix nus ftotlles unéairesi fiubulées* vlt âtics , roi.ies , mucron^es, nues, ni-les au totirher. ï n'ex !te În'iifie feule lilt feffi'e i l'extrémité dis liws v .:$ rameau», de la groifettr des baies di/oljr.u-r. migrum ; le cuice comporé d'érailles «btufes , pu bciccntLS, de couleur purpurine. Cette plante croit au Cap de Bsnne-Erpéiance. 94. Gnaphalium teun nombiett&t. Gnaphalium polyaithos. 'l'hunb. Gnaphalium fruticosum t ftlih lineari fubulati , mamîu^t marginalem revolus, fuiiùs tomntus ; ttf. WiLd. Spec. Plant, j. pag. 1829. — Thunb. Prodr. 147. ArBrifT'in chargi de f ui.l 's lii'.é.iites, fubu lées. miictonéts a leur rommut j roulcos à lours bonb, tomemeiircs ende0b<»« inégales , réunies wr fardcule^ ; ks plus grande* longues de quatre fiivirsi les fleurs ilifpofées en un corvmbe termi na! . «.n r.ifié , rcfferrë ; les calices alonct's , cylin diioii' S, roup"âtre» j ccmpol s d'r<a: It s ovales , aigûc^ i les inférieures un peu plus lunguck. Cette plante croit au Cap de Bonne-Erpénoct. of. GsArHAtE liéitiK. Giu^itm Urfutam. Tiiuiib. • Gnaphuium fruticofum , foltit tmetolath , mocro itJiis , kirfiiiis, /l'urjâai cafiutis , ftffllibui Wi'ilden. Spec. Plant. 3. pag 1860. — Thuub. Prodr. 1^8. Ses tiges font ltgneofe»{ fcs rameaux tomen teux , pKique dichototneti fes feuilles alternes , pnint Fafcicul.-es, étroites, lancéolées, muer» ri s, h.ii:ié^' . longu s de fix lif.nes, réiîéchies d ir 5 ifur i .ilitlfi' ; les fle>ir$ prcique ùililcs, ra n.ill'i'S ui une lê:^ iruinue, tCCOmptgOéeS de feuilles en lorme d'invulucre. Cette (ttanie croit «iCap de Bonne'Efpéiiace ■b ( vrm, ) 9^ Gm^thale à ff u i ! les de fertpfaïutn. Cru^ka hum ftrtphioidts. Derg. * ^ Gnaphalium f'udcvftm, foli'ii parvis , ftf.i(u(a tis, limar:jubulat ':s , fuprà tomentcjls ; fionbut Ijie raUiui. B.rg. Pi^ni. Caw. pap. Z67. {Exduf. jyno ) — Thuib. Piodr.i4it. Ses tigîs Tont cylindriques , ligneufes , d'en btun-cendrc; fe$ rame.iUK nombreux, alungés , tomcnteux ; les tcuiHui i.::L t. u! ; , litii-iiriA, (u bulées, obcufes^ ties couucsj l'Unches Se to:neii G N A teufe» en defiùt, d'un brun-ver-^itre ev !i 'is i. lei fleurs folitaiies, axiHaires , latérales ï< iclliies , plus cr-indesqueUs feuilles} le calice ovale, coni pûfé a'écaiJes iinbiiquéet % les eit^tîeures plus e pailles, tnnieiuenresi Ui iniétieurec fcaiieiites« tcrruginetiliss i h corolle de le longueur du ca lice. Cette « phance » croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance. Gnaphalium nemoralis, Gitiphalium fasciculare, foliis linearibus, in spinis tomentosas, subvolubribus, caulinariis officinalibus, cunialiiis. El vesicarium, Gnaphalium turnei, Tourné, R. Mab. pag. 454. Cette espèce est remarquable par ses stigmates, basses, dures, prédisposées à s'effritée, très durcies, non glauques, éparses, approchées, semblables à des cordons des jins, très petites, lustrées, obscures, torréfiées, tous lutulents, blanchâtres, tous les bords, langues d'un pouce et plus (les fleurs petites, terminales, isolées, préférées en tête; les écailles calicinaires lâches, glabres, obtuses, laissant de contours roulés. Cette plante croît dans la Liant. Gnaphalium interfolium, Diapensia. Gnaphalium foliis de dioïe, Gazophylax diandrus. Vent. Cnaphalium foliis Ulearius, pente-rectavicte, superbius, in cygni aculeo, cunilcu biavinule Vent. Mili. Cette espèce a beaucoup de rapport avec le Gnaphalium ternifolium, Linn., mais qu'avec le phalium foliaceum & revolutum Lam. mais elle se distingue par ses feuilles, cédules, principalement par ses fléurs, qui ne sont pas adhérentes, par leur partie inférieure, d'oléofrine aux nuiques; dans la surface supérieure est hérissée de poils rouges et courts qui la trouvent dure au toucher; elles sont d'ailleurs éparses, linéaires, étalées, recourbées au sommet, étroites, terminées en crochets; des fleurs pale, globuleuses, bisépiotes, posées en toison, terminales; les écailles calicinaires lâches, membraneuses, légèrement arrondies; de couleur jaunâtre; les inférieures oblongues, blanchâtres; cette plante croît au Cap de Bonne-Espérance.
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bub_gb_s-1LAAAAcAAJ_37
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,672 |
Acerra exoticorum : oder historisches Rauchfaß darinnen mancherley fremde Fälle ... zusammen gesucht
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Francisci, Erasmus
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German
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Spoken
| 7,682 | 15,163 |
Denn den Groß⸗Vezier Naſuff Baſſa haben die Nach Arbeiter muͤſſen / auſſer der Stadt/im Felde einſcharren; wie ein verrecktes Dich, Jedoch kan es * (XCVIL) esordentlicher Weiſe / nach def Genuefas Ba ſchreibung / wol ra und — ee — chens hißweilen auch den VDie Tuͤrcken zu Algier in der Bar fich / in Erdenckung allerhand grauſamer Arten / womit fie die Verurtheilten hinrichten, Wie J. F in feinem Stlaverey Schau ‚durch "unnterfehiedliche Syempel/beinäbirt, bewährt. wollen ein Paar nur davon außlefen / —— aber dieſes / was er / unter hey —* gen Vergnůgung / vonder Marter derer anden 3 geworffen merden / ——— hrung derer / ſo man hencken ann —— Henn man zu Babel Sund (wie Author nennet. —— in ſei⸗ nem Afriea / Baba-fon : und iſt eines von den fir? nehmften Stadt⸗Thoren; nemli —— der Oſt⸗Seiten ligt) hinaus oberhalb dem Thor / in der liche eyſerne Hacken/ —— lee One ſe⸗Hals / und Elenslang/ en. In ſolche erden die Mißthaͤter von oben herab gworfen Nach dem nun der Hake eine Parthey angefroffen/ folget der Todt langſam oder geſchwinde. Damt aberder arme Patient nicht fo balde ſterbe —— oder ihm der Ruͤcken breche/ —9 heben ſie mit einem Stri⸗ cke den Kopff und die Fuͤſſe etwas in Die nahe durch den / wie zu erachtẽ / ſein Schmertz und gelaͤngert wird. Es S ſich für ae ren zugefragen / daß ein Schlav von bürtig / um ſchlechte Hr. drin den/ welcher am dritten Tage noch —— erbeten / und wieder geheilet worden. W Raͤdern nennen / das geſchicht bey een dur ei⸗ Das peinliche Halß⸗Gericht. zul im Haminer/ womitdem Sünder Arın und Bein zerfninfchet werden. Das verbrennen ift bey ih⸗ nen ſehr gemein/ wird aber durch Neife-Bufchlein verrichtet / dannenhero Das Feuer lange Weile be⸗ darff / ehe es fo mächtig wird/ daß esdem Menfchen das Leben benehmen Fan/ wodurch es groffe Mars ter verurſachet. Neben diefem gebrauchen fie das Pfaͤlen / einmauren/ Sack ſtecken / und dergleichen grauſame Marter. Auch haben ſie eine Art deß Creutzigens / welches alſo geſchicht + Sie nageln den Suͤnder mit Hand und Fuͤſſen auff eine Leiter/ und haͤngen ſolche in den Hacken uͤber die Maur | hinaus. Mit dem haͤncken fucben fie einefonders bahre Hoffart / fie meinen es gehöre allein ihnen den Tuͤrcken und Moren zu / ein Chriſt aber ſey ſolcher Ehren nicht werth. Wann nun ein Türck oder Mohr ſoll gehencket werden / fo wird er dureh die Stadt geführet / und die Chiauſſen oder Gerichts⸗ Diener ruffen auß die Urſach ſeines Todes. Der erſte Schlav der ihnen alsdenn begegnet / wird ge⸗ griffen / und muß die Executivn thun. Vor Zei⸗ ten haben ſie fuͤr ihre Arbeit allemahl einen halben Meichsthaler gehabt/ da denn / weũ viel Perſonen ſind abzufertigen geweſen / mancher noch ein Stück. Geldes verdienen koͤnnen; iſt aber nunmehro ab⸗ geſchaſſet / aus folgender Urſach. Es ſolten 10. oder 12, Mohren gehenckt wer⸗ den; und die Chiauſſen ertapten einen Teutſchen / der ſolte die Execution thun. Dieſer laͤgte Hand. und Fuͤß zuſammen / und bath / man moͤge ihn mit dem Handwerck verſchonen / Denn er verſtehe ſich auffs haͤngen und hencken gar nicht. Jene wolten ihn zwingen / und er bath auffs beſte / fiemöchten ihn verſchonen. Sindeffen ſich die Chiauſſen mit dem Yyy Teut⸗ Hr den Moren fol esrecht ſanfft thun / weun fiehe ihm gehencket werden, : Alſo kam der Ten frey / undder Engelsmanngieng mit nach Sund / und verrichtete das Werck Hurtigkeit : Denn es gieng ihm ſo 96 der Hand / daß man ſolte geſchworen haben / er te das Hencker⸗ Handwerck recht auß dem ment gelernet / und etliche Jahre für M Knecht gedienet. Sn Summa er erhielt de eines ſertigen Henckers. Wie Die —— richtet: / wolten ihm die Chiauſſen fo viel halbe Reichst haler geben / als er Perſonen geheucket Er aber ſchlug ihnen ſolches auß groſſer Hof ab/ mit dom Erbieten: Wenn gantz Als giers wolte heucken laffen/ fo mode nes gerne ver⸗ richten / und begehre nichts dafuͤr; ſondern wolle es umb Gottes willen thun. Ungeachtet aber dienſtfertigen Erbietens war niemand der ihm gehrte Arheitzugeben ; Er hingegenbefanm eine Haut voll Schläge / und die Schlaven verlohren ihr Accident / und müſſen es noch heute zu Tage offters wider ihren Willen / umbfonft und und Gottes Willen verrichten. (a) ' “ Sept will ich ‚einige fonderbare Exempel der Exeeutionen / verſprochener Geſtalt / hinzu Fur einigen Jahren / hat zu Algier ein: / Namens Hifie/igelebt/ welchen die ganse Nach» barfchafft/ feiner Frömmigkeit wegen / Gy: umd Die Armut betvogen / daß er / da ſo u (a) 1.F, Im Schau⸗Platze der Sclaverey/ IM 161. Dt, o Das peinliche Halß⸗Gericht. 1075 Nahometaner mehr Weiber nehmen koͤnnen / ch / mit einer Frauen / heholffen; die ihm zween Söhne 7 und eine Tochter / zur Welt getra⸗ em. Die Söhne fuͤhrete er zeitig an / zu ſei⸗ em Handwerck / Die Tochter aber mußte / nach ilgieriſchem Gebrauch / im Schatten. feiner Zuͤtten bedeckt / und den Augen der Manns Bilder / wie das Feuer dem Schwefel / vor nthalten bleiben. _ Aber eine Dirne / die nurges wungener Weiſe zuͤchtig lebt / hufen / und en huͤpffenden Floͤhen nachgehen. / iſt gleiche Ar⸗ it, Sie war Faum von einem Welſchen Sclar en / einsmals ungefähr erblickt / als. Nichts defto weniger ſpeyete ihr Die Ver⸗ weißlung ein böfes und verzweifeltes Fuͤrneh⸗ nen ei / jenfiveder ſich zureien / ‚oder nicht - hne Rache zu fterben, Gehet demnach Hin/ —— — Dh mie 1 1076 (XCVIR) —* mit ſo verteufſeltem Borſatze / zum DBafla/ und klagt demſelben / mit heilen Zehren / ihr leibliche 79. jähriger Vater ſey ihrer Ehrengetvaltfamer Schänder / und fie von ihm fchtwanger. Der Baſſa er grimmet über dieſen Greuel 7 umdiase den Vater / fo hald nur derfelbe einen Fuß an Land geſetzt fesen. Welcher / bey Anhorun ng der falſchen Anklage / über feiner Tochter Boßheit anfangs erftarret ; nach wieder Erholung feines Muts aber / Himmel und Erden / und zufor dert feine Nachbarſchafft zu Zeugen feiner Unſchuld / rufft. Geſtaltſam ihm auch die Nach⸗ barn ins geſamt / auff geſchehene Nachfrage das Zeugniß gaben/er häftejederzeit alſo — J95 Verleumdung ſelbſt ihm nichts-wurde ſurwerſ koͤnnen: zeigten danebenſt an / es doͤrffte viellei ein Italiaͤniſcher Selav / der in dem Haufe offt auß⸗ und eingegangen/der Thäterfeyn, So gen auch an der Chahbah Geberden / wider fie/ zu zeugen / und den Ungrund ihrer Klage zu verach⸗ fen. Weßwegen der falfch beſchuldigte Bater dig gefprochen ; Sie hingegen / zu geblührender Straffe/ verurtheilet ward. Manfchlachfetesmen Swaffe / und ſtůrtzte der Schand ⸗Hirnen das Ein geweyde deß erſten ; der Magd aber/ ale Kupp- lerinn / deß andern Schaffs / Gedaͤrm mita Miftund Unflat / uͤber den Kopff; feste ſie aifo ings auff Eſel / und leitete ſie durch die Stadt; ın dem der Chiguſſen einer voruͤber ging / und die u ſache ihrer Straffe offentlich außrieſf Nachdem man / mit ihnen / vors Thor/ Babel-haud/ hinaufß gefommen/twurden ſie in Saͤcke aeftoffen/ins Meer geworffen / und erſaͤufft. | Den Selaven aber verſteckte ſein Patron/der Eh nicht Daæẽ peinliche Halß⸗Gericht. 1097 ticht gern das Loͤſe⸗Geld verlieren wolte: anderft olte derſelbe gewißlich ziemlich warm gehalten wor⸗ en ſeyn / und auff den Scheiterhauffen ſein Bette efundenhaben. Denn ſo ein Chriſt ſich / mit ei⸗ ter Türelinn / befleckt; muß er entweder brennen / der den Mahomet bekennen. | Fuͤr die Sclaven aber / werden Die allerhaͤrte⸗ te Straften ausgeſucht; wie / aus nachgehendem / vird erſcheinen. Im Jahr 1637. Weil nun wie gemeldet dieſelbe zu —— fo konte es nicht ohne Geraͤuſch abgehen/dannenber ro ſie verachten würden / und es begab ſich INS che/die nicht geſchehen / ſo lange Algiers geftanden/ nemlich BabelBahar ward in der Nacht geoöſfnt— und fie wurden gefangen genom̃en /fo daß nur wiere von ihnen allen entkamen: von welchen mannicht weiß ob fieerfoffen ſeyn / oder weggekoinmen OH 20. Gefangene wurden frühe morgens für d BaffaundDivan gebracht/da fie zwar verhofften/ es folte die Urſach ihre That entichuldigen/ und ihnen Schuß leiftenz aber vergebens! Sie wu den zum Tode verurfheilet und folgender Geſtalt hingerichtet. Man führte fie Durch die rn un - Das peinfihe Halß Gerich. . 1079 nd jeder hatte in der Bruſt zwifchen Fell und leiſch zwey brennende ABachs-Lichter ſtecken / wo⸗ urch ihnen Haar und Fleiſch am Kopffwegbraute. yernach wurden ſechſe aus ihnen indie Hacken eworffen; ſechſe geraͤdert / oder mit Hammern rn und Bein zerknirſchet; ſechſe wurden geereu⸗ iget oder mit Haͤnden und Fuͤſſen auff eine Leiter enagelt: zwey aber wurden auff der Muly an dem yaufelein/welchesnahe ander Pforten ſtehet / biß nden Hals eingemauret / von welchen der eine kurtz ernach geſtorben / der ander aber ein Hochteutſcher / tam dritten Tage erbeten / und wieder euriret wor⸗ en / welcher bekenuet / er habe ſolche Angſt und Her⸗ ens⸗Bangigkeit in der Maur empfunden / daß er ermeinet / Himmelund Erden laͤge ihm auff dem eibe/ und glaͤube er nicht / daß groͤſſere Angſt koͤnne der Welt gefunden werden. rin | ahr 1663, gieng zu Algier eingeborner Schwede / welcher daſelbſt auch im Selaventhum eckte / über die Gaffen/ mit einem ftarcken Rauſch. Hemſelben begegnet ungefehr einer feiner Lands⸗ sute/ welcher aber abgefallen war zum Mahometi⸗ hen Unglauben; und beut ihm / nach etlichen rau⸗ en Worten/Schlägean, Der andrefragt/ was rmit ihm zu ſchaffen habe / er ſey ja fein Selave icht/wenn es ſein Herr leyden konne / fo habe er ja ucht noͤthig ihn zu fragen / ob er trincken wolle oder licht. Der Kenegat zuckt die Fauft und ſchlaͤgt ihn nus ae er taumelt / der Sclav gedenckt / er ſtehe ihm dieſen Frevel nicht / zuckt alſo das Meſ⸗ ktundverfef dem Renegateu einen Schmitt uber dennrechten Auge. Der Renegat gehet alfo blutig ir den Baffa/ und der Sclay wird auch gefangen, dahin gebracht / ſtehendes Fuſſes zum Tode verur⸗ N PYyy uij theilet/ 1035 RO Vin kheilet / und folgender Geſtalt hingerichtet. Eriwuir de nacket abgekleidet mit den Fuͤſſen einem Maui⸗ Eſel an dem Schwantz gebunden / und etliche Stundendurd die aange Stadt gefchleiffet / das der Kopff graufam zerriſſen / die Hande abgerifien worden / umd die Knochen zum Ruͤcken außſtun⸗ den / darauff brachten ſie ihn zu Babel Wed hinaus und verbranten ihn. Weil aber nicht Buſch⸗ Reiſer genug vorhanden / gieng das Feuer dreh⸗ mahl auß / und er lebte noch 2. Stundein dem Few er: Endlich erbarmten ſich zween Menegaten/ holten einen groſſen Block / und warffen ihm ſolchen auff die Bruſt / wodurch er ſeinen Geiſt auffga Murat / ein Araber/ ward nicht gelinder tra» efirt/fondern noch wolelender : wie ers denn auch beſſer verdienet hatte, Ermachte/ milden Spa niern/einen Vergleich / daß fie iym/fürjedePerfon/ ein Gewiſſes geben folten: fo wolte erihnen fo viel Moren zu Sclaven bringen/als fie mochten begeh⸗ ren, Solcher Zufage die Erfüllung zu geben/ machfeer ſich etwas tieff ins Land / unterdie arme Bauren oder Alarben: Er beklagte ihren elen⸗ den Zuſtand / mit Bermelden: daß es ihn jamerte dieſes Orts ſolche wahre Mufelmanner/foein.en barmliches Leben führen zu ſehen; dahingegen in feiner Heimat/ alles von fich felbervolauftwächfe/ und Fein Mufelmanarbeiten dorffte fonderm die Gaurs / oder Chriften/einen ernähren muften,. Summa_/ er bildete den einfälfigen Leuten Das Schlaraffen Land ein/ und beredetefie/ daß fie mit ihm zogen. Wann er dann 20. Stud oder wol mehr zu ſammen hatte / brachte er fie den Spar hiern in Perion de veles / daß fie. an ftal der ge fuchten Glückſeligkeit eine elende Sclaveren fun den. Daspeintihe Hals⸗Gericht. __ soßt en. Diefes tried Murat etliche Fahr mit gu⸗ em Gluͤck / erfuhr aber endlich/ daß der Krug fo ang zu Waſſer gehe / hiß er bricht / und ein Betrie⸗ jer endlich anlaufft. Denn Murat ward durch ei⸗ ven Alarben / der heimlich auß Perion entloffen/ rkennet und verrahten / alſo ward er gefangen / und olgendet Geſtalt hingerichtet: Die. Chtauffen ührten ihn mit Stricken durch die Gaſſen zu Ti⸗ uan / und der gemeine Poͤfel lieff bey 1600. von ten Ecken zu/ und haften Cannas oder zuc efbißr e Hiſpaniſche Roͤhre in den Faͤuſten / mit to chen vurfen fie als mit Wurffpfeilen auf Murat / biß r feinen Geiſt auffgab. Weil nun dieſe Roͤhre eine Eiſen / ſondern nur Hölserne Spitzen hatten / Dgiengenfie nicht durch / ſondern machten nur lane Flecken / verurfachten aber durch Die Menge nd lange Zeit dem Murat nicht alein undleydliche Schmertzen / ſondern auch einen lanafamen und er⸗ chrecklichen Tod / denn fein gantzer Leib war ſchon vmuͤrb als ein Gemuͤſe geſtoſſen / ehe ſeine boßhaff⸗ Seele deuſelben verlaſſen kantfe.— In dem Reiche deß Abyſſiniſchen Knigs / erwei⸗ ten ſich Die Gerichtsherren gleichfalls ziemlich ſtreng and ſcharff/ wider die Ubelthaten. Wer nur einen Fuß breit vom Glauben weicht / und andre Mey⸗ tungen hegt; der wird geſteinigt. Wo er aber en. / einmal angenommenen / Chriſtlichen Glau⸗ en gar verlaͤßt / oder / wider Gott und die Heili⸗ igen laͤſterlich redet; den verhrennet man eben⸗ ig. Den Dieben ſticht man die Augen aus/und verz dunet ihnen hernach etliche Selaven deß Reichs / zu Wegweiſern und Leitern: mit welchen ſie / durchs —— sehen /un ſingend oder ſpielend hr Brod erbetteln doch aber länger an einem Orte/ i Yyr nicht / 1oß2 "OL CRCVEL) nicht /dennnureinen Tag/ verbleiben mogen / bey Straffe Leibes und Lebens. Die Morder werden deß Umgebrachten nechſten Freunden übergeben? um ſich/ nach Belieben / an ihnen / zu raͤhen "Als denn verkauften. etliche folche ihre Gefangene/ fir Sclaven; aus Geitz und Geldſucht: Erlihe _ aber/ denen mehr mit Blut / als Gut / gedienet/ richten dieſelbe hin / mit einem langſamen peint⸗ chen Tode / und machen ihnen denſelben Durch fanatwierige Marter / recht bitter und ſchmertzlich Geringere Mißhandlungen werden / entweder mit dem Bann / oder Staub⸗Beſem/ (oder Peitſchen ſelten aber mit Gelde / geftraf. Ein offentlicher Rauber / der auff freyer Strap en / und friſcher That ergriffen / für Gericht ges tellet / auch mit Warheit und gutem Beſcheid⸗ einer Miſſethat wegen überzeuget wird / Der fol uff ein Rad geleget / doch erftlich gefoltert fwerden® Ber Kirchen und Klöfter beraubet / und auff der That ertapt wird / fol lebendig ohn alle Gnade/ uff einem Pfahl geſpieſet werden / (welches ingreuficher Todt iſt: Denn etliche / ſo geſpie⸗ et werden / leben bißweilen einen halben oder gan⸗ en Tag/ ja auch woll zweene / wenn der Henker nit dem Pfahl nicht das Herketrifft / wenn ſie nun odt ſeyn / werden fie mit dem Pfahl für das Stadt hor gebracht / zu Aſche verbrandt / und mit Sand nd Erde beworffen.) Alle Verraͤther / Mord» renner / auch die Haͤuſer und Schloͤſſer / ohn alle ſtoth / dem Feinde auffgeben / ſollen ohn alle Gna⸗ e amLeben geſtrafft werden. Wer ſeinen eigenen errn ermordet / und wil heimlich aus dem Lande hen / und mit warhafften Zeugen deſſen kan uͤber⸗ eſen werden / ſoll ohn alle Gnade am Leben eſtraffet werden. DHL ger einen Dieb ergreift auff friſcher Thaf/ sfeinem eygnen Haufe / daß er eine groſſe Sum 1a Geldes geſtohlen hat / ſchlaͤgt ihn todt / und xingt ihn fuͤr den Richter / der ſoll / von dem | ’ PN | . r " (a) D Dayper in ſeinem Africa. 1084. ROTES > | ter / exkaminirt werden. : Spricht der Michter Diebfrey ; (oderdaß ihm zů vielgeſchehen der Beftolene Geld geben, / erfennet er ihı ſchuldig / ſo ift der frey / der ihn erfchlagen hat. Qt nur einmahi geſtohlen / und in-keine Kirchen de Kloſter gebrochen / der ſoll nicht am Leben werden / ſondern Geld gehen / und mit * | das Gefäß gegeiffelt werden/ und fol fein Di zwiſchen derjenigen Beine ſtecken / die er beft hat: komt er zum andernmahl wieder / und mirdine — a | ers Dem Kläger / dem ers geftohlen/ foiederge und dem Richter doppelt ſo viel/ dazu mit der Pete fehen gegeiſſelt / und in einen Kercker gelegtn | nachdem der Diebftall groß gevefen it: Kane nicht ſo viel zu wege bringen: ſo wird er mie Dem Tode geſtrafft / doch nicht gehänekt/ fondern mit et⸗ Bart ——————— geſteckt und-im Waſſer er rali > ut > Wenn einem ein Diebſtal zugemeſſen / und in der That ihm nicht kan erwieſen werden fo mußer Buͤrgen ſtellen und wann er keine bekemnen kan⸗ muß er das Kreutz kuͤſſen / und den — ableinen: Diefes alles ungeachtet/ Teynd fie deſtoweniger geneigt zu ftöhlen/alfo/daß fiedaffelb nicht wollaffen fönen/ und folches thun nicht allein fchlechte und von geringem Stande/ ſondern auch die hohes Anfehens fayn. ABerein Ehemeibbe- ſchlaͤfft und ihr Mann nime fie wiederzufih/ 10 muß der Ehebrecher den Mann mit Gelde b gen/und mit der Peitfche vom Nabthaufe an/ Bif zu deß Mannes Hauß /. auf den bloſen aehanen werden. Will aber der Mann Das Weib nicht wiederhaben / foleniprdie Haarab» Qt Das peinliche Hat: Gericht 1085 jefchnitten werden / und fie ins Kloſter gehen/ er Mann fol wieder ein ander Weib nehmen / — Ehebrecher eine Summe Geldes ges en. (a Es iſt aber/feit dem / in etlichen Stücken / eine Aenderung fuͤrgangen: wie ich / im Sitten⸗Spie⸗ el / angedeutet. Der Tyrann Baſilius hat uͤberdas noch aller⸗ and andre Grauſamkeiten erſonnen / alſo / daß man nit Fuge ſagen kann / fein Kopff ſey eine rechte Werekſtat der Heuckerey geweſen. Unter andern einen ſchönen Erfindungen war auch dieſe / wie nan einen Menſchen an vier Raͤder binden / und uff vier Stuͤcke zerriſſen koͤnute. Diß gab er alſo an: — aß eine Hand und Arm / an ein Rad; Dieandre/ ndasandre; ein Fuß und Bein/ an das dritte; er andre Fuß und Bein / an das vierdte Had/ mie arcken neuen Hanff⸗Stricken / fuͤnffzehn Elen lang ebunden werden und einen jeden Strid fünffzehen arcke Kerls / mit aller Macht ziehen folten / biß der rine Verurtheilte in vier Theile zerriſſen würde. Bey ſolchem Speetaeul / war er ſelber zugegen/ gab en Henckers⸗Wuben Anleitung / wie ſie es machen nuſten dlobte als denn ihren Fleiß und Arheit / und achte dazu von Hertzeu. Und wer daruͤher ſeuffzete; er kam in gleiche Gefahr. Oiß Kunſt⸗Stücklein ſoll r / zum erſtenmal / an deß Cantzler / Cazarin Du- rvvski, unſchuldigem Sohn/ haben probiret. Mit ſeinem Schatz⸗ uUnd Stallmeiſter / hat er eine ndre invention fuͤrgenomen. Man muſte fie auf ſei⸗ e Anordnung / gantßz nackt abziehen an zwey Pfaͤhle indẽ / und jetzt mit heiſſen / jetzt kaltem Waſſer eins ins andere begieſſen / dz beydes Haut uñ Haar weg ⸗ iengẽ. Solcher Geſtalt würdẽ ſie / mit uUnaußſprech⸗ licher Pein/ 2) Peitejus im 5. Theil Der Moſcowit. Chronic. — -1086 — XVII. — Pein / zu Tode gemartert. Weil aber de Echahmeiſters Frau / als er-fie,/ gleich hierauf befuchte / ſich von Hergen befmibt-und jamm uͤch anſtellete: ließ fie der Teuffelsfopff auffeins ſchmalen Strick fegen / welcher von ſcharffen Haar gemacht / zwiſchen wo Waͤnde binden / vonden Henckern fo lange ab⸗ und zuziehen und reiffen/biE das Blut herfür rieſelte / und Das — hinweg war / daß man die bloſſe Knochen fehen Fun fe / und fie alles ihr Vermögen ausweiſete. Die Tochter / fodiefen Schmergen der Mutter / mit eulen und Zittern/ bejammerte / wolte er gleich⸗ ats alfo laſſen hinfeilern: aber ſie ward / durch i⸗ nen Sohn / der ihre Schoͤnheit zur Beute begeht» fe/ erbeten. Es wird aber Zeit ſeyn / daß ich die Feder/vonfolchen But, Händein/einmalabziehe/ und zu andren Sachen verſetze. FE J * —— * (XCVII.) —— Die vertriebene Vertreiberin der ſtudirenden Armut. AS. Feind ift / an dem zeitlichen und ewigen Fluch reich zu werden begehrt 5 der ſey n Feind der Armen: Denn daran fan ers am erſten amd leichteſten verdienen. Solches wird nachber ſchriebener Ausſchlag zum Theil erweiſen. es Seit dem Dennemarcl denChriſtlichen Gl angenoinen /iftder Chriſt⸗loͤbliche Brauch Dafelbft aehalten / das man arıner Burger oder La Leute Kindern / die fih indie Schulezum Stu ren begeben / erlaubet hat / ihre an OF feiner eigenen Wolfahrt geſchworner Die vertrieb: Vertreiberin der Kudir: Armut. 1087 Mittel /fürden Thuͤren / durch ein. Panem propter Deum!zu ſuchen. Wie auch / noch heutiges Ta⸗ ges / mancher Orten / ſo wol in Teutſchland / als Dennemard / geſchicht. Und ſolchen armen Schuͤlern pflegen Chriſtliche Haͤnde deſto lieber ei⸗ nen Pfenning/ oder Stuͤcklein Brods / zu reichen; weil man weiß / daß auß ſolchen / vielmals fürtreff⸗ fich-gelehrte Leute werden / die nicht allein Fürften und Herren / ſondern auch / und zwar zuforderft/ Kirchen und Schulen nützliche Dienſte Fönnen khun. Sie. wurden aber nicht/ ohne Unterſcheid/ indie Schuleauffgenommen : fondern der Schul. Lehrer examinirte ſie zuvor / und probirteihr Inge- nium , oder natürliche Lehrſamkeit. Fanden fich nur einige mittelmaͤſſige Zeichen / an ihnen / dar⸗ auß man eine gute Hoffnung ſchoͤpffen moͤchte / daß dermaleins wackere Leute dorfften aus ihnen wer⸗ den; ſo wurden ſie zugelaſſen zum Unterricht in freyen Kuͤnſten: widrigen Bermerckens / wieß man fie ab / und reicht ihnen / ein gutes Handwerck zu ler⸗ nen. Damit aber / in allen Staͤdten deß Koͤnig⸗ reichs / wo es Schulen hatte / die Buͤrger ſolche ar⸗ me Schul⸗Knaben / vor andren Bettel⸗Buben / önnten erkennen, 3 hat man ihnen ein befonders Kleider Muftermachenlaffen ; nemlich einen lan⸗ gen Rock / der die liucke Schulter. / wie auch den ganzen Leib / vorn und hinten / bedeckte: außge⸗ eseden rechten Arm; welchen der Sinabe mußte ey behalten/ um die empfangene Altmofen Damit inden Sad zufihieben.. Iyhre Haupt ⸗Decke war ein rundes / aber rin ges umher gedoppeltes Kaͤpplein / bald von dieſer / baldvoniener / gemeinlich doch ſchwartzen / Far⸗ be aber langſt dem Nacken ſchleppte ein N ' erab/ 1088 (XCV 111.) herab / fo viel / und zwar gar fteife Falten hatte Unter folchen Falten / ftunden / auff beyden S⸗ ten/ ihrer zwo eftvas höher empor/ denn dieuibriges um hiehey diefen Knaben zu bedeuten / Daß / bepm erften Eintritt deß Chriſtenthums in Dennemard/ die Dähnen zweymal wieder umgeſattelt und vom Glauben zur Abgofterey gewichen * dam umb Sieihnendiefes Erinnerung’ Zeichen folfen zur Warnung dienen laffen/ die Chriftliche Lehre Stuͤcke mit gröfferm Ernit zu ergreiften / / und mit gutem Unterricht / wider alle Ketzereyen / ſich eo zu ruͤſten; auch den lieben Soft fleiffia anzumuffen/ daß Erfie/ und ihre Nachkommen /fürdergleichen Seelen⸗Finſterniß / anädiglich woltebehüiten, Zu Diefem Ende / war/ von den Bifchdfen/ und ans dren gofffeligen Kirchen⸗Lehrern / ſolche Mleiderz Form erdacht. — Aber wie leichtlich koͤnnen deß Teufels Werc zeuge/ ſichere und gottloſe Menſchen / deu lobwur digen Berordnungen der liehen Alten einen Stoß geben / ja dieſelbe gar verſtoſſen! Eswar/ zu Kr nigs Chriſtierni deß Andren zeiten / ein Hollandie ſches Weib /am Hofe/ ſo mehr / bey dieſem gran.” niſchen Koͤnige / galt / denn der gantze — Raht / und feinen Willen dermaſſen zu ihrem lieben geneigt fand / als ob ihre Zunge und ſe Hertz / unauffloßlich miteinander verfuupffe une ren. Dann der Konig hatte ihre Tochfer/ ee Dirne / dieeinpaar herkzundender Fackeln ander Stirnetrug/ gebuhlet; wodurch die Mutter feiner Gunſt ſo fieff war eingeniftelt / daß er auch na Abſterbung der Tochter / fienicht anders / alseıme heidniſche Sibyll / oder wafelgebende ABahrfage rinn / hoͤrete. Wie man fie dann auch / * e Die vertrieb: Vertreiberinder fludir: Armut. "1085 einnlicher Berftändniß mit dem Satan / verdach⸗ ggehalten. - ——— Als dieſe ſaubre Mutter / bemeldte Schülen/ ihrer beſchriebenen Tracht / nach der alten Ma- ier/ alfo ſahe herein gehen / und für den Thuͤren je Allmoſen bilten; ſchrie die Betiel / es waͤren an⸗ ers nichts / dann lauter Diebe; weil ſie lange Roͤ⸗ e truͤgen; denn das Geſtolene zu bedecken / und erſtecken / haͤtten ſie ſolche Kleider in Bereitſchafft: he Zeit wäre es / daß man dieſe Bettel⸗ſuͤchtige mge Lang⸗Roͤcke aus den Städten hinweg jagte/ n die Feld⸗Arbeit / auff den Acker; und fie zwuͤn⸗ ihr Brod von einem redlichen Angeſichts⸗ Schweiß zu ſuchen: und wann ſolches nicht bald ger haͤhe; würde die Stadt Kopenhagen / ehe mans ermeynete / mit Dieben angefuͤllet werden Vieſen hoͤlliſchen Verleumdungs ⸗ Gifft behielt e Boßhaffte auch nicht lange bey ſich allein; ſon · rn lieff / als wäre fie unfinnig worden / nach dem Schloffe zu 3 fihlug die Hände zufammen / und huͤttete deuſelben /i durch ihr heiſeres rauhes Feplerr daſelbſt gleichfals aus / vor dem Koͤnige: rte auch nicht eher auff / ohn biß ſie / von demſel⸗ en erhielt / daß ſich Dan ale Schuler / fo icht / auff ihren eigenen Koften/ ftudiven Fönnten/ ten zur Stadt hinaus machen; Unter dieſem ar⸗ en Haͤufflein / waren damals viel fchöne Ingenia, je feine Gemuͤths⸗Gaben / und freffliche Zei⸗ pennleuichten lieſſen / die Kirche wuͤrde / heut oder jorgen / Herrliche Lichter an ihnen haben / oder onſtdas gemeine Beſte merckliche Dienfte von ih⸗ Jen empfahen, Aber der feharfte Befehl deß Th⸗ annenriß ade folche Hoffnungen / fie ein gählin- er Sturm ⸗ Wind die ſchwache junge Frucht⸗ 333 Baum 1090 :- (XCVIIL) 2, Bäume zerbricht / zu Grunde / und bließ febon einander. Siemuptenfort/ und eiieaus man? sun dienen 5. Andre zum Handiverf reiffen. enge br a a ‚Aber das alte Naben Vieh Hat Damikanden ichts / alsdie Vergeltungs⸗Rache ihr /bey © ausgewirckt. Denn nach dem fie/mitdiefen/umd vielen andren verderblichen Anſchlaͤgen den Kür nig / bey alten Ständen / je langer je verhaſter ge⸗ macht : iftderfelbe/ durch fein böfes — drungen worden / aus dem Reiche zufliehen er dann / als ein verblen dter Herr / der den Grund oder Brunnen feines Verderbens nicht erfennen kunnte / nach Zuruͤſtung einer Flotte welheihin/ und feine Gemahlin / ſamt den Königlichen Sir dern/ in Sicherheit führen folte/ noch ummdiefealte Schand-Beftie/ ſchier mehr /denn um feine eigene Sicherheit / befiümmert war / wiefit/ a s war Haut / moͤchte davon gebracht werden, ihr fehon/einige Zeit zuvor/ ein Vorhot deßgeimeir nen Haſſes / begegnet, Dann als einsmals der Konig/ zum Lager / vordie Stadt hinaus ten ;folgfe fie ihm alſofort nach / und zwarzu in Begleitung einer Magd, Dafie nun eben uns terwegens / bey dem Armen Haufe oder ed zu ©. Surgen/nebendem See/dervonden lern feinen Namen hat/ marfchirte/Famen einpaar besechter Soldaten von der Stadt herauß / Die teichfalts ins Lager wolten / und mitten auffdem Wege anfie gelangten: Kaum twaren fieihrer fichfig worden / als einer ;zu dem andren 13 Schaueanerad!dahabewirjegodie alte leichtfereige Vettel / für uns auffdens Kelder allein die durch ihre böfe Rarbiläge * ren Die vertrieb: Vertreiberin der ſtudir Armut. 109: ven Aönig bißber jo ſchaͤndlich bat verlei⸗ et. Siewirdnicheeher auff hoͤren / die alte Donner⸗Hex / und verfluchte Wettermache⸗ im ohnbiß ſie ihn um Land und Leute ge⸗ Aacht. Woll verſetzte ſein Spießgenoß: Laßt msdas Diebs-Vieh erwürßen ! und unſern Rönig folcher Gefahr entreiffen: | Mode / und Angriff folgten unverweilt auf inander. Sie fielen / als gang befoffene Gefel- en /auffie. Die Magd ſetzte es auffs Lauffen Die Frau aber ward erwiſcht / zur Erden/ und her⸗ ach /wonihnen /in den See geworffen. Hiemit ingen fiefort/ und lieſſen die alte Wetter⸗Mutter / in Wajfer/ tweitlich arbeiten. Zu ihrem Gluͤck / vfäpre der Koͤnig ſolche ihre Roth bald / von den Bauren: eilet in vollem Galopp nach dem See zu/ ind Find feine ehrliche Mathgeberin noch auff dem aſſen Element flieffen 5 laͤßt fie Heraus ziehen/ und irr einem Wagen heim / In ihr Haug / führen, Wieman / mitihr /vors Thorkomme 5 loͤſet eine/ afetoft von Roiſchild angelangfe / Compa⸗ nie Soldaten die Musfeten auff ſie: deren Doc eine traff/ ſondern theils Kugeln durch den a en/ theils/ und zwar Die meiften/uber hingingen, ven deyden Soldaten hat der König die Köpfe vegſchlagen laflen, Si mal Sp fie num gleich dieſe Gefahr felbiges Mal/ äberftrebt; ift fie doch bad hernach / von dem Lande/ ans außgefpenetworden; als obberührter waffen Der König mußte fliehen. Weil dieſer in Erfah gebracht / daß ein Theil der Buͤrger in der Stade fich heimlich/ aufihren Tod / verſchworen; beforgte er/ fiedörfiten / mit ihr⸗ eine Divifion be⸗ ginnen/ und ſie zu un reiſſen. er — ss leß © 1092 _ —— ließ er ſie in eine Truhe ſchlieſſen / and alſo heimli auß dem Schloſſe / ins Schiff bringen 4 dx von niemanden geſehnwürde Alſo hat dieſe Armen-Verfolgerin/ ſelbigen Stadt / daraus ſie ſo viel unſchu Kuabenhatteverkichen/verftohlener Weiſ fen entrinnen / und zwar ſo ſchleunig / dag ihr einmal Zeit gelaſſen / ihre gute Freunde / Diedurd ihre Gunſt befordert waren / zu wu (ausm Stoffe einer nur Die Armen fort; fo gewißlich fein Stuck verftoffen/ and dazu / ieh das Schwerſte ift / von Gott auß dem Himmelge fioffen werden, Welches auch ohne Ziweifeld feindfeligen Alten widerfahren; im Fall Goft nicht etwan eine Chriftliche Reue geſcheuckt Pi Li (XCIX.) SR Die Wunder Rettung aus dem Wall I a en a Augaͤpffel ſeynd / ſoll uns eines Si = frommen Knabens Exempel beftefigen help en. * In der Provintz Fokien, hoͤrte ein Tugend» haffter fünffzehn⸗ jahriger Knabe der Predig dub Evangelu begierlich zu⸗ und lieff in das Meg dep 4 Geiftes, durch deſſelbigen Autrieb/ ein/ alsennE nes junges Glauhens⸗Fiſchlein wie heftig ibm auch feine Heidniſche Acktern widerftunden, Si vermeynten / vafend zu werden/ alser ipnewang te/ daß er Chriſto angehoͤrete / und die peilige up (3) Seyaniagius kb. 1, de Chriftierno I]. cap, A in fine AD Zu Die Wunder⸗Retung aus dem Waffer, 1093 genommen hätte; wer ens ihm ſtets fuͤr / als einen egangenen Frevel / und lieſſen ihns redlich fuͤhlen/ o offt ihnen der Wurm in den Kopff kam: ja ichten vielmals Urſach ohne Urfach an ihm; fan ⸗ | 3 hei A ge bey ihm / da⸗ jeim / welche in ihm ſchien zu wachſen/ je mehr fie vuͤteten. Er gehorſamte ihnen / in allen gezie⸗ nenden Sachen / noch zehen Mal williger / denn ori / und betete ohn unterlaß zu Gott / daß Er er Aeltern wolte zum Glauben erleuchten/ ward uch endlich erhoͤrt. Sintemal ſeine Gedutt / und Seufftzer / in dieſem Kampffe / endlich ſo weit obge⸗ jegt / daß ſie gleichfalls zum Glauben getreten / und elbſt bekannt / ſie waͤren / nicht ſo ſehr durch ſein off eres ungeſtuͤmes Zureden / als ſeinen auffrichtigen ind ſehr tugendhafften Wandel / gewonnen und zu Aeſer Lehre geleitet worden. Tot Ditſer lebendige Tugend⸗ Spiegel / oder En⸗ zel⸗fromme Knabe / gehet eines Tages hin/ nach einer Gewonheit / zu fiſchen / in dem Strom / der einer Aeltern Hauß vorbey lieff: in dem er aber das Res auswirfft / und ſich zu tieff / uber den Rand deß Rachens/hinab buͤcket / faͤlt rüber Kopff ins Waſ⸗ er; da es noch zwo Stunden bis zum Untergange 42 Sonnen hatte. ‚Als nun die Nacht herbey uckt / Fommt fein langes Auisbfeiben der Mutter D verdächtig fir, / daß fie geſchwinde hinguß zum Waſſer eilet / ſich nach dem Nachen / und ihrem nde/ aͤngſtlich umſihet; feines Sohns / aber wol KFetzes im Waſſer anſichtig wird. Hierauff A klaͤglich u heulen / nicht anders glau⸗ end denn er ſey ſchon hin; laufft weiter den Fluß yinab 5 um zu ſehen / ob ſie etwan noch einige Spuhr ſeines ertrunckenen Körpers koͤnnte antref⸗ ſen. Sie war noch ſo Se weit nicht — / » W $ rn —— 1094 - I als ihr. — zu Geſichte kommt / nichts vom ————— und vi F in den Schoß — mert. Sie ruffet ihm 9 1710 er lebe. Worüber er auffwacht und umdbher ſchauet/ endlich au Wer bat mich doch Tieffen wieder herauff g ihre; Zals und Ropff hinein fiel? & — ig weder vonder Stelle/ da er © af ne R — 3 noch / — l geſchlaffen hätte. Er Unterſcheid derer / die das Betiche/ ode Ewige/ te / entdeckt am adfermeiften / wenn das Ziel unfers in der Nähe iſt fuͤr weichen da erſchrickt und zittert; der Geiſtliche ader/getroftit Manchen bebet das “ auch nur von dem Gedencken / an das ; voraus denen/ Dede dem Ehriftlichen Glauben entfreindet find. An dem (a) Bartol, lib, ;, Hiftor. Afiat, P. 463. Das höne Ende. 1095 m Hofe desgroffen Indianifehen Mogols/ darff anden Tod / in Gegentvart diefes qroffen und uͤckſeligen Monarchen nicht nennen/ noch fo durr raus fagen/ es ſeh Diefer oder jener geſtorben: nn diß iſt dem Munde folcher Welt Groſſen ein Vermuth⸗Woͤrtlein / und ihren Ohren ein Eu⸗ neGeſchrey: ſondern man muß / mit verbluͤmten teden / ſolches anzeigen. Gleicher Geſtalt wird/ n Hofe deß Konigs in Tunchin / der Nam deß To⸗ s/ niemals recht außgeſprochen: weil mans für ne ungluͤckliche Bedeutung achtet: ſondern mie idenen Worten / beſchrieben: Damit das zarte of⸗Ohr / uͤber ein ſo rauhes Wort / nicht erſchre⸗ e. BDannenher verwundert man ſich / Daß / vor nigen Jahren / ſebbiger Koͤnig den Pater Regium / icht allein von Gott/ und der Seelen Unſterblich⸗ it / ſondern auch vom Tode / gar fleiſſig / und mit egierlicher Aufmerckung / zugehoͤrt; unangeſehen rein Heide geweſen. Demſelben hat jetzt genann⸗ r Pater den Tod alſo beſchrieben / daß er wäre eine Saat derUnſterblichkeit / und Eingang zu der wah⸗ em Gluͤckſeligkeit; wen anders der Glaube an EHriftum/ und ein Ehriftlich-geführter Wandel / ein Tode Gefährten gaͤben: widriger Begeben- eit / koͤnnte der zeitliche Tod anders nichts ſeyn / enn eintrauriges Borſpiel deß ewigen. Wol ge⸗ mtwortet! Und hat dieſe Autwort eine genaue Berwandenig mit Kaͤyſer Friedrichs deß Dritten einer: Welcher gefragt/ was dem Menfchen/ in iefemLeben/am beten wiederfahren koͤnnte / geant⸗ vortetr: Ein ſeliger Abſcheid. In der Der —— der Tod der letzte Caſus / nem⸗ fich Ablativus/ und indeelinitlich: aber in der Glaubens⸗Gram̃atie / Dativus oder ein ſolcher Ab- F 333 Wi lativus 1096 ge) Jativus, der uns nur diellnbolfor unfer Dot » welcher uns aleichfam aus Der Taufe end rn ea 6 De Todes —— Behurts⸗Tag in hoch 3 ſreit. — —3*8 m — en * > Gedaneneben fo ern einen Todten⸗Ko nen Pomerantzen⸗ Hat in ihrem Lebens⸗Lauffe⸗ digen und feligen Hinfah | reiche Exempel: aber die Ark Dief erinnert mich/ etliche außlandifd bige/ Jo N uftanngeden Sonn‘ / undv illage / zu holen. N ARE —[ —[ 9 Derumverdroffene Jeſuit / Pater Mieolans Trigautius / welcher die Expeditionen Chrifkianam, gefihrieben / und uübher z2 tauſfed d | Welt herumgeʒogen / Die Ber | in Sina zubefordern;. hat / im FahrısıB, vom Liſſabona in Portugall eine Anzahl junger Leute feines Ordens zu Gefährten mit fich —— genommen; aber auff Moſambieo muͤſſen; da die Lufft den Eurprern ſeh iſt / und ſelbiges malhey de Chiſten⸗ da auckerten / in Spittaͤle verwandete noch dahin kam / und man kaum di⸗ Kuſte er ſegelt hatte / fieng eine Seuthean/ nen Reiß⸗Gefaͤhrten / zu tyranniſiten und fünff junge wackere Perſonen hinweg: die — ge ſo ache en © Das ſchoͤne Ende. 1097 — — — —— — — — ends im Meer hegraben muͤſſen. Unter dieſen nffen ward inſonderheit Pater Petrus Cavaval⸗ ua / von Bononien aus Welſchland bürtig / mit inem ſchoͤnem Abſchiede / beſeliget. Er gab einen uten Mathematicum; und fürchtete fich / etlicher Maffen/auffdie Indianiſche Neife / die ihm anbe⸗ ohlen war; ihm gaͤntzlich einbildend / es wuͤrde die ⸗ e Reiſe ihm eine Reiſe auß der Welt verurſachen / he er noch Indien zu ſehen bekaͤne; und in Ita⸗ ien vielleicht der ſtudirenden Jugend noch nüßzlich eyn koͤnnen. ſchens Erbietung in Gnaden angenommen / und feinen Wunſch bewilliget haͤtte. Er lag ſechs ge: darinn er ein ſo hertzliches Verlangen nach dem Tode ſtets an ſich verfpünrentaffen / daß tius geſchriehen / er habe nie einẽ Menfcheng (wir haben aber Soft Lob! derſelben / bey un⸗ geſehn ) der / mit ſo gewiſſer zuverſicht ln ie Seligkeit gefreuet. Wie e8/ mit einer Natur und dem Tode / zum letzten Rampffe kam; frat Trigautius hinzu / und wol w womit er dieſem Sterben, Ringer welcheinnun. mehr die Sprache fihon vergangen ivar/ "Die.beite Ergetzung geben Fönte/fangihm/ —— me ins Ohr / das Jubel⸗Lied deß heiligen hards Jeſu dulcis memoria dans —— gaudia&c, Deß Hertʒzens wahre Wo dein füfler Nam / HErr Jeſu Chr Di e wunderſuͤſſer Nam munterte ihn daß er wieder anhub ſeine Stimme ar 0 zwin⸗ gen / und dem Fuͤrſingenden / mit feinenfterbenden Lippen / ſo lange / wiewol mit efvasfı doc) allen Umbſtehenden vernem ichen Laute/ froͤlig nachzuſingen / big ihm Stimme und Seele zugleich entwichen. (a) Le Nicht allein aber frölig und getroft / fondern auch wunderlich iſt geſtorben ein Sinefifher Ehriftineinem groffen Oorffe fo von ziwölfftanz, fend Seelen bewohnet wird. DemfelbenhatGok nicht allein den Chriſtlichen Glauben / ſondern ein ſonderbares Ende verliehen. Denn wie nes Tages / in der Tennenfeinesgroffenundivoh gelegenen Hauſes ſaß; ſahe er / daß ſich der mel ploͤtzlich auffthaͤte. Woruͤber er / mit nenden Augen / und bruͤnſtigen Blicken / anſn (a) P, Bartol. lib, 3. Hiſtor. Aſiat, p. 4059. ſeq. ze Ba... Deelüöende 1099 | um: Ad! was fehe in? rs wid die Thuͤr zumparadeis auffgethan! Ja fiewir ben larieh! Und fie! GOtt zuffemir 1 Begehrſt du meiner? Herr! Wol biebin ich!Und wil gleich kom̃en: Es fey dei ur dir (ſprach feine liebe fromme Einfaltferner) gefalle / nur ein Eleines Bißlein noch zu ver- veilen / biß ich etliche wenige Sachen nur vor moͤge anordnen. So bald das Geſicht der ſchwunden ; gehet er hinein / zu ſeinen Leuten/nime von ctuthen ſeinen Gaͤſten Urlaub / und beſchickt einige Angelegenheiten. Deß andren Kr als. er / gleich um diefelbige Stunde /auch.ander elbigen Stelle / mit feinem Weibe und Kindern / fund; fagte en/ihm kaͤme wiederum eben das geftrige Ge⸗ ficht für/und hiemie wurde er zugleich von Gott ab⸗ efordert/inssparadeis, Gleich darauff ſprach er?, Ich mußeylen! Und mitdiefem Worte / ver⸗ chied er, auff der Stelle. — vBagnonius / der ihn hatte / hat ſei⸗ nen Leichnam auff Chriſtliche Weiſe/ begraben laſ⸗ fen: welchen aufangs die Frau / welche noch heyd⸗ niſch war / und dem Heydniſchen Gepraͤnge andrer eichen nichts bevor laſſen wolte den Bonziern zu ůbergeben um denſelben nach Landes Gebrauch zu beftatten / entſchloſſen war· Aber ſihe! der Ber, blichene kom̃t ihr / zu Nachts / für, im Traum / gieht ihreinen sch arffen Verweiß und befiehlt / ſie ſolle die Zeuffels» Diener Augenblicks zum Haufe hin⸗ ausfihafen und alle folche Anftalt abthun: Er ie be/in der ewigen Freude: dahin fievergeblich zu Eommen trachte; woferrn fie nicht auch den Chri⸗ fien-Staubenannehme, Hiedurch it das Weib hefftig froh / die heidniſche BRUNEI NEN ' er 2100 - 1 dd une ı dert / und fie/ nebenft Dielen andern / Denendag’ WunderEnde deß Manns zu Ohren kommen/ Ehriftlich geworden. (2) A an Joachim ein Tunchinefer bauete a | Chriſto eine perzliche Kirche; ward auch / umfn nes Namenswillen/ins Elend verjagt / oft gen geſetzt / und gegeiſſelt. Welches Dennoch alles feiner glaubigen Gedult unter den Fuͤſſen igen mufte/ als einer ſtandhafften Uberwinderin Sm achtzigſten Jahr feinesAlrers/ftard ereines fanftten Todes. Kurkaber/vor feinem Abdruck / da er merckte / daß feine Söhne/nach der Weiſe deß Lan⸗ des / wegen der neuen Kleidung/ 69 — er⸗ wieſen / redete erihnenalfozu: Ey lieben Kin der was bekummert ihr euch viel um den Schmuck und Pracht dieſes unfers fEin- ckenden Sleifches / welches doch den Würz mernsurSpeife dienenmuß ? Wolt ihr mir wasKiebesermweifen? fü wendet alle eure Sorgenund Gedanden / Sail die Außſta⸗ firung der. Seelen ı daß diefelbe fich ruft? und ſchicke / zu dem Rock der UnfkerblicbEeit: nach welcher ich jego fkerbend / mich von Mergenfehne, Hiemit hörete er auff bey: des zu reden / und zu leben. ( b Lina / eine Tunchineſerinn iſt werth / daß wir ihres Endes gleichfalls / mit wenigem / gedeucken Dann ihr wird der Nachruhm gegeben/daßfie17. Jahre / nach ihrer Tauffe / ſehr Chriſtlich gelebt/ und andren eine rechte heile Leuchte Ehriftlicher Zugenden/ mit ihren Exempeln / fürgefragen/ in fonderpeit den Armen fich fo wolthaͤtig bezeigt/ daß e (2) Idemlib.4,p. 541. (b) P, Alexand,. deRhodeslib, 3, Hiſt. Tunchinenf. cap, 46. | Das (höne Ende, N ——— | fe von denfelben anders nicht / als eine Mufter ge da ten /undgelicht worden. Diß Tugend⸗Weib / Daes merckte/daß der Lauff vollendet / und ihr das Grab nicht weit mehr wäre ; brachte Tag und Nacht auffihrem Siech- Bette / mit Gebetenzu; vermahnete auch alle Chriften / fo um ihr Bette ſtunden / gar eyfrig / zu. rechtfchaffener Gottes, Furcht, Wie nun ihr ührlein gekommen war; dezeugte ſie / vor alten Umbſtehenden / daß / weder ih⸗ re Kinder / noch einige Sache der Welt / ihr die ge⸗ ringſte Berhinderniß machten / mit ſehnlicher Hero tzeus ⸗ Freude abzufcheiden : Fondern (fagte fie ) mich verlangt einig allein bey meinem ſüß⸗ geliebten Herrn Jeſu zu feyn. Diß gefaat/ war fieauch bey Syn : Dann ſie ſchlieff damit zu⸗ gleich ein Cd) Der Anfänger und Vollender unfers Glau⸗ bens / verleihe mir/ und allen / die feine Erſchei⸗ nung lieb haben / ein fo ſchoͤnes cd) Idemlib, 2. cap. 47, \ BES yon ESU NESF nn OWERENN SINE a 5 Litter⸗Fehlerr In der Vorrede Tolumna 1lis· i6. pro nnfen les« ünfereh 1.28.p.darbiefend i. darbieten. Col.2.l.ı 3.Pr Blut-Mfanne leg. Ofut.Pfanne.1. 18.&20.p.dumardet 1dumarnerd..29.ädde tine Behältnis. C;3.1.6.p.fegbenamfeni.jedenamften.i.n. ps Augemächeh lau machen. C.4.1.12.p, Armut! Anmist.i.26.pro innernl.erinnere.l:; o:addenicht.Ce 1.3 P-Biebbabetn I Leis ern.1.3,p.Argivahn 1. Argwohn. 1.4.p.und beruffehe Weiſe 1, unberuffener weiſe Pag.4 1,31.P.denen I.denh, pag.5.1.21,p.die J———— Witz 1:2 8.addeer. p.7.d.4. p. gebühren 1.gebübrel.i.15.pKünigei.Könige.p.s.1.9 p. Blut NGut p. 9 1; * ſolchen ſ. ſoiche. 1.ult. p. glechfalls gleichfalls p: 11.1. 14: Vbas 1-Adas. psız.p.bieErklchtvärge Rab]. der ertzſchwartze Rad. pere p Berwürftung. Verwͤſtung 1.33.p-bätrel, batfe.p.15 1.4.p- ihre ihr 120.0 ipeltbii, elcher.p 171.7nP Undertbeilen l.unfereilen.t: ı3:P. Lande). Land 1.24,p.derfö 1.der da.p. 18.1.19.p.in l.auff.p.20.1.9,p.niirl, Wir.i. 14. p.ges ftalfam ).geftaltfait.p. 22.1.8. p-Wurde liwerbe.h34-p-iprel.ipth P- ae p-Kuffe 1-Bufft.pz4 1.21 pchrfaimer lirrſamer p.32 1. 1 p. bezůchtiget lhezüchtigen 1.32 delc zu p.33 1. 7 p-Hrrüßrter ‚gerübmter 1,15 p.fich rafend 1,fich Hang rafend p.35 1.31 p. Die jenigen I. denjenigen p.351,2y.p- gulbenen l. gůldenem p.49 ltr ‚ertoeifen1. weiſen l.t5 p. Tafet 1. Cater 1,3; ingleichem p.5o1. 3 6 psbeißl.heiffe p.53 1.24 p.goldfardigen!.goldfarbnem .54 1.8 p.demfelben 1. denfelben p. 5s 1-21 p.balt I.hat Fe Is 8 „i ‚zoaddefp. ° Koncördant Schaubücher 1.Schatibühn, p.63 : 76120 peitieni.den pr’yı ].si p. zʒu feinerl.für feine p.721.6p: ir 1.diel.3 © p. derſelbe 1.diefelbe 75 k23 p.enfbanpfern ).cnfs aupteten p.89 1.13 p.vorgeftellet l.vergefelietp.gi 1,16 p ſchwe⸗ en iſchwebe p.9z1.rı p.moml.bom p.9; 133 p. du l.da p.94 1.12 p.dor 1.von 1.18 p.angehabt!. anbebt p.961.22 3. Stand a 1,9 p.dem Aden p.1 251.7 p. hehimen I.nennen. in der Con⸗ tordang p.& Reges1.Reyes piz6 h.4 pReicht-Kaften 1. Leiche Faften P.1271.56 p. paucitolli 1 panciroffi p.i28 1.17 p.Scars ee Stardeonio 1. 25, p.alter I alten p-ı25 131 pP Neſts 1, Meite p.136 1.7 p. Aber das Uber das p.rzi 1.4 p. Genatus I Senhertüg 1.17 p müßtl.müffe p.is2l.ı p. ihn l.in 1.29 p-Con- -chänitreal,Conchavitrea p.133 1.14 p.diel, der p. 138 1.52 pıo Soucandil. Boucaud 1.2; pida endlich l. daß es endlich p. i 1.13 psCadalitifcdes 1. Cabaliftiiche® 1.25 p. Erzehlung erdehl · Br 39.p. dericbloffenen I verfchlofenem p.i441. 9’ p Mefts iv is las p. Solvator h. —— — 11, p. Stardrs Er a nie 1.Zrud p.kor l,54addeich P.104 1.28 p-gefchehrn 1aefehabe no l Stardeonio p.igotxsp Salat Zakt Zul pagol.ız feldige).die felbige p1:3 1.34 p. 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ArnobarbigL.s —— Par 1,3ip.tauml, ‚fonn-p:3911,27.B. fölcher]. fol 6.295 1.3 5pıÖK gleichen l.desgleichen p. 300 1.op.redlichen |. 35 p- Coruption l, Corruption pı 385 127 p. Dorica 1, Doricæ 'P.386 1.2 p. Buſtris 1.Bufiridp.2891:29 p.218].2ro p3911.6 “adde die p- 396. 1, zu peſie l fich p. 399. 1. 5.P. iff1.ift.pı#04 1.32 „pro fonnen]. Föntie pag. +12 1.13: proderlöchren 1, verloͤhren -P.424..20.p. eingeffüht 1. en p- 427.1, 16,p. geimerdff | | ‚gedendt p. 430.1. 14 p. auß zuſehn 1. anzufehn. p.asr1. Sup- nachI. noch p.434.1.34.p Schatz Bühne 1, Schau⸗Buͤhne .Pp444 17. p.Moeredikl.Moeridisl.-ıs. p. Hebäuel. Schaue RAR 16. p. darum l.darınn,p. 450-1. 2. p. zur l. zu p. Ast, * Inder Concordantz Egyptiea p. Agyptiaca p. 412.13. P ſebdweden l. jedwebernl. 26." p.für Seulen I die für Seulen p. - 454.1: 9.p. in Aſchen 1; in der Aſchen pı 457. 1.14: p· Eutꝛohius $ 1 Eutropius p 459.1. 7, P: beftifftet 1. geftifffet- p. 462-1; i.delo nifüberp. 471. 1.10. p eig 1, Ehrgeiß. p. 426. 1.2. p man F-Tt on p.477. 12. p. Tbürl. Tpier d. A8 1.17. p. überſchrie⸗ ; ‚ten 1. überfi reifen p. 483-1. 3. p- Majora 1. Majorca p- 484 ‚L 17.p. Wüllungen! Würfeneyen p. +89 1.8.p. Heufen1.rur fenp.493. 1.13. deledicl. 2a. p. weichen |. welchem p. 496.119 Will. weilp.soz 1.27. p.Höllen 1, Höleh p. 507. 1.30. p. (0 - zuthanem l. zu ſo thanem p. 508.1.7. p- denjenigen]. demjeni⸗ gen p-sıol.ızp.Peruani 1 Peruantfeber p.sııl-ı2 p. worden l. > erdenp.szol.sp.gie 1.diel.zs p- Fluſſe i. Sufle'p- s21 1.33 pro Eifens! 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https://github.com/ScalablyTyped/SlinkyTyped/blob/master/t/terminal-kit/src/main/scala/typingsSlinky/terminalKit/anon/Mouse.scala
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,021 |
SlinkyTyped
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ScalablyTyped
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Scala
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Code
| 108 | 391 |
package typingsSlinky.terminalKit.anon
import typingsSlinky.terminalKit.terminalKitStrings.button
import typingsSlinky.terminalKit.terminalKitStrings.drag
import typingsSlinky.terminalKit.terminalKitStrings.motion
import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.`|`
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
@js.native
trait Mouse extends StObject {
var mouse: js.UndefOr[button | drag | motion] = js.native
var safe: js.UndefOr[Boolean] = js.native
}
object Mouse {
@scala.inline
def apply(): Mouse = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal()
__obj.asInstanceOf[Mouse]
}
@scala.inline
implicit class MouseMutableBuilder[Self <: Mouse] (val x: Self) extends AnyVal {
@scala.inline
def setMouse(value: button | drag | motion): Self = StObject.set(x, "mouse", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setMouseUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "mouse", js.undefined)
@scala.inline
def setSafe(value: Boolean): Self = StObject.set(x, "safe", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
@scala.inline
def setSafeUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "safe", js.undefined)
}
}
| 29,925 |
https://github.com/MarcelRobitaille/dotfiles/blob/master/bin/doi2bib
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
dotfiles
|
MarcelRobitaille
|
Python
|
Code
| 85 | 317 |
#!/usr/bin/python
import re
import sys
import urllib.request
from urllib.error import HTTPError
try:
doi = sys.argv[1]
except IndexError:
print('Usage:\n{} <doi>'.format(sys.argv[0]))
sys.exit(1)
req = urllib.request.Request(f'http://dx.doi.org/{doi}')
req.add_header('Accept', 'application/x-bibtex')
try:
with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as f:
bibtex = f.read().decode()
r = re.compile(r'month = {(.*)}')
if m := r.search(bibtex):
month = m.group(1)
month = [None, 'jan', 'feb', 'mar', 'apr', 'may', 'jun', 'jul', 'aug', 'sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec'].index(month)
bibtex = bibtex[:m.start()] + f'month = {{{month}}}' + bibtex[m.end():]
print(bibtex)
except HTTPError as e:
if e.code == 404:
print('DOI not found.')
else:
print('Service unavailable.')
sys.exit(1)
| 9,333 |
5768962_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 148 | 204 |
Reynolds, J.
Appeal from an order of the Family Court, Broome County, holding appellant guilty of contempt of court for failure to make support payments directed by the court and sentencing him to six months in jail therefor. Appellant’s contention that he has been denied his constitutional rights in that he had been sentenced to jail for failure to pay a civil debt was recently rejected by this court in Fuller v. Fuller (31 A D 2d 587) and Matter of Hoyt v. Pierce (31 A D 2d 582). As in those cases, the record reveals that punishment was imposed solely for willful disobedience of the court’s mandate. We find no merit in the additional contentions raised by appellant and, accordingly, the order appealed from must be affirmed. Order affirmed, with costs. Gibson, P. J., Herlihy, Reynolds, Staley, Jr., and Gabrielli, JJ., concur in memorandum by Reynolds, J.
| 11,825 |
https://github.com/NetOfficeFw/NetOffice-LegacyRepository/blob/master/Examples/Other/Outlook Addin - Use Twitter/Outlook Addin - Use Twitter/Twitter/TwitterTimer.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
NetOffice-LegacyRepository
|
NetOfficeFw
|
C#
|
Code
| 914 | 2,831 |
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Web;
using System.Drawing;
using Twitter = LinqToTwitter;
using LinqToTwitter;
namespace Sample.Addin
{
public delegate void ErrorEventHandler(Exception exception);
public delegate void EnabledChangedEventHanlder(bool value);
internal class TwitterTimer : BindingList<Twitter.Status>
{
#region Fields
int _defaultInterval = 90;
Twitter.ITwitterAuthorizer _authorizer;
Twitter.TwitterContext _twitterContext;
#endregion
#region Ctor
/// <summary>
/// Creates an instance of the class
/// </summary>
/// <param name="control"></param>
public TwitterTimer(System.Windows.Forms.Control control, ErrorEventHandler errorHandler)
{
Control = control;
IntervalSeconds = _defaultInterval;
if (null != errorHandler)
OperationError += errorHandler;
// read config
InitializeState = true;
ConsumerKey = TwitterPane.Config.AuthenticationKey;
ConsumerSecret = TwitterPane.Config.AuthenticationSecret;
AccessToken = TwitterPane.Config.AccessToken;
AccessSecret = TwitterPane.Config.AccessSecret;
IntervalSeconds = TwitterPane.Config.RefreshInterval;
Enabled = TwitterPane.Config.Enabled;
InitializeState = false;
}
#endregion
#region Properties
/// <summary>
/// Enable or disable the Timer
/// </summary>
public bool Enabled
{
get
{
return _enabled;
}
set
{
_enabled = value;
if (_enabled)
{
if (null == Timer)
{
if(Logon())
Timer = new Timer(new TimerCallback(TimerElapsed), null, 0, (int)IntervalSeconds * 1000);
}
}
else
{
if (null != Timer)
{
Timer.Dispose();
Timer = null;
}
}
RaiseEnabledChanegd(value);
if (!InitializeState)
TwitterPane.Config.Enabled = value;
}
}
bool _enabled;
/// <summary>
/// Get or set the timer interval. Miminum is 90
/// </summary>
public decimal IntervalSeconds
{
get
{
return _intervalSeconds;
}
set
{
if (value < 90)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
_intervalSeconds = value;
if (!InitializeState)
TwitterPane.Config.RefreshInterval = value;
}
}
decimal _intervalSeconds;
/// <summary>
/// oAuth Key
/// </summary>
public string ConsumerKey
{
get
{
return _consumerKey;
}
set
{
_consumerKey = value;
if (!InitializeState)
TwitterPane.Config.AuthenticationKey = value;
}
}
string _consumerKey;
/// <summary>
/// oAuth Secret
/// </summary>
public string ConsumerSecret
{
get
{
return _consumerSecret;
}
set
{
_consumerSecret = value;
if (!InitializeState)
TwitterPane.Config.AuthenticationSecret = value;
}
}
string _consumerSecret;
/// <summary>
/// Access token
/// </summary>
public string AccessToken
{
get
{
return _accessToken;
}
set
{
_accessToken = value;
if (!InitializeState)
TwitterPane.Config.AccessToken = value;
}
}
string _accessToken;
/// <summary>
/// Access secret
/// </summary>
public string AccessSecret
{
get
{
return _accessSecret;
}
set
{
_accessSecret = value;
if (!InitializeState)
TwitterPane.Config.AccessSecret = value;
}
}
string _accessSecret;
internal bool InitializeState { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Parent Control for Invoke Check
/// </summary>
private System.Windows.Forms.Control Control{get;set;}
private Timer Timer { get; set; }
#endregion
#region Query Timer Trigger
List<Twitter.Status> _newList;
private void TimerElapsed()
{
try
{
if (null != _newList)
{
foreach (var newItem in _newList)
{
bool found = false;
foreach (var item in this)
{
if (item.StatusID == newItem.StatusID)
{
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (found)
continue;
this.Add(newItem);
}
_newList = null;
}
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
RaiseOperationError(exception);
Enabled = false;
}
}
private void TimerElapsed(object val)
{
try
{
_newList = GetUserTimeLine();
Control.Invoke(new System.Windows.Forms.MethodInvoker(TimerElapsed));
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
Control.Invoke(new ErrorEventHandler(RaiseOperationError), new object[] { exception });
Enabled = false;
}
}
#endregion
#region Events
/// <summary>
/// Signals the client an operation error
/// </summary>
public event ErrorEventHandler OperationError;
private void RaiseOperationError(Exception exception)
{
if (null != OperationError)
OperationError(exception);
}
public event EnabledChangedEventHanlder EnabledChanegd;
private void RaiseEnabledChanegd(bool value)
{
if (null != EnabledChanegd)
EnabledChanegd(value);
}
#endregion
#region Methods
/// <summary>
/// logon
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public bool Logon()
{
try
{
_authorizer = PerformAuthorization();
_twitterContext = new Twitter.TwitterContext(_authorizer);
try
{
var accounts = from acct in _twitterContext.Account
where acct.Type == AccountType.VerifyCredentials
select acct;
Account account = accounts.SingleOrDefault();
User user = account.User;
Status tweet = user.Status ?? new Status();
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
throw new Exception("Authentication failed.", exception);
}
return true;
}
catch(Exception exception)
{
RaiseOperationError(exception);
return false;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// logon with specific credentials
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public bool Logon(string accessToken, string accessSecret, string authenticationKey, string autenthicationSecret)
{
try
{
_authorizer = PerformAuthorization(accessToken, accessSecret, authenticationKey, autenthicationSecret);
_twitterContext = new Twitter.TwitterContext(_authorizer);
var accounts = from acct in _twitterContext.Account
where acct.Type == AccountType.VerifyCredentials
select acct;
Account account = accounts.SingleOrDefault();
User user = account.User;
Status tweet = user.Status ?? new Status();
return true;
}
catch
{
return false;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// create retweet
/// </summary>
/// <param name="tweet"></param>
internal bool CreateRetweet(Twitter.Status tweet)
{
try
{
_twitterContext.Retweet(tweet.StatusID);
return true;
}
catch(Exception exception)
{
RaiseOperationError(exception);
return false;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Tweet fav
/// </summary>
/// <param name="tweet"></param>
internal bool CreateFavourite(Twitter.Status tweet)
{
try
{
_twitterContext.CreateFavorite(tweet.StatusID);
return true;
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
RaiseOperationError(exception);
return false;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Send a new tweet
/// </summary>
/// <param name="text"></param>
internal bool SendTweet(string text)
{
try
{
_twitterContext.UpdateStatus(text);
return true;
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
RaiseOperationError(exception);
return false;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Logon
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private Twitter.ITwitterAuthorizer PerformAuthorization()
{
Properties.Settings settings = new Properties.Settings();
var auth = new Twitter.SingleUserAuthorizer
{
Credentials = new Twitter.InMemoryCredentials
{
OAuthToken = AccessToken,
AccessToken = AccessSecret,
ConsumerKey = ConsumerKey,
ConsumerSecret = ConsumerSecret,
},
UseCompression = true,
};
auth.Authorize();
return auth;
}
/// <summary>
/// Logon
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private Twitter.ITwitterAuthorizer PerformAuthorization(string accessToken, string accessSecret, string authenticationKey, string autenthicationSecret)
{
Properties.Settings settings = new Properties.Settings();
var auth = new Twitter.SingleUserAuthorizer
{
Credentials = new Twitter.InMemoryCredentials
{
OAuthToken = accessToken,
AccessToken = accessSecret,
ConsumerKey = authenticationKey,
ConsumerSecret = autenthicationSecret,
},
UseCompression = true,
};
auth.Authorize();
return auth;
}
/// <summary>
/// get new tweets
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
private List<Twitter.Status> GetUserTimeLine()
{
try
{
var queryResponse =
from tweet in _twitterContext.Status
where tweet.Type == Twitter.StatusType.Home
orderby tweet.CreatedAt ascending
select tweet;
return queryResponse.ToList();
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
throw new Exception("Unable to request the Timeline.", exception);
}
}
#endregion
}
}
| 27,808 |
sn83045462_1935-11-24_1_17_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 858 | 1,235 |
GAS DATA DEMAND RENEWED BY ELGEN Utilities Chairman Seeks Names of Purchasers of Washington and Suburban Shares. Chairman Riley E. Eigen of the District Public Utilities Commission has renewed his demand for a statement as to who bought at auction Wednesday in Jersey City the 1,800 shares of beneficial interest in the Washington & Suburban Co., which owned controlling interest in the Washington Gas Light Co. Arthur H. Dean of Sullivan & Cromwell, attorneys for ownership interests, Friday wrote Eigen the trustees of Washington & Suburban Co. are as yet without information as to who bought the shares. Eigen promptly replied that the trustees would be given a "reasonable time" to obtain the information and also asked there be no undue delay in filing the data with the District commission. A court decree here requires official notice to the court and the commission of any change in ownership in the trust. The sale was made by General In vestment Corp. and United Pounders, Inc., two of the owners of shares in the trust. Each sold 900 shares. Fish Leaps on Liner. As the liner Empress of Japan was approaching Hongkong, China, recently, a flying fish jumped 40 feet to the roof of a state room on the main deck. RADIUM DEATH SUIT HINGES ON STATUTE Widower Asks That Defense Be Barred if Based on Limitation. By the Associated Press. TRENTON, N. J., November 23 — Federal Judge Philip Forman is expected to decide soon whether the statute of limitations applies to damage suits growing out of Radium poisoning deaths. The question has arisen in a suit brought by Vincent La Porte in 1931 after the death of his wife, Irene, an employee in the United States Radium Corp. at Orange. La Porte contends that since the fatal disease, which he attributed to a radium compound used in painting watch dials, did not appear immediately, suit could not have been brought within the two-year limitation. The radium company, using the two-year rule as a defense, charged the suit was illegal. La Porte appealed to the Federal Equity Court to bar this defense. Radium poisoning aroused national interest in 1928, when five women, seeking a total of $1,250,000 damages from the radium corporation, urged State courts to speed decision, pleading they were dying of the disease. The cases were settled in June, 1928, when Federal Judge William Clark, acting as a private intermediary, announced the women would be given the equivalent of a jury verdict of $48,000 each. The company said it did not recognize liability, but was “actuated solely by humanitarian reasons.” The women’s charges were similar to those in La Porte's action. They said they worked several years for the concern, painting about 250 dials daily with a small brush which they moistened with their lips. They charged the company was negligent in not warning them of the danger. Exports Doubled. Japan’s silk and rayon shipments into Australia have nearly doubled in the last 12 months. JULIAN DENIES OUSTER ALEXANDRIA, Egypt, November 23 (AP).—Hubert Julian, Harlem colored man en route home from Ethiopia, denied today he had left the service of Emperor Haile Selassie. Instead, he said, he is going to the United States to buy motor cars. Trucks for the Emperor. (Recent dispatches from Addis Ababa) said Julian resigned his army commission because his authority was “not respected.” 8-Piece Moderne Studio Outfit consists of handsome Studio Couch that opens to a full-size or twin beds, two Modern Studio Ends, Occasional Chair, Magazine Rack, Table Lamp and Shade, Metal Smoker and a Bridge Lamp and Shade. 122-Piece Table Service Here is a real special at the NATIONAL! Consisting of a 100 Piece Set of Dishes, a 15-Piece Set of Aluminum and a Table Cloth and Six Napkins. No Money Down. 6-Piece Poster Bed Outfit $18.95 Here is an outstanding Poster Bed Outfit Value at the NATIONAL! Consists of a richly finished Poster Bed, Steel Spring, Comfortable Mattress, two Pillows, 2 Sheets and a handsome Bedspread. Desk and Chair Set Velocipede $2.50 Doll Carriage Chair and Ottoman 5-Piece Bridge Set Double Blanket Coaster Wagon Auto Racer Table and Chair Set Lane Cedar Chest Open Bookcase Full-Size Comfort Oil Circulating Heater, $17.95 Oil Heater Circulating Heater $17.95 10-Piece Dining Room Suite, constructed of well-seasoned woods and veneered with oil. Two-tone Walnut. Consists of Buffet, China, Server, Six-Leg Extension Table and Six Chairs with Tapestry Seats. GIFT GROUP INCLUDED FREE! English Lounge Sofa and Lounge Chair, covered in durable materials. Do not let our low price fool you; this suite will give real service. GIFT GROUP INCLUDED FREE! Ten-Piece Duncan Phyfe Dining Room Suite, constructed of high-grade Walnut Veneers with matched fronts. Chair seats of rich quality Tapestry. China Cabinet with linen drawer. GIFT GROUP INCLUDED FREE! 4-Piece Modernistic Bedroom Suite, consisting of Dresser and Vanity with new style modernized mirrors, Chest of Drawers and Bed. Constructed of seasoned hardwood nicely finished in Walnut. GIFT GROUP INCLUDED FREE! 2-Piece KROEHLER Bed-Davenport Suite, covered in high-grade Tapestry. Consists of a comfortable Button back Chair and a Davenport that opens to a full-size and comfortable bed when needed. GIFT GROUP INCLUDED FREE! S.
| 27,115 |
https://github.com/masecla22/eclipse-github-copilot-integration/blob/master/src/com/github/copilot/completions/CompletionUtil.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
eclipse-github-copilot-integration
|
masecla22
|
Java
|
Code
| 869 | 3,216 |
/*
* Decompiled with CFR 0.152.
*
* Could not load the following classes:
* me.masecla.copilot.extra.Logger
* com.intellij.openapi.util.Pair
* com.intellij.openapi.util.TextRange
* com.intellij.openapi.util.text.StringUtil
* org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull
* org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable
*/
package com.github.copilot.completions;
import com.github.copilot.completions.CopilotCompletion;
import com.github.copilot.completions.CopilotCompletionType;
import com.github.copilot.completions.CopilotEditorInlay;
import com.github.copilot.completions.CopilotInlayList;
import com.github.copilot.completions.DefaultCopilotEditorInlay;
import com.github.copilot.completions.DefaultInlayList;
import com.github.copilot.lang.CommonLanguageSupport;
import com.github.copilot.request.EditorRequest;
import com.github.copilot.request.LineInfo;
import com.github.copilot.util.CopilotStringUtil;
import me.masecla.copilot.extra.Logger;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.Pair;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.TextRange;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.text.StringUtil;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class CompletionUtil {
private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getInstance(CompletionUtil.class);
static List<CopilotInlayList> createEditorCompletions(EditorRequest request, List<CopilotCompletion> items) {
if (request == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("request cannot be null!");
}
if (items == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("items cannot be null!");
}
return items.stream().map(item -> CompletionUtil.createEditorCompletion(request, item, true))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
public static CopilotInlayList createEditorCompletion(EditorRequest request, CopilotCompletion copilotCompletion,
boolean dropLinePrefix) {
boolean replaceLinePrefix;
ArrayList<String> lines;
if (request == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("request cannot be null!");
}
if (copilotCompletion == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("copilotCompletion cannot be null!");
}
if ((lines = new ArrayList<String>(copilotCompletion.getCompletion())).isEmpty()
|| lines.size() == 1 && (lines.get(0).isEmpty() || lines.get(0).equals("\n"))) {
LOG.debug("ignoring empty completion: " + request);
return null;
}
CompletionUtil.dropOverlappingTrailingLines(lines, request.getDocumentContent(), request.getOffset());
if (lines.isEmpty()) {
return null;
}
String replacementText = CompletionUtil.createReplacementText(request.getLineInfo(), lines);
boolean bl = replaceLinePrefix = dropLinePrefix
&& CompletionUtil.adjustWhitespace(lines, request.getLineInfo());
if (lines.isEmpty()) {
return null;
}
return new DefaultInlayList(copilotCompletion,
CompletionUtil.createReplacementRange(request, replaceLinePrefix), replacementText,
CompletionUtil.createEditorInlays(request, lines));
}
private static String createReplacementText(LineInfo lineInfo, List<String> lines) {
String ws;
if (lineInfo == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("lineInfo cannot be null!");
}
String text = StringUtil.join(lines, (String) "\n");
if (!lineInfo.isBlankLine() && text.startsWith(ws = lineInfo.getWhitespaceBeforeCursor())) {
String string = text.substring(ws.length());
if (string == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("string cannot be null!");
}
return string;
}
String string = text;
if (string == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("string cannot be null!");
}
return string;
}
private static TextRange createReplacementRange(EditorRequest request, boolean replaceLinePrefix) {
if (request == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("request cannot be null!");
}
LineInfo lineInfo = request.getLineInfo();
int startOffset = replaceLinePrefix ? lineInfo.getLineStartOffset() : request.getOffset();
int endOffset = CompletionUtil.isReplaceLineSuffix(request)
? lineInfo.getLineEndOffset() - CopilotStringUtil.trailingWhitespaceLength(lineInfo.getLineSuffix())
: request.getOffset();
TextRange textRange = TextRange.create((int) startOffset, (int) endOffset);
if (textRange == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("textRange cannot be null!");
}
return textRange;
}
private static boolean isReplaceLineSuffix(EditorRequest request) {
String lineSuffix;
if (request == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("request cannot be null!");
}
return CopilotStringUtil.isSpacesOrTabs(lineSuffix = request.getLineInfo().getLineSuffix(), false)
|| CommonLanguageSupport.isValidMiddleOfTheLinePosition(lineSuffix);
}
private static List<CopilotEditorInlay> createEditorInlays(EditorRequest request, List<String> lines) {
if (request == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("request cannot be null!");
}
if (lines == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("lines cannot be null!");
}
ArrayList<CopilotEditorInlay> inlays = new ArrayList<CopilotEditorInlay>();
int offset = request.getOffset();
if (lines.size() > 1 && request.getLineInfo().isBlankLine() && lines.get(0).isEmpty()) {
inlays.add(
new DefaultCopilotEditorInlay(CopilotCompletionType.Block, offset, lines.subList(1, lines.size())));
} else {
String completionLine;
String editorLineSuffix = request.getLineInfo().getLineSuffix();
List<Pair<Integer, String>> diffs = CopilotStringUtil.createDiffInlays(editorLineSuffix,
completionLine = lines.get(0));
if (diffs != null && !diffs.isEmpty()) {
for (Pair<Integer, String> diff : diffs) {
Integer delta = (Integer) diff.getFirst();
inlays.add(new DefaultCopilotEditorInlay(CopilotCompletionType.Inline, offset + delta,
List.of((String) diff.second)));
}
}
if (lines.size() > 1) {
inlays.add(new DefaultCopilotEditorInlay(CopilotCompletionType.Block, offset,
lines.subList(1, lines.size())));
}
}
ArrayList<CopilotEditorInlay> arrayList = inlays;
if (arrayList == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("arrayList cannot be null!");
}
return arrayList;
}
private static void dropOverlappingTrailingLines(List<String> lines, String editorContent, int offset) {
if (lines == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("lines cannot be null!");
}
if (editorContent == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("editorContent cannot be null!");
}
if (offset < editorContent.length() && editorContent.charAt(offset) == '\n') {
++offset;
}
if (offset >= editorContent.length()) {
return;
}
List<String> editorLines = CopilotStringUtil.getNextLines(editorContent, offset, lines.size());
int overlap = CopilotStringUtil.findOverlappingLines(lines, editorLines);
for (int i = 0; i < overlap; ++i) {
lines.remove(lines.size() - 1);
}
}
private static boolean adjustWhitespace(List<String> completionLines, LineInfo lineInfo) {
String firstLine;
if (completionLines == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("completionLines cannot be null!");
}
if (lineInfo == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("lineInfo cannot be null!");
}
String editorWhitespacePrefix = lineInfo.getWhitespaceBeforeCursor();
if (completionLines.isEmpty() || editorWhitespacePrefix.isEmpty()) {
return false;
}
boolean isEditorEmptyLine = lineInfo.isBlankLine();
boolean replacePrefixInEditor = false;
String firstLineFixed = firstLine = completionLines.get(0);
if (firstLine.startsWith(editorWhitespacePrefix)) {
firstLineFixed = firstLine.substring(editorWhitespacePrefix.length());
replacePrefixInEditor = isEditorEmptyLine;
} else if (isEditorEmptyLine) {
String lineLeadingWhitespace = CopilotStringUtil.leadingWhitespace(firstLine);
firstLineFixed = firstLine.substring(lineLeadingWhitespace.length());
replacePrefixInEditor = !firstLine.isEmpty() && !lineLeadingWhitespace.startsWith(editorWhitespacePrefix);
}
completionLines.set(0, firstLineFixed);
return replacePrefixInEditor;
}
public static CopilotCompletion apiChoiceWithoutPrefix(CopilotCompletion apiChoice, String prefix) {
if (apiChoice == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("apiChoice cannot be null!");
}
if (prefix == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("prefix cannot be null!");
}
if (prefix.isEmpty()) {
return apiChoice;
}
boolean ignoreFirstWhiteSpace = CopilotStringUtil.leadingWhitespace(prefix).isEmpty();
List<String> completion = apiChoice.getCompletion();
String remainingPrefix = prefix;
int completionSize = completion.size();
for (int i = 0; i < completionSize; ++i) {
String line = completion.get(i);
int prefixLineEnd = remainingPrefix.indexOf(10);
String prefixLine = remainingPrefix.substring(0,
prefixLineEnd == -1 ? remainingPrefix.length() : prefixLineEnd);
if (ignoreFirstWhiteSpace && i == 0) {
boolean ok;
String trimmedLine = CopilotStringUtil.stripLeading(line);
boolean bl = ok = prefixLineEnd == -1 ? trimmedLine.startsWith(prefixLine)
: trimmedLine.equals(prefixLine);
if (!ok) {
return null;
}
} else {
boolean ok;
boolean bl = ok = prefixLineEnd == -1 ? line.startsWith(prefixLine) : line.equals(prefixLine);
if (!ok) {
return null;
}
}
if (prefixLineEnd == -1) {
ArrayList<String> newCompletions = new ArrayList<String>(completionSize - i);
int droppedWhitespace = ignoreFirstWhiteSpace && i == 0
? CopilotStringUtil.leadingWhitespace(line).length()
: 0;
newCompletions.add(line.substring(droppedWhitespace + prefixLine.length()));
if (i + 1 < completionSize) {
newCompletions.addAll(completion.subList(i + 1, completionSize));
}
return apiChoice.withCompletion(newCompletions);
}
remainingPrefix = remainingPrefix.substring(prefixLineEnd + 1);
}
return null;
}
}
| 9,453 |
https://github.com/srmainwaring/Qt5Ogre21/blob/master/testMedia/hlms/Hlms/Pbs/Metal/DetailMaps_piece_ps.metal
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Qt5Ogre21
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srmainwaring
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Metal
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Code
| 88 | 377 |
// detail_maps_diffuse & detail_maps_normal are either 0 or 4
@foreach( detail_maps_diffuse, n )
@property( detail_offsetsD@n )
@piece( offsetDetailD@n ) * material.detailOffsetScaleD[@value(currOffsetDetailD)].zw + material.detailOffsetScaleD[@counter(currOffsetDetailD)].xy@end
@end
@end
@foreach( detail_maps_normal, n )
@property( detail_offsetsN@n )
@piece( offsetDetailN@n ) * material.detailOffsetScaleN[@value(currOffsetDetailN)].zw + material.detailOffsetScaleN[@counter(currOffsetDetailN)].xy@end
@end
@end
@piece( detail_swizzle0 )x@end;
@piece( detail_swizzle1 )y@end;
@piece( detail_swizzle2 )z@end;
@piece( detail_swizzle3 )w@end;
/*
Down below we perform:
if( detail_maps_normal )
second_valid_detail_map_nm = first_valid_detail_map_nm + 1;
else
second_valid_detail_map_nm = 0;
*/
@property( detail_maps_normal )
@add( second_valid_detail_map_nm, first_valid_detail_map_nm, 1 )
@end @property( !detail_maps_normal )
@set( second_valid_detail_map_nm, 0 )
@end
| 17,916 |
cu31924090934922_18
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,885 |
Childe Harold's pilgrimage. A romaunt
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Byron, George Gordon Byron, Baron, 1788-1824
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German
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Spoken
| 8,179 | 13,528 |
Who loves, raves — 't is youth's frenzy — but the cure Is bitterer still, as charm by charm unwinds Which robed our idols, and we see too sure Nor worth nor beauty dwells from out the mind's Ideal shape of such; yet still it binds 122, 2. fiebert sich hinein in Wahngebilde, iiebert und gelangt so (III 98, 5) zu Wahngebilden. 3. Ohne das zweite where wurde are von where metrisch getrennt sein. Die Gemination ist fur den Sinn nicht notig, schadet ihm indes doch auch nicht. — Ausg. 873 hat seiz'd; s. 37, 9. 5. die Bilder -von zauberischer Schonheit und heldenhafter Tugend, die sich der Jungling ausdenkt. 7. das unerreichte Paradies unserer Verzweiflung, unser Paradies an dem wir als an etwas Unerreichbarem verzweifeln. 8. o'er-informs eine zu hohe Aufgabe stellt, erdriickt durch das zu hohe Muster, die zu hoch fliegende Anleitung; sofern das innere Ideal noch immer etwas Besseres verlangt als was der Knnstler leistet. 9. overpowers the page das Blatt des Dichters, sein an die Welt hinaustretendes Werk, weit uberragt und zu demutigster Kleinheit herabdruckt. — again, sofern das Kunstwerk schon einmal, im Geiste des Kiinstlers, innerlich vorhanden war. 123, 1 f. who = he who. — bitterer noch schmerzlicher als es die Krankheit selbst ist. 2. Mit as (wenn) wird die Kur naher beschrieben. — unwinds, wie ein Gewand (robed 3) sich ablest von den Schultern des Idols das wir verehrten. Man erinnere sich der antiken Ge- wohnheit die Kultusbilder weiblicher Gottheiten mit Kleidem (Peplos) zu schmucken; die Truhen der Qottinnen enthielten deren oft eine reiche Auswahl. 4. 'worth' und 'beauty' wiederholen, was oben, 122, 6, mit charms und virtues bezeichnet war. - 5 f. it binds the - spell = the spell binds. Das Subjekt spell ist also durch das Pronomen it angekiindigt (Antizlpation). Es ware passend nach binds zu interpungieren wie II 83, 1 nach he; vgl. unten 126, 1. CANTO IV. 327 The fatal spell, and still it draws us on, Eeaping the whirlwind from the oft-sown winds; The stubborn heart, its alchemy begun. Seems ever near the prize — wealthiest when most undone. 124. We wither from our youth, we gasp away — Sick — sick; unfound the boon, unslaked the thirst, Though to the last, in verge of our decay, Some phantom lures, such as we sought at iirst — But all too late, — so are we doubly curst. Love, fame, ambition, avarice — 't is the same. Each idle, and all ill, and none the worst — For all are meteors with a different name, And Death the sable smoke where vanishes the flame. 123, 7. reaping zu us. — Hosea 8, 7 they have sown the wind and they shall reap the whirlwind. 8 f, das eigensinnige verstockte Herz glaubt, wenn es, dem Alche- misten gleich, dera Gold der Liebe nachspurt, immer dann seinem Ziele am nachsten zu sein, wenii es ihm am fernsten ist und jetzt erst recht die Liebe verliert. — its alchemy {being) begun. — seems sibi vldetur, vgl. 104, 2. 124, 1. we gasp away wir sterben hin, 29, 8. 2. das erregte Gefflhl liebt die Perioden nicht, die Worte wer- den nur so herausgestofsen. Vgl. Z. 7. — boon lat. summum bonum, Substantivierung des Adj. boon angenehm, lat. bonus. - 3. in (the) verge, zu vgl. mit on the verge 72, 1 165, 8. 5. To curse auch = peinigen: wir empfinden nur eine ver- grofserte (doubly) Pein, weil es uns erscheint, gerade wenn wir nicht melir im stande sind uns seiner zu bedienen und zu erfreuen. - 6. Aufsendinge (love fame) mit inneren Vorgangen (ambition, avarice) verbunden. Homogener ward die Zusammenstellung, wenn sie bei ersteren stehen blieb (love, fame, money) ; aucli Z. 8 sind blofs die unsere Leidenschaften erregenden Dinge vorausgesetzt. — Die Aufeinanderfolge love - - avarice ent- spricht einigermafsen dem Entwickelungsgange des Dichters, der in den letzten Jabren anfing sehr das Geld zu lieben. Der C. IV brachte ihm 2100 Guineen; er hatte erst 2500, dann 2300 verlangt. - 8 f. meteors. Prison. II a marsh's meteor lamp. Ausdrucke wie Jack - a - lantern , Will o' the tvisp haben die poetische Hoffahigkeit nicht erlangt. Aber meteors II 55, 5 imd meteor IV 170, 9 angehend, ist doch an die lichtstarken Meteore der hoheren Luftschichten zu denken und auch hier mag nur auf 328 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. 125. Few — none — find what they love or could have loved, Though accident, blind contact, and the strong Necessity of loving, have removed Antipathies — but to recur, ere long, Envenom'd with irrevocable wrong; And Circumstance, that unspiritual god And miscreator, makes and helps along Our coming evils with a crutch-like rod. Whose touch turns Hope to dust, — the dust we aU have trod. 126. Our life is a false nature: 't is not in love und fame Riicksicht genommen sein (161, 9), so dafs \rir nicht Irrliehter, sondern schnell verschwindende, dabei sehr helle Lufterscheinungen zu verstehn haben. — where in (mit) welchem. 125, 1. could - -, wenn sie es namlich zur rechten Zeit gefunden batten; s. 124, 3 ff. 2 if. have removed = remove, wie die Z. 7 nachfolgenden Prasen- tia lehren; III 95, 6. — Da blind contact den Zufall be- deutet, vermoge desseu die welche den Bund furs Leben schliefsen einander in die Arme geraten wie im Blindekuh, so ist contact = accident, so dafs sich als Sinn er- giebt: freilich fubren Zufall und Naturzwang doch trotz des empfundenen Widerwillens zur Eheschliefsung. Es soUte genauer heifseu: freilich lafst der Zufall uns Bekanntschaften machen, aus deneu eine Heirat werden konnte, und die Macht der Natur beseitigt die Abneigung, welche wir gegen die kunftige Gebieterin hegen, daher denn die Ehe zustandekommt. Also Zeugma; removed pafst nur zu necessity. 5. Die Schilderung ist allgemein, doch hat B., wie gewohnlich, seine personlichen Erfahrungen im Auge. Vgl. Z. 9. — anti- pathies. Wenn es ihm gerade so pafste, behauptete er seine Annabella niemals geliebt und sie nur geheiratet zu haben, um fiir ihr anfangliches Nein Rache zu nehmen. 6. Mit circumstance - - wird zuriickgegriffen auf accident 2. 7. makes - - schaift nicht blofs unsere Leiden , sondern hilft ihnen auch bin {along), namlich bin zu uns, die wir ihnen erliegen sollen. 8. a crutch-like rod. Die Umstande sind eine damonische Macht, doch gleicht dieses Damons Zauberstab einer elenden Kriicke welche das stutzt was zu fallen verdiente. 9. the dust - -, d. h. wir kennen das; wessen Fufs ware nicht schon iiber zertretene Hoffnungen hingewandelt ? 126, 1 ff. is a false nature ist eine falsche Natur = ist von falscher Natur, ist von Hause aus falsch und verkehrt, wie wir einen CANTO IV. 329 The harmony of things, — this hard decree, This uneradicable taint of sin, This boundless upas, this all-blasting tree. Whose root is earth, whose leaves and branches be The skies which rain their plagues on men like dew — Disease, death, bondage — all the woes we see, And worse, the woes we see not — which throb through The immedicable soul, with heart-aches ever new. 127. Yet let us ponder boldly — 't is a base Abandonment of reason to resign Our right of thought — our last and only place Of refuge ; this, at least, shall still be mine : Mann von grofsem Talent ,ein grofses Talent' nennen. Ill 49, 6. — "t is" nicht 'our life is", sondern das Pronomen (it) antizipiert das Subjekt decree: nait den Dingen stimmt er nicht, dieser harte Ratscblufs, der uns auferlegt, schlecht und elend wie tfir sind, zu leben, dieser untilgbare Siindenmakel, mit dem unser Dasein behaftet ist, dieser Giftbaum, unter dessen Einfliissen wir existieren mussen. — in | the harmony, 19, 1. 126, 2. this hard decree Gottes Zornbefehl, ausgesprochen uber die ersten Menschen, als sie siindig geworden. Mit Recht hat man Genesis 3, 16—19 angezogen. - 4. An den Fabeln vom Boa-Upas soil so viel Wahres sein, dafs es auf Java einen Baum giebt, aus welchem sich giftiges Harz absondert. — boundless, etwa: riesig. 6. skies Wolken (veralt. Bed.) — dew (Reim). Die Plagen fallen von dem Baume wie Tau, also nicht ausnahmsweise ; tauen thut es uotwendig und regelmafsig. Immerhin ist rain - - like dew etwas gezwungen. 7. death. Als die ersten Menschen vom Baume der Erkenntnis gegessen hatten, kam der Tod in die Welt, Doch ist die Er- zahlung in der Genesis sinnreicher als B.'s Upas. Als Appo- situm zu sin 3 kann upas nicht betrachtet v?erden. 8 f. and worse und was noch schlimmer ist, 85, 9. — throb through. Folgt man dem Metrum und betont through, so ist der Sinn: durchpocht, d. h. durchlochert, durchfrifst. Vgl. pierced - - through III 18, 7. Betont man throb, so wird nur gesagt, dafs die Leiden sich bemerklich maohen, wie es II 82, 3 heifst : through the - searment - betray'd. Erstere Erkl. ist wohl vorzuziehn. 127, 1. Hiermit der Ubergang zu der auf das Kolosseum bezuglichen Betrachtung (ponder) von St. 128 an. — '* is. Der Sinn ist: es ware. 3. place, viell. Appositum zu thought. 330 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. Though from our birth the faculty divine Is chain'd and tortured — cabin'd, cribb'd, confined, And bred in darkness, lest the truth should shine Too brightly on the unprepared mind, The beam pours in, for time and skill will conch the blind. 128. Arches on arches! as it were that Eome, Collecting the chief trophies of her line. Would build up all her triumphs in one dome, Her CoUseura stands; the moonbeams shine As 't were its natural torches, for divine Should be the light which streams here to illume This long-explored but still exhaustless mine Of contemplation; and the azure gloom Of an Italian night, where the deep skies assume 127, 5. Der Nachsatz zu though - folgt erst Z. 9 {the beam pours in). 6. cabin' d, cribb'd, confined, Macbeths Worte III 4. D. Diesel be Stelle ist oben benutzt, III 15, 5. 9. to couch the blind = to couch the cataract den Staar stechen. Fur cataract ist blind (Decke) gesetzt, sofern das kranke Auge Ton einer hautigen Substanz uberzogen ist. To couch eig. niederlegen, abbringen. — Bei the beam pours in ist blofs bred in darkness beriicksichtigt. Das Weitere, for time--, setzt eine Erganzung voraus: der Strahl stromt ein und wir sehen ihn auch, denn obwohl unsere Sehkraft absichtlich verkummert ward, sticht uns doch die Zeit, als geschickteste Arztin, den Staar und hebt die anerzogene Blindheit. Die Worte for time - - wenden sich also an Z. 5 ff. — time and skill Zeit und Erfahrung. 128, 1. Die Aufsenseite des Kolosseums zeigt 4 Stockwerke von Travertinquadern, drei mit je 80 Bogen. F. 435. 3. Als wenn alle diese Bogen 1 Triumphbogen waren. 4 ff. Das Satzgefuge erstreckt sich fiber die Stauze hinaus und ist durch Zwischensatze schwerfallig geworden. Als Kern schalt sich heraus : the moonbeams shine and the azure gloom of an Italian night floats over this monument and shadows forth its glory. 6. Bei dem Besehn von Ruinen sind mitunter Fackeln notig, s. 107, 4. Fiir das Kolosseum dient der Mond als kunstlose Fackel. - 6. should be mufs sein, 121, 5. 7. Das Kolosseum. im Mondlicht wird einem Bergwerk {mine) CANTO IV. 331 129. Hues which have words, and speak to ye of heaven, Floats o'er this vast and wondrous monument. And shadows forth its glory. There is given Unto the things of earth, which Time hath bent, A spirit's feeling, and where he hath leant His hand, but broke his scythe, there is a power And magic in the ruin'd battlement. For which the palace of the present hour Must yield its pomp, and wait till ages are its dower. 130. Oh Time! the beautifier of the dead, Adorner of the ruin, comforter And only healer when the heart hath bled; verglichen, in welchem es der kunstlichen Beleuchtung be- darf, wahrend die fur das Kolossenm notige Fackel vom Eimmel geboten wird. 129, 1. have words. Vgl. 68, 4 the eloquent green. 3. shadows forth bringt zu schattiger (dammeriger, halbklarer) Erscheinung. 5 ff. o spirifs feeling. Die Ruinen sind uns sympathisch, sie haben Geist und Gefuhl wie wir, uben eine Macht fiber uns wie bedeutende Personlichkeiten. Vgl. HI 72, 3. — and where - - wo der Zeitengott die Hand anstemmte zu zerstoren, doch seine Kronos-Sichel zerbrechen sah und ein Bild be- gonnener, nicht voilendeter Verniohtung — die Ruine — mufste stehen lassen. 7. battlement, etwa: Gemauer, eig. Mauer mit Zinnen, Zinne. 8f. dem gegenviber der moderne Palast seine Pracht nachgeben, d. h. sich mit all seiner Pracht fur iiberwunden erklaren raufs. - 9. dower (Reim) ihm eigen geworden sind, also ohne Rvicksicht auf den Grundsinn: Mitgift, 2, 5; 11, 9. — Man bemerke, wie in St. 129 die Betracbtung von dem Gegenstande abgeht und allgemeiner wird; es ist nicht sowohl vom Kolosseum als von der Zeit und ihrer Macht die Rede. Die Absicht ist, eine Herzenserleichterung, eine Besprechong der personlichen Br- fahrangen, St. 130 — 137, anzubiingen. Eine solche ist uner- wartet nach dem 78, 3 if. und 106, 8 Gesagten, welche Par- tien wobl geraume Zeit vor St. 130 fif. geschrieben sein mogen. 130, 1 if. the dead die Gestorbenen. Sie erscheinen in hoherem Licbte als da sie lebten, ebenso erhalt ein Bauwerk seine Weihe wenn die Zeit es ruiniert hat. — Die funf ersten Apposita zu Time gebe man durch Relativsatze, wie lat. Verbalsubstantiva durch Substantiva zu geben sind (ille latronum occultator et receptor locus Cic). 114, 3. 332 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. Time! the corrector where our judgments err, The test of truth, love — sole philosopher, For all beside are sophists — from thy thrift. Which never loses though it doth defer — Time, the avenger! unto thee I lift My hands, and eyes, and heart, and crave of thee a gift: 131. Amidst this wreck, where thou hast made a shrine And temple more divinely desolate, Among thy mightier offerings here are mine. Ruins of years, though few, yet full of fate: If thou hast ever seen me too elate. Hear me not; but if calmly I have borne Good, and reserved my pride against the hate Which shall not whelm me, let me not have woi'n This iron in my soul in vain — shall they not mourn? 132. And thou, who never yet of human wrong 130, 5 f. {of) love. — Im Gegensatze zu philosopher erscheint sophists tadelnd. Anders II 2, 7. 6 f . du, Zeit, besitzest einzig die ^ahrhafte Weisheit, wegea deines Yerstandigen Haushaltens (from thy thrift); denn in deiner Haushaltung geht nie etwas verloren, jedes hat da seine Folge, wenn du auch die Folgen hinausschiebst. 131, If. wreck Triimmerstatte, die Gegend wo all diese Trummer sind. — shrine, das Kolosseum. 2. more divinely mehr 7on des Himmels Hand (lat. divinitus), in erhabnerer Weise verodet, namlich als das Gebaude meines Gluckes , welches auf eine leider sehr menschliche Weise vmterging. 3f. inmitten grofsartigei-er Opfergaben, wie das Kolosseum z. B. ist, bringe ich dir, o Zeit, die lluinen meines Lebens dar. Z. 1 ■war das Kolosseum ein Tempel der Zeit, hier sind seine Trummer unter der Zahl der in diesem Tempel gebrachten Opfer. — few, vgl. 176, 1 long years, long, though not very many. 7 f. good Gutes, Gliick, wie II 18, 8 as good or ill betides. — against - - meinen Stolz gewahrt habe dem Damon des Hasses gegeniiber, der sich leicht meiner bemachtigen konnte, d. h. kalt blieb und nicht wiederschalt, wenn ich gescholten ward. 8f. this iron. Das ihm, seiner Ansicht nach, zugefugte Unrecht glich, wenn es von ihm nicht vergolten war, einem im Fleisch stecken gebliebenen Eison, III 9, 9, einer Pfeilspitze oder Ahnlichem. — in vain ohne Entgelt. — Die they sind CANTO IV. 333 Left the unbalanced scale, great Nemesis! Here, where the ancient paid thee homage long — Thou who didst call the Furies from the abyss, And round Orestes bade them howl and hiss For that unnatural retribution — just. Had it but been from hands less near — in this Thy former realm, I call thee from the dust! Dost thou not hear my heart? — Awake! thou shalt, and must. Kiatscher und Verleumder, welche auf hamische Weise den Privatcharakter des Dichters und seine ungluckliche Ehe aus- gebeutet hatten. IV 185, 6. Sie soUen es endlich einmal entgelten. 132, 2f. left, 2. Person, wie lade 5; I 22, 7. Dies die von B. Lett. COOXXIII bei M. verlangte Lesart statt des friilier von Murray gedruckten lost. — '■unbalanced' sollte nacb scale stehn: die Schale unaufgewogen liefsest, nicht: die unauf- gewogene Schale liefsest. — Nemesis. Auf dem nahe am Kolosseum liegenden Palatin hatte Nemesis Rhamnusia einen Tempel. N. Das here ist also in etvras weiterem Dmfange zu nehmen. — An sich ist die Nemesis trefFend herangezogen, da sie die Pietatspflichten vertritt, aber neben Time uber- flussig. Auch wenn B. blofs an den Zeitengott appelliert und die Nemesis weggelassen hStte, wiirde man sagen mussen, dafs er zu viel Aufhebens von seinen Dingen mache. Man vgl. was er selbst an den zu 129, 9 a. E. angef. Stellen aufsert. - 4ff. Orestes, der Vergeltung ubte an seiner Mutter, der Klytam- nestra, hatte nicht den Beifall der Nemesis, welche den Mitgliedern einer und derselben Familie verbietet an einander Kache zu nehmen, auch wenn die Rache an sich berechtigt ist. Daraus folgt fur Lady B., dafs sie nicht befugt war ihren Ehemann wegen des ihr zugefiigten Leids zu bestrafen durch bosliche Verlassung und so der Schmahsucht, s. Einl. XI, die Zunge zu losen. Ebenso folgt fur Lord B. das Verbot sich wegen der Verlassung und der durch dieselbe hervor- genifenen Schmahungen seiner Person an seiner Ehefrau zu rachen. Auf erstere Folgerung.wird sehr ernstlich eingegan- gen. Ob aber der Dichter die andere ihm selbst gelteude Folgerung anerkenne, darviber bleiben die Leser im dunkeln, indem statt des Grundes weshalb B. keine Rache genommen; eine Aposiopese (3, 8 for the sake) folgt. — Anderswo ist ihm Lady B. eine moralische Klytamnestra, Ada die kleine Elektra seines Mykena, er selbst der ermordete Agamemnon. Diese Anwendung der Atridenfabel ist ausgeschlossen, da es sich hier um Orestes und eine an sich begrundete, aber pietatswidrige Vergeltung handelt. 334 CHILDB HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. 133. It is not that I may not have incurr'd For my ancestral faults or mine the wound I bleed withal, and, had it been conferr'd With a just weapon, it had flow'd unbound; But now my blood shall not sink in the ground; To thee I do devote it — thou shalt take The vengeance, which shall yet be sought and found, Which if I have not taken for the sake — But let that pass — I sleep, but thou shalt yet awake. 134. And if my voice break forth, 't is not that now I shrink from what is suifer'd: let him speak Who hath beheld decline upon my brow, 133, 1. nicht als ob ich mir nicht zugezogen hatte, d. h. ich babe mir allerdings wohl zugezogen. 2. ancestral faults. Etwas Abnormes und Wildes lag in der Familie und dafs Byron seinem Grofsonkel, I 3, 9, ahnlich zu sein strebte, indem er z. B. stets Waffen bei sich trug, war seiner sittlichen Entwicklung nicht giinstig. 4. it had - - so ware die Wunde nngehemmt (eig. ungebunden) geflossen, so hatte ich sie bluten lassen. 5. ground. Genesis 4, 10 thy brother's blood erieth unto me from the ground. — shalt, hier und 7, well B. dessen ganz sicher ist. 3, 6. 8f. for the sake. Wenn zu erganzen ist: um meiner Tochter willen, Oder: um meiner Frau w., oder: um beider w., so sind es Pietatsgrunde gewesen, die den Dichter abgebalten haben Rache zu nehmen und hat er das Gesetz der Nemesis auch fiir sich anerkannt. Ubrigens kann man ihm sein I have not taken bestreiten. Seinem Gefiihle nach war allerdings das Fare thee well nicht von Rachsucht eiugegeben, und die Rache an den Anhangern der Lady die ihn ver- leumdeten, s. Einl. XI, schien ihm ■wohl nicht von der Nemesis verboten zu sein. Dennoch war das Fare thee well krankend fur seine Frau, und was die unbestimmte Mehrheit (they, 131, 9) von Gegnern angeht, die er bekampft, so war es doch wiederum seine Frau um die sich dieselbe scharte. — Die Ausg. 851 und 873 heben 2 Z. 8 im Druck hervor und geben das jf Z. 9 in gewohnlicher Schrift. Aber Z. 8 bi-aucht I nicht betont zu sein. Z. 9 ist es dem thou gegenuber betont. 134, 1. if - - wenn ich jetzt spreche, in diesen Stanzen mich uber meine personlichen Verhaltnisse veibreite. 2 f. B. will sagen, er babe noch Mut genug. — decline Er- mattung, Schwiiche. CANTO IV. 335 Or seen my mind's convulsion leave it weak; But in this page a record will I seek. Not in the air shall these my words disperse, Though I be ashes; a far hour shall wreak The deep prophetic fulness of this verse, And pile on human heads the mountain of my ciu'se! 135. That cui'se shall be Forgiveness. — Have I not — Hear me, my mother Earth! behold it, Heaven! Have I not had to wrestle with my lot? Have I not suffer'd things to be forgiven? Have I not had my brain sear'd, my heart riven, Hopes sapp'd, name blighted, Life's life lied away? 134, 4. gesehn hat wie der innere Eampf, nachdem er voruber, mein Gemiit (it, my mind) schwach zuriickliefs, in meinem Gemute eine Spur liefs, bestebend in Schwache. 5. record. Man kann sich erinnem dafs B. auch umfangreiche Memoiren schrieb. Im Herbst 1819 legte er dieselben in Moores H3.nde nieder. Damals also als er an den Memoiren arbeitete, genugte ihm das im Ch. H. und sonst Gesagte nicht mehr. (Hobhouse hat spater die Memoiren vemichtet und damit seinem Freunde einen Dienst erwiesen). 7 f. wrecik - - = wreak my wrath expressed in the - - verse. 9. 'curse' will sagen dafs das Verhalten der Lady und ihrer Anhanger fluchwurdig sei. Der Fluch selbst wird durch 135, 1 zuruckgenommen. 135, 1 ff. B. vergiebt also. Aber dieser seiner edelmutigen Versicherung mufs man den Qlauben versagen , denn im selben Atemzuge setzt er das Thun seiner Gegner ins gehassigste Licht, und das gegeniiber den vielen Lesem des Ch. H. Wer ein grofses Publikum einladet, um den Widersacher verachtlich zu machen, der verzeiht und vergiebt nicht, sondern racht sich, innerhalb gewisser Grenzen allerdings, da er den Widersacher nur mo- ralisch, nicht wirklich totschlagt. 2. Nachdem B., um seine Dinge vorzutragen, erstlich den Gott der Zeit, dann die Nemesis gerufen hat, schwort er nun auch noch Himmel und Erde an; sie sollen bezeugen, dafs ihm bitter Unrecht geschehen sei. 5. brain -, d. h. sie machten mich verriickt mit ihrem wiisten Geschwatze. - 6. name blighted, zu beziehn auf die Verfolgung des Dichters in offentlichen Slattern, welche nach der Auflosung der Ehe fiber ihn hergefallen waren und selbst seinen lahmen Fufs nicht geschont hatten, der Teufel habe ihn sogleich von der Gebnrt an gezeichnet; s. Thomsen om Lord Byron 84; Ez. 329. 336 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. And only not to desperation driven, Because not altogether of such clay As rots into the souls of those whom I survey. 136. From mighty wrongs to petty perfidy Have I not seen what human things could do? From the loud roar of foaming calumny To the small whisper of the as paltry few, And subtler venom of the reptile crew. The Janus glance of whose significant eye, Learning to lie with silence, would seem true, And without utterance, save the shrug or sigh, Deal round to happy fools its speechless obloquy. 137. But I have lived, and have not lived in vain: My mind may lose its force, my blood its fire, 135, 7. Die Kopula (was) ist aus Z. 5 zu entnehmen; da. have 1 not had my brain sear'd so 7161 ist ■wie was not - -. 8 f. because (I am) not. — rots into - - modert und so zu Seelen wird, III 98, 5, sich modernd zu Seelen gestaltet. Das Leben und Beseeltwerden der Mitmenschen Oder yielmehr der Jammermeuschen die ihn umgeben {tvhom I survey lautet es im Reim), ist nach B. eigentlich nur ein Prozefs der Faulnis des Staubes aus dem Gott uns werden lafst, wahrend bei besseren Naturen ein gottlicher Odem in den Staub fahrt wenn sie entstehen. 9. Nach St. 135 folgt im M. S. eine Stanze , in der bombastisch verweilt wird bei der ungeheuren Masse dessen was B. zu vergeben habe, und die Gegner als Schlangen bezeichnet ■werden. Diese Stanze blieb 1818 im Druck weg. 136, 2. what - - was die Welt zu leisten im Stande war. Things viell. Geschopfe, Menschen, III 43, 4. 3 f. Es wird das laute Geheul wutschaumender Lasterung , der Zeitungslarm , zusammengestellt mit dem Gefluster der so- genannten guten Gesellschaft. 5. 'reptile crew' was die engl. Bibel generation of vipers (Ottern- geziichte) nennt. 6f. Janus, eine rom. Qottheit mit zwei Gesichtern. Also: der doppelsinnige Blick ihres [whose) andeutenden Auges, das schweigend zu liigen wufste, schien immer {would) so ehrlich. 9. happy fools Leute die sich am Skandal freuten, in diesem Palle aber thoricht waren; denn was ihnen angedeutet ward, war miifsige Erfindung. 137, 1 S. aber all den Afterreden gegeniiber bin ich doch da gewesen CANTO IV. 337 And my frame perish even in conquering pain; But there is that within me which shall tire Torture and Time, and breathe when I expire; Something unearthly, which they deem not of, Like the remember'd tone of a mute lyre, Shall on their softeu'd spirits sink, and move In hearts all rocky now the late remorse of love. 138. The seal is set. — Now welcome, thou dread power! Nameless, yet thus omnipotent, which here Walk'st in the shadow of the midnight hour With a deep awe, yet all distinct from fear; Thy haunts are ever where the dead walls rear Their ivy mantles, and the solemn scene Derives from thee a sense so deep and clear That we become a part of what has been, And grow unto the spot, all-seeing but unseen. als eine lebendige Widerlegung, und was die Nachwelt angeht, so trage ich einen Wechsel bei mir, den sie zahlen wird. 137, 4. that - -. GemeiDt ist Gedanke und poetische Begabung. — tire ermnden, mithin ,aberdauern'. 7. soften'd dafs sie milder werden, I 71, 8. Vgl. lat. mulcere angenehm berubren und so bescbwichtigen. - 9. the late-- eine spate Reue, die darauf hinauskommt, dafs sie mich lieben. 138, 1 ff. seal, III 8, 2. In 1001 Nacht wird ein bSser Geist in eine Flasche gesperrt durch das den Namcn Gottes tragende Siegel Salomons, welches dem Bleistopsel aufgepragt ist — dread power. Da diese .furchtbare Macht' namenlos 2 ist, so haben wir in ihr weder Time 180, 1 noch Nemesis 132, 2 zu er- kennen. B. schuttelt also eine neue Gottin aus dem Armel, die funfte in dieser Partie. Es ist der Geist der Ruinen, mit Time nahe verwandt. - 4. with a deep awe verbreitend tiefe Ehrfurcht. - 5. haunts Heimstatten. — dead, d. h. ruinenhafte. - 7. a sense einen Sinn, ein Bewufstsein. Da wir nun ebenfalls " Sinn und BewuTstsein haben, so konnen wir uns mit den Ruinen eins ffihlen. — Die Beseelung der Ruinen wird von einer besonderen Trummergottheit 1 hergeleitet, so dafs der Pantbeismus aus C. Ill hier modifiziert ist. - 9. unseen. Wir verschwinden selbst, indem wnr uns in die Objekte versenken. Vgl. Ill 72, 1. Viell. soil das Polgende einen Beleg biezu vorstellen; B. sieht den Gladiator im Kolosseum sterben, er sieht ihn yermoge seiner ganzlichen Byron, Childe Harold. 22 338 CmLDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. 139. And here the buzz of eager nations ran, In murmur'd pity, or loud-roar'd applause, As man was slaughter'd by his fellow-man. And wherefore slaughter'd? wherefore, but because Such were the bloody Circus' genial laws, And the imperial pleasure. — Wherefore not? What matters where we fall to fill the maws Of worms — on battle-plains or listed spot? Both are but theatres where the chief actors rot. 140. I see before me the Gladiator lie: He leans upon his hand — his manly brow Consents to death, but conquers agony. And his droop'd head sinks gradually low — And through his side the last drops, ebbing slow From the red gash, fall heavy, one by one. Like the first of a thunder-shower; and now Versenkung in diese Ruine, als Geist derselben. Wenn sich die Ruine des Kolosseums auf sich selbst und ihre Vergangen- heit besonne, so wurden ihr ja die Gladiatorenspiele einfallen. 139, 1. eager nations eifrig aufmerlsende Massen. Man kann auch den Plural ignorieren, 71, 5, und ,Nation' ubersetzen. — ran lief (durch die Sitzreihen des Kolosseums), etwa: war rege. 3. as (^immer) wenn, II 60, 9. - 5f. gemal, in old authors = inborn, native. W. S. Etwa: recht eigentlich - - waren. — pleasure, yom Willen des Maeht- habers. 8 f. listed spot, die Arena. — the chief actors. Es ist mit den Hauptrollen eintnal so, der Tod des tragischen Helden macht den Beschlufs. 140, 1. Gladiator. Die Statue des sterbenden Fechters auf dem Kapitol. B.'s Beschreibung bestatigt Lessings Lehre (Lao- koon XIX), daCs das Nebeneinander des Bildners dem Dichter ein Nacheinander werde. Die Statue verwandelt er in ein Drama, welches nicht auf dem Eapitol, sondem im Kolosseum spielt. Da sieht er vermoge poetischer Clairvoyance den Fechter sterben. - 4 f. Das proleptische droop'd gebe man freier ,sein mattes Haupt sinkt immer tiefer' oder lose es auf ,neigt sich und -' I 80, 5. — side die (Wande der) Brust, 150, 8. Vgl. lat. latus, latera. - 6 f. heavy. Die ersten Tropfen sind besonders grofs. Vgl. the lig rain. Ill 93, 6. CANTO rv. 339 The arena swims arovmd him — he is gone, Ere ceased the inhuman shout which hail'd the wretch who won. 141. He heard it, but he heeded not — his eyes Were with his heart, and that was far away; He reck'd not of the life he lost nor prize. But where his rude hut by the Danube lay, There were his young barbarians all at play, There was their Dacian mother — he, their sire, Butcher'd to make a Boman holiday — All this rush'd with his blood — Shall he expire And unavenged? Arise! ye Goths, and glut your ire! 142. But here, where Murder breathed her bloody steam; And here, where buzzing nations choked the ways, And roar'd or murmur'd like a mountain stream Dashing or winding as its torrent strays; Here, where the Boman million's blame or praise Was death or life, the playthings of a crowd, My voice sounds much — and fall the stars' faint rays On the arena void — seats crush'd — walls bow'd — And galleries, where my steps seem echoes strangely loud. 140, 8. swims schwankt urn ibn her, die Sinne schwinden ihm. 141, 4 ff. B. macht durch die einzelnen Znge seiner Schilderung fuhlbar, wie des Barbaren Oeist weit, weit von Rom in einer durch- aus andem Welt sich heimisch fand, an der Donau in Dacien (Ungarn). Aus dieser andern Welt ergofs sich denn die racbende Volkerwanderung, beantwortend das: arise, ye Goths! — Man konnte deoken, B. babe sicb selbst mit dem sterbenden ^- I'echter gemeint. Aber die Schilderung ist objektiv und wenn er dabei einen Nebengedanken an sich, hatte, so woUte er denselben nicht zur Geltung bringen; 138, 1 (the seal is set) erklart er, ntmmehr von seinen personlichen Angelegenheiten schweigen zu woUen. 142, 1. Ruckkehr zur Wirklichkelt und zur Gegenwart. — her, 62, 7. — breathed schnob. — ways die Gange im Zuschanerraum. - 4 ff. 'dashing or winding' ist reihenweise zu beziehn auf roar'd or murmur'd 3; ebenso hernach blame or praise auf death or life. III 38, 1. — Ffir its torrent gentigte it, namlich ifie mountain stream. Urn die Tautologie zn verstecken gebe man torrent etwa durch ,Flufsbett'. - 5. lit. Ausg. haben millions', auch HI. 22* 340 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. 143. A ruin — yet what rnin! from its mass Tyalls, palaces, half-cities, have been rear'd; Yet oft the enormous skeleton ye pass. And marvel where the spoil could have appear'd. Hath it indeed been plunder'd, or but clear'd? Alas! developed, opens the decay. When the colossal fabric's form is near'd: It will not bear the brightness of the day, Which streams too much on all years, man, have reft away. 144. But when the rising moon begins to climb Its topmost arch, and gently pauses there; When the stars twinkle through the loops of time, And the low night-breeze waves along the air The garland-forest, which the gray walls wear, 143, 2. Papst Paul IL baute von den Steinen des Kolosseums einen Teil des Palastes Ton S. Marco zu Venedig; auch zum Palast Famese und zu dem der Cancellaria dienten die Steine. V. n 183. Half-cities, rhetorische Steigerang. - 3. Mit^ass ist ein fluchtiges, in einigem Abstaude stattfindendes Vorubergehn gemeint: als Passant kam man so manchmal am Kolosseum Torbei und nahm nichts von Verfall wahr. 4f. have appear'd = appear, 125, 3. — or hut oder blofs. - 6. developed sobald das Kolosseum sich dem nahe kommenden Betrachter 7 genauer enthullt, nicht: sobald die helle Sonne (33, 1) es entschleiert. Hit decay ist developed schwerlich zu verbinden; es ist so gesagt, als vrenn statt ,zeigt sich der Verfall' folgte: zeigt sich das Kolosseum verfallen. Vgl. 1 86, 8f. - 7. wenn man dem Gebaude sich nahert. 144, 1, Der Dichter scheint seinen Standpunkt innerhalb des Kolos- seums zu nehmen. Sonst konnte er die Arena 142, 8 nicht ■wahrnehmen; auch das garland-forest 5 pafst besser fur diesen Stand. — Vom Mondschein im Kolosseum war schon St. 128 die Rede — vielleicht eine Spur, dafs die achtzehn Stanzen, denen sich der Titel: Gedanken im Kolosseum, geben liefse, nicht aus einem Gusse entstanden sind. 2 f. its, des Kolosseums. Ware der Gang des Mondes iuu Firma- mente gemeint, so wiirde es her beifsen. Auch Z. 3 wird die Stellung der Sterne in Bezug gesetzt zu den Spalten und Liicken {loops = loop-holes), die die Zeit gerissen hat. - 4. low, sofem der Nachthauch in den Bau hineinstreicht. — waves schnttelt. Objekt ist forest 5. Vgl. Ill 27, 1. CANTO IV. 341 Like laurels on the bald first Caesar's head; When the light shines serene but doth not glare, Then in this magic circle raise the dead: Heroes have trod this spot — 't is on their dust ye tread. 145. "While stands the Coliseum, Eome shall stand; "When falls the Coliseum, Eome shall fall; "And when Rome falls — the World." From our own land Thus spake the pilgrims o'er this mighty wall In Saxon times, which we are wont to call Ancient; and these three mortal things are still On their foundations, and unalter'd all; Eome and her Euin past Redemption's skill, The World, the same wide den — of thieves, or what ye wiU. 146. Simple, erect, severe, austere, sublime — Shrine of all saints and temple of all gods, 144, 6. Dem Julius Caesar wurde bewilUgt einen Lorbeerkranz zu tra^en. Er trag ihn auch, so seine Glatze Terbergend. Sueton 45. - 8. raise. Zusammenhang: die Tagesbelle vertragt die Ruine nicht (143, 8), aber wenn Mond und Sterne scheinen und der Kachthaucb weht, daun (ist die recbte Stunde fiir das Eo- losseum und) lasse man die Toten erscheinen, auf deren Staub man (j/e) bier tritt (wie denn der Dichter St. 140 f. den toten Fechter batte erscbeinen lassen). Man sagt to raise a spirit. Nach anderer Erkl. ware raise = rise, Ygl. I 28, 3, wofur aber, wie Fw. bemerkt, ein Belep fehlt. - 9. Die drei SchluTszeilen slnd mufsig. Ill 88, 6. 145, 4, Dieser in den Fragmenten des Beda Venerabilis (t 735) auf- bebaltene Spruch, wurde, wie Gibbon (C. 71 N. 52) meint, dem Beda von angelsachsiscben Pilgem mitgeteilt, indem Beda selbst wobl nie den Eontinent gesebn bat. - 5. Die Saxon times schliefsen mit der Schlacbt bei Hastings 14. Okt. 1066. 8. Denn freilich auf einen scblagbaft erfolgenden Fall, nicbt aber auf den allmahlichen Verfall schien jener Spruch gereohnet zu baben. — Die Alliteration des r ist von 'Wirkujag; vgl. Ill 43, 1. 146, 1. Nacbdem B. im Vorigen geredet hat wie ein gewohnlicher Mensch, wendet er sich wieder zur Rbetorik, und zwar um das Pantheon zu beschreiben. - 2. Mit temple of all gods wird der Wortsinn von Pantheon an- 342 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. Trom Jove to Jesus — spared and blest by time; Looking tranquillity, while falls or nods Arch, empire, each thing round thee, and man plods His way through thorns to ashes — glorious dome! Shalt thou not last? Time's scythe and tyrant's rods Shiver upon thee — sanctuary and home Of art and piety — Pantheon! — pride of Kome! 147. Relic of nobler days, and noblest arts! Despoil'd yet perfect, with thy circle spreads A holiness appealing to all hearts — To art a model; and to him who treads Rome for the sake of ages. Glory sheds Her light through thy sole aperture; to those Who worship, here are altars for their beads; And they who feel for genius may repose Their eyes on honour'd forms, whose busts around them close. gegeben. Vgl. F. 432 Anm. Es ist dies als eine Approche anzusehn. Der Name selbst folgt erst Z. 9. Vgl. 96, 8. 146, 3f. Das Pantheon war zuerst dem Jupiter Ultor geweiht, unter Augustus; 608 wandelte Bonifacius IV. es in in eine Kirche um (S. Maria ad Martyres). — spared - -. In der N. ■wird bemerkt, dafs das Pantheon zwar seiner erzenen Omamente beraubt worden sei, auch sonst gelitten habe, dennoch aber eine bessere Erhaitung zeige als irgend ein Denkmal des- selben Zeitalters. — nods nickt, d. h. zu fallen droht. • 8 f. Es wird sanetuari/ of art und home of piety gemeint sein. — piety, mit bezug auf die 147, 9 erwahnten Busten. 147, 1. nobler - - noblest. B. liebt die Zusammenstellung der Kom- parationsformen. Belege bes. in C. I und IV. 4fi. to him who, dann to those mho, endlich they who. Streben nach mannigfaltigem Ausdruok. 5 f. Das Pantheon besteht aus einer Vorhalle und dem eigent- lichen Tempel, der Rotunde, die eine Halbkugel bildet und durch eine einzige runde Offnung \on 27 FuTs im Durch- messer sehr gunstig von oben erhellt wird. V. II 320. Hierin liegt das Antike des Baus. So heiTst es denn hier, dafs die gloriose Vorzeit (Glory) des alten Rom dem Anti- quar herabstrahle aus jener Kuppeloffnung. - 7. beads Rosenkranze, d. i. Gebete. 9. busts, z. B. die Busten Rafaels, Hannibal Caraccis imd an- derer hier Begrabener. — around them close um sie (die Verehrer des Genius) her einen Kreis bilden, eig. sich zu- sammenschliefsen. CANTO IV. 343 148. ' There is a dungeon, in whose dim drear light What do I gaze on? Nothing: Look again! Two forms are slowly shadow'd on my sight — Two insnlated phantoms of the brain: It is not so; I see them full and plain — An old man, and a female yonng and fair, Fresh as a nui'sing mother, in whose vein The blood is nectar: — but what doth she there, With her unmantled neck, and bosom white and bare? 149. Pull swells the deep pure fountaiu of young life. Where on the heart and from the heart we took Oui' first and sweetest nurture, when the wife. Blest into mother, in the innocent look. Or even the piping cry of lips that brook No pain and small suspense, a joy perceives Man knows not, when from out its cradled nook 148, 1 ff. Die Kirche S. Niccolo in Carcere fuhrt ihren Nameu von dem altrom. Gefangnisse, welches hier vormals statt der Eirche stand. In diesem Gefangnisse soil eine Toohter ihren Vater (oder naeh anderer Version, ihre Mutter) eine Zeit lang mit der Milch ibrer eigenen Brust emahrt haben weil sie ihm keine Speisen bringen durfte. V. II 593. Plin. VII 36. — B. veriafst also, hier noch mehr als 140, 1, den Standpunkt des Beschreibers; das GeSingnis welches einst an diesem Orte stand, steht vor seinen Augen {there is), und was sich viele Jahrhunderte fruber -voUzogen, das sieht er in der Gegenwart sicb yoUziehu (2 gage 1, I see 5). 2 f. Anfangs unterscheidet er nicbfs m dem Dankel des Kerkers 1. Dann gewohnt sich das Auge an das Dunkel und erkennt Gestalten. - 4 f. insulated insularisch, einzeln und haltlos yerstreut. Die An- schauung gewinnt mehr und mehr Konsistenz. - 9. Die Antwort auf diese Frage ist, dafs hier nicht, wie man erwarten konnte, ein Saugling genahrt werde (St. 149), son- dem dafs eine Tochter den verschmachteten Vater nahre (St. 150). 149, 4. hlest into mother begnadet zur Mutterwurde, durch Gottes Gnte und Gnade Mutter geworden. 135, 8f. 7. cradled nook gewiegter oder znr Wiege gestalteter Schlupf- winkel, Wiegeneckchen; oder durch Umkehrung, II 45, 8, bergende Wiege. 344 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. She sees her little bud put forth its leaves — What may the fruit be yet? — I know not — Cain was Eve's. 150. But here youth offers to old age the food, The milk of his own gift: — it is her sire To whom she renders back the debt of blood Bom with her birth. No; he shall not expire While in those warm and lovely veins the fire Of health and holy feeling can provide Great Nature's Nile, whose deep stream rises higher Than Egypt's river: from that gentle side Drink, drink and live, oldman! Heaven'srealmholds no such tide. 151. The starry fable of the milky way Has not thy story's purity; it is A constellation of a sweeter ray, And sacred Nature triumphs more in this 149, 9. was mag noch {yet) daraus einmal werden? welches Fruchtchen? Bel einem so eilfertigen Reimer wie B. mag man den dritten Reim anklagen wegen dieses Schlusses, nooh mehr aber die Sucht anziehend und neu zu sein, vomamlich auch raketenhaft 7,u verschwinden — ware es auch auf Kosten der Achtvmg, die wir unseren besseren Gefuhlen schuldig sind. So ist 145, 9 eben durch die Plattheit wirtsam. 150, 2. of his own gift. Der Vater hat ihr das Leben , also auch die Milch ihres Busens gegeben und die Tochter giebt ihm nun, was sie empfangen, ihre Milch und, mit dieser, Leben. 3 f. das mit ihrer Geburt geborene Blut, d. i. ihr Blut, hat sie dem zu danken (debt) der ihr Vater ist; sie giebt es ihm, als Milch, zuruck. 6f. and {of) holy feeling. — provide. Subj. ist fire, Objekt Nile: so lange ihre Gesundheit und ihre Pietat die Lebens- ader {Nile) der erhabenen Natur bieten konnen. 7. higher reicher, machtiger. 8 f. Egypt's river , um nicht Nile zu wiederholen. — from, - - aus der Liebesfalle ihres Busens ; gentle, auf Pietat zu beziehn, 116, 5. 9. Die Schlursworte werden in der folgenden Stanze ausgefuhrt. 151, 1. Als Juno dem kleinen Herkules ihre Brust reichte, sog dieser so heftig, dafs sie ihn abnehmen mufste; nun stromte die Milch aus und diese gottliohen Tropfen erschufen die Milch- strafse am Himmel. CANTO IV. 345 Eeverse of her decree, thaa in the abyss Where sparkle distant worlds: — Oh, holiest nurse! No drop of that clear stream its way shall miss To thy sire's heart, replenishing its source "With life, as our freed souls rejoin the universe. 152. Turn to the mole which Hadrian rear'd on high, Imperial mimic of old Egypt's piles. Colossal copyist of deformity, Whose travell'd phantasy from the far Nile's Enormous model, doom'd the artist's toils To build for giants, and for his vain earth. His shrunken ashes, raise this dome: How smiles 151, 5 f. than - - als in den schimmernden Stembildem der Milch- strafse und ihrer geglaubteu Entstebung. — abyss der un- «nd)iche Raum. 8. its.source = the source of that dear stream 7, d. h. den Vater. - 9. rejoin the universe = rejoin theirs, their source. Die Seele stammt aus dem All und kehrt, nachdem sie yom Leibe be- freit ist, wieder in das All zuruck, erfuUt mithin das All mit sich, mit ihrem Leben. Ebenso hat, jener Legende nach, die Tochter den Vater mit sich, mit ihrer Milch erfilllt. Ist spitzfindig und matt. 152, 1. Das Mausoleum Hadrians, jetzt die Engelsburg von dem Erz- engel Michael auf der Spitze. — Das engl. Wort mole hat sonst andern Sinn; in dieser Anwendung ist es iinabhangig aus dem lat. moles berabergenommen, indem das Mausoleum auch ,der Massenbau (moles) des Hadrian' genannt wurde. Die von W. S. angegebene Bed. among the Eomans a mauso- leum of massy structure gilt nur von der Engelsburg. — rear'd on high emporgetiirmt hat, wie III 51, 3 heap'd on high haufte (hoch) auf. ,Auf einer Hohe' steht das Mausoleum nicht, sondern im Campus Vaticanus an einer Uferstelle des Tiberstroms, bis zu der weder der Mons Vaticanus noch der Janiculus reicht. 2 f. imperial mimic, II 45, 8. — colossal copyist in kolossaler Weise kopierend, wie wir Jemanden der gut ficht, einen guten Fechter nennen. — Ausg. 873 hat kein (,) nach deformity. - 4 £f. traveWd durch Reisen beeinflufst, anger^. — Man verbinde nicht travell'd from (ausgehend von), sondem to build from: den geplagten Arcbitekten verurteilte zu bauen nach dem ungefugen Vorbild am femen Nil. — Hhe artisVs toiW zu vgl. lat. virtus Catonis = Cato virtute prseditus. — Hadrian woUte durch das Mausoleum alles ubertreffen, was er in Agyp- ten, Griechenland und Italien geseben hatte. F. 440. - 6 f. for his - - fur sein Haufchen Asche. 346 CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE. The gazer's eye with philosophic mirth, To view the huge design which sprung from such a birth t 153. But lo! the dome — the vast and wondrous dome, To which Diana's marvel was a cell — Christ's mighty shrine above his martyr's tomb! I have beheld the Ephesian's miracle; — Its columns strew the wilderness, and dwell 152, 9. design der entworfene Bauplan. 153, 1. Die Peterskirche. - 2. marvel und miracle 4, weil der Tempel der Artemis voa Ephesos zu den sieben Wundem der Welt gehorte. — Dafs derselbe sich im Vergleich mit der Peterskirche ausge- nommen hatte wie die bescheidene Zelle eines Monchs, ist nicht wahr. Nach Plin. H. N. XXXVI 21 war er 425 FnTs lang, 220 F. breit und hatte 127 Saulen, eine jede 60 P. hoch. Dieselbe Hohe giebt Hobliouse 321 den Saulen des Olympieion zu Athen und dafs diese dem Beschauer impo- nieren, wissen alle die Athen gesehen haben. Die Dimensionen der Peterskirche sind allerdings noch grofser, ihre ganze Lange z. B., betragt 622 Fufs. F. 457. Die des Kolner Doms ist nur 511 F. 3. Die Kirche steht auf der Martyrerstatte des Apostels im Circus Neronianus. Dorthin wurden aus den Katakomben die Gebeine des Petrus geschafft, als Konstantin die alte Peterskirche erbauen liefs. Am selben Orte befindet sich die jetzige Peterskirche (Qrundstcinlegung 18. April 1506). F, 456. 4f. Am 13. Marz 1810 verliefsen B. und Hobhouse Smyrna, um einen Abstecher nach den Ruinen von Ephesos zu machen. H. 646. Ihr Aufenthalt in der Ruinen-Gegend (bei Aiasuluk) war von kurzer Dauer; zwei Nachte scheinen sich zu ergeben. Was sie sahen war eine Wustenei von Trummem, deren Zu- gehorigkeit zum Artemistempel zweifelhaft blieb. Mit Unrecht spricht B. so, als wenn ihn der Anblick der Trummer zu einem Drteil berechtige. In Wahrheit befriedigt er nur sein Gelviste, bei dem Vielen und Grofsen was er auf Reisen gesehn, selbstgefailig zu verweilen. - 5 f. Man nehme strew und dwell als verba finita, nicht als Infini- tive abhangig von I have beheld. Sie sahen dort allerdings Saulen, aber von wilden Tieren zeigte sich ihnen nichts. Man hatte ihnen erzahlt, in den Bergen dort gebe es Schakals und sie wurden sie heulen horeii. Funf Stunden hinter Smyrna, als es scbon dankelte, kamen sie in eine Sumpfebene. Da- selbst horten sie ein lautes, sonderbares Gerausch. Anfangs meinten sie es waren die Schakals, uberzeugten sich aber spater, dafs das Gerausch von Froschen herruhre. So be- CANTO IV. 347 The hyaena and the jackal in their shade; I have beheld Sophia's bright roofs swell Their glittering mass i' the sun, and have survey'd Its sanctuary the while the usurping Moslem pray'd; 154. But thou, of temples old, or altars new, Standest alone, with nothing like to thee — Worthiest of God, the holy and the true. Since Zion's desolation, when that He Forsook his former city, what could be, Of earthly structures, in his honour piled. Of a sublimer aspect? Majesty, Power, Glory, Strength, and Beauty all are aisled In this eternal ark of worship undeliled. richtet H. Was B. angeht, so ist er bei der Meinung dort Schakals gehort zu haben, geblieben, wie D. J. IX 27, 2 (D) entnehmen lafst.
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Java
|
Code
| 192 | 496 |
public static class math {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println(SquareRoot(16));
System.out.println(power(3,0));
System.out.println(factorial(0));
check(1.0);
}
public static double SquareRoot(double a) {
double x = a/2;
double y = a;
while (Math.abs(x - y) > 0.0001) {
y = x;
x = (x + a/x)/2;
}
return x;
}
public static double power(double x, int n) {
double x0 = 1;
for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
x0*=x;
}
return x0;
}
public static int factorial(int n) {
int m = 1;
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
m = m * i;
}
return m;
}
public static double myexp(double x, int n) {
double e = 1.0;
double j = 1.0;
for (int i=1; i<n; i++) {
//e = e + (power(x,i)/factorial(i));
j *= (x/i);
e += j;
}
return e;
}
public static double gauss(double x, int n) {
double j = 1;
double y = 1.0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
j *= (-x / i) * x;
y += j;
}
return y;
}
public static void check(double x) {
System.out.print(x + "\t");
System.out.print(myexp(x, 18)+"\t");
System.out.println(Math.exp(x));
}
}
| 23,833 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E8%B0%B7%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
川谷トンネル
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=川谷トンネル&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 6 | 137 |
川谷トンネル
川谷トンネル（かわやつトンネル）- 千葉県南房総市川谷にある国道410号の道路トンネル。
川谷トンネル（かわたにトンネル）- 長崎県佐世保市川谷町にある長崎県道53号柚木三川内線の道路トンネル。延長158メートル。1987年竣工。
同名のトンネル
| 41,665 |
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20Hong%20%28penyanyi%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Han Hong (penyanyi)
|
https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han Hong (penyanyi)&action=history
|
Indonesian
|
Spoken
| 35 | 70 |
Han Hong (; nama Tibetan Yangchen Drolma atau Yangjain Zhoima , ), adalah seorang penyanyi dan penulis lagu Tiongkok belasteran Tibetan dan Han. Ia lahir di Chamdo pada 26 September 1971.
Referensi
Tokoh dari Chamdo
| 17,009 |
https://github.com/Pink-Crab/Perique-Ajax/blob/master/tests/Fixtures/Ajax/Invalid_Ajax.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
Perique-Ajax
|
Pink-Crab
|
PHP
|
Code
| 71 | 281 |
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
/**
* Mock Ajax call that fails validation.
*
* @since 0.1.0
* @author Glynn Quelch <[email protected]>
* @license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html MIT License
* @package PinkCrab\Ajax
*/
namespace PinkCrab\Ajax\Tests\Fixtures\Ajax;
use PinkCrab\Ajax\Ajax;
use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface;
use PinkCrab\Ajax\Dispatcher\Response_Factory;
class Invalid_Ajax extends Ajax {
/**
* The callback
*
* @param \Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface $request
* @param \PinkCrab\Ajax\Dispatcher\Response_Factory $response_factory
* @return \Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface
*/
public function callback(
ServerRequestInterface $request,
Response_Factory $response_factory
): ResponseInterface {}
}
| 19,131 |
https://github.com/LinumLabs/BC-DAO/blob/master/test/unit/bondingCurve.spec.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
BC-DAO
|
LinumLabs
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 1,561 | 5,479 |
// Import all required modules from openzeppelin-test-helpers
const {BN, constants, expectEvent, expectRevert} = require('openzeppelin-test-helpers');
// Import preferred chai flavor: both expect and should are supported
const expect = require('chai').expect;
const should = require('chai').should();
const lib = require('zos-lib');
const {
appCreate,
getAppAddress,
encodeCall,
getZosConfig,
getCurrentZosNetworkConfig
} = require('../testHelpers');
const PaymentToken = artifacts.require('StandaloneERC20');
const BondedToken = artifacts.require('BondedToken');
const BondingCurve = artifacts.require('BondingCurve');
const DividendPool = artifacts.require('DividendPool');
const StaticCurveLogic = artifacts.require('StaticCurveLogic');
const BondingCurveFactory = artifacts.require('BondingCurveFactory');
const App = artifacts.require('App');
const PAY_EVENT = 'Pay';
/*
Uses StaticCurveLogic for simpler tests.
*/
contract('Bonding Curve', accounts => {
let tx;
let result;
let paymentToken;
let dividendPool;
let bondedToken;
let bondingCurve;
let buyCurve;
let sellCurve;
const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
const curveOwner = accounts[1];
const tokenMinter = accounts[2];
const userAccounts = accounts.slice(3, accounts.length);
let deployParams = {
owner: curveOwner,
beneficiary: curveOwner,
buyCurveParams: new BN(100000000), //1 bondedToken minted for every 100 collateralTokens sent
sellCurveParams: new BN(10000000), //10 collateralTokens returned for every bondedToken burned
collateralToken: null,
splitOnPay: new BN(50),
bondedTokenName: 'BondedToken',
bondedTokenSymbol: 'BND'
};
const tokenRatioPrecision = new BN(1000000);
let values = {
paymentToken: {
name: 'PaymentToken',
symbol: 'PAY',
decimals: new BN(18)
},
bondedToken: {
name: 'BondedToken',
symbol: 'BND',
decimals: new BN(18)
}
};
beforeEach(async function() {
//Initial supply starts with sender who can also mint
paymentToken = await PaymentToken.new();
paymentToken.initialize(
values.paymentToken.name,
values.paymentToken.symbol,
values.paymentToken.decimals,
new BN(web3.utils.toWei('60000', 'ether')),
tokenMinter,
[tokenMinter],
[tokenMinter]
);
dividendPool = await DividendPool.at(
await appCreate('bc-dao', 'DividendPool', constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, '0x')
);
buyCurve = await StaticCurveLogic.at(
await appCreate('bc-dao', 'StaticCurveLogic', constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, '0x')
);
sellCurve = await StaticCurveLogic.at(
await appCreate('bc-dao', 'StaticCurveLogic', constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, '0x')
);
bondedToken = await BondedToken.at(
await appCreate('bc-dao', 'BondedToken', constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, '0x')
);
bondingCurve = await BondingCurve.at(
await appCreate('bc-dao', 'BondingCurve', constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, '0x')
);
await dividendPool.initialize(paymentToken.address, curveOwner);
await buyCurve.initialize(deployParams.buyCurveParams);
await sellCurve.initialize(deployParams.sellCurveParams);
await bondedToken.initialize(
deployParams.bondedTokenName,
deployParams.bondedTokenSymbol,
18,
bondingCurve.address
);
await bondingCurve.initialize(
curveOwner,
curveOwner,
paymentToken.address,
bondedToken.address,
buyCurve.address,
sellCurve.address,
dividendPool.address,
deployParams.splitOnPay
);
});
describe('Initialization', async () => {
it('should have properly initialized parameters', async function() {
expect(await bondingCurve.owner()).to.be.equal(curveOwner);
expect(await bondingCurve.beneficiary()).to.be.equal(curveOwner);
expect(await bondingCurve.collateralToken()).to.be.equal(paymentToken.address);
expect(await bondingCurve.bondedToken()).to.be.equal(bondedToken.address);
expect(await bondingCurve.buyCurve()).to.be.equal(buyCurve.address);
expect(await bondingCurve.sellCurve()).to.be.equal(sellCurve.address);
expect(await bondingCurve.dividendPool()).to.be.equal(dividendPool.address);
expect(await bondingCurve.splitOnPay()).to.be.bignumber.equal(deployParams.splitOnPay);
});
});
describe('Curve Admin', async () => {
it('should allow owner to set new beneficiary', async function() {
tx = await bondingCurve.setBeneficiary(userAccounts[0], {from: curveOwner});
expect(await bondingCurve.beneficiary()).to.be.equal(userAccounts[0]);
});
it('should not allow non-owner to set new beneficiary', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(
bondingCurve.setBeneficiary(constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, {
from: userAccounts[0]
})
);
});
it('should allow owner to set new owner', async function() {
const oldOwner = curveOwner;
const newOwner = userAccounts[0];
tx = await bondingCurve.transferOwnership(newOwner, {from: oldOwner});
expect(await bondingCurve.owner()).to.be.equal(newOwner);
});
it('should not allow non-owner to set new owner', async function() {
const nonOwner = userAccounts[0];
const newOwner = userAccounts[1];
await expectRevert.unspecified(
bondingCurve.transferOwnership(newOwner, {
from: nonOwner
})
);
});
it('should not allow old owner to set new beneficiary after ownership transfer', async function() {
const oldOwner = curveOwner;
const oldBeneficiary = curveOwner;
const newOwner = userAccounts[0];
const newBeneficiary = userAccounts[1];
tx = await bondingCurve.transferOwnership(newOwner, {from: oldOwner});
result = await bondingCurve.beneficiary();
expect(result).to.be.equal(oldBeneficiary);
await bondingCurve.setBeneficiary(newBeneficiary, {from: newOwner});
result = await bondingCurve.beneficiary();
expect(result).to.be.equal(newBeneficiary);
});
});
describe('Buy / Sell', async () => {
const buyer = userAccounts[0];
const userBalances = new BN(100000000);
const approvalAmount = new BN(100000000);
const numTokens = new BN(100000);
const expectedBuyPrice = numTokens.mul(deployParams.buyCurveParams).div(tokenRatioPrecision);
const expectedSellReward = numTokens.mul(deployParams.sellCurveParams).div(tokenRatioPrecision);
const maxBuyPrice = new BN(0); //We don't want a max price unless we're specifically testing that
const minSellPrice = new BN(0); //We don't want a min price unless we're specifically testing that
it('should show buy price correctly', async function() {
result = await bondingCurve.priceToBuy(numTokens);
expect(result).to.be.bignumber.equal(expectedBuyPrice);
});
it('should show sell reward correctly', async function() {
result = await bondingCurve.rewardForSell(numTokens);
expect(result).to.be.bignumber.equal(expectedSellReward);
});
it('should not allow bondingCurve owner to mint bondedTokens', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(bondedToken.mint(curveOwner, 100, {from: curveOwner}));
});
it('should not allow other addresses to mint bondedTokens', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(bondedToken.mint(curveOwner, 100, {from: curveOwner}));
});
describe('Buy Failure Cases', async () => {
it('should not allow to buy with 0 tokens specified', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(bondingCurve.buy(0, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer}));
});
it('should not allow user without collateralTokens approved to buy bondedTokens', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(
bondingCurve.buy(numTokens, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer})
);
});
it('should not allow buy if current price exceeds specified max price', async function() {});
it('should not allow to buy if sell curve value is higher than buy curve value', async function() {});
});
describe('Buy', async () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
await paymentToken.mint(curveOwner, userBalances, {from: tokenMinter});
await paymentToken.mint(buyer, userBalances, {from: tokenMinter});
await paymentToken.approve(bondingCurve.address, approvalAmount, {from: curveOwner});
await paymentToken.approve(bondingCurve.address, approvalAmount, {from: buyer});
});
it('should mint bondedTokens correctly on buy', async function() {
const beforeBalance = await bondedToken.balanceOf(buyer);
tx = await bondingCurve.buy(numTokens, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
const afterBalance = await bondedToken.balanceOf(buyer);
expect(afterBalance).to.be.bignumber.equal(beforeBalance.add(numTokens));
});
it('should transfer collateral tokens from buyer correctly on buy', async function() {
const beforeBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(buyer);
tx = await bondingCurve.buy(numTokens, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
const afterBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(buyer);
expect(afterBalance).to.be.bignumber.equal(beforeBalance.sub(expectedBuyPrice));
});
it('should transfer collateral tokens to reserve correctly on buy', async function() {
const beforeBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(bondingCurve.address);
tx = await bondingCurve.buy(numTokens, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
const event = expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, 'Buy');
const afterBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(bondingCurve.address);
expect(afterBalance).to.be.bignumber.equal(beforeBalance.add(event.args.reserveAmount));
});
it('should transfer collateral tokens to beneficiary correctly on buy', async function() {
const beforeBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(deployParams.beneficiary);
tx = await bondingCurve.buy(numTokens, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
const event = expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, 'Buy');
const afterBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(deployParams.beneficiary);
expect(afterBalance).to.be.bignumber.equal(beforeBalance.add(event.args.beneficiaryAmount));
});
it('should register buy event on buy', async function() {
tx = await bondingCurve.buy(numTokens, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
//Verify events
expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, 'Buy', {
buyer: buyer,
recipient: buyer,
amount: numTokens
});
});
it('should allow user to buy for a different recipient', async function() {});
});
describe('Sell Failure Cases', async () => {
it('should not allow to sell with 0 tokens specified', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(bondingCurve.sell(0, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer}));
});
it('should not allow user without bondedTokens to sell', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(
bondingCurve.sell(numTokens, minSellPrice, buyer, {from: buyer})
);
});
it('should not allow sell if current price is lower than specified min price', async function() {});
});
describe('Sell', async () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
await paymentToken.mint(curveOwner, userBalances, {from: tokenMinter});
await paymentToken.mint(buyer, userBalances, {from: tokenMinter});
await paymentToken.approve(bondingCurve.address, approvalAmount, {from: curveOwner});
await paymentToken.approve(bondingCurve.address, approvalAmount, {from: buyer});
await bondingCurve.buy(numTokens, maxBuyPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
});
it('should allow user with bondedTokens to sell all bondedTokens', async function() {
tx = await bondingCurve.sell(numTokens, minSellPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, 'Sell', {
seller: buyer,
recipient: buyer,
amount: numTokens
});
});
it('should allow user with bondedTokens to sell some bondedTokens', async function() {
const tokensToSell = numTokens.div(new BN(2));
tx = await bondingCurve.sell(tokensToSell, minSellPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, 'Sell', {
seller: buyer,
recipient: buyer,
amount: tokensToSell
});
});
it('should burn tokens from seller on sell', async function() {
const beforeBalance = await bondedToken.balanceOf(buyer);
tx = await bondingCurve.sell(numTokens, minSellPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
const afterBalance = await bondedToken.balanceOf(buyer);
expect(afterBalance).to.be.bignumber.equal(beforeBalance.sub(numTokens));
});
it('should transfer collateral tokens from reserve on sell', async function() {
const beforeBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(bondingCurve.address);
tx = await bondingCurve.sell(numTokens, minSellPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
const afterBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(bondingCurve.address);
expect(afterBalance).to.be.bignumber.equal(beforeBalance.sub(expectedSellReward));
});
it('should transfer collateral tokens to seller on sell', async function() {
const beforeBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(buyer);
tx = await bondingCurve.sell(numTokens, minSellPrice, buyer, {from: buyer});
const afterBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(buyer);
expect(afterBalance).to.be.bignumber.equal(beforeBalance.add(expectedSellReward));
});
it('should allow user sell with a different recipient', async function() {});
});
});
describe('Payments', async () => {
const nonOwner = userAccounts[0];
const userBalances = new BN(100000);
const paymentAmount = new BN(10000);
beforeEach(async () => {
await paymentToken.mint(curveOwner, userBalances, {from: tokenMinter});
await paymentToken.mint(nonOwner, userBalances, {from: tokenMinter});
await paymentToken.approve(bondingCurve.address, paymentAmount, {from: curveOwner});
await paymentToken.approve(bondingCurve.address, paymentAmount, {from: nonOwner});
});
it('should not allow payments of amount 0', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(bondingCurve.pay(0, {from: curveOwner}));
});
it('should register payments', async function() {
tx = await bondingCurve.pay(paymentAmount, {from: nonOwner});
expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, PAY_EVENT, {
from: nonOwner,
token: paymentToken.address,
amount: paymentAmount
});
tx = await bondingCurve.pay(paymentAmount, {from: curveOwner});
expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, PAY_EVENT, {
from: curveOwner,
token: paymentToken.address,
amount: paymentAmount
});
});
it('should not allow pay with greater amount than senders balance', async function() {
await expectRevert.unspecified(
bondingCurve.pay(userBalances.add(userBalances), {from: nonOwner})
);
await expectRevert.unspecified(
bondingCurve.pay(userBalances.add(userBalances), {from: curveOwner})
);
});
describe('Beneficiary / Dividend Split', async () => {
const maxPercentage = new BN(100);
const dividendSplit = maxPercentage.sub(deployParams.splitOnPay);
const expectedBeneficiaryAmount = paymentAmount
.mul(deployParams.splitOnPay)
.div(maxPercentage);
const expectedDividendAmount = paymentAmount.mul(dividendSplit).div(maxPercentage);
it('should register correct split between beneficiary and dividend pool from non-curve owner', async function() {
tx = await bondingCurve.pay(paymentAmount, {from: nonOwner});
expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, PAY_EVENT, {
from: nonOwner,
token: paymentToken.address,
amount: paymentAmount,
beneficiaryAmount: expectedBeneficiaryAmount,
dividendAmount: expectedDividendAmount
});
});
it('should register correct split between beneficiary and dividend pool from curve owner', async function() {
tx = await bondingCurve.pay(paymentAmount, {from: curveOwner});
expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, PAY_EVENT, {
from: curveOwner,
token: paymentToken.address,
amount: paymentAmount,
beneficiaryAmount: expectedBeneficiaryAmount,
dividendAmount: expectedDividendAmount
});
});
it('should transfer correct token amounts between beneficiary and dividend pool', async function() {
const beneficiaryBeforeBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(curveOwner);
const dividendBeforeBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(dividendPool.address);
tx = await bondingCurve.pay(paymentAmount, {from: nonOwner});
const event = expectEvent.inLogs(tx.logs, PAY_EVENT);
const beneficiaryAfterBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(curveOwner);
const dividendAfterBalance = await paymentToken.balanceOf(dividendPool.address);
expect(event.args.beneficiaryAmount).to.be.bignumber.equal(
beneficiaryAfterBalance.sub(beneficiaryBeforeBalance)
);
expect(event.args.dividendAmount).to.be.bignumber.equal(
dividendAfterBalance.sub(dividendBeforeBalance)
);
});
it('should return remainder of payment tokens to sender', async function() {});
describe('splitOnPay 0%', async () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
const splitOnPay = new BN(0);
const testBondingCurve = await BondingCurve.at(
await appCreate('bc-dao', 'BondingCurve', constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, '0x')
);
await testBondingCurve.initialize(
curveOwner,
curveOwner,
paymentToken.address,
bondedToken.address,
buyCurve.address,
sellCurve.address,
dividendPool.address,
splitOnPay
);
});
it('should transfer all tokens to beneficiary when splitOnPay is 0%', async function() {});
});
describe('splitOnPay 100%', async () => {
beforeEach(async () => {
const splitOnPay = new BN(100);
const testBondingCurve = await BondingCurve.at(
await appCreate('bc-dao', 'BondingCurve', constants.ZERO_ADDRESS, '0x')
);
await testBondingCurve.initialize(
curveOwner,
curveOwner,
paymentToken.address,
bondedToken.address,
buyCurve.address,
sellCurve.address,
dividendPool.address,
splitOnPay
);
});
it('should transfer all tokens to dividend pool when splitOnPay is 100%', async function() {});
});
});
});
});
| 5,150 |
<urn:uuid:7b016f3a-afc7-45e0-8292-bb48e3551a11>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,010 |
https://www.education.gouv.fr/bo/2010/special06/mene1010834d.htm
|
associations.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 264 | 440 |
Bulletin officiel spécial n°6 du 24 juin 2010
Retour au Bulletin officiel spécial n°6 du 24 juin 2010
Enseignements du second degré des voies générale et technologique
NOR : MENE1010834D
Vu code de l'Éducation ; avis du comité interprofessionnel consultatif du 25-3-2010 ; avis du CSE du 1-4-2010
Article 1 - L'article D. 336-3 est modifié comme suit : 1) Le troisième alinéa est remplacé par un alinéa ainsi rédigé : « 2° Série STI2D : sciences et technologies de l'industrie et du développement durable. » 2) Après le huitième alinéa, est inséré un alinéa ainsi rédigé : « 8° Série STD2A : sciences et technologies du design et des arts appliqués. » 3) Au neuvième alinéa : a) les mots « et options » sont supprimés ; b) le sigle « STI » est remplacé par « STI2D » ; c) l'expression « STG et hôtellerie » est remplacée par l'expression « STG, hôtellerie et STD2A ». 4) Les dixième et onzième alinéas sont remplacés par un alinéa ainsi rédigé : « Les dispositions des troisième, neuvième et dixième alinéas du présent article, relatives aux séries STI2D et STD2A, entrent en application à compter de la session 2013 de l'examen et prennent effet pour les épreuves anticipées de cette session, organisées en 2012. » Article 2 - Le ministre de l'Éducation nationale, porte-parole du Gouvernement, est chargé de l'exécution du présent décret, qui sera publié au Journal officiel de la République française. Fait à Paris, le 27 mai 2010
François FillonPar le Premier ministre,Le ministre de l'Éducation nationale, porte parole du Gouvernement,Luc Chatel
| 504 |
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undecimov%C3%BD%20akord
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Undecimový akord
|
https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Undecimový akord&action=history
|
Czech
|
Spoken
| 285 | 686 |
Undecimový akord je pojem z oblasti hudební teorie, označující souzvuk šesti současně zahraných tónů, které jsou navíc poskládány podle určitých harmonických pravidel – odpovídají požadavkům terciového systému.
Konstrukce undecimových akordů
V rámci většinově užívaného terciového systému jsou undecimové akordy odvozovány od některého z nonových akordů přidáním malé nebo velké tercie „nad“ pátý tón nonového akordu – vzniká tak akord, který kromě základního tónu, tercie a kvinty obsahuje jako čtvrtý tón septimu, jako pátý tón nonu a jako šestý tón undecimu.
Vzhledem k tomu, že je akord složen ze šesti různých tónů, je při jeho provedení poměrně časté vynechání některých z nich. Důvodem je jednak technická proveditelnost (například na kytaře, která má „pouze“ šest strun neexistují pro některé undecimové akordy úplné prstoklady), jednak snaha o zesílení významu některých intervalů tím, že jiné nezazní – vhodnými kandidáty na vynechání je například kvinta (pokud je čistá) nebo nona (pokud je velká a undecima není alterovaná).
Nejběžnější typy undecimových akordů
Následující tabulka obsahuje základní typy undecimových akordů a jejich vlastnosti. Další undecimové akordy a alternativní způsoby jejich značení lze nalézt v článku Seznam akordových značek.
Značka – obsahuje běžně používanou akordickou značku nonového akordu
Kvintakord – obsahuje název kvintakordu, na kterém je nonakord postaven pomocí terciového systému
Septima – obsahuje typ použité septimy
Nona – obsahuje typ použité nony
Undecima – obsahuje typ použité undecimy
Příklad – obsahuje tónové složení nonového akordu od základního tónu C
Stupeň (dur) – obsahuje informaci, od kterého stupně durové stupnice lze akord použít (Například V znamená, že tento akord postavený na pátém stupni durové stupnice obsahuje pouze tóny této stupnice – lze jej tedy použít jako dominantu v durových skladbách.)
Související články
Septakord
Nonový akord
Tercdecimový akord
Akordová značka
Seznam akordových značek
Akordy
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valueofsoul00bate_8
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,849 |
The value of the soul
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,528 | 4,524 |
Obj. 2. — The Scriptures express the danger of the apostacy and ruin of Saints. Ezek. 18 : 24 — *' But when the righteous man turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, and doeth according to all the abominations that the wicked man doeth, shall he live ? All his righteousness that he hath done shall not be mentioned : in his trespass that he hath trespassed, and in his sin that he hath sinned, in them shall he die." Heb. 6 : 4-6 — '•' For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 185 and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost, and have tasted the good Word of God and the pov^^ers of the world to come, if they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance ; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame. (Ver. 9) — But beloved we are persuaded better things of you, and things that accompany salvation, though we thus speak." Heb. 10 : 26, 27 — " For if we sin wilfully after that we have received the knowledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for sins ; but a fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation, which shall devour the adversaries." 2 Peter 2 : 20 — " For if after they have escaped the pollutions of the world, through the knowledge of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they are again en- tangled therein and overcome, the latter end is worse with them than the bes-inning;/' These are the passages of Scripture which are usually selected to overthrow all the others chosen to defend the doctrine in question. But it should be re- membered, that there is nothing in these portions of Scripture to contradict the others. The large num- ber of texts presented to prove the doctrine were positive in affirming the certainty of the believer's eternal salvation. The above texts are hypothetical. They merely suppose a case which, if it were real, would result thus and so. In each instance it reads, when or if a man do so and so, the natural conse- quences will follow. A similar instance occurs in the 27th chapter of Acts, verses 21-31, in which the term "except'' is used, when it was certain in the apostle's mind that 16* 186 THE VALUE OF THE SOULv the end would be secured by the caution embraced in the supposition. The passages read thus : " But after long abstinence Paul stood forth in the midst of them, and said, Sirs, ye should have hearkened unto me, and not have loosed from Crete ; and to have gained this harm and loss. And now I exhort you to be of good cheer ; for there shall be no loss of any man's life among you, but of the ship — (this is positive). For there stood by me this night, the angel of God, whose I am and whom I serve, saying, Fear not, Paul ; thou must be brought before Caesar; and lo, God hath given thee all them that sail with thee. Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer ; for I believe God that it shall be even as it was told me — (this is Divine authority, even such as has been quoted to prove our doctrine). And as the shipmen were about to flee out of the ship, when they had let down the boat into the sea, under color as though they would have cast anchors out of the foreship, Paul said to the centurion and to the soldiers, except (here is an expression of uncer- tainty, though the result was certain as God had de- clared it) these men abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved.'' Now it was certain in the mind of Paul that all would be saved, but he expressed doubt, not because it v/as doubtful, but for the purpose of lead- ing the managers of the vessel to use the means to accomplish the end. So, in the case of belitvers, God has determined to save all his people — not one of them shall be lost. But he has seen proper to give them the necessary caution. He threatens, and com- mands, and promises for the purpose of saving them. Whereas, if they were left to themselves they would perish — if they do not use the means they cannot OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 187 enjoy the end. But as God governed the minds of the ship's crew, and led them to heed the warning of Paul and thus saved them, so he will take care to lead his people to the use of the means of their eter- nal salvation, for '•' the steps of a good man are order- ed by the Lord, ' so that, " though he/a/Z he shall not be utterly cast down ; for the Lord upholdeth him icith his hand.'' Obj. 3. — The Scriptures furnish several instances of grievous apostacies. — The New Testament, espe- cially, speaks of Judas, Alexander, Hymeneus, Phile- tus, and others. The case of Judas has already been sufficiently considered. Christ affirms what he was from the beginning. Nothing more is said of Alexander than that he did the Apostle Paul much evil by opposing the sentiments of the Apostle, and against whom he warns Timothy. The supposition is, that Alexander apostatized from the faith of the Gospel, and labored to establish a separate interest. It is not said, how- ever, that he was before a member or minister of the Christian Church ; so that his case is not a plain in- stance of apostacy. In speaking of Hymeneus and Philetus, the Apostle compares their sentiments to a canker which is calculated to destroy the wholesome influence of the principles of the Gospel, whenever they shall become associated, and to produce serious^ effects in the hearts of those who embrace this mix- ture of truth and error. The fault of these, men, was that they advocated the doctrine, that the resurrec- tion Vv^as past, by which they overthrew the faith ot some of the Apostolic Church who held to a future resurrection. Nothing is said of the former church 188 THE VALUE OF THE SOUL. relation of these advocates of error. Neither is there any particular charge urged against their reUgious experience. The Apostle barely says, that "Con- cerning the truth they have erred.'' So that, these too, are doubtful cases of " apostate Christians.'' The Apostle informs us that they hdid false brethren; and these may have been among the number. Indeed, all those vv^ho have been noticed, may have been of that class, of w^hom Christ speaks in his description of the scenes of the judgment in Matt. 7 : 22, 23, where he says : '' Many will plead that they have done many wonderful works, in casting out devils, prophesying,'' &c., but to whom he will say : " I never knew you, depart from me, ye workers of iniquity." The Apostle John refers to the same characters when he affirms : " That antichrists shall come, even now are there many antichrists, whereby we know it is the last time. They went out from us, but they were not of us ; for if they had been of us, they would have conti- nued with us : hut they went out that they might he made maiiifest that they were not all of us." It is also frequently urged as an objection, that Paul expresses fear lest he should become a cast-away after having preached to others. And well he might express fear, and feel that he must keep his body un- der subjection. Because, if left to himself all that he had done would not save him, he would be as lia- ble to be cast away as the vilest sinner. It was as necessary for him to be faithful as for the sinner to believe for salvation. Though he was as certain of eternal salvation, as he was that the ship's crew, be- fore considered, would all be saved : yet he was con- sistent enough to know that he must, as well as they, ^ OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 189 use the means of safety. He expresses his certainty of salvation in the preceding text, as previously quoted, viz. : "I therefore so run, not as uncertainly : so fight I, not as one that heatetk the air.'' Obj. 4. — It is inconsistent with free agency. — This is a very simple objection, though frequently urged. Why not urge the same objection against the sinner's conversion ? Do men convict and regenerate them- selves by their free agency ? If not, is not their sal- vation, in the first instance, inconsistent with the objector's view of free agency ? Would heaven ever be secured to one soul by his free agency alone ? If not, then surely it cannot be inconsistent wdth free agency — if such a thing can be in an unlimited sense — for God to exercise his sovereign power to govern the human will, so as to keep it directed in a proper course, in order to accomplish the determined end ? For if the W'ill of man is subject to the will of God,, in conviction and conversion, so is it in completing the work begun, even to eternal glory. If angels and saints are confirmed in heaven under the moral go- vernm.ent of God, so also are the heirs of heaven con- firmed on earth, being subject to the same government. Obj. 5. — It tends to licentiousness. — This supposes that, because eternal salvation is rendered certain, the heir of promise will be so corrupt and ungrateful, that he will abuse the Divine Benefactor and the pre- sent blessings he enjoys ! In order to arrive at a cor- rect view of such an hypothesis, it is merely necessary to enquire w^hether the character of those wno believe this doctrine is licentious, and, if so, how does it com- pare with the character of those who deny it ? The fact is, those who commit the keeping of their soul?; 190 THE VALUE OF THE SOUL. unto the end, into the hands of their Redeemer, are experimental Christians— they have tasted the joys of salvation. And their motives to Christian faithfulness are stronger, because they are certain of heaven, than they can possibly entertain, v^ho constantly live in doubt as to their future destiny. Obj. 6. — If I believed this doctrine I would not pray any more. This is the strongest sentiment that an unregenerate mind could possibly exercise. It is that vv^hich declares pure selfishness. It indicates this: Now God has accomplished my redemption; and he w^ill surely bring me to enjoy him in his glo- rious kingdom. I need not pray any more ; I need not be faithful unto death. I have no trials to endure. I have no temptations to resist. I need not be care- ful to maintain the Christian character. There is nothing for me to do, for the Lord keeps me and will save me without the use of means. It will be readily seen, that any person who encourages such feelings is an utter stranger to the workings of the Holy Spirit in the regenerate soul. God does not work in us to will and to do according to his good pleasure, without giving us a spirit of agonizing prayer, a desire to be instrumental in saving souls, a disposition to endure all things, hope all things, believe all things, in a word, to communicate, to do good, to forget not, to hold on our way. In the conclusion of this part of the treatise, I would remark, 1. That if this doctrine be true — and we think w^e have fairly proved it — then Christians have a solid foundation upon which to rest their hopes. This foundation is nothing less than the Lord Jesus Christ, and his Word. The apostles speak of OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 191 Christ as being cemented with his people, as the cor- ner-stone to a building. The following passages from their writings are very expressive of the close con- nection there is between Christ and the Church. Eph. 2 : 19-22, " Now, therefore, ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellow-citizens with the saints, and of the household of God ; and are huilt upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner-stone ; in lahom all the building, fitly framed, together, groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord ; in whom ye also are builded to- gether, for an habitation of God through the Spirit/' See also, 1 Peter 2 : 3-9. The above Scripture plainly indicates the perfect security of God's chosen people. For no building can be perfect and fitly framed together if one stone is left out. And Peter, as above referred to, calls be lievers " livelj^ stones,'"' who together are built up a spiritual house. And, indeed, in order for one of these lively stones to be loosened and fall out, and be miss- ing, the corner-stone must be rendered defective. But as Christ is alwavs the same, and as his children are built upon him, they have a sure foundation, and will remain permanently in his love. Paul says on this point — " Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, the Lord knoweth them that are his,'' Believers are represented as being a part of the body of Christ. And surely he will not suffer any member of his most glorious body to per- ish. The apostle remarks in 1 Cor. 12 : 27". " Now ye are the body of Christ, and members in particu- lar." Again, Eph. 4: 16. "From whom (Christ) the whole body fitly joined together, and compacted 192 THE VALUE OF THE SOUL. by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every party maketh increase of the body unto the edifying of it- self in love.'' There are but two things on which we can rely for continuance in holiness. These are either Gur own will, or the will of God. It is mere folly to suppose that the will of the believer is so sanctified and gov- erned by good moral influences, foreign from the Holy Spirit, that he can, of himself, persevere in holiness. Sacred and profane history, as well as observation and experience, confirm the fact, that the most faith- ful saint, v/hen left to his own will, wanders away into forbidden paths. See the cases of the angels that fell, of Adam, of David, Solomon, Peter, and a host of others, ancient and modern. Since, then, no man, of himself, can possibly persevere a day, an hour, a moment in the way to heaven ; all the glory of our salvation, from first to last, must be ascribed to God and the Lamb forever. 2. Not only have those Christians who believe this doctrine stronger reasons to love God than those who reject it, but sinners also have more urgent motives to attend to the salvation of their souls. It is be- cause the believer knows that his Mediator is ever living before the Father to prevent his final apostacy, that his attachment to Christ is daily strengthened. And it is because sinners who believe this doctrine expect to be saved according to the fullest import of the term salvation, that they feel a greater obligation to attend to the things which w^ork for their eternal peace. It is more reasonable to suppose that, a cer- tainty will be embraced with greater readiness than OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 193 an uncertainty. Let the awakened sinner be con- vinced in his mind that he is called to secure the pearl of great price, the heavenly treasure, which shall never be taken away if once possessed, and he has a motive, strong and irresistible, to impel him for- ward to obtain the prize of his high calling in Christ Jesus. This would be the natural consequence. It is one of the motives of the Gospel to hold out the crown of life, the sure reward, the gift of God to the awakened sinner as well as to the believer. And surely, he that feels certain of heaven will enter upon the race — he will engage in the battle. And such a one will be sure to ascribe all his success, all his sal- vation, all the glory to God, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, for ever and ever. For such, and such only, shall become possessors of an eternal in- heritance in the kingdom of glory. It is now the feeling of every true believer in Christ. And, wher- ever the Scriptures speak of the praises of the re- deemed in heaven, they aiRrm that that sentiment will be fully embraced in the songs of the glorified worshippers of God and the Lamb. And finally, our Lord has apprized all who become his disciples, that they shall be subject to tribulation in this world ; and that their faith shall be tried by both God and man. The chief enemy against whom they must contend is fierce, vigilant, and subtle. They have temptations and sorrows throughout their whole pilgrimage. Doubts and fears beset them on every side, both in view of the present life and that which is to come. But they should remember, that, whatever other causes of fear they may have, their risen and glorified Master tells them, that, on the 17 194 THE VALUE OF THE SOUL. subject of their future destiny they may dismiss their fears, and rejoice in the prospect of a crown of glory that shall never fade away. They are his flock ; and, as such, they are the objects of the incessant care and unspeakable tenderness of their great, good, infinite, eternal, almighty, all- wise Savior and Shepherd. He is always with them to defend and provide for them. He gathers the lambs with his arms and carries them in his bosom, and will finally introduce them into His fold in heaven. In every age of the world, by His Providence, His Spirit, His institutions, and His promises. He has been saying to his beloved ones, " Fear not, little flock, for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the Kingdom of Immortal Glory — to lead you by living fountains of water and into green pastures — to wipe away all tears from your faces, and to re- move all your sorrows and destroy all your enemies.'' Surely such a hope is worth embracing. It de- serves being ''earnestly contended for.'' It was "delivered to the saints" for that object. But let the sword of the Spirit, the Word of God, be the wea- pon. Let the Holy Spirit direct and govern our hearts while we employ the means he has furnished, lest we contend unlawfully. It is necessary for us al- ways to feel the force of our Savior's remark, "With- out me ye can do nothing." And to enjoy that happy assurance which the apostle felt when he said, " I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me." The humble Christian feels, that the work of per- severing in holiness unto the end of this life, is too great for him to do alone. He constantly feels the need of Divine assistance. And he knows that it OBJECTIONS CONSIDERED. 195 can be secured, for God has promised to give grace sufficient for the evil day. Hoping, dear reader, that you have tasted of the heavenly gift of grace, which God alone can bestow, we most ardently wish that you may enjoy continual evidence of that sealing of the Spirit of promise, which is the earnest of our inheritance, until you fully realize the redemption of the purchased posses- sion, unto the praise of his glory. And should these pages be read by one who is an utter stranger to the kingdom of heavenly grace, let the encouragement herein afforded you to lay hold on the hope of the Gospel, cause you to fight no more against your God, but lead you to surrender yourself a prisoner of hope — an heir of promise — a joint-heir with Jesus Christ. " O taste and see that the Lord is good." Of ^^ 4 .^* ■'■■■■' ^ / V,-' //i -iKi,\\\V >^^ xO^^ f II the Bookkeeper process, laanesium Oxide >^<i^ Deacidified using the Bookkee Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: August 2005 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 1606fc" ^o"^,y^^ PreservationTechnoloc v^ D N« A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERV/ , -^ n^. 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive -'<■/> ^ Cranberry Township, PA 1606fc" </' \ (724)779-2111 \' ^ ^ * 0 A.
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https://github.com/wooooooong/StorytellingViewExam/blob/master/MyTileImageViewer/TileImageView/TileImageViewDataSource.swift
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
StorytellingViewExam
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wooooooong
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Swift
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Code
| 189 | 415 |
//
// TileImageViewDataSource.swift
// MyTileImageViewer
//
// Created by 홍창남 on 2017. 12. 28..
// Copyright © 2017년 홍창남. All rights reserved.
//
import UIKit
public protocol TileImageScrollViewDelegate {
func didScroll(scrollView: TileImageScrollView)
func didZoom(scrollView: TileImageScrollView)
}
public protocol TileImageViewDataSource: class {
var delegate: TileImageScrollViewDelegate? { get set }
// full Image size
var originalImageSize: CGSize { get set }
// TileLayer
var tileSize: [CGSize] { get set }
var minTileLevel: Int { get set }
var maxTileLevel: Int { get set }
// Default Zoom Level is Scale Aspect Fit Size.
// MaxZoomLevel allow you to zoom in image to its level.
var maxZoomLevel: CGFloat? { get set }
// ThumbNail Image Name
// This will be used as a thumbnail of image
// You need to set thumbnail image ratio same as original image
var thumbnailImageName: String { get set }
// Image Info
var imageURL: URL { get set }
var image: UIImage { get set }
var imageExtension: String { get set }
// Set BackgroundImage From URL
func requestBackgroundImage(completion: @escaping (UIImage?) -> Void)
}
extension TileImageViewDataSource {
var contentSize: CGSize {
return self.originalImageSize
}
}
| 24,433 |
https://github.com/appfolio/react-native-camera-kit/blob/master/android/src/main/java/com/wix/RNCameraKit/camera/commands/Command.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,022 |
react-native-camera-kit
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appfolio
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Java
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Code
| 12 | 48 |
package com.wix.RNCameraKit.camera.commands;
import com.facebook.react.bridge.Promise;
public interface Command {
void execute(Promise promise);
}
| 36,132 |
https://github.com/cgewecke/ethereumjs-monorepo/blob/master/packages/client/test/integration/mocks/mockpeer.ts
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,021 |
ethereumjs-monorepo
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cgewecke
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TypeScript
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Code
| 218 | 627 |
import EventEmitter from 'events'
import pipe from 'it-pipe'
import pushable from 'it-pushable'
import { Peer, PeerOptions } from '../../../lib/net/peer'
import MockServer from './mockserver'
import MockSender from './mocksender'
import { RemoteStream, createStream } from './network'
// TypeScript doesn't have support yet for ReturnType
// with generic types, so this wrapper is used as a helper.
const wrapperPushable = () => pushable<Buffer>()
export type Pushable = ReturnType<typeof wrapperPushable>
interface MockPeerOptions extends PeerOptions {
location: string
}
export default class MockPeer extends Peer {
public location: string
public connected: boolean
constructor(options: MockPeerOptions) {
super({ ...options, transport: 'mock', address: options.location })
this.location = options.location
this.connected = false
}
async connect() {
if (this.connected) {
return
}
await this.createStream(this.location)
this.emit('connected')
}
async accept(server: MockServer) {
if (this.connected) {
return
}
await this.createStream(server.location)
this.server = server
this.inbound = true
}
async createStream(location: string) {
const protocols = this.protocols.map((p) => `${p.name}/${p.versions[0]}`)
const stream = createStream(this.id, location, protocols)
await this.bindProtocols(stream)
}
async bindProtocols(stream: RemoteStream) {
const receiver = new EventEmitter()
const pushableFn: Pushable = pushable()
pipe(pushableFn, stream)
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-floating-promises
pipe(stream, async (source: any) => {
for await (const data of source) {
setTimeout(() => {
receiver.emit('data', data)
}, 100)
}
})
await Promise.all(
this.protocols.map(async (p) => {
if (!stream.protocols.includes(`${p.name}/${p.versions[0]}`)) return
await p.open()
await this.bindProtocol(p, new MockSender(p.name, pushableFn, receiver))
})
)
this.connected = true
}
}
| 9,716 |
https://github.com/irtyamine/ngx-bootstrap-icons/blob/master/projects/ngx-bootstrap-icons-lib/src/lib/icons/file-post-fill.ts
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
ngx-bootstrap-icons
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irtyamine
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TypeScript
|
Code
| 65 | 221 |
export const FilePostFill = `<svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="bi bi-file-post-fill" fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12 0H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v12a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h8a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2zM4.5 3a.5.5 0 0 0 0 1h5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1h-5zm0 2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v8a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h7a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-8a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-7z"/>
</svg>`;
| 14,147 |
TS/1869/TS_18691119/MM_01/0003.xml_1
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NewZealand-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,869 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,062 | 4,599 |
On account of the earliness of the season, the gooseberries were fine, and the cherries looked tempting, but there was no show of straw berries or other fruit. Messrs. Armstrong and West were judges for the flowers, and Messrs. Wilson, Norman, and Greenaway were judges for fruit and vegetables. PRIZE LIST. POT PLANTS. 6 Pelargoniums — 1st prize, J. Greenaway; 2nd, W. Norman. 3rd, J. A. E. St Quentin. 6 Geraniums — 1st prize, T. Abbott; 2nd, J. Greenaway. 3rd, J. A. E. St Quentin. 1st prize, W. Norman; 2nd, J. A. E. St Quentin. 1st prize, J. Greenaway; 2nd, T. Abbott. 3 Balsams — 1st prize, J. T. Rouse. 3 Cinnerarias — 1st prize, J. T. Rouse. 3 Cinnerarias — 1st prize, J. T. Rouse. FERNS. Best Collection — 1st prize, W. Norman; 2nd, Mrs. Rouse. Best Single Fern — 1st prize, T. Abbott; 2nd, W. Norman. 3rd, Mrs. Rouse. Best Single Fern — 1st prize, T. Abbott; 2nd, W. Norman. 3rd, Mrs. Rouse. Best Single Fern — 1st prize, T. Abbott; 2nd, W. Norman. House. Begonias — 1st prize, W. Norman. WINDOW PLANTS. 3 Varieties— 1st prize, Master H. Knowles; 2nd, T. Ellisdon. 2 do. — 1st prize, Master W. Reston. 1st prize, J. Kenner; 2nd, W. Reston. 1st prize, C. CUT FLOWERS. Roses, 12 varieties — 1st prize, J. Greenaway; 2nd, J. Allen. 6 do. — 1st prize, J. Allen; 2nd, J. T. House. 1st prize, J. Allen; 2nd, J. Allen. Verbenas, 6 varieties — 1st prize, J. A. E. St Quentin. 3 do. — 1st prize, J. A. E. St Quentin. 3 do. — 1st prize, J. A. E. St Quentin. 3 do. — 1st prize, J. M'Williams; 2nd, D. Craw. 3 do. — 1st prize, J. M'Williams; 2nd, D. Craw. 3 do. — 1st prize, J. M'Williams; 2nd, D. Craw. 3 do. — 1st prize, J. M'Williams; 4th prize, J. Allen. 4th prize, J. Allen. 5th prize, J. Allen. 5th prize, J. Allen. 6th prize, J. Allen. 6th Do., table— 1st prize, Mrs. G. Taylor. Girls — 1st prize, Mrs. P. Knowles. Floral Device — 1st prize, R. Wood; 2nd, Miss Eliza Webb. Floral Device — 1st prize, R. Wood; 2nd, W. Donald. Gooseberries— 1st prize, Webb and Son. VEGETABLES. 2 Cucumbers — 1st prize, W. Gibbs; 2nd, J. A. E. St Quentin. 2 Cauliflowers — 1st prize, J. M'Williams; 2nd, W. Gibbs; 3rd, Webb and Son. 6 Rhubarb— 1st prize, Webb and Son; 2nd, W. Donald. 50 Pods Peas— 1st prize, J. Wilkin; 2nd, H. R. Webb; 3rd, W. Gibbs. 50 Pods Broad or Long Beans — 1st prize, H. R. Webb; 2nd, W. Gibbs. 50 Pods Broad or Long Beans — 1st prize, J. Allen; 2nd, — (ildfield. For exhibition, highly commended, Mr. Errickson. 12 Potatoes, Round— 1st prize, — Errickson; 2nd, Webb and Son. Turnips — 1st prize, J. Allen. R. Webb. Best Basket of Vegetables — 1st prize, Webb and Son; 2nd, J. Allen. Mixed Salad — 1st prize, Webb and Son; 2nd, J. A. E. St Quentin. Best Collection of Culinary Herbs— 1st prize, Webb and Son. Local Arts and Manufactures. Mr G. Lewis exhibited a magnificent side table, composed of New Zealand woods; also, an exquisite table top, composed of New Cale donia woods; a picture frame, beautifully laid, and a glove box. Mr D. Bundy showed a beautiful little side board, made of New Zealand wood; Mr Bacon, a work box, but not of New Zealand manufacture; Mr Grange, engineer, also exhibited a capitally made iron gate; which was highly commended. Poultry Show. The show took place in the lower room, but owing, no doubt, to the short notice, there were but few competitors, still there were a large number of visitors, who evidently took great interest in the show. There was but little competition. The following are the prizes awarded: — English Black-breasted, cock and two hens — 1st prize, Mr Kenner. Malay, cock and two hens and chickens — 1st prize, Mr T. Bailey. Mr. Hollis obtained a first-class prize for his churns. During the afternoon, the building was crowded with visitors, a large number arriving by train from Christchurch. A pro menade concert took place in the evening. OVER-EXPENDITURE BY THE STAFFORD GOVERNMENT. Sir, if the opposition had wanted to take issue with the Government, instead of leading the House on a false scent, lion, members need not have gone to the item of permanent charges. There is a distinct and absolute assurance that the expenditure upon defense purposes was over and above the authorized amount. It is very well to pretend this in dignation on the question of permanent charges. If the late Government had felt aggrieved at the statement which was made for many weeks in this House, that there had been an excess of expenditure on defense purposes, they would have come down and asked for a Committee. This Government adopted a very tender course towards the late Government. When I first discovered that there had been an excess of expenditure on defense purposes— Mr. Stafford. — How much was it? Mr. Yogel. — The sum of £27,000 was ill-gaily expended over and above the £40,000 special order; and then there remains the liabilities still belonging to the year, and which we estimate at £69,000. When I first discovered that excess of expenditure, it obtruded itself on my mind that the painful duty might devolve liked to have been served with a writ for £27,000; I do not consider the matter as one of light moment — I found that there was evidence to show that the excess of expenditure was intentional, and that a Government might very readily under the system of advances which prevailed, be betrayed into an excess of expenditure. COMPULSORY EDUCATION. The following remarks on compulsory education appear in the Monthly Paper of the National Society for September, although it is expressly stated that their appearance in that periodical does not necessarily imply that they represent the views of the committee of that society as a body: Can a general compulsory system of attendance at school be applied in agricultural districts? This question naturally arises out of some remarks made a short time ago in the House of Commons by Professor Fawcett, the member for Brighton, who appeared to think that the principle of the Factory Acts is capable of general application in England. It would obviously be a waste of effort, and an embarrassing upsetting of our social arrangements, to introduce either compulsory or half-time systems of school attendance in rural districts if there were not at least a reasonable prospect that such systems would succeed. Where children work together in large numbers, as in factories and mills, there was, of course, a reasonable prospect of success before half-time and compulsory systems were formed. What prospect of success is there now in agricultural districts? At first sight, and indeed after mature consideration, it seems that compulsory measures of attendance in rural districts can be applied only by the agency of the rural police. There must be officers armed with powers to hunt out absentees from school, to inquire into the causes of their absence, and to bring the wandering scholars back within the school walls. If each county could be divided into school districts, it would be absolutely necessary to employ, in each district, officers specially appointed to discharge the duties just referred to, or else to use machinery already existing. The schools in every district, either every day or every week, to examine minutely the registers of attendance, for the purpose of ascertaining the names of all the children absent from school; at least, if the police did not do this, the teachers would have to send to them complete lists of the absentees. Let us now imagine the police with these lists in their hands. They would be obliged to go off in all directions to the homes of the absentees — to scour the country, in fact, in search of de faulters. It has been the custom lately to lay many new duties on the police (in other words, to utilize them to the fullest extent), but it is, perhaps, not saying too much to assert that the imposition upon them of this new office of visiting the homes of the poor for the purpose of finding out abtente 8 from school would oblige us, at least at first, to double our staff of rural police throughout the country — a process which might be found to be a somewhat expensive one, and to weigh heavily on the already overburdened taxpayer. We will now imagine Police constable No 48, X Division, standing with his list in hand in the home of one of the absentees. It is a winter's day, we will suppose. Our 'active and intelligent' functionary asks why the young absentee has not made his appearance at school during several days, and receives from the half-starved mother the answer, 'His father has been out of work for some weeks, and the child has no shoes.' Now what is Constable 48, X Division, to do in this perplexing case? As ours happens to be an inclement climate in winter, shoes are necessaries rather than luxuries. There is, we know, a particular article of dress of which it is said you cannot rob a Scotch Highlander; and it seems quite as difficult an operation to force an agricultural labourer out of work, -with a starving family and perhaps a sickly wife, to provide shoes when he has not a single penny in his pocket. To persist in forcing its scheme of education by law, would be obliged either to find work for the father or shoes for the child. Paternal despotism seldom succeeds. The State could not very well find work for all unemployed fathers, and as to finding shoes for the children, we should like to hear what our taxpayers or the Right Honourable Mr Lowe, our Chancellor of the Exchequer, would say. There is another point which, in considering the subject of compulsory education, must not be forgotten. It would be necessary to have penalties for parents who neglected to send a child to school. What are these penalties to be? Obviously, they must be either fines or imprisonment. You would hardly flog a poor labourer, especially as flogging in the array has been abolished; this idea, therefore, must be discarled. Suppose you impose a fine on a man and he has no money with which to pay it; in that case he must be sent to prison. Well, Hodge is, we will suppose, safe in prison for not sending his child to school. Fray, will any one solve this particular problem — What is to become of the man's wife and family while he is serving his time in the prison house? They cannot be allowed to starve. Society is a well-defined duty towards them, and society cannot evade the duty. No, society would have to step in and maintain the conditions. No, society would have to step in and maintain the conditions. No, society would have to step in and maintain the conditions. With domestic duties and an early cultivation of a helpful disposition are as important as education. It may be the case that many children are sent to work at too early a period in life, and this, of course, has its evils, but we must, on the other hand, remember that it has its countervailing advantages. Miss Pollt Glot's Dictionart. (From the " Girl of the Period.") Faint v n. — To go through a certain per formance, to give a 9er : e9 of imitations as of convulsions, prostrations, inseusibility, for the purpose of getting one's own way, or putting an end to a dispute. Synonymous with Jeint. Fair {Fancy) n. — A meeting or gathering, at which ladies stand behind counters and sell useless knick-knacks at prices nearly aB exorbitant as those of a West-end milliner. The epithet fancy is applied to it, because the far amateur dealers really gire their ser vices for the purpose of being conspicuous and displaying themselves to advantage, whereas they fancy they are doing so for some charitable purpose. Farce, n. — 1. The fact of a lady's coming with a fearfully red face, the result of too great a proximity to the kitchen fire, into the room where her guests are assembled, and shortly after ringing to know if dinner will soon be ready, as though she had not been superintending it herself, and did not know. 2. The performance of one of Shakspeare'a tragedies by nearly any metropolitan com pany at the present day. Fashion, n. — The Juggernaut of modern scialJife. Its votaries will go through any amount of pain (see boot", tight-lacing), and even defy death itself (see ball, pulmonary complaints), or ruin their dearest relatives, as well as themselves, when engaged in the rites of their idol ; nay, ridicule itself has no terror for them when engaged iv the horrible worship of fashion. Fast Girl, n. — A. name given to the liitual istic girl of the period, who keepa fasts and vigils. Fright, re. — A. term employed by women to designate any one of their sex better dressed than themselves. THE STAB, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1869. ADVERTISE! ADVERTISE!! From the Pilot, Si John's, New Brunswick. FACTS FOR MERCHANTS AND OTHEUS. "Advertising, and how to do it," was the subject of a lecture delivered before the Eastman National College in Chicago, by H. G. Eastman, L.L.D., of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. The lecturer began by saying there were but four men in the country who, roughly understood advertising, and they are Bonner, Barnum, Jay Cooke — the other he would not mention. All the large business houses in this country advertise largely, and spend immense amounts of money for that purpose. The proper method of advertising could be given in four words. The principle contained in these four words was that which made men rich by practice. There were thousands at that moment who were endeavouring to write a proper advertisement for the morning papers. These four words were: "Excite but not satisfy." The public must not be satisfied until they have bought your articles; and then, if the articles were good (as they always ought to be) customers would come again, and their patronage is yours. Whatever was advertised must be of the best quality. This was the case with the Paris penman; this was the case with Mr. Bar- num's Museum. Mr. B. paid 300 dols for his museum, with a debt of nearly 80,000 dols. Upon it. Government bonds would be on the market now had it not been for Jay Cooke and his pamphlet. The public must not be satisfied until they have bought your articles; and they would buy sugar. The result would be that a large sugar business would be established. Because their advertisements would not be made. This was so with everything. If you are a dry goods merchant, silks or some other article must be advertised, and that alone. An excitement must be made, and business would follow. We all advertise: churches, hotels, and all kinds of business are advertised. Churches advertise their work by their ministers preaching on "Reconstruction," Black Crook, "Washbasions," etc. The Metropolitan Hotel was advertised by its puddings. NEW ADVERTISEMENTS. WESLEYAN CHURCH, Durham Street. THE GALLERIES recently erected will be OPENED on SUNDAY, 21st INSTANT, When Sermons will be Preached, both Morning and Evening, by the REV. A. ROBERTSON FITCHETT, Of Dunedin. The Collections will be devoted to the "Gallery Building Fund." Christchurch, Nov. 18, 1889. 4481 CHURCH OF ENGLAND CEMETERY. A SEXTON is REQUIRED for the above Cemetery. Salary, £100 per annum, and £25 allowed for house rent. It is necessary that he should know something of the management of shrubs and flowers, and be able to write fairly. Applications, with testimonials, to be forwarded on or before SATURDAY, the 20th inst., to the Secretary, from whom information as to duties, etc., can be obtained. Applicants to attend at S. John's School-room, on TUESDAY, the 23rd instant, at eight p.m. EDWARD A. LINGARD, Secretary, 4472 S. Luke's Parsonage. ft/fR iE B^ SEYMOUR, DENTIST, GLOUCESTER STREET, (Opposite the Telegraph office). ARTIFICIAL TEETH FITTED AT CONSIDERABLY REDUCED CHARGES. 4321 CANTERBURY MUSIC DEPOT, CRYSTAL PALACE BUILDINGS, COUNT-ISTCHURCH. HARMONIUMS, by A. EXCHANGE and others, from TEN GUINEAS and upwards— all first-rate value. Inspection invited. For the Proprietor. 4385 J. J. M. LNER. NOTICE. ALL PERSONS INDEBTED to the Estate of the late ALEXANDER MATHEWS, deceased, are requested to call and make the necessary arrangements at SEXTON & CLARKE'S; WHOLESALE & RETAIL GROCERS Opposite Preece's Salesyards, Triangle, COLOMBO STREET, Christchurch. JOHN MATHEWS, Administrator. The highest price given for BUTTER, EGGS, CHEESE, & BACON. THE ABOVE ESTABLISHMENT. CASES OF QUININE, CHAMPAGNE, AND QUININE WINE, FOR SALE. 4290 NEW STORE. IF. HINDLEY has Opened Premises on NORWICH QUAY, LYTTELTON, For the SALE of SHIP AND FAMILY STORES, WINES, SPIRITS, &c, At moderate prices. 4479 PREECE'S CENTRAL MARKET AND SALEYARDS. TOMORROW (SATURDAY). PRECESE will SELL— Horses, cattle, pigs, and poultry Drays, carts, ploughs, &c. Harness, saddles, and bridles Farm and dairy produce Household furniture, &c. Sale of Live Stock— 11.30 a.m. N.B.— Stalls of Butchers' Meat, Vegetables, Fruit, &c. 4412 END OF NEW ADVERTISEMENTS. THE CIRCULAR SAW, STEAM NAVIGATION CO. STEAMERS are appointed to sail as under: For Otago and Bluff:— For Wellington, Picton, Nelson. Taranaki, and Manukau: — AIREDALE, on SUNDAY, 28th, at 11 o'clock, a.m. For Rent, at Mr. Bealey's Farm, River Street, Two Shakers, on or before Monday next. 4476 WANTED, a GENERAL SEAMAN. References required. Apply to Miss COLUMBIA, Colombo Street South, opposite City Brewery, Christchurch; or Mrs. ALBERT CUFF, Lyttleton. 4474 REGISTRY OFFICE, Cashel Street.—, Wanted, TO-MORROW (Saturday). Twelve o'clock, a Married Couple, without family; a Female Cook, Housemaid, Nursery Governess, a Nurse, and a middle-aged female, as Housekeeper. Apply to JAMES PARKER, as above. 4480 YOUNG LADY wishing to return to England, would give her services as Attendant or Nurse to a Lady going home. Address D.V., office of this paper. 4477 TO LET— A FOUR-ROOMED COTTAGE in the Springfield Road, close to the North town belt, with Quarter-acre of Garden, and good spring of water. Apply to HENRY LAKE, Cookham House Chambers, 4479 Christchurch.
| 32,476 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%97%A4%20%ED%8E%98%EB%A3%A8%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
호르헤 페루고리아
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https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=호르헤 페루고리아&action=history
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Korean
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Spoken
| 124 | 560 |
호르헤 페루고리아(Jorge Perugorría, 1965년 8월 13일 ~ )는 쿠바의 영화 감독, 배우, 화가, 조각가, 텔레비전 배우이다.
아바나에서 태어났다.
영화
윈드 하바나 (2016년)
어 서커스 테일 & 어 러브 송 (2016년)
비바 (2015년) - 앙헬 역
히즈 웨딩 드레스 (2014년)
이타카로의 귀환 (2014년)
아모르 크로니코 (2012년)
타인의 아내를 사랑하다 (2010년)
홈 오브 플렌티 (2008년)
체 게바라: 2부 게릴라 (2008년) - 호아킨 역
체 게바라: 1부 아르헨티나 (2008년) - 빌로 역
버진 로즈 (2006년)
퀸즈 (2005년)
랜커 (2002년) - 토니 역
노웨어 (2002년)
티에라 델 푸에고 (2000년)
바이 마이 사이드 어게인 (1999년)
네이키드 마야 (1999년)
웨이팅 리스트 (1999년)
오이디프스 (1996년)
밤볼라 (1996년)
관타나메라 (1995년)
딸기와 초콜릿 (1994년)
외부 링크
1965년 출생
살아있는 사람
바스크계 쿠바인
쿠바의 남자 영화 배우
스페인으로 귀화한 사람
쿠바의 남자 텔레비전 배우
| 47,327 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.