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bpt6k606984x_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,927 |
Le Petit Parisien : journal quotidien du soir
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 7,799 | 12,986 |
LE BUDGET DE 1928 M. POINCARÉ NE VEUT NI AUGMENTATION DE DÉPENSES NI MMlWfION_DE RECETTES Il l'a déclaré hier au cours d'un exposé devant la commission des finances, précisant qu'il poserait la question de confiance devant la Chambre contre toute mesure qui compromettrait l'équilibre budgétaire La commission des finances avait, avant tes vacances, adressé au président du Conseil une note pour obtenir des éclaircissements sur diverses questions se rapportant au budget de 1928. M. Poincaré lui a apporté, hier, les explications qu'elle avait sollicitées. Pas de réduction, cette année, de la taxa à la première mutation En ce qui concerne la taxe de 7 0/0 à la première mutation, M. Poincaré a dit qu'il n'accepterait cette année aucune réduction, quelle qu'elle ftit. des recettes budgétaires et qu'il engagerait sur ce point la responsabilité du gouvernement tout entier. It ajouté que la taxe de 7 0/0 n'avait pas eu pour conséquence un arrêt appréciable des transactions immobilières. L'imp6t sur les valeurs mobilières Au sujet des droits sur Les vapeurs mobilières, le président du Conseil a déclaré qu'il ne pouvait, quant à présent, modifier le régime existant et que, par ailleurs, l'augmentation de la taxe sur les tractations en Bourse (1 pour 1.000 au lieu de 0,60 pour 1.000) n'avait pas conduit comme on le croyait à un rendement inférieur de ladite taxe puisque le produit de l'impôt susvisé est passé de 150 millions (période août 1925 à avril 1926) à 283 millibns (période mai 1926 à avril 1927). La taxe sur le chiffre d'affaires M. Poincaré a déclaré qu'il ne pouvait, dans les circonstances présentes, prendre la responsabilité de ntodifier la tnxe sur le chiffre d'affaires on a proposé de lui substituer une taxe à la production qui est l'impôt le plus productif, mais que les commissions nommées continuaient leur étude et que le gouvernement examinerait, le moment venu, les conclusions de leurs travaux. La réorganisation du monopole des allumettes Mj.Poinçaré a annoncé qu'un projet de réorganisation du monopole des allumettes était à l'élude, que ses services avaient procédé à des consultations, et que tes conclusions de cette étude seraient communiquées .ultérieurement à la commihsion. Le traitement des fonctionnaires Interrogé sur les travaux des commissions chargées de réaliser la péréquation des traitements des fonctionnaires, le chef du gouvernement a indiqué que, dans l'ensemble, les intéressés s'étaient montrés satisfaits, que le gouvernement a déjà pris, au cours des vacances, trois cents décrets environ concernant les fonctionnaires et que la commission Marin, une fois prise la totalilé des décrets, pourra toujours être saisie, le cas échéant, des réclamacions qui se produiraient. Les prévislons de recettes D'ont pas à être revlsées pour 1928 Plusieurs commissaires ayant demandé s'il n'y aurait pas lieu de reviser les évaluations budgétaires pour l'année prochaine en tenant compte du rendement des impôts depuis le début de la présente année, il" président du Conseil a déclaré que cette opération n'était pas utile et qu'il apparaissait dès maintenant qu'en tout état de cause le Trésor disposera d'une plus-value supérieure à 300 millions, provenant du rendement des impôts. S'expliquant, sur la proposition qui a été faite d'inscrire dans le budget les recettes du plan Dawes, M. Poincaré a dit que, tout en étant partisan de la suppression des comptes spéciaux et du retour à l'unité budgétaire, il y avait des raisons très sérieuses de maintenir le statu quo quant aux recettes du plan Dawes, étant donné notamment, la difficulté de procéder à des évaluations exactes du montant des recettes à provenir en exécution de ce plan, recettes qu'il serait dangereux de confondre dans la masse du budget. Les dettes Interalliées M. Vincent Auriol a soulevé la question des dettes interalliées en faisant remarquer que l'accord avec l'Angleterre expirait en mars 1928 et que l'accord avec les Etats-Unis expirait au mois de juin de l'année prochaine. M. Poincaré a répondu qu'il saisiiait le Parlement de cette question avant la fin de la législature en vue du renouvellement de ces accords pour Pas d'augmentation de dépenses Revenant à la fin de ses explications sur la nécessité de maintenir rigoureusement l'équilibre du budget, M. Poincaré a affirmé l'impérieuse nécessité d'écarter toute atujmcnlalinn tle dépenses comme toute diminution des recettes et il a déctaré que si dans un but électoral des députés proposaient des augmen,talions de dépenses, le gouvernement demanderait l'application de l'artible 86 du règlement de la Chambre qui interdit tout relèvement de crédit sans accord préalable entre la Commission et le gouvernement. Sur le rapport de M. Palmade, la Commission a adopté le budget annexe des manufactures d'AlsaceLorraine et sur le rapport de .Ni. François-Poncet. le budget annexe des poudres. Enfin, la commission a entendu M. Bokanowski sur ce qui poncerne le budget des P, T. T, UNE SOCIÉTÉ SECRÈTE S'ÉTAIT FORMÉE A MOSCOU MÊME CONTRE LES SOVIETS QUATORZE PARTISANS DE TR0TSK1 SONT EXCLUS DU PARTI COMMUNISTE, Moscou, 29 septembre (dép. Havas.) La presse publie la décision du bureau de la commission de contrôle du parti communiste à Moscou, concernant l'expulsion du parti de quatorze membres de l'opposition accusés d'avoir créé, de concert avec des groupes d'intellectuels sans parti, une organisation secrète contre le parti, dont cerlains membres se maintenaient en contact avec des éléments ouvertement antisoviétiques. Cette organisation possédait une typographie illégale, où étaient imprimés tant les documents secrets du parti que les documents de l'opposition contre le parti. De vieux trotskistes se trouvaient à la tête de cette organisation, notamment Vratchkoxsky, président d'un des trusts de Moscou, qui dirigeait la typographie secrète et lui fournissait, ainsi qu'aux sans-parti qui y travaillaient, les documents du parti et les documents secrets contre le parti. Le nouveau lord maire àe Londres Londres, 29 septembre (dép. Petit Paris.) La Cité de Longée a élu aujourd'hui son nouveau ,,maire. C'est sur sir M. C. A. Batho, le nouveau lord-maire de Londres Charles Batho que s'est porté le choix de la corporation. Le nouveau lord-maire qui a cinquante-quatre ans, appartient à une des familles les plus anciennes de la capitale. Depuis hier M. Georges Clemenceau a 87 ans A l'occasion de son quatre-vingtseptième anniversaire, M. Georges Clemenceau a reçu hier, tant à son domicile personnel, rue Franklin, que ehez son ami, M. Pietri, 2, avenue de Messine, dont il est l'hôte, de nombreuses félicitations, Ses amis ont fait déposer, avenue de Messine, de magnifiques irerbes de fleurs, hommages auxquels l'ancien président du Conseil s'est montré très sensible. UN NOUVEL ÉVÊQUE UN NOUVEL ÉVÊQUE Mgr Petit de Julleyllle, évéque de Dijon, qnt a été consacre hier, IL Notre-Dame, par le cardinal Dubois Un mandat d'arrêt est lancé contre l'organisateur du match Tunney Dempsey Londres, 29 sept. (d. Petit Parisien.) Suivant un message Excliange Telegraph de San-Prancisco, le chef de police de la province, M. Krull, a annoncé qu'un mandat d'arrêt venait d'être lancé contre Tex Rickard, l'organisateur du match TunneyDempsey. Le elet de police allègue que Tex Rickard, en éditant un film reproduisant le match, avait violé d'une façon flagrante la loi qui prohibe de jelles exhibitions. Il se peut, a ajouté M. Krull, que deux mandats similaires soient lancés contre Tunney et Dempsey. ORIGINALES OBSÈQUES JTWN1ËIKM1 A MOSCOU Riga, 29 sept. (dép. Information.) Un correspondant de journaux américains, mort à Moscou, avait demandé dans ses dernières volontés qu'on dispersai ses cendres du haut d'un avion. Son voeu a été exaucé à la lettre après avoir été Incinéré au four crématoire de hloscou, ses ont été projetés dans les airs, à 1.500 mètrea de hauteur, par un avion, UN CONSEIL DES MINISTRES SI TENU CE MATIN il filjfljllulï De nombreuses question* $t rapportant à la politiqae extérieur*, aux relations économiqaes, aa trauail parlementaire sont à l'ordre da jour de la délibération gouvernementale Pour la troisième fois, cette année, les ministres se rendront ce matin à Rambouillet, où villégiature le Président de la République, pour tenir sous sa présidence un conseil des ministres. La optique extérieure aura sa large place dans le programme des délibérations gouvernement aies. M. Briand, outre l'habituel exposé de la situation extérieure, aura à communiquer à ses collègues l'état des négociations conduites par lui à Genève. Les affaires russes trouveront également leur place dans les échanges de vues entre les membres du cabinet. Il sera fait pr, bablemént allusion au cas du représentant des Soviets à Paris. On connaît les premières démarches faites à ce propos auprès du gouvernement de l'U. R. S. S. par notre ambassadeur à Moscou. M. Jean Herbette a été chargé, il y a deux jours, de les renouveler sous une forme plus insistante et de faire nettement entendre au commissariat des Affaires .étrangères, que le giaintien il l'ambassade de Paris de M. Rakowsky ne pouvait plus être. étant donné l'état d'une partie de l'opinion s son égard, qu'un obstacle aux négociations en cours. La réponse soviétique à cette démarche renouvelée n'est pas encore connue, mais la possibilité n'est pas exclue que le gouvernement de Moscou, sentant la position de M. Rakowsky devenir de plus en plus difficile, et désireux d'autre part d'éviter un relâchement notable des rapports franco-russes. ne se soit décidé en fin de compte à remplacer son représentant en France. Rentré de son voyage en Amérique tout juste pour assister au dernier conseil, M. Bokanowski n'a pu donner à ses collègues qu'un Ires sommaire aperçu des manifestations auxquelles il a pris part. En même temps qu'nn complément de compte rendu à ce sujet, le ministre du Commerce aura à exposer l'état de nos relations économiques avec divers pays, et plus spécialement des échanges de notes qui ont eu lieu avec le gouvernement de Washington au sujet d'un éventuel accord commercial. Une fois de plus se posera, dans ta. délibération gotivernemeatate, -la question de la date à choisir pour la rentrée des Chambres. L'étude et le vote du budget dominant, pour le moment, toute autre préoccupation. la reprise des travaux parlementaires paraît devoir coïncider avec le moment où la commission des finances aura fourni aux députés tous les éléments pour engager utilement le débat. Il a paru que la date du 18 octobre, précédemment envisagée, pourrait avec avantage être remplacée par celle du 25 octobre,. Parmi les divers autres sujets qui retiendront leur attention. les membres du gouvernement auront à envisager la démarche faite par la commission des finances pour obtenir la libération momentanée de Ni. Cachin, ce qui pose un problème de droit constitutionnel. M. Albert Sarraut encore souffrant ne pourra se rendre à Rambouillet M. Albert Sarraut, souffrant, à la suite de l'accident dont il a été victime la semaine dernière en quittant ta ministère de l'Intérieur, a subi, hier, une nouvelle poussée de fièvre qui l'a contraint à s'aliter. De la sorte, il ne pourra assister au conseil des ministres qui se tient ce matin à Rambouillet. Dès que son état de santé le permettra, le ministre de l'Intérieur quittera Paris pour se rendre dans le Midi, où il compte passer une courte convalescence. UNE CENTAINE DE DÉTENUS SE RÉVOLTENT, A TOULON, DANS LA PRISON MARITIME Toulon, 29 sept. (dép. Petit Parisien.) Des incidents d'une gravité exceptionnelh se sont produits ce soir à la prison maritime. Des détenus, au nombre d'une centaine, se sont révoltés. Ils sont parvenus à démolir les portes de leurs cellules et Il briser des fenêtres en chantant des airs révolutionnaires et en criant Vive Marty Ils n'ont été maîtrisés que grâce à l'intervention de la gendarmerie maritime et de plusieurs détachements de marins en armes. Les promoteurs du mouvement se sont servis, pour leurs tentatives de déprédations, d'outils divers qu'utilisent des ouvriers, travaillant à côté. des corvées de prisonniers et qu'ils avaient réussi à garder par devers eux. Les principaux tnstigateurs de ces incidents ont été envoyés au fort de Mnlhousquet, où Ils seront soumis Il un régime sévère en attendant que l'enquête ouverte par l'autorllé maritime soit achevée. Le vice-amiral Thnmine, préfet maritime, a fait adresser ce soir la presse le communiqué suivant « Dans l'après-midi, quelques incidents se sont produits à la prison maritime. Ils ne présentent aucun caractère de gravité réelle. Ils se bornent à des réclamations de détenus. Ces réclamations sont, d'ailleurs, actuellement examinées par l'autorita supérieure. » HUIT JOURS A PEINE .ET DEJA FASCISTE 1 Le fils nouveau-ni de M. Moiiolini ra être inscrit au groupe des < Rome, 29 septembre (dép. P. Parisien) On annonce que dans quelques jours le député Ricci, président de l'œuvre nationale « balilla c'està-dire des pupilles fascistes, se rendra chez M. Mussolini pour lui remettre une petite chemise noire de « balilla ainsi que l'insigne et la carle de légitimation fascistes, au nom du nouv.eau-né Romano Mussoiini. LE DRAME DE LAVERSINES DEVANT LE JURY DE L'OISE LA FERMIÈRE ET LE CHARRETIER SONT CONDAMNÉS A LA PEINE DE MORT Beauvais, 29 sept. (de n. euv. spéciaL) Une riche fermière, épouse d'un mari «trop dur au travail » et qui s'éprend de son jeune valet de ferme. « Etre aimée, » songe-l-elle, tandis que lui se dit « Etre patron. » Evidemment, le mari est de trop. Il faut le supprimer. Tel est le drame qui amenait aujourd'hni devant les jurés de l'Oise Yvonne Deneux, femme Le.eu, et le charretier Marceau Jacquart, accusés d'avoir assassiné, le 10 novembre dernier, le fermier Leleu. Elle, c'est une épaisse créature, sans grdee et sans charme. A trentetrois ans, elle en paraît plus de quarante. Des lèvres minces, un nez pointu. Les yeux, petits, ont, lorsqu'elle écoute avec attention, une flamme étrange. Lui, c'est un beau gars de vingtdeux ans, large d'épaules et mince de hanches, des cheveux qui ondulent, un regard qui brille, une fine moustache retroussée sur une bouche gourmande. Sa cravate, savamment nouée, sort d'un col mou, mais impeccable. Bref, une silhouette .qu'on .s'attendrait davantage à rencontrer au comptoir d'un bar louche que dans une cour de ferme. Les amants ennemis La lecture de l'acte d'accusation est brusquement interrompue par les vagissements d'un poupon. Le pauvre petit est dans le box des accusés. entre les bras d'Yvonne Leleu, sa mère. C'est une fillette née en juin dernier, la veillo de l'ouverture de la session d'assises où, sans cet incident, eussent comparu le charretier et. la fermière. Lorsque le bébé a été remis à la concierge du palais de justice, nourrice improvisée, les débats reprennent. Jacquart écoute, en lissant sa moustache, les bons renseignements que le président Fiamma donne impartialement de sa jeunesse. Quand on arrive à l'entrée du charretier à la ferme Leleu, la note change. Le président. Vous êtes devenu très vite l'amant de la patronne. Au lieu de vous montrer discret, vous vous en vantiez. Dans les champs, vous l'embrassiez sans vergogne. Jacquart. Non, pas dans la plaine (sic). Le président. Leteu était bon pour vous. Non content, de t prendre sa Jacquart. Si }e» L'ai tué, c'eat pour lui ohéir, à elle. ti Yvonne Leleu. Sacquart m'avait dit qu'il achèterait un pour des-'cendre Leleu. C'est liai qui a tué, c'est lui qui a voulu tuer. Le couple, qui est devenu criminel par amour, échange un regard de haine. Un crime bien prémédité On en est maintenant au 9 novembre. Jacquart. Ce soir-là, Yvonne m'a emmena dans la cave aux betteraves. Elle m'a. dit Alors, c'est demain que tu le tues ? » J'ai répondu Si je peux. » (Sensation). Le président. Vous aviez déjà plusieurs fois envisagé, tous les deux, le moyen de supprimer le pauvre Leleu. Jacquart. Moi. je voulais partir avec elle et l'épouser, mais Yvonne voulait rester à la ferme avec moi. C'est vrai que .je devais acheter un revolver, mais je ne l'ai pas fait. Le président. Il y a aussi une histoire de pilules. Jacquarl. Oui, Yvonne m'avait donné de l'argent pour acheter des pilules pour faire maigrir (sic) son mari. Le président. Vous avez apporté tes pilules en question. JacquartC'étaient des pilules laxatives. Mais, le 10 novembre, ce fut sérieux. Ce ,jour-là, à l'aube, Leleu avait remis à son charretier un grand marteau pour une réparation à la voiture. Jacquart. Tandis que le patron allait il l'écurie chercher le cheval, elle m'a dit, en pleurant dans son mouchoir, qu'elle ne pensait pas que je le ferais. Mais le charretier osa. Profitant du moment où Leleu avait la tète baissée, il le frappa à quatre reprises sur le crâne avec le lourd marteau. Jacquart. Quand le patron est tombé, je suis retourné à la cuisine trouver la patronne. Le président. Et alors ?.. Yvonne Leleu. Alors, il m'a dit « Arrive, ça y est ». Et il m'a demandé à transporter le corps au puits Patard. C'était trop loin. Je ne pouvais pas abandonner les enfants (la selle mrlrLe président. Alnrs, vous êtes allés Jusqu'au ruisseau et, pendant le par EXPÉRIENCES DE CATALEPSIE AU CONGRÈS PSYCHIQUE 1 Médium vous sentez un grand trouble vous envahir. vous vous sentez attiré par le vide. vous sentez vos paupières vous sentez vos membres se raidir. vous sentez votre sang se figer. sentez-vous sentez-vous ?. Comment voulez-vous que le sente tout ça ?. J'ai un rhume de cerveau gui est ua peu là /«• Marceau Jacquart et Yvonne Leleu pendant l'interrogatoire, les avocats H" Marthe Dyvracde et Paintré cours, comme votre malheureuse victime râlait trop fort a votre gré, Jaoquart l'a acheté d'un cinquième coup de marleau. Yvonne Leleu sanglote Jacquart baisse la tête sans répondre. Propos compromtttant C'est ensuite le long défité des dixhuit témoins. Les deux accusés avant tout avoué, sauf à se rejeter mutuellement l'un sur l'autre l'instigation du crime, les témoignages n'ont qu'un intérêt restreint. Le brigadier de gendarmerie Boufette, j'inspecteur de police mobile Richard racontent comment Us ont obtenu les aveux des deux coupables. Le docteur Poissonnier, médecin légiste, fournit une description technique des blessures. Son collègue, l'aliéniste Demay, affirme qu'Yvonne Leleu est pleinement responsable, el douze témoins de moralité assurent que, jusqu'alors, Jacquart et Yvonne Leteu étaient tous deux de braves et honnêtes travailleurs. Evidemment, depuis, il y a eu le crime. Dans cetfe sombre e tragédie paysanne, le témoin Adonis Lécuyer apporte une note comique. Monsieur le président, demande MI Marthe Dyvrnnde. avocate de Jacquart, roulez-vous demander à M. Lécuyer s'il n'a pas un jour confié à Jacquart qu'il avait acheté des pflutes pour se taire maigrir ? .NI. Lécuyor, qui respire la santé la plus florissante. C'est exact. -Ni« Dyvrandc. Ces pilules étaient inoffensives ? Le président. Maître, h suffit de voir le témoin. La preuve est fuite. L'audience est levée dans les rires. Le verdict la reprise, M. de Girard, procureur de la République, prononce un sévère réquisitoire, qu'il termina en réclamant une double poine de mort. Successivement, NI' Marthe pvvrande, pour Jacquart, et le bâtonnier Vainlré, pour 'a femme Lelflu. essayèrent d'atténuer la rigueur de ce réquisitoire. A 23 heures, le jury se retire pour délibérer. Il revient à minuit moins dix, avec un verdict affirmaüf sur toutes les questions, circonstances aggravantes comprises. C'est la peine de mort pour les deux accusés. An prononcé du jugement, Jacquart pleure pour la première fois. M. Maurice Chevalier et sa gracieuse partenaire Yvonne Vallée, dont on annonce le mariage, photographiés chez eux à Vaucresson LES SOUVERAINS ESPAGNOLS VONT VISITER lE MAROC Le roi et la reine d'Espagne s'embarqueront, le 4 octobre, à Algésiras, à destination de Ceuta. Ils visiteront les principaux champs de bataille de la zone espagnole du Maroc. Ils seront de retour le 8 octobre. Dans une crise de folie mystique un avocat vénézuélien étrangle son amie «Elle ne croyait pas en Dieu », déclara le meurtrier que l'on surprit alors qu'il se disposait à trancher la tête de celle qui était déjà morte Il y a un mois venait habiter, dans l'hôtel situé 9, rue Gay-Lussac, un jeune homme de vingt-sept ans, uriginaire de Mer/da (Venezuela), Enrique-Celis Briceno. avoeat en son pays natal. Elégant, aimable et recevant c''importants subsides de sa famille, le jeune étranger était un bon locataire. Dans la chambre qu'il occupait au troisième étage il accueillait, presque journellement, son amie, âgée de vingt et un ans, connue au quartier Latin sous le nom de Clara Gaillac. La jeune femme, c'était une fantaisie de sa part se prétendait de nationalité autrichienne alors que ses amies et ses intimes n'ignoraient point qu'elle était née au Havre et que son véritable nom. était Marguerite-Odette Gallier. « Clara » qui habitait 56, rue En haut Clara Gaillac. En ba3 Hcnrlquo Briceno Monsieur-le-Prince, en compagnie d'une amie, danseuse, Mlle Jeanne Bondon, se présenta, trier, vers 18 heures, à l'hôtel de la rue GayLussac et âpres avoir salué le patron M. Augustin Pafaud, elle gagna aussitôt la chambre de Briceno. y Le drame Un quart d'heure plus tard. M. Bataudentendit. de faibles appels, puis mi bruit de lulte semblant provenir du troisième étage. Il s'élança dans l'escalier mais arrivé sur le palier de l'étage, le silence s'était fait. A tout hasard, l'hôtelier frappa à la porte de la chambre de l'avocat vénézuélien. Ne recevant aucune réponse il potissa l'huis. Avec stupeur il aperçut son locataire à genoux sur le corps inerte de s'On amie, gisant toute habillée sur le parquet. Briceno tenant dans sa mainune lame de rasoir mécanique tailladait le cou de « Clara » d'où s'échappait du sang. L'entrée de M. Pataud ne dérangea pas l'avocat dans sa sinistre besogne, mais l'hôtelier, très courageusement, s'élança ?>ur le meurtrier, le maîtrisa tout -en appelant « au secours ». Briceiio, hébété, s'était laissé immabiliser, Vite, le personnel de l'hôtel était accouru. L'on s'efforça de porter secours à la victime, mais l'amie de l'avocat ne respirait déjà plus. Elle avait été étranglée. Des agents, prévenus, emmenèrent le meurtrier au commissariat du quartier du Val-de-Grâce, où l'on constata qu'il étaiten proie à une crise de démence. Une perquisition faite dans la chambre du déséquilibré fit constater que les rideaux de la fenêtre étaient en partie brûlés. En fin de soirée, l'assassin fut questionné. D'un ton flegmatique, il fit dès réponses vagues et souvent contradictoire. Il apparaît être Pn proie à une crise de folie mystique. « Il fallait faire an exemple » Son récit du crime est le suivant Ce matin, j'ai reçu un ordre de Dieu. Il fallait purifier le monde. J'ai alors mis le feu aux rideaux de ma chambre. Mais ta volonté de Dieu l'éteignit. Durant toute la journée, j'ai longuement médité. Quand Clara vint me trouver, je lui dis « Crois-tu en Dieu ? » Elle éclata de rire en disant Non. » Alors Dieu me donna un nouvel ordre. Il fallait un exemple. Je pris ma laroe de rasoir et, précipilant mnn amie sur le lit, je voulus l'immoler et faire verser son sang. Slle voulut fuir. Elle crin. « Tant pis, lui dis-je, Dieu J'ordonne. » Je la jetai par terre et pour étouffer sa voix, je la serrai u la gorge. Docile, cette fois, elle voulut bien se laisser couper la tête, quand on vint m'empêcher d'exécuter l'ordre de Dieu. Telles sont les incohérentes explications de l'avocat meurtrier, qui a été envoyé au dépôt. Le cadavre de la pauvre « Clara » a été dirigé sur l'institut médicolégal. LA CONFÉRENCE SUR TANGER Ln déUfnéi espagnols reviendront Paris an octobre Madrid. 29 srptembre (dép. {Javas.) Le journal Et Deboto ernit savoir, de source autorisée, que les délégués espagnols à la conférence de Tanger repartiront pour Paris vers la fin du mois d'octobre prochain, quel que soit le déïeloppement ultérieur de» négociation». LES TRISTESSES DE L'A. P. De vieux hôpitaux vieux, étrtits, sombres, incommodes où l'on exige du personnel en héroïsme quotidien tel est le domaine que nous allons parcourir 11 y a le vcntre de Paris ventre d'obèse. Mais il y a aussi le coeur de Paris, cœur r hypertropluque et innombrable, qui s'est donné pour tâche de lutter contre la soutTrance humaine c'est l'Assistance publique avec ses trente hôpitaux, ses quatre grands hospices, ses maternités, ses asifes. ses dispensaires, ses consultnlions gratuites, ses orphelinats, ses sanatoria, ses maisons de convalescence, ses écoles, ses services économiques meunerie, boulangerie, boucherie, cave, magasin central, pharmacie, atelier d'instruments chirurgicaux, ses usines de chauffe napabJes de fabriquer du courant électrique, et même ses maisons de rapport., ses fermes, se» bois et ses chasses. Voilà, n'est-il pas vrai un beau domaine, et dont il serait intéressant de faire le tour. L'homme qui a la charge écrasante de l'administrer et qui, tous les matins. a 1 million 330.000 francs dépenser (soit un million un tiers), M. le docteur Mourir, directeur général de l'A. P.. a bien voulu en ouvrir les portes aux deux millions de lecteurs quotidiens du Petit Parisien, Même quand on a vu les régions libérées dans leur admirable et surhumain effort de relèvement, il n'est pas de visite plus émouvante, plus âprement poignante que celle des maisons blanches u de Paris. Ici, l'héroïsme est quotidien. On y côtoie, à chaque minute, la douleur et la mort. On y rencontre, dans les longs couloirs ripolinés, des blouses blanches pareilles à celles que portaient, hier encore, les martyrs qui s'appelèrent le docteur Lobligeois et les internes Henri Vadon et Tariel. Nous n'y circulerons que chapeau bas. Quelques-unés de ces « maison. blanches n ont des murs gris. EJiea sont vieilles et les pierres ne blanchissant pas en vieillissant. Elles sont surtout trop étroites. Paris a grandi trop vite, ces dernières années, sans que ses établissements hospitaliers aient pu suivre le même rythme, faute de place et faute d'argent. Un lit .d'hôpital pouvait ne coûter que deux cents livres, il y a trois cents ans; aujourd'hui, il coûte, à installer, bien près de cinquante mille francs en sorte que la.construction d'un hôpital revendrait, en ce moment, à cinquante millions.' L'état de nos finances ohlige a quelque hésitation devant des dépenses de cet ordre. Alors, on est contraint de tirer parti de ce qu'on a. Nous entrerons dans des salles que nul ne peut se vanler d'avoir depuis longtemps traversées en ligne droite. Nous y verrons les visiteurs empêchés de s'asseoir entre les lits parce qu'une chaise n'y pourrait trouver place et les infirmières gênées dans l'accomplissement de leurs tâches difficiles. Mais, dites moi, fallait-il, pour garder les passages nécessaires, jeter des hommes ou des femmes à la rue ?. Notre administration, que l'on accuse parfois d'êfre dure aux humbles, ne l'a pas voulu. Il y a des salles où elle a consenti à doubler les effectifs prévus, pour aocomplir targement, généreusement, son devoir d'humanité. Les étrangers sont moins cependant que les vieillards responsables pour une part de cet encombrement. Nous verrons commenl teur jm présence pourrait cesser d'affecter gravement nos budgets sanitaires. Nous apprendrons aussi comment les m procéder pour économiser ,ur leurs H propres ressources tout en libérant M. Louis Mourier, directeur de l'Asslstao^a publique dans les établissements parisiens les Jits trop nombreux qu'y occupent, dovieillards à peine valétudinaires. La plus grande cause d'insuffisance de nos vieux hôpilaux tient d'ailleurs surtout à ce que l'on ne soigner plus aujourd'hui comme il y a deux ou trois siècles. Jadis, un hôpital était un local où reposaient des malades à qui l'on distribuait ou qui l'on appliquait, dans leur lit. des remèdes, ou des médications. De nos jours, outre les deux mètres carres, environ, occupés par une couchelte, il faut cinq ou six mètres carrés nécessaires à l'inslai lation des bureaux, des magasins, dea salles d'examen, des appnreils radioscopiques ou radiographiques, des salles d'opérations chirurricates, des cuisines, des lingeries, des pharmacies. 11 y a trop de vieilles maisons où la plaçg est trop mesurée et où la proportion que nous venons de dire n'est pas près d'être atteinte. Les hôpitaux modèles comme l'hôpital américain de Heirn3 ou comme l'hôpital de Strasbourg, où les pavillons se répartissent le long d'une avenue de 1.400 mètres, suul, lit'ilas très rares en France et tout a fait incounus à Paris. Tout ae même, nous avons la nouvelle Pitié. Kl dana de très vieux ensembles comme la Salpêlrièi'e, à côté de bâtiments construits sous Louis XIV, on trouve encore le service chirurgical du docteur Gosset, que les plus difflciles pourraient nous envier. Peut-on, doit-on démolir les vieilles maisons pour reconstruire ailleurs ? Considérée du seul point de vue 'hospitalier, la question no comporterait qu'une réponse « oui et très vite. Il Mais Il. est propriétaire. Elle n'éprouve pas le désir d'effectuer une opération immobilière qui, dans les conditions où elle aurait lieu au.lotird'hui, profiterait surtout, sans doute. à quelques spéculateurs. Le certain, c'est qu'il faut agir. Dei toutes les parties dit monde, les étudiants accourent pour apprendre de nos maîtres les plus éminents les règles de l'art médical et chirurgical: il faut que nos professeurs soieni tous pourvus des moyens de pratiquer facilement cet art il faut que nos hospitalisés ne fassent plus aussi douloureusement pitié. En montrant ce que M. Mourier a déjà réalisé pour l'aménagement de ses énormes services économiques. nous démontrerons qu'on peut lui donner des crédits avec d'avance la certitude qu'ils seront bien employés. (A suivre) Raymond dk >Jvs M. Louis Marin reçoit le nouveau commandeur de la Légion américaine M. Louis Marin, (les Pensions, a offert liier un (Mjouner intime on commandeur national au congrès de U légion américaine lenu en remplacement do !Il. Howard Savage. .Des toasts extrêmement cordiaux nnt été prononcés par M. Louis Marin, par le> commandeur S|KifTord, et par M. Ptait Andren. Les traitements du personnel des P.T.T. M. Poincaré il reçu hier NI. Hokannwskt, accompagné de NI. Deletêtc, secrétaire général des P. T. T. L'entrotien, qui s'est prolongé de 18 h. à 19 Ir. 45, a él(! consacre tout entier à l'examen des traitements du personnel des P. T. T. MOUVEMENT DIPLOMATIQUE -Ni. Rean, consul général de France à Genève est nommé ministre plénipotentlairc de deuxième classe et nommé envoyé extraordinaire et ministre plénipotentiaire de la république à Bangkok. M. Amé-Frédério Lorov, consul de, première classe, chef adjoint du cabinet du ministre des Affaires étrangères, est charge du consubt général du LE CONGRÈS PSYCHIQUE Le-! savants réunis dans ir dessein de projeter quelque clarté pa.rmi lo mystère métapsychique ont continué hier leurs travaux a1 la Sorbonne. Ils» ont entendu des exposés de MM. Drayton Thomas, de Londres Boehm, de Nuremberg Lambert, do Stuttgart, Roux et ùloutlcr du docteur Hans Driesch, de Leipzig du docteur Walter Kroner, iln Charlottcnburg du docteur Ktndbnrg, de Bifsl.ui, et enfin du docteur .Maxwell, de Bord'-aux. DES ATELIERS D'ÉBÉNISTERIE EN FEU RUE DE CHARONNE Un million de iigiU Un Incendie éclatait, hier matin, vers 5 h. 30, 77, rue de Charonne. A cette adresse s'élève, dans une cour intérieure, un vaste immeuble comprenant trois corps de bâtiment dont les cinq étages sont occupés par des ateliers d'ébénisterie, peinture, corroyeurs, etc. Ce bâtiment est séparé de la rue par un autre immeuble abritant de nombreux locataires. Comme il venait prendre son travail, un ouvrier vit une épaisse fumée noire filtrant au dehors par les fenêtres d'ateliers et magasins situés aux quatrième et cinquième étages et occupés par MM. Sohoonwater et Mine. Alertés par lui, les pompiers de la caserne de Chaligny attaquaient peu après le foyer d'incendie. Mais déjà le feU avait pris d'inquiétantes praportions, et l'on dut faire également venir des détachements fournis par les casernes Parmentier, JeanJacques -Roueseau et Ménilmontant. Au inêmn moment survlnt le colonel Pouderoux, sous les ordres duquel les pompiers continuèrent la lutte contre les ûammes. Pendant plus de deux heures, sept grosses lances projetèrent des torrents d'eau sur le foyer. Vers 8 heures, les combattants étalent maîtres du sinistre. Mnis ils avaient dû faire la part du feu. Des deux étages incendiés, il ne restait pour ainsi dire rien. On évalue à plus d'un million les dégâts causés par ce sinistre, qui va, en outre, réduire au chômagie momentané une cinquantaine d'ouvriers. Une délégation des cheminots au ministère des Travaux publics Une délégation (r la Fédération nationale par M. Tarclïrti, ministre des t'Ilhlios, l'n entretenu des questions suivantes rajustement des salaires, révision du ré(flm<! (les retraites, itppllcatlon de la Journto de huit Mures dans les service» roulants visite médicale, Imposée aux iip-onts (le sécurité, amnistie tactlité de circulation aux agents des rompu.,nies Le ministre a informé la délégation que l'examen (Je ces i'ryeni1ic;it[ons si poursuivait et qu'il pensait pouvoir bientôt lui donner dep renseignements précis sur tes plus pr?ssantrs d'rnirc elles. 41. Feuilleton du Petit Parisien. 30-9-27 ROMAN INÉDIT DEUXIÈME PARTIE LE CHEMIN DE LA CROIX VII (suite) Sur la pente fatale Je comprends, reprenait Darfeuil, qu'il te répugne d'entrer en rapport direct avec ces gens-!ù. Mais si tu m'y autorises, je puis aller les trouver et leur déclurer de ta part que leur Information est fausse et que lu exiges une rectification dans leur prochain numéro. Je te remercie, mon cher. reprenuit le mari d'Arlette d'un air pincé. linls ta démarche serait d'autant plus Intempestive que, pour une fois, ces canailles ont dit la vérité. Sur un ton de pénible surprise, Darfeuil s'écria Non. ce n'est pas posstble ? Mais si, affirmait Claude, en affectant un grand calme. Suis-je encore ton ami ? interrogeait le peintre. Copyright by Jean de la l'érigne, Tous droits de reproductlou et traduction réservés pour tous pays. SUPPRIMERA-TON L'OCTROI A PABIS ? Diverses propositions ont été déposées au conseil municipal de Paris, eu vue de ki suppression de l'octroi. Pour trouver Ips TiOO millions que procure il la Ville cet impôt indirect M. Fcrnand Laurent a notamment suggéré d'établir une taxe sur les billets de chemin de fer. Kcarlunt toutes les propositions dont l'a pplici lion nécessiterait l'intervention du Parlement M. S. Conlcnot, dans une note qu'il a déposée hier sur le bureau rie rassemblée, demande à l'administration de rechercher la solution de ce problème Militaire, d'accord avec les Industries et commerces intéressés. 11 préconise dans ce but d'adopter des procédés nouveaux de perception qui, tout eu ne changeant pas l'assiette de rimpAtf permettraient. rsllme-t-ll, de trouver le mémo produit total. Iles dispositions seraient d'autre part prises pour sauvegarder les intérêts de ̃2.500 agonis de l'octroi. Les tableaux d'avancement militaires Le Journal officiel public ce matin des tableaux supplémentaires d'agencement cl de concours pour la Légion d'honneur, au titre des missions et au tilrc du Maroc et Levant. Parmi les nouveaux inscrits figurent pour le grade de colonel, les lieutenantsvoloneU de Boyve-ct Murasse, de la maison militaire du Président de la République Dolalande et Bourret, du cabinet du ministre de la Guerre. L ouverture d'an concourt entre les élèves des écoles des BeauxArts Le niinwlrc de l'ln«truclion publique vient d'ouvrir un concours entre les élèves des écoles des Beaux -Arts pour la ilécdfition et l'aménagement du pavillon d'enseignement ménager (k l'école pratique de jeunes tilles de Nautce. L«5 meilleurs projets seront. réalises dans les éooles pratiques d'enseignement, technique. Les objets primés seront exposes dans In salle des commissions du ministère de l'Instruction publique. Après la mort de M. Decharbogne Poursuivant son enquête sur la mort de notre, eon/rere, M. Henry Dcclarborfre, qui, le 4 septembre, Ia «talion Opéra du Métropolitain, eut la tête coineC'C dans une portière et mourut des suites de ses blessures, M. Bacquart, juge d'inslruction, a entendu un grand nombre de témoins qui ont été unanimes dans leurs dépositions l'employ du métro, Jean Henaff, charge do la fermeture des portières, a actionné tardivement 5 à 7 mètres avant l'entrée en station au lieu do mètres le bouton automatique de fermeture. Sans cette fausse manoeuvre, M. Deeharbognc n'aurait pu ouvrir la portière. Dans ces conditions, M. Bacquart a décide d'inculper M. Jean Henaff d'homicide par imprudence. SUR LA TRACE D'UN VOLEUR D'AUTOS Intrigué par les allures d'un quidam qui, entré dans un débit de la rue d'AHgre, avait laissé mercredi soir son auto en station devant l'établissement, l'inspecteur Maillebuau attendit la sortie du client. Comme celui-ci sautait sur le siège de la voiture, le policier Jit connaître sa qualité et lui demanda ses papiers. L'Interpellé prit aussitôt un revolver dans sa poche et, d'un large revers de main, tit culbuter l'inspecteur, qui se blessa en tombant sur If; trottoir. L'homme, avant mis sa voiture en marche, disparut à toute allure, tandis que l'inspecteur tirait dans sa direction deux coups de revolver. Or, hier, un conducteur d'automobile. dont, le signalement correspond exactement il celui de l'agresseur dn l'inspecteur Maillcbuau, abandonnait, ;i 13 heures, rue de la Roquette, sa voiture, en panne par.suite d'une avarie survenue a une des roues. Le conducteur avait hélé un taxi, y avait pris place en hâte, après avoir dit au chauffeur do le déposer rue de l'Orillon. L'auto ainsi abandonnée portait le Il. •41-48-U.6, celui précisément de la voiture volée dans la journée de mercredi M. Brand, chemisier, rue du FaubourgSaint-Antoine. Le commerçant, avisé, ne reconnut point dans cette auto celle qui lui avait été dérobée. I/cxamcn du véhicule a fait constater fkts taolie* de sang sur le tapis d'avant, ainsi que la trace d'une balle sur la carrosserie. Sans aucun doute, l'auto abandonnée rue de la Hoquette est une auto votée que conduisait le quidam qui, la veille, essuya les deux coups de feu de l'inspecteur Msiilubuau. Cet individu, vraisemblablement blessé par un des projectiles, est un jeune homme de vingt-cinq ans environ, dont la police possède le signalement précis. Il rst activement recherché. LE DRAME DU BLANC-MESN1L L'une des victime», M. Savelon succombe à ses blessures Le drame du Bianc-Mesnil vient de faire Une nouvelle victime. Après M. Corbeau, agent d'assurances à Aulnay-sousBois, l'un des amis de Mme Paye, M. Alfred Savelon, trente-sept ans, maréchal ferrant, qui avait été blessé de deux balles de revolver par le mari outragé, Alphonse Foye, vient de succomber à ses blessures. M, Vallée, juge d'instruction il Pontoise, a commis le docteur Paul, médecin légiste, pour procéder à l'autopsie du cadavre. D'autre, part, Mme Foye, qui fut égaIcmeut blessée par son mari de deux balles de revolver, est dans un état inquiétant. Coupable d'an vol à Vienne, Une Autrichienne est arrêtée à Puia Réfugiée k Paris a la suite d'une escroquerie considérable qu'elle commit. Il y a deux an», à Vienne, une Autrichienne. Hedwlite Brenner, âRéo de vingt-quatre sus, a été appréhendée, hier, pur Jcs inspecteurs dc la sûreté gfnOraln. Elle a été expédiée au dépOt en attendant que soient terminées les formalités d'extradition demandée par son srouvornement. Pourquoi ne le serais-tu pas ? ripostait l'auteur. Alors, tu m'accordes le droit de te parler en toute franchise ? Je te l'accorde, â la condition que tu me permettes de te répondre sur le même ton. C'est entendu, acceptait Darfeull, Et avec cette bonhomie sincère qui le caractérisait, il reprit ce qui ne me regarde pas, mais tant pis. Je me jette dans le feu quand même et je te dis Claude, mon ami, as-tu bien réfléchi ce que tu vus faire ? A quoi donc ? Voyons, cette tournée, toi, Fergan Toi qai aurais pu être l'honneur de l'Université Comment as-tu pu consentir ù. je cherche il ne pas te froisser, mais enfin, tu me comprends. La nouveile va se répandre dans tout Paris, 'si ce n'est déjà fait. Je sais ce que tu vas me dire g J'ui eu un échec avec ma dernière pièce. Il faut bien que je me débrouille Mais, mon pauvre vieux, tu te perds, tu t'enlises je n'irai pas jusque dire que tu te déshonores: mais, voyons^ Il y a des choses qu'un homme tel que toi ne peut pas. ne doit pas faire. Et dix-moi que tu ne le feras pas Darfeuil se tut. Il s'attendait, de lu part de sun ami, à une explosion de colère. 11 n'en fut rien. Claude, qui l'avait écouté avec une Impassibilité absolue, répliquait il son vif étonnemenc Tout ce que tu me dis là, je me le suis répété plusieurs fois à mol.même. Et sols persuadé que cola n'a HAUT LES MAINS 1 .ET ILS TIRENT Deux jeunes gens grièvement blessés par des agresseurs inconnus Trois jeunes gens, MM. André et Louis Duprat, vingt-sept et vingt-quatre ans, avenue Jean-Jaurès, Champigny, et Roger Kastever, vingt-deux an6, 137, même avenue, passaient l'autre nuit, avenue de la Gare, & la Varenne-SaintHilaire, lorsque, vers 23 h. 30. à l'angle de l'avenue du Mesnll, trois inconnus se dressèrent devant eux en criant Haut les mains 1 » Puis, sans autre avertissement, les trois malfaiteurs, qui étalent armés de revolvers, firent feu. MM. Louis Duprat, atteint au ventre, et Roger Kastever, blessé à la cuisse droite, s'affaissèrent. Des passants étant accourus au bruit de la détonation, les meurtriers s'enfuirent dans la direction ae Chamnigny, cependant que M. André Dupral, indemne, s'efforçait de soigner son frere et son ami. Les blessés sont à la Pitié. M. Pineau, commissaire de police, recherche les agresseurs. Des premiers résultats de l'enquête, il résulte qu'on se trouve vraisemblablement en présence d'un acte de vengeance. UN VOLEUR DE PLOMB QUI EN A LOURD SUR LA CONSCIENCE A la suite d'une laborieuse surveillance, le brigadier Billet-te et les inspecteurs Trésor ft. Lebail ont arrêté, l'autre nuit, l'individu qui, depuis plusieurs mois, veliait assez régulièrement voler des tuyaux de plomb dans les dépendances du rentral téléphonique de la du Louvre. Le voleur, Joseplt Anderson, vingt-huit ans, de nationalité Inxfwri Itourgeoir*, ouvrier électricien, domicile -i4. rue Descartes, a été surpris au moment où il escaladait, rue EtiennoMarcel. la grille de l'Hôtel des postes. Andersou est également l'auteur de vols d'appareils électriques. On a tout lieu de croire qu'il a d'autres méfaits sur la conscience, déjà chargée. MATCH CAPABLANCA ALEKHINE La cinquième partie du match pour le championnat du monde du jeu d'échecs, reprise à Buenos-Ayres hier, s'est terminée par une nullité, aucun des deux adversaires n'ayant pu réaliser un avantage suffisant pour forcer le gain. Tableau Capablanca, 1; Alekhîne, 1. AU COLLÈGE CHAPTAL La rentrée des classes a lieu, au collège Chapfnl le 1" octobreCet établissement a fait recevoir cotte année 6 élèves (dant le 2" et le 3e) à l'Ecole polytechnique, 2 il l'Ecole normale (dont le premier), 10 i'. l'Ecole des mines, ti à l'Ecole des ponts et chaussées, 15 à l'Ecole de physique et de chimie industrielles (dont le premier), 6 1 l'institut agronomique, 28 à l'Ecole centrale, etc. Il est i remarquer que les jeunes gens sortant de l'Ecole polytechnique avec les numéros 1 et 2 sont d'anciens élèves du collège Chaptal. Les familles sont reçues, pour l'inscription des élèves, tous les jours de 9 heures à 11 heures et de il heures à 10 heures Au comité national des tabacs Le comité national de la Fédération confédéveo des î;ibaes. rému hier, à la Bourse du travail, après avoir pris connaissance (les conclusions de la commission des salatres. a coustaté, avec regret, que l'assimilntion aux ouvriers des Il. T. T. réclamée en f»26, était refusée aux ouvriers et auvrières des cadres de la fabrication. Le comité a eztimé inacceptables les propositions fuites, tant en ce qui concerne l'échelle des salaires pour 1928 que le rappel pour et i9S7, et a décldé d'envoyer une délégation au directeur général. Les propositions faites pour le cadre technlttue ont été «gaiement repoussecs. LES CONGRÈS Les groupements professionnels d'instituteurs La commission permanente de ta Fédération uatluunle des groupements professionnels d'instituteurs et d'institutrices publlca de France et des colonies non affiliés (i l'une ou A 1 autre des C. O. T., a tenu hler, A l'école de la rue Béranger, son assemblée générale. A propos des traitements, les congressistes ont adopté un ordre du jour regrettant que la Fédération syndicale n'alt pas obtenu de meilleures conditions pour l'avancement et les traitements maxima, et regrettant également que la sous-commission Martin n'ait pas donné aux instituteurs Je rang' qui leur revient dans l'échelle des fonctionnaires. Mais elle a déclaré ne pouvolr s'associer il certaines « manifestations merncaees », préférant mener une action légale et permanente auprès de l'opinion puDIfrjiie, auprès du Fnrlemeut et des commissions parlementaires compétentes. Les Jeunesses laïques Le confrrfcs des Jeunesses laïques a été ouvert hier dans la salle des Jeunesse^ laïques républicaines, to, vue Dupetlt-Tlionars. M. Lucien Meunier a présidé la séance publique où furent Jetées les bases de la « Charte de la Jeunesse ». Une Intervention a donné lieu ensuite Il la discussion de la question de « l'attitude des jeunes devant le problème de la politiqae extérieure A la Fraternelle du personnel da T. C. R. P. La Fraternelle du personnel des T. C. n. P. a donné, l'autre soir, il Asulères, iï, avenue de l'aris, une Importante réunion que présidait NI. Blaire. MM. Buch et Quercy. président et vireprésident., après avoir évoqué les (Iirflcnités nombreuses qui vinrent entraver, an début, la marche de la Fraternelle, rendirent hommaire aux dévoués mutualiste:; dunt la volonté et l'activité quotldlennes permirent de mener à bien l'œuvre entréprise. Aujourd'hui, la Fraternelle possètie nne propriété à flambais et un orphllnat dont la naisse est régulièrement alimentée. L'orphelilial. qui fonctionne depuis Janvier, a actuellement quatre enfants sous sa tutelle. L'assemblée, devant l(>s résultats obtenus, a adressé ses plus vives félicitations au conseil d'administration de la Fraternelle. pus eté sans une profonde douleur et un réel dégoût que j'ai npposé, il y a quarante-huit heures, ma signature au bas de ce contrat. Et d'une voix où maintenant frissonnait toute l'ardeur de la passion, Il continna Mais quand on aime une femme comme j'aime Ariette, pour ne pas être séparé d'elle, pour continuer ù vivre avec elle, rien que pour elle, on cède la fatalité qui nous entraine. On s'en va où le destin vous mène et l'on étouffe en soi tout ce qui n'est plus son amuuri 1 Mon pauvre ami, s'écriait Darfeull tout ému, je te plains de tout mon cœur. Je ne suis pas à plaindre, puisqu'elle m'aime aussi. Et désireux de convaincre son ami, Pergan poursuivit Songe qu'Ariette a tout quitté pour moi. Toi aussi n'as-tu pas tout quitté pour elle ?. ripostait le peintre. Et ce qu'elle a laissé n'est rien it côté de ce que tu us abandonné. Tu étals un pire de famille. Elle n'était qu'âne femme entretenue. Une brusque colère empourpra le visage de Fergan. Et se dressant d'un seul mouvement, Il fit, les poings crispés et la bouche déformée par un rictus de colère Je te défends de parler ainsi de ma femme. Mais Darfeull s'obstinait. Tu te fâches parce que je te mets en, face de la vérité et qu'envers et contre tous, malgré toi-même, tu ne TROIS PROCÈS. A Angouleme, un infirmier est condamné pour avoir assommé un fou Angoulême, 29 septembre (Jép. P. P.) La cour d'assises de la Charente a été appelée à juger aujuurd'liui l'affaire relatée en son temps sous le titro de « Un fou succombe sous les coups de ses gardiens ». Nos lecteurs se rappellent, en effet, que le 5 juillet dernier, M. puxent. propriétaire à J.irnae, atteint d'aliénation mentale, fut interné à l'asile, de Breutyla -Couronne, où le jour même de son internement, il fut frappé par ses gardiens Duval et Le Thiec, avec une telle brutalité qu'il en mourut. Duval et Le 'Phiec s'étaient déjà livrés (les voies de fait sur des malades conllés à leurs soins. A l'audience, les accusés recounurent les faits, mais s'en rejetèrent la responsabilité.
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ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL
DEL COMERCIOG/SPS/N/SVN/13
15 de abril de 2002
(02-2041)
Comité de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN DE MEDIDAS DE URGENCIA
1. Miembro del Acuerdo que notifica: ESLOVENIA
Si procede, nombre del gobierno local de que se trate: Ministerio de Agricultura,
Silvicultura y Alimentación (MAFF) de la República de Eslovenia
2. Organismo responsable: Dirección General de Veterinaria de la República de Eslovenia
3. Productos abarcados (número de la(s) partida(s) arancelaria(s) según se especifica en
las listas nacionales depositadas en la OMC; Podrá indicarse además, cuando proceda,
el número de partida de la ICS): Productos de origen animal destinados al consumo
humano y a la alimentación animal. Regiones o países que podrían verse afectados, en la
medida en que sea pertinente o factible: República Popular de China
4. Título y número de páginas del documento notificado: Decision banning the import of
certain consignments originating from the People's Republic of China (Decisión por la que
se prohíbe la importación de ciertos productos provenientes de la República Popular de
China) – 1 página
5. Descripción del contenido: Prohibición de la importación de determinados productos de
origen animal procedentes de China
6. Objetivo y razón de ser: [ X ] inocuidad de los alimentos, [ X ] sanidad animal,
[ ] preservación de los vegetales, [ ] protección de la salud humana contra las
enfermedades o plagas animales o vegetales, [ ] protección del territorio contra otros
daños causados por plagas
7. Naturaleza del (de los) problema(s) urgente(s): Presencia de cloranfenicol en
determinados productos de origen animal (crustáceos)
8. No existe una norma, directriz o recomendación internacional [ X ].
Si existe una norma, directriz o recomendación internacional, facilítese la referencia
adecuada de la misma y señálense brevemente las diferencias con ella:
9. Documentos pertinentes e idioma(s) en que están disponibles: Decisión (versiones
eslovena e inglesa)
10. Fecha de entrada en vigor/período de aplicación (según corresponda): 16 de marzo de
2002 (Boletín Oficial de la República de Eslovenia Nº 23/02)
11. Textos disponibles en/y organismo o autoridad designado para tramitar las
observaciones:
[ X ] Autoridad nacional encargada de la notificación, [ X ] Servicio nacional de
información, o dirección y número de telefax y dirección de correo electrónico (si la
hay) de otro organismo:.
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201 chronic tic douloureux; chronic rheumatism of long standing; epilepsy dependent on organic mischief in the encephalon, or any part of the spinal apparatus; and rheumatic gout, in persons whose constitutions had heen completely shaken by that disorder, or by any other previous disease, although, even in this case, some good was obtained from using the ammoniated counter-irritants. The second and fourth of these disorders are of the number that require, in addition to the ammoniated applications, an appropriate internal treatment. The other two Dr. Granville has found to be only partially relieved, but never cured, by counter-irritating lotions.1 In many of the disorders, referred to by Dr. Granville in the table given above, the ammoniated counter-irritants have been employed, both in public and private in this country. They have been largely used by the author, and their effect in nervous and spasmodic diseases, in neuralgic and deep-seated rheumatic vains, has, at times, been very striking. Severe pains have yielded rapidly, as described by Dr. Granville; hypersimise of particular organs have been diverted elsewhere, especially after blood-letting and sedatives had been premised; and, in short, whenever revellents, sudden and rapid in their action, have been demanded, ammoniated counter-irritants have effected every thing that similar powerful revellents were capable of accomplishing, — but no more. The author has been in the habit of having re- course to the moxa in congenerous affections, and with equally satisfactory results. There is one objection, too, that applies to the use of these strong lotions: — the sloughs and sores induced by them are often considerable, and remarkably difficult to heal. This, it is true, may be partly prevented, by being careful that the application is not too long continued; but, with the greatest caution, these results will, at times, supervene. When such is the case, simple dressings, with emollient poultices, will be found the best applications. Not long ago, Dr. Corrigan,3 of Dublin, strongly recommended a mode of producing counter-irritation as an admirable remedy in lumbago and analogous affections in other parts of the body. It consists in a species of" firing" performed by an iron instrument which is very portable, and consists of a thick iron wire shank, about two inches long, inserted in a small wooden handle, having on its extremity, which is slightly curved, a disc or button of iron, a quarter of an inch thick, and half an inch in diameter, the whole instrument being only six inches in length. The face of the disc for application is quite flat. The only other portion of apparatus required is a small glass spirit lamp, so small that it can be carried in the waistcoat pocket. To use the instrument, the 1 Op. cit., p. 29. a Dublin Hospital Gazette, March, 1S46. 252 CORTEX ADSTRINGENS BRASILIENSIS. lamp must be lighted, and the button held over the flame, keep- ing the forefinger of the hand holding the instrument at the dis- tance of about half an inch from the button. As soon as the finger feels uncomfortably hot, the instrument is ready for use, and the time required for heating it to this degree is only about a quarter of a minute. It is applied as quickly as possible, the skin being tapped successively at intervals of half an inch over the affected part as lightly and as rapidly as possible; care being taken to bring the flat surface of the disc in contact with the skin. In this way, the process of firing a whole limb, or the loins, making about one hundred applications, does not occupy a minute, and once heating the lamp suffices. The iron is never rendered red hot; it is very little hotter than boiling water, and an eschar is never made by it, and rarely a blister. The pain produced by its application is so slight, that, according to Dr. Corrigan, some of the resident clinical clerks in the hospital preferred it, in their own cases, when suffering under local muscular rheumatism^, to any other method of counter-irritation, — it being, in their opinion, the least troublesome, most rapid, least painful and most effectual. In sprains of the muscles of the back and other parts, and in sciatica, he has seen it render valuable service, as well as in neuralgia of the fifth pair, and in paralysis of the portio dura. Even delicate females, he says, will not object to its fre- quent repetition, when required. ' The method of Dr. Corrigan has been extensively tried by Dr. M'Cormack,1 who has reported very favourably in regard to its powers, and by others. LXVII. CORTEX ADSTRIN'GENS BRASILIEN'SIS. Svnonymes. Cortex adstringens Brasiliensis verus, Cortex adstringens veruSj Astringent Bark of Brazil. German. Adstringirende Brasilianische Rinde. This bark was introduced into Germany, in the year 1818, by Schimmelbusch, a merchant, who carried it from Brazil, where it had long been used internally, as well as externally, as an ex- cellent astringent.2 According to Von Martius,3 it is the bark of Acacia jurema, but this is not certainly determined.4 Oesterlen5 assigns it to mimosa (acacia) cochliacarpa seu virginalis. Merrem8 affirms, that the genuine bark is in more or less flat pieces; at times, in half, or complete rolls, from four to twelve 1 Lancet, Jan. 5, 1 847. 2 Von Schlectendal, in Eneyclop. Worterb. der Medicin. Wissenschaft. B. viii. S. 53S- Berlin, 1 822. 3 Reise, ii. 788. 4 Riecke, Die neuern Arzneimittel, S. 146. 5 Handbuch der Heilmitiellehre, S. 484. Tubing. 1845. s Ueber den Cortex adstringens Brasiliensis. Koln, 1828. CORTEX ADSTR1NGENS BRASILIENSIS. 253 inches long; from an inch to two inches and a half broad, and from one to four lines thick ; these are more frequently straight than crooked. The bark may be separated into two parts; an outer, which is rough, and an inner rind, of a smooth, fibrous cha- racter : the two are but loosely connected together. The outer bark is of a grayish-brown colour, traversed by longitudinal and transverse furrows, having, here and there, white and grayish- white crusty growths, covered with a foliated lichen. The inner bark is of a dark-red brown, on its outer surface, and, after the outer bark has been separated, is somewhat smooth: on the inner side, it is of a bright reddish-brown, and, probably owing to the laceration of the woody splinters, somewhat fibrous. The younger bark is smooth in the fracture, and of a dull splendour. The older bark, which is thicker, is unequal, and may often be sepa- rated into fibrous layers, which are readily lacerable. When chewed, it has a tolerably strong, astringent, somewhat bitter and disagreeable taste, but it d6es not excite nausea, nor leave anv arriere-gout. It has scarcely any smell. In its chemical rela- tions, it resembles rhatany.1 Merrem, who made numerous experiments with the bark, af- firms, that, whilst it possesses the properties of astringents in general, and to a high degree, it is rather sedative than exciting : agrees with the digestive organs, and aids the peristaltic action. He employed it, first, with more or less success, in hemorrhage — in epistaxis, hemoptysis, and metrorrhagia; and Gunther found it very efficacious in profuse menstruation arising from atony of the uterus. Secondly ; in mucous discharges, as leucorrhcea, blen- norrhcea, &c. Thirdly; in inflammatory and exanthematous affections — as cynanche, urticaria, and in periodical erysipelas of the face. Fourthly; in nervous diseases, especially when asso- ciated with disturbance of the menstrual function, and leucorrhcea : and, fifthly, in weakness and catarrhs of the genital organs, bladder and rectum. The Indians consider, that the bark affects especially the generative apparatus, and, from the experiments of Merrem, it would seem, that its agency is more particularly ex- erted in cases of leucorrhcea; and in many, after cinchona had been administered without effect.3 MODE OF ADMINISTRATION. Merrem prescribed it in various forms. He gave the powder in doses of from 9j. to 5ss., three or four times a day, mixed with water. It appeared to him to act most beneficially in cases of mucous discharges unaccompanied by disorder of the digestivt 1 See the analysis by Hofrath Trommsdovff. in Brandes, Archiv., B. xxxiii. S. 260 ■ and Dierbach, in' Heidelberg. Annalen, B. s. H. 3. S. 357. Heidelb. 1834. 4 In Harless Rein-Westphal. Jalnbilch, B. viii. St. 1, S. 72; and Brandes \rchiv Band, xi. S. 200. 3 Osann. in Encyc. Worterbuch der MedicLn. Wissensch. viii. 541. 17 254 CORYLUS ROSTRATA. functions ; and he found that the powder was better borne by some than the decoction, which is singular, as the woody matter is more apt, in such cases, to disagree. He rarely gave it combined with aromatics, and never found the combination of use. To form the decoction, an ounce of the coarsely powdered bark was boiled with sixteen ounces of water, down to f Jviij.; and to this an ounce of syrup was added. The dose was from one to two spoon- fuls every two hours. Merrem also prepared an extract, and a tincture, in the same manner as these preparations are made of cinchona ; of the former, he took from one to two drams, dissolved it in six ounces of an aromatic water, and added ^ss. of syrup. Of the mixture, a spoonful was given every hour. Externally, the decoction was injected three times 'a day m leucorrhcea and blennorrhea; or, in the former disease, a sponge imbued with the decoction was introduced, and kept there for some time. It has been applied, also, as an astringent to ulcers. Mistura eorticis Brasiliensis adstringentis. Mixture of the astringent bark of Brazil. R. Decoct, cort. adstring. Brasil. f ^vij. Copaib. cum vitelli ovi q. s. subact. Tinct. ferri pomati, aa f -giji Syrup, balsam, f 3jj. M. Dose. — A spoonful every two hours, in obstinate gonorrhoea and leucorrhoza. Merrem. R. Cort. adstring. Brasil, gss. Coque cum aquae fontan. q. s. Sub fin. coction. adde Sabin. §ss. Colaturas f oviij. adde Syrup, aurant. cort. f 5].% Dose. — A spoonful every hour in cancer of the uterus, and in the hemorrhage thence arising. Merrem. LXVIII. CORYLUS ROSTRATA. Synonyme. Beaked Hazel. Beaked hazel is a shrub two or three feet high; Natural Order, Amentaceae; Suborder, Cupuliferae; Sexual System. Moncecia Polyandria; which grows in the mountainous regions of North America. The nut which it produces is of an ovate shape, surrounded by a coriaceous and scaly involucre or cupula, termi- nating in a tube an inch and a half long, covered with short and thick bristles, very similar to those of mucuna or cowhage.1 1 Duhamel, Amer. Journal of Pharmacy, Jan. 1S43. CREASOTUM. 250 EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY. The short, stiff bristles have been found to possess similar an- thelmintic virtues with mucuna, and to be equal to it in all re- spects; Mr. Duharnel states, that Dr. Heubener, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, from whom he obtained the specimen described by him, had employed it in cases of worms, and was much pleased with it. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION. It may be given, like mucuna, in syrup, molasses or other con- sistent vehicle, and in the same doses. LXIX. CREASOTUM. Synonymes. Creasoton, Creosoton, Creosotum, Kreosoton, Kreosotum, Oxyhydro-carburetum ex oleo pyroxilico palatum, Creosote, Creasote, Kreosote, Kreasote. French. Creosote. German. K r e o s o t. This substance was first discovered, several years ago, by Ptei- chenbach, of Blansko, and is extensively employed as a therapeu- tical agent. Its marked chemical properties suggested, that it might be possessed of a decided influence on the economy, and numerous experiments were immediately instituted to test the ac- curacy of the notion. These were of the most opposite character : and it is not surprising, as in every similar case, that there should have been great discrepancy in the results, and in the opinions deduced therefrom. There can be no doubt, however, that crea- sote forms a valuable addition to the list of our remedial agents* METHOD OF PREPARING. The process given by Koene,1 is esteemed one of the best for preparing it on a large scale, — almost the only way in which it is formed: we, consequently, meet with it only in commerce. Hence it is in the Materia Medica list of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States (1842,) — not amongst the preparations. Tar, derived from pit-coal, is distilled in a retort provided with a long tube having a large mouth. Under this is placed a receiver, The oil, which comes over first, swims on water; and it is neces- sary to remove, from time to time, the products of the distillation, until an oil is obtained, which sinks in water. When this is the case, the product is collected. The heavy oil, obtained during the distillation, condenses not only in the receiver, but in the tube cf 1 Annalesde Chimie et de Physique, Juillet, 1S35. See Cormaek on Creasote. p. 36, ,Lond. 1S36; or the Amor. edit, in American Medical Library; also, Turner's Chemistry 5th edit. p. S72, and Christison, Dispensatory, p. 374, Edinb, 1S42. 256 CREASOTUM. the retort, where it unites with the naphthalin, forming a buty- raceous substance. By applying a gentle heat, the mass drop? into the receiver. The product is now allowed to remain in a cool place for some hours, after which it is pressed. The expressed naphthalin still contains oil, which is separated by heating it with its own weight of acetic acid, until it melts. After allowing it to cool, the crystallized naphtha is pressed, and the acid adhering to the creasote is saturated with carbonate of potassa. The creasote is now to be shaken for a quarter of an hour with phosphoric acid, — the proportions being half an ounce of the acid to twenty ounces of the oil. The mixture ought then to be agitated with its bulk of water, and afterwards be distilled with a graduated heat, care being taken to separate the oil which floats on the surface. The rectified oil is now to be dissolved in its own volume of a hot solution of caustic potassa, s. g. 1.120. When it has been allowed to cool for half an hour, the supernatant oil is removed, and the heavy oil again treated with caustic potassa, only a fourth part of the solution being, however, employed this time. On uniting the solutions of potassa, a slight excess of diluted phosphoric acid is added, and the free creasote, which floats on the surface, is sepa- rated. It is again rectified ; and the first product, which is chiefly water, being rejected, the creasote comes over pure. M. Koene recommends the substance, thus prepared, to be preserved in bot- tles covered with black paper. A protracted and complex process, like the above, necessarily makes the drug expensive, especially as the quantity obtained is but small. M. Koene procured by it ten drams from thirty-two ounces of tar. M. Lsmere, one of the first Parisian pharmaciens who made pure creasote, obtained from eight hundred pounds of tar about six pounds of creasote. Reichenbach generally prepared it from the tar of the beech by six distillations; dissolving it afterwards in a solution of caustic po- tassa three times, and setting it free successively by sulphuric acid.' Giordano2 has recommended the following simplified mode for obtaining: it. Distil wood tar from the willow, at an elevated temperature, from a tinned copper retort, until the residue has the consistence of soft pitch. Re-clistil the liquor passed over till its residue resembles the former. The liquor, neutralized by carbon- ate of potassa, or lime-water, is re-distilled till all the oil of crea- sote has passed over. The oil is dissolved in caustic potassa, from 1 For an account of this and other products of the destructive distillation of vegetallf matter, see Cormack, Op. cit. Reichenbach's observations and experiments are contained in a work entitled " Das Kreosot in chemischer, phy*>"?cher und medicinischer Bezie- hung. von Dr. K. Reichenbach, u. s. w. zweite mit Nachtragen und Zusatzen von Schweigger-Seidel verm. Ausgabe. Leipz. 1835 ;" see, also, Annales de Chimie, liii. 325. Paris, 1833. 2 Annali di Medicina, Aprile, 1835. cited in Brit, and For. Med. Rev. July, 1836, p. 233. For the process of Calderini, see Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ. for Oct 1834. CREASOTUM. 257 which, after simmering a little in a porcelain vessel, and cooling, the eupionc, which floats, is easily separated. The same opera- tion is repeated with the eupionc, to remove all the oil that is united with it. The saponaceous liquor, treated with dilute sul- phuric acid, is distilled into water, from which the creasote is separated, and the water saturated with creasote is kept for exter- nal use, or re-distilled for a concentrated acetic acid of a pungent and most agreeable odour. Gozzi1 has given the following .sim- ple method of procedure: Distil tar into a cylindrical vessel, half full of water. Pour off the watery liquid at the top; add to the heavier liquid at the bottom sulphuric acid diluted with half its weight of water; heat the mixture till it boils; expose the super- natant creasote for three days to the air, stirring it frequently ; and distil the product thrice for thorough purification. Creasote is a colourless, transparent fluid. Its refractive power is very great, and in angular glass vessels it is beautifully irides- cent. Its odour is penetrating, and disagreeable, but not offen- sive : many compare it to that of castor. It adheres to every thing, and is somewhat permanent. Its taste at first is very burning and caustic to the tongue; but on admixture with the saliva, it becomes somewhat sweetish. It has an oleaginous feel, and is of about the consistence of oil of almonds. Its specific gravity, at 68° Fahr., is stated by Reichenbach to be 1.037; but Dr. Christison- affirms that he has never found it lower than 1.065, or higher than 1.067. The fact is, of course, of interest in relation to its adulterations. It boils at 397°, and at — 17° does not congeal. When placed on paper, it forms a greasy spot, which, however, disappears after a while, and can be removed by the application of a heated body without any residue. It is a non-conductor of electricity. With water at 68°, it unites in twTo different proportions — one of the combinations consisting of 1 1 of creasote and 100 of water; the other of 10 parts of water and 100 parts of creasote. The taste of the first mixture — creasote water — is very burning at first, and afterwards sweetish, like that of pure creasote, but of course weak- er. A drop of creasote in 10,000 parts of water produces a marked impression on the tongue, and has a smoky smell. Lit- mus and turmeric paper are not in the least changed by it; so that it has neither an acid nor an alkaline reaction. At both poles of the galvanic battery, it furnishes numerous and striking combina- tions. It does not possess the property of the ordinary empyreu- matic oils, of becoming yellow and inspissated. It dissolves iodine, phosphorus, and sulphur. Acetic acid at 1.070, and alco- hol, dissolve it in all proportions, and with the latter it is often adul- terated.3 Ether and petroleum likewise combine with it in all 1 Journal de Chimie Medicate, cited in American Journal of Pharmacy, Jan. 1839, p. 339. - Dispensatory, p. 374,Edinb. 1542. 3 Journal de China. Med. and Amer. Journal of Pharmacy, July, 1541, p. \\2. 258 CREASOTUM. proportions. With potassa, it forms two or ttiree combinations, one of which crystallizes. Resins and resinous bodies either de- compose creasote, or it decomposes them. With balsams, fixed and volatile oils, camphor, and the vegetable alkaloids, it unites readily. It coagulates albumen, and its antiseptic property is most remarkable, whence its name, from tfpeo's, ' flesh,' and ««?«, !I preserve' — eatyp, ' preserver.' Fresh meat, placed in creasote water for half an hour or an hour, and then taken out and dried, may be exposed to the heat of the sun without undergoing putre- faction. Nay, when flesh has begun to be putrid, the process ceases after it has been washed with creasote water, and if suffered to remain immersed in it for an hour, it does not subsequently pu- trefy. There can be but little doubt, consequently, that creasote is the main antiseptic and conservative principle of pyroligneous acid and tar water. From the experiments made by Reichenbach to determine the exact components of the flesh on which the crea- sote acts, he arrived at the following results. It unites with the albumen of the blood in the flesh, which it coagulates, and with the red particles without acting on the fleshy fibre, which serves merely as the frame-work for the coagulated matters ; and it is well known that dried albumen does not putrefy, but becomes hard, brittle, and transparent. EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY IN HEALTH. Reichenbach has properly remarked, that the excessive burn- ing pain in the tongue, which creasote causes, must have at once suggested it to be a poisonous substance. It was soon found that plants, sprinkled with creasote water, died ; that fish placed in it were convulsed ; and that small animals, as wasps and flies, died when touched with the pure article. If I small quantity of it be spread upon the hand, and washed off a minute afterwards, the place is found to present a white appearance, but without pain or inflammation. In the course of a few days, the place becomes dry, and the cuticle desquamates. When creasote is applied to a part where the epidermis is deficient, or to a wound, instantane- ously an extremely violent burning pain is experienced, which continues for eight or ten minutes; but if the part be carefully washed, it gradually ceases. The cause of this is conceived to be the property which creasote possesses of coagulating albumen ; and, where blood is flowing, of arresting it. If the rapid disturbance which it excites, affects important organs, death results sooner or later, according to their importance in the economy: relief, how- ever, may be afforded by those substances that dissolve coagulated albumen, as caustic alkalies, acetic acid, &c. It is probable, how- ever, that the poisonous properties result from its acrid character. To appreciate the physiological effects of creasote, experiments have been undertaken by many individuals. Miguet gave a CREASOTUM. 259 young dog, for eight days, an ounce a day of distilled water con- taining four drops of creasote, without any effect. When, how- ever, he doubled the dose, nausea, languor, subsultus tendinum, and tremors occurred, followed, in the course of a few days, by marked emaciation. On discontinuing the creasote, the functions gradually resumed their pristine condition, and the animal reco- vered its flesh. To another dog, he gave at once two drains ia half an ounce of water, and immediately thereafter great prostra- tion of the muscular system ensued — vertigo, fixed eyes, stupor, dyspncea, accumulation of mucus in the air passages, spasmodic cough, discharge of large quantities of foamy saliva, with vomit- ing of a milky matter, although the animal had taken nothing of the kind. After two hours' suffering, it died of convul- sions. The body was immediately opened: all the tissues, except the liver, exhaled a strong smell of creasote; and the whole of the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal was inflamed. The mat- ters contained in the stomach coagulated when placed in contact with albumen. When heated, they yielded a thick smoke, and a marked smell of creasote. In the heart and large vessels, the blood was more firmly coagulated than usual: the lungs were gorged with blood ; in the brain there was no evidence either of congestion or hemorrhage. In another dog, into whose carotid equal portions of water and creasote were injected, death resulted with similar phenomena, but more rapidly. The precise quantity of creasote used in this experiment is not stated. Simon, in his experiments, found that when ten drops of crea- sote, diluted, were injected into a vein, scarcely any effect resulted. Reiter and Miiller, who likewise made experiments on animals, agree with Simon as to the result of injections of creasote into the veins; no special symptoms were induced by it, but this ap- peared to be owing to the blood being instantaneously coagulated by it, which not only prevented the farther progress of the crea- sote, but also of the blood ; hence, no evil consequences resulted ; and, it is probable, as Riecke has suggested,1 that the weaker the solution of creasote, within certain limits, the greater may be its effect on the mass of blood. Corneliani,2 an Italian physician, has also instituted a series of experiments with creasote on lambs, rabbits, &c. All these ani- mals bore small doses of creasote — however unwillingly it might be taken — without any remarkable results, and without loss of appetite. Large doses, however, immediately occasioned general torpor, sudden inclination to pass the urine, paralysis — especially of the lower extremities — with or without convulsions, and fre- quently the ejection of a bloody foam. When the doses were 1 Die nenern Arzneimittel, u. s. w. S. 153. 5 Giornale delle Scienze Medieo-Chirurgiche, No. 8, Febrajo, 1S35; cited in Brit, and For. Med. Review, p. 265, Jan. 1836. 260 CR.EAS0TUM. large, and it was but little diluted, death took place in a few minutes, and on examination, the inner lining of the stomach was generally found corroded, yet not so constantly as to allow of death being ascribed to that circumstance. It followed, farther, from his experiments, that pure creasote applied to a denuded nerve, or injected only in small quantities into a vein, may occa- sion death suddenly; and that the application of the creasote to extensive wounded surfaces in the same animals maybe ultimately followed by fatal consequences. Where a very large dose of crea- sote was administered, immediate death was produced without organic lesion. In the trials made with it by Dr. Elliotson1 he found no action produced upon the bowels ; but it sometimes augmented the quantity of urine. He once saw it, in the dose of a minim three times a day, cause micturition nine times in an hour. In another case, in doses of three minims, it produced severe strangury. According to Simon, when applied to the muscles, it destroys the surface like caustic. Miiller and Reiter, in their experiments, found, that it speedily rendered the muscular fibres of a dirty- whitish appearance, and readily lacerable. When applied to the fresh blood of the hog, it converted the colour in an instant to an ashy-gray ; after which it became black and quickly coagulated, Mixed either pure or diluted with blood, it thickens it; the mix- ture assumes a brown-red colour, and is found studded with small white points, which are nothing more than coagulated albumen. On exposing the coagulum to the air, it assumes a yellowish-red colour. Reich, on the other hand, who appears to have made many experiments with creasote, both in internal and external diseases, affirms, that he has never observed any caustic effect from it : from which assertion, as Riecke has remaned,2 the only inference to be deduced is, that he must always have applied it largely diluted. Fremanger likewise asserts, that when pure creasote is applied to the epidermis, it does not destroy it; but merely occasions more or less redness of the skin. When applied to a suppu- rating surface, it caused, instantaneously, the formation of a white pellicle, owing to its coagulating the albumen contained in the secretions from the wound. Adventitious tissues, with which it is brought in contact, are destroyed by it. When placed between the lips of a wound, it prevents healing by the first intention, by coagulating the albumen; and, consequently, it may be employed in all cases where it is desirable to prevent the growing together of parts. Fremanger is, indeed, disposed to refer all its efficacy to the action which it exerts on albumen. Its long continued use often occasions an inflammatory condi- tion which, as Dr. J. L. Da Luz3 observes, has nothing in com- 1 Medico-Chirurg. Transac. vol. xix. Lond. 1835. _ * Op. cit. S. 154. 3 Journal da Sociedade das Sciencas Medicas de Lisboa, torn. v. Lisboa, 1835 ; re- viewed in Zeitschrift fur die gesamtnte Medicin. Oct. 1838, S. 22-1.. CREASOTUM. 261 raon with the disease for the cure of which it may have been prescribed. In a case of porrigo favosa, treated with it by the author, febrile irritation supervened, and the head was covered by an artificial eruption, which induced, however, a new action in the system of nutrition of the scalp, and, after its subsidence, the porrigo was cured. Dr. Cormack, of Edinburgh, instituted various experiments on the lower animals to test its physiological effects.1 In three experiments, about twenty-five drops of pure creasote were in- jected into the venous system of clogs. All the animals died. In every case of poisoning by it, which he has observed, Dr. Cor- mack found the following to be the symptoms. — Its first delete- rious action was a powerful one of sedation on the heart ; the vital energies of that organ seeming to be instantaneously para- lyzed. In some instances, hurried and sonorous respiration went on for more than a minute after the heart had ceased to beat. In general, one or two convulsions, resembling the tetanic, preceded death; and, almost invariably before expiring, the animal uttered one or more shrill cries. In every instance the atony of the heart immediately after death was very striking. From other experiments it appears, that when it is injected into the arteries the deleterious effects are of a much milder cha- racter, and if the dose be not large, the animal may experience but little inconvenience, — a circumstance which proves the im- portance of a thorough admixture with the blqod before the poi- sonous article reaches the heart; such admixture not taking place to the necessary extent, when the poison is injected into the veins, but being readily effected when injected into the arteries, and con- sequently distributed through the system of nutrition. When taken for any length of time, the urine acquires a black- ish hue, and in some cases creasote may be recognised in it.2 EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY IN DISEASE. Creasote has been administered in various diseases; the follow- ing may be esteemed a summary of the chief therapeutical expe- riments made with it. Hemorrhage. — The discovery of creasote happened at a time when the Acqua Binelli enjoyed more confidence as a styptic than it does now ; and the fancied probability, that the nostrum was indebted to creasote for its properties, gave rise to many ex- periments with the latter in cases of hemorrhage. One of the first, who instituted experiments with it on rabbits, was G. Simon. Not being able to obtain any striking results from the Acqua Binelli. he tried creasote, pure, as well as in the form of creasote water, and of an emulsion prepared with gum Arabic; and from the results ' Op. cit. p. GG. 2 Macleod, in Med. Gaz. xvi. 599, and xvii. G53. 262 CREASOTUM. of these he was led to affirm, that although creasote occasioned the coagulation of the albumen of the blood, it acted no better as a styptic than cold water. With the Acqua Binelli he was not able to coagulate albumen. The rapid separation of the albumen in the form of a reddish-gray coagulum under the influence of creasote, he found to be of no advantage, as the mass remained soft and pulpy ; and the wound in the vessel would not close, but was immediately opened by the stream of blood. Neither did he esteem it adapted for arresting trifling hemorrhages; for, when very much diluted, it was still too exciting to the injured parts, and greatly delayed their union. This, indeed, might, he thinks, be expected from the fact, that pure creasote, when placed on the skin for ten or twenty minutes, induces superficial inflammation. The experiments of other physicians have been decidedly more favour- able. Muller and Reiter,1 for example, in theirs, found that creasote was far more efficacious than the Acqua Binelli; for, when the latter was prescribed, it was always necessary to have recourse to other agents, before the hemorrhage was arrested. In their experiments on dogs, they found the hemorrhage from a divided crural vein quickly cease, when a compress of cotton wetted with creasote was placed on the vessel with a moderate degree of pressure. Three days afterwards, the crural artery was exposed on the same dog, and divided; but it was afterwards necessary to tie it, as the creasote, in consequence of the excessive hemorrhage, could not be brought into immediate contact with the vessel, but merely acted on the superficial layer of blood, and therefore did not arrest the hemorrhage. The crural artery of a young and tolerably strong dog was cut a short distance above its division, compression being at the same time exerted upon the trunk. The artery did not bleed. Nine minutes aftatwards, a compress of cotton soaked in creasote was applied immediately to the divided extremity of the artery, with some degree of pressure. When the compress was removed, the bleeding was entirely arrested, and the wounded surface was dry, and had an ashy-gray hue. In an old dog, hemorrhage from a divided crural artery was arrested by the same means, but not so speedily. See, also, Burdach, Medicin. Zeitung. Jahrgang, 1840, No. 31, cited in Lond. and Edinb. Monthly Journal of Med. Science, May, 1842. CREASOTUM. 263 and a pointed fibrous caruncle was observed in the vessel, which was doubtless the fibrinous portion of the previous coagulurn. From their experiments, Muller and Reiter were led to con- firm the heemastatic properties of creasote, both when the hemor- rhage occurs from veins and from arteries. The arteries divided were of considerable size, larger than the radial artery of an adult male. They consider pressure indispensable to occasion the crea- sote to act immediately on the artery ; and the arrest of the hemor- rhage, they ascribe, not alone to the coagulation of the blood, but to the contraction of the arteries. In parenchymatous hemor- rhage, creasote water was generally sufficient; as well as in tole- rably extensive wounds of the surface. Horing, also, obtained satisfactory results from his experiments on animals. He ex- posed, on an old cat, the crural artery and vein of the right side ; made a small incision into the latter, and pressed upon it to stop the copious flow which ensued : he then applied over the wound, for two minutes, a small compress of lint, wetted with a solution of creasote — two drops to one hundred of water — and the bleeding ceased. The artery wTas now opened, and a similar compress placed upon it with the same result. Two clays afterwards, a se- cond experiment was made of the same kind, except that, owing to the struggles of the animal, a larger opening was made into the crural artery. In this case, it was necessary to apply the com- press for four minutes before the hemorrhage ceased. In another cat, a large transverse incision was made into the inner surface of the right thigh, above the middle, by which muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves were divided. Two large compresses of lint, wetted with a solution of creasote, were then pressed on the parts for five minutes, and the bleeding entirely ceased. The like re- sult was obtained in the case of an old horse, whose jugular vein was opened. But the creasote solution did not succeed in wholly arresting the hemorrhage in the same horse, when an opening was made into the crural vein and artery. To these experiments on animals may be added some that were instituted on the human subject, which testify, more or less, to the efficacy of creasote as a heemastatic. Hahn applied it in some insignificant cases, but saw no better effect from it than from cold water. Most found it speedily arrest slight hemorrhage from small vessels. Horing applied it successfully in cases of epistaxis, which had obstinately resisted other agents, — two plugs of lint, dipped in a solution of creasote, being inserted in the nostrils, after which the hemorrhage soon ceased. Fichtdauer employed it with equally advantageous results in violent bleeding from leech bites, after several hasmastatics had been used in vain ; and Hey- felder extols it for arresting hemorrhage from large wounded sur- faces. Eerthelot differs with Fremanger and Simon, w^ho affirm that union by the first intention is prevented by it. The results 264 CREASOTUM. of his observation were opposite. Miguet applied it success- fully as a haemastatic in fresh wounds on man and animals. Both pure creasote and a solution of it were, however, unsuccess- fully used by Bardili in hemorrhage from the arteria tibialis pos- tica, which he ascribed to the blood having lost its albumen, owing to the excessive discharge. Reich and Hauff found injections with creasote water useful in hcemorrhagia uteri. Schneider had a case of hemorrhage that had continued for seven hours in a man eighty years old, which proceeded from the gums of the upper jaw; the blood oozing as from the pores of a sponge. He directed the man to take as much creasote water into his mouth as he was able; and after three repetitions the hemorrhage ceased, and did not recur. Kohler1 endeavoured to test the hasmastatic operation upon himself. He made an incision in his forearm an inch long, and three or four lines deep, to which he applied creasote water. A lancinating pain was felt in the wound, but no other sensible effect. A drop of pure creasote was now let fall between the lips of the wound: this was followed by a sensation of burning and drawing; for a moment coagulated flakes of a whitish-gray colour covered the wound, and there was a temporary cessation to the flow: it soon, however, recurred. After a time, the hemorrhage ceased; but not sooner — Kohler thinks — than if cold water had been applied. The feeling of burning and drawing continued, however, for some time ; the edges of the wound were somewhat swollen, and cedematous, and, in about four hours, were covered with a yellowish-brown lymph; but there seemed to be no delay in the cicatrization. In a case of lithotomy, it was found impossible to arrest the hemorrhage by any of the usual means, and no particular vessel could be discovered from which the bloq^ flowed. The patient was at last reduced to the lowest ebb, from the continued loss of blood, and had already lost consciousness, when a sponge, dipped in pure creasote, was introduced into the wound, and pressed against the bleeding parts for an instant or two. The hemorrhage was immediately arrested. No particular pain was experienced ; no unpleasant symptoms occurred ; thin eschars were thrown off, and the patient recovered.2 J. L. da Luz3 found it an excellent styptic in capillary hemorrhage; but in he- morrhage from great vessels it did not prevent a recurrence of the bleeding. In hcsmoptysis, its internal use has been found beneficial. Santini4 prescribed it in a desperate case with com- plete success, and with Schrnalz it was equally effective; on the other hand, it was of little avail in Guitti's hands. In hcema- 1 Neue Wissenschaftlich. Annalen, u. s. w. B. i. H. 3, S. 285. Berlin, 1S35. 3 Daser, Ediah. Medical and Surgieal Journal, Oct. 1841. 3 Op. cit. 4 Gazetta Terapeutica di Verona, Mars, 1834; cited in American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Feb. 1836, p, 502. CREASOTUM. 265 temesis, it succeeded with Dr. Isaac Parrish of Philadelphia,1 after the remedies generally employed in such cases hud failed to produce any effect. Dr. Win. T. Wragg,2 employed it inter- nally with advantage in a variety of hemorrhages — as flooding after abortion; flooding where there was no pregnane/: hemor- rhage from the stomach and bowels; hemorrhage from tht bladder, and haemoptysis; and the result of his observations duces him to conclude, that, on the whole, they "entitle the remedy to a place amongst the means upon which reliance may he placet in the treatment of a class of diseases, in the management of which we are often embarrassed." He extols it also as a hae- mastatic in traumatic hemorrhage; and a case is given by Drs. J. L. Lawrence Smith and S. D. Sinkler,3 in which a mixture oi creasote, " a watery emulsion of creasote," (the formula for which is given hereafter,) with proper pressure by means of a dossil of lint, arrested the hemorrhage produced by an oblique slit in the carotid of a sheep. They express their belief, however, that when the emulsion of creasote is applied to the divided artery of the sheep, it depends greatly, if not altogether, upon the manner in which the lint is applied to the wound in the artery, whether the hemor- rhage is arrested or not. If it be placed immediately on the orifice of the cut vessel, success is certain ; " if, however, the vessel shrink from contact with the lint, the animal is almost certain to bleed to death." Its effects as a hsemastatic suggested it to Dr. E.W. Faulcon.4 of North Carolina, as a remedy in a case of mercurial salivation. in the form of gargle made by half a dram of creasote to a pint ot sage tea, which was used every hour during the first day. The effects wTere excellent. Burns. — Most used creasote with decided relief in burns of the second and, third degree, applied by means of rags wetted with creasote water. Berthelot also cured two cases quickly with it; the slightly burnt places becoming desiccated; the more severe healing by the formation of a crust. Guitti applied both creasote water and creasote ointment with advantage in burns which had proceeded to profuse suppuration; and Dr. Sutro5 strongly recom- mends an ointment of creasote, the formula for which is given hereafter; and advises it to be kept ready prepared under the name of ' burn ointment.' In prof use suppuration, it has been advised, on the authoritv of Levrat and Berthelot ; but, according to J. L. da Lniz,6 it has no marked influence on the secretion of pus, and is therefore useless in suppurating abscesses. In otorrhoza it has been especially beneficial. 1 Medical Examiner, Aug. 10, 1S3H, p. 501. a Southern Journal of Medicine and lJharmacv. March, 1S46, p. 128. 3 Ibid., July, 1846, p. 403. * Medical Examiner, Nov. 1843. p. C5G. 5 Medical Times, Jan. 4, 1845, p. 314. s Op. cit. 266 CREASOTUM. Lesions of the integuments. — According to Reichenbach, creasote is of essential service in the intertrigo of children, as well as in excoriations induced by lying — bed sores. In the latter case, Guitti used it with success. Hahn also frequently employed it. In cases where ulceration had not taken place, he washed the parts several times a day with creasote water, and was of opinion that he had prevented, in some cases, the occurrence of ulceration. Where ulceration had already taken place, he covered the parts with linen rags, folded two or three times, which he soaked in creasote water, and fixed them on by means of adhesive straps. The superficial ulcers soon healed ; and the deeper were transformed into hollow surfaces, secreting a homogeneous serous fluid, but no pus. Horing employed creasote water with advantage in sore nip- ples; and creasote ointment has been recommended by Dr. Fife,1 in sprains and contusions. In chilblains, whether ulcerated or not, Hahn3 used creasote washes successfully; — the affection yielding in a few days; and Dr. Herndon3 regards creasote ointment as the best remedy in that affection with which he is acquainted. M. Devergie also ex- tols an ointment of creasote, subacetate of lead and opium in the proportions given hereafter. Ulcers. — Fissures of the skin and superficial ulcers, accord- ing to Hahn, were changed, under the application of creasote wa- ter, into a blackish-brown scab, which adhered for a long time, and, when it fell off, left the parts healed, or, by occasioning too much shrinking, gave rise to fresh inflammation and suppuration.
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%20%D0%AE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Wikipedia
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CC-By-SA
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Смоляков Абрам Юхимович
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Смоляков Абрам Юхимович&action=history
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Ukrainian
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Spoken
| 170 | 534 |
Смоляков Абрам Юхимович (25 травня 1908, с. Щербинівка, Кричевський район, Могильовська область, Білорусь — 30 вересня 1943) — радянський військовик, учасник другої світової війни. Герой Радянського Союзу (1943).
Життєпис
Народився 25 травня 1908 року в білоруському селі Щербинівка (нині — Кричевського району Могильовської області). На початку 1920-х років, після переїзду з Білорусі родина мешкала в м. Юзівка. Працював ковалем та навчався на робітфаку, після закінчення якого був директором Клубу ім. Дзержинського. У 1930 році — директор Парку культури і відпочинку ім. Щербакова.
У 1939 році направлений на роботу в Станіслав (нині Івано-Франківськ).
З початком німецько-радянської війни був призначений заступником командира з політчастини 1177-го винищувально — протитанкового полку 7-ї гвардійської дивізії 47-ї армії, яка брала участь в оборонних боях у Західній Білорусі, з боями відходячи до Дніпра.
У 1943 році в боях на Курському напрямку підбив 16 танків і продовжував наступ на Білгород і Харків. За цей бій А. Е. Смоляков був нагороджений орденом Червоного Прапора.
Похований в братській могилі в с. Ліпляве Канівського району Черкаської області.
Джерела
Уродженці Могильовської губернії
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https://github.com/guillaume-florent/corelib/blob/master/corelib/units/speed.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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corelib
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guillaume-florent
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Python
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Code
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# coding: utf-8
r"""Speed conversions"""
from corelib.units.base import create_code
speeds = {"ms": 1., "mps": 1., "meter_per_second": 1., "meters_per_second": 1.,
"kmh": 1000./3600., "kilometer_per_hour": 1000./3600., "kilometers_per_hour": 1000./3600.,
"kt": 1852./3600., "knt": 1852./3600., "knts": 1852./3600., "knot": 1852./3600., "knots": 1852./3600.}
for k in speeds.keys():
exec(create_code("speeds", k), globals())
def convert(value, to_unit, from_unit):
r"""Convenience function for cases where the to_unit and the from_unit
are in string form
Parameters
----------
value : float or int
to_unit : str
The desired unit
from_unit : str
The input unit
"""
return globals()[to_unit](**{from_unit: value})
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88/2024_166
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TEDEUTenders
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Open Government
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Various open data
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None
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None
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German
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Spoken
| 5,953 | 16,360 |
The Coombe Hospital: Passive Fire Works
DESIGN, SUPPLY, INSTALLATION, COMMISSION, CERTIFICATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PASSIVE FIRE SAFETY WORKS TO INCLUDE, (a) NEW FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLIES; AND (b) UPGRADE OF EXISTING FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLIES; AND (c) FIRE STOPPING/UPGRADING TO FIRE WALLS AND FIRE SEALING OF SERVICE PENETRATIONS
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The Coombe Hospital: Passive Fire Works
DESIGN, SUPPLY, INSTALLATION, COMMISSION, CERTIFICATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PASSIVE FIRE SAFETY WORKS TO INCLUDE, (a) NEW FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLIES; AND (b) UPGRADE OF EXISTING FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLIES; AND (c) FIRE STOPPING/UPGRADING TO FIRE WALLS AND FIRE SEALING OF SERVICE PENETRATIONS
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ET2404 - Provision of External Procurement and Implementation Partner Services
The RSA is seeking tenders from interested parties for the provision of external procurement and implementation partner services. The contract will be for 4 years initially, with options to extend by a period of up to 1 year, with a maximum of two such extensions. The scope of the contract comprises the provision of professional and technical support services relating to the procurement, transition, oversight of third party implementation / rollout, and/or contract management of RSA commercial contracts, as required over the term of the contract. Please refer to the RFT documents attached to this notice for more information.
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ET2404 - Provision of External Procurement and Implementation Partner Services
The RSA is seeking tenders from interested parties for the provision of external procurement and implementation partner services. The contract will be for 4 years initially, with options to extend by a period of up to 1 year, with a maximum of two such extensions. The scope of the contract comprises the provision of professional and technical support services relating to the procurement, transition, oversight of third party implementation / rollout, and/or contract management of RSA commercial contracts, as required over the term of the contract. Please refer to the RFT documents attached to this notice for more information.
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Unterhalts- und Grundreinigung der Kindertagesstätten der Stadt Nidda, zzgl. Küchenhelfer
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Die Stadt Nidda als öffentlicher Träger von insgesamt neun städtischen Kindertagesstätten sowie einem Naturwagens eines Naturkindergartens ist verpflichtet, die Gebäudereinigungsleistung nach den gesetzlichen Vergaberichtlinien neu auszuschreiben.
Gegenstand des Auftrags ist die Unterhalts-, und Grundreinigung zzgl. Küchenhelfer für die Unterstürtzung bei der Ausgabe des Mittagsessens.
Die Jahresreinigungsfläche beträgt ca. 1,15 Mio Quadratmeter.
Küchenhelfer werden täglich für die Kindertagesstätten Nidda, Kohden, Ober-Widdersheim, Ulfa und Ober-Schmitten benötigt.
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Wykonanie kompleksowej obsługi chemicznej procesu wytwarzania energii elektrycznej
i ciepła w Enea Elektrownia Połaniec S.A.
2. Podstawowy zakres usług
Do podstawowego zakresu usług zalicza się:
2.1. Usługi eksploatacyjno – laboratoryjne, a w tym:
2.1.1. kontrolę i korekcję parametrów chemicznych obiegów wodno-parowych bloków energetycznych nr 2-7 i 9 wraz z obsługą i nadzorem dedykowanych do tego celu układów technologicznych,
2.1.2. kontrolę parametrów chemicznych obiegów wodnych stacji ciepłowniczych członu nr1
i nr2 (w skrócie: CC1 i CC2) oraz korekcję obiegu wodnego stacji ciepłowniczej członu nr2,
2.1.3. kontrolę czystości gazów w generatorach i zbiornikach stacji magazynowania wodoru,
2.1.4. kontrolę jakości przemiału kamienia wapiennego i parametrów chemicznych mediów związanych z pracą instalacji odsiarczania spalin w technologii mokrej wapienno-gipsowej,
2.1.5. kontrolę jakościową paliw konwencjonalnych z dostaw i w zużyciu,
2.1.6. kontrolę jakościową paliwa biomasowego, pochodzenia leśnego i rolniczego w zużyciu,
2.1.7. kontrolę jakościową addytywów (piasku, kaolinitu, kamienia wapiennego, wapna hydratyzowanego) z dostaw,
2.1.8. kontrolę stężenia substancji chemicznych dla instalacji technologicznych (woda amoniakalna, kwas organiczny, kwas solny, wodorotlenek sodowy, podchloryn sodu),
2.1.9. kontrolę chemiczną odpadów paleniskowych/produktów ubocznych oraz osadów
z kotłów i urządzeń technologicznych,
2.1.10. kontrolę chemiczną technologii uzdatniania wody do celów procesowych, socjalno-bytowych i do celów ochrony ppoż.,
2.1.11. kontrolę chemiczną gospodarki wodno-ściekowej,
2.1.12. kontrolę parametrów glikolu z instalacji grzewczej K9,
2.1.13. kontrolę chemiczną osadu z oczyszczalni wód opadowych i roztopowych z terenu zaplecza.
2.2. Usługi w zakresie nadzoru i kontroli nad stosowanymi technologiami konserwacji
i utrzymania układów technologicznych.
2.3. Przygotowanie odczynników dla automatycznej aparatury kontrolno-pomiarowej.
2.4. Pomocnicze usługi chemiczne przy realizacji analiz specjalistycznych zlecanych do zewnętrznych jednostek badawczych.
2.5. Doradztwo i obsługa chemiczna przy wykonywaniu testów na instalacjach technologicznych w zakresie określonym przez programy wykonania tych testów.
2.6. Prowadzenie dokumentacji i rejestrów wyników z wykonanych badań i analiz.
2.7. Wystawianie zawiadomień o usterkach na układach technologicznych i aparaturze kontrolno-pomiarowej w obszarze działania przypisanym Wykonawcy z użyciem modułu PM WCM systemu SAP.
2.8. Koszty części zamiennych w przypadku wystąpienia usterek dla urządzeń przekazanych przez Zamawiającego do realizacji usługi (m.in. XRF) wynikające z ich cen zakupu wraz
z dodatkowymi kosztami zakupu i usługi montażu.
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FZ/PZP/11/2024
Wykonanie kompleksowej obsługi chemicznej procesu wytwarzania energii elektrycznej
i ciepła w Enea Elektrownia Połaniec S.A.
2. Podstawowy zakres usług
Do podstawowego zakresu usług zalicza się:
2.1. Usługi eksploatacyjno – laboratoryjne, a w tym:
2.1.1. kontrolę i korekcję parametrów chemicznych obiegów wodno-parowych bloków energetycznych nr 2-7 i 9 wraz z obsługą i nadzorem dedykowanych do tego celu układów technologicznych,
2.1.2. kontrolę parametrów chemicznych obiegów wodnych stacji ciepłowniczych członu nr1
i nr2 (w skrócie: CC1 i CC2) oraz korekcję obiegu wodnego stacji ciepłowniczej członu nr2,
2.1.3. kontrolę czystości gazów w generatorach i zbiornikach stacji magazynowania wodoru,
2.1.4. kontrolę jakości przemiału kamienia wapiennego i parametrów chemicznych mediów związanych z pracą instalacji odsiarczania spalin w technologii mokrej wapienno-gipsowej,
2.1.5. kontrolę jakościową paliw konwencjonalnych z dostaw i w zużyciu,
2.1.6. kontrolę jakościową paliwa biomasowego, pochodzenia leśnego i rolniczego w zużyciu,
2.1.7. kontrolę jakościową addytywów (piasku, kaolinitu, kamienia wapiennego, wapna hydratyzowanego) z dostaw,
2.1.8. kontrolę stężenia substancji chemicznych dla instalacji technologicznych (woda amoniakalna, kwas organiczny, kwas solny, wodorotlenek sodowy, podchloryn sodu),
2.1.9. kontrolę chemiczną odpadów paleniskowych/produktów ubocznych oraz osadów
z kotłów i urządzeń technologicznych,
2.1.10. kontrolę chemiczną technologii uzdatniania wody do celów procesowych, socjalno-bytowych i do celów ochrony ppoż.,
2.1.11. kontrolę chemiczną gospodarki wodno-ściekowej,
2.1.12. kontrolę parametrów glikolu z instalacji grzewczej K9,
2.1.13. kontrolę chemiczną osadu z oczyszczalni wód opadowych i roztopowych z terenu zaplecza.
2.2. Usługi w zakresie nadzoru i kontroli nad stosowanymi technologiami konserwacji
i utrzymania układów technologicznych.
2.3. Przygotowanie odczynników dla automatycznej aparatury kontrolno-pomiarowej.
2.4. Pomocnicze usługi chemiczne przy realizacji analiz specjalistycznych zlecanych do zewnętrznych jednostek badawczych.
2.5. Doradztwo i obsługa chemiczna przy wykonywaniu testów na instalacjach technologicznych w zakresie określonym przez programy wykonania tych testów.
2.6. Prowadzenie dokumentacji i rejestrów wyników z wykonanych badań i analiz.
2.7. Wystawianie zawiadomień o usterkach na układach technologicznych i aparaturze kontrolno-pomiarowej w obszarze działania przypisanym Wykonawcy z użyciem modułu PM WCM systemu SAP.
2.8. Koszty części zamiennych w przypadku wystąpienia usterek dla urządzeń przekazanych przez Zamawiającego do realizacji usługi (m.in. XRF) wynikające z ich cen zakupu wraz
z dodatkowymi kosztami zakupu i usługi montażu.
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6343995.29
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0.
OPH-2885-2024
Puhtaan siirtymän investointien sujuvoittamiseen liittyvä osaaminen
Jatkuvan oppimisen ja työllisyyden palvelukeskus (Jotpa) hankkii puhtaan siirtymän investointeja edistävää koulutusta. Osaamistarpeita on tunnistettu muun muassa ympäristömenettelyihin ja muuhun vihreän siirtymän sääntelyyn, rahoitusosaamiseen, hankkeiden strategiseen vuorovaikutukseen sekä investointipäätösten tekemiseen liittyen. Hankinnan tavoitteena on sujuvoittaa vihreän siirtymän investointien toteutumista sekä edistää niiden hyväksyttävyyttä. Koulutus on suunnattu pääsääntöisesti yrityksille, jotka toteuttavat puhtaan siirtymän hankkeita.
Hankinnan kohteena oleva palvelu on kuvattu tarjouspyynnön liitteellä 1. "Hankinnan kohteen kuvaus".
services
Hankinnan kohteena oleva palvelu on kuvattu tarjouspyynnön liitteellä 1. "Hankinnan kohteen kuvaus".
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Katso tarjouspyynnön ESPD-lomake IV OSA Valintaperusteet ja tarjouspyynnön kohta Muut ehdot.
used
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Katso tarjouspyynnön ESPD-lomake IV OSA Valintaperusteet ja tarjouspyynnön kohta Muut ehdot.
used
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Linkki hankinta-asiakirjoihin
non-restricted-document
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09:00:00+00:00
2024-05-31+00:00
09:00:00+00:00
false
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OPH-2558-2024-1
Puhtaan siirtymän ympäristömenettelyt
Tarkempi kuvaus tarjouspyynnön liitteellä. 1."Hankinnan kohteen kuvaus".
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Katso tarjouspyynnön ESPD-lomake IV OSA Valintaperusteet ja tarjouspyynnön kohta Muut ehdot.
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Linkki hankinta-asiakirjoihin
non-restricted-document
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09:00:00+00:00
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OPH-2558-2024-2
Puhtaan siirtymän sääntely
Tarkempi kuvaus tarjouspyynnön liitteellä. 1."Hankinnan kohteen kuvaus".
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Katso tarjouspyynnön ESPD-lomake IV OSA Valintaperusteet ja tarjouspyynnön kohta Muut ehdot.
used
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Katso tarjouspyynnön ESPD-lomake IV OSA Valintaperusteet ja tarjouspyynnön kohta Muut ehdot.
used
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Linkki hankinta-asiakirjoihin
non-restricted-document
https://tarjouspalvelu.fi/opetushallitus?id=510332&tpk=4664f708-413a-4883-aeb4-e12fd11f0ece
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ORG-0001
FIN
required
2024-08-07+00:00
09:00:00+00:00
2024-05-31+00:00
09:00:00+00:00
false
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OPH-2558-2024-3
Perustietoa puhtaan siirtymän investoinneista päätöksentekijöille
Tarkempi kuvaus tarjouspyynnön liitteellä. 1."Hankinnan kohteen kuvaus".
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used
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Katso tarjouspyynnön ESPD-lomake IV OSA Valintaperusteet ja tarjouspyynnön kohta Muut ehdot.
used
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Linkki hankinta-asiakirjoihin
non-restricted-document
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2024-08-07+00:00
09:00:00+00:00
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false
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OPH-2558-2024-4
Strateginen vuorovaikutus puhtaan siirtymän hankkeissa
Tarkempi kuvaus tarjouspyynnön liitteellä. 1."Hankinnan kohteen kuvaus".
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Katso tarjouspyynnön ESPD-lomake IV OSA Valintaperusteet ja tarjouspyynnön kohta Muut ehdot.
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Linkki hankinta-asiakirjoihin
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09:00:00+00:00
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false
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OPH-2558-2024-5
Puhtaan siirtymän hankkeiden rahoitus
Tarkempi kuvaus tarjouspyynnön liitteellä. 1."Hankinnan kohteen kuvaus".
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202306031
Realisatie Referentiearchitectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0
De energietransitie naar een duurzame samenleving vraagt om een enorme inspanning waarin digitalisering een fundamentele rol speelt. Door digitale ontwikkelingen ontstaan nieuwe mogelijkheden en verandert de manier waarop we leven en werken. De energietransitie brengt naast duurzame bronnen en een veranderend energienetwerk ook een veranderende maatschappij met zich mee, waarin digitalisering er mede voor zorgt dat we op een hele nieuwe manier met energie omgaan. 1
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Zie paragraaf 4.3.1 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie Referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0"
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E3 Referentiegegevens (technische bekwaamheid)
Zie paragraaf 4.3.2 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie Referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0"
used
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sui-act
E4 Uittreksel beroeps- of handelsregister
Zie paragraaf 4.4 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie Referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0"
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Zie paragraaf 5.2.1 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie Referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0"
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Zie paragraaf 5.2.2 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie Referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0"
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Zie paragraaf 5.2.3 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse energiesysteem 1.0"
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Zie paragraaf 5.2.4 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie Referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0"
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Prijzen/tarieven
Zie paragraaf 5.3 van het Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse energiesysteem 1.0"
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Realisatie Referentiearchitectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0
De energietransitie naar een duurzame samenleving vraagt om een enorme inspanning waarin digitalisering een fundamentele rol speelt. Door digitale ontwikkelingen ontstaan nieuwe mogelijkheden en verandert de manier waarop we leven en werken. De energietransitie brengt naast duurzame bronnen en een veranderend energienetwerk ook een veranderende maatschappij met zich mee, waarin digitalisering er mede voor zorgt dat we op een hele nieuwe manier met energie omgaan. De afgelopen 10 jaar zijn op veel verschillende deelgebieden innovatietrajecten gefinancierd en uitgevoerd om de energietransitie (en met name de rol van digitalisering daarbinnen) vooruit te helpen.
De Topsector energie (hierna: TSE) heeft daarom samen met de RVO een eerste verkenning laten uitvoeren naar een referentie-architectuur voor de nieuwe energie infrastructuur in Nederland, gebaseerd op alle lessen die in voornoemde innovatietrajecten geleerd zijn om de missies in het Klimaatakkoord dichterbij te brengen.
Referentie-architecturen bevatten algemene modellen en principes die gebruikt kunnen worden voor het inrichten van specifieke processen en systemen. Alle bedrijfsstructuren, -processen, data- uitwisseling en infrastructuren worden in een referentie-architectuur betrokken. Een referentie-architectuur kan worden gedefinieerd als een generieke architectuur voor een klasse van systemen, gebaseerd op best practices.
Nu de resultaten van de verkenning (fase 1) zijn opgeleverd is gebleken dat er behoefte is aan een eerste implementatie van een gedragen versie van de referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse energiedomein. Zie Aanbestedingsdocument "Realisatie Referentie-architectuur voor het Nederlandse Energiesysteem 1.0"
services
De looptijd van 29 juli 2024 tot en en met 28 juli 2027 is inclusief een optie tot verlenging van maximaal 1 x 1 jaar
619835.0
71314000
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Verlengingsopties van maximaal 1 x 1 jaar
Verlengingsopties van maximaal 1 x 1 jaar.
Avis rectificatif - Lancement du MARCHE 2024FRR02 « MANDATS DE GESTION D'ADOSSEMENT OAT »
Dans le cadre du présent Marché, le FRR souhaite sélectionner au maximum deux (2) prestataires de services d'investissement auxquels seront attribués des mandats en vue d'assurer une gestion d'adossement de flux ou « cash-flow matching » en investissant majoritairement dans des titres financiers émis par l'Etat français, tels que des Obligations Assimilées du Trésor (« OAT ») Français et des Bons du Trésor.
A des fins de diversification, seront notamment autorisés les investissements dans :
- des titres de créance à court terme et à moyen terme libellés en EURO, émis par des entreprises ou des sociétés financières de bonne qualité domiciliées dans l'un des pays de l'Espace économique européen (« EEE »), ou du Royaume-Uni ;
- des OPC monétaires « court terme » et « standards ».
Le gestionnaire pourra également utiliser des contrats financiers à terme fermes.
services
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Voir Règlement de consultation
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MARCHE 2024FRR02
Lancement du MARCHE 2024FRR02 « MANDATS DE GESTION D'ADOSSEMENT OAT »
Dans le cadre du présent Marché, le FRR souhaite sélectionner au maximum deux (2) prestataires de services d'investissement auxquels seront attribués des mandats en vue d'assurer une gestion d'adossement de flux ou « cash-flow matching » en investissant majoritairement dans des titres financiers émis par l'Etat français, tels que des Obligations Assimilées du Trésor (« OAT ») Français et des Bons du Trésor.
A des fins de diversification, seront notamment autorisés les investissements dans :
- des titres de créance à court terme et à moyen terme libellés en EURO, émis par des entreprises ou des sociétés financières de bonne qualité domiciliées dans l'un des pays de l'Espace économique européen (« EEE »), ou du Royaume-Uni ;
- des OPC monétaires « court terme » et « standards ».
Le gestionnaire pourra également utiliser des contrats financiers à terme fermes.
services
66140000.
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Dynamický nákupní systém na dodávky myček podložních mís pro poskytovatele zdravotních služeb
Krajská zdravotní, a.s. (dále jen „zadavatel“) zavádí DNS na dodávky myček podložních mís. Podrobně bude předmět jednotlivých veřejných zakázek zadávaných v DNS, včetně technických, obchodních, smluvních podmínek vždy vymezen ve výzvě k podání nabídek dle § 141 ZZVZ.
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Účastník prokáže profesní způsobilost dle § 77 ZZVZ odst. 1 předložením výpisu z obchodního rejstříku, pokud je v něm zapsán, či výpisu z jiné obdobné evidence, pokud je v ní zapsán.
Povinnost předložit doklad může účastník splnit odkazem na odpovídající informace vedené v informačním systému veřejné správy, nebo v obdobném systému vedeném v jiném členském státu, který umožňuje neomezený dálkový přístup. Takový odkaz musí obsahovat internetovou adresu a údaje pro přihlášení a vyhledání požadované informace, jsou-li takové údaje nezbytné.
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Podmínkou pro podání návrhu k ÚOHS je podání námitek k Zadavateli, které je nutné doručit do 15 dnů ode dne, kdy se stěžovatel dozvěděl o domnělém porušení zákona Zadavatelem, nejpozději však do uzavření smlouvy nebo do chvíle, kdy se soutěž o návrh považuje po výběru návrhu za ukončenou.
Námitky proti úkonům oznamovaným v dokumentech, které je Zadavatel povinen podle zákona uveřejnit či odeslat stěžovateli, musí být doručeny Zadavateli do 15 dnů od jejich uveřejnění či doručení stěžovateli.
Pokud je v zadávacím řízení stanovena lhůta pro podání žádostí o účast, musí být námitky proti podmínkám vztahujícím se ke kvalifikaci dodavatele doručeny Zadavateli nejpozději do skončení této lhůty.
Pokud je v zadávacím řízení stanovena lhůta pro podání nabídek, musí být námitky proti zadávacím podmínkám doručeny Zadavateli nejpozději do skončení této lhůty. Námitky proti obsahu výzvy k podání nabídek v dynamickém nákupním systému nebo při zadávání veřejné zakázky na základě rámcové dohody musí být zadavateli doručeny nejpozději do konce lhůty pro podání nabídek. V soutěži o návrh musí být námitky proti soutěžním podmínkám doručeny nejpozději do konce lhůty pro podání návrhů. Zadavatel může v zadávací dokumentaci nebo soutěžních podmínkách stanovit, že námitky podle § 242 odst. 3 nebo 4 zákona lze podat nejpozději 72 hodin před skončením lhůt podle § 242 odst. 3 nebo 4 zákona.
Námitky proti dobrovolnému oznámení o záměru uzavřít smlouvu podle § 212 odst. 2 zákona musí být doručeny Zadavateli do 30 dnů od uveřejnění tohoto oznámení.
Zadavatel je povinen námitky vyřídit do 15 dnů. Návrh je nutné doručit ÚOHS i Zadavateli do 10 dnů ode dne, v němž stěžovatel obdržel rozhodnutí, kterým Zadavatel námitky odmítnul nebo do 25 dnů od odeslání námitek, pokud Zadavatel o námitkách nerozhodl.
Po uzavření smlouvy na veřejnou zakázku či rámcové dohody lze podat pouze návrh na uložení zákazu plnění smlouvy, a to i bez předchozího podání námitek. Návrh na uložení zákazu plnění smlouvy doručí navrhovatel ÚOHS a ve stejnopisu Zadavateli do 30 dnů ode dne, kdy Zadavatel uveřejnil oznámení o uzavření smlouvy způsobem podle § 212 odst. 2 zákona s uvedením důvodu pro zadání veřejné zakázky bez uveřejnění oznámení o zahájení zadávacího řízení, předběžného oznámení nebo výzvy k podání nabídek ve zjednodušeném podlimitním řízení, nejpozději však do 6 měsíců od uzavření této smlouvy. Návrh na uložení zákazu plnění smlouvy podle § 254 odstavce 1 písm. d) zákona doručí navrhovatel ÚOHS a ve stejnopisu Zadavateli do 30 dnů ode dne, kdy Zadavatel uveřejnil oznámení o uzavření smlouvy na základě rámcové dohody podle § 137 zákona nebo oznámení o uzavření smlouvy v dynamickém nákupním systému podle § 142 zákona, nejpozději však do 6 měsíců od uzavření této smlouvy.
Ve lhůtě pro doručení návrhu je navrhovatel povinen složit na účet ÚOHS kauci ve výši 1 % z nabídkové ceny navrhovatele za celou dobu plnění veřejné zakázky nebo za dobu prvních čtyř let plnění v případě smluv na dobu neurčitou, nejméně však ve výši 50 000 Kč, nejvýše ve výši 10 000 000 Kč. V případě, že navrhovatel nemůže stanovit celkovou nabídkovou cenu, je povinen složit kauci ve výši 100 000 Kč. V případě návrhu na uložení zákazu plnění smlouvy je navrhovatel povinen složit kauci ve výši 200 000 Kč. Jde-li o řízení o přezkoumání postupu pro zadávání koncesí, je navrhovatel povinen ve lhůtě pro doručení návrhu složit na účet ÚOHS kauci ve výši 1 % z předpokládané hodnoty koncese uveřejněné ve Věstníku veřejných zakázek nebo na profilu Zadavatele, nejméně však ve výši 50 000 Kč, nejvýše ve výši 10 000 000 Kč. V případě, že Zadavatel neuveřejní ve Věstníku veřejných zakázek nebo na profilu Zadavatele předpokládanou hodnotu koncese, je navrhovatel povinen složit kauci ve výši 100 000 Kč. V případě návrhu na uložení zákazu plnění koncesní smlouvy je navrhovatel povinen složit kauci ve výši 200 000 Kč.
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Sídlo zadavatele.
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P24V00000157
Dynamický nákupní systém na dodávky myček podložních mís pro poskytovatele zdravotních služeb
Krajská zdravotní, a.s. (dále jen „zadavatel“) zavádí DNS na dodávky myček podložních mís. Podrobně bude předmět jednotlivých veřejných zakázek zadávaných v DNS, včetně technických, obchodních, smluvních podmínek vždy vymezen ve výzvě k podání nabídek dle § 141 ZZVZ.
supplies
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Dodavatel, se kterým bude uzavřena smlouva na veřejnou zakázku, bude povinen zajistit po celou dobu plnění veřejné zakázky dodržování veškerých právních předpisů České republiky s důrazem na legální zaměstnávání, spravedlivé odměňování a dodržování bezpečnosti a ochrany zdraví při práci. Vůči poddodavatelům bude takový dodavatel povinen zajistit řádné a včasné uhrazení svých finančních závazků.
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SERVICIO DE LIMPIEZA EN DIVERSOS CENTROS DOCENTES PÚBLICOS DE LA PROVINCIA DE CÁDIZ DURANTE EL CURSO 2024/2025 Y CURSO 2025/2026 y POSIBLE PRÓRROGA (10 LOTES)
Servicio de mantenimiento y limpieza de los centros de enseñanza secundaria, educación especial y residencias escolares de la provincia de Cádiz para el curso escolar 2024/25 y curso escolar 2025/26.
005-24-00356
BLB NRW AC/Aachen/AC RWTH Ersatzneubau VIA / ELVA/Generalunternehmer/005-24-00356 II
Errichtung eines Ersatzneubaus in Holz-Modulbauweise mit Halle durch einen Generalunternehmer
works
Bekanntmachungs-ID: CXS7YYXY1X14RZQ8
Hingewiesen wird auch auf die Zuschlagkriterien aus der Matrix:
Optimierung des Terminplans in Hinblick des Fertigstellungstermins 20 %
Angebot 80 %
Sollte es im Rahmen des Vergabeverfahrens durch Mehrfachangaben im Preisblatt einerseits und im Bietertool andererseits zu widersprüchlichen Angaben über Preisnachlässe durch den Bieter kommen, werden die Angaben im Preisblatt als vorrangig angesehen und der Bewertung des Angebots zugrunde gelegt.
Wenn in den Vergabeunterlagen die Abgabe von mehreren Hauptangeboten nicht ausgeschlossen wurde (siehe Formblatt 211 - Aufforderung zur Abgabe eines Angebots), dann muss jedes einzelne Hauptangebot im Vergabemarktplatz als ein eigenständiges Angebot - mit allen dazugehörenden Unterlagen - erzeugt und über den Abgabeprozess einzeln eingereicht werden. Angebote von Bietern, die sich nicht an diese Formvorgaben halten, werden ausgeschlossen.
Die Abgabe von technisch identischen Doppelangeboten ist nur insoweit zulässig, solange keine belastbaren Anhaltspunkte für missbräuchliches Bieterverhalten vorliegen. Insbesondere das selektive Bedienen von Nachforderungsaufforderungen führt zum Ausschluss des selektiv vervollständigten Hauptangebots.
Hingewiesen wird auf die Korruptionspräventionen, denen sich der BLB NRW unterworfen hat; diese finden sich unter: https://www.blb.nrw.de/compliance.
Einem rechtskonformen Handeln unterwirft sich auch der Bewerber / Auftragnehmer.
Datenschutzklausel gem. § 12 Abs. 2 Datenschutzgesetz NRW
Die von Ihnen erbetenen, personenbezogenen Angaben werden im Rahmen des Vergabeverfahrens verarbeitet und gespeichert. Ihre Angaben sind Voraussetzung für die Berücksichtigung Ihres Angebotes.
Hinweis - Wettbewerbsregister
Ab einer Auftragssumme von 30.000 Euro ohne Umsatzsteuer wird der Auftraggeber über den Bieter, auf dessen Angebot der Zuschlag erteilt werden soll, eine Auskunft aus dem Wettbewerbsregister nach § 6 Abs. 1 S. 1 des Wettbewerbsregistergesetzes einholen.
Zuständigkeit bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten nach § 18 (2) VOB/B (Streitigkeiten)
Entsprechend dem § 18 (2) VOB/B und dem Transparenzgebot hat der BLB NRW die zuständige Stelle eingerichtet und gibt sie hiermit bekannt:
BLB NRW Zentrale
Justiziariat
Mercedesstr.12
40470 Düsseldorf
Informationen und Hilfestellungen zum Vergabemarktplatz sowie Anleitungen zum Bietertool für die Angebotsabgabe finden Sie auf der Internetseite des Betreibers cosinex GmbH unter folgendem Link:
https://support.cosinex.de/unternehmen/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=28115008.
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Wirtschaftliche und finanzielle Leistungsfähigkeit
Allgemeine Eignung
Die Eignung der präqualifizierten Unternehmen wird anhand der in der Liste des Vereins für die Präqualifikation von Bauunternehmen hinterlegten Erklärungen und Nachweise sowie der ggf. darüber hinaus verlangten Angaben und sonstigen Erkenntnissen der Baudurchführenden Ebene geprüft. Die hinterlegten Informationen müssen die Eignung für den konkreten Auftrag nachweisen, die projektspezifischen Anforderungen an den Nachweis der Eignung sind zu berücksichtigen. Alternativ oder ergänzend steht es den Unternehmen frei, Eigenerklärungen zu den geforderten Eignungskriterien abzugeben und diese durch Vorlage von Einzelnachweisen zu belegen. Dies ist insbesondere dann erforderlich, wenn die hinterlegten Dokumente nicht die Eignung zu dem konkreten Auftrag nachweisen können.
Die Eignungsprüfung der nicht präqualifizierten Unternehmen erfolgt (zunächst) anhand der abgegebenen Eigenerklärungen sowie der ggf. zusätzlich verlangten Angaben und sonstigen Erkenntnissen der Baudurchführenden Ebene. Gelangen Angebote von nicht präqualifizierten Unternehmen in die engere Wahl, sind die im Formblatt 124 "Eigenerklärung zur Eignung" bzw. in der Einheitlichen Europäischen Eigenerklärung bezeichneten Bescheinigungen zur Bestätigung der Eigenerklärungen einzuholen und zu prüfen.
Das Formblatt 124 kann direkt abgerufen werden unter:
https://www.blb.nrw.de/fileadmin/Home/Service/Service_fuer_Auftragnehmer/Eignungsnachweis/eigenerklaerung-nicht-praequalifizierte-unternehmen-formblatt-124.pdf
Bei Verfahren mit Teilnahmewettbewerb erfolgt die Eignungsprüfung nicht präqualifizierter Unternehmen im Rahmen der Bewerberauswahl anhand der vorgelegten Eigenerklärungen und Referenzbescheinigungen. Vor der Aufforderung zur Angebotsabgabe sind von den Bewerbern, die als geeignet eingestuft wurden und die zur Angebotsabgabe aufgefordert werden sollen, die Bescheinigungen zu fordern und zu prüfen.
Nachunternehmen/andere Unternehmen
Bei Zweifeln an der Eignung der vorgesehenen Nachunternehmen / anderen Unternehmen von präqualifizierten Unternehmen können die o.g. Nachweise gefordert und einer Prüfung unterzogen werden.
Bei der Prüfung der Eignung nicht präqualifizierter Unternehmen sind auch die Bescheinigungen der Nachunternehmen / anderen Unternehmen zu prüfen, für deren Leistungen die Vorlage der Eigenerklärung verlangt wurde.
Auftragsspezifische Anforderungen:
Einzureichende Unterlagen:
- Erklärung zur Zahl der in den letzten 3 Jahren jahresdurchschnittlich beschäftigten Arbeitskräfte (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): gegliedert nach Lohngruppen, mit extra ausgewiesenem Leitungspersonal
- Freistellungsbescheinigung nach § 48b Einkommensteuergesetz (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Dritterklärung vorzulegen)
- Handelsregisterauszug (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Dritterklärung vorzulegen)
- Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung des Finanzamtes bzw. Bescheinigung in Steuersachen (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Dritterklärung vorzulegen)
other
Sonstiges
Einzureichende Unterlagen:
- 221 Preisermittlung bei Zuschlagskalkulation (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): Angaben zur Preisermittlung. Bei Abgabe mehrerer Angebote für jedes Angebot
- 222 Preisermittlung bei Kalkulation über die Endsumme (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): Angaben zur Preisermittlung. Bei Abgabe mehrerer Angebote für jedes Angebot
- 234 Erklärung Bieter-/Arbeitsgemeinschaft (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): - wenn das Angebot von einer Bietergemeinschaft abgegeben wird
- bei Abgabe mehrerer Hauptangebote für jedes Hauptangebot einer Bietergemeinschaft
- 235 Verzeichnis der Leistungen/Kapazitäten anderer Unternehmen (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): - wenn sich der Bieter der Kapazitäten
anderer Unternehmen bedienen wird
- bei Abgabe mehrere Angebote für jedes Angebot,
in dem sich der Bieter der Kapazitäten anderer Unternehmen bedient
- Info-Blatt Steuerabzug (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen)
- Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung der tariflichen Sozialkasse (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Dritterklärung vorzulegen): falls das Unternehmen beitragspflichtig ist
- Urkalkulation (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): Die Urkalkulation in einer verschlüsselten Datei zusenden. Bei Öffnung der Urkalkulation werden wir von Ihnen das Passwort dieser Datei anfordern.
sui-act
Eignung zur Berufsausübung
Allgemeine Eignung
Die Eignung der präqualifizierten Unternehmen wird anhand der in der Liste des Vereins für die Präqualifikation von Bauunternehmen hinterlegten Erklärungen und Nachweise sowie der ggf. darüber hinaus verlangten Angaben und sonstigen Erkenntnissen der Baudurchführenden Ebene geprüft. Die hinterlegten Informationen müssen die Eignung für den konkreten Auftrag nachweisen, die projektspezifischen Anforderungen an den Nachweis der Eignung sind zu berücksichtigen. Alternativ oder ergänzend steht es den Unternehmen frei, Eigenerklärungen zu den geforderten Eignungskriterien abzugeben und diese durch Vorlage von Einzelnachweisen zu belegen. Dies ist insbesondere dann erforderlich, wenn die hinterlegten Dokumente nicht die Eignung zu dem konkreten Auftrag nachweisen können.
Die Eignungsprüfung der nicht präqualifizierten Unternehmen erfolgt (zunächst) anhand der abgegebenen Eigenerklärungen sowie der ggf. zusätzlich verlangten Angaben und sonstigen Erkenntnissen der Baudurchführenden Ebene. Gelangen Angebote von nicht präqualifizierten Unternehmen in die engere Wahl, sind die im Formblatt 124 "Eigenerklärung zur Eignung" bzw. in der Einheitlichen Europäischen Eigenerklärung bezeichneten Bescheinigungen zur Bestätigung der Eigenerklärungen einzuholen und zu prüfen.
Das Formblatt 124 kann direkt abgerufen werden unter:
https://www.blb.nrw.de/fileadmin/Home/Service/Service_fuer_Auftragnehmer/Eignungsnachweis/eigenerklaerung-nicht-praequalifizierte-unternehmen-formblatt-124.pdf
Bei Verfahren mit Teilnahmewettbewerb erfolgt die Eignungsprüfung nicht präqualifizierter Unternehmen im Rahmen der Bewerberauswahl anhand der vorgelegten Eigenerklärungen und Referenzbescheinigungen. Vor der Aufforderung zur Angebotsabgabe sind von den Bewerbern, die als geeignet eingestuft wurden und die zur Angebotsabgabe aufgefordert werden sollen, die Bescheinigungen zu fordern und zu prüfen.
Nachunternehmen/andere Unternehmen
Bei Zweifeln an der Eignung der vorgesehenen Nachunternehmen / anderen Unternehmen von präqualifizierten Unternehmen können die o.g. Nachweise gefordert und einer Prüfung unterzogen werden.
Bei der Prüfung der Eignung nicht präqualifizierter Unternehmen sind auch die Bescheinigungen der Nachunternehmen / anderen Unternehmen zu prüfen, für deren Leistungen die Vorlage der Eigenerklärung verlangt wurde.
tp-abil
Technische und berufliche Leistungsfähigkeit
Allgemeine Eignung
Die Eignung der präqualifizierten Unternehmen wird anhand der in der Liste des Vereins für die Präqualifikation von Bauunternehmen hinterlegten Erklärungen und Nachweise sowie der ggf. darüber hinaus verlangten Angaben und sonstigen Erkenntnissen der Baudurchführenden Ebene geprüft. Die hinterlegten Informationen müssen die Eignung für den konkreten Auftrag nachweisen, die projektspezifischen Anforderungen an den Nachweis der Eignung sind zu berücksichtigen. Alternativ oder ergänzend steht es den Unternehmen frei, Eigenerklärungen zu den geforderten Eignungskriterien abzugeben und diese durch Vorlage von Einzelnachweisen zu belegen. Dies ist insbesondere dann erforderlich, wenn die hinterlegten Dokumente nicht die Eignung zu dem konkreten Auftrag nachweisen können.
Die Eignungsprüfung der nicht präqualifizierten Unternehmen erfolgt (zunächst) anhand der abgegebenen Eigenerklärungen sowie der ggf. zusätzlich verlangten Angaben und sonstigen Erkenntnissen der Baudurchführenden Ebene. Gelangen Angebote von nicht präqualifizierten Unternehmen in die engere Wahl, sind die im Formblatt 124 "Eigenerklärung zur Eignung" bzw. in der Einheitlichen Europäischen Eigenerklärung bezeichneten Bescheinigungen zur Bestätigung der Eigenerklärungen einzuholen und zu prüfen.
Das Formblatt 124 kann direkt abgerufen werden unter:
https://www.blb.nrw.de/fileadmin/Home/Service/Service_fuer_Auftragnehmer/Eignungsnachweis/eigenerklaerung-nicht-praequalifizierte-unternehmen-formblatt-124.pdf
Bei Verfahren mit Teilnahmewettbewerb erfolgt die Eignungsprüfung nicht präqualifizierter Unternehmen im Rahmen der Bewerberauswahl anhand der vorgelegten Eigenerklärungen und Referenzbescheinigungen. Vor der Aufforderung zur Angebotsabgabe sind von den Bewerbern, die als geeignet eingestuft wurden und die zur Angebotsabgabe aufgefordert werden sollen, die Bescheinigungen zu fordern und zu prüfen.
Nachunternehmen/andere Unternehmen
Bei Zweifeln an der Eignung der vorgesehenen Nachunternehmen / anderen Unternehmen von präqualifizierten Unternehmen können die o.g. Nachweise gefordert und einer Prüfung unterzogen werden.
Bei der Prüfung der Eignung nicht präqualifizierter Unternehmen sind auch die Bescheinigungen der Nachunternehmen / anderen Unternehmen zu prüfen, für deren Leistungen die Vorlage der Eigenerklärung verlangt wurde.
Auftragsspezifische Anforderungen:
Einzureichende Unterlagen:
- 124 Eigenerklärung zur Eignung oder Einheitliche Europäische Eigenerklärung (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): Wenn keine Präqualifizierung vorliegt
- Angabe der PQ-Nummer (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): im Angebotsschreiben (213) oder VMS-Konto
- Eintragung in der Handwerksrolle (Handwerkskarte) bzw. bei der Industrie- und Handelskammer (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Dritterklärung vorzulegen)
- Gewerbeanmeldung (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen)
- Referenznachweise (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): Angaben im Formblatt 124
- Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung der Berufsgenossenschaft des zuständigen Versicherungsträgers (auf Anforderung der Vergabestelle mittels Dritterklärung vorzulegen): mit Angabe der Lohnsummen
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
nyk
not-allowed
true
Soweit die Auftragssumme mindestens 250.000 Euro ohne Umsatzsteuer beträgt, ist Sicherheit für die Vertragserfüllung in Höhe von fünf Prozent der Auftragssumme (inkl. Umsatzsteuer, ohne Nachträge) zu leisten.
Zudem beträgt die Sicherheit für Mängelansprüche drei Prozent der Summe der Abschlagszahlungen zum Zeitpunkt der Abnahme (vorläufige Abrechnungssumme).
vob-a-eu
SomeTenderDocID1
non-restricted-document
DEU
https://evergabe.blb.nrw.de/Vergabe/notice/CXS7YYXY1X14RZQ8/documents
siehe Vergabeunterlagen
true
Gesamtschuldnerisch haftend mit bevollmächtigtem Vertreter
late-all
gem. § 16a EU
no
not-allowed
required
performance
- Vertragsformular/e Instandhaltung (mit dem Angebot mittels Eigenerklärung vorzulegen): Bei Abgabe mehrerer Angebote für jedes Angebot
Hinweis:
Im Vertragsformular und in den Beiblättern sind die geforderte Vergütung und die dazu geforderten Angaben einzutragen.
Ist der Angebotsteil Instandhaltung nicht wertbar, wird das Angebot insgesamt (und damit auch der Angebotsteil Erstellung der Anlage) ausgeschlossen.
ORG-0002
https://evergabe.blb.nrw.de/Vergabe/notice/CXS7YYXY1X14RZQ8
ORG-0004
59
Der Antrag auf Einleitung eines Nachprüfungsverfahrens vor der Vergabekammer ist unzulässig, soweit:
1. der Antragsteller den gerügten Verstoß gegen Vergabevorschriften im Vergabeverfahren erkannt und gegenüber dem Auftraggeber nicht innerhalb von zehn Kalendertagen nach Absendung der Information per Fax oder auf elektronischem Wege bzw. 15 Kalendertagen nach einer Versendung mit anderen Kommunikationsmitteln gerügt hat,
2. Verstöße gegen Vergabevorschriften, die aufgrund der Bekanntmachung erkennbar sind, nicht spätestens bis Ablauf der in der Bekanntmachung benannten Frist zur Angebotsabgabe oder zur Bewerbung gegenüber dem Auftraggeber gerügt werden,
3. Verstöße gegen Vergabevorschriften, die erst in den Vergabeunterlagen erkennbar sind, nicht spätestens bis zum Ablauf der in der Bekanntmachung benannten Frist zur Angebotsabgabe oder zur Bewerbung gegenüber dem Auftraggeber gerügt werden,
4. mehr als 15 Kalendertage nach Eingang der Mitteilung des Auftraggebers, einer Rüge nicht abhelfen zu wollen, vergangen sind.
Dies gilt nicht bei einem Antrag auf Feststellung der Unwirksamkeit des Vertrages nach § 135 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 GWB. § 134 Abs. 1 Satz 2 GWB bleibt unberührt.
entsprechend der Regelungen in
§ 160 GWB
ORG-0003
DEU
true
true
required
true
https://evergabe.blb.nrw.de/Vergabe/notice/CXS7YYXY1X14RZQ8
2024-06-04+02:00
09:00:00+02:00
2024-05-27+02:00
23:59:00+02:00
2024-06-04+02:00
09:00:00+02:00
Ohne Bieterbeteiligung
BLB NRW NL Aachen
false
none
none
005-24-00356
BLB NRW AC/Aachen/AC RWTH Ersatzneubau VIA / ELVA/Generalunternehmer/005-24-00356 II
Errichtung eines Ersatzneubaus in Holz-Modulbauweise mit Halle
Der Sammelbau Bauingenieure der RWTH Aachen wird seit 1966 von der Fakultät als zentrales Institutsgebäude genutzt. Aufgrund von notwendigen Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen wird das Fakultätsgebäude zeitnah stillgelegt und für den Lehrstuhl VIA mit ELVA (Verkehrswissenschaftliches Institut mit einer Eisenbahntechnischen Lehr- und Versuchsanlage) sind Ersatzräumlichkeiten zu schaffen.
Das Grundstück des neuen Institutsgebäudes der RWTH Aachen liegt am Seffenter Weg 8, neben dem Institut für Schienenfahrzeuge und Transportsysteme, welches sich ebenfalls auf dem Grundstück befindet. Besonderheit des Grundstückes ist die Lage parallel zum Schienennetz der Deutschen Bahn.
Das Vorhaben ist als langer, stringenter 2-geschossiger freistehender Riegel mit Technikgeschoss konzipiert und ist in Teilbereichen mit einer vertikalen Grünfassade als wandgebundenes System zu errichten. Das Flachdach soll als extensiv begrüntes Dach der Aufstellung einer PV-Anlage dienen.
Gegenstand der funktionalen Leistungsbeschreibung ist die Erstellung eines schlüsselfertigen Bauwerkes ab Bodenplatte, einschließlich Planungsleistungen aller Fachdisziplinen ab LP 5, aller Nebenleistungen und Lieferungen zur erforderlichen, technisch uneingeschränkten und funktionsfähigen Nutzung des Gebäudes (komplette, vollfunktionsfähige, mängelfreie Leistung).
Nicht Gegenstand der funktionalen Leistungsbeschreibung sind die Gründungs- Maurer- und Rohbauarbeiten bis zur Bodenplatte, sowie die infrastrukturelle Erschließung und die Außenanlagen. Die Bodenplatte wird im Bereich der Technikräume (Hausanschluss-, NSHV- und Traforaum) im Erdgeschoss um ca. 1,0 m abgesenkt, ansonsten wird das Gebäude nicht unterkellert. Diese Leistungen werden bauseits erbracht.
Das Gebäude bestehend aus einer Versuchshalle und einem Büroteil soll in Holzrahmenbau- bzw. in Holz-Modulbau soll auf bauseits vorhandener Bodenplatte errichtet werden. Die beiden Gebäudeteile sind durch eine Brandwand zu trennen.
Die Halle ist als eingeschossige Halle zu planen und dient der Aufstellung einer Modell-Eisenbahnversuchsanlage auf einem aufgeständerten Schwerlastboden, an der geforscht und geschult wird. Auf Ebene des ersten Obergeschosses soll die Halle von einer Galerie, die als Teeküche genutzt wird, teilweise überkragt werden. Im ersten Obergeschoss des Bürotraktes finden sich ergänzend zu den Büroflächen, ein CIP-Pool, eine Bibliothek sowie ein Besprechungsraum. Im zweiten Obergeschoss, dem Technikgeschoss welches kein Vollgeschoss ist, sollen Technik- und Serverräume errichtet werden. Dieser Bereich soll in Massivbauweise mit einem Wärmedämmverbundsystem errichtet werden.
Die vertikale Erschließung im Inneren des Gebäudes soll durch einen Personenaufzug, einem zentralen notwendigen Treppenraum sowie einer offenen einläufigen Treppe als Verbindung zwischen Halle und Bürotrakt, erfolgen.
Die Fassade des Ersatzneubaus soll mit einer Kombination von flächigen Fassadentafeln aus Stahl und ganzjährig begrünter Fassade gestaltet werden.
Eine gültige Baugenehmigung auf Basis des Konzeptentwurfes liegt vor.
Das Gebäude wird vom BLB errichtet und nach Fertigstellung der RWTH Aachen als Institutsgebäude zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
works
false
none
45200000
45000000
45000000
45214400
45214600
71240000
AC RWTH Ersatzneubau VIA / ELVA
Seffenter Weg
Aachen
52074
DEA2D
anyw-cou
DEU
2024-10-21+02:00
2025-05-16+02:00
0.
| 48,496 |
https://github.com/yevheniyku/TP-TicTacToe/blob/master/src/es/ucm/fdi/tp/pr4/ataxx/AtaxxMove.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
TP-TicTacToe
|
yevheniyku
|
Java
|
Code
| 376 | 1,087 |
package es.ucm.fdi.tp.pr4.ataxx;
import java.util.List;
import es.ucm.fdi.tp.basecode.bgame.model.Board;
import es.ucm.fdi.tp.basecode.bgame.model.GameError;
import es.ucm.fdi.tp.basecode.bgame.model.GameMove;
import es.ucm.fdi.tp.basecode.bgame.model.Piece;
public class AtaxxMove extends GameMove {
/**
*
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private int oRow;
private int oCol;
private int dRow;
private int dCol;
public AtaxxMove() {
}
public AtaxxMove(int oRow, int oCol, int dRow, int dCol, Piece p) {
super(p);
this.oRow = oRow;
this.oCol = oCol;
this.dRow = dRow;
this.dCol = dCol;
}
@Override
public void execute(Board board, List<Piece> pieces) {
// out of board
if (oRow < 0 || oRow >= board.getRows() || dRow < 0 || dRow >= board.getRows() || oCol < 0
|| oCol >= board.getCols() || dCol < 0 || dCol >= board.getCols()) {
throw new GameError("Invalid Ataxx move: " + toString());
}
// there is no piece at (oRow, oCol) or (dRow,dCol) is not empty
if (!getPiece().equals(board.getPosition(oRow, oCol)) || board.getPosition(dRow, dCol) != null) {
throw new GameError("Invalid Ataxx move: " + toString());
}
int distance = Math.max(Math.abs(oRow - dRow), Math.abs(oCol - dCol));
// invalid distance
if (distance < 1 || distance > 2) {
throw new GameError("Invalid Ataxx move: " + toString());
}
board.setPosition(dRow, dCol, getPiece());
if (distance == 2) {
board.setPosition(oRow, oCol, null);
}
int left = Math.max(dCol - 1, 0);
int right = Math.min(dCol + 1, board.getCols() - 1);
int top = Math.max(dRow - 1, 0);
int bot = Math.min(dRow + 1, board.getRows() - 1);
for (int i = top; i <= bot; i++) {
for (int j = left; j <= right; j++) {
if (board.getPosition(i, j) != null && pieces.indexOf(board.getPosition(i, j)) != -1) {
board.setPosition(i, j, getPiece());
}
}
}
}
@Override
public GameMove fromString(Piece p, String str) {
String[] words = str.split(" ");
if (words.length != 4) {
return null;
}
try {
int oRow = Integer.parseInt(words[0]);
int oCol = Integer.parseInt(words[1]);
int dRow = Integer.parseInt(words[2]);
int dCol = Integer.parseInt(words[3]);
return new AtaxxMove(oRow, oCol, dRow, dCol, p);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
return null;
}
}
@Override
public String help() {
return "'origRow origCol destRow destCol', to move the piece at (origRow,origCol) to (destRow,destCol).";
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Move piece " + getPiece() + " from (" + oRow + "," + oCol + ") to (" + dRow + "," + dCol + ")";
}
}
| 42,687 |
https://github.com/ravindukrs/unitypac-dashboard/blob/master/src/views/Settings/components/WarehousePricing/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
unitypac-dashboard
|
ravindukrs
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 6 | 15 |
export { default } from './WarehousePricing';
| 19,429 |
https://github.com/MemeTao/webrtc-release/blob/master/third_party/blink/renderer/modules/webtransport/receive_stream.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
webrtc-release
|
MemeTao
|
C
|
Code
| 96 | 385 |
// Copyright 2020 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef THIRD_PARTY_BLINK_RENDERER_MODULES_WEBTRANSPORT_RECEIVE_STREAM_H_
#define THIRD_PARTY_BLINK_RENDERER_MODULES_WEBTRANSPORT_RECEIVE_STREAM_H_
#include <stdint.h>
#include "mojo/public/cpp/system/data_pipe.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/modules/modules_export.h"
#include "third_party/blink/renderer/modules/webtransport/incoming_stream.h"
namespace blink {
class ScriptState;
class QuicTransport;
// Implementation of ReceiveStream from the standard:
// https://wicg.github.io/web-transport/#receive-stream.
class MODULES_EXPORT ReceiveStream final : public IncomingStream {
DEFINE_WRAPPERTYPEINFO();
public:
// ReceiveStream doesn't have a JavaScript constructor. It is only constructed
// from C++.
explicit ReceiveStream(ScriptState*,
QuicTransport*,
uint32_t stream_id,
mojo::ScopedDataPipeConsumerHandle);
};
} // namespace blink
#endif // THIRD_PARTY_BLINK_RENDERER_MODULES_WEBTRANSPORT_RECEIVE_STREAM_H_
| 40,732 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000113955040 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000113955040 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000113955040 http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k755542p/f1.thumbnail_3
|
Europeana
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,926 |
Le Siècle
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,046 | 12,939 |
Comédie Ch.-Élysée, 8 h. : Le Dictateur. Th. Comédie, 8 h. 30 : L'exquis Pechste. Daunou, 8 h. 45 : Le Cœur Ébloui, Desazet; — 8 h. 30 : Tire au flane. Edouard-VII. — 8 h. 45 : Au yin d'Oiseau. Eldorado, 8 h. 30 : Espiarde gagne la Grand-Steeple. Fol.-Dramat., 8 h. 30 : Nona. Gr.-Gaulois, 9 h. : Spectre sanglant. Gymnase, 9 h. : Félix. . Mathurins, La Cassetière (M. Rostand). Michodière, 8 h. 45 : Le temps d'aimer. Moilder. 8 h. 30 : No. de cannette. Moulin Bleu, 9 h. : Nouvelle Revue. Nouveautés, 8 h. 45 : Un bon garçon. Œuvre, 8 h. 45 : Jean-Gabriel Borkman. Palais-Royal, 8 h. 46 : Au 1er de ce mois. Porte-Saint-Martin, 8 h. 30 : Une Revue. Potinière, 8 h. 45 : Mlle Jockey. Renaissance, 8 h. 45 : La Vocation. Sarah-Bernhardt, 8 h. 30 : L'Arlesienne. Scala, 8 h. 45 : Vive l'Empereur ! (Cora-Simon). Trocadéro-Lyrique, 8 h. 30 : Les Saltimbanques. Variétés, 8 h. 30 : Triplepatte (A. Letour, A. Léger). MUSIC-HALLS CASINO DE PARIS. — (Centr. 88-88). — Paris (Maurice Chevalier). CH.-ELYSEE-MUSIC-HALL. — (88-7J-43-44-45). — Olive chez les Nègres, opéra blanc et noir. MOULIN-ROUGE. — (Marbeuf 43-48 et 49). — 8 h. 30 : Montmartre aux Nuées. OLYMPIA. — Attractions. Tous les jours matinée. LA CIGALE : Matinée (5 et 3 fr.). Soirée: 10, 8, 5, 3 fr. Spectacle et prix uniques. Château-d'Eau. — L'art vu du Château-d'Eau. Concert.Mayol. — La Revue des Femmes Nouvelles. Empire, Le Comique Irlandais : Ned Lao Kay. Folles-Bergère, 8 h. 30 : La Folie de Jour. Gaiité-Rochefort, 9 h. : La toile espagnole. Gaîté, Recalfe. Palace, Palace aux femmes (Dranem). CABARETS Apolio. — Minuit. Les Midnight-Follies. Boulevard. — 9 h. : Paris d'Enfer. Deux-Aeures, 9 h. : Condamnons, revue. Lune Rousse, 8 h. : 45.000 (Revue). Moiil. de la Chanson. — 9 h.; Blague... Bott. L'Œil de Paris. — Et puis après (Dorin). Nuits du Prado. — Minuit, spéciale variétés. Perchoir, 9 h. : Revue de Montmartre. CIRQUES CIRQUE DE PARIS (Bce. Mil. Sèg. 81-90) 8 h. 80 (mat. Jeudi, dim.). Le plus beau spectacle de cirque, le moins cher. (Places assises de 2 à 14 fr.). 16 à 1" ord. BALS ET ATTRACTIONS Magic-City (Sèger 07-65). — Mat. et soirée. Grand bals. Deux orchestres. Luna Park. — Attractions diverses. Le plus curieux effort de music-hall est fait dans OLIVE CHEZ LES NEGRES ou « LE VILLAGE BLANC » opérette de Henri Falk musique de Jean Wiener Décors et costumes de Jean Hugo RENAISSANCE UNE DISTRIBUTION INCOMPARABLE TRIOMPHE DANS LA Ambigu, 8 h. 45 : Plein aux As. Antoine, 8 h. 45 : Notre Amour. Th. des Arts, 8 h. 30 : Jean Le Maufranc. Atelier, 8 h. 30 : La Comédie du Bonheur. Bouffes-Parisiens, 8 h. 80 : Trois Jeunes Filles... nues ! Caumartin, 9 h. : Petit Péché. Capucines, 1 h. : Divin mensonge. Châtelet. — 8 h. 80 : Michel Strogoff. VOCATION de MM. André Pascal et Pierre Delbet JAMAIS TRIOMPHE ne fut aussi grand que celui de MAURICE CHEVALIER dans PARIS la nouvelle grande revue du CASINO de PARIS JEANNE SAINT-BONNET Billy Bradford et Marian Hamilton PASQUALI ROWE SISTERS DEVILDER DUTARD Les 16 LAWRENCE TILLER GIRLS ET YVONNE VALLEE ET EDMONDE GUY ET VAN DUREN JEUDI MATINEE "PARIS-MIDI-CINE" LES PRÉSENTATIONS "Les Fiançailles rouges" Film réalisé par M. Roger Lion • New-York, 6 Décembre. Le boxeur basque Paolino vient de signer un contrat avec le « promoter » Tex Riekard pour une durée d'un an. Le premier adversaire de Paolino sera vraisemblablement le boxeur allemand Frantz Diener. et ses disques qui ne grattent pas est incontestablement et sans équivoque le plus parfait au monde. 6, Rue Edouard VII et chez ses revendeurs dans toute la France. Le scénario de ce film sort de la banalité : il est extrêmement tragique, et M. Roger Lion a eu le tort de le suivre de trop près, de l'alourdir d'épisodes qui auraient pu être facilement supprimées. Un film n'est pas un livre et ô l'écran, une œuvre gagne en force lorsqu'elle est tracée à traits puissants. C'est une histoire de paysans de la mer... Un vilain individu abandonne sa femme et son enfant, se fait engager comme valet chez une riche fermière veuve, à l'aide de faux papiers, l'épouse, tombe amoureux de sa belle-fille, veut la violer, la poursuit et finalement meurt poignardé par sa première femme devenue folle à la suite de la mort de son enfant. Le paysan, en proie à son instinct, est vigoureusement silhouetté par M. Gardenne, un artiste qu'il faudra suivre. La malheureuse femme est Mme Gil Clary, qui sait être émouvante et Mlle Daily Davis interprète avec son charme habituel le rôle de la jeune fille. Il y a beaucoup de bonnes choses, dans le film de M. Roger Lion, qu'il faut féliciter de s'être évadé résolument des sentiers battus. Les extérieurs sont remarquablement choisis, une vision — un éclair — de pudique nudité est une notation adroite fort bien réalisée — la poursuite du fossoyeur, le petit cercueil sur l'épaule, bien que renouvelée de Tordre, nous montre ce dont le réalisateur est capable. Mais pourquoi toutes ces petites Bretonnes ont-elles l'air de figurantes d'opérette ? Lorsque la pauvre femme — rôle de Mme Gil Clary — après une longue route, tombe épuisée de fatigue chez la fermière qui la restaure, elle porte une coiffe fraîchement repassée, pas un grain de poussière ne souille ses vêtements, elle fait la dinette et prend congé comme une mondaine en visite ! Ce sont ces erreurs-là qui bouleversent toute l'atmosphère du film, nous empêchent d'apprécier comme il conviendrait le très méritoire effort du réalisateur. Il n'en est pas moins vrai que Les Fiançailles rouges intéresseront par leur sujet, l'ensemble de l'interprétation et l'on appréciera la photographie de paysages bretons. La Terre Film de M. Jean Choux, d'après le roman de M. René Bazin Des paysans encore, mais que M. Jean Choux a su rendre tous véridiques. L'interprétation de Mme Madeleine Renaud et de M. Gilbert Dalleu est remarquable, celle de MM. Georges Mélinor, Dehelly, etc..., fort convenable. Le film, très adroitement composé et monté, maintient l'attention et la scène de la mort de Mathieu Gauvrit, le lent glissement de la barque portant le corps entre les rives où se sont rassemblés les villageois est une très belle chose. La photographie de G. Asselin est excellente. M. Jean Choux nous avait déjà donné La Puissance du Travail, qui contenait des promesses que tient ce nouveau film. Ce metteur en scène est certainement un artiste et ce qu'il crée est sincère, soigné, exécuté avec amour. Nous attendons avec confiance sa prochaine réalisation. Si le progrès accompli est dans la même proportion, nous serons bien près du chef-d'œuvre. La Terre qui meurt est une production Etoile Film édition Super-Film. G. T. D'un film à l'autre, M. Max Reinhardt est parti pour San Francisco où il mettra en scène Le Miracle. Il est probable que pendant son séjour en Amérique, on entendra parler de ses projets cinématographiques. Lothar Mendès est parti pour Hollywood où il tournera trois films pour les Famous Players, un avec Emil Jennings, un avec Pola Negri et le troisième probablement avec Adolphe Menjou. Jacques de Baroncelli poursuit au studio d'Epinay la réalisation de son film Feu, dont les intérieurs seront vraisemblablement terminés à la fin du mois. Tous les 2 mois d'exclusivité à la SALLE MARIVAUX, RAQUEL MELLER dans UN GRAND FILM ALBATROS, Nouvelle de P. Mérimée filmée par J. Feyder, une œuvre de l'écran français. Matinées à 2 h. et 4 h. 30. Soirée à 8 h. 45. MOMA : La Grande Parade. MADELEINE-CINEMA : Caremen. CINE MAX-UNDERGROUND : La Boule de l'Italien. AUBERT PALACE : Les Derniers Jours de Pompéi. ELECTRIC PALACE : Jim la Houlette. PALAIS ROCHECHOUART : La Ruée vers l'or. TIVOLI CINEMA, GRAND CINEMA SAINT-PAUL : La Ruée vers l'or. MONTROUGE PALACE : La Ruée vers l'or. AVENUE D'ORLEANS : Le Carillon de Bennes : La Châtelaine du Liban. LE CARILLON : Les Drames de la mer. Localisé de 21 h à 23 h. Bergère : 59-80. Ce soir, même spectacle. ARTISTIQUE : (61, rue de Bondi) La Ruée vers l'or (C.M.C). Raymond s'en va à la guerre StC. LA VIE SPORTIVE Le Grand Prix de Provence (Coupe Hartford) sera disputé le 27 mars prochain. Pour la troisième fois, la direction de l'autodrome de Miramas, en collaboration avec la maison Huret, fera disputer, le 27 mars, le Grand Prix de Provence (Coupe Hartford). Cette épreuve, ouverte aux constructeurs et aux indépendants, est réservée aux voitures de course des catégories suivantes : jusqu'à 1 litre 100 inclus, de 1 lit. 100 à 1 lit. 500, de 1 lit. 500 à 2 litres, de 2 litres à 3 litres, au-dessus de 3 litres. La forme des carrosseries est libre. Les voitures ne devront comporter ni phares, ni pare-brise, ni capote, ni ailes, ni marchepieds. Pour chaque catégorie, des éliminatoires se disputeront sur 10 tours de piste (50 kilomètres). La finale, comprendra 60 tours de piste (303 kilomètres). Le tour de piste, y compris un léger côteau, est de 5 kilomètres. En dehors des prix attribués à chaque catégorie, suivant le nombre des partants, les prix suivants seront décernés aux vainqueurs de la finale : 1er 5.000 francs, plus 5.000 francs offerts par la maison Hartford; 2e 4.000 francs; 3e 3.000 francs, 4e 2.000 fr.; 5e 1.000 francs. Une coupe offerte par la maison Hartford constitue le premier prix du classement général; cette coupe deviendra la propriété définitive de la maison qui l'aura gagnée deux fois (consécutives ou non). Cette coupe sera confiée pendant l'année à la maison qui l'aura gagnée et devra être renvoyée à la Société de l'Autodrome dans les premiers jours de l'année suivante. Dans le cas où cette coupe serait gagnée par un amateur, c'est le constructeur de la voiture qui en serait détenteur. La première coupe a été gagnée par la maison Talbot, la nouvelle sera attribuée pour la première fois. En outre, une autre coupe, offerte par le Casino d'Aix-en-Provence sera attribuée comme prix de régularité à la marque dont les trois voitures se seront le mieux classées. Cette coupe devra être gagnée trois fois (consécutives ou non) pour devenir la propriété d'une maison. Cette coupe a été gagnée en 1925 par la maison Talbot et en 1926 par la maison Bugatti. Des prix ont été, en outre, offerts par la Ville d'Istres, la Ville de Miramas. Informations sportives — La réunion pugilistique organisée hier soir à Copenhague a obtenu un succès d'affluence. Le Danois Knud Larsen rencontrait le Français Mas-<»rt en un match conclu sur 12 rounds. Cette rencontre alla jusqu'à la limite prévue à l'issue de laquelle l'avantage fut donné à Knud Larsen. Le vainqueur l'emporta difficilement après un match très sévère et très serré. Le champion allemand Heintz, rival de Rademacher, a réussi à battre le record mondial des 100 mètres nage sur le dos que Radeinackor, détenait avec 1' 15" 4/5. Le temps réalisé par le nouveau recordman fut de 1' 16" a/5. Une victoire marque le retour en France des Maoris De retour en France, l’équipe des Maoris a joué hier à Bordeaux contre une sélection française dont elle triompha par treize points à trois. Voici ce que nous disent, ce matin sur cette victoire, les journaux sportifs. De l’Echo des Sports : « Les Maoris méritaient de gagner car ils étaient supérieurs surtout au niveau physiques ; mais avec un arbitrage plus sévère, ils n’auraient eu vraiment que deux essais au lieu de trois en leur faveur. Et aussi sans leurs truquages, ils n’auraient peut-être pas empêché les joueurs français de franchir une fois de plus leur ligne de but. » Comme on le savait déjà, les Maoris pratiquèrent un rugby simple puisque sans combinaisons, mais ils le firent avec une décision et une rapidité d’exécution qui méritaient bien d’être couronnés par le succès. Tous jouèrent avec une vitesse qui déconcerta fréquemment nos hommes. » De l’Auto : « Pour les uns, il ne saurait être question que de la seule résurrection (les Maoris, partis de France sur une défaite qui fut très sensible à leur amour-propre. Pour d’autres, la partie fournie par quelques-uns des jeunes avants français est pleine de promesses et prépare une belle victoire pour demain. Nous n’avons plus reconnu les Maoris, battus en vitesse, ternes, incolores qui, il y a deux mois, à Colombes, laissaient bousculer, dominer, percer. »... Les Maoris avaient mis sur pied leur meilleure équipe ; ils ont cette fois joué, non seulement pour faire du jeu, mais pour gagner. Ils ont laissé sur la touche les hommes trop lourds. Vitesse, souffle, perçant, addresses de mains furent leurs grands atouts, » Ce qu'il faut voir au Salon de l’Aéronautique À l’Exposition Internationale de l’Aéronautique, qui tient actuellement ses assises dans le Grand Palais, un emplacement est réservé à notre marine nationale qui présente différents types d’hydravions et un navire porte-avions en réduction. Au cours de sa récente visite, M. Gaston Doumergue, président de la République, s’intéressa particulièrement à l’hydravion « passe-partout », pouvant trouver place dans un sous-marin. La manœuvre de montage de cet appareil dus au réputé spécialiste Marcel Besson, fut accomplie en quelques minutes, aux applaudissements des personnalités présentes. Cet hydravion est appelé à rendre de grands services à la marine. fichemini èds la Coupe de France Le troisième tour de classement de la Coupe de France de football a vu hier quatorze matches, joués dans toute la France. Sur ces vingt-quatre matches, 20 ont donné un résultat; seuls le Stade de Montfort et Véracise n'ont pu se déterminer. Un rapide coup d’œil jeté sur les résultats obtenus permet de constater la disparition de clubs de valeur. C’est ainsi que l’U.S. Boulogne s’est vue éliminée par le Drapeau de Fougères et que l’Alsace, qui avait encore en course quatre équipes, ne se trouve plus représentée dans la compétition. Le « tombeur » du Red Star Olympique, l’E.S. Bully n’a pu passer ce nouveau tour et a dû s’incliner devant l’AS Quevilly. Paris, de son côté, a perdu plusieurs équipes : le Rueil A.C. éliminé par l’Olympique Lillois, l’U.A. XVIe par l’U.S. Servanaise, le C.A. XIVe par Amiens, le S.O. de l’Est par l’Armoricaise de Brest et l’AS Amicale par Cannes. Pour le prochain tour, qui sera joué le 9 janvier prochain et dans lequel les huit clubs jusqu’ici exempts feront leur entrée dans la danse, les régions se représenteront ainsi : Paris 7 équipes, Sud-Est 5 et peut-être 7, Nord 6, Normandie 5, Ouest 4, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 2 et Sud-Ouest 1 et peut-être 2. Le repos n'a nullement nui à Schilles mais pas à Linart Le staier belge Victor Linart et le sprinter français Maurice Schilles ont fait leur rentrée hier, au Vélodrome d’Hiver, dans le match qui opposait les meilleurs coureurs de France et de Belgique. Opposé en vitesse à l’ancien champion de Belgique Degraeve, Schilles a succombé dans une manche et dans la «belle». Le repos que lui valut son différend avec le grand Bob Desmatés, directeur sportif de la piste de la rue Nélaton, s’est fait sentir, et ces deux défaites ne peuvent avoir d’autre excuse. Avec un travail assidu, le champion de France doit jouer encore son bout de rôle dans les épreuves à venir. Par contre, Victor Linart ne parut pas du tout handicapé par ce même repos, qui sembla avoir quelque peu «rouillé» les muscles de Schilles. Le champion du monde ouvrit la série de ses nouveaux duels avec Grassin, par une victoire. Celle-ci fut acquise difficilement, il faut le dire, et seule l’addition des distances donna la première place au Belge. À la décharge de «Toto» Grassin, il convient d’invoquer la peu brillante exhibition de Sères et, par contre, la belle forme d’Aerts, qui seconda ainsi Linart efficacement. Au lieu d’un adversaire, Grassin en eut deux. L’honneur français fut sauvé par les routiers qui, dans leur match-omnium contre leurs camarades d’outre-Quelqu'un enlevèrent les trois manches. Les plus brillants parmi nos représentants furent le jeune Charles Pelissier, très à son aise sur piste et le champion de France Achille Soucheaud. Chez les Belges, Vermandel fut le meilleur mais commit une grosse faute de tactique dans la manche-poursuite en décramponnant ses partenaires. Pour l'alimentation de vos moteurs, comme pour leur refroidissement, adressez-vous aux Etablissements LAMBLIN, les principaux records du monde HAUTEUR, VITESSE, CHARGE, ont été ramenés en France par des avions munis de RADIATEURS LAMBLIN. Si vous voulez assurer une bonne alimentation de vos moteurs, adoptez LA POMPE LAMBLIN. C'est la plus simple, la plus légère, la plus robuste, et la moins encombrante. USINE ET BUREAUX : 38, BOULEVARD BOURDON, KEUILLY-SUR-SEINE LE LIVRE D'ADRESSES DE L'ELITE L'Annuaire de Paris Commercial - Industriel - Financier,outes les adresses utiles en un volume élégamment relié de 2,064 pages (3e Année) 1926. — 30 francs. Direction : 20, rue Richer. "Paris EN VENTE Dans toutes les librairies et à la Société Fermière des Annuaires, 53, rue Lafayette, PARIS TRANSACTIONS IMMOBILIÈRES Cherche appartement meublé, 5 pièces dans le centre, 15.000 à 20.000 p. an. Ecr. ZAM à "Paris-Midi", S, r. Lamartine. PUISQU'il est moderne, belle allure, parc de 1 hectare 1/2, 13 km de Paris-Nord, est à vendre, urgent, 470.000 francs dont 250.000 comptant et 220.000 en deux ans. Ecr. pour rendez-vous : Mme Gautier, 10, rue de Berne, CHAMBRE à louer, 2 -pièces, eau, électricité, chauffage central et, si possible, salle de bains, dans un arr. Littérature. Compensez à qui procurera adresse. Per.: PAUUET, Bureau de Paris-Midi, VILLA à vendre, 17 kilomètres de Deauville, pleine vallée d'Auge. Ravissante Mauricie Normandie, tout le confort moderne. Parc. Tennis, rivière & truites traversant le domaine. 6 beaux bâtiments. Superficie 31 hectares, excellents herbages propres à l'élevage du cheval. DESMOULINS, Deauville (Calvados.) VILLA à VINCENNES, 1 p. v., cuisines, salles, mang., salles bains, 2 grandes chambres, salles de bains; 2 : 3 chambres, toil. Tout confort. Jardin 1.500 m. Garage. Prix : 225.000 fr. Siou Weston Off., 35, r. Orangerie, Versailles (T.19.40), Fontainebleau : Propriété construction premier ordre, 5 chambres, 1 chambre de domestique. Luxueux confort. Jardin, garage, atelier. 8.210.000 fr. Joussard, 20, place Denecourt. Près 1000X: Bonne PROPRIETÉ, UROCERT 7 ba M- Habitat, et bâtiment en excellent état. Immeubles. LISTIKUX hôtel '^ w ' L'annonce dans « Paris-Midi » sera votre meilleur vendeur Officiers ministériels ; Vente au Palais, Paris, le 18 décembre IMMEUBLE A PARIS RUE DE NAVARIN, 29 97 m. 722 environ. LOUER p. hotel. MEUBLE. L'immobilie brute : 15.000 fr. M. à pr. 80.000 fr. S'adresser : M. André Régnier, avoué, 13, rue Tronchet; M. Beauval, avoué, 182, rue de Rivoli ; M. Saucier, notaire ; M. Gaubert, syndic, Paris. Mais. (12*) R. THEOPHILE-ROUSSEL n° 12. Ce 353 m. 1er b.; 47.034, net 40.178 fr. M. fi prix: 400.000 fr. A adj. Ch. not. 14 déc. S'adr. M. Level, not. 28, av. l'Opéra. Propriété DÉPARTÉMENT Cont. 370 m. Rev. 86, rue "C" l'annuaire brut : 20.572 fr. M. à pr, : 3S0.000 fr, Adj. Ch. Not., 21 décembre. S'adr. M. Faroud, not., 5, rue du Louvre. Vente au Palais de Justice à Paris, le 22 décembre 1926, à 2 heures : 1° DROIT D'USURGIÉ - Fabrication d'huiles de Chaussures à Paris Rue Damesne, N 13 et imp. Onfroy. Cont.: 1.322 m. environ. 2 ° DROIT AU BAIL D 3 à 3° Lots de commerce et matériel. Mise à prix: 500.000 fr. S'adr. à M. Bené Mavrd, avoué, 51, r. Miromesnil, et & M. Lemaire, syndic, à Paris. > MAISONS > RECOMMANDEES > PARIS ET BANLIEUE AGENCE DES IMMEUBLES 21, place de la Madeleine PHAROS * Cle, M, rne Londres. EXPRESS OFFICE 9, rue Fontaine NOËL, il, faubourg Saint-Honoré. ANJOU E. GRIPON ANOB8 t. une Hant-Maury — FERME EX CHATEAUX — BRETAGNE LA BAULE, AC. COINTEPAS VENTES. LOCATIONS. — Tél. 1-40 COTE BASQUE AGENCE BLISS- 8 F r^ A r- 8ES APPARTEMENTS 4. place de la Liberté, BLANKETS CENTRAL AGENCE 12 BlABBlT2 Cb Vente, Location de Villas, Terrains, etc. Téléphone: 0-91 flpCUPC CD A MPI/ St-JEAN-DE-LUZ AuCiluC rnrtnlll\ Ventes — Achats Locations. Renseignements fruits. AGENCE VEILLON ST, Immeubles Téléphone: 5-W Fondations • Sociétés • Locations! PLAGES DU NORD Jersey-Face Carnot, U : 48 Locations Villas, Appartements. — Ventes Propriétés. AGENCE MONROY Téléphone: Le Touquet — Paris-Place AGENCE PARElloE^U VILLAS, TERAINS, 08, rue de Paris (Téléphone: 0-43) AGENCE LEBORGNE VILLAS, PROPRIETES, Rerite Bervice A- (Téléphone: 0-13) AGENCE CLARISSE VENTES • LOCATIONS DE VILLAS - PROPRIETES . TERRAINS. — Ren. REGION DU CENTRE 1/1 OUVRIENDE : Fonds de commerce, Boulangeries, Hôtels, Immeubles, Terres, raffineries. S'adresser : AGENCE GAZET, 11 rue de Paris VICHY-AGENCE Choisir de VILLES, APPARTEMENTS, MEUBLES en NOMBRE. MAGASINS À LOUER Pour permettre à tous de posséder un véhicule Economique, Robuste et Fiable, MONET ET GOYON a créé : LA MOTO-VELO 2 CV équipée avec le même moteur Villiers de la célèbre 2 CV qui a conquis la faveur du public et fait actuellement prime sur le marché. EN 250 cm3. LA MOTOCYCLE 3 CV 1/2 SUPER CONFORT chaîne-chaîne, freins internes, moteur Villiers 2 temps double échappement nouveau modèle 1926. EN 350 cm3. LA MOTO 4 CV SUPER CONFORT moteur 2 temps Villiers, nouveau modèle 1926 à double échappement, chaîne-chaîne, freins internes. EN MOTOS 4 TEMPS LA 4 CV SUPER TOURISME moteur M.A.G. nouveau modèle 1928 à soupapes latérales. LA 4 CV SUPERSPORT moteur M.A.G. nouveau modèle 1928 à double culbuteur. Toutes ces motos sont équipées avec selle Terry et peuvent recevoir des pneus confort sans aucune transformation. Elles sont pourvues de tous les derniers perfectionnements apportés à la construction motocycliste auxquels nous avons ajouté diverses nouveautés qui seront particulièrement appréciées par notre clientèle. Notice franco sur demande adressée à : MONET & GOYON, 33, rue du Pavillon, Maçon et à toutes ses agences Paris et province. Gde Ville CUTRIDGE de Charbourgogne. 11h, boutique pente et Menuiserie. Ten. 18 ans. AIT. 200.000 francs augm. Facil. Imp. matér. Prix à débat, compr. petit cabinet, O, rue des Halles, Paris. (21.774) Ville commerçante Normandie, COMMERCE DE MARE, gros et détail. Très auc. Maison. Aff. eu pleine marche. Cause santé. Fr. : 3.000 fr. Petitjean, 9, rue des Halles. Paris. (21.772). AVANT APRES tmxm sans rt PARFAIT J$> I VERTIGES LUMBAGO |» BOUME MALADIE du FOIE W»UV*AU TRACAS VACOURIX FORMES ACT BNEBCIftUB tablettes levure-vitamines d'irving Reconstituants Holé-ir Le nouveau et merveilleux traitement, à base de levure et de vitamines. La plus grande découverte du siècle. Ne contient aucun produit nocif la douce fermentation de la levure, lorsqu'elle est en contact avec le suc gastrique de chaque, cause une agitation minute et vigoureuse, si vous ne vous sentez pas bien, prenez une ou deux tablettes et, en quelques minutes, vous vous sentirez plus fort et vivant LES TABLETTES DE LEVURE D'IRVING guériront: Maux de tête, névralgies, etc, en 5 minutes Indigestion, acidité en 10 minutes Excès de bile, vertiges, dépression en 10 à 15 minutes Désordres de l'estomac et du foie en 10 à 30 minutes Rhumes, Influenzas, fièvres en 24 heures Constipation Graduellement Envoiez-nous pour recevoir gratuitement la brochure détaillée sur le diabète, asthme, eczéma, psoriasis, eczémose, boutons, maladies de nerfs, ainsi que le traitement approprié à chaque maladie. Procurez-vous un flacon de 7.85 francs de votre pharmacien, si votre santé ne s'est pas améliorée d'une façon probante, renvoyez-nous le flacon vide et nous vous rembourserons immédiatement. NOTRE GARANTIE LETTRES DE SATISFACTION SARIFRANCS seront payés à toute personne qui prouverait que les extraits de lettres et dessous ne sont pas authentiques. Nous avons reçu plus de 22.000 lettres de satisfaction depuis 11 mois et elles peuvent être vues. 17012 — Dr N, écrit : Je prescris les tablettes. 17018 — Dr N. écrit : Je prescris régulièrement des tablettes. J'ai l'obligation d'en adresser un flacon à mon client, je désire qu'il suive le traitement. (Vous m'adresserez la facture). 18224 — Dr, P. — Je trouve que vos tablettes sont un tonique excellent et je vous serais reconnaissant de m'en adresser quelques flacons afin que je puisse en distribuer à mes malades. 19387 — Secrétaire principal du London-Hospital. 48, Le Bureau Municipal Demande. Démonstration. Pierre Taitbout, Television 7316, Copie et Exposition répond à toutes les exigences Autoservo FREIN Construit par les Etablissements Piganeau et C'est adopté par les principales marques mondiales APPLICATIONS RAPIDES SUR TOUTES VOITURES Et PIGANEAU & C 30 à 38 rue Madame-de-Sanzillon (CLICHY) HUILE DE DION-BOUTON Quatre Fluidités — Pour tous Moteurs SUPÉRIORITÉ RECONNUE EN VENTE DANS TOUS LES GARAGES Société des Oléonaphtes MARSEILLE, 384, Boulevard National de la Pittsburgh Oil (CLICHY (Seine) 24, Rue des Boumaires) Perte d'Appétit, Aigreur, Bile, Mauvaise Haleine, Pessentières d'Estomac. TISANE SHAKERS Laboratoires Fournier, à Lille. Le Caleidoscope des Courses CALENDRIER DES COURSES 6 Décembre 1926 Mardi. — Auteuil. Mercredi. — Enghien. Jeudi. — Auteuil. Vendredi. — Vincennes. Samedi. — Enghien. Dimanche. — Auteuil. Lundi. — Enghien. Mercredi. — Vincennes. Jeudi. — Vincennes. Toute la Presse Hippique en un "Journal" 25 Centimes Renseignements du matin AUJOURD'HUI LUNDI, A ENGHIEN LE PROGRAMME » Les courses commencent à 13 h. 15 Départ de la 1ère à partir de 13 h. 35. PRIX DE L'YVETTE. — (Steeple-chase, à vendre aux enchères). — 6.000 francs. — 3.400 mètres. Georges Heuzey, Fumagalli, André Pirabe, Denayer, Jean Riant, G. Théodet, Charles Chevrier, Ch. Bariller, Henri Le Corre, J V. Thuau, Ernest Outré, E. Outré, P.de la Brunière, F. Warman, Mlle Yv. Nègre, J. Larrieu, A. de Bellegarde, Ed. Mayer, Henri Bresnus, Sgietovich, J. du Bouëxic, C de Langle, Charles Dallerer, E. Bérard, Jean Houyet, A. Childs, Raymond Kahn, Ed. Haes, Mme de Triquerville, L. Barré, Alfred Urbain, A. Adèle jun, Edouard Wormser, Ed. Mayer, Paul Buffard, Cornu Langy, Léon Favre, Paul Misonne, Pierre Legros, Alfred Servette, Ph. Moss, Version. A. Newey, A. Adèle sen, P. Legros, Ph. Brown, G. Mitchell, Edouard Hardy, J e. Hardy, La Paradoxe, Ispimmen, Roquentin, Courcy, La Vipère, Poulot, Saltarello, Ministériel, Palestry, Mon Prince, Gde Dadiche, Lord Button, L'Orphelin, Missy, Fatalist, Béril, Tourinnes, Satisfait, Landman, Palatium, Cheer Up, Persée, Ciel de Roi, Fécamp, Mont Canis. Prestige et L. B. Ven, Magellan et Zadora, As d'At. et Roquette, Llama et Coroya, D. of Pad. et Serpent, Star Ha. et Lady Fish, Hébron et Sfumato, Adm. Cric, et Miner, V Blarney et Pure, Oreste II et Rei. d'Or, G. Papa et Bolbec. Ecouen et Oliva - Gavroche et Fatalité - Haltôs et Berlines - Rioumajou et Thurso - Phryxus et Szértropko - Sea Sick et La Lande - Palais et M. Et. II B. Double et Zara - Rire aux L. et V. Bleu - Elf et Plenty - Opposites et Fortunia - Bridaine et Deauville. PRIX DE L'ORGE - (Course de haies). Michel Houyvet - Charles Saint - Léopold Paillet - James Schwob - Georges Brossette - Mme L. Floquet - Comte de Férol - Gabriel Guerlain - James Hennessy - Q.L. Cart.-Campbell - F. Charmillon - Gustave Beauvoir - Edouard Hardy - Ernest Honot - Paul Desmarais - E. G. Diggle - Maurice Porte - Hippolyte Randon - M. de Rivaud - Alexis Deleau - Emile Deschamps - A. J. Duggan - Mme L. Galtier - A. L. Léautey - Emile Marchand - Comte de Rivaud - André Saint. Ch. Bariller - S. Bush - R. Guittet - W. Head - J.B Bourdailé - Math Pantall - Ch. Carter - Ed. Mayer - Batchelor - G. Mitchell - Charmillon - Ed. Watkins - E. Hardy - Cornu Langy - W. Mitchell - E. Diggle - Desgranges - Grumetz - d'Okhuysen - E. Diggle - H. Count - D Englander - H. Galtier - Manby - Noël Got - L. Robert - E. Diggle - Trinqueur - Cherrybum - Saint Cricq - St Patrick - Néo Derma - Wonderful - Menotte - Louvière - Royale Favori - Berniane - Le Simul - Raisin - Réparsac - Best Swing - Le Rocher - Salep - Le Caprice - Épidaure - Muscadet - Imprudence - C. de Grâce - Royal Dance - Faux Fuyant - Telegram - Le 60 60 160 ;60 ;60 60 ;60 TJkko et Danc. Doll Jaeger et Cherrimart. St Souplet et Conti. H. of Her. et Ste Galet Irish L. et Chauff. Philip. II et Well Ma. Radis R. et Mauresque Yerwood et Gout. d'Or Sourbier et Loulla G. d'Esp. II et Réussi. Ecouen et Bernina Martial III et La Slgh. Romagny et Rose Gr. Sourbier et R. Pédau. Swynf. et Pretty Bess Phryxus et Lady Pegg. Royal Dr. et Sandec Fribourg et La Coule. Sardanap. et Emilie. Ecouen et Manzan. IV Nouv. An et W. of Y. Alcant. II et Aqua VI. Maboul et Danc. Doll Arc de T. et F. Maigre L. G. Près, et Telesia Antivari et Ma Gloire M. Général et Sun. St. Idée. 65 Enghien .. 3000, lï Haes .... 26 nov. 70 Enghien. 35001JÎB. Morean. 24 nov. 68 duny .... 3000, P. Deshaie.. sept 25 67 Cluny .... 3400 L. Lamy .. 9 oct. 64 Auteuil .. 3500 H. Bouley.. 4 déc. 66 Enghien .. 2800 A. Huline 4 déc. 68 Enghien .. 2800 A. Benson .. 26 nov. 66 Enghien .. 3000 J. Bedeloup.' 18 nov. 63 Auteuil .. 3100 C. Joiner .. 4 déc. 60 Enghien .. 3700 A. Huline .. 17 nov. 65 Enghien .. 3000 K. Lambert. 11 nov. 66 Lyon 4000 M. Rostan .. 4 déc. 62 Enghien — 3700 L. Duffourc. 30 nov. 60 Enghien .. 2800 A. Huline .. 26 nov. 68 Enghien . 3500 J. Bedeloup. 25 nov. 4 60 Auteuil 3500 F. Rovella. 4 déc. 0 60 Enghien 3700 C. Joiner 4 déc. 1 62 Englién 2800 F. Hervé 4 nov. 0 67 Auteuil 3500 R. Bagniard. 17 nov. 3 63 Enghien 3000 F. Rovella. 26 nov. 0 64 Enghien 3500 P. Michel 1 déc. 0 62 Englién 3000 P. Legros 26 nov. 0 64 Enghien 3500 J. Hleyte 4 déc. 0 62 Enghien 2800 G. Lester 4 déc. 0 60 Enghien 2800 And. Benson (haies). — 8.000 francs. — 2.500 mètres 13 nov. 0 51 St-Cloud 1600 M. Maginot 4 déc. 0 60 Enghien 3000 A. Doggett 13 nov. 0 57 St-Cloud 1600 F. Hervé 17 août 4 60 Pont-l'Évêque 2200 R. Ferré 30 nov. 0 62 Englién 2500 J. Léger 24 nov. 2 62 Enghien 2500 And. Benson 15 nov. 0 60 Enghien 2500 C. Nervo 24 nov. 3 62 Enghien 2500 C. Joiner 24 nov. 3 62 Enghien 2500 A. Atkinson. 30 nov. 0 66 Enghien 2500 R. Bagniard. 1 déc. 0 60 Enghien 2500 Sempastous Idée. 0 60 Enghien 2500 P. Legros 26 nov. 2 60 Enghien 2800 J. Faucon 30 nov. 0 62 Enghien 2500 R. I. Robert 1 déc. 0 60 Enghien 2500 A. Atkinson. 13 nov. 0 53 St-Cloud 2000 P. Castaing. 8 nov. 0 46 St-Cloud 2100 M. Brethès 2 nov. 4 61 St-Cloud .. 1300 G. Garner .. 13 nov. 0 44 St-Cloud .. 3100 J. Chompré. 13 nov. 4 56 St-Ouen ... 1600 J. Clay 24 avril 0 55 Le Tremblay. 1400 D Englander 10 nov. 4 147 St-Cloud .. 3100 M. Brethès.. 9 nov. 0 47 Maisons .. 2100 T. Dunn .... 5 nov. 2 51 Maisons .. 2000 R. Brethès.. 9 mat 0 53 Paris 2400? R. Luquet .. 8 nov. 0,55 St-Cloud .. 2800 M. Bellier . Invincible 62, Kalium 62, Allah 68, Ismen 70, Ariane 66, Saline 71, Roquentin 68, La Fougue 60, Spird. 65, C. d'Azur 65, Courcy II 67, Japon 69, Loving 66, Le Prélude 71, Bandit II 74, Satisfait 62, Longwood II 64, Philibert 67, Satisfait 62, Longwood II 64, Philibert 67, Crafty Boy 63, Invincible 66, Swell 69, P. à Res. 64, Loung Ma 66, Golden F. 70, Celtillus 65, Houblon 70, Le Libertin 60, Valescure 61, Abner 60, Palatium 63, The Falcon 66, 2. Coconas 72, Roc.d'Or 66, Celtillus 65, Houblon 70, Le Libertin 60, Ausone 66, L'Amiral 60, Casaquin 60, Ismen 70, Ariane 66, Saline 71, M. Gaut. 66, Jour de N. 60, Le Prélude 74, Celtillus 65, Houblon 70, Le Libertin 60, Satisfait 62, Longwood II 64, Philibert 67, Le Prélude 70, Zuritos 71, Faunus 68, Valescure 61, Abner 60, Palatium 68, Ismen 70, Ariane 66, Saline 71, Invincible 62, Kalium 62, Allah 68, Ismen 70, Ariane 66, Saline 71, Satisfait 62, Longwood II 64, Philibert 67, Satisfait 62, Longwood II 64, Philibert 67. LES PARTANTS LEURS CHANCES Saint Cyr 52, Anchise 48, Beaulieu 50, Florimel 60, Gounib 60, San Carlo 63, Saint Cyr 52, Anchise 48, Beaulieu 50, Destruct. 55, Royal Flush 52, Smith 57, Pandore II 67, Ratissoire 64, Gabelon 62, Gratté d'Cour 60, Wonderful 62, Louv. 62, Diplomate 60, R. Favorite 62, Sourcier 60, Grand'Cour 60, Wonderful 62, Louv. 62, Grand'Cour 60, Wonderful 62, Louv. 62, Pandore II 62, Ratissoire 64, Gabelon 62, Gazavon 66, Mascot 62, Tournoi 71, Gazavon 66, Mascot 62, Tournoi 71, Sans Peur VII, Raisin 60, Kerjean 64, Pandore II 62, Ratissoire 64, Gabelon 62, Gazavon 66, Mascot 62, Tournoi 71, Toscane 54, Le Panache 57, Eider 56, Indigo 54, Source 51, Les Bardel 55, Tudic II 60, Magnum III 53, Beiffrot 61, Sganarel. 51, The Wolf 60, Siradan 53, Saint Cyr 52, Anchise 48, Beaulieu 50, Whisky II 55, Mah Jong 55, Euphrate 55, Guardi 63, Kitombo 50, Kalium 54, Ké Kon Boy 52, Oid Pip 55, Arcad. 48, Berniane 54, Telegram. 51, Barbichon 60, Fils du C. 56, Miss Ramr. 54, Ter C. 56, La Malade 53, Hélios II 53, Flying 55. O.-W Birkin ... George Bleck ... Mme J. D, Cohn. Alexis Deleau ... Mathurin Pantallé ... André Saint ... Edouard Sober. Joseph Guillet ... Hippolyte Randoin ... Jean Riant ... Marcel Aguesse ... Georges Fried ... William Flatman ... A. L. Léautey ... Edouard Mayer ... Ph. Moss-Vernon ... Comte de Périgny. Maurice Porte ... Louis Prate ... Paul Vigneron ... Georges Gallard ... Adolphe Hoffmann ... Jacques Mendès C. Halsey ... J. Dicker ... G. Mitchell ... Quenotte ... G. Mitchell ... Horatius ... E. Diggle ... Sourcier ... Mathurin Pantallé ... Anis II ... E. Diggle ... Sauve Toi ... A.-G. Haes ... Anisette II ... d'Okhuysen ... Vizir ... Grumetz ... Révoltée ... G. Théodet ... Le Veillant ... R. Vigers ... En Doux III ... M. Bertal ... Cascade II ... R. Wallon ... Fouchtrasie ... Manby ... Haste ... Ed. Mayer ... Afghan ... G. Mitchell ... Kénia ... J.B Bourdalé ... Rutland Ar. ... Desgranges ... Bila ... Ed. Mayer ... Abd Allah ... M. Adèle ... Bénouville ... G. Gallard ... Landerière ... Hollobone ... Mazotte ... J. Mendès ... Mado ... Teddy et Cuckoo ... Mast. G. et Fedallah ... Teddy et Pont d'Arches ... Ecouen et Septmonts ... Nestor III et Quille ... M. Général et Sun. Sta. ... F. le Vent et Anastasie ... Ukase II et Veuve Joy ... Romagny et Rignac ... Llangom et La Vedette ... Assurbanipal et Minerve II ... Gavarde III et Carabine ... Oppt et Fras. Star ... Radamès et Hypothèse ... Algar et S. Marcelle ... Verwood et M. Manol ... L'agneau et Rouleuse ... Royal Dr. et Fileuse ... Dominique et Aurèle Borée ... Orsonville et No. d'Or ... Orsonville et L. Lady III ... Polyacte et La Massue ... Mordant et D. de l'Or. 26 nov. Enghien. 2800 J. Ayot 30 nov. 0 64 Enghien. 2800 G. Foucaud. 30 nov. 3 64 Enghien. R. Bagniard. 26 nov. 0 64 Enghien. L. Niaudot.. 24 nov. 0 63 Enghien. J. Luc 8 nov. 0 55 St-Cloud. M. Bellier .. 24 nov. 0 68 Enghien. W. Haes .. 19 oct. 0 65 Enghien. J. Luc 30 nov. 0 64 Engll'en. W. Spooner. 30 nov. 2 60 Enghien. R. Lock .... 26 nov. 0 60 Enghien. A. Péré .... 30 nov. 0 60 Enghien. A. Paris .... 3 nov. 4 48 St-Cloud. Bagulristain 1 déc. 3 60 Enghien. J. Luc 30 nov. 0 60 Engll'en. C. Joiner .. 30 nov. 0 60 Enghien. R. Gesson .. 30 nov. 0 60 Enghien. H. Cames .. 14 nov. 0 145 St-Cloud. C. Diez .... 8 nov. 0 62 St-Cloud. G. Martin .. 30 nov. 0 60 Enghien. E. Barbaray. 26 sept 0 53 1500 R. Germond 24 nov. 0 60 Enghien. F. Hervé .. 30 nov. 0 60 Enghien. E. Davis Sans Peur VII 62, Raisin 69, Kerjean 64 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Sans Peur VII 62, Raisin 69, Kerjean 64 Beyrouth III 63, Mandres 63, Haste 60, La Maladie 53, Hélios II 53, Flying 55 Beyrouth III 63, Mandres 63, Haste 60, Val en ça 65, Vesuntio 67, De Jalin 65 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Sans Peur VII 62, Raisin 69, Kerjean 64 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Guardi 61, La Maladie 54, P. Brie 55, Spiridion 66, Amida 67, Haste 60 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Pandore II 60, Ratisbonne 64, Gabelon 62 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Saint Cyr 52, Anchise 48, Beaulieu 50, Mabrouka 49, Blossom 47, Honfles 111 62 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 Marion Del. 52, Servante 55, Delyane 53 Roquentin 68, La Fougue 60, Spiridon 65 Mandres 60, Le Veillant 60, Horatius 64 PRIX DE L'ILE DE FRANCE. — (Steeple-chase). — 2.000 francs. — 3.400 mètres. L. Olry-Réeder.. Octave Romberg.. Gustave Beauvois. Vte O. de Rivaud. Alexand. Aumont. Henri Coulon.. Mare Gugenheim. Marc Gugenheim. Cte P.de Jumelhaol.. Léon Letellier.. Max de Rivaud.. L. Wenger.. Defeyer.. Ed. Watkins Portefin.. C. Halsey.. G. Mitchell.. Bartholot. fils Bartholot. fils de Jumelhaac. J.B Bourdalé d'Okhuysen 3H à 11 i st... 31 Gde Armée. 3|La Marsa.. 3|Braconnier.. Il 3|Li Lao..... 3|Laomédon.. 3,Domino.... La Faldetta Niçois Gabelon... 3|S. Peur VII 05 625 Auteuil.. 3000 Fruhinshol.. Martial III et Braila.. 1 déc. 64 Enghien. 3000 L. Barré .. Nirrhus et L'Alsace.. 30 nov. 3160 Enghien. 3000 J. Luc La Farina et Hésione 28 nov. 260 Auteuil .. 3100 R. Bagniard. Ukase II et Dolina .. 1 déc. 0 64 Enghien. 3000 J. Biarrotte. Alcant II et Fantaisie. Idée. 0 62 Enghien. 2500 J. Teasdale.. Le Dragon et Necia .. 30 nov. 262 Enghien. 3600 J. Luc Sandy Hook et Gabe.. 30 nov. 3 62. Enghien. 2500 H. dames .. Aloès III et Symphonie. 26 nov. 162 Enghien. 2800 R. Lock .... Halist 62, Chalusset 60, La Dore 60, Le Balanc. 66, Marlboro. 646, Kreml. 65, Le Balanc. 616, La Marsa 62}, Al & D.60 Hallist 62, Chalusset 60, La Dore 60 Suclnio 64, Niçois 62, Li Lao 60 Quomodo 64, Laomédon 60, Sarzeau 64, Hallist 62, Chalusset 60, La Dore 60 Gazavon 66, Mascot 62, Tournoi 71 Sucinio 64, Niçois 62, Li Lao 60 Pandore II 62, Ratissoire 64, Gabelon 62 Sans Peur VI 62, Raisin 69, Kerjean 64 PRIX MARMOUSET. — (Steeple-chase, handicap). — 15.000 francs. — 3.500 mètres. À. G. Zafiropoulo Arth. Veil-Picard Mis de Triquerville (Mistave Beauvois L.de Chatelperron Nobile A. Lanni..t Baron Baeyens ..s Bar. de Nexoni Roger Girche . .. Jean Cerf Roger Girche ... .1 Jéopold Paillet ..1; Jean York j /■". Simon Cte P.de Jumilhacj Tobie Boucherot..\ André Adèle . ...1; Marc Gugenheim.i A. Q. Zafiropoulo. Vte J. de Rochebro Ch. Bariller., W. Davis Ch. Bariller. | d'Okhuysen R. Head .. G. Mitchell..| Ed. Haes Ch. Bariller. | J. Boutier . d'Okhuysen J. Boutier . R. Guittet . J. Bolla ... Ch. Bariller. | de Jumilhac. J. Cunningt. A. Adèle jun. Bartholo. fils Ch. Bariller. M. Bertal [6] Kanjar .... [14] Gunpowder. 6: Quineville .. 4; Europa .... 9 [i] Le Glaive .. 4 [O] Polo 4 [S] Saladin .... 6 [C] Corrèza .... 8 [S] Spectateur.. 8; Avary .... 5 [S] Si Roi René .. Adrastus . Salmanazar. 4 [B] Bakou 5 [S] Saline 8 [E] Etoupe .... [5] Loving .... 4 [O] Wate 5 [P] Picotin .... Nuageux et Kala .... Hoilister et Aftersight Triomphe et Héros VII Pr. Chfm. et Eupator. Prestige et La Gloriette Chut et Indianina. ... Sardanap. et Sachinet. Bavard III et Coppélia Clairet et Spectatresse. St Just et Affiche ... Sea Sick et Sidzouka. Sandy H. et Brams. II Ecouen et Astuce .... Sardanap. et Emilie .. Badajoz et Koutoubia Irish Lad et Salve .... Romarin et Etincelant. Monténég. et Lovely.. Jaeger et Mrs Lawren. Phryxus et Perd. Rou. 23 nov. Enghien 7 nov. 0' 65 Auteuil 18 oct. 56* Angers 4 déc. 3 66 Enghien juill. 25 1 74 Auteuil 28 nov. 0 71* Auteuil 30 nov. 0 66 Enghien 4 déc. 2 66 Enghien 1 déc. 3] 65 Enghien nov. 25 0 66 Enghien 30 nov. 0 66 Enghien 30 nov. 8 64 Enghien 26 nov. 0 63 Enghien 2 déc. 1 67 Auteuil 28 nov. 21:60 Auteuil 26 nov. Englhen 4 déc. 0 64 Enghien 14 nov. 0 70 Auteuil 19 nov. 2 62 Enghien mai 25 3 63 Enghien |2800i hl380ft 12800 s |3400 s|3500 s 5500 s |3700 s 3400 SI3700 h'3500 s 3400| s |3700 S13700 s 3000' S13500 S|3500j S13800, s '4500 s !3400, s 4000 L. Niaudot. Ed. Haes . L. Niaudot. L. Niaudot. R. Head .. G. Lester . Ed. Haes . J. Faucon.. C. Nervo . Ed. Haes . C. Nervo . G. Lester . B. Bolla ... L. Niaudot: J. Luc .... A. Cérez ... R. Vayer .. M. Dupré . J. Faucon . J. Luc .... Pricip 63, Gallimard 60. Kif Kif 64, Corymb 66, Idolo di Savoia 65, Bandit 65. Djelal 54, R. d'Espoir 55}, Quineville 56} Capuso II 66, Corrèze 66, Europa 66.... Le Glaive 74, Muscadin 70, L'Ascal. 68. The Coyote 70, Ingrandes 73}, Majest.63 Couronne 62, Chr. Minist. 68, R. René 64 Caruso II 66, Corrèze 66, Europa 66... Argus II 64, Sacols 73, Spectateur 65. Comeley 63, Carotte 60, Noisetier 62... Houblon 61, Kif Kif 64, Vigo 69 Couronne 62, Chr. Minist. 68 R. René 64 Dada 64, Couronne 64, Europa 66...... Salmanazar 67, Plateau 74, Abner 64}.. Macramé 61, Bakou 60, Adélia II 60}.. Ismen 70, Ariane 66, Saline 71.. . Celtillus 65, Houblon 70, Le Libertin 60 Djavid 73, Bazeille 65, Lautaret 75.. ... Caruso II 67, Ouate 62, Princito 66.... Montrichard 60, Matz 60, Picotin 63..
| 24,106 |
000001001153826_143_10
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French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,017 |
GREFFE DU TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE DE TROYES
|
BODACC
|
French
|
Semantic data
| 4,123 | 9,225 |
828 438 515
RCS
Troyes
LES 4 PETIT
Société civile d'exploitation agricole
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : PETIT Yves, Louis
1000
EUR
21
rue
Pierre Curie
10410
Saint-Parres-aux-Tertres
Création
Etablissement principal
Polyculture
21
rue
Pierre Curie
10410
Saint-Parres-aux-Tertres
2017-03-24
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-04-15
793 067 182
RCS
Rennes
ICEA CONSEILS
Société à responsabilité limitée
8a
rue
du Pâtis Tatelin
Antipolis Ii
35700
Rennes
2016-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
521 731 018
RCS
Salon-de-Provence
SJPRL
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
79
boulevard
Nostradamus
13300
Salon-de-Provence
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
444 971 428
RCS
Blois
BRIANCE COMMUNICATION
Société à responsabilité limitée
7
rue
des Cordeaux
41110
Seigy
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
419 474 143
RCS
Paris
HEGZE
Société à responsabilité limitée
5
rue
Cambon
75001
Paris
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
833 484 546
RCS
Marseille
SEQUOIA CONSULTANTS
Société à responsabilité limitée
SEQUOIA CONSULTANTS
Gérant : D'AURIA Bernard
1000.00
EUR
11
avenue
Verlaque
13009
Marseille
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
conseil étude assistance à la maîtrise d'ouvrage pour la réalisation d'installation de sécurité et de maîtrise de l'énergie. gestion de portefeuille titres.
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-11-03
489 282 442
RCS
Sarreguemines
SESAME
SASU
6
rue
Sainte-Marie
57200
Sarreguemines
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
351 346 598
RCS
Annecy
LE MONTANA
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
24
CLOS DU MONTANA - ARGENTIERE
74400
Chamonix-Mont-Blanc
2015-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
794 117 556
RCS
Orléans
LADY COQUINE
Société à responsabilité limitée
rue
René Cassin Zic route de Paris
45300
Pithiviers
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
813 572 831
RCS
Paris
FLY THE NEST
Société par actions simplifiée
221
rue
La Fayette
75010
Paris
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
827 449 182
RCS
Paris
FINDIS MANAGEMENT 2
Société par actions simplifiée (à associé unique)
Président : Jumentier, Frédéric Michel Jacques, Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : KPMG S.A
1000
EUR
5/7
rue
de Monttessuy
75007
Paris
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
Toutes opérations, pour son propre compte, achat, vente et gestion de valeurs mobilières françaises et étrangères de toute nature et de toutes entreprises, achat, souscription, gestion, vente, échange de ces valeurs et de tous droits sociaux.
5/7
rue
de Monttessuy
75007
Paris
2017-02-02
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-01-27
433 131 463
RCS
Antibes
SECURITY
Société par actions simplifiée
2000
route
des Lucioles les Algorithmes Bâtiment Aristote à
Sophia-Antipolis
06410
Biot
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
828 294 561
RCS
Pontoise
ATC IMMOBILIER
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : CELIK Irene Emine
1200.00
EUR
11
rue
Jean Jaurès
95400
Arnouville-lès-Gonesse
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
l' achat, vente, commercialisation et négociation de terrains et tous biens immobiliers.
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-03-13
PHARMACIE DES CHARMETTES
Société en Nom Collectif
DAHON Christine nom d'usage : CLEMENT n'est plus gérant. DAHON Christine nom d'usage : CLEMENT devient liquidateur. EONO Dominique nom d'usage : CONQ n'est plus gérant
395 353 279
RCS
Grenoble
Dissolution de la société. Modification de l'administration.
752 129 643
RCS
Poitiers
ABATTOIR DE MONTMORILLON
Société par actions simplifiée
rue
Pierre Pagenaud
Zone Industrielle Sud
86500
Montmorillon
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
804 368 330
RCS
Rennes
TRC
Société à responsabilité limitée
86
boulevard
de Bliche
35133
Lécousse
2015-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
ACROPOLE INFORMATIQUE
Société à responsabilité limitée
490 700 416
RCS
Saint etienne
29
rue
de Lyon
42600
Savigneux
O
DESSO SAS
Société par actions simplifiée
Commissaire aux comptes suppléant : BORIS Etienne en fonction le 17 Mars 2015 ; Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS AUDIT en fonction le 17 Mars 2015 ; Président : BARTHELEMY Fabrice en fonction le 16 Février 2017
314 055 591
RCS
Nanterre
Modification de représentant..
SOCIETE GENERALE DE BATIMENT RAMOS
Société par actions simplifiée
SGBR
520 958 653
RCS
Paris
Directement ou indirectement, pour son compte ou pour le compte de tiers, à la commission ou au courtage, en régie, par la représentation de toutes firmes françaises ou étrangères, comme locataire fermière, gérante ou à tout autre titre: tous travaux de rénovation: peinture, papier revêtement de sol et de mur; tous travaux de décoration.
55
rue
du Dessous des Berges
75013
Paris
Avis de dépôt
Dépôt de l'état des créances
2017-01-20
L'état des créances est déposé au greffe où tout intéressé peut présenter réclamation devant le juge-commissaire dans le délai d'un mois à compter de la présente publication.
828 899 658
RCS
Rennes
BDLPRÊT
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : MAZURIE Isabelle ; Gérant : LE BIHAN Jonathan
2.00
EUR
la Maugerais
35000
Rennes
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
le courtage en prêt Immobilierr.
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-05-01
795 236 322
RCS
Bordeaux
LA GROSSE CLOCHE
Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique
45
rue
Saint-James
33000
Bordeaux
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
LE BRENNUS
Société par actions simplifiée
788 716 272
RCS
Chalon-sur-Saône
Cessation d'activité de la société
442 725 719
RCS
Perpignan
SPMH
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
CAMPING TAXO LES PINS
66700
Argelès-sur-Mer
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
FLORINI
David
812 980 480
RCS
Avignon
route
de Richerenches
2 route de Grillon
84600
Valréas
Transfert de l'établissement principal
ZAZA CLUB
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
SANCHEZ Sébastian nom d'usage : SANCHEZ n'est plus gérant
448 634 683
RCS
Perpignan
Modification de l'administration.
" SOLAR "
Société à responsabilité limitée
339 819 120
RCS
Créteil
5
rue
de l'Aqueduc
94430
Chennevières-sur-Marne
O
808 329 221
RCS
Colmar
LERCH P.P.C.
SARLU
11
rue
de l’Eglise
67140
Saint-Pierre
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
FERRE-BLANES
Valérie, exerçant en EIRL
LECHERE
RCS non inscrit
398 839 415
RM
01
Transports de voyageurs par taxis
9
avenue
Alsace-lorraine
01300
Belley
Jugement d'ouverture
Jugement d'ouverture de liquidation judiciaire
2017-01-25
Jugement prononçant la liquidation judiciaire , date de cessation des paiements le 31 Juillet 2015, désignant liquidateur Maître Christophe ROUMEZI 14, rue Edouard Herriot - CS 91014 - 38307 Bourgoin-Jallieu Cédex . Les créances sont à déclarer, dans les deux mois de la présente publication, auprès du liquidateur ou sur le portail électronique à l'adresse https://www.creditors-services.com.
830 048 260
RCS
Bordeaux
LATASTE
Sophie
LATASTE
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
prestations de services de conciergerie.
11
rue
Parl Sainte-Catherine
33000
Bordeaux
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-06-06
831 092 093
RCS
Saint etienne
LE CLAPIER
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
Gérant : FOURNIER Yohann Fernand Marcel
1000.00
EUR
2
boulevard
Pierre Mendès France
42000
Saint-Étienne
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, D) sans activité
Cette société n'exerce aucune activité..
INVEST.OM 342
Société en Nom Collectif
Société à responsabilité limitée PARSO n'est plus gérant. Société à responsabilité limitée PARSO devient liquidateur
521 873 778
RCS
Toulouse
Dissolution de la société. Modification de l'administration.
DELTA 94
Société à responsabilité limitée
20000
EUR
817 678 139
RCS
Paris
54
avenue
Philippe-Auguste
75011
Paris
modification survenue sur le capital (augmentation)
811 547 595
RCS
Nanterre
MATCH EQUIPE RESULTAT FOOTBALL APP LIVE DIRECT SAS - (MEFALD)
Société par actions simplifiée
3
rue
de l'Alma
92600
Asnières-sur-Seine
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
622 980 274
RCS
Romans
LE DAUPHIN TILLEUL DES BARONNIES
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
boulevard
Aristide Briand
26170
Buis-les-Baronnies
2017-04-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
753 811 843
RCS
Toulouse
TAT STUDIO
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
97
rue
Pierre-Paul Riquet
Bâtiment h-3ème Étage
31000
Toulouse
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
389 614 934
RCS
Boulogne-sur-Mer
GLORIANT BUREAUTIQUE
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
Zone Artisanale du Plat d'Or RN 43
62610
Autingues
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
503 910 531
RCS
Nancy
TOPAYSAGE
Société à responsabilité limitée
9
rue
Saint-Pierre Morey
54610
Belleau
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
HOLDING DEDIEU
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
DEDIEU Georges nom d'usage : DEDIEU n'est plus gérant. DEDIEU Aurélie nom d'usage : BRAY devient liquidateur
401 046 198
RCS
Villefranche-Tarare
Dissolution de la société. Modification de l'administration.
528 695 240
RCS
Angoulème
LE MAESTRO
Société à responsabilité limitée
19
rue
de Montmoreau
16000
Angoulême
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
SEVEN MODE
Société à responsabilité limitée
753 489 871
RCS
Bayonne
Commerce de détail d'habillement en magasin spécialisé
29
rue
Thiers
64100
Bayonne
Avis de dépôt
Dépôt de l'état des créances
2017-05-23
L'état des créances est déposé au greffe où tout intéressé peut présenter réclamation devant le juge-commissaire dans le délai d'un mois à compter de la présente publication.
829 952 449
RCS
Paris
MOMBO SARL
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : Treuer, Olivier
1000
EUR
8
rue
Augereau
75007
Paris
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
L'acquisition biens immobiliers et de meubles en vue de les donner en location meublée ainsi qu'à titre exceptionnel la vente des immeubles.
8
rue
Augereau
75007
Paris
2017-05-31
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-05-16
508 015 930
RCS
Le Mans
SUBCAR.COM
Société à responsabilité limitée
Zone Artisanale du Tertre
72430
Noyen-sur-Sarthe
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
LES JARDINS DE L'ANNONCIADE
Société civile immobilière de construction vente
Gérant Associé : RIVIERA PROMOTION IMMOBILIERE représenté par TELLE Pierre Laurent modification le 08 Novembre 2017 ; Associé : SARL EVIDENCE en fonction le 13 Novembre 2015 ; Associé : IMMO 2 I SAS en fonction le 13 Novembre 2015
539 303 016
RCS
Nice
Modification de représentant..
498 324 904
RCS
Brive
MONCOURRIER
Mathieu Michel
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
coiffure mixte, vente d'accessoires et de tous produits s'y rapportant.
15
rue
Saint-Martin
19100
Brive la Gaillarde
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-12-01
LOKI LOKA
Société par actions simplifiée
808 609 390
RCS
Bordeaux
Cessation d'activité de la société à compter du 6 décembre 2016..
480 239 169
RCS
Fréjus
ROY'S
Société à responsabilité limitée
167
rue
des Mouettes
le Petit Défend
83700
Saint-Raphaël
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
831 018 684
RCS
Aubenas
EJANE
Société Civile
Gérant : PERRUSSEL Nadine Evelyne Augusta nom d'usage : PERRUSSEL
90000.00
EUR
chemin
Vallat du Soutou
07700
Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche
Propriété, gestion, construction, exploitation de tous biens mobiliers et immobiliers.
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-06-19
SCI LPCR
Société Civile Immobilière
830 643 748
RCS
Toulouse
Reprise de l'activité après suspension.
2017-12-01
510 860 893
RCS
Nanterre
CODI BAT COORDINATION SPS
Société à responsabilité limitée
90b
rue
Émile Augier
92500
Rueil-Malmaison
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
437 992 001
RCS
Soissons
TREFCON
Thierry, Dominique, Didier
TREFCON
Coursier à vélo.
9
Du Moulin Huyot
02650
Crézancy
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-12-10
531 235 059
RCS
Orléans
CABINET PATRICK BAILLY
Société à responsabilité limitée (à associé unique)
12
rue
de la Villette
45640
Sandillon
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
394 950 109
RCS
Sens
DIMATRANS
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
3
rue
Saint-Félicie
les Pichons
89500
Chaumot
2015-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
PETIT
Céline
794 732 115
RCS
Fréjus
1
rue
Jean Carrara
Résidence Eden Park Bâtiment E App 22
83600
Fréjus
2016-12-31
LORIS (société en liquidation)
SARL
805 339 082
RCS
Metz
7
place
du Marché
57535
Marange-Silvange
O
379 144 199
RCS
Le Mans
MAVIC SARL
Société à responsabilité limitée
4
rue
des Minimes
72000
Le Mans
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
505 229 732
RCS
Nantes
CADRES EN MISSION NANTES
Société à responsabilité limitée (à associé unique)
12
rue
du Chapeau Rouge
44000
Nantes
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
GENEVET
Géraldine
791 258 965
RCS
Avignon
89
avenue
Notre Dame de Sante
84200
Carpentras
2017-07-17
797 668 522
RCS
Rodez
BAULES ENERGIE
Société par actions simplifiée
Noalhac
12190
Sébrazac
2017-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
523 581 718
RCS
Compiegne
MILENKOVIC
Perica
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
maçonnerie, aménagement d'espaces verts.
23
rue
1ère Avenue
60260
Lamorlaye
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-09-15
812 943 652
RCS
Melun
FL DECORATION
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
16
chemin
du Clos de la Rue Blanche
77123
Noisy-sur-École
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
KPMG AUDIT FS II
Société par actions simplifiée
512 802 539
RCS
Nanterre
2
avenue
Gambetta
Tour Eqho
92066
Paris la Défense Cedex
O
MONTOIT
Société à responsabilité limitée
530 743 954
RCS
Créteil
toutes opérations concernant les transactions immobilières ou assimilées comme la négociation.
48
rue
Jeanne d'Arc
94320
Thiais
Modification de l'adresse du siège. Modification de l'activité..
2011-03-01
381 416 940
RCS
Paris
TRANSAXIO ILE DE FRANCE
Société par actions simplifiée
11
rue
Tourneux
75012
Paris
2016-05-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
722 070 372
RCS
Créteil
ALVIDIS
Société par actions simplifiée
2
rue
du Gers
Bâtiment Vg1 Case Postale 80198
94535
Rungis Cedex
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
477 799 514
RCS
Alençon
DACHRIS
Société à responsabilité limitée
22
boulevard
Carnot
61200
Argentan
2016-07-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
819 922 295
RCS
Montpellier
MTP CONCEPT
Société à responsabilité limitée
1
allée
Joseph Cambon
34430
Saint-jean-de-Védas
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
431 610 302
RCS
Lyon
SUCILLON
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
3036
route
de Strasbourg
69140
Rillieux-la-Pape
2016-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
LUCAS DECORATION
Société à responsabilité limitée
421 196 940
RCS
Laval
Modification survenue sur la dénomination
795 313 386
RCS
Meaux
NSAP Nous Sommes à Paris
Société à responsabilité limitée
7
rue
des Tilleuls
77200
Torcy
2014-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
MOLEA
Société civile immobilière
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : ARIZTEGUI Franck, Pierre ; Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : ARIZTEGUI Valérie, Alexandra, Marie né(e) KEMPA
811 418 425
RCS
Nancy
2
rue
du Monument
54840
Fontenoy-sur-Moselle
2
rue
du Monument
54840
Fontenoy-sur-Moselle
Modification survenue sur l'administration et transfert du siège social, transfert de l'établissement principal
830 294 633
RCS
Fort-de-France
NIEL A 2
S.N.C.
gérant et associé indéfiniment et solidairement responsable : INTER INVEST (SACAh) représenté par PETIT (Daniel) ; associé indéfiniment et solidairement responsable : GS INVEST (SARLh) représenté par DECLERCQ (Vincent)
100
EUR
ZAC Etang Z Abricot, Immeuble Agora Bat C
97200
Fort-de-France
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à création d'un établissement principal
Etablissement principal
la location simple de longue durée des biens d'équipement mobiliers et immobiliers dans les DOM-TOM. Location simple de longue durée d'autres matériels, de biens d'équipements professionnels, de véhicules
ZAC Etang Z Abricot, Immeuble Agora Bat C
97200
Fort-de-France
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-06-12
517 742 193
RCS
Colmar
COIFFURE FRANCIS, COIFFURE AUTREMENT
SARL
6 A
Grand’Rue
68600
Biesheim
2016-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
807 492 111
RCS
Nanterre
CA TRANSPORT
Société par actions simplifiée
CA TRANSPORT
CA TRANSPORT
Président : CHERGUI Toufic ; Directeur général : BOUTAZAABOUNT Aoitef
24000.00
EUR
51
route
Principale du Port
Bâtiment G1 Hall Ce 187
92230
Gennevilliers
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite au transfert du siège hors ressort..
809 273 626
RCS
Aix-en-Provence
L'INSTANT ZEN
Société à responsabilité limitée
Traverse Férigoule
13480
Cabriès
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
829 691 005
RCS
Grenoble
METRO COUPE LA SUITE
Société par Actions Simplifiée
4
square
Docteur Léon Martin
38000
Grenoble
Etablissement principal acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 67000 EUR
Etablissement principal
Coiffure.
700
route
de Chambéry
38330
Saint-Ismier
ANDREA
801 599 069
RCS
Grenoble
Mise en activité d'une société suite à achat
2017-07-26
Terre Dauphinoise
2017-08-24
Au siège du fonds vendu sis 700 route de Chambéry 38330 Saint-Ismier
Mise en activité de la société. Adresse de l'ancien propriétaire : 700 Route de Chambéry 38330 SAINT-ISMIER. Adresse du nouveau propriétaire : 4 Square Docteur Léon Martin 38000 GRENOBLE. Les oppositions seront reçues dans les dix jours suivant la publication prévue à l’article L.141-12 du code de commerce.
749 904 264
RCS
Toulouse
EXPERT CONSO
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
658
rue
Léonie Biamouret
31470
Saint-Lys
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
833 912 223
RCS
Brive
GROUPEMENT FONCIER RURAL DU PUY BEZIN
Groupement foncier rural
Gérant Associé : LAVIEILLE Antoine ; Gérant Associé : ESTRADE Catherine ; Associé : ESTRADE Anne ; Associé : ESTRADE Florence ; Associé : LAVIEILLE Francois ; Associé : LAVIEILLE Pierre
265840.00
EUR
18
avenue
des Monedieres
19300
Saint-Yrieix-le-Déjalat
Etablissement principal
la propriété et l'administration de tous immeubles et droits immobiliers à destination agricole et forestière composant son patrimoine.
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-07-12
SARL TOP DEPANN'
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : LENOIR Jean-Louis, Paul, Stephan, Franck
425 124 476
RCS
Coutances
Modification survenue sur l'administration
440 580 082
RCS
Paris
SCOMAS
Société par actions simplifiée (à associé unique)
42
rue
du Chemin Vert
75011
Paris
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
532 510 666
RCS
Paris
JEAN CLAUDE AUBRY COSMETIQUES
Société par actions simplifiée
Président : COIFFURE DU MONDE
10000
EUR
69
rue
Saint-Honoré
75001
Paris
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
Achat, vente, produits cosmétiques en gros, vente à distance par internet de produits cosmétiques
69
rue
Saint-Honoré
75001
Paris
2011-05-24
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social
2017-04-10
2011-04-20
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite au transfert du siège hors ressort
ATP
Société par actions simplifiée
798 298 741
RCS
Arras
164B
rue
du 1er Mai
62880
Vendin-le-Vieil
O
508 423 217
RCS
Grenoble
SARL P 2 C
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
98
rue
des Ecrins
38140
Rives
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
537 527 806
RCS
Lyon
SELARL Maxillo Faciale - Val d'Ouest
Société d'Exercice Libéral à Responsabilité Limitée
39
chemin
de la Vernique
69130
Écully
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
447 705 005
RCS
Grasse
DIFFUSION ENVIRONNEMENT SERVICES
Société à responsabilité limitée
241
chemin
Henri Roubaud
06610
La Gaude
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
SUSHI MASA
Société à responsabilité limitée
531 275 360
RCS
Nanterre
Gare Rer la Défense
Espace Voyageurs
Village Services
92800
Puteaux
Modification de l'adresse du siège..
791 124 035
RCS
Angers
BENCHEIKH
Yasser
NEGOCE AUTO 33
Création
Etablissement principal
Achat vente automobiles, motos, pièces détachées neufs et occasion
Lieu dit
la Chauviniere
49310
Vihiers
2017-02-03
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-08-10
533 941 118
RCS
Poitiers
STORE COMMANDER
Société à responsabilité limitée
2
avenue
de Galilée
Téléport 1 Bp 30153
86960
Chasseneuil Futuroscope
2016-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
808 689 343
RCS
Cherbourg
BAYEUX SIGHTSEEING TOURS
Société à responsabilité limitée
2
rue
des Ecoles
50480
Sainte-Mère-Eglise
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
AU VEILLEUR DE BALDEBURNE
S.A.R.L.
792 117 798
RCS
Saverne
restauration traditionnelle, traiteur, vente à emporter, brasserie
95
rue
du Château
67310
Balbronn
Avis de dépôt
Dépôt de l'état des créances
2017-01-26
Avis de dépôt de l'état de créances ; mandataire judiciaire : Maître MAUHIN (Jean-Denis), 4a, rue du Périgord, CS 30032, 67381 Lingolsheim Cedex ; dépôt de l'état des créances au Tribunal de Grande Instance de Saverne Chambre Commerciale où les réclamations seront recevables dans un délai d'un mois à compter de la date de la présente publication ; LJ n° 130/2015
388 760 753
RCS
Troyes
ROBERT BERNARD ET FILS
Société à responsabilité limitée
10200
Voigny
2016-07-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
829 889 278
RCS
Lorient
CBLP 56
Société civile immobilière
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : LE PARC Bruno, Robert ; Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : LE PARC Christelle, Marie, Claire né(e) LE MEUR
1220
EUR
19
route
de Berné
56320
Priziac
Création
Etablissement principal
Propriété, gestion et administration de tous immeubles
19
route
de Berné
56320
Priziac
2017-05-29
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2017-05-09
831 370 358
RCS
Mâcon
GARAGE DAMIEN CHEVILLARD
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
Gérant : CHEVILLARD Damien nom d'usage : CHEVILLARD
5000.00
EUR
la Roche
71570
Saint-Vérand
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, D) sans activité
Cette société n'exerce aucune activité.
NEOTEC
Société à responsabilité limitée
538 994 450
RCS
Nantes
Travaux de plomberie, chauffage, génie climatique
25
avenue
de la Vertonne
44120
Vertou
Jugement d'ouverture
Jugement d'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire
2017-02-15
Jugement prononçant l'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire, date de cessation des paiements le 31 décembre 2016, désignant : administrateur Maître Armel Dolley 44 rue de Gigant 44000 Nantes, avec pour mission : d'assister, mandataire judiciaire Maître Delaere de la SCP Delaere 20 rue Mercoeur 44000 Nantes. Les créances sont à déclarer, dans les deux mois de la présente publication, auprès du Mandataire Judiciaire ou sur le portail électronique à l'adresse https://www.creditors-services.com.
807 895 503
RCS
Orléans
COHERENCE INFORMATIQUE
Société à responsabilité limitée
212
rue
de Roquemaure
45160
Olivet
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
348 565 078
RCS
Dunkerque
CLEANTRONICS
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
13
rue
Célestin Malo
59210
Coudekerque-Branche
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
815 407 051
RCS
Evry
ATELIER ASA-I
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
26
rue
du Moulin à Tan
91150
Étampes
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
500 048 665
RCS
Nîmes
CYRIL PASCAL
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
Les Esclops et Figaret
30960
Les Mages
2016-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
412 882 326
RCS
Montluçon
CARROSSERIE CHANIER
Société par actions simplifiée
3
boulevard
Desaix
03390
Montmarault
2017-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
339 171 001
RCS
Dunkerque
ETABLISSEMENTS TROLLE
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
48
rue
Notre Dame
59190
Hazebrouck
2016-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
MIGOLI
Arnaud
819 560 301
RCS
Agen
32
avenue
de la Marne
47520
Le passage d'Agen
Transfert de l'établissement principal
| 1,135 |
https://github.com/studiodev/archives/blob/master/2012 - Portfolio V5/lib/vendor/symfony/test/unit/storage/sfStorageTest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
archives
|
studiodev
|
PHP
|
Code
| 78 | 180 |
<?php
/*
* This file is part of the symfony package.
* (c) 2004-2006 Fabien Potencier <[email protected]>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
require_once(dirname(__FILE__).'/../../bootstrap/unit.php');
$t = new lime_test(0);
class myStorage extends sfStorage
{
public function read($key) {}
public function remove($key) {}
public function shutdown() {}
public function write($key, $data) {}
public function regenerate($destroy = false) {}
}
class fakeStorage
{
}
| 24,395 |
CCO201700430006
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,017 |
Adhésion par lettre du 27 septembre 2017 de la FNCB CFDT à l'accord du 7 juin 2017 relatif à la CPPNI
|
BOCC
|
French
|
Spoken
| 158 | 297 |
36 CC 2017/43Brochure n° 3280
Conventions collectives nationales
et accords nationaux
INDUSTRIE DE LA FABRICATION DES CIMENTS
IDCC : 832. – Ouvriers
IDCC : 833. – Employés, techniciens et agents de maîtrise
IDCC : 363. – Cadres
ADHÉSION PAR LETTRE DU 27 SEPTEMBRE 2017
DE LA FNCB CFDT À L’ACCORD DU 7 JUIN 2017 RELATIF À LA CPPNI
NOR : ASET1750953M
IDCC : 363, 832, 833
Paris, le 27 septembre 2017.
Madame, Monsieur
La fédération nationale de la construction et bois CFDT vous informe de sa décision d’adhésion
à l’accord relatif aux missions et à l’organisation de la commission paritaire permanente de négocia-tion et d’interprétation de l’industrie cimentière du 7 juin 2017.
Cette adhésion est faite conformément à l’article 5.4 dudit accord ainsi qu’à l’article L. 2261-3 du
code du travail dans les conditions fixées par l’article D. 2231-2 du code du travail.
Vous en souhaitant bonne réception, recevez, Madame, Monsieur, nos cordiales salutations.MINISTÈRE DU TRAVAIL
CONVENTIONS COLLECTIVES
| 16,075 |
US-73926003-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,003 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 941 | 1,048 |
[0058] While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments it is to be understood that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing detailed description. It is therefore intended that the foregoing description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.
What is claimed:
1. A battery ejection mechanism for ejecting a battery housing that is removably secured to a portion of an electrical device housing, the mechanism comprising an ejection member secured to the battery housing and comprising a button and an arm, wherein the ejection member operates to transfer a mechanical force applied to the button through the arm to the portion of the electrical device housing.
2. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 1, wherein the arm applies a mechanical force to the portion of the electrical device housing in a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction in which a mechanical force is applied to the button.
3. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 1 further comprising a spring adapted to bias the ejection member in a first position.
4. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 3, wherein the first position corresponds to the first arm not contacting the portion of the electrical device housing.
5. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 1, wherein the electrical device housing has at least one electrical contact and wherein the first arm is in physical contact with the portion of the electrical device housing when the mechanical force is applied to the button.
6. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 1, wherein the arm comprises a cam.
7. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 1, further comprising a second ejection member comprising a second button and a second arm, wherein the second ejection member operates to transfer a mechanical force applied to the second button through the second arm to the portion of the electrical device housing.
8. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 7, wherein the first ejection member is positioned on a first side of the battery housing and the second ejection member is positioned on a second side of the battery housing.
9. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 7, wherein the second side is opposite the first side.
10. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 9 further comprising at least one rail structure formed substantially along at least one of the first side and the second side for facilitating the assembly of the battery housing in an operative position on the portion of the electrical device housing.
11. The battery ejection mechanism of claim 1 wherein the electrical device housing is selected from one of a power tool or a battery charger.
12. A battery ejection mechanism for ejecting a battery housing that is removably secured to a portion of an electrical device housing selected from one of a power tool or a battery charger, comprising an ejection member secured to the battery housing and including a button and an arm, wherein the ejection member operates to transfer a mechanical force applied to the button through the arm to the portion of the electrical device housing.
13. A method of ejecting a battery housing removably attached to an electrical device housing, comprising: a. providing a first ejection member rotatably secured to the battery housing and operable to transfer a mechanical force to the electrical device housing; and b. providing a second ejection member rotatably secured to the battery housing and operable to transfer a mechanical force to the electrical device.
14. A battery housing comprising, a. at least one rechargeable cell; b. a battery housing adapted to house the at least one rechargeable cell; c. at least one electrical contact electrically connected to the at least one cell; d. an ejection member rotatably secured to the housing and comprising a first button and a first arm wherein the first ejection member operates to transfer a mechanical force applied to the first button through the first arm to a portion of an electrical device housing selected from one of a power tool or a battery charger
15. A battery housing, comprising a. a top having a first aperture and a second aperture; b. a bottom opposed to the top and connected to the top by a first side and a second side; c. at least one cell disposed within the housing; d. at least one electrical contact electrically connected to at least one of the at least one cells and adapted to be accessible through the second aperture; f. a first ejection member rotatably secured to the housing and having a first button disposed on the first side, a first release arm, and a first ejection arm wherein the first ejection arm is adapted to transfer a force applied to the first button through the first ejection arm to a portion of an electrical device housing selected from one of a power tool or a battery charger and through the first release arm to the first latch arm; and g. a second ejection member rotatably secured to the housing and having a second button disposed on the second side, a second release arm, and a second ejection arm wherein the second ejection arm is adapted to transfer a force applied to the second button through the first ejection arm to the portion of an electrical device housing selected from one of a power tool or a battery charger and through the second release arm to the second latch arm..
| 1,083 |
https://github.com/jeeberhardt/visualize/blob/master/scripts/visualize.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
visualize
|
jeeberhardt
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,157 | 3,914 |
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
""" Visualize MD trajectories using Pymol and Bokeh """
from __future__ import print_function
import os
import sys
import random
import argparse
import warnings
import subprocess
import numpy as np
from xmlrpclib import ServerProxy
from MDAnalysis import Universe
from bokeh.client import push_session
from bokeh.models import HoverTool, ColumnDataSource
from bokeh.plotting import figure, curdoc
from matplotlib.cm import get_cmap
from matplotlib import colors
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
__author__ = "Jérôme Eberhardt"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2016, Jérôme Eberhardt"
__lience__ = "MIT"
__maintainer__ = "Jérôme Eberhardt"
__email__ = "[email protected]"
class Visualize():
def __init__(self, top_file, dcd_files, config_file):
# Start Bokeh server
if not self.is_screen_running("visu_bokeh"):
print("Error: Bokeh is not running")
sys.exit(1)
# Start PyMOL
if not self.is_screen_running("visu_pymol"):
print("Error: Pymol is not running")
sys.exit(1)
# Open DCD trajectory
self.u = Universe(top_file, dcd_files)
# Read configuration file
self.comments = self.read_comments(config_file)
self.coord, self.frames, self.energy = self.read_configuration(config_file)
def is_screen_running(self, sname):
output = subprocess.check_output(["screen -ls; true"], shell=True)
return [l for l in output.split("\n") if sname in l]
def read_configuration(self, config_file):
"""
Read configuration file
"""
coord = None
frames = None
energy = None
data = np.loadtxt(config_file, delimiter=',')
if data.shape[1] == 2:
coord = np.fliplr(data[:, 0:])
frames = np.arange(0, coord.shape[0])
energy = None
#print(coord)
#print(frames)
#print(energy)
elif data.shape[1] == 3:
coord = np.fliplr(data[:, 1:])
frames = data[:, 0]
energy = None
elif data.shape[1] == 4:
coord = np.fliplr(data[:, 1:3])
frames = data[:, 0]
energy = data[:, 3]
else:
print("Error: Cannot read coordinates file! (#Columns: %s)" % data.shape[1])
sys.exit(1)
return coord, frames, energy
def read_comments(self, fname, comments="#"):
with open(fname) as f:
for line in f:
if comments in line:
line = line.replace("%s " % comments, "")
return {pname: pvalue for pname, pvalue in zip(line.split(" ")[::2], line.split(" ")[1::2])}
return None
def update_pymol(self, indices):
rpc_port = 9123
if indices:
frames = []
for indice in indices:
i, j = self.id_to_H_frame[indice]
frames = np.concatenate((frames, np.trim_zeros(self.H_frame[i, j], "b")))
nb_frames = frames.shape[0]
if nb_frames > self.max_frame:
print("Too much frames (%s). So we choose %s structures randomly." % (nb_frames, self.max_frame))
frames = random.sample(frames, self.max_frame)
try:
pymol = ServerProxy(uri="http://localhost:%s/RPC2" % rpc_port)
pymol.do("delete s*")
for frame in frames:
frame = np.int(frame)
# Go to the frame
self.u.trajectory[frame]
# Write the PDB file
self.u.atoms.write("structure.pdb")
try:
pymol.load("%s/structure.pdb" % os.getcwd())
except:
print("Can\"t load PDB structure !")
pass
if self.cartoon:
pymol.show("cartoon")
else:
pymol.show("ribbon")
pymol.hide("lines")
pymol.do("copy s%s, structure" % frame)
pymol.delete("structure")
pymol.do("show sticks, organic")
if np.int(frames[0]) != frame and nb_frames > 1:
pymol.do("align s%d, s%d" % (frame, frames[0]))
pymol.do("center s%s" % frame)
except:
print("Connection issue with PyMol! (Cmd: pymol -R)")
def get_selected_frames(self, attr, old, new):
self.update_pymol(new["1d"]["indices"])
def generate_color(sefl, value, cmap):
return colors.rgb2hex(get_cmap(cmap)(value))
def assignbins2D(self, coordinates, bin_size):
x_min, x_max = np.min(coordinates[:, 0]), np.max(coordinates[:, 0])
y_min, y_max = np.min(coordinates[:, 1]), np.max(coordinates[:, 1])
x_length = (x_max - x_min)
y_length = (y_max - y_min)
x_center = x_min + (x_length/2)
y_center = y_min + (y_length/2)
if x_length > y_length:
x_limit = np.array([x_center-(x_length/2)-0.5, x_center+(x_length/2)+0.5])
y_limit = np.array([y_center-(x_length/2)-0.5, y_center+(x_length/2)+0.5])
else:
x_limit = np.array([x_center-(y_length/2)-0.5, x_center+(y_length/2)+0.5])
y_limit = np.array([y_center-(y_length/2)-0.5, y_center+(y_length/2)+0.5])
x_bins = np.arange(float(x_limit[0]), (float(x_limit[1]) + bin_size), bin_size)
y_bins = np.arange(float(y_limit[0]), (float(y_limit[1]) + bin_size), bin_size)
return x_bins, y_bins
def show(self, bin_size=0.025, min_bin=0, max_frame=25, cartoon=False):
# Store some informations
self.bin_size = bin_size
self.min_bin = min_bin
self.max_frame = max_frame
self.cartoon = cartoon
self.H_frame = None
self.id_to_H_frame = []
title = ""
xx, yy = [], []
count, color, e = [], [], []
# Get edges
edges_x, edges_y = self.assignbins2D(self.coord, bin_size)
# Get 2D histogram, just to have the number of conformation per bin
H, edges_x, edges_y = np.histogram2d(self.coord[:, 0], self.coord[:, 1], bins=(edges_x, edges_y))
# ... and replace all zeros by nan
H[H == 0.] = np.nan
# Initialize histogram array and frame array
tmp = np.zeros(shape=(edges_x.shape[0], edges_y.shape[0], 1), dtype=np.int32)
try:
self.H_frame = np.zeros(shape=(edges_x.shape[0], edges_y.shape[0], np.int(np.nanmax(H))), dtype=np.int32)
except MemoryError:
print('Error: Histogram too big (memory). Try with a bigger bin size.')
sys.exit(1)
if self.energy is not None:
H_energy = np.empty(shape=(edges_x.shape[0], edges_y.shape[0], np.int(np.nanmax(H))))
H_energy.fill(np.nan)
# Return the indices of the bins to which each value in input array belongs
# I don't know why - 1, but it works perfectly like this
ix = np.digitize(self.coord[:, 0], edges_x) - 1
iy = np.digitize(self.coord[:, 1], edges_y) - 1
# For each coordinate, we put them in the right bin and add the frame number
for i in xrange(0, self.frames.shape[0]):
# Put frame numbers in a histogram too
self.H_frame[ix[i], iy[i], tmp[ix[i], iy[i]]] = self.frames[i]
# The same for the energy, if we provide them
if self.energy is not None:
H_energy[ix[i], iy[i], tmp[ix[i], iy[i]]] = self.energy[i]
# Add 1 to the corresponding bin
tmp[ix[i], iy[i]] += 1
if self.energy is not None:
# get mean energy per bin
H_energy = np.nanmean(H_energy, axis=2)
# Get STD and MEAN conformations/energy
if self.energy is not None:
std = np.nanstd(H_energy)
mean = np.nanmean(H_energy)
else:
std = np.int(np.nanstd(H))
mean = np.int(np.nanmean(H))
# Get min_hist and max_hist
min_hist = mean - std
max_hist = mean + std
# Put min_hist equal to min_bin is lower than 0
min_hist = min_hist if min_hist > 0 else min_bin
unit = '#conf.' if self.energy is None else 'Kcal/mol'
print("Min: %8.2f Max: %8.2f (%s)" % (min_hist, max_hist, unit))
# Add we keep only the bin with structure
for i in xrange(0, H.shape[0]):
for j in xrange(0, H.shape[1]):
if H[i, j] > min_bin:
xx.append(edges_x[i])
yy.append(edges_y[j])
self.id_to_H_frame.append((i, j))
count.append(H[i, j])
if self.energy is None:
value = 1. - (np.float(H[i, j]) - min_hist) / (max_hist - min_hist)
else:
value = (np.float(H_energy[i, j]) - min_hist) / (max_hist - min_hist)
e.append(H_energy[i, j])
color.append(self.generate_color(value, "jet"))
TOOLS = "wheel_zoom,box_zoom,undo,redo,box_select,save,reset,hover,crosshair,tap,pan"
# Create the title with all the parameters contain in the file
if self.comments:
for key, value in self.comments.iteritems():
title += "%s: %s " % (key, value)
else:
title = "#conformations: %s" % self.frames.shape[0]
p = figure(plot_width=1500, plot_height=1500, tools=TOOLS, title=title)
p.title.text_font_size = '20pt'
# Create source
source = ColumnDataSource(data=dict(xx=xx, yy=yy, count=count, color=color))
if self.energy is not None:
source.add(e, name="energy")
# Create histogram
p.rect(x="xx", y="yy", source=source, width=bin_size, height=bin_size,
color="color", line_alpha="color", line_color="black")
# Create Hovertools
tooltips = [("(X, Y)", "(@xx @yy)"), ("#Frames", "@count")]
if self.energy is not None:
tooltips += [("Energy (Kcal/mol)", "@energy")]
hover = p.select({"type": HoverTool})
hover.tooltips = tooltips
# open a session to keep our local document in sync with server
session = push_session(curdoc())
# Update data when we select conformations
source.on_change("selected", self.get_selected_frames)
# Open the document in a browser
session.show(p)
# Run forever !!
session.loop_until_closed()
def parse_options():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="visu 2D configuration")
parser.add_argument("-t", "--top", dest="top_file", required=True,
action="store", type=str,
help="psf or pdb file used for simulation")
parser.add_argument("-d", "--dcd", dest="dcd_files", required=True,
action="store", type=str, nargs="+",
help="list of dcd files")
parser.add_argument("-c", "--configuration", dest="config_file",
required=True, action="store", type=str,
help="configuration file")
parser.add_argument("-b", "--bin", dest="bin_size", default=0.025,
action="store", type=float,
help="bin size of the histogram")
parser.add_argument("--max-frame", dest="max_frame", default=25,
action="store", type=int,
help="maximum number of randomly picked frames")
parser.add_argument("--min-bin", dest="min_bin", default=0,
action="store", type=int,
help="minimal number of frames needed to show the bin")
parser.add_argument("--cartoon", dest="cartoon", default=False,
action="store_true",
help="Turn on cartoon representation in PyMOL")
args = parser.parse_args()
return args
def main():
options = parse_options()
top_file = options.top_file
dcd_files = options.dcd_files
config_file = options.config_file
bin_size = options.bin_size
cartoon = options.cartoon
max_frame = options.max_frame
min_bin = options.min_bin
V = Visualize(top_file, dcd_files, config_file)
V.show(bin_size, min_bin, max_frame, cartoon)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| 37,417 |
https://github.com/bluemathsoft/bluemath/blob/master/compgeom/src/delaunay/helper.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
bluemath
|
bluemathsoft
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 309 | 747 |
/*
Copyright (C) 2017 Jayesh Salvi, Blue Math Software Inc.
This file is part of bluemath.
bluemath is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
bluemath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
along with bluemath. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
import {iszero} from '@bluemath/common'
export function pointLineOrientation(a:number[],b:number[],c:number[]) {
// This predicate is based upon the formula described here
// https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~quake/robust.html
// Unfortunately I don't know the proof of this formula, but the
// tests so far are working
let [ax,ay] = a;
let [bx,by] = b;
let [cx,cy] = c;
let det = (ax-cx)*(by-cy) - (bx-cx)*(ay-cy);
if(iszero(det)) {
return 0;
}
return det/Math.abs(det);
}
export function pointInCircle(a:number[],b:number[],c:number[],d:number[]) {
let [ax,ay] = a;
let [bx,by] = b;
let [cx,cy] = c;
let [dx,dy] = d;
/*
* | A B C | | ax-dx ay-dy (ax-dx)^2+(ay-dy)^2 |
* | D E F | = | bx-dx by-dy (bx-dx)^2+(by-dy)^2 |
* | G H I | | cx-dx cy-dy (cx-dx)^2+(cy-dy)^2 |
*
* det = AEI + BFG + CDH - GEC - HFA - IDB
*/
let A = ax-dx;
let B = ay-dy;
let D = bx-dx;
let E = by-dy;
let G = cx-dx;
let H = cy-dy;
let C = A*A+B*B;
let F = D*D+E*E;
let I = G*G+H*H;
let det = A*E*I + B*F*G + C*D*H - G*E*C - H*F*A - I*D*B;
if(iszero(det)) {
return 0;
}
return det/Math.abs(det);
}
| 37,572 |
https://github.com/dracarysX/django-rest-query/blob/master/demo/demo/management/commands/initdata.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
django-rest-query
|
dracarysX
|
Python
|
Code
| 76 | 294 |
#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*-coding: utf-8 -*-
__author__ = 'dracarysX'
"""
INIT DATA FOR THIS DEMO
"""
from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
from demo.models import *
class Command(BaseCommand):
def handle(self, *args, **options):
s1 = School(name='BJ University')
s2 = School(name='SH University')
s1.save()
s2.save()
p1 = Publisher(name='RMDX')
p2 = Publisher(name='HLJDX')
p1.save()
p2.save()
a1 = Author(name='wwxiong', age=20, school=s2)
a2 = Author(name='dracarysx', age=100, school=s1)
a1.save()
a2.save()
b1 = Book(name='Python', author=a1, publisher=p2)
b2 = Book(name='Javascript', author=a2, publisher=p1)
b1.save()
b2.save()
print('Init data completed.')
| 2,903 |
https://github.com/fi-ts/docker-make/blob/master/dockermake/dockerfile/instructions/from.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
docker-make
|
fi-ts
|
Python
|
Code
| 67 | 321 |
import pyparsing as pp
from dockermake.dockerfile.instructions.instruction_base import InstructionBase
class From(InstructionBase):
def build_grammar(self):
def flatten(tokens):
return tokens[0]
def add_back_trailing_slash(tokens):
if tokens:
tokens[0] += "/"
return tokens
registry = pp.Optional(self.pp_word(without="/").setResultsName("registry") + "/")
username = pp.Optional(
pp.OneOrMore(self.pp_word(without="/") + pp.Suppress("/")).addParseAction("/".join).setResultsName(
"username")).addParseAction(add_back_trailing_slash)
image = self.pp_word(without="/:").setResultsName("image")
tag = pp.Optional(":" + self.pp_word().setResultsName("tag"))
full_image = pp.Combine(registry + username + image + tag).setResultsName("full_image_name")
full_image.addParseAction(flatten)
stage_name = pp.Optional(pp.CaselessLiteral("as") + self.pp_word().setResultsName("stage_name"))
grammar = full_image + stage_name
return grammar
| 31,713 |
https://github.com/Sleitnick/RbxDevSearch/blob/master/build.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
RbxDevSearch
|
Sleitnick
|
Shell
|
Code
| 26 | 64 |
echo "Starting build"
if [ -f extension_build.zip ]; then
rm extension_build.zip
fi
echo "Zipping extension"
cd extension
zip -r ../extension_build.zip *
cd ..
echo "Build complete"
| 4,169 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/dqxdhz/articles/DTL113_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,854 |
Pub. 2 Page 4
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 14 | 41 |
Bekanntmachung. Für die hiesige^ Königliche Garnison-Bäckerei soll die kies!- riing von 23N Korden Buchen-Scheitholz.
| 20,263 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16968598
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 527 | 1,189 |
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
album by Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger instance of album
Riding The Nuclear Tiger performer Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger publication date 2001
Riding The Nuclear Tiger follows Third Eye
Riding The Nuclear Tiger followed by Peace Pipe
Riding The Nuclear Tiger record label Palmetto Records
Riding The Nuclear Tiger genre jazz
Riding The Nuclear Tiger MusicBrainz release group ID be0b0c40-9786-3aad-8bb0-6509f5a4ef85
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Discogs master ID 1182451
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Freebase ID /m/01q7l9z
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
Riding The Nuclear Tiger ist ein(e) Album
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Interpret Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Veröffentlichungsdatum 2001
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Vorgänger Third Eye
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Nachfolger Peace Pipe
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Plattenlabel Palmetto Records
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Genre Jazz
Riding The Nuclear Tiger MusicBrainz-Veröffentlichungsgruppenkennung be0b0c40-9786-3aad-8bb0-6509f5a4ef85
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Discogs-Masterkennung 1182451
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Freebase-Kennung /m/01q7l9z
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
album de Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger nature de l’élément album
Riding The Nuclear Tiger interprète Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger date de publication 2001
Riding The Nuclear Tiger précédé par Third Eye
Riding The Nuclear Tiger suivi par Peace Pipe
Riding The Nuclear Tiger label discographique Palmetto
Riding The Nuclear Tiger genre artistique jazz
Riding The Nuclear Tiger identifiant MusicBrainz d'un groupe de sorties be0b0c40-9786-3aad-8bb0-6509f5a4ef85
Riding The Nuclear Tiger identifiant Discogs d'une œuvre 1182451
Riding The Nuclear Tiger identifiant Freebase /m/01q7l9z
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
muziekalbum van Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger is een muziekalbum
Riding The Nuclear Tiger uitvoerend artiest Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger datum van uitgave 2001
Riding The Nuclear Tiger vorige Third Eye
Riding The Nuclear Tiger volgende Peace Pipe
Riding The Nuclear Tiger platenlabel Palmetto Records
Riding The Nuclear Tiger genre jazz
Riding The Nuclear Tiger MusicBrainz-identificatiecode voor uitgavegroep be0b0c40-9786-3aad-8bb0-6509f5a4ef85
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Discogs-identificatiecode voor master 1182451
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Freebase-identificatiecode /m/01q7l9z
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
Riding The Nuclear Tiger esiintymä kohteesta musiikkialbumi
Riding The Nuclear Tiger julkaisupäivä 2001
Riding The Nuclear Tiger edeltäjä Third Eye
Riding The Nuclear Tiger seuraaja Peace Pipe
Riding The Nuclear Tiger levymerkki Palmetto Records
Riding The Nuclear Tiger lajityyppi jazz
Riding The Nuclear Tiger julkaisuryhmän MusicBrainz-tunniste be0b0c40-9786-3aad-8bb0-6509f5a4ef85
Riding The Nuclear Tiger julkaisuryhmän Discogs-tunniste 1182451
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Freebase-tunniste /m/01q7l9z
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
álbum de Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger instancia de álbum
Riding The Nuclear Tiger intérprete Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger fecha de publicación 2001
Riding The Nuclear Tiger precedido por Third Eye
Riding The Nuclear Tiger sucedido por Peace Pipe
Riding The Nuclear Tiger sello discográfico Palmetto Records
Riding The Nuclear Tiger género jazz
Riding The Nuclear Tiger identificador MusicBrainz del grupo de lanzamiento be0b0c40-9786-3aad-8bb0-6509f5a4ef85
Riding The Nuclear Tiger identificador maestro de Discogs 1182451
Riding The Nuclear Tiger Identificador Freebase /m/01q7l9z
Riding The Nuclear Tiger
Riding The Nuclear Tiger sampla de albam ceoil
Riding The Nuclear Tiger taibheoir Ben Allison
Riding The Nuclear Tiger dáta foilsithe 2001
Riding The Nuclear Tiger leanann sé/sí Third Eye
Riding The Nuclear Tiger á leanúint ag Peace Pipe
Riding The Nuclear Tiger lipéad ceoil Palmetto Records
Riding The Nuclear Tiger seánra snagcheol
| 6,941 |
https://github.com/dmgerman/camel/blob/master/components/camel-milo/src/main/java/org/apache/camel/component/milo/client/MiloClientConfiguration.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
camel
|
dmgerman
|
Java
|
Code
| 2,423 | 10,236 |
begin_unit|revision:0.9.5;language:Java;cregit-version:0.0.1
begin_comment
comment|/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */
end_comment
begin_package
DECL|package|org.apache.camel.component.milo.client
package|package
name|org
operator|.
name|apache
operator|.
name|camel
operator|.
name|component
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|client
package|;
end_package
begin_import
import|import
name|java
operator|.
name|io
operator|.
name|IOException
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|java
operator|.
name|security
operator|.
name|GeneralSecurityException
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|java
operator|.
name|util
operator|.
name|HashSet
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|java
operator|.
name|util
operator|.
name|Set
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|java
operator|.
name|util
operator|.
name|function
operator|.
name|Consumer
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|javax
operator|.
name|xml
operator|.
name|bind
operator|.
name|annotation
operator|.
name|XmlTransient
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|com
operator|.
name|google
operator|.
name|common
operator|.
name|base
operator|.
name|Supplier
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|apache
operator|.
name|camel
operator|.
name|component
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|KeyStoreLoader
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|apache
operator|.
name|camel
operator|.
name|component
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|KeyStoreLoader
operator|.
name|Result
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|apache
operator|.
name|camel
operator|.
name|spi
operator|.
name|UriParam
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|apache
operator|.
name|camel
operator|.
name|spi
operator|.
name|UriParams
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|eclipse
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|opcua
operator|.
name|sdk
operator|.
name|client
operator|.
name|api
operator|.
name|config
operator|.
name|OpcUaClientConfigBuilder
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|eclipse
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|opcua
operator|.
name|stack
operator|.
name|core
operator|.
name|security
operator|.
name|SecurityPolicy
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|eclipse
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|opcua
operator|.
name|stack
operator|.
name|core
operator|.
name|types
operator|.
name|builtin
operator|.
name|LocalizedText
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|eclipse
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|opcua
operator|.
name|stack
operator|.
name|core
operator|.
name|types
operator|.
name|builtin
operator|.
name|unsigned
operator|.
name|UInteger
import|;
end_import
begin_import
import|import
name|org
operator|.
name|eclipse
operator|.
name|milo
operator|.
name|opcua
operator|.
name|stack
operator|.
name|core
operator|.
name|types
operator|.
name|builtin
operator|.
name|unsigned
operator|.
name|Unsigned
import|;
end_import
begin_class
annotation|@
name|UriParams
DECL|class|MiloClientConfiguration
specifier|public
class|class
name|MiloClientConfiguration
implements|implements
name|Cloneable
block|{
DECL|field|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_URI
specifier|private
specifier|static
specifier|final
name|String
name|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_URI
init|=
literal|"http://camel.apache.org/EclipseMilo/Client"
decl_stmt|;
DECL|field|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_NAME
specifier|private
specifier|static
specifier|final
name|String
name|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_NAME
init|=
literal|"Apache Camel adapter for Eclipse Milo"
decl_stmt|;
DECL|field|DEFAULT_PRODUCT_URI
specifier|private
specifier|static
specifier|final
name|String
name|DEFAULT_PRODUCT_URI
init|=
literal|"http://camel.apache.org/EclipseMilo"
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|XmlTransient
comment|// to not be included in component docs
DECL|field|endpointUri
specifier|private
name|String
name|endpointUri
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
DECL|field|discoveryEndpointUri
specifier|private
name|String
name|discoveryEndpointUri
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
DECL|field|discoveryEndpointSuffix
specifier|private
name|String
name|discoveryEndpointSuffix
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
DECL|field|clientId
specifier|private
name|String
name|clientId
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|,
name|defaultValue
operator|=
name|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_NAME
argument_list|)
DECL|field|applicationName
specifier|private
name|String
name|applicationName
init|=
name|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_NAME
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|,
name|defaultValue
operator|=
name|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_URI
argument_list|)
DECL|field|applicationUri
specifier|private
name|String
name|applicationUri
init|=
name|DEFAULT_APPLICATION_URI
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|,
name|defaultValue
operator|=
name|DEFAULT_PRODUCT_URI
argument_list|)
DECL|field|productUri
specifier|private
name|String
name|productUri
init|=
name|DEFAULT_PRODUCT_URI
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|requestTimeout
specifier|private
name|Long
name|requestTimeout
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|channelLifetime
specifier|private
name|Long
name|channelLifetime
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|sessionName
specifier|private
name|String
name|sessionName
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|sessionTimeout
specifier|private
name|Long
name|sessionTimeout
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|maxPendingPublishRequests
specifier|private
name|Long
name|maxPendingPublishRequests
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|maxResponseMessageSize
specifier|private
name|Long
name|maxResponseMessageSize
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|keyStoreUrl
specifier|private
name|String
name|keyStoreUrl
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|keyStoreType
specifier|private
name|String
name|keyStoreType
init|=
name|KeyStoreLoader
operator|.
name|DEFAULT_KEY_STORE_TYPE
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|keyAlias
specifier|private
name|String
name|keyAlias
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|,
name|secret
operator|=
literal|true
argument_list|)
DECL|field|keyStorePassword
specifier|private
name|String
name|keyStorePassword
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|,
name|secret
operator|=
literal|true
argument_list|)
DECL|field|keyPassword
specifier|private
name|String
name|keyPassword
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|,
name|javaType
operator|=
literal|"java.lang.String"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|allowedSecurityPolicies
specifier|private
name|Set
argument_list|<
name|String
argument_list|>
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
init|=
operator|new
name|HashSet
argument_list|<>
argument_list|()
decl_stmt|;
annotation|@
name|UriParam
argument_list|(
name|label
operator|=
literal|"client"
argument_list|)
DECL|field|overrideHost
specifier|private
name|boolean
name|overrideHost
decl_stmt|;
DECL|method|MiloClientConfiguration ()
specifier|public
name|MiloClientConfiguration
parameter_list|()
block|{ }
DECL|method|MiloClientConfiguration (final MiloClientConfiguration other)
specifier|public
name|MiloClientConfiguration
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|MiloClientConfiguration
name|other
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|endpointUri
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|endpointUri
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointUri
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointUri
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointSuffix
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointSuffix
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|clientId
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|clientId
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|applicationName
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|applicationName
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|applicationUri
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|applicationUri
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|productUri
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|productUri
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|requestTimeout
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|requestTimeout
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|channelLifetime
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|channelLifetime
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|sessionName
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|sessionName
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|maxPendingPublishRequests
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|maxPendingPublishRequests
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|maxResponseMessageSize
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|maxResponseMessageSize
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStoreUrl
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|keyStoreUrl
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStoreType
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|keyStoreType
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|keyAlias
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|keyAlias
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStorePassword
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|keyStorePassword
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|keyPassword
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|keyPassword
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|=
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|!=
literal|null
condition|?
operator|new
name|HashSet
argument_list|<>
argument_list|(
name|other
operator|.
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
argument_list|)
else|:
literal|null
expr_stmt|;
name|this
operator|.
name|overrideHost
operator|=
name|other
operator|.
name|overrideHost
expr_stmt|;
block|}
comment|/** * The OPC UA server endpoint */
DECL|method|setEndpointUri (final String endpointUri)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setEndpointUri
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|endpointUri
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|endpointUri
operator|=
name|endpointUri
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getEndpointUri ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getEndpointUri
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|endpointUri
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * An alternative discovery URI */
DECL|method|setDiscoveryEndpointUri (final String endpointDiscoveryUri)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setDiscoveryEndpointUri
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|endpointDiscoveryUri
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointUri
operator|=
name|endpointDiscoveryUri
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getDiscoveryEndpointUri ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getDiscoveryEndpointUri
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointUri
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * A suffix for endpoint URI when discovering */
DECL|method|setDiscoveryEndpointSuffix (final String endpointDiscoverySuffix)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setDiscoveryEndpointSuffix
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|endpointDiscoverySuffix
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointSuffix
operator|=
name|endpointDiscoverySuffix
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getDiscoveryEndpointSuffix ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getDiscoveryEndpointSuffix
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|discoveryEndpointSuffix
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * A virtual client id to force the creation of a new connection instance */
DECL|method|setClientId (final String clientId)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setClientId
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|clientId
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|clientId
operator|=
name|clientId
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getClientId ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getClientId
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|clientId
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The application name */
DECL|method|setApplicationName (final String applicationName)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setApplicationName
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|applicationName
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|applicationName
operator|=
name|applicationName
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getApplicationName ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getApplicationName
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|applicationName
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The application URI */
DECL|method|setApplicationUri (final String applicationUri)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setApplicationUri
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|applicationUri
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|applicationUri
operator|=
name|applicationUri
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getApplicationUri ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getApplicationUri
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|applicationUri
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The product URI */
DECL|method|setProductUri (final String productUri)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setProductUri
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|productUri
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|productUri
operator|=
name|productUri
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getProductUri ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getProductUri
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|productUri
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * Request timeout in milliseconds */
DECL|method|setRequestTimeout (final Long reconnectTimeout)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setRequestTimeout
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|Long
name|reconnectTimeout
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|requestTimeout
operator|=
name|reconnectTimeout
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getRequestTimeout ()
specifier|public
name|Long
name|getRequestTimeout
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|requestTimeout
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * Channel lifetime in milliseconds */
DECL|method|setChannelLifetime (final Long channelLifetime)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setChannelLifetime
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|Long
name|channelLifetime
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|channelLifetime
operator|=
name|channelLifetime
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getChannelLifetime ()
specifier|public
name|Long
name|getChannelLifetime
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|channelLifetime
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * Session name */
DECL|method|setSessionName (final String sessionName)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setSessionName
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|sessionName
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|sessionName
operator|=
name|sessionName
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getSessionName ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getSessionName
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|sessionName
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * Session timeout in milliseconds */
DECL|method|setSessionTimeout (final Long sessionTimeout)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setSessionTimeout
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|Long
name|sessionTimeout
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|sessionTimeout
operator|=
name|sessionTimeout
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getSessionTimeout ()
specifier|public
name|Long
name|getSessionTimeout
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|sessionTimeout
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The maximum number of pending publish requests */
DECL|method|setMaxPendingPublishRequests (final Long maxPendingPublishRequests)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setMaxPendingPublishRequests
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|Long
name|maxPendingPublishRequests
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|maxPendingPublishRequests
operator|=
name|maxPendingPublishRequests
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getMaxPendingPublishRequests ()
specifier|public
name|Long
name|getMaxPendingPublishRequests
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|maxPendingPublishRequests
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The maximum number of bytes a response message may have */
DECL|method|setMaxResponseMessageSize (final Long maxResponseMessageSize)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setMaxResponseMessageSize
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|Long
name|maxResponseMessageSize
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|maxResponseMessageSize
operator|=
name|maxResponseMessageSize
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getMaxResponseMessageSize ()
specifier|public
name|Long
name|getMaxResponseMessageSize
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|maxResponseMessageSize
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The URL where the key should be loaded from */
DECL|method|setKeyStoreUrl (String keyStoreUrl)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setKeyStoreUrl
parameter_list|(
name|String
name|keyStoreUrl
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStoreUrl
operator|=
name|keyStoreUrl
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getKeyStoreUrl ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getKeyStoreUrl
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStoreUrl
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The key store type */
DECL|method|setKeyStoreType (final String keyStoreType)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setKeyStoreType
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|keyStoreType
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStoreType
operator|=
name|keyStoreType
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getKeyStoreType ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getKeyStoreType
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStoreType
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The name of the key in the keystore file */
DECL|method|setKeyAlias (final String keyAlias)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setKeyAlias
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|keyAlias
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|keyAlias
operator|=
name|keyAlias
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getKeyAlias ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getKeyAlias
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|keyAlias
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The keystore password */
DECL|method|setKeyStorePassword (final String keyStorePassword)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setKeyStorePassword
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|keyStorePassword
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStorePassword
operator|=
name|keyStorePassword
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getKeyStorePassword ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getKeyStorePassword
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|keyStorePassword
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * The key password */
DECL|method|setKeyPassword (final String keyPassword)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setKeyPassword
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|keyPassword
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|keyPassword
operator|=
name|keyPassword
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|getKeyPassword ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|getKeyPassword
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|keyPassword
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * A set of allowed security policy URIs. Default is to accept all and use * the highest. */
DECL|method|setAllowedSecurityPolicies (final Set<String> allowedSecurityPolicies)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setAllowedSecurityPolicies
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|Set
argument_list|<
name|String
argument_list|>
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|=
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|setAllowedSecurityPolicies (final String allowedSecurityPolicies)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setAllowedSecurityPolicies
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
parameter_list|)
block|{
comment|// check if we are reset or set
if|if
condition|(
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|==
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
comment|// resetting to null
name|this
operator|.
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|=
literal|null
expr_stmt|;
return|return;
block|}
comment|// split and convert
name|this
operator|.
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|=
operator|new
name|HashSet
argument_list|<>
argument_list|()
expr_stmt|;
specifier|final
name|String
index|[]
name|policies
init|=
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|.
name|split
argument_list|(
literal|","
argument_list|)
decl_stmt|;
for|for
control|(
specifier|final
name|String
name|policy
range|:
name|policies
control|)
block|{
name|String
name|adding
init|=
literal|null
decl_stmt|;
try|try
block|{
name|adding
operator|=
name|SecurityPolicy
operator|.
name|fromUri
argument_list|(
name|policy
argument_list|)
operator|.
name|getSecurityPolicyUri
argument_list|()
expr_stmt|;
block|}
catch|catch
parameter_list|(
name|Exception
name|e
parameter_list|)
block|{ }
if|if
condition|(
name|adding
operator|==
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
try|try
block|{
name|adding
operator|=
name|SecurityPolicy
operator|.
name|valueOf
argument_list|(
name|policy
argument_list|)
operator|.
name|getSecurityPolicyUri
argument_list|()
expr_stmt|;
block|}
catch|catch
parameter_list|(
name|Exception
name|e
parameter_list|)
block|{ }
block|}
if|if
condition|(
name|adding
operator|==
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
throw|throw
operator|new
name|RuntimeException
argument_list|(
literal|"Unknown security policy: "
operator|+
name|policy
argument_list|)
throw|;
block|}
name|this
operator|.
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
operator|.
name|add
argument_list|(
name|adding
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
block|}
DECL|method|getAllowedSecurityPolicies ()
specifier|public
name|Set
argument_list|<
name|String
argument_list|>
name|getAllowedSecurityPolicies
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|allowedSecurityPolicies
return|;
block|}
comment|/** * Override the server reported endpoint host with the host from the * endpoint URI. */
DECL|method|setOverrideHost (boolean overrideHost)
specifier|public
name|void
name|setOverrideHost
parameter_list|(
name|boolean
name|overrideHost
parameter_list|)
block|{
name|this
operator|.
name|overrideHost
operator|=
name|overrideHost
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|isOverrideHost ()
specifier|public
name|boolean
name|isOverrideHost
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|overrideHost
return|;
block|}
annotation|@
name|Override
DECL|method|clone ()
specifier|public
name|MiloClientConfiguration
name|clone
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
operator|new
name|MiloClientConfiguration
argument_list|(
name|this
argument_list|)
return|;
block|}
DECL|method|toCacheId ()
specifier|public
name|String
name|toCacheId
parameter_list|()
block|{
if|if
condition|(
name|this
operator|.
name|clientId
operator|!=
literal|null
operator|&&
operator|!
name|this
operator|.
name|clientId
operator|.
name|isEmpty
argument_list|()
condition|)
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|endpointUri
operator|+
literal|"|"
operator|+
name|this
operator|.
name|clientId
return|;
block|}
else|else
block|{
return|return
name|this
operator|.
name|endpointUri
return|;
block|}
block|}
DECL|method|newBuilder ()
specifier|public
name|OpcUaClientConfigBuilder
name|newBuilder
parameter_list|()
block|{
return|return
name|mapToClientConfiguration
argument_list|(
name|this
argument_list|)
return|;
block|}
DECL|method|mapToClientConfiguration (final MiloClientConfiguration configuration)
specifier|private
specifier|static
name|OpcUaClientConfigBuilder
name|mapToClientConfiguration
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|MiloClientConfiguration
name|configuration
parameter_list|)
block|{
specifier|final
name|OpcUaClientConfigBuilder
name|builder
init|=
operator|new
name|OpcUaClientConfigBuilder
argument_list|()
decl_stmt|;
name|whenHasText
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|::
name|getApplicationName
argument_list|,
name|value
lambda|->
name|builder
operator|.
name|setApplicationName
argument_list|(
name|LocalizedText
operator|.
name|english
argument_list|(
name|value
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
name|whenHasText
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|::
name|getApplicationUri
argument_list|,
name|builder
operator|::
name|setApplicationUri
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
name|whenHasText
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|::
name|getProductUri
argument_list|,
name|builder
operator|::
name|setProductUri
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
if|if
condition|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getRequestTimeout
argument_list|()
operator|!=
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
name|builder
operator|.
name|setRequestTimeout
argument_list|(
name|Unsigned
operator|.
name|uint
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getRequestTimeout
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
if|if
condition|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getChannelLifetime
argument_list|()
operator|!=
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
name|builder
operator|.
name|setChannelLifetime
argument_list|(
name|Unsigned
operator|.
name|uint
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getChannelLifetime
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
name|whenHasText
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|::
name|getSessionName
argument_list|,
name|value
lambda|->
name|builder
operator|.
name|setSessionName
argument_list|(
parameter_list|()
lambda|->
name|value
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
if|if
condition|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getSessionTimeout
argument_list|()
operator|!=
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
name|builder
operator|.
name|setSessionTimeout
argument_list|(
name|UInteger
operator|.
name|valueOf
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getSessionTimeout
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
if|if
condition|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getMaxPendingPublishRequests
argument_list|()
operator|!=
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
name|builder
operator|.
name|setMaxPendingPublishRequests
argument_list|(
name|UInteger
operator|.
name|valueOf
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getMaxPendingPublishRequests
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
if|if
condition|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getMaxResponseMessageSize
argument_list|()
operator|!=
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
name|builder
operator|.
name|setMaxResponseMessageSize
argument_list|(
name|UInteger
operator|.
name|valueOf
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getMaxPendingPublishRequests
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
if|if
condition|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getKeyStoreUrl
argument_list|()
operator|!=
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
name|setKey
argument_list|(
name|configuration
argument_list|,
name|builder
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
return|return
name|builder
return|;
block|}
DECL|method|setKey (final MiloClientConfiguration configuration, final OpcUaClientConfigBuilder builder)
specifier|private
specifier|static
name|void
name|setKey
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|MiloClientConfiguration
name|configuration
parameter_list|,
specifier|final
name|OpcUaClientConfigBuilder
name|builder
parameter_list|)
block|{
specifier|final
name|KeyStoreLoader
name|loader
init|=
operator|new
name|KeyStoreLoader
argument_list|()
decl_stmt|;
specifier|final
name|Result
name|result
decl_stmt|;
try|try
block|{
comment|// key store properties
name|loader
operator|.
name|setType
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getKeyStoreType
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
name|loader
operator|.
name|setUrl
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getKeyStoreUrl
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
name|loader
operator|.
name|setKeyStorePassword
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getKeyStorePassword
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
comment|// key properties
name|loader
operator|.
name|setKeyAlias
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getKeyAlias
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
name|loader
operator|.
name|setKeyPassword
argument_list|(
name|configuration
operator|.
name|getKeyPassword
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
name|result
operator|=
name|loader
operator|.
name|load
argument_list|()
expr_stmt|;
block|}
catch|catch
parameter_list|(
name|GeneralSecurityException
decl||
name|IOException
name|e
parameter_list|)
block|{
throw|throw
operator|new
name|IllegalStateException
argument_list|(
literal|"Failed to load key"
argument_list|,
name|e
argument_list|)
throw|;
block|}
if|if
condition|(
name|result
operator|==
literal|null
condition|)
block|{
throw|throw
operator|new
name|IllegalStateException
argument_list|(
literal|"Key not found in keystore"
argument_list|)
throw|;
block|}
name|builder
operator|.
name|setCertificate
argument_list|(
name|result
operator|.
name|getCertificate
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
name|builder
operator|.
name|setKeyPair
argument_list|(
name|result
operator|.
name|getKeyPair
argument_list|()
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
DECL|method|whenHasText (final Supplier<String> valueSupplier, final Consumer<String> valueConsumer)
specifier|private
specifier|static
name|void
name|whenHasText
parameter_list|(
specifier|final
name|Supplier
argument_list|<
name|String
argument_list|>
name|valueSupplier
parameter_list|,
specifier|final
name|Consumer
argument_list|<
name|String
argument_list|>
name|valueConsumer
parameter_list|)
block|{
specifier|final
name|String
name|value
init|=
name|valueSupplier
operator|.
name|get
argument_list|()
decl_stmt|;
if|if
condition|(
name|value
operator|!=
literal|null
operator|&&
operator|!
name|value
operator|.
name|isEmpty
argument_list|()
condition|)
block|{
name|valueConsumer
operator|.
name|accept
argument_list|(
name|value
argument_list|)
expr_stmt|;
block|}
block|}
block|}
end_class
end_unit
| 30,712 |
2008050300416
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,008 |
CLUB DU BEL AGE.
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 12 | 25 |
créer, animer, développer les rencontres et les liens d'amitié entre les retraités.
| 16,411 |
https://github.com/BreezeZin/DefinitelyTyped/blob/master/types/carbon__pictograms-react/es/tokyo--volcano/index.d.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
DefinitelyTyped
|
BreezeZin
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 8 | 14 |
export { TokyoVolcano as default } from "../../";
| 3,316 |
https://github.com/chelseabowo/TheProject/blob/master/The/db/d_family.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,018 |
TheProject
|
chelseabowo
|
SQL
|
Code
| 161 | 561 |
-- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump
-- version 4.8.1
-- https://www.phpmyadmin.net/
--
-- Host: 127.0.0.1
-- Generation Time: Aug 26, 2018 at 04:50 PM
-- Server version: 10.1.33-MariaDB
-- PHP Version: 7.2.6
SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
SET AUTOCOMMIT = 0;
START TRANSACTION;
SET time_zone = "+00:00";
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;
--
-- Database: `theproject`
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- Table structure for table `d_family`
--
CREATE TABLE `d_family` (
`d_family_id` int(10) NOT NULL,
`m_user_id_parent` int(5) NOT NULL,
`m_role_id_parent` int(10) NOT NULL,
`m_user_id_son` int(5) NOT NULL,
`m_role_id_son` int(10) NOT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
--
-- Indexes for dumped tables
--
--
-- Indexes for table `d_family`
--
ALTER TABLE `d_family`
ADD PRIMARY KEY (`d_family_id`);
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for dumped tables
--
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `d_family`
--
ALTER TABLE `d_family`
MODIFY `d_family_id` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;
COMMIT;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
| 2,218 |
https://github.com/imtheguna/glassmorphism_kit/blob/master/lib/src/glassbutton.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
glassmorphism_kit
|
imtheguna
|
Dart
|
Code
| 172 | 647 |
import 'dart:ui';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
///[GlassBotton] return Glass UI Botton
class GlassBotton extends StatefulWidget {
final double blurStrengthX;
final double blurStrengthY;
final double height;
final AlignmentGeometry alignment;
final double colorOpacity;
final double width;
final EdgeInsetsGeometry? padding;
final Color color;
final BorderRadius? borderRadius;
final Widget child;
final BoxBorder? border;
final Function onTap;
final Function? onDoubleTap;
final Function? onLongPress;
GlassBotton({
required this.child,
this.alignment = Alignment.topLeft,
required this.onTap,
this.onDoubleTap,
this.onLongPress,
this.height = 50,
this.colorOpacity = 0.2,
this.border,
this.borderRadius,
this.padding,
this.width = 50,
this.blurStrengthX = 10,
this.blurStrengthY = 10,
this.color = Colors.transparent,
});
@override
_GlassContainerState createState() => _GlassContainerState();
}
class _GlassContainerState extends State<GlassBotton> {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return ClipRRect(
borderRadius:
widget.borderRadius ?? BorderRadius.all(Radius.circular(0.0)),
child: InkWell(
onTap: () => widget.onTap,
onDoubleTap: () => widget.onDoubleTap,
onLongPress: () => widget.onLongPress,
child: BackdropFilter(
filter: ImageFilter.blur(
sigmaX: widget.blurStrengthX,
sigmaY: widget.blurStrengthY,
),
child: AnimatedContainer(
duration: kThemeChangeDuration,
alignment: widget.alignment,
padding: widget.padding,
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: widget.color == Colors.transparent
? Colors.transparent
: widget.color.withOpacity(widget.colorOpacity),
borderRadius: widget.borderRadius,
border: widget.border ??
Border.all(width: 0.0, color: Colors.transparent),
),
child: widget.child,
height: widget.height,
width: widget.width,
)),
),
);
}
}
| 25,464 |
https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/229919
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Adam Zuckerman, Deniz, VoltaicShock, https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/6338, https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/78905, https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/81222
|
English
|
Spoken
| 345 | 604 |
Would this be a correct way to use the Repository pattern in ASP .NET MVC application implementing Entity Framework?
This ASP .NET MVC application implements Entity Framework.
I've declared the repositories in the DbContext like this:
public class CompanyDbContext : DbContext
{
// constructor goes here
public DbSet<Customer> Customers { get; set; }
public DbSet<Order> Orders { get; set; }
public DbSet<CustomerOrder> CustomerOrders { get; set; }
private IGeneralEntityRepository<Customer> customersRepository;
private IGeneralEntityRepository<Order> ordersRepository;
// ...................
}
This way we can declare and initialise CompanyDbContext within a controller and then access the repositories using the CompanyDbContext instance.
Is this correct? Or should I create a separate "Unit Of Work" class to access the repositories?
This is the way EF5 builds out your code. And the controller builder puts private CompanyDbContext db = new CompanyDbContext(); this in each controller it builds.
I understand that this is the way that EF implements the repository pattern. My question is, is this the right way to merge my own repositories with the EF repository? Thanks :)
Take a look at this link http://blog.longle.net/2013/05/11/genericizing-the-unit-of-work-pattern-repository-pattern-with-entity-framework-in-mvc/
Your repositories need to depend on the DbContext and not vice versa. Also, you don't have to implement Unit of Work since the DbContext already implements it. You could do it like this:
public interface IRepository<T>
{
T ReadOne(object key);
// so on, so forth...
}
public class Repository<T> : IRepository<T> where T : class, new()
{
public Repository(DbContext context)
{
_context = context;
}
private readonly DbContext _context;
public T ReadOne(object key)
{
return _context.Set<T>().Find(key);
}
}
This way, you keep your context clean and only need to worry about adding new entity configurations to it, when it is needed. If you use EF6 there's a method called AddFromAssembly which allows you to add the configurations from an assembly. This saves you from modifying the DbContext each time you add a new entity.
I'd suggest looking into a DI container as it will greatly simplify the work required to put things together. You can sort out your DAL configuration with 2 or 3 lines of code.
| 5,960 |
https://github.com/sutao80216/GDevelop/blob/master/Extensions/CommonDialogs/nwidgets/OpenFile.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
GDevelop
|
sutao80216
|
C
|
Code
| 177 | 754 |
#ifndef OPENFILE_H
#define OPENFILE_H
#include "dlib/gui_widgets.h"
#include "dlib/gui_core.h"
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include "dlib/timer.h"
#include "dlib/member_function_pointer.h"
#include "dlib/array.h"
#include "dlib/sequence.h"
#include "dlib/dir_nav.h"
#include "dlib/queue.h"
#include "dlib/smart_pointers.h"
#include "dlib/string.h"
#include "dlib/misc_api.h"
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
namespace nw
{
class OpenFile : public dlib::drawable_window
{
public:
OpenFile(const std::string& title, bool has_text_field, string & file_);
~OpenFile();
template <
typename T
>
void set_click_handler(
T& object,
void ( T::*event_handler_ )( const std::string& )
)
{
dlib::auto_mutex M( wm );
event_handler.set( object, event_handler_ );
}
private:
void set_sizes(
);
void on_window_resized(
);
void deleter_thread(
);
void enter_folder(
const std::string& folder_name
);
void on_dirs_click(
unsigned long idx
);
void on_files_click(
unsigned long idx
);
void on_files_double_click(
unsigned long
);
void on_cancel_click(
);
void on_open_click(
);
void on_path_button_click(
dlib::toggle_button& btn
);
bool set_dir(
const std::string& dir
);
void on_root_click(
);
on_close_return_code on_window_close(
);
dlib::label lbl_dirs;
dlib::label lbl_files;
dlib::label lbl_file_name;
dlib::list_box lb_dirs;
dlib::list_box lb_files;
dlib::button btn_ok;
dlib::button btn_cancel;
dlib::toggle_button btn_root;
dlib::text_field tf_file_name;
std::string path;
std::string prefix;
int cur_dir;
string & result;
dlib::member_function_pointer<const std::string&>::kernel_1a event_handler;
dlib::sequence<dlib::scoped_ptr<dlib::toggle_button> >::kernel_2a_c sob;
};
}
#endif // OPENFILE_H
| 26,391 |
https://github.com/Raiffeisen-DGTL/ViennaUI/blob/master/workspaces/ui/src/Tabs/Tabs.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
ViennaUI
|
Raiffeisen-DGTL
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 434 | 1,325 |
import React, { useCallback, useState, HTMLAttributes, FormEvent } from 'react';
import { useCramList } from 'vienna.react-use';
import { SelectOpenDown, SelectHide, Checkmark } from 'vienna.icons';
import { useLocalization } from '../Localization';
import { TabsLocalizationProps, defaultTabsLocalization } from './localization';
import { DropList } from '../DropList';
import { Box, Tab, CombineTab, Item, Arrow } from './Tabs.styles';
export interface TabsProps extends Omit<HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>, 'onChange'> {
/** Дизайн */
design?: 'accent' | 'primary';
/** Размеры */
size?: 'l' | 'm' | 's';
/** Выбранный таб (совпадает с value Tabs.Tab) */
value?: any;
/** Включает или отключает изменение размера по умолчанию включено */
resizeble?: boolean;
/** Функция сравнения, которая определяет активный элемент */
comparator?: (value: any, tabValue: any) => boolean;
/** Обработчик события при переключении таба */
onChange?: (event: FormEvent<HTMLDivElement>, value: any) => void;
}
export interface TabProps extends HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
/** Дизайн (наследуется от родителя) */
design?: 'accent' | 'primary';
/** Размер (наследуется от родителя) */
size?: 'l' | 'm' | 's';
/** Разворачиваемое поле (вычесляется родителем) */
inDrop?: boolean;
/** Ховер (вычесляется родителем) */
active?: boolean;
/** Помечается отключеным */
disabled?: boolean;
/** Значение таба */
value?: any;
}
const constructItems = (item, idx, size) => {
const { active, disabled, onClick, children } = item.props;
return (
<DropList.Item key={idx} selected={active} disabled={disabled} onClick={onClick}>
{<Item size={size}>{children}</Item>}
{active && <Checkmark size='m' />}
</DropList.Item>
);
};
export const Tabs: React.FC<TabsProps & TabsLocalizationProps> & { Tab: React.FC<TabProps> } = (
props: React.PropsWithChildren<TabsProps>
) => {
const { children, value, design, size, onChange, comparator, resizeble = true } = props;
const localization = useLocalization(props, defaultTabsLocalization);
const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
const [containerRef, extraComponentRef, count] = useCramList(children as React.ReactNode[]);
const handleChange = useCallback(
(e, value: string) => {
if (typeof onChange === 'function') {
onChange(e, value);
}
setOpen(false);
},
[onChange]
);
const buildChildren = useCallback(
() =>
React.Children.toArray(children).map((child: any) =>
React.cloneElement(child, {
active: child.props.active ? child.props.active : comparator?.(value, child.props.value),
design,
size,
onClick: (e) => {
e.preventDefault();
if (!child.props.disabled) {
handleChange(e, child.props.value);
}
},
})
),
[design, size, value, handleChange, comparator, children]
);
const handleClickOnCombined = useCallback(() => {
setOpen(!open);
}, [open, setOpen]);
const handleBlur = useCallback(() => {
setOpen(false);
}, []);
const preparedChildren = buildChildren();
const dropList = preparedChildren.slice(preparedChildren.length - count);
return (
<Box ref={containerRef} tabIndex={1} onBlur={handleBlur}>
{preparedChildren}
{resizeble && (
<CombineTab ref={extraComponentRef} size={size}>
<Tab design={design} size={size} onClick={handleClickOnCombined}>
{`${localization('ds.tabs.rest')} `}
<Arrow>{open ? <SelectHide size='m' /> : <SelectOpenDown size='m' />}</Arrow>
</Tab>
{open && dropList.length && (
<DropList size={size} float='end'>
{dropList.map((i, idx) => constructItems(i, idx, size))}
</DropList>
)}
</CombineTab>
)}
</Box>
);
};
Tabs.Tab = Tab;
Tabs.defaultProps = {
design: 'accent',
size: 'l',
comparator: (value, tabValue) => value === tabValue,
};
Tabs.displayName = 'Tabs';
export default Tabs;
| 24,074 |
2014/62014CN0432_2/62014CN0432_LT.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,014 |
None
|
None
|
Lithuanian
|
Spoken
| 115 | 345 |
C_2014431LT.01001502.xml
1.12.2014
LT
Europos Sąjungos oficialusis leidinys
C 431/15
2014 m. rugsėjo 22 d.Conseil de prud'hommes de Paris (Prancūzija) pateiktas prašymas priimti prejudicinį sprendimą byloje David Van der Vlist/Bio Philippe Auguste SARL
(Byla C-432/14)
(2014/C 431/22)
Proceso kalba: prancūzų
Prašymą priimti prejudicinį sprendimą pateikęs teismas
Conseil de prud'hommes de Paris
Šalys pagrindinėje byloje
Ieškovas: David Van der Vlist
Atsakovė: Bio Philippe Auguste SARL
Prejudicinis klausimas
Ar remiantis bendruoju nediskriminavimo dėl amžiaus principu draudžiama nacionalinės teisės nuostata (Prancūzijos Darbo kodekso L. 1243-10 straipsnis), pagal kurią per mokyklines arba universitetines atostogas dirbantiems jauniems asmenims neskiriama išmoka dėl mažų garantijų darbo, mokėtina tuo atveju, kai dirbama pagal terminuotą sutartį ir po to nepateikiamas pasiūlymas dirbti pagal neterminuotą sutartį?.
| 46,292 |
lastpagesfromjou00whit_1
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,915 |
Last pages from a journal : with other papers
|
White, William Hale, 1831-1913 | White, Dorothy Vernon, 1877-1967
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,993 | 9,343 |
THIS BOOK IS FROM THE LIBRARY OF Rev. James Leach Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/lastpagesfromjouOOwhit 4yjy Ruins of Kilcolman, Co. Cork {Photograph by IV. Lawrence, Dublin) Last Pages From a Journal WITH OTHER PAPERS BV 1 * MARK RUTHERFORD [EDITED BY HIS WIFE] HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON EDINBURGH NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY 1915 JUL 1 8 1967 ?h {ffs ITY OF II A 0 Editor's Preface The papers in Part I are strictly ' Last 1 Pages ' written during- the last years of my husband's life.1 Those in Part II are of earlier date, but were all handed over to me, and mostly revised, in the last years. Part III contains a selection from his note-books. I gratefully acknowledge permission to reprint papers from the Nation, Bookman, British Weekly, Scottish Review, and Hastings Times. Numbers i, 12, 14, 18, 19, 26, are printed now for the first time ; 2 and whereas my husband most carefully revised his own proofs and in many cases made small altera- tions on the printed sheet after publication, it must be remembered that in the case of these numbers there has been none of this 1 To this period belong A Home-made Religion and Faith {II), included in Pages from a Journal, 2nd edition, 1910, and The Early Life of Mark Rutherford, 1913. 2 Number 14 was anonymously printed for private circula- tion in 1884. iv PREFACE revision. Numbers 10 and n, published in the Nation just after his death, were also unrevised. I have altered nothing save an occasional and very rare slip of the pen, a few errors which have crept into the printed matter, and here and there, where in quota- tions the sense but not the exact wording has been given within inverted commas, I have thought it best to re-arrange the commas, and in two cases this has necessitated a very slight change in the text.1 In the quotations from the Strange and Dangerous Voyage and the Gospel Covenant (Numbers 6 and 20, published in the Nation and British Weekly), I have reverted to the old spelling as more suited to the old thought and diction. This I believe would not be contrary to the author's wishes, since in transcribing he was 1 P. 55. ' Then was our sorrow turned to joy, and we ' praised God for his mercy.' The exact wording is : ' Then : was our forrow turned to ioy, and we all fell on our knees, ' praifing God for his mercy, in fo miraculous a deliuerance.' P. 65. 'Those were happy who were dead; we would t give a thousand pounds, if we had it, so we might lie fairly ' by them.' The exact wording is : ' They were happy that ' I had buried : and that if they had a thoufand pounds, they ' would giue it, fo they lay fairely by them.' PREFACE v sometimes careful to retain the old spelling himself. The manuscript up to the last is clear and accurate, and I was only once in doubt as to the intention.1 One passage in Dr. Johnsons Criticism on 4 Samson Ago- 1 nistesl pages 185-6, is almost identical with a passage in ' Some Notes on Milton,' Pages from a Journal (second edition), pages 111-12, but I have let it stand. For the readers of Part III, I have, on pages 251-2, compared four of the Notes in More Pages from a Journal with the four notes in the manuscript book from which they were taken, in order that it may be seen how much and in what manner the author shaped many of these notes for press. So great, sometimes, are the alterations that had he not particularly included his note-books in the manuscripts from which he wished me to select matter for publication, I should have hesitated to use them. In tracing those printed in More Pages to their source, I find, for example, again and again, that the personal element 1 See p. 106. vi PREFACE has been entirely eradicated and the whole paragraph reconstructed on an impersonal basis. The notes are given in the order in which they are entered in the manuscript book, that is to say, probably without excep- tion in chronological order.1 I have however inserted two at the end, taken from the author's vShakespeare note-book. They are the last entered in that book, and I have good reason to think they were amongst the last he wrote. Though there are frequently large gaps between the notes selected, I have made no excisions in the notes themselves. It was the author's wish that the paper on Spenser and Kilcolman should not be printed without the photograph which stands as fron- tispiece to the volume. Dorothy V. White. 1 This is not always the case in More Pages from a Journal. Contents PART I i. Spenser and Kilcolman. 2. James Bradley and the Stars 3. An Afternoon Walk in October 4. 'The Sweetness of a Man's Friend' 5. An Omitted Passage in the ' Pilgrim's ' Progress '. 6. Captain James's ' Strange and Dan 'gerous Voyage' 7. 'F— E— D' 8. Johnson 9. The Fire at Milldeep Manor 10. Revolution .... 11. The Love of Woman page 1 19 32 37 47 53 67 72 81 88 95 PART II 12. The Bible 108 13. George Eliot as I knew Her . . 131 14. A Dream of Two Dimensions . . 138 15. A Forgotten Book 153 16. A Note or two for Readers of Words- worth . 164 viii CONTENTS PAGE 17. How can we Tell? 172 18. Dr. Johnson's Criticism on 'Samson 'Agonistes' 182 19. Jacob 190 20. Peter Bulkley 194 21. Unaccountable 209 22. A Monument to Joan of Arc . . 214 23. Notes on Shelley's Birthplace . . 219 24. The Scottish Journal of Dorothy Wordsworth 234 25. Caleb Morris 244 PART III 26. Notes 251 PART I SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN1 ALTHOUCxH it is true that if we fly to books as an opiate our brains will become atrophied and we neglect the more wholesome and in- finitely more entertaining amusement to be obtained from objects and people near us, it is also true that books, even if they give us no direct answers to our questions, may be of great service to us. Scott and Jane Austen are a welcome sanctuary in the midst of pro- saic troubles. The reason which impels us to lose ourselves in the Faerie Queene was also, I believe, the reason which induced Spenser to write it. It is pure romance, composed in hostile surroundings and a refuge from them. The greater part is due to the years 1586-98, when Spenser was living in Kilcolman Castle, in the county of Cork, between Mallow and Limerick. It was not in fact a castle, as the photograph of the ruins shows, but a fortified peel-house, with all the inconveniences of a tower built almost entirely for defence. 1 [There was no title to this MS.] B 2 SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN Fortification was necessary, for it stood on the border of a country nominally subject to the English Government but in reality quite independent of it. Man and nature were almost primaeval. The Queen's writ did not run in Munster, Spenser's province; no justice of assize durst exercise his commission in it ; no treason, murder, rape nor theft could be punished by English law, and hardly any inquiry was made when these crimes were perpetrated. Many salutary Acts of Parlia- ment, which, if they had been enforced, would have tended to regenerate the country, had been passed by the Earl of Sussex, the King's Deputy under Henry VIII,1 but no attention was paid to them. The only authority was that of the heads of the septs or clans which were chiefly occupied in cutting one another's throats. As a consequence of this anarchy, which prevailed more or less over all Ireland, the Irish had no rights at law and it was no felony to kill them. The condition of Spen- ser's neighbours and their way of living were incredible. At the close of the Desmond rebellion he says {A View of the Present State of Ireland. Globe edition, p. There were bishoprics in which no divine 1 [Globe Edition.] B 2 4 SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN service was performed, and Fynes Moryson, who was Secretary to Lord Mountjoy, the Lord Deputy, reports in his Description of Ireland written in the time of James I: 'At ' Corck I haue feene with thefe eyes, young ' maides ftarke naked grinding of Corne with 4 certaine ftones to make cakes thereof, ' and ftriking of into the tub of meale, fuch 1 reliques thereof as ftuck on their belly, 1 thighes and more vnfeemely parts.' As these young maids were grinding corn with stones they could not have been infants. It was in Munster, as I have said, on the edge of the impassable wilderness inhabited by the most uncivilized people in Europe, that this English gentleman and scholar chose to live for twelve years, and here he produced canto after canto of poetry which, whatever may be its other merits or its demerits, is the most romantic and melodious in our language, almost also without any peer for refinement, a dream of true chivalry. Spenser was Clerk to the Council of Munster, but he might have taken a house at Cork, or at any rate in some town where he would not have wondered every morning, when he looked out from his tower over the pathless forest towards the Galtee mountains, what hidden horrors might lurk there. He was to know later on what they SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN 5 were when savagery, seven thousand strong-, swooped down upon him out of darkness, burnt Kilcolman, with one of his children, and compelled him to fly for his life. YVe wonder that the contrast between Mun- ster and Queen Elizabeth's court, or even the society of Dublin, where Spenser was Lord Grey's private secretary and Clerk to the Irish Court of Chancery, was not intolerable. Wordsworth loved solitude, but when he walked abroad over his Cumberland hills he found there human beings like Michael and Robert Walker of Seathwaite. A pretty picture of select Dublin society during Spenser's time has been drawn by Lodovick Bryskett in his Discovrse of Civill Life containing the Ethike pai't of Morall Philosophie. Bryskett had made a three years' grand tour with the young Philip Sidney, and was Spenser's predecessor in the office of Clerk of the Chancery. He records a meeting about 1582 at a cottage near Dublin of three or four friends, Spenser being one, who talked about ■ Morall Philolbphie,' a notable little company. Included in it were Carleil, who had been captain of the Tiger under Sir Francis Drake as admiral, Thomas Norreis, soldier, afterwards Sir Thomas Norreis and President of Munster, deseribed as of ' very 6 SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN ' great worthy modesty and discretion,' Captains Warham St. Leger and Nicholas Dawtrey, together with Dr. Long, Primate of Ardmagh. It is singular to find soldiers and an archbishop discussing Plato and Aristotle. Bryskett lamented the disadvantages under which the English lay as compared with the Italians in the study of moral philosophy. The Italians had brought down Plato and Aristotle to easy comprehension. He then turned to Spenser: 1 But now that fo good an oportunitie is offered 1 vnto me, to fatisfie in fome fort my defire ; I 1 thinke I fhould commit a great fault, not to * my felfe alone, but to all this company, if I ' mould not enter my requeft thus farre, as to ' moue him [Spenser] to fpend this time 4 which we haue now deliined to familiar dif- ' courfe and conuerfation, in declaring vnto vs ' the great benefites which men obtaine by the 4 knowledge of Morall Philofophie, and in ' making vs to know what the fame is, what 4 be the parts thereof, whereby vertues are to 4 be diftinguifhed from vices : and finally that 4 he will be pleafed to run ouer in fuch order 1 as he fhall thinke good, fuch and fo many ' principles and rules thereof, as fhall ferue 1 not only for my better inftructio, but alfo for 4 the contentmet and fatisfaction of you al. 4 For I nothing doubt, but that euery one of SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN 7 1 you will be glad to heare fo profitable a dif- 1 courfe, and thinke the time very wel fpent, k wherein fo excellent a knowledge fhal be ' reuealed vnto you, from which euery one 1 may be affured to gather fome fruit as wel 4 as my felf. Therfore (faid I) turning my felfe 4 to M. SpeuJ'er, It is you fir, to whom it per- * taineth to ihew your felfe courteous now 4 vnto vs all, and to make vs all beholding 4 vnto you for the pleafure and profit 4 which we mall gather from your fpeeches, 4 if you lhall vouchfafe to open vnto vs the ' goodly cabinet, in which this excellent trea- 4 fure of vertues lieth locked vp from the 1 vulgar fort. And thereof in the behalfe of 4 all, as for my felfe, I do molt earneftly in- 4 treate you not to fay vs nay.' Spenser 4 answered in this maner. Though 4 it may feeme hard for me to refufe the ' requeft made by you all, whom, euery one 4 alone, I mould for many refpects be willing to 4 gratifie : yet as the cafe ftandeth, I doubt 4 not but with the confent of the moft part of 4 you, I fhall be excufed at this time of this 4 taske which would be laid vpon me. For 4 fure I am, that it is not vnknowne vnto you, 4 that I haue already vndertaken a work k tcding to the fame effect, which is in 4 heretical verfe^ vnder the title of a Faerie 8 SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN 4 Queene, to reprefent all the moral vertues, 1 affigning to euery vertue, a Knight to be the 4 patron and defender of the fame : in whofe 1 actions and feates of armes and chiualry, the 1 operations of that vertue, whereof he is the ' protector, are to be expreffed, and the vices 1 & vnruly appetites that oppofe themfelues 1 againft the fame, to be beate downe & ' ouercome.' He then goes on to propose that Bryskett should read to them or other- wise deliver unto them a translation he had made from the Italian of a dialogue by Giraldi on the Ethic part of Moral Philosophy. If Bryskett will do this ' he fhal (I warrant you) 4 fatisfie you all at the ful, and himfelfe wil ' haue no caufe but to thinke the time well 4 fpent in reuiewing his labors, efpecially in 4 the company of fo many his friends, who 4 may thereby reape much profit, and the 1 tranflation happily fare the better by fome ' mending it may receiue in the perufing, as ' all writings elfe may do by the ofte ex- 4 aminatio of the fame. 1 The generall end therefore of all the booke ' ( The Faerie Qtieene), Spenser says in the introductory letter to Sir W. Raleigh, ' is to 1 fashion a gentleman or noble person in ver- 1 tuous and gentle discipline.' The first attri- bute of the ' gentleman,' strange to say, is Holiness displayed in the Red Cross Knight. It is he who is the victor over the filthy monster Error, although he is led astray io SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN afterwards by a phantom, created by wizardry. The second virtue is Temperance, exemplified in Sir Guyon. Courage, never-failing- courage, is a ' constant ' with each virtue, a fact worth notice. Thus the character of the perfect gentleman with whom Spenser designed in imagination to live at Kilcolman, is built up. The Red Cross Knight, Sir Guyon, Britomart, and the Prince are to make amends for the ' salvage soyl.' In the Faerie Qtieeue there are horrors not to be surpassed by anything Spenser saw in Munster, but the heroes triumph. Spenser exults in his portraiture of the ideal knight, and is as sincere as Dante. Listen to his description of Prince Arthur's shield : ' His warlike shield all closely cover'd was, Ne might of mortall eye be ever seene ; Not made of Steele, nor of enduring bras, Such earthly mettals soon consumed beene, But all of Diamond perfect pure and cleene It framed was, one massy entire mould, He wen out of Adamant rocke with engines keene, That point of speare it never percen could, Ne dint of direfull sword divide the substance would. The same to wight he never wont disclose, But whenas monsters huge he would dismay, Or daunt unequall armies of his foes, Or when the flying heavens he would affray ; SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN 1 1 For so exceeding shone his glistring ray, That Phoebus golden face it did attaint, As when a cloud his beames doth over-lay ; And silver Cynthia wexed pale and faynt, As when her face is staynd with magicke arts constraint. No magicke arts hereof had any might, Nor bloody wordes of bold Enchaunters call ; But all that was not such as seemd in sight Before that shield did fade, and suddeine fall : And when him list the raskall routes appall, Men into stones therewith he could transmew, And stones to dust, and dust to nought at all ; And, when him list the prouder lookes subdew, He would them gazing blind, or turne to other hew.' This is not mere fancy. Observe how the allegory seems to thin out in the last stanza and gains an aerial, spiritual significance which is the charm and the value of the best poetry and fiction. So also in the Fifth Book we meet with a huge giant who boasts that he would re-weigh in his great balance rights and wrongs, truth and falsehood, according to his own weight ; but the Right, notwith- standing he ' strove with puissance strong And swat, and chauf'd, and proved every way ' outweighed the Wrong : 4 ... all the wrongs that he therein could lay Might not it peise.' 12 SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN The Prince rescues the Red Cross Knight, Una's beloved, from a giant into whose power he had been betrayed by Duessa, a false witch. He was unfaithful to Una; but be- cause it was through enchantment he had fallen, she never blames him nor wavers in her love for him : ' Be judge, ye heavens, that all things right esteeme, How I him lov'd, and love with all my might. So thought I eke of him, and think I thought aright.' Notice here Spenser's skill. Had he been permitted the use of the most expressive, penetrating prose, he could not have said more completely what he had to say. But he says it in music as sweet as Mozart, and nothing is sacrificed. It was not, however, knightly victory alone which attracted and pacified Spenser in his tower. As before said, it was romance, the contrast between its world of noble miracle, of faith, and the world of Desmonds, Tyrones and English incapacity in which his outer life was passed. The Red Cross Knight, who overcomes a dragon after a three days' fight, may be totally impossible fiction, but he is more profitable company than the politician whose achievements fill the newspapers of SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN 13 today. The knight is real and the politician is not. We have to give the word ' romance ' a wide meaning. It is sometimes mythology, some- times allegory, but whatever it is Spenser found himself in it. In the description of Prince Arthurs conflict with the captain of the rabble rout of monstrous, misformed crea- tures by whom Alma's castle was beset, the Prince's magic sword, which had never been known to fail, was useless. The captain's body, or what seemed to be his body, is hewn asunder, but straightway re-unites itself, and the miscreant is as strong as he was before. The Prince throws away sword and shield, and dashes him to the earth ; but he springs up again unhurt. At last Arthur crushes him against his breast : ' Tho [then] up he caught him twixt his puissant hands, And having scruzd out of his carrion corse The lothfull life, now loosd from sinfull bands, • Upon his shouiders carried him perforse Above three furlongs, taking his full course Until he came unto a standing lake ; Him thereinto he threw without remorse, Ne stird, till hope of life did him forsake : So end of that Carles dayes and his owne paynes did make.' This is partly borrowed, but Spenser feels i4 SPENSER AND KTLCOLMAN it none the less. It is really his ' religion.' It is in romance that the strength of religion lies. Britomart may be a saving creed : a mere code or collection of propositions cannot. The delicacy of Spenser's poetry and the unworldliness of the help which it offers is conspicuous in the description of Una's adven- ture when she is at the point of violation by Sansloy and is saved by a troop of Satyrs who burst in upon him and he flies : ' The wyld woodgods, arrived in the place, There find the virgin, doolfull, desolate, With ruffled rayments, and fayre blubbred face, As her outrageous foe had left her late ; And trembling yet through feare of former hate.' The wyld woodgods are generally repre- sented as ruled by lust, but lo ! 'All stand amazed at so uncouth sight, And gin to pittie her unhappie state : All stand astonied at her beautie bright, In their rude eyes unworthie of so wofull plight. They, in compassion of her tender youth, And wonder of her beautie soverayne, Are wonne with pitty and unwonted ruth ; And, all prostrate upon the lowly playne, Doe kisse her feete, and fawne on her with count'nance fayne.' SPENSER AM) KILCOLMAN 15 Earthly desire is extinguished and they are compelled to .'worship her as Ouecnc with olive girlond cround.' The homage, alas, does not end in orthodox fashion. She strove 1 To teach them truth, which worshipt her in vaine, And made her th' Image of Idolatryes ; But when their bootlesse zeale she did restrayne From her own worship, they her Asse would worship fayn.' Nevertheless, the worship of an ass, espe- cially Unas ass, ' more white then snow,' was more religious than the worship of the Satyric Baal of the twentieth century. Another wonderful example is the descrip- tion of Nepenthe : ' Nepenthe is a drinck of soverayne grace, Devized by the Gods, for to asswage Harts grief, and bitter gall away to chace, Which stirs up anguish and contentious rage : Instead thereof sweet peace and quiet-age It doth establish in the troubled mynd. Few men, but such as sober are and sage, Are by the Gods to drinck thereof assynd ; But such as drinck, eternall happinesse do fynd. i'6 SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN Such famous men, such worthies of the earth, As Jove will have advaunced to the skie, And there made gods, though borne of mortall berth, For their high merits and great dignitie, Are wont, before they may to heaven flie, To drincke hereof, whereby all cares forepast Are washt away quite from their memorie. So did those olde Heroes hereof taste, Before that they in blisse amongst the Gods were plaste.' Not beer, by any means, but liquor for those who 'sober are and sage.' How often at Kilcolman Spenser must have longed for a draught ! How often he succeeded in draining the cup ! The lovely prefatory verses to the Sixth Book show that from the Faerie Qtceenc Spenser obtained the relief he sought : ' The waies, through which my weary steps I guyde In this delightfull land of Faery, Are so exceeding spacious and wyde, And sprinckled with such sweet variety Of all that pleasant is to eare or eye, That I, nigh ravisht with rare thoughts delight, My tedious travell doe forget thereby ; [Italics the present writer's.] And, when I gin to feel decay of might, It strength to me supplies, and chears my dulled spright.' SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN 17 With the Faerie Queene, although in Kil- colman Tower, Spenser is in his own world : 1 M Surely, my sonne," (then answer'd he againe) M If happie, then it is in this intent, That having small yet doe I not complaine Of want, ne wish for more it to augment, But doe my selfe with that I have content ; So taught of nature, which doth litle need Of forreine helpes to lifes due nourishment : The fields my food, my flocke my rayment breed ; No better doe I weare, no better doe I feed." ' The intrinsic worth of these verses is almost masked by their melody. Never were music and words better fitted ! Amongst the great qualities celebrated in the Faerie Queene is the noble restlessness of its heroes, their untiring championship of the good. Most attractive also is the constant desperateness of the struggle. Paynim, giant, and dragon are not overcome till the knight has made his last effort, and defeat, if it be not ultimate, is acknowledged. Victory, even in the Faerie Qtieene, is not everywhere complete. Archimago, the great Adversary, Satanas, true to fact, is not only ubiquitous, but can assume countless disguises, and, at any rate in that half of the Faerie Queene which we possess, always eludes us. Each of his machinations for the time is foiled and this is all we can expect. c 1 8 SPENSER AND KILCOLMAN To conclude as I began. If we are sure that it is not for us to reform the world, let us retreat. It does not so much matter where, so long- as our cottage is not noisy and we can take pleasure in a few pictures on the walls. We may, perhaps, by our secluded quietude be doing more good to the world than we know. JAMES BRADLEY AND THE STARS FOR over 150 years after the world began to believe in what is commonly known as the Copernican system, it was a reproach that it could not be proved directly. If the earth revolved round the sun, the relative positions of the stars ought not to appear the same to us in different parts of the orbit. But no change in their places could be detected (in June and December) by the most careful mea- surements, although the earth at midsummer is more than a hundred and eighty millions of miles distant from its place at midwinter. It is remarkable that in the absence of what seemed to be indispensable evidence, the faith of astronomers and mathematicians in the Copernican theory should have been unshaken. The truth is that real faith requires know- ledge, and we can believe, and then only, that this enormous globe is whirled round a central point at the rate of sixty-eight thou- sand miles an hour, if we are accustomed to thoughts which tend to prevent the incredi- bility of such a fact. C 2 20 JAMES BRADLEY James Bradley, belonging to an ancient Durham family, was born in 1692 or 1693 at Sherbourn, in Gloucestershire, and went to school at Northleach hard by. What his father was is not clear, but his mother was sister to the Reverend James Pound, rector at Wanstead, ' one of the best [astronomical] 'observers in England,' says Rigaud, the editor of Bradley's Miscellaneous Works. Bradley went to Balliol, but he passed much of his time with this uncle. In 17 16 Halley noticed him in a letter to Pound, and in 171 7 described him in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society as ' eruditus iuvenis, qui simul 1 ingenio et industria pollens his studiis pro- ' movendis aptissimus natus est.' After taking priest's orders and serving for a time as vicar and then as rector, he was appointed Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford, and re- signed his ecclesiastical preferments. In 1725 he became acquainted with a gentleman named Molyneux, living on Kew Green, also an astronomer ; and Molyneux, with Bradley's help, determined to resume the inquiry, which in the hands of Hooke had met with no result, of determining a parallax for some star, that is to say, of deducing the proof so much desired. Graham, a very poet of instrument makers, constructed the observing telescope. AND THE STARS 21 Upon extreme accuracy everything depended. The star to be observed, now become his- torical, was y Draconis. the one most favour- ably situated. On December 3rd, 1725, it was most carefully watched, and again on the 5th, 12th, i;th. On the 17th it passed the meri- dian a little to the south of the point at which it passed on the 5th. Bradley at first thought there might be a mistake, and examined every adjustment of his telescope with the utmost care several times. He found he could depend on Graham to within half a second. The observations were continued. The star had travelled twenty seconds further southwards till March, 1726. when it then turned north- wards, and continued advancing in this direc- tion till September. From September it went southwards till March. It was evident that there was a periodic movement in the star, but it was not a move- ment for which parallax could account. If this had been the cause, the most southerly point ought to have been reached in De- cember. The other stars examined by Bradley confirmed the law which governed y Draconis. We see little or nothing of the interior of Bradley's mind. We should like to know what were his emotions after setting up the Kew telescope and the first few nights' work 22 JAMES BRADLEY with it ; what they were when he became convinced that y Draconis did describe an elliptical orbit ; and what they were when he was compelled sadly to admit that it was not the orbit he wanted and expected. The only recorded effect which his disappointment had upon him is contained in these few words : * [He] now determined on setting up another ' instrument for himself.1 It was erected in a little house in which his aunt Pound, now a widow, lived at Wanstead, and was com- pleted in August, 1727. It was made by Graham, who this time succeeded in reaching perfection within a quarter of a second. No- body but the man who has gone through the experience can understand the delight of pos- sessing and using a noble instrument which seems to be almost a personal friend who never betrays. Nobody, either, without the experience can understand the contentment of an artist like Graham when he knows that what he has wrought with such affectionate, religious care, is in the hands of a consum- mate scholar like Bradley, and that not one of its virtues will escape him. A word or two may be permitted about Graham from the Gentleman's Magazine for 1751, which records his death. After enumerating his in- ventions, amongst which were the mercurial AND THE STARS 23 pendulum and the instruments used by the French mathematicians for ascertaining the value of a degree on the earth's surface, a revised measurement which enabled Sir Isaac Newton to demonstrate that the force which acts on falling terrestrial bodies is the same as that which acts on those celestial, the Magazine goes on to say : * His temper was 4 not less communicative than his genius was 1 penetrating, and his principal view was not 4 either the accumulation of wealth, or the 1 diffusion of his fame, but the advancement 1 of science and the benefit of mankind. . .. ' He frequently lent money, but could never 1 be prevailed upon to take any interest, and ' for that reason he never placed out any 4 money upon government securities ; he had 4 bank notes which were 30 years old by 4 him when he died, and his whole property, 4 except his stock in trade, was found in a 4 strong box.' One would like to have seen this stock in trade, for Graham divided his circles with his own hands. Amongst the circles so divided was the one for the great mural quadrant at Greenwich. He lived in Fleet-street, died there at the age of seventy- six, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. Nobody seems to know anything about his relations or whether he was married. 24 JAMES BRADLEY Bradley's income at this time was £138 5^.9^. annually. His journal from August, 1727, to the end of the year occupies nineteen quarto pages of figures. ' When the year was com- 4 pleted,' he says in his letter to Halley of January, 1729, announcing his discovery, 'I ' began to examine and compare my observa- 4 tions, and having pretty well satisfied myself 4 as to the general laws of the phcenomena, I 4 then endeavoured to find out the cause of 4 them.' Through the whole of 1728 the journal was continued. Now and then he permits himself a word of comment : 4 The 4 wind blowed pretty strong from the north - 4 west, and the stars moved very steady all ; this night, so that I judge these observations 4 good, they having been made with all the 4 care I could take.' We may be sure of that, but how great it was who can tell ? Excepting such an occasional remark, there is nothing but line after line of such entries as 4 Capella 4 1 1. 32. 2 steady, 7. 22. 9, 4. 9. 3,' and so on. Two or three hypotheses suggested themselves by way of explaining the uniformity of motion in the star, but were rejected. Amongst them were the nutation or shifting of the earth's axis, an alteration in his plumbline, and re- fraction. Finally, Bradley fell upon the velocity of light compared with the velocity of the earth AND THE STARS 25 in its orbit as the solution of the problem. The date at which the happy thought occurred to him was most probably about September, 1 728. It is difficult to make it intelligible without diagrams. The reader must conceive the earth moving round the sun and meeting the rays of light from a star. The speed of these rays, it is true, is much greater than that of the earth, but not so much greater that the difference is in- appreciable. Now, if he thinks and thinks, he will see that the star will not appear to be in the same position as if the difference in velocity could be neglected. This seeming alteration in position is aberration. Delaunay gives the most effectual exposition of it I know, but it extends over several pages. The best illustra- tions perhaps are those by Lalande, by Airy in his Ipswich Lectures on Popular Astro- nomy, and by Thomson in his History of the Royal Society. Airy is also too long to quote, but, as might have been expected from him, he is thorough and clear. Lalande 's illustration is as good as Airy's, but shorter. Lalande says: "* Je suppose que, dans un temps calme, 1 la pluie tombe perpendiculairement, et qu'on 1 soit dans une voiture ouverte sur le devant ; i si la voiture est en repos on ne recoit pas la 4 moindre goutte de pluie ; si la voiture avance 1 avec rapidite, la pluie entre sensiblement, 26 JAMES BRADLEY ' comme si elle avoit pris une direction oblique,' that is to say, the drops will appear to come from a different point in the sky. In Thom- son's History of the Royal Society, it is said that the clue was given to Bradley while he was sailing in a boat on the Thames. When the boat was at rest, the vane, of course, was turned exactly the opposite way to that from which the wind was blowing. If the boat was rowed, say, westerly, the vane shifted, and no longer showed the wind's true direction. Bradley asked the watermen if they had ever paid any attention to this change. They replied it had often been noticed, but they did not know the reason for it. He then reflected that if the wind was north and the boat turned westwards it met two currents of air, one irom the north and the other appa- rently from the west. The wind, therefore, must appear to come from some point nearer than its true point to that towards which the boat was going. In this way, the rays of light meeting the eyes from a star seemed by the movement of the earth to approach us from a point other than that from which they would proceed if there were no such movement. What had happened in Bradley's mind was not a necessary conclusion of an inductive process. The instantaneous suggestion was AND THE STARS 27 an inspiration, and this is all that can be said about it. Quietly the facts laid themselves down, and then on a certain memorable day something touched them, and their truth leapt into light. Thomson adds : ' The exact coin- 4 cidence of the motions of all the stars with 1 the hypothesis of the aberration of light, k affords an unanswerable argument, both for k the motion of light, and for the revolution of 1 the earth round the sun.' Delaunay says : 1 Le phenomene de l'aberration, ainsi decouvert ' par Bradley, et confirme par toutes les obser- 1 vations faites depuis sa decouverte, doit etre 4 regarde comme etant d'une extreme impor- 1 tance en astronomic En effet, outre qu'il a 1 servi a constater l'exactitude des idees emises 1 par Roemer sur la transmission successive de 1 la lumiere, il a fourni une preuve directe de 1 la realite du mouvement de la terre autour du 1 soleil. Si la terre etait en repos, les mouve- ' ments annuels des etoiles, observes par Brad- ' ley, seraient tout a fait inexplicables ; tandis ' que leur explication est toute naturelle, des ' qu'on admet que le mouvement du soleil nest 4 qu'une apparence due a ce que la terre se ' rneut autour de cet astre.' From the beginning of the Wanstead obser- vations in 1727, it was clear that some cause more minute than aberration determined 28 JAMES BRADLEY certain movements of the stars. This effect would be produced by the revolution in about eighteen years of the pole in an ellipse the diameters of which were only a few seconds. Bradley was sure of his explanation in 1732, but he chose to wait till the whole cycle of revolution was complete, or even longer, for he did not make his report to the Earl of Macclesfield till December 31, 1747. In some respects the discovery of nutation is more noteworthy than that of aberration, inasmuch as Bradley's moral qualities are more con- spicuous in it, such, for example, as his in- ability to neglect the minutest quantities and his power to stay himself from shouting when the secret came into his possession. Halley, the Astronomer Royal, died on January 14, 1742. Walpole was defeated on February 2, 1742, but he did not resign till the nth of that month. It is to his credit that he made haste to forestall favouritism, and nominated Bradley as Halley 's successor. Oxford honoured him with the degree of Doctor in Sacra Theologia, a title not so inappropriate as it may seem. At Greenwich his devotion to his science remained unabated, and the transit observations he made during the first year he was there occupy 177 folio pages. He had only one assistant, his nephew, AND THE STARS 29 but he was an untrained boy when Bradley appointed him. Bradley died in July, 1762, when he was seventy, and was buried at Minchinhampton, in Gloucestershire, near his wife and mother, whom he much loved. He did not marry till he was over fifty. The last two years of his life were spent under a melancholy depression of spirits. His chief distress arose from ' an ' apprehension that he should survive his ' rational faculties ; but this so much dreaded ' evil never came upon him.' Nevertheless he went down to his grave in fear and o^loom, which the memory of his achievements could not dispel. Bradley undoubtedly possessed that un- analysable quality called genius ; but it was not in the least like the genius of Byron or Shelley. We cannot conceive the eyes of that calm face • in a fine frenzy rolling.' He did not permit the humblest unexplained fact to pass. Perhaps in nothing is genius shown more distinctively than in the refusal to let go a small thing which we cannot at first com- prehend, or to make ourselves believe it doesn '/ matter. I think it was Berzelius of whom it is reported that he was careful to examine what everybody else threw away. Bradley was Bacon's interpres naturae. 3o JAMES BRADLEY What the creator thought it worth while to write, he thought it worth while to decipher.
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Periodically poled element having a suppressing structure for the domain spreading
ABSTRACT
A periodically poled element comprises a ferroelectric substrate having a top surface, a bottom surface, a top electrode structure including at least one conductor positioned on the top surface, and a suppressing structure including at least one insulator positioned on the top surface and a gap separating the insulator from the conductor. The ferroelectric substrate has a predetermined polarization direction, the conductor is configured to form an inverted domain with an inverted polarization direction in the ferroelectric substrate as a predetermined voltage is applied during a poling process, and the suppressing structure is configured to suppress the spreading of the inverted domain during the poling process.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(A) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a periodically poled element, and more particularly, to a periodically poled element having a suppressing structure including insulators to suppress the spreading of the inverted domain during the poling process.
(B) Description of the Related Art
Poled structures having poled domains in a ferroelectric single crystal such as lithium niobate (LiNbO₃), lithium tantalite (LiTaO₃) and potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO₄) are widely used in optical fields such as optical communications, optical storage and optical measurement. There are several methods for preparing the poled structure such as the proton-exchanging method, the electron beam-scanning method, the electric voltage application method, etc.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,515 discloses a method for manufacturing a polarization inversion part on a ferroelectric crystal substrate. The polarization inversion part is prepared by the steps of applying a voltage in the polarization direction of the ferroelectric crystal substrate to form a polarization inversion part, conducting a heat treatment to reduce the internal electric field generated in the substrate by the voltage applied, and then reinverting polarization in a part of the polarization inversion part by applying a reverse direction voltage against the voltage that was previously applied. In other words, the method for preparing a polarization inversion part disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,515 requires applying electric voltage twice.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,353,495 discloses a method for forming an optical waveguide element. The method forms a convex ridge portion having a concave portion on a ferroelectric single crystalline substrate, and a ferroelectric single crystalline film is then formed in the concave portion. A comb-shaped electrode and a uniform electrode are formed on a main surface of the ferroelectric single crystalline substrate, and electric voltage is applied to these two electrodes to form a ferroelectric domain-inverted structure in the film in the concave portion.
However, it becomes very difficult to uniformly control the width of the inverted domain in the ferroelectric substrate as the period of the inverted domain becomes shorter and shorter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the present invention provides a periodically poled element having a suppressing structure including insulators to suppress the spreading of the inverted domain during the poling process.
A periodically poled element according to this aspect of the present invention comprises a ferroelectric substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface, a top electrode structure including at least one conductor positioned on the top surface, and a suppressing structure including at least one insulator positioned on the top surface and a gap separating the insulator from the conductor. The ferroelectric substrate has a predetermined polarization direction, the conductor is configured to form an inverted domain with an inverted polarization direction in the ferroelectric substrate as a predetermined voltage is applied during a poling process, and the suppressing structure is configured to suppress the spreading of the inverted domain during the poling process.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The objectives and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 to FIG. 6 illustrate a method for preparing a periodically poled element according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates a periodically poled element prepared substantially by the same process shown in FIGS. 1-6 except the suppressing structure is not used in the poling process;
FIG. 8 illustrates a precursor according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a top view of the periodically poled element according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a top view of the periodically poled element according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a top view of the periodically poled element according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a top view of the periodically poled element according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 illustrates a bottom electrode structure according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 14 illustrates a bottom electrode structure according to another embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 to FIG. 6 illustrate a method for preparing a periodically poled element 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention. First, a ferroelectric substrate 12 having a top surface 12A and a bottom surface 12B undergoes a deposition process to form an insulating layer 14 on the top surface 12A, and a spin-coating process is performed to form a photoresist layer 16 on the insulating layer 14. The insulating layer 14 may include silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, photoresist or silicon oil. The ferroelectric substrate 12 has a predetermined polarization direction 12′ from the bottom surface 12B to the top surface 12A. Subsequently, a photolithographic process is performed to form a patterned photoresist layer 16′ having a plurality of openings 18, as shown in FIG. 2.
As shown in FIG. 3, an etching process such as a wet etching process or an isotropic dry etching process is performed by using the patterned photoresist layer 16′ as an etching mask to remove a portion of the insulating layer 14 under the openings 18 of the patterned photoresist layer 16′, so as to form a plurality of insulators 14′ positioned on the top surface 12A in a periodical manner and separated by a plurality of openings 22. Subsequently, a metal deposition process is performed to form a metal layer 24 filling a portion of the openings 22 and covering the patterned photoresist layer 16′, as shown in FIG. 4. In particular, the wet etching process or an isotropic dry etching process undercuts the insulating layer 14 to form a gap 26 between the metal layer 24 and the insulator 14′.
As shown in FIG. 5, after the metal deposition process, a lift-off process is performed to remove a portion of the metal layer 24 above the patterned photoresist layer 16′ and on the sidewalls of the patterned photoresist layer 16′, and the remaining portion of the metal layer 24 forms a top electrode structure 28A having a plurality of conductors 30 on the top surface 12A in a periodical manner and occupying a portion of the openings 22. Subsequently, another metal deposition process is performed to form a bottom electrode structure 28B on the bottom surface 12B to form a precursor 10A. The insulators 14′ and the gap 26 form a suppressing structure 20 isolating the conductors 30 from each other. In particular, the width (W_(i)) of the insulators 14′ is greater than the width (W_(c)) of the conductors 30, the gap 26 of the suppressing structure 20 separates the conductors 30 from the insulators 14′, and the insulators 14′ and the conductors 30 are positioned on the top surface 12A in an interlaced manner.
As shown in FIG. 6, the precursor 10A is dipped in an insulation liquid such as silicon oil such that the gap 26 of the suppressing structure 20 is filled with insulation liquid. Subsequently, a poling process is performed by applying a first voltage (V₁) to the conductors 30 of the top electrode structure 28A and applying a second voltage (V₂) to the bottom electrode structure 28B to complete the periodically poled element 10. The conductors 30 of the top electrode structure 28A are configured to form a plurality of inverted domains 32 with an inverted polarization direction 12″ and a predetermined width (W₁) in the ferroelectric substrate 12 during the poling process. In particular, the ferroelectric substrate 12 can be considered as consisting of the inverted domains 32 and non-inverted domains 34 interlaced with the inverted domains 32.
FIG. 7 illustrates a periodically poled element 10′ prepared substantially by the same process shown in FIGS. 1-6 except the suppressing structure 20 is not used in the poling process. The insulators 14′ and the gap 26 of the suppressing structure 20 are configured to suppress the spreading of the inverted domains 32 during the poling process, so the width of the inverted domain 32 is “W₁”, which can be defined substantially by one insulator 14′ and one gap 26 of the suppressing structure 20. In contrast, the width of the inverted domain 32′ will extend laterally from “W₁” to “W₂” if the poling process is performed on a periodically poled element 10′ without the suppressing structure 20. In other words, the use of the suppressing structure 20 can inhibit the lateral spreading degree of the inverted domains 32, and therefore the widths of the inverted domains 32 and non-inverted domains 34 are substantially controlled by the width of the suppressing structure 20.
FIG. 8 illustrates a precursor 10B according to another embodiment of the present invention. Compared with the precursor 10A having the insulators 14′ with the width (W_(i)) greater than the width (W_(c)) of the conductors 30 as shown in FIG. 5, the precursor 10B has the insulators 14′ with the width (W_(i)) smaller than the width (W_(c)) of the conductors 30. Optionally, the width of the insulators 14′ can also be design to be equal to the width (W_(c)) of the conductors 30. In other words, the present invention also provides a design flexibility for controlling the width of the inverted domain 32′ by adjusting the width of the conductors 30 and the width of the suppressing structure 20, and the inverted domains 32 and non-inverted domains 34 can be designed to be different by adjusting the width of the suppressing structure 20.
FIG. 9 is a top view of the periodically poled element 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The top electrode structure 28A includes a plurality of electrode subsets 44 arranged in a periodical manner. For example, the electrode subsets 44 are comb-shaped blocks 36 each including a body 38 and a plurality of conductors 30 connected to the body 38. The top electrode structure 28A also includes a voltage-applying pad 40 connected to the body 36 of the comb-shaped block 36, and the conductors 30 of the top electrode structure 28A are isolated from the insulators 14′ of the suppressing structure 20 by the gap 26. In particular, a large poling area can be segmented into several sub-areas by using the electrode subsets 44.
FIG. 10 is a top view of the periodically poled element 10 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The top electrode structure 28A includes a plurality of electrode subsets 46 arranged in a periodical manner. For example, the electrode subsets 46 include a first comb-shaped block 36A and a second comb-shaped block 36B arranged in an interlaced manner. The first comb-shaped block 36A and the second comb-shaped block 36B each includes a body 38 and a plurality of conductors 30 connected to the body 38. The top electrode structure 28A also includes a plurality of voltage-applying pads 40 connected to the bodies 40 of the first comb-shaped block 36A and the second comb-shaped block 36B. In particular, the conductors 30 of the top electrode structure 28A are isolated from the insulators 14′ of the suppressing structure 20 by the gap 26.
FIG. 11 is a top view of the periodically poled element 10 according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The top electrode structure 28A includes a first comb-shaped block 36A and a second comb-shaped block 36B arranged in an interlaced manner. The first comb-shaped block 36A and the second comb-shaped block 36B each includes a body 38 and a plurality of conductors 30 connected to the body 38. The top electrode structure 28A also includes a voltage-applying pad 40 connected to the body 38 of the first comb-shaped block 36A. In particular, the conductors 30 of the top electrode structure 28A are isolated from the insulators 14′ of the suppressing structure 20 by the gap 26. During the poling process, the first voltage (V₁) is applied to the first comb-shaped block 36A via the voltage-applying pad 40, while the second comb-shaped block 36B is floated.
FIG. 12 is a top view of the periodically poled element 10 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The top electrode structure 28A includes a plurality of electrode subsets 48 arranged in a periodical manner. For example, the electrode subsets 48 include a first comb-shaped block 36A and a second comb-shaped block 36B arranged in an interlaced manner. The first comb-shaped block 36A and the second comb-shaped block 36B each includes a body 38 and a plurality of conductors 30 connected to the body 38. The top electrode structure 28A also includes a voltage-applying pad 40 connected to the body 36A of the first comb-shaped block 36A. In particular, the conductors 30 of the top electrode structure 28A are isolated from the insulators 14′ of the suppressing structure 20 by the gap 26. During the poling process, the first voltage (V₁) is applied to the comb-shaped block 36A via the voltage-applying pad 40, while the comb-shaped block 36B is floated.
FIG. 13 illustrates a bottom electrode structure 28B according to one embodiment of the present invention. The bottom electrode structure 28B includes a plurality of insulators 50 positioned on the bottom surface 12B and a conductor 52 such as conductive liquid or metal. To perform the poling process, the first voltage (V₁) is applied to the top electrode structure 28A on the top surface 12A, and the second voltage (V₂) is applied to the conductor 52 of the bottom electrode structure 28B.
FIG. 14 illustrates a bottom electrode structure 28B according to another embodiment of the present invention. The bottom electrode structure 28B includes a plurality of conductive regions 56 such as the proton-exchange region in the bottom portion of the ferroelectric substrate 12, a plurality of insulators 50 positioned on the second surface 12B and a conductor 52 such as conductive liquid or metal. To perform the poling process, the first voltage (V₁) is applied to the first electrode structure 28A on the first surface 12A, and the second voltage (V₂) is applied to the conductor 52 of the bottom electrode structure 28B.
In addition, the bottom electrode structure 28B on the second surface 12B of the ferroelectric substrate 12 can be a variety of conductors, as shown in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/619,021, 11/465,681, 11/557,907, and 11/861,874. These applications are incorporated herein by reference.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be illustrative only. Numerous alternative embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the following claims.
1. A periodically poled element, comprising: a ferroelectric substrate with a predetermined polarization direction, and having a top surface and a bottom surface; a top electrode structure including at least one conductor positioned on the top surface, and the conductor being configured to form an inverted domain with an inverted polarization direction in the ferroelectric substrate as a predetermined voltage is applied to the top electrode structure; and a suppressing structure including at least one insulator positioned on the top surface and a gap separating the insulator from the conductor, and configured to suppress the spreading of the inverted domain.
2. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the width of the insulator is greater than the width of the conductor.
3. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the width of the insulator is smaller than the width of the conductor.
4. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the width of the insulator is equal to the width of the conductor.
5. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the suppressing structure including a plurality of insulators positioned on the top surface in a periodical manner.
6. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the top electrode structure including a plurality of conductors positioned on the top surface in a periodical manner.
7. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the suppressing structure includes a plurality of insulators, the top electrode structure includes a plurality of conductors, and the insulators and the conductors are positioned on the top surface in an interlaced manner.
8. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the suppressing structure includes silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, photoresist or silicon oil.
9. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the top electrode structure includes at least one comb-shaped block including a body and a plurality of conductor connected to the body.
10. The periodically poled element of claim 9, wherein the comb-shaped block further includes a voltage-applying pads connected to the body.
11. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the top electrode structure includes a first comb-shaped block, and a second comb-shaped block interlaced with the first comb-shaped block.
12. The periodically poled element of claim 11, wherein the top electrode structure further includes a voltage-applying pad connected to the first comb-shaped block.
13. The periodically poled element of claim 1, wherein the top electrode structure includes a plurality of electrode subsets arranged in a periodical manner.
14. The periodically poled element of claim 13, wherein the electrode subsets are comb-shaped block.
15. The periodically poled element of claim 14, wherein the top electrode structure further includes a voltage-applying pad connected to the comb-shaped block.
16. The periodically poled element of claim 13, wherein each electrode subset includes a first comb-shaped block and a second comb-shaped block interlaced with the first comb-shaped block.
17. The periodically poled element of claim 16, wherein the top electrode structure further includes a voltage-applying pad connected to the first comb-shaped block.
18. The periodically poled element of claim 1, further comprising a bottom electrode structure positioned on the bottom surface..
| 20,945 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21799679
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Oskori Pampa
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 80 | 188 |
Oskori Pampa
Oskori Pampa
Oskori Pampa Geonames-ID 3909227
Oskori Pampa land Bolivia
Oskori Pampa geografiska koordinater
Oskori Pampa höjd över havet
Oskori Pampa instans av slätt
Oskori Pampa GNS-ID -696257
Oskori Pampa inom det administrativa området Potosí
Oskori Pampa
Oskori Pampa GeoNames ID 3909227
Oskori Pampa country Bolivia
Oskori Pampa coordinate location
Oskori Pampa elevation above sea level
Oskori Pampa instance of plain
Oskori Pampa GNS Unique Feature ID -696257
Oskori Pampa located in the administrative territorial entity Potosí Department
| 14,173 |
US-202016847195-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 4,606 | 5,566 |
Lock with movable knob
ABSTRACT
A lock including: a retractable knob; and a knob release mechanism for retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position, the knob release mechanism retains the retractable knob in the retracted position until a motor of the knob release mechanism is actuated by an input provided to a keypad located on a surface of the lock.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/885,127 filed on Jan. 31, 2018, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/452,874, filed on Jan. 31, 2017, the contents each of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.
BACKGROUND
Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to locks for use with enclosures including but not limited to lockers.
Locks are used to secure or lock the door of lockers, cabinets, toolboxes, desks, and other such enclosures. In some applications, an associated knob is used manipulate or turn components of the lock or components secured thereto in order to open a door of the enclosure. Such knobs may be susceptible to damage.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a lock with a knob that is protected when not in use.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Disclosed is a lock, including: a retractable knob; and a knob release mechanism for retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position, wherein the knob release mechanism includes a damper with a gear that is slidably received within a set of grooves located in the retractable knob, and wherein the gear prevents rotation of the retractable knob unless it is in an extended position.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the knob release mechanism may further include a primary arm and a secondary arm, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the knob release mechanism may further include a motor having a worm, wherein the motor when actuated pivots the secondary arm into the second position.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the worm may pivot the primary arm by engaging teeth of the primary arm.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the lock may further include a keypad for actuating the motor.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the lock may further include a touchscreen for actuating the motor.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the knob release mechanism may further include a primary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position and a secondary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position, wherein the secondary arm has a hook portion that is received in a cavity of the retractable knob when it is in the retracted position and the secondary arm is in the first position.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the knob release mechanism may further include a primary arm and a secondary arm, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position and the primary arm has a protrusion configured to engage a slot of the secondary arm.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the retractable knob may be spring biased into an extended position.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the set of grooves may be located in an exterior surface of the retractable knob.
In yet another embodiment, a method for releasing a retractable knob of a lock is provided. The method including the steps of: spring biasing the retractable knob into an extended position; and retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position by a knob release mechanism; and damping movement of the retractable knob from the retracted position to the extended position with a damper.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the damper may further include a gear that is slidably received within a set of grooves located in the retractable knob.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the method may further include the step of preventing rotation of the retractable knob unless it is in an extended position.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, rotation of the retractable knob may be prevented by the gear.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the set of grooves may further include a first set of grooves and a second set of grooves, the second set of grooves having a greater length than the first set of grooves, wherein the first set of grooves are closer to a forward surface of the retractable knob.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the knob release mechanism may further include a primary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position and a secondary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position when it is in the first position.
In yet another embodiment, a lock system is provided. The lock system having: a lock, including: a retractable knob; a knob release mechanism for retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position, wherein the knob release mechanism includes a damper with a gear that is slidably received within a set of grooves located in the retractable knob, and wherein the gear prevents rotation of the retractable knob unless it is in an extended position; a receiver configured to receive wireless transmissions and wherein the receiver is in operable communication with a motor for actuating the knob release mechanism so that the retractable knob can be moved into the extended position; and a wireless key that communicates wirelessly with the receiver.
In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the lock system may further include a microprocessor in operable communication with the motor and the receiver.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following descriptions should not be considered limiting in any way. With reference to the accompanying drawings, like elements are numbered alike:
FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a lock according to one embodiment in a first position;
FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the lock of FIG. 1A in a second position;
FIG. 1C is a perspective view of the lock of FIG. 1A in a third position;
FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a lock according to another embodiment in a first position;
FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the lock of FIG. 2A in a second position;
FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the lock of FIG. 2A in a third position;
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the lock of FIG. 1A;
FIGS. 4 and 5 are perspective views of a knob and knob release mechanism in a locked and fully retracted knob position corresponding to a first position;
FIG. 6 is a perspective of the knob and knob release mechanism wherein the knob release mechanism has been activated;
FIGS. 7 and 8 are perspective views of the knob and knob release mechanism wherein the knob release mechanism has been activated and the knob has been extended to an extended position or second position;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the knob and knob release mechanism wherein the knob release mechanism has been activated and the knob has been extended and rotated to a third position;
FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of the knob and knob release mechanism wherein the knob release mechanism has been activated and the knob has been extended and rotated to the third position;
FIGS. 11 and 12 are perspective views of the knob and knob release mechanism wherein the knob has been extended and rotated and the knob release mechanism has activated for a subsequent locking event;
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the knob and knob release mechanism wherein the knob is extended but has been rotated back to its second position;
FIGS. 14-16 are perspective views of the knob and knob release mechanism wherein the knob release mechanism has been rotated back to its second position and pushed back into its retracted or first position;
FIGS. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the disclosed apparatus and method are presented herein by way of exemplification and not limitation with reference to the Figures.
Referring now to FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a lock 10 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated in a first position, wherein a retractable knob 12 is shown in a first or retracted position. In FIG. 1B the retractable knob 12 is in a second position or extended position. In FIG. 1C the retractable knob 12 is rotated in the direction of arrow 14 to a rotated or third position from the second position. Rotation of the retractable knob from the second position to the third position will cause movement of a component secured to the lock 10 which will unlock a latch (not shown). The lock 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C is operated by a keypad 16.
Referring now to FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a lock 10 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated in a first position, wherein the retractable knob 12 is shown in a first or retracted position. In FIG. 2B the retractable knob 12 is in the second position or extended position. In FIG. 2C the retractable knob 12 is rotated in the direction of arrow 14 to the rotated or third position from the second position. Rotation of the retractable knob from the second position to the third position will cause movement of a component secured to the lock 10 which will unlock a latch (not shown). The lock 10 illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C is operated by a touch screen 18.
In operation the lock 10 is unlocked by providing the proper combination to the lock 10 via the keypad 16 or touch screen 18. Once this combination is provided a motor is energized and the knob 12 of the lock 10 is released from its first or retracted position so that it can move to its second position and thus be rotated to its third position thereby unlocking the enclosure the lock 10 is associated with.
FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the lock 10 of FIGS. 1A-1C.
Referring now to FIGS. 4-18 operation of a knob release mechanism 20 of the lock 10 is illustrated. The knob release mechanism 20 is actuated by operation of the keypad 16 or touch screen 18 as mentioned above. Once this occurs a signal is provided from a controller, microprocessor, microcontroller or other equivalent device in order to actuate or operate a motor of the lock 10. In other words, the motor is in operative communication with the controller, microprocessor, microcontroller or other equivalent device and the keypad 16 or touch screen 18 is in operative communication with the controller, microprocessor, microcontroller or other equivalent device such that inputs from the keypad or touch screen are provided to the controller, microprocessor, microcontroller or other equivalent device in order to actuate or operate a motor of the lock 10. In FIG. 4, the knob release mechanism 20 is in a locked position and the knob 12 is in a fully retracted knob position corresponding to the first position. In this position, the lock 10 cannot be unlocked as the knob 12 is not free to rotate in the direction of arrow 14. In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the knob release mechanism 20 includes a motor 22 for rotating a worm 24. The worm 24 is configured to engage teeth 26 of a primary arm 28, which is pivotally mounted to a carrier 30 for rotation about a pin 32. The knob release mechanism 20 also includes a secondary arm 34 pivotally mounted to the carrier 30 for rotation about pin 32. As mentioned above, operation of the motor 22 and thus the knob release mechanism 20 occurs via input of a correct combination into the keypad 16 or touch screen 18 of the lock 10.
FIG. 4 illustrates the primary arm 28 and the secondary arm 34 each in a first position. The primary arm 28 is spring biased into the first position by a spring 36 and the secondary arm 34 is spring biased into the first position by a spring 38.
In FIG. 5, the primary arm 28 is shown in phantom illustrating a hook portion 40 of the secondary arm 34 that is received in a cavity 42 of the retractable knob 12 when the secondary arm 34 is in the first position in order to retain the retractable knob 12 in the retracted position. Also shown is that the primary arm 28 has a protrusion 44 that engages a slot 46 of the secondary arm 34.
In FIG. 6 the motor 22 has been activated due to the input of the correct combination to the keypad 16 or touchscreen 18 and the worm 24 has been rotated thereby pivoting the primary arm 28 and the secondary arm 34 into a second position wherein the hook portion 40 has been removed from the cavity 42 and the retractable knob is capable of moving from the retracted position to the extracted position shown at least in FIGS. 1B, 1C, 2B, 2C and 7-13.
In FIGS. 7 and 8 the knob 12 has been extended to an extended or extracted position. Knob 12 is spring biased into the extracted or extended position by a spring 58 (FIG. 10) such that as the primary arm 28 and the secondary arm 34 are pivoted to their second positions, the knob 12 moves outwardly to its extended position.
The knob release mechanism 20 further comprises a damper 48 that slows or retards the movement of the knob 12 from the retracted to the extracted position. In other words, damper 48 slows the outward movement of the knob 12 due to the spring biasing force of spring 58. Damper 48 has a gear 50 that engages grooves 52 and 54 that are located on an exterior surface 56 of the knob 12. Accordingly, gear 50 rotates about its axis and provides a slowing force to the outward movement of knob 12. As is known in the related arts, the damper 48 may include a means such as a fluid or spring internal to the damper to provide resistance to the rotation of gear 50 about its axis as the knob 12 extends outwardly. As illustrated, the grooves 54 are longer radially than grooves 52 and grooves 52 are located towards the front of the knob 12 such that the knob 12 can only be rotated about its axis in the direction of arrow 14 to the third position when the knob 12 is in the extracted or extended position such that the teeth of gear 50 slide in grooves 54 as the knob is rotated.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the knob 12 and knob release mechanism 20 wherein the knob release mechanism 20 has been activated and the knob 12 has been extended and rotated to the third position.
FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of the knob 12 and knob release mechanism 20 wherein the knob release mechanism has been activated and the knob 12 has been extended and rotated to the third position. Also, illustrated is the spring 58 that biases the knob 12 into the second position.
FIGS. 11 and 12 are perspective views of the knob 12 and knob release mechanism 20 wherein the knob 12 has been extended and rotated and the knob release mechanism has activated for a subsequent locking event. In these FIGS., the primary arm 28 has been moved into its first position while the secondary arm 34 remains in its second position.
In FIG. 13 the knob 12 is extended but has been rotated back to its second position.
FIGS. 14-16 are perspective views of the knob 12 and the knob release mechanism 20 wherein the knob release mechanism 20 has been rotated back to its second position and pushed back into its first or retracted position.
FIGS. 17 and 18 are perspective views of the knob 12 and knob release mechanism 20 wherein the knob 12 has been rotated back to its second position and pushed back into its retracted position or first position. When this occurs, the hook 40 of the secondary arm 34 is pivoted into is first position by spring 38 and the knob 12 is retained in the retracted position against the biasing force of spring 38.
In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure operation of the motor 22 is caused by providing the proper combination to the lock 10 via other keypad 16 or touch screen 18. Once this combination is provided the motor is operated and the primary and secondary arms are rotated from their first positions to their second positions so that the knob 12 can be spring biased from its first position to its second position. As mentioned above, the damper 48 via gear 50 slows the outward movement of the knob 12. Once the knob 12 is in its second position the teeth of the gear 50 are free to slide in grooves 54.
In one embodiment, the lock 10 may also comprise a manual release or override via a key which is inserted into a master key cylinder 70, which when turned will contact hook 40 of the secondary arm 34 and will rotate at least the secondary arm 34 from its first position to its second position so that the knob 12 can be extracted from its first position to its second position.
In another embodiment and as illustrated schematically in FIG. 19, the motor 22 is energized via wireless communication (e.g., Bluetooth, WiFi, RFID, etc. or any other equivalent communication) with a key FOB, wireless key or other equivalent device 100 that communicates wirelessly with a receiver or receiver/transmitter 102 in operable communication with a microprocessor 104 or other equivalent device or the receiver/transmitter 102 directly communicates with the motor 22. Accordingly and when the key FOB or other equivalent device 100 is within range of the receiver or receiver/transmitter 102 a transmitter 106 of the key FOB or other equivalent device 100 provides an actuation code to the motor 22 and the motor 22 is actuated in order to allow the knob 12 extend from the lock 10 as described above.
The term “about” is intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.
While the present disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this present disclosure, but that the present disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A lock, comprising: a retractable knob; and a knob release mechanism for retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position, the knob release mechanism retains the retractable knob in the retracted position until a motor of the knob release mechanism is actuated by an input provided to a keypad located on a surface of the lock.
2. The lock as in claim 1, wherein the knob release mechanism includes a damper with a gear that is slidably received within a set of grooves located in the retractable knob, and wherein the gear prevents rotation of the retractable knob unless it is in an extended position.
3. The lock as in claim 1, wherein the knob release mechanism further comprises a primary arm and a secondary arm, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position.
4. The lock as in claim 1, wherein the knob release mechanism further comprises a primary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position and a secondary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position when the secondary arm is in the first position.
5. The lock as in claim 4, wherein the motor when actuated pivots the secondary arm into the second position.
6. The lock as in claim 4, wherein the motor further comprises a worm and the worm pivots the primary arm by engaging teeth of the primary arm.
7. The lock as in claim 2, wherein the set of grooves further comprises a first set of grooves and a second set of grooves, the second set of grooves having a greater length than the first set of grooves, wherein the first set of grooves are closer to a forward surface of the retractable knob.
8. The lock as in claim 7, wherein the knob release mechanism further comprises a primary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position and a secondary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position when the secondary arm is in the first position.
9. The lock as in claim 1, wherein the knob release mechanism further comprises a primary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position and a secondary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position, wherein the secondary arm has a hook portion that is received in a cavity of the retractable knob when the retractable knob is in the retracted position and the secondary arm is in the first position.
10. The lock as in claim 1, wherein the knob release mechanism further comprises a primary arm and a secondary arm, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position and the primary arm has a protrusion configured to engage a slot of the secondary arm.
11. The lock as in claim 1, wherein the retractable knob is spring biased into an extended position.
12. The lock as in claim 11, wherein the knob release mechanism further comprises a primary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position and a secondary arm pivotally mounted to the knob release mechanism for movement between a first position and a second position, wherein the secondary arm is configured to retain the retractable knob in the retracted position when the secondary arm is in the first position.
13. The lock as in claim 2, wherein the set of grooves are located in an exterior surface of the retractable knob.
14. A method releasing a retractable knob of a lock, comprising: spring biasing the retractable knob into an extended position; retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position by a knob release mechanism; releasing the retractable knob from the retracted position by actuating the knob release mechanism via an input provided to the lock; and damping movement of the retractable knob from the retracted position to the extended position with a damper.
15. The method as in claim 14, wherein the damper further comprises a gear that is slidably received within a set of grooves located in the retractable knob.
16. The method as in claim 15, further comprising preventing rotation of the retractable knob unless it is in the extended position, and wherein rotation of the retractable knob is prevented by the gear.
17. The method as in claim 15, wherein the set of grooves further comprises a first set of grooves and a second set of grooves, the second set of grooves having a greater length than the first set of grooves, wherein the first set of grooves are closer to a forward surface of the retractable knob.
18. The method as in claim 14, wherein the input is provided to a keypad or touch screen located on a surface of the lock.
19. A lock system, comprising: a lock, comprising: a retractable knob; a knob release mechanism for retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position, the knob release mechanism retaining the retractable knob in a retracted position until a motor of the knob release mechanism is actuated; a receiver configured to receive wireless transmissions, the receiver being in operable communication with the motor; and a wireless key that communicates wirelessly with the receiver.
20. The lock system as in claim 19, further comprising a microprocessor in operable communication with the motor and the receiver and wherein the knob release mechanism includes a damper with a gear that is slidably received within a set of grooves located in the retractable knob, and wherein the gear prevents rotation of the retractable knob unless it is in an extended position..
| 37,964 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12902004
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,012 |
Stack Exchange
|
ArchaeaSoftware, Manolete, Robert Crovella, Thomas Berger, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1501388, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1662425, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1695960, https://stackoverflow.com/users/655457, https://stackoverflow.com/users/656552, https://stackoverflow.com/users/681865, https://stackoverflow.com/users/816210, lashgar, talonmies, tera
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English
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Spoken
| 588 | 1,155 |
Where can CUDA spend the time in a kernel call?
I would like to know how could I find out the exact location where my application spends more time. It is C++ code with CUDA calls, so from the C++ code, I have created wrappers that call the CUDA code. Timing the C++ code, gives 5 seconds of execution, however if I profile the code in Nsight, the kernel takes 8ms. How can that be possible?
From the c++ code:
double start_divide = get_host_current_time();
callDivideKernel( keep, d_a, d_A_N );
double end_divide = get_host_current_time();
printf("divideKernel : %g\n", end_divide - start_divide);
cu file:
void callDivideKernel(int N, float* A, int* A_N){
cudaEvent_t start, stop;
float time;
cudaEventCreate(&start);
cudaEventCreate(&stop);
dim3 dimGrid(618,128);
dim3 dimBlock(512);
cudaEventRecord(start, 0);
DivideKernel<<< dimGrid,dimBlock >>>(N, A, A_N);
cudaEventRecord(stop, 0);
cudaEventSynchronize(stop);
cudaEventElapsedTime(&time, start, stop);
printf("callDividekernel = %f ms\n",time);
cudaThreadSynchronize();
}
__global__ void DivideKernel(int N, float* A, int* A_N){
int k = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x +
blockDim.x*gridDim.x*blockIdx.y;
int kmax = (N*(N+1))/2;
int row,col;
if(k < kmax){
row = (int)(sqrt(0.25+2.0*k)-0.5);
col = k - (row*(row+1))/2;
int val = max(1, A_N[row*N + col]);
A[row*N + col] /= (float)val;
}
}
Results:
callDividekernel = 7.111040 ms
divideKernel : 5.66533
You can use the cuda event api to break your code up into pieces (both cuda portions and non-cuda portions) to see where the overall execution time is spent. It's possible that the kernel is only taking 8ms while other portions (e.g. data copy, and/or non-cuda code) are using up the remainder of the execution time.
Please provide the relevant part of your code, if you really want a useful answer.
Why wont you use Visual Profiler?
If you are running CUDA 4.0 or higher on a platform that supports UVA (Unified Virtual Addressing), CUDA takes a long time to perform the huge virtual memory allocations at initialization time. I suspect that's what you are seeing.
@ahmad: Visual Profiler (Nsight) gives an average of 8ms for this kernel
@ArchaeaSoftware: I am currently using CUDA 5, does it make any difference?
@ThomasBerger: Please have a look to my code.It seems like it spends a lot of time coming back from the device without any transfer. It does not make sense to me...
@Manolete i assume float* A, int* A_N are already device allocated memory segments?
@Manolete: Is this on a Windows platform?
It is Linux platform and everything has been previously allocated and verify if error. The kernel works, but there is this time difference that I can't understand from where it is coming from
Insert a cudaDeviceSynchronize() before taking the start time. You may be waiting for other asynchronous call to finish.
@tera: I've done it, but same result
OK, next try: Your sample code has no error checking. I assume you do actually check in the code you are testing. Are any error codes returned, particularly form the cudaThreadSynchronize() (which by the way is deprecated and should be replaced by cudaDeviceSynchronize())? Five seconds suspiciously looks like a timeout. Is a display connected to your GPU? Does it freeze during those 5s? Are you performing any other CUDA calls as well? Do they succeed (again I assume you check every return code, or you should not even ask here).
what provides get_host_current_time() ? do you have persistence mode enabled in the GPU driver? Can you provide a complete, compilable code example?
I built a complete, compilable example out of your sample code, substituting clock() from time.h for your get_host_current_time() And the results I got were callDividekernel = 7.078560 ms and divideKernel : 0.01
| 41,500 |
sn84020645_1919-08-31_1_33_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 587 | 784 |
fef.&j % “r jL/' ■ Maaajme. «sny Pictorial ' Features Reflecting /fe Newest Phases o/ rffe. World's Activities ■Mft. :a»f. Americas „ Greatest Comic " BrinqinaU> PattierWT>oliy m/tier Pals*' Appear^ Exclusively/«miS Section Every Sunday; Labor Day Of 1919 a Significant Occasion in the Reconstruction Era. i By ARTHUR HALLAND LABOR DAY never had a profounder significance than attaches to it in the present year. A year ago the dawn of victory had begun to »* break, but conditions in that hour made prophecy indeed difficult. This year the sky is vastly clearer. The world still quarrels. But at the bottom of all differences remains the fundamental fact that the world cannot be reconstructed without work, and. that work cannot be done without-workers. Perhaps those two words, “workers" and “laborers," never stood nearer together. It is. predicted by more than one of recent commentators that grades of productive work will never again be so widely separated as they have been in the past. The war doubtless hps done much to prove the essential dignity of all labor—of all real work. And one of the often astonishing features of the labor situation is the influence now proved to have been exerted by women in industry. That influence may frequently have been exaggerated—so sensational a de parture was bound to result in exaggerative predictions—but the fact remains that labor justice no longer has a sex dividing line as it once had. Woman is no longer solely the figure that waits at' home for the fruits of man labor. She herself is in the fray, and her presence creates issues which Will not only in many cases complicate labor problems but will add to them something which very shrewd men insist will work to the advantage of labor and of society in the end. Thomas A. Edison is not the only man with a vision who has re cently spoken in cheerful prophecy concerning labor in America. Mr. Edison has been called a conservative. Other men of more radical vietS are not less confident of advance, and Labor Day this year acquires a high significance as an occasion for confident, constructive, rallying cries. What the^ coming year may bring forth as to the vexed matter of “industrial democracy” no one may now surely foretell, but even tha most reticent or reactionary of observers have seemed ready to believe that extraordinary changes may occur. Instances of broadly conceived experiments are already giving occasion for eager speculation. But aside from the vital and far-reaching question of organization or co-operation, the answers to which are not without presumption to be predicted, the outstanding fact of the hour is the world’s growing recog nition of labor’s relationship to all that is implied by the significant word Reconstruction. Readjustment might be a word of equal significance. It has been said again and again in varying ways that labor must re construct the world, and in that reconstruction, because the United States must play so important a part, American labor must assume immense responsibilities. Dan Smith’s drawing of Labor peering into the future is a resolute figure. The face is sane, earnest, confident. Celebration has its place and power of inspiration. But the stem work ahead provokes thought. It demands constancy of purpose and breadth of purpose. Surely it is no complacency of patriotism that leads ys to believe that the American workingman—and the American workingwoman—represent the high mark of character and achievement. C. Above—Typical English Girl Laborer la Factory. 1 American Girl Worker In Aeroplane Factory..
| 25,614 |
https://github.com/fighne/pic-assembly-textmate-bundle/blob/master/PIC Assembly.tmbundle/Commands/Compile.tmCommand
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
pic-assembly-textmate-bundle
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fighne
|
XML Property List
|
Code
| 94 | 516 |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>beforeRunningCommand</key>
<string>nop</string>
<key>command</key>
<string>#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require ENV["TM_SUPPORT_PATH"] + "/lib/tm/executor"
require ENV["TM_SUPPORT_PATH"] + "/lib/tm/save_current_document"
TextMate.save_current_document
TextMate::Executor.make_project_master_current_document
file = File.new(ENV["TM_FILEPATH"], "r")
regular_expr = /include [<"]([pP]\d{2}[fF]\d{3})\.inc[">]/
while (line = file.gets)
m = regular_expr.match(line)
if (m != nil)
break
end
end
file.close
if (m != nil)
TextMate::Executor.run("gpasm", "-p" + m[1].downcase, ENV["TM_FILEPATH"])
elsif
puts "Unable to determine processor type from document (make sure that a header for your processor is included)."
end</string>
<key>input</key>
<string>document</string>
<key>keyEquivalent</key>
<string>@b</string>
<key>name</key>
<string>Compile</string>
<key>output</key>
<string>showAsHTML</string>
<key>scope</key>
<string>source.asm.gpasm</string>
<key>uuid</key>
<string>B693FCA0-003E-4C36-9E64-E4368B4AC71A</string>
</dict>
</plist>
| 14,426 |
https://openalex.org/W4210857553
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
Viscous froth model applied to the motion and topological transformations of two-dimensional bubbles in a channel: three-bubble case
|
Carlos Torres-Ulloa
|
English
|
Spoken
| 24,737 | 41,319 |
Viscous froth model applied to
the motion and topological
transformations of
two-dimensional bubbles in a
channel: three-bubble case
C. Torres-Ulloa and P. Grassia royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Research Cite this article: Torres-Ulloa C, Grassia P. 2022 Viscous froth model applied to the
motion and topological transformations of
two-dimensional bubbles in a channel:
three-bubble case. Proc.R.Soc.A 478:
20210642. om https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of
Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose St, Glasgow G1 1XJ,
UK typublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0642 CT-U , 0000-0003-4165-1339; PG, 0000-0001-5236-1850 CT-U , 0000-0003-4165-1339; PG, 0000-0001-5236-1850 The viscous froth model is used to predict rheological
behaviour of a two-dimensional (2D) liquid-foam
system. The
model
incorporates
three
physical
phenomena: the viscous drag force, the pressure
difference across foam films and the surface tension
acting along them with curvature. In the so-called
infinite staircase structure, the system does not
undergo
topological
bubble
neighbour-exchange
transformations
for
any
imposed
driving
back
pressure. Bubbles then flow out of the channel of
transport in the same order in which they entered
it. By contrast, in a simple single bubble staircase or
so-called lens system, topological transformations do
occur for high enough imposed back pressures. The
three-bubble case interpolates between the infinite
staircase and simple staircase/lens. To determine
at which driving pressures and at which velocities
topological transformations might occur, and how the
bubble areas influence their occurrence, steady-state
propagating three-bubble solutions are obtained for
a range of bubble sizes and imposed back pressures. As
an
imposed
back
pressure
increases
quasi-
statically from equilibrium, complex dynamics are
exhibited as the systems undergo either topological
transformations,
reach
saddle-node
bifurcation
points, or asymptote to a geometrically invariant
structure which ceases to change as the back pressure
is further increased. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or 1. Introduction 2 The study of microfluidics has applications in various industries such as pharmaceuticals,
medical treatment and materials formation, including metals, polymers, inorganic crystals
and ceramics [1,2]. Liquid foams meanwhile have a wide range of applications, including in
the mining industry, the food industry, the cosmetic industry, the production of glass, foam
fractionation and firefighting [3]. Applications combining liquid-foams with microfluidics occur
in processes like enhanced oil recovery (EOR) [4] and soil remediation [5], where the foam is used
as a driving fluid to sweep a specific material, colloid pollutant or particles from porous media
[6–8]. Using foam allows a more uniform sweep through the porous medium since foams are less
sensitive to permeability heterogeneities than a Newtonian fluid would be [9]. Moreover, using
foam in applications like these helps to reduce the quantity of the working fluid required, in
comparison with a single-phase fluid [9]. In any of the above mentioned applications, how foam
moves and rearranges inside porous media is a matter of great interest since the bubble-scale
processes may affect the global foam behaviour. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 p
y
g
The mobility of a liquid foam within porous media is affected by various factors (including
liquid fraction, foam structure/bubble configuration, volume of the bubbles and the geometry
of the channel of transport), all of these factors combining to make the system flow behaviour
difficult to predict [10]. The complex dynamics of liquid-foams result from them seeking to
reduce their interfacial energy, which is proportional to the surface area [10]. Static foams find
an equilibrium state in which structures are determined via total area minimization, which leads
to Plateau’s laws: films connect three by three, subtending an angle of 120◦(or 2π/3) and meeting
confining sidewall boundaries at an angle of 90◦(or π/2). These constraints on film meeting angles
can be considered to apply even when the foam is set into motion [11]. However, in the process
of moving, the liquid interfaces or films may increase their size or else decrease their size until
disappearing, leading to rearrangements of the structure [12]. Rheological complexity thereby
results as a consequence of the evolution of the microstructure of the foam [13]. Since the films
possess a surface tension (three-dimensional (3D) bubbles) or line tension (two-dimensional (2D)
case) [14], when they deform, surface energy increases, producing stress. 1. Introduction To compute the films’
energy and the stress they produce, it is necessary to know in detail the films’ positions, areas,
orientations, and shapes. In fully 3D foam models, it is computationally expensive to determine
energy and stress, owing to the very considerable topological and geometric complexity of the
system [15]. Nevertheless, this complexity can be reduced by studying a single foam monolayer
confined between two glass plates with a small separation (known as a Hele–Shaw cell). Indeed,
it is possible to capture the properties of a foam layer flowing between two plates by using a
2D model known as the viscous froth model [15]. In this system, film lengths along the plates
are large compared to the separation of the confining plates themselves. Viewed from above the
top plate, films in the foam monolayer appear as one-dimensional (1D) curves, which is how 2D
mathematical models treat them [15]. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or In the subsections to follow §1a–c, we review 2D foam structures, their motion and topology,
which then motivates the research problem to be tackled here (described in §1d). Subject Areas: Downloaded from https://royalso Electronic supplementary material is available
online at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. c.5813100. 2022 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and
source are credited. (a) Foam structures in a confined system https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 bubbles arrange and the drag per unit velocity they thereby experience, depends on the ratio
between bubble size and channel size. The staircase structure shown in figure 1b (and likewise the double staircase in figure 1c)
correspond in principle to an arbitrarily long train of bubbles moving along the channel (i.e. infinite staircases). In the case focused upon here, namely figure 1b for an arbitrarily long staircase
in a straight channel and assuming monodispersity, bubbles retain the same shape no matter
how far along the staircase they are nor how fast they move. Under those circumstances, for a
channel of width L, the size of a bubble in a staircase such as figure 1b (measured from one of
the channel walls to the farthest point of that bubble away from that wall) is always at least L/2
[13,16,17]. When this size (from channel wall to farthest point) approaches L, we obtain the largest
monodisperse bubble area that would be permitted to stack in an infinite staircase in the fashion
of figure 1b. Simple geometry gives this largest permitted area as
√
3L2. Monodisperse bubbles
with areas A satisfying L ≤
A/
√
3 must instead select the bamboo configuration of figure 1a,
although even smaller area bubbles are permitted to adopt the bamboo too. In fact, when the
channel width is such that L ≤2 √A/π or equivalently πL2/4 ≤A (with A as the monodisperse
bubble areas), a bamboo foam was obtained experimentally in [9]. By contrast, for L ≥2 √A/π
bubbles packed in a staircase or double staircase depending on the bubble size relative to channel
size and operational condition of the microfluidic device along which bubbles are flowing [9,18]. Nevertheless, all above-mentioned structures, once they are originally set up, and provided they
consist of arbitrarily large numbers of bubbles in a train moving along a perfectly straight channel,
manage to migrate without deforming. Bubbles thereby leave the channel in the same order
in which they entered it, meaning there are no bubble neighbour exchanges, or so-called T1
topological transformations. What was discovered by [1] however is that when the channel is curved, such transformations
become possible again. They entail that a film shrinks until it becomes zero length. (a) Foam structures in a confined system As was demonstrated by [9], for a given driving pressure the velocity at which the liquid-foam
flows through a confined plates geometry (Hele–Shaw cell), depends upon how the bubbles
are arranged topologically, exhibiting discontinuities in the resulting velocities at the transition
between the different topological structures such as bamboo, staircase and double staircase
structures (figure 1). The reason that these different velocities result is because, depending upon
how films are oriented spatially, how long they are and how fast they are moving, they experience
differing amounts of viscous drag. The velocity in each structure in figure 1 is then set by the
requirement that viscous drag force must be balanced by the driving pressure force. How the (a)
(b)
(c)
u
u
u
upper channel wall
lower channel wall
Figure 1. Flowing foam structures moving at velocity v through a confined linear channel. Here, systems are viewed normal
to the confining plates (so they appear as 2D systems) and what appear as upper and lower channel walls in this 2D view are
actually sidewalls of the original 3D channel. In systems like these, films are in general 1D curves, but in all these special cases
they reduce to straight lines. (a) Bamboo structure, (b) staircase structure and (c) double staircase structure. (a)
(b)
(
u
u
upper channel wall
lower cha 3 (c) royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
annel wall lower channel wall Figure 1. Flowing foam structures moving at velocity v through a confined linear channel. Here, systems are viewed normal
to the confining plates (so they appear as 2D systems) and what appear as upper and lower channel walls in this 2D view are
actually sidewalls of the original 3D channel. In systems like these, films are in general 1D curves, but in all these special cases
they reduce to straight lines. (a) Bamboo structure, (b) staircase structure and (c) double staircase structure. (b) Viscous froth model The viscous froth model was originally formulated as a generalization of two situations, known
as the ideal soap froth and ideal grain growth models, which can be obtained under certain
limiting cases [13]. In a general flow situation, films are curved not straight, and the viscous froth
model balances tension force associated with the curvature κ of the film along the plates with the
pressure difference p across it, converting any mismatch between these forces into film motion,
from which a viscous drag force arises [22]. The governing equation is https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 ζv⊥= p −2σκ,
(1.1) (1.1) where p corresponds to pressure difference across a film, measured as a back pressure minus a
front pressure in the direction of motion, and σ is surface tension, film tension being 2σ. This
model captures out-of-equilibrium phenomena, overcoming difficulties with previous models
which produce discontinuities and jumps in film configuration if the drag term is neglected [17]. where p corresponds to pressure difference across a film, measured as a back pressure minus a
front pressure in the direction of motion, and σ is surface tension, film tension being 2σ. This
model captures out-of-equilibrium phenomena, overcoming difficulties with previous models
which produce discontinuities and jumps in film configuration if the drag term is neglected [17]. The viscous froth model has shown quantitative agreement with experiments of foam flow
through curved channels [1,9,11,13]. In particular, in [1], the model was applied to a train of
12 equal-sized bubbles in the staircase structure (two bubbles across the walls as in figure 1b
and several bubbles along the plates) but flowing now, not in a straight channel, but instead
through a 180◦bend geometry. From [1], it was demonstrated that for arbitrarily low velocities
(hence arbitrarily low driving pressures), there was no T1 topological transformation, neither in
simulation nor in experiment. On the other hand, as already mentioned, for a high flow rate
(hence higher driving pressure), T1 topological transformations took place in the curved bend,
making the foam structure unstable, both in experiment and simulation [1]. Clearly, this differs
from the situation of an infinite staircase in a straight channel as described earlier. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or (a) Foam structures in a confined system Two bubbles
formerly in contact then lose contact with one another, and different bubbles contact each other in
their place. The precise order of occurrence of the T1 transformations is not known a priori [16]. Indeed whether or not they even occur at all depends upon on how rapidly the system is moving:
a threshold velocity associated with a threshold imposed driving pressure is needed before they
occur. Therefore, key questions of interest, in a flowing foam system, are to predict at which
velocities and at which driving pressures T1s occur, and how the bubble areas influence their
occurrence [11]. When flow is rapid, even simple cases are found to exhibit complex dynamics
[12,16,17,19]. What must change between a slow moving system (no T1s present) and a faster
moving one (with T1s) is the amount of viscous drag that is present. A model to predict the onset
of T1s must therefore incorporate viscous drag in some fashion. As has been proven in [14], the
viscous drag force has a nonlinear dependence with respect to the velocity v (or more precisely
with respect to the velocity component v⊥normal to the film). However, in this work, we consider
for simplicity a linear drag law, with a drag coefficient denoted ζ: this still manages to capture
the key physics, i.e. T1 transformations only occurring beyond a threshold. We also consider a dry foam in which film lengths greatly exceed the size of the vertices at which three films meet. Drag therefore must be assigned to film elements rather than to vertices or to film endpoints. Assumptions like these have been used in prior studies [11,13–15,17,20,21] and they lead to a
simple viscous froth model that we discuss next. 4 royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (d) Finite staircase By contrast with the simple lens but by analogy with the infinite staircase discussed earlier, it is
conceivable that a truncated staircase with a finite number of bubbles, at least for certain choices
of bubble sizes, might asymptote towards a fixed geometric structure in the limit of high imposed
back pressures, without undergoing any T1. As per the infinite staircase then, this structure
would be considered geometrically invariant. In other words, in the limit of high back pressures
the geometry would cease to change, with the structure simply migrating faster and faster as
back pressure increased thereafter (see figure S9 in the electronic supplementary material, §S3(a)
for details of such a structure). This notwithstanding, such behaviour was never observed in
the case of the simple lens, which is evidently too drastic a truncation of the infinite staircase
[12]. Therefore, in order to consider the transition from T1s or loss of stability to geometrically
invariant systems, it is necessary to explore the effect of the number of bubbles upon system
behaviour. This work takes a step towards that by considering a system comprised specifically
of three bubbles of various sizes arranged in a staircase structure and flowing along a confined
channel. Hence, additional ways in which a staircase could break up will be explored, not just the
particular mode of break up seen for the simple lens in [12]. As we will demonstrate, the mode of
break up turns out to be sensitive to bubble size, or more specifically how bubble size is related
to the channel width. The three-bubble system is deemed to be a next step up in complexity
from the simple lens case and, as such, helps to bridge the gap between the simple lens and
the infinite staircase. The main focus is to find the aforementioned topological transformations
and/or saddle-node bifurcation points, for different bubble sizes, or in the absence of such
situations, identify a geometrically invariant state instead. As we will find, the three-bubble
system is the first situation where we see a great deal of complexity appearing in the behaviour
of a staircase system (complexity at a much higher level than is present in the simple lens case in
terms of how topological transformations occur). In this system, we also see the first indication
that the system might start to behave qualitatively like an infinite staircase [16] i.e. (c) Infinite staircase versus simple lens R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2. (a) Sketch of the simple lens problem studied in [12]. (b) T1u topological transformation for a structure moving at
velocity v due to a back pressure pb imposed upon it. m https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 spanning film), might in principle undergo a so-called T1l, where a vertex reaches the lower
channel wall (to which the spanning film is connected), although this was not observed to occur
in the simple lens system either [12]. If the imposed back pressure pb is increased slowly (i.e. quasi-statically, such that increases
are always slow compared to the relaxation time of the structure to steady state), the simple lens
system can be tracked through a sequence of different steady states. However, for the simple
lens at least, the T1u is not reached quasi-statically by increasing pb from the equilibrium (by
definition pb ≡0 at equilibrium). Instead, it is reached on a second (found to be unstable in [12])
solution branch (with pb decreasing). It follows that a T1u in this case would typically be reached
dynamically following loss of stability at a saddle-node bifurcation. Details are discussed further
in §2e. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or (c) Infinite staircase versus simple lens The work of [1] raises the issue of whether the topological transformation observed was due to
the curvature of the channel or due to the staircase having a finite number of bubbles or a mixture
of both. One way to address this is to consider a finite staircase in a straight channel. In [12], the
viscous froth model was applied to the motion along a straight channel of a so called lens bubble
attached to one of the channel walls and a spanning film connecting the lens with the opposite
channel wall: this is known as the simple lens system (figure 2a). It can be viewed as a drastic
truncation of the infinite staircase in figure 1b. The lens system is (relatively) simple, but can
be more susceptible to transitions than large bubble arrays because films are not surrounded by
other bubbles. From [12], the lens system was found to exhibit stability when a comparatively low
imposed back pressure pb is placed across it. By contrast, for higher applied pressure, the structure
tends to undergo a topological transformation despite the channel being entirely straight. The simple lens topological transformation involves a very particular route by which the
structure can break up; the vertex moves upwards approaching the upper channel wall and a
film that connects the vertex to that wall (front film) shrinks to zero length, and subsequently
the spanning film detaches from the lens bubble, leaving this behind (figure 2b). This topological
transformation involving a vertex reaching the upper wall will be called in this study a T1u. This
is to distinguish it from a topological transformation involving a collision between two vertices
away from a wall, such as was observed in [1], which will be called here a T1c: although this T1c
occurred for the bubble trains in [1], it cannot occur in the simple lens system (since there is only
a single vertex away from the wall, hence no other vertex with which to collide). Alternatively,
a system comprised of a comparatively large lens bubble (and hence a comparatively short simple lens
spanning film
T1u
(b)
(a)
vertex
pb
u
Figure 2. (a) Sketch of the simple lens problem studied in [12]. (b) T1u topological transformation for a structure moving at
velocity v due to a back pressure pb imposed upon it. T1u
(b)
pb
u simple lens
spanning film
(a)
vertex 5 (a) 5
royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 The rest of this work is structured as follows. In §2, we introduce a three-bubble symmetric
system, symmetric in the sense that the first and third bubbles have equal size. Here, it
is also shown how the structure is set up both in equilibrium and in motion. In §3, we
present steady-state solution results. Conclusions are offered in §4 including the physical
implication for high-speed propagation of bubbles. Additional details are relegated to electronic
supplementary material, including information about the equilibrium structure (electronic
supplementary material, §S1), and also methods to compute the state out of equilibrium
(electronic supplementary material, §S2, with yet further details supplied in [23]). In electronic
supplementary material, §S3, we obtain necessary conditions for the existence of a geometrically
invariant structure out-of-equilibrium, that can migrate at arbitrarily large driving pressure. Implications of this structure are discussed in §§2–3 as pertinent. Electronic supplementary
material, §S4 gives additional out-of-equilibrium results over and above those in §3. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or (d) Finite staircase exhibiting
geometric invariance, albeit for the three-bubble system this is only possible in a small region of parameter space. It is an important result though, because we also manage to prove that
the simpler case, i.e. the simple lens, cannot approach a geometrically invariant state at all (see
electronic supplementary material, §S3 for details). The three-bubble system studied here gives an
indication of how a N bubble system manages to transition from a simple lens (N = 1) to an infinite
staircase (N →∞). An important finding though is that whether N = 3 behaves more akin to the
simple lens or to the infinite staircase depends on the particular bubble sizes considered relative
to the channel width. The methodology considered here is an entirely steady-state one, i.e. the
imposed back pressure pb (or in the event that a saddle-node bifurcation is encountered as will
be discussed in §2e, some other variable imposed in lieu) is varied quasi-statically, and changes
in the resulting steadily propagating three-bubble structure are tracked through parameter space. This methodology is adequate to establish for which parameter sets T1s occur, and to classify the
various types of T1 that are found (T1c, T1u or T1l as mentioned earlier). However, an unsteady-
state approach (not considered here) would be required to examine how the system evolves
following any T1. 6 2. Three-bubble symmetric system The system studied in this work is formed of three 2D bubbles flowing through a straight channel
of width L. In the dimensionless form of the model, as used here, L = 1. Across the channel width,
two bubbles (bubbles B1 and B3, symmetric as they have the same size) are attached on one side
of the channel (what appears as the upper channel wall in the 2D view in figure 3a) and one
bubble B2 (possibly with a different size) is on the other side, attached to the lower channel wall. Specifically, the system is symmetric at equilibrium when both the imposed back pressure pb
and the migration velocity v are pb = v = 0. The structure comprises seven films denoted by jij,
where the subscript [i, j] ∈[0, 1, 2, 3] indicates the bubbles that each film divides (figure 3a), such
that [i, j] ≡0 outside the structure. In addition, we use the superscript ‘◦’ to denote variables in the
equilibrium. In what follows we will consider systems both in equilibrium (figure 3a) and systems
that are steadily moving, but out-of-equilibrium (figure 3b). The domain of allowed bubble
areas A1 = A3 and A2 in this configuration is limited (see figure S10 in electronic supplementary
material, §S3 for details of the limitations). This three-bubble structure generalizes the simple lens (figure 2), which had only a single
bubble. We consider an odd number of bubbles here, since in the simple lens case interesting
behaviour arose from unequal numbers of films attaching to the upper and lower walls. Like
the simple lens, the three-bubble structure is also a truncation of the infinite staircase (figure 1b),
albeit not quite so drastic a truncation. One of the rationales for looking at a symmetric system
(i.e. bubbles B1 and B3 of the same size but not necessarily the same size as bubble B2) is that
in a microfluidic experiment, bubbles on different sides of the channel could in principle be
fed from different sources, and hence possibly have very different sizes. 2. Three-bubble symmetric system The length of the films in equilibrium are
L◦
01 = L◦
30, L◦
12 = L◦
23 and L◦
02 = L◦
20. The angles through which the films j02 and j20 turn are δφ◦
02 = −δφ◦
20, but film
j13 is flat. (b) The system is set in motion, travelling at a unknown migration velocity v, as a consequence of an imposed back
pressure pb > 0. The film j13 is no longer flat but turns through an unknown angle δφ13. Moreover, δφ02 and δφ20 are no
longer opposite and equal. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or structure is perturbed away from the equilibrium, although other modes of break up are possible
also. We will return to this point in §2e(ii). In §2a, we describe the geometry of the three-bubble system. Then, in §2b, we introduce the
system’s governing equations. In §2c, we characterize the equilibrium structure (further details in
§S1 in electronic supplementary material). Then we characterize the steadily propagating out-of-
equilibrium structure §2d (further details in §S2 in electronic supplementary material). After that
in §2e, we describe the conditions to achieve a topological transformation for the three-bubble
system. Finally, we introduce the notation by which the topological transformation are tracked
and identified as a function of the control variable that is set to reach them (§2f). The geometry
of systems that resist topological transformation altogether (i.e. that are geometrically invariant)
are discussed in electronic supplementary material, §S3. Understanding all of this geometrical
and topological information turns out to be relevant to the body of results that we present later
on in §3. Downloaded from https://royalso 2. Three-bubble symmetric system . . . . . . . . . . . . Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 om https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 etypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Figure3. (a)EquilibriumsystemforchannelofdimensionlesswidthL = 1.ThepressureofthespanningbubbleB2 corresponds
to p◦
2 , the imposed back pressure to pb = 0 and the pressures of the symmetric bubbles B1 and B3 are p◦
1 = p◦
3 . The distance
between the upper channel wall and the vertex V1 and V3 is l◦
1 , and between the upper channel wall and vertex V2 is l◦
2 . Films
j01, j02 and j12 join at vertex V1, and films j12, j13 and j23 join at vertex V2, while the films j23, j30 and j20 join at vertex
V3. Finally, the film j12 connects vertices V1 and V2, and the film j23 connects vertices V2 and V3. Every film forms an angle of
π/2 with the respective wall of the channel and an angle 2π/3 with other films. The length of the films in equilibrium are
L◦
01 = L◦
30, L◦
12 = L◦
23 and L◦
02 = L◦
20. The angles through which the films j02 and j20 turn are δφ◦
02 = −δφ◦
20, but film
j13 is flat. (b) The system is set in motion, travelling at a unknown migration velocity v, as a consequence of an imposed back
pressure pb > 0. The film j13 is no longer flat but turns through an unknown angle δφ13. Moreover, δφ02 and δφ20 are no
longer opposite and equal. Figure3. (a)EquilibriumsystemforchannelofdimensionlesswidthL = 1.ThepressureofthespanningbubbleB2 corresponds
to p◦
2 , the imposed back pressure to pb = 0 and the pressures of the symmetric bubbles B1 and B3 are p◦
1 = p◦
3 . The distance
between the upper channel wall and the vertex V1 and V3 is l◦
1 , and between the upper channel wall and vertex V2 is l◦
2 . Films
j01, j02 and j12 join at vertex V1, and films j12, j13 and j23 join at vertex V2, while the films j23, j30 and j20 join at vertex
V3. Finally, the film j12 connects vertices V1 and V2, and the film j23 connects vertices V2 and V3. Every film forms an angle of
π/2 with the respective wall of the channel and an angle 2π/3 with other films. 2. Three-bubble symmetric system In the limiting case of
vertex V2 being close to the upper channel wall (with the length of film j13 satisfying l◦
2 →0 at the
equilibrium, see figure 3a), the system might break up into two side-by-side simple lenses, as the L
l1°
l2°
p2°
p3°
p1°
01
30
df°20
df20
df13
df°02
df02
pb = 0
V2
V1
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
upper channel wall
p2
p1
p3
pb > 0
u
(a)
(b)
Figure3. (a)EquilibriumsystemforchannelofdimensionlesswidthL = 1.ThepressureofthespanningbubbleB2 corresponds
to p◦
2 , the imposed back pressure to pb = 0 and the pressures of the symmetric bubbles B1 and B3 are p◦
1 = p◦
3 . The distance
between the upper channel wall and the vertex V1 and V3 is l◦
1 , and between the upper channel wall and vertex V2 is l◦
2 . Films
j01, j02 and j12 join at vertex V1, and films j12, j13 and j23 join at vertex V2, while the films j23, j30 and j20 join at vertex
V3. Finally, the film j12 connects vertices V1 and V2, and the film j23 connects vertices V2 and V3. Every film forms an angle of
π/2 with the respective wall of the channel and an angle 2π/3 with other films. The length of the films in equilibrium are
L◦
01 = L◦
30, L◦
12 = L◦
23 and L◦
02 = L◦
20. The angles through which the films j02 and j20 turn are δφ◦
02 = −δφ◦
20, but film
j13 is flat. (b) The system is set in motion, travelling at a unknown migration velocity v, as a consequence of an imposed back
pressure pb > 0. The film j13 is no longer flat but turns through an unknown angle δφ13. Moreover, δφ02 and δφ20 are no
longer opposite and equal. df20
df13
df02
p2
p1
p3
pb > 0
u
(b) upper channel wall
(b) (a) 7 L
l1°
l2°
p2°
p3°
p1°
01
30
df°20
df°02
pb = 0
V2
V1
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
upper channel wal
(a) 7
royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Configuration of the three-bubble symmetric system Applying rules on vertex meeting angles, the
initial and final orientation angles φij,0 and φij,L are expressed in terms of three (treated as independent) total turning angles
δφ13, δφ02 and δφ20, respectively. More generally δφij ≡φij,L −φij,0. Table 1. Orientation angles φij(sij) for every film, from sij = 0 up to sij = Lij. Applying rules on vertex meeting angles, the
initial and final orientation angles φij,0 and φij,L are expressed in terms of three (treated as independent) total turning angles
δφ13, δφ02 and δφ20, respectively. More generally δφij ≡φij,L −φij,0. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or film
from
to
φij,0
φij,L
δφij
j02
lower channel wall
vertex V1
0
δφ02
δφ02
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j13
upper channel wall
vertex V2
0
δφ13
δφ13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Configuration of the three-bubble symmetric system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j20
lower channel wall
vertex V3
0
δφ20
δφ20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j01
upper channel wall
vertex V1
0
π/3 + δφ02
π/3 + δφ02
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Configuration of the three-bubble symmetric system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j12
vertex V2
vertex V1
−π/3 + δφ13
−π/3 + δφ02
δφ02 −δφ13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j23
vertex V2
vertex V3
π/3 + δφ13
π/3 + δφ20
δφ20 −δφ13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Configuration of the three-bubble symmetric system In the (stationary) equilibrium (figure 3a) and (steadily moving) out-of-equilibrium structure
(figure 3b), the films join three by three at the respective vertices subtending an angle of 2π/3
and join at an angle of π/2 with respect to the channel side walls (see also figure 4). How much a
film is oriented at each point is measured with respect to the vertical in the anticlockwise direction
as an angle φij(sij) (figure 3b and 4c), where sij corresponds to the distance measured along a film
from a wall or vertex up to a total length per film Lij, with the direction in which sij is measured to
be specified shortly. The orientation angle at the start of each film is expressed as φij(sij = 0) ≡φij,0,
and the orientation angles at the ends of films as φij(sij = Lij) = φij,L. Hence, the total turning
angle of each film jij is then expressed as δφij ≡φij,L −φij,0 (with [i, j] ∈[0, 1, 2, 3]). In this work,
we consider that for films connected with the upper channel wall, sij grows downwards, where
their initial orientation angle is equal to φij,0 ≡0. Films j12 and j23 are also considered to have
sij growing downwards, or strictly speaking (given these particular films can exhibit a variety of
shapes, see figure S6 in electronic supplementary material) to have sij growing in the direction u dt
upper channel wall
u⊥01dt
s01
f01 (s01)
(a)
(b)
(c)
V1
V2
p/3
p/3
p/3
p/3
df02 < 0
−p/3 + df02
p/3 + df02
−p/3 + df13
p/3 + df13
df13 > 0
Figure 4. Angle measurement convention. In (a) and (b), the inset shows zoomed views near V1 and V2, respectively, for each
film meeting at the vertex. Here, orientation angles are measured in the anticlockwise direction starting from the vertical
(dashed line) to the film (thick solid line). The convention for V3 (not shown) is a reflection of that for V1. (c) View of film j01
which is attached to the upper channel wall. At a distance s01 measured along it, an element of the film has an orientation
angle φ01(s01) with respect to the vertical. In a time step dt, the element moves a distance v⊥dt in the normal direction and
an apparent distance v dt = v⊥01 dt/ cos(φ01) along the channel. (a) Configuration of the three-bubble symmetric system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j30
upper channel wall
vertex V3
0
−π/3 + δφ20
−π/3 + δφ20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Configuration of the three-bubble symmetric system (b)
V2
p/3
p/3
−p/3 + df13
p/3 + df13
df13 > 0 (a)
V1
p/3
p/3
df02 < 0
−p/3 + df02
p/3 + df02 upper channel wall (b) (a) (c) 8 u dt
upper channel wall
u⊥01dt
s01
f01 (s01)
(c) 8
royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 4. Angle measurement convention. In (a) and (b), the inset shows zoomed views near V1 and V2, respectively, for each
film meeting at the vertex. Here, orientation angles are measured in the anticlockwise direction starting from the vertical
(dashed line) to the film (thick solid line). The convention for V3 (not shown) is a reflection of that for V1. (c) View of film j01
which is attached to the upper channel wall. At a distance s01 measured along it, an element of the film has an orientation
angle φ01(s01) with respect to the vertical. In a time step dt, the element moves a distance v⊥dt in the normal direction and
an apparent distance v dt = v⊥01 dt/ cos(φ01) along the channel. Figure 4. Angle measurement convention. In (a) and (b), the inset shows zoomed views near V1 and V2, respectively, for each
film meeting at the vertex. Here, orientation angles are measured in the anticlockwise direction starting from the vertical
(dashed line) to the film (thick solid line). The convention for V3 (not shown) is a reflection of that for V1. (c) View of film j01
which is attached to the upper channel wall. At a distance s01 measured along it, an element of the film has an orientation
angle φ01(s01) with respect to the vertical. In a time step dt, the element moves a distance v⊥dt in the normal direction and
an apparent distance v dt = v⊥01 dt/ cos(φ01) along the channel. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 typublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Table 1. Orientation angles φij(sij) for every film, from sij = 0 up to sij = Lij. (b) Model and governing equations for steady-state solution (b) Model and governing equations for steady-state solution 9 In this section, we recall the methodology used in [12], to obtain the equations governing the
steady-state film coordinates of the system. Readers familiar with this procedure from [12], may
prefer to skip directly to §2c. Equation (1.1) corresponds to the dimensional form of the viscous
froth model, with a linear viscous drag law. We assume typical parameter values for L, σ and ζ,
as have been given by [12]. In this work, the viscous froth model will be used in its dimensionless
form, for which spatial coordinates are rescaled by channel width L, bubble areas by L2, v⊥is
rescaled by the velocity 2σ/(Lζ), p by the pressure 2σ/L, the curvature κ by 1/L and finally the
time scale by L2ζ/(2σ) [12]. Thus the dimensionless viscous froth model applied to the motion of
a local film element becomes royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2.1) v cos(φij) = v⊥ij = pij −κij. (2.1) https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Here, v is the apparent migration velocity of the steadily propagating structure, and φij is an
orientation angle. Also, v⊥ij is the normal velocity, and pij the pressure difference, both measured
left to right. The curvature term depends on our sign convention. If sij is measured downwards,
we define κij = −dφij/dsij; when sij is measured upwards, we define instead κij = dφij/dsij. With
this convention, seen from downstream, convex films are always positively curved and concave
films are always negatively curved. In either case, the left-hand side of equation (2.1) represents
the linear viscous drag force, and the right-hand side represents the driving forces, which only
balance for a static film (following Laplace’s Law). Equation (2.1) is used in this work to compute
the set of equations to determine film Cartesian coordinates xij and yij as functions of either
φij or sij (see equations (S1.2)–(S1.5) for details). (b) Model and governing equations for steady-state solution These coordinates need to be obtained both
at equilibrium v = 0 (see §2c and electronic supplementary material, §S1(a)) and for out-of-
equilibrium systems with v ̸= 0 (see §2d and electronic supplementary material, §S2(a)). Based
on these equations, it is possible to obtain a well specified set of system constraints (see §S2(d)
in electronic supplementary material), which are then used to find steady-state solutions. This
methodology was introduced in [12] for the simple lens, and how it is then adapted to model the
three-bubble case is detailed in electronic supplementary material, §S2. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or (a) Configuration of the three-bubble symmetric system Downloaded from https://royalso moving away from V2, which locally near V2 at least is always downwards. Films j12 and j23
start therefore at vertex V2 (with sij = 0), where their initial orientation angles φ12,0 and φ23,0 are
expressed in terms of δφ13, as specified in table 1. By contrast, for films connected with the lower
channel wall, sij is considered to grow upwards, where the initial orientation angle corresponds
to φij,0 ≡0. moving away from V2, which locally near V2 at least is always downwards. Films j12 and j23
start therefore at vertex V2 (with sij = 0), where their initial orientation angles φ12,0 and φ23,0 are
expressed in terms of δφ13, as specified in table 1. By contrast, for films connected with the lower
channel wall, sij is considered to grow upwards, where the initial orientation angle corresponds
to φij,0 ≡0. j
In this work, we specify bubble areas by fixing the vertical distance (measured down from the
upper channel wall) of the vertices V1 and V2 in equilibrium (see §2c, and also §S1 in electronic
supplementary material). These distances are denoted l◦
1 and l◦
2, respectively (figure 3a). Note that
in equilibrium, vertex V3 is at the same vertical location as vertex V1 on symmetry grounds. Note
moreover that l◦
2 is always less than l◦
1. In addition, either for equilibrium or out-of-equilibrium
systems, at vertex V1, we can readily express final orientation angles at the ends of films j01 and
j12, denoted φ01,L and φ12,L respectively, in terms of δφ02. Likewise at vertex V3, orientation angles
for films j23 and j30, denoted φ23,L and φ30,L, respectively, can be expressed in terms of δφ20. This
is what we have summarized in table 1. As a result, only three of the total turning angles, namely
δφ02, δφ13 and δφ20, are treated as being independent, the remaining turning angles δφ01, δφ12,
δφ23 and δφ30 following from vertex meeting angle rules. (d) Variables to capture steady-state migration 10 When the system is set in motion (by imposing an external force) for a given imposed back
pressure pb, the film coordinates xij and yij depend on the aforementioned turning angles, on
film lengths, on bubble pressures, and on the migration velocity v (figure 3b). Note that by
assumption films even when moving continue to meet upper and lower channel walls at π/2
angles. This involves an assumption that the underlying Hele–Shaw system which the 2D model
used here is intended to represent, has a small aspect ratio (top to bottom plate separation small
relative to channel width) [15]. Details of governing equations are available in §S2(a) in electronic
supplementary material. It turns out, to define a system, we have to know values of 19 variables,
namely seven turning angles δφij (measured from the end to the start of each film), seven film
lengths Lij, three bubble pressures pi, the imposed back pressure pb, and migration velocity v. In this work, we propose two different ways of parametrizing film coordinates. The first one
uses film orientation angles φij (varying between φij,0 and φij,L), and the second uses distances
measured along films sij (varying between 0 and Lij). If the system is parametrized in terms of
φij the number of independent variables can be reduced to 8, and if it is parametrized in terms
of sij to 12 (see electronic supplementary material, §S2(c) for details). The first method, having
fewer variables, is simpler to implement and also closer to the method already implemented for
the simple lens [12]. The second method is useful in certain systems (i.e. fast moving systems
with large bubbles) in which a number of films turn out to become almost flat. Many locations
on those films then have nearly the same orientation angle, but are still readily distinguished in
terms of distance along the film (see electronic supplementary material, §S2, especially §S2(b), and
also §S3). Using either way of parametrizing, a set of well-defined constraints must be satisfied. (d) Variables to capture steady-state migration These correspond to three bubble area constraints (for specified film coordinates, with areas being
obtained via quadrature [24]), and four (or eight) film meeting rules (films meet three by three at
particular y locations while subtending angles of 2 π/3 at vertices): we obtain four independent
constraints at vertices if the system is parametrized in term of orientation angle φij, and eight if
it is in terms of distances measured along films sij (see electronic supplementary material, §S2(d)
for details). https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or To summarize, depending on whether we parametrize the system in terms of orientation
angles or distances measured along films, we have different numbers of independent variables
and constraints to consider. However, in both cases, there is one more variable than constraint,
so that one variable can be set as a control. Constraints meanwhile are determined by applying
the viscous froth model to find the shape of each film, in terms of pressure difference across
films pij and migration velocity v (see §2b). Once these film shapes are established, and
film endpoints are specified (in terms of either δφij or Lij), then enclosed bubble areas, vertex
coordinate locations, and (if needed) orientation angles at film endpoints can all be determined
(see electronic supplementary material, §S2(d) for details). The constraints are therefore merely
expressed as functions (albeit complicated nonlinear functions) of the system variables. Because
the constraint equations that must be solved involve nonlinear functions however, a numerical
method is needed to solve them: details of the numerical method can be found in electronic
supplementary material, §S2(g). (c) Equilibrium structure For imposed back pressure pb = 0, the structure is at equilibrium with v = 0 and δφ13 = 0. Although our main interest in the present work is in moving structures with pb, v and δφ13 all
being non-zero, understanding the equilibrium structure is important for the following reasons. Firstly, we use two equilibrium length scales l◦
1 and l◦
2 (discussed in more detail in electronic
supplementary material, §S1) as surrogates for bubble areas, so it is necessary to understand how
they do in fact relate to areas. Secondly varying the values of l◦
1 and l◦
2 affects all the length scales in
the structure, including the lengths of all the films. Since T1 transformations in out-of-equilibrium
structures involve films shrinking away to zero, identifying films which are already short in the
equilibrium structure gives an indication of the types of T1 to which a system is most likely to be
susceptible: more detail is given in §3a(i) and in electronic supplementary material, §S1(d). Here as mentioned earlier equilibrium variables are denoted with the superscript ‘◦’. The
variables that define the shape of the structure are then bubble pressures p◦
1, p◦
2, p◦
3 (with p◦
1 = p◦
3 on
symmetry grounds since bubble areas A1 and A3 are equal), and the total turning angles δφ◦
02 and
δφ◦
20 (with δφ◦
02 = −δφ◦
20 on symmetry grounds). All these variables can be determined in terms
of l◦
1 and l◦
2. At equilibrium moreover, film lengths L◦
ij are determined by energy minimization. Laplace’s Law then applies, implying that all films except film j13 (which is entirely flat with
length L◦
13 = l◦
2), are arcs of circles with uniform curvature. The xij and yij coordinates for each
film can be computed by integrating equation (2.1) for v = 0, as determined in §S1(a) in electronic
supplementary material. At equilibrium films are arcs of circles, and bubble areas A1 = A3 and
A2 can then be calculated directly in terms of p◦
1, p◦
2 and δφ◦
02, and therefore can be also computed
in terms of l◦
1 and l◦
2, albeit via quite complex nonlinear equations. These are given by equations
(S1.13) and (S1.14) in §S1(b) in electronic supplementary material. (e) Conditions to achieve a topological transformation Once pb attains p∗
b, the internal dynamics might still drive the system to a T1 but on the
approach to that T1, films can no longer be kept arbitrarily short for arbitrarily long times. How
such situations are handled is described next. 11 royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) Considering saddle-node bifurcations Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 This saddle-node scenario implies the existence of a new steady-state solution branch (typically
unstable), which meets the original branch at the saddle-node bifurcation. Since pb cannot be
increased beyond p∗
b at steady state, in order to track this new steady solution branch away
from the saddle-node bifurcation, we need to select a new control variable, usually (as in the
case of [12]) one of the total turning angles δφij. As we track the new steady-state solution
branch, the value of pb (which is now a response variable) is found to decrease. Similarly,
the migration velocity v, and the bubble pressures p1, p2 and p3, are expected to decrease,
by an amount dependent upon the decrease in pb. This was already seen in [12] for the
simple lens. The expectation is that the new branch can be followed all the way to a T1
topological transformation, albeit with the value of pb at the T1 in question, now denoted pb,T1,
smaller than the aforementioned p∗
b. Tracking the new branch via a steady-state methodology
is straightforward to do, although we cannot preclude encountering yet another saddle-node
bifurcation, implying yet another solution branch to be followed, requiring yet another change of
control variable. Even though the new steady solution branch itself may be dynamically unstable
(hence difficult to reach from an unsteady state), locating and tracking it through the domain
pb ≤p∗
b can still be worthwhile. By demonstrating that it joins up with the original stable solution,
we prove the existence of the saddle-node bifurcation, verifying in turn that for pb > p∗
b there
is no longer a corresponding steady-state solution. Mathematically speaking the saddle-node
bifurcation corresponds to two branches (a stable steady solution branch and an unstable steady
solution branch) meeting and annihilating [12]. However, it is important to remember also what
it means in physical terms. As pb is increased, a particular edge in the structure shrinks until at
a certain pb (namely p∗
b) the edge still has finite length, but stability of the structure is lost. Any
further increase of pb beyond p∗
b will result in there no longer being a steady-state structure, and
so the edge in question must shrink towards a T1 in an unsteady fashion. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or (e) Conditions to achieve a topological transformation Our aim here is to introduce slow quasi-static increases in imposed back pressure pb to evolve
the system through a sequence of steady states that move increasingly far from equilibrium as pb
increases. We anticipate however that for sufficiently high imposed back pressures a steady-state
structure with the topology shown in figure 3b might not exist in all cases, so a T1 transformation
happens. Nevertheless, for a slowly (i.e. quasi-statically) increasing back pressure pb imposed on
a system, there are two conceptually distinct ways in which each of these T1 transformations
can occur. First, a particular film might shrink quasi-statically to zero length as an imposed back
pressure pb increases towards some critical pressure p∗
b, leading directly to T1. Films can then be maintained with an arbitrarily small length for an arbitrarily long time, as long as the rate of
increase of pb is low. Alternatively (as for the simple lens system in [12]; see §1c) systems can
reach the end of a solution branch at a saddle-node bifurcation, such that beyond a certain critical
pressure p∗
b steady-state solutions cease to exist, even though all films still have a finite length at
p∗
b. Again as for the simple lens [12], the rate of any subsequent evolution would be determined
by the internal dynamics of the system, not by the rate at which an externally imposed pressure is
changed. Once pb attains p∗
b, the internal dynamics might still drive the system to a T1 but on the
approach to that T1, films can no longer be kept arbitrarily short for arbitrarily long times. How
such situations are handled is described next. be maintained with an arbitrarily small length for an arbitrarily long time, as long as the rate of
increase of pb is low. Alternatively (as for the simple lens system in [12]; see §1c) systems can
reach the end of a solution branch at a saddle-node bifurcation, such that beyond a certain critical
pressure p∗
b steady-state solutions cease to exist, even though all films still have a finite length at
p∗
b. Again as for the simple lens [12], the rate of any subsequent evolution would be determined
by the internal dynamics of the system, not by the rate at which an externally imposed pressure is
changed. (ii) Classifying T1s Regardless of whether a T1 is found on an original steady solution branch or by tracking a new
branch around a saddle-node bifurcation, there are several types of T1 of interest. A T1c happens
when the film length L12 →0 i.e. vertices V1 and V2 collide, and consequently δφ02 →δφ13
(figure 5a) or equivalently δφ12 →0 (table 1). Meanwhile a T1u happens when L30 →0 i.e. the
vertex V3 reaches the upper channel wall, and δφ30 →0 (figure 5b) (or equivalently δφ20 →π/3,
see table 1). When a T1l1 takes place L02 →0 i.e. vertex V1 goes to the lower channel wall, also
implying that δφ02 →0 (figure 5c). Note however that, having δφ02 →0 does not always imply
a T1l1, since for some given pb, that film j02 might have finite length but simply become flat
between changing from being concave to convex (seen from downstream), a situation that can
occur (see §S4(a) in electronic supplementary material). On the other hand, a T1l3 takes place
when L20 →0 i.e. vertex V3 goes to the lower channel wall, also implying that δφ20 →0 (see
figure 5d). A fifth scenario is also possible, as discussed in electronic supplementary material,
§S1(e)(iii) and §S4(e)(iii). This corresponds to a different type of T1u, denoted here as T1u2, which
takes place as L13 →0 i.e. vertex V2 goes to the upper channel wall, effectively with bubble B2
now cleaving the structure apart into two side-by-side simple lenses. However, as we show later L
2p/3 2p/3
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L12 → 0
df12 → 0
pb > 0
L
2π/3
2p/3
2p/32π/3
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L30 → 0
df30 → 0
pb > 0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
L
2p/3
2p/3
2p/3 2p/3
df02 → 0
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L02 → 0
pb > 0
L
2p/3
2p/3
2p/3
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L20 → 0
df20 → 0
pb > 0
Figure5. (a)T1c topologicaltransformationatsomepb > 0tobedetermined.FilmlengthL12 →0whiletheangleδφ02 →
δφ13, so that δφ12 →0. (b) T1u topological transformation. Film length L30 →0 while vertex V3 goes to the upper channel
wall. In addition δφ20 →π/3 so that δφ30 →0. (c) T1l1 topological transformation. Film length L02 →0 while vertex V1
goes to the lower channel wall, and δφ02 →0. (d) T1l3 topological transformation. (ii) Classifying T1s Film length L20 →0 while vertex V3
goes to the lower channel wall, and δφ20 →0. A fifth transformation type T1u2 occurs only rarely and is not sketched here. It involves V2 migrating to the upper channel wall, to produce two side-by-side simple lenses. L
2π/3
2p/3
2p/32π/3
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L30 → 0
df30 → 0
pb > 0
(b)
(d) (b) (a) V3 12 L
2p/3 2p/3
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L12 → 0
df12 → 0
pb > 0
( )
(c) (d) (c) (d)
L
2p/3
2p/3
2p/3
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L20 → 0
df20 → 0
pb > 0 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 (c)
L
2p/3
2p/3
2p/3 2p/3
df02 → 0
V1
V2
V3
y
x
B1
B3
B2
L02 → 0
pb > 0 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org Figure5. (a)T1c topologicaltransformationatsomepb > 0tobedetermined.FilmlengthL12 →0whiletheangleδφ02 →
δφ13, so that δφ12 →0. (b) T1u topological transformation. Film length L30 →0 while vertex V3 goes to the upper channel
wall. In addition δφ20 →π/3 so that δφ30 →0. (c) T1l1 topological transformation. Film length L02 →0 while vertex V1
goes to the lower channel wall, and δφ02 →0. (d) T1l3 topological transformation. Film length L20 →0 while vertex V3
goes to the lower channel wall, and δφ20 →0. A fifth transformation type T1u2 occurs only rarely and is not sketched here. It involves V2 migrating to the upper channel wall, to produce two side-by-side simple lenses. Downloaded from https://royalsoc in §3a(ii), this case is just reached for systems in a very tiny domain in the limit of l◦
2 ≪1 (or
equivalently L◦
13 ≪1) and l◦
1 close to unity at the equilibrium, so therefore is of somewhat limited
interest in this study. Regardless of the way in which a topological transformation occurs, as
established in the numerical method to be used here, a topological transformation is considered to
take place when a film length goes to Lij < 10−6 (see §S2(g) in electronic supplementary material
for details). (f) Tracking topological transformations When film coordinates are parametrized in terms of orientation angle φij (as in [12]; see also
§S2(a) in electronic supplementary material for further details) we refer in this work to a T1φ
c,pb,
T1φ
u,pb, T1φ
l1,pb, T1φ
l3,pb and T1φ
u2,pb if the system reaches a topological transformation by quasi-
static increases in pb. All of the above-mentioned transformations are actually observed, and in
such cases p∗
b is the back pressure at which the T1 happens. Meanwhile T1φ
c,δφij, T1φ
u,δφij, T1φ
l1,δφij,
T1φ
l3,δφij, and in principle (albeit never actually observed) T1φ
u2,δφij are used to denote topological
transformations found on a new solution branch, which we track following a change of control
variable at a saddle-node bifurcation. Here δφij is the new control variable, and typically it is
chosen as the particular turning angle that is driven quasi-statically to zero as the new solution
branch approaches the topological transformation. Thus we would select δφ12 on the approach
to a T1c, δφ30 for a T1u, δφ02 for a T1l1, δφ20 for a T1l3, and in principle (albeit never actually
observed in connection with a saddle-node bifurcation) δφ13 for a T1u2. In any of these cases, at
the T1 itself, generally pb = pb,T1 < p∗
b, since p∗
b corresponds now to the aforementioned saddle-
node bifurcation not to the topological transformation itself. Another scenario might be found, When film coordinates are parametrized in terms of orientation angle φij (as in [12]; see also
§S2(a) in electronic supplementary material for further details) we refer in this work to a T1φ
c,pb,
T1φ
u,pb, T1φ
l1,pb, T1φ
l3,pb and T1φ
u2,pb if the system reaches a topological transformation by quasi-
static increases in pb. All of the above-mentioned transformations are actually observed, and in
such cases p∗
b is the back pressure at which the T1 happens. Meanwhile T1φ
c,δφij, T1φ
u,δφij, T1φ
l1,δφij, T1φ
l3,δφij, and in principle (albeit never actually observed) T1φ
u2,δφij are used to denote topological
transformations found on a new solution branch, which we track following a change of control
variable at a saddle-node bifurcation. Here δφij is the new control variable, and typically it is
chosen as the particular turning angle that is driven quasi-statically to zero as the new solution
branch approaches the topological transformation. (f) Tracking topological transformations Thus we would select δφ12 on the approach
to a T1c, δφ30 for a T1u, δφ02 for a T1l1, δφ20 for a T1l3, and in principle (albeit never actually
observed in connection with a saddle-node bifurcation) δφ13 for a T1u2. In any of these cases, at
the T1 itself, generally pb = pb,T1 < p∗
b, since p∗
b corresponds now to the aforementioned saddle-
node bifurcation not to the topological transformation itself. Another scenario might be found, in which pb starts increasing again immediately before a T1, after first having decreased when
we switched to a different control variable. Such cases are observed and will be denoted as, e.g. T1φ
u,δφ30,pb if δφ30 is used a control variable, or as T1φ
l1,δφ02,pb if δφ02 is used instead. 13 royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . φ30 p
, φ02,pb
Note however (as already mentioned in §2d) we also have the option of parametrizing
film coordinates by distance along films sij, rather than in terms of film orientation angle
φij, the conversion between sij and φij being discussed in electronic supplementary material,
§S2(b)). This can be convenient to do if large segments of particular films turn out to be nearly
straight, meaning they have nearly the same φij but very different sij. The respective topological
transformations are now denoted as T1s
c,pb, T1s
u,pb, T1s
l1,pb, T1s
l3,pb and T1s
u2,pb, if they are reached
by quasi-static increases in pb. They are denoted as T1s
c,Lij, T1s
u,Lij, T1s
l1,Lij, T1s
l3,Lij and T1s
u2,Lij
if a change of control variable onto a new solution branch is required and the topological
transformation is now reached by quasi-static decreases in one of the film lengths. Here, Lij is
the specific film length that approaches zero at the topological transformation, typically L12, L30,
L02, L20 or L13 in the case of T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3 or T1u2, respectively. (f) Tracking topological transformations In practice, the situations we
encounter here turn out to be T1s
c,pb and T1s
c,L12, since all the other various transformations tend to
be easily reached parametrizing in terms of film orientation angle, without any need to switch to
parametrize in terms of distance along films. The methodology for how we track the steady-state
solution along the various solution branches up to the topological transformation is explained in
§S2(f)–§S2(g) in electronic supplementary material. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 In summary, in this work, we focus on steady-state systems increasing back pressure pb quasi-
statically up to some critical value p∗
b, with some (albeit not all) cases then requiring a switch
of control variable at that point, selecting either a film turning angle δφij or a film length Lij
depending on how the system is parametrized. In all the above mentioned systems, topological
transformations if they happen at all, are observed to occur in the following distinct ways, namely
T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3, or (rarely) T1u2 corresponding to vanishing of films j12, j30, j02, j20 or j13. Which transformation occurs depends on the bubble areas A1 = A3 and A2, which are defined
by fixing in the equilibrium state l◦
1 and l◦
2. Nevertheless, it turns out that an alternative scenario
can arise in this three-bubble system, namely that as pb is increased, a geometrically invariant
structure can be reached, which does not suffer any further deformation no matter how much pb
increases, such a configuration also being typical of a long train of bubbles [16]. This is described
in electronic supplementary material, §S3. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or 3. Steady-state out-of-equilibrium results Steady-state computation for a fixed l◦
1 = 0.5 and l◦
2 = 0.3 in the equilibrium, and three arbitrary imposed back
pressures.Solidline:pb = 0.Dashedline:pb = 9.7037.Dottedline:pb = 14.7037.Energies(i.e.thesumofallfilmlengths)are,
respectively, 3.5849, 3.8116 and 4.1315 so increase with pb, even though some individual films shorten. 1
0
0
0.5
1.0
x
1.5
2.0
y 14 royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 6. Steady-state computation for a fixed l◦
1 = 0.5 and l◦
2 = 0.3 in the equilibrium, and three arbitrary imposed back
pressures.Solidline:pb = 0.Dashedline:pb = 9.7037.Dottedline:pb = 14.7037.Energies(i.e.thesumofallfilmlengths)are,
respectively, 3.5849, 3.8116 and 4.1315 so increase with pb, even though some individual films shorten. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 insights into the reason the system selects particular topological transformation types are offered
in electronic supplementary material, §S4(f). Systems that avoid topological transformation
(reaching geometrically invariant states instead) are examined in electronic supplementary
material, §S4(g). As these are steady-state computations, what matters is to establish under which conditions
steadily migrating structures are admitted and for which conditions topological transformations
take place (but not what happens after those transformations). The computations explore
how film turning angles, film lengths, bubble pressures, and migration velocity change as the
structures deform out-of-equilibrium. In figure 6, we can see, as an example, the case of a structure
characterized in equilibrium by fixing l◦
1 = 0.5 and l◦
2 = 0.3. The resulting shape of the migrating
structure is shown for three different imposed back pressures pb. As the structure deforms away
from equilibrium, films either grow or shorten. The majority of films grow in length, leading to
an increment in the system energy (sum of lengths over all the films). However, the film lengths
L12 and L30 shrink, leading in the cases in which L12 and L30 shrink away to zero to either a T1c
or T1u topological transformation respectively (see discussion in §2e(ii)). In figure 6, the length of
film j02, namely L02, shrinks at first, but at higher pb grows again. 3. Steady-state out-of-equilibrium results In this section, we present steady-state solution results for systems driven out-of-equilibrium for a
wide range of l◦
1 and l◦
2, i.e. we consider bubbles with a variety of different sizes (see tables S1 and
S2 in §S1 in electronic supplementary material, to relate l◦
1 and l◦
2 to bubble areas). We find shapes
of bubbles as they migrate through a confined channel, spanning the range from low to high
imposed driving pressures. We start by studying the effect of having different values of l◦
1 and l◦
2
upon the different possible topological transformations that the three-bubble system might reach. This is discussed in §3a. Then, in §3b, we compare, for a selected set of systems, the maximum or
critical imposed back pressure versus the pressure at which the system actually attains topological
transformation. Finally, in §3c, the three-bubble system is compared with the simple lens system,
by computing in each case, the imposed back pressure versus migration velocity. Additional
results are relegated to electronic supplementary material. In §S4(a), we show examples in
which (as in some of the cases considered in §3a(iii)) we change control variables in order to
track the steady-state solution along a second solution branch. Along this particular branch, the
imposed back pressure pb changes, and typically decreases as the topological transformation is
approached. Information on how individual bubble pressures and system energy change as the
imposed back pressure changes is given in electronic supplementary material, §S4(b) and §S4(c),
respectively. In addition more information about imposed back pressures that are needed to attain
topological transformation is found in electronic supplementary material, §S4(d)–§S4(e). Further In this section, we present steady-state solution results for systems driven out-of-equilibrium for a
wide range of l◦
1 and l◦
2, i.e. we consider bubbles with a variety of different sizes (see tables S1 and
S2 in §S1 in electronic supplementary material, to relate l◦
1 and l◦
2 to bubble areas). We find shapes
of bubbles as they migrate through a confined channel, spanning the range from low to high
imposed driving pressures. We start by studying the effect of having different values of l◦
1 and l◦
2
upon the different possible topological transformations that the three-bubble system might reach. Thi i di
d i
§3
Th
i
§3b
f
l
d
f
h
i 1
0
0
0.5
1.0
x
1.5
2.0
y
Figure 6. 3. Steady-state out-of-equilibrium results The minimum of L02 turns out
to happen roughly around a pb value at which the film becomes entirely flat (δφ02 = 0), with the
film then switching from concave to convex seen from downstream. Different combinations of l◦
1
and l◦
2 can however be found at which the length L02 or L20 shrink all the way to zero, leading to
a T1l1 or T1l3 topological transformation, respectively. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or (a) Effect of l◦
1 versus l◦
2 upon type of topological transformation To determine for which values of l◦
1 and l◦
2 the structure undergoes either a T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3
or T1u2 topological transformation, steady-state solutions are obtained for a wide range of values
of l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995] and l◦
2/l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995]. For each system, we
start off parametrizing films in terms of orientation angles φij, and using pb as control variable. However, the system may reach a saddle-node bifurcation at the end of a solution branch,
and to track the steady-state solution to a topological transformation, we then must switch the
control variable, using a procedure mentioned in §2f (see also §S2(f) in electronic supplementary
material). On the other hand, if (for large pb) films become very flat, it is recommended to switch
from parametrizing in terms of orientation angle φij to parametrizing in terms of distance along
films sij (see §S2(b) in electronic supplementary material). The domain in which we have to switch
to parametrizing in terms of sij is that for large values of l◦
1 and small to moderate l◦
2/l◦
1. By contrast,
the current scheme (parametrized in terms of φij) has no issues dealing with small values of l◦
1. In
the small l◦
1 regime, as we will see, systems undergo either T1u or T1c topological transformations,
with T1u favoured for small l◦
2/l◦
1 (area A2 much larger than areas A1 = A3 which are small) and
T1c favoured for larger values of l◦
2/l◦
1 (less disparity between A2 and A1 = A3 with all areas being
comparatively small). This then is what we show in figures 7 and 8. 1
y
yp
g g j
p
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Effect of l◦
1 versus l◦
2 upon type of topological transformation (a)
(b)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
l°2/l°1
l°1
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
L°12
L°13
L°30
L°13
L°02 = L°20
0.8
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
l°1
T1u2
L13 → 0
T1c
L12 → 0
T1u
L30 → 0
pb >> 1
T1l1
L02 → 0
l°2/l°1
T1l3
L20 → 0
Figure7. (a)Phasediagramdividingvaluesofl◦
1 andl◦
2 /l◦
1 inequilibriumintoregions,eachregionshowingwhichfilmlength
L◦
ij istheshortestone,whichmightmakethesystemsusceptibletoundergocertaintypesofT1.Since L◦
13 isinvariablysmaller
thanL◦
30,theregionlabelledL◦
30 isactuallywhereL◦
30 isnextshortestafterL◦
13.MeanwhiletheregionlabelledL◦
13 iswhereL◦
13
isshortestbutL◦
30 isnotthenextshortest.Thedash-dottedlinecorrespondstothevaluesofl◦
1 andl◦
2 /l◦
1 forwhichthestructure
ismonodisperse(allbubblesofthesamesize;seeelectronicsupplementarymaterial,§S1(c)fordetails).Abovethedash-dotted
line the area of bubbles A1 = A3 > A2, and below it A1 = A3 < A2. (b) Topological transformation phase diagram for systems
set up at equilibrium with l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995] versus l◦
2 /l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995], with pb then
being slowly increased from the equilibrium. The different regions divided by various lines show which film length Lij actually
goes to zero, leading to T1 topological transformations of different types. The dash-dotted line is as per (a). Meanwhile in (b)
it is only below the thin dashed line that the respective bubble areas allow the system to pack into a geometrically invariant
configuration (see electronic supplementary material, §S3 for details). Such a configuration is typically seen in long trains of
bubbles [16]. In the three-bubble system considered here, even though such a state can be contemplated anywhere below the
thindashedline,itisonlyinasmallregionofparameterspace(labelledaspb ≫1)thatthestateinquestionisactuallyrealized. (a) 1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
l°2/l°1
l°1
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
L°12
L°13
L°30
L°13
L°02 = L°20 0.8
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
l°1
T1u2
L13 → 0
T1c
L12 → 0
T1u
L30 → 0
pb >> 1
T1l1
L02 → 0
T1l3
L20 → 0 15 15
royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 typublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Figure7. (a) Effect of l◦
1 versus l◦
2 upon type of topological transformation (a)Phasediagramdividingvaluesofl◦
1 andl◦
2 /l◦
1 inequilibriumintoregions,eachregionshowingwhichfilmlength
L◦
ij istheshortestone,whichmightmakethesystemsusceptibletoundergocertaintypesofT1.Since L◦
13 isinvariablysmaller
thanL◦
30,theregionlabelledL◦
30 isactuallywhereL◦
30 isnextshortestafterL◦
13.MeanwhiletheregionlabelledL◦
13 iswhereL◦
13
isshortestbutL◦
30 isnotthenextshortest.Thedash-dottedlinecorrespondstothevaluesofl◦
1 andl◦
2 /l◦
1 forwhichthestructure
ismonodisperse(allbubblesofthesamesize;seeelectronicsupplementarymaterial,§S1(c)fordetails).Abovethedash-dotted
line the area of bubbles A1 = A3 > A2, and below it A1 = A3 < A2. (b) Topological transformation phase diagram for systems
set up at equilibrium with l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995] versus l◦
2 /l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995], with pb then
being slowly increased from the equilibrium. The different regions divided by various lines show which film length Lij actually
goes to zero, leading to T1 topological transformations of different types. The dash-dotted line is as per (a). Meanwhile in (b)
it is only below the thin dashed line that the respective bubble areas allow the system to pack into a geometrically invariant
configuration (see electronic supplementary material, §S3 for details). Such a configuration is typically seen in long trains of
bubbles [16]. In the three-bubble system considered here, even though such a state can be contemplated anywhere below the
thindashedline,itisonlyinasmallregionofparameterspace(labelledaspb ≫1)thatthestateinquestionisactuallyrealized. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or Downloaded from https://royalsoci 1.0
0.8 T1u,df30
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.1
l°2/l°1
l°2/l°1
0.2
0.2
0
0
l°1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
l°1
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1c,df12
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,pb
f
T1c,df12
f
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
s
T1u,pb
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1l1,pb
f
T1l1,pb
f
T1l3,df20
f
T1l3,df20
f
T1l1,df02,pb
T1u2,pb
f
f
T1l1,df02,pb
f
T1l1,df02
f
T1c,
s
T1c,pb
s
12
pb
1
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. (a) Detailed phase diagram for different values (in equilibrium) of l◦
1 and l◦
2 /l◦
1 . Here, we show whether the
system reaches a topological transformation, either a T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3 or a T1u2 (see figure 5 and §2e(ii)), or else reaches the
geometrically invariant migrating structure described in electronic supplementary material, §S3. Dash-dotted lines shows for
which values of l◦
1 and l◦
2 /l◦
1 the system is monodisperse. (b) Zoom in of (a). (a) Effect of l◦
1 versus l◦
2 upon type of topological transformation 1.0
0.8 T1u,df30
0.6
0.4
l°2/l°1
0.2
0
l°1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1c,df12
f
T1c,pb
f
T1u,pb
f
T1l
f
T1l3,
f
T1c,pb
s
(a) (b) 0.4
0.3
0.1
l°2/l°1 0.2
0
l°1
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
T1u,df30
f
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,pb
f
T1c,df12
f
T1c,pb
s
T1l3,pb
f
T1l1,pb
f
T1l1,pb
f
T1l3,df20
f
T1l1,df02,pb
T1u2,pb
f
f
T1l1,df02,pb
f
T1l1,df02
f
T1c,
s
12
pb
1
(b) Figure 8. (a) Detailed phase diagram for different values (in equilibrium) of l◦
1 and l◦
2 /l◦
1 . Here, we show whether the
system reaches a topological transformation, either a T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3 or a T1u2 (see figure 5 and §2e(ii)), or else reaches the
geometrically invariant migrating structure described in electronic supplementary material, §S3. Dash-dotted lines shows for
which values of l◦
1 and l◦
2 /l◦
1 the system is monodisperse. (b) Zoom in of (a). (ii) Actual type of T1 Figure 7b shows which type of topological transformation T1 the different systems actually
undergo as a function of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1. Here, we show this by specifying in each case which one
of the film lengths Lij shrinks all the way down to zero, although within this figure, we make
no distinction between a T1 reached on the original steady-state branch (reached by increasing
pb) and a T1 reached on a new branch that we switch onto after a saddle-node bifurcation. In
the saddle-node case in particular, based on the findings for the simple lens [12], the original
branch is typically stable while the new branch is typically unstable and we will adopt that same
terminology here, despite our methodology not formally interrogating stability. The different
regions on figure 7b are separated by lines. Note that these lines look slightly jagged on the plot
due to sampling issues: we analysed the system for values of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1 selected in discrete
steps of 0.005. Such jaggedness does not then reflect any underlying issue with implementing the
numerical simulation technique (which is itself discussed in §S2(g)). There is a reasonable correlation (at least in terms of how various regions are arranged with
respect to one another) between the regions marked out in figure 7a (i.e. which film length L◦
ij is
shortest) and those marked out in figure 7b (i.e. which film length Lij ultimately vanishes at T1). However, the region in figure 7b in which T1c events occur (i.e. vanishing L12) is rather larger than
figure 7a might suggest. Likewise the region in figure 7b in which either T1l1 or T1l3 events occur
(i.e. vanishing L02 or L20) is rather smaller than figure 7a suggests. Additionally, there is a small
region for values of l◦
1 reasonably close to unity and l◦
2/l◦
1 ≪1 in which the system undergoes T1u2,
i.e. vanishing L13. This T1u2 region is much smaller than the region in which L◦
13 is smallest and
L◦
30 is not the next smallest. Monodisperse cases (dash-dotted line on figures 7a–b) tend to correspond to T1c, i.e. L12 →0,
although the monodisperse line also penetrates the region in which films become exceedingly
flat without T1 occurring (i.e. the geometrically invariant region labelled in figure 7b by pb ≫1;
details in electronic supplementary material, §S3). (i) Susceptibility to T1 In an effort to identify to which type of T1 a given system might be most susceptible, it is
interesting (as mentioned in §2c) to ask whether any of the above mentioned films are already
quite short in the equilibrium state. Accordingly, we examine the corresponding equilibrium film
lengths L◦
12, L◦
30, L◦
02 = L◦
20 and L◦
13 for a variety of bubble sizes, i.e. a variety of l◦
1 and l◦
2. This is
what figure 7a shows. Here, L◦
13 is not always considered, since it is invariably shorter than L◦
30. Provided L◦
30 is next shortest after L◦
13, we estimate that the system is susceptible to T1u (rather than T1u2) based on the fact that T1u was the mode of break up for the simple lens [12]. We only
therefore consider L◦
13 (with possible susceptibility to T1u2) as relevant when it is shortest, but L◦
30
is not the next shortest length. 16 royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What we see is that large l◦
2/l◦
1 shows L◦
12 is the smallest film length (suggesting susceptibility
to T1c), small l◦
1 (but without very large l◦
2/l◦
1) shows L◦
30 is (excluding L◦
13) the smallest length
(susceptibility to T1u), and for large l◦
1 (again without very large or very small l◦
2/l◦
1) L◦
02 = L◦
20 is
the shortest length (the system might be susceptible to either Tl1 or Tl3): see §S1(d) in electronic
supplementary material, for additional details on equilibrium film lengths. There is also a region
of potential susceptibility to T1u2 in which L◦
13 is the shortest film (but L◦
30 is not the next shortest). This is seen to be located mostly in the domain of large l◦
1 but very small l◦
2/l◦
1, but also necessarily
involves a fringe immediately adjacent to the region in which L◦
30 is next shortest after L◦
13. (i) Susceptibility to T1 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 30
13
Although figure 7a gives an indication as to which type of T1 a system might be susceptible,
we emphasize that this is not a definitive proof. The data in figure 7a are based entirely on the
equilibrium state, and a film that starts off quite short at equilibrium, might actually grow rather
than shrink as we depart from equilibrium. typublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 (iii) Details of T1 type Meanwhile in figure 8b (zoom in of the bottom right of figure 8a), in
some cases, we see some T1φ
u2,pb transformations (albeit in a very tiny region of parameter space) https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or All the above-mentioned transformations subscripted pb are on an original (believed
stable) solution branch which is tracked by increasing pb monotonically. However, topological
transformations T1φ
u,δφ30 and T1φ
c,δφ12 that occur on an unstable solution branch are also found
for various combinations of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1 in figure 8a. For the most part, these tend to form
‘buffer regions’ between the T1φ
u,pb and T1φ
c,pb regions. In figure 8b (zoomed in), we also see
examples of T1φ
l1,δφ02 and T1φ
l3,δφ20. As we have mentioned, tracking these sorts of transformations
(subscripted δφij) involves pb reaching a maximum and decreasing again after a saddle-node
bifurcation. Downloaded from https://royalso In certain cases, a second saddle-node bifurcation is reached when the steady-state solution
is tracked in terms of δφ30 and δφ02: see regions labelled T1u,δφ30,pb and T1l1,δφ02,pb. This implies
that, on the final approach to the T1 topological change, the system has moved to yet another
solution branch upon which pb starts increasing again. Thus the value of pb increases on an
original solution branch, then decreases after a new control variable is selected to negotiate
a saddle-node bifurcation, but finally pb starts increasing again after a second saddle-node
bifurcation, immediately before the T1. Whether the solution branch between the second saddle-
node bifurcation and the eventual T1 might be stable or unstable, is not a question we can
interrogate with our current steady-state solution methodology. To summarize, while saddle-node bifurcations were ubiquitous in the simple lens [12], for the
three-bubble case in figure 8 they occupy a comparatively small fraction of the l◦
1 versus l◦
2/l◦
1
phase space. As alluded to earlier, for the most part, they form ‘buffer regions’ separating the
various T1φ
u,pb, T1φ
c,pb, T1φ
l1,pb and T1φ
l3,pb regions from one another: in ‘buffer regions’ like these,
competition between different types of T1 might be expected. (ii) Actual type of T1 For yet larger l◦
1, the monodisperse case also
enters the region where the system undergoes T1l1 (L02 →0) or T1l3 (L20 →0). In figure 7b, we also indicate the necessary condition derived in electronic supplementary
material, §S3 for systems to admit a geometrically invariant state. This is shown by a dashed line,
the entire region underneath this line meeting the necessary condition. The information presented
here is the same as that in figure S10 in electronic supplementary material, §S3, just expressed in
terms of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1 rather than in terms of A1 and A2. The region of parameter space within which
the geometrically invariant state is actually found (labelled as pb ≫1) is significantly smaller than
this. To summarize, despite the reasonable correlation between figure 7a,b, there are discrepancies
between them. The reason for this is that the former figure only accounts for film lengths at equilibrium whereas the latter considers how film lengths change away from equilibrium. This
point is discussed further in electronic supplementary material, §S4(f). equilibrium whereas the latter considers how film lengths change away from equilibrium. This
point is discussed further in electronic supplementary material, §S4(f). 17 (iii) Details of T1 type Figure 8 shows in detail, using the notation defined in §2f, which specific type of topological
transformation the different systems undergo (if they do so), i.e. whether they approach a T1 via
a stable or unstable solution branch, and whether the systems were parametrized in terms of φij or
sij at the point of reaching it. As was the case with figure 7b, some jaggedness is evident in figure 8,
but as before this is just a sampling issue, not a numerical simulation problem. Looking at figure 8a
over a wide range of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1 values, we see that to the bottom left of the figure, systems
favour T1φ
u,pb, and towards the top right they favour T1φ
c,pb, although on the right hand edge cases
with T1φ
l3,pb are observed. Meanwhile in figure 8b (zoom in of the bottom right of figure 8a), in
some cases, we see some T1φ
u2,pb transformations (albeit in a very tiny region of parameter space)
and somewhat more commonly T1φ
l1,pb topological transformations. Interestingly, these T1φ
l1,pb
cases appear in two distinct and disconnected lobes: a smaller lobe to the left of figure 8b and
a large lobe on the right. There is a subtle difference between these lobes regarding mathematical
details of how L12 approaches zero as pb →p∗
b. In both lobes, L12 falls as pb increases, but
the curve of L12 versus pb might or might not exhibit an inflection point depending on
the lobe. Figure 8 shows in detail, using the notation defined in §2f, which specific type of topological
transformation the different systems undergo (if they do so), i.e. whether they approach a T1 via
a stable or unstable solution branch, and whether the systems were parametrized in terms of φij or
sij at the point of reaching it. As was the case with figure 7b, some jaggedness is evident in figure 8,
but as before this is just a sampling issue, not a numerical simulation problem. Looking at figure 8a
over a wide range of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1 values, we see that to the bottom left of the figure, systems
favour T1φ
u,pb, and towards the top right they favour T1φ
c,pb, although on the right hand edge cases
with T1φ
l3,pb are observed. (iv) Switching parametrization of the system There are instances in which we switch from parametrizing the system in terms of orientation
angle φij to parametrizing in terms of distance along a film sij (details in §2d and in electronic
supplementary material, §S2(b)). The trigger for this change in parametrization is when curvature
|κij| on at least parts of films becomes small, so that different positions on the film have nearly the
same φij, albeit different sij. This turns out to be an issue in systems that have comparatively large
bubbles and hence comparatively long films enclosing them, corresponding to cases for which l◦
1
is large and l◦
2/l◦
1 is small to moderate. This is exactly the region in figure 8 where the change in parametrization occurs. What we see in figure 8a is a region of T1s
c,pb topological transformations
and in the zoomed view in figure 8b we see T1s
c,L12 transformations also. Physically a T1s
c,pb is no
different from a T1φ
c,pb: they both involve monotonic increases in pb up to a T1, but have merely
been computed by parametrizing in different ways. Likewise, despite the different computational
approach, physically there is no difference between T1s
c,L12 and T1φ
c,δφ12. Both involve pb increasing
up to a saddle-node bifurcation on one solution branch, and meeting a new (typically unstable)
branch along which pb then decreases. 18 Additionally, figure 8b reveals, just as figure 7b did, that some systems also reach the
geometrically invariant structure (labelled here as pb ≫1), where no further deformation in
the structure can be seen (details in electronic supplementary material, §S3). A change in
parametrization from φij to sij is always triggered in this case, since approaching the geometrically
invariant state curvatures fall as films become asymptotically flat. Film orientations and film
lengths then approach limiting values, while internal bubble pressures and migration velocity
keep increasing at a constant rate as the imposed back pressure increases. We have checked
(see §S4(b)–§S4(c) and §S4(g) in electronic supplementary material) that computed values of
the above mentioned quantities match with predictions obtained in electronic supplementary
material, §S3. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 As already seen in figure 7b, just a fraction of all possible combinations of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1 that
meet the necessary condition for geometric invariance are ultimately seen to achieve that state. (iv) Switching parametrization of the system In
figure 8b, the domain of geometrically invariant solutions lies lower down in l◦
2/l◦
1 value than the
region of T1s
c,pb topological transformations, with the T1s
c,L12 region forming a ‘buffer’ between the
two. Other parameter regimes despite meeting the aforementioned necessary condition, e.g. those
with small values of l◦
1, undergo topological transformation (typically T1u) and never reach the
geometrically invariant state. Systems having large l◦
1 and rather small l◦
2/l◦
1 exhibit, as figure 8b
shows, various types of T1l transformation, e.g. T1φ
l1,pb, T1φ
l1,δφ02 or T1φ
l3,pb, or else (in rare cases)
T1φ
u2,pb, and do not reach geometrically invariant states. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or u2,pb
In summary what we have done is to classify for which values of l◦
1 and l◦
2 systems undergo
either T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3 or T1u2 topological transformations (reached either quasi-statically by
increasing imposed back pressure pb, or else by passing through a saddle-node bifurcation), or
reach the geometrically invariant migrating structure. What we have not yet discussed however
are the pb values that actually must be imposed to attain these various states. This is discussed in
the next section. Downloaded from https://royalso (b) Critical imposed back pressure p∗
b versus T1 back pressure pb,T1 As we have already discussed, the critical imposed back pressure p∗
b corresponds to the maximum
allowed pressure for which a steady-state solution exists. At this point, either the system achieves
a topological transformation, or else reaches the end of the current steady solution branch at a
saddle-node bifurcation point. In the latter case, we can track the steady-state solution onto a
second branch by using a different control variable: a turning angle δφij (or one of the Lij values),
allowing us to follow what is now an unstable solution branch all the way to a topological
transformation, which occurs at some pb,T1 less than p∗
b. Here, we show for six fixed values of
l◦
1 ∈[0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.78, 0.9, 0.97] and a wide range of values of l◦
2/l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995],
the maximum imposed back pressure p∗
b for each system, comparing these values with the
pressure pb,T1 at which the systems undergo topological transformation with pb,T1 ≤p∗
b. This is
what we see in figure 9. The systems that survive out to the largest p∗
b tend to be those with
large l◦
1 and small to moderate l◦
2/l◦
1, some cases being geometrically invariant (hence having
arbitrarily large p∗
b, within zones between vertical dashed lines in figure 9). The data in figure 9 are
interesting to compare and contrast with results in [12] for the simple lens. This is done in what
follows. (b) Critical imposed back pressure p∗
b versus T1 back pressure pb,T1 . . (a) 19 25
20
15
10
p*
b
5
0
(a)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
l°2/l°1
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1u,df30
f
T1c,df12
f
T1u,df30,
f
T1c,df12
f
T1u,df30
f
T1c,pb
f
T1u,pb
f
T1u,pb
f
T1c,pb
f
0.02
1.2
1.0
0.04
0.06 50
40
30
20
p*
b
10
(c)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.02
1
2
3
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
l°2/l°1
T1l1,df02,pb
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
s
T1c,
s
12 (d) (c) (d)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
l°2/l°1
60
50
40
30
p*
b
20
10
0.01
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
15
10
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.02
T1l1,df02
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1u2,pb
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1c,pb
s
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
f
T1c,
s
12 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org Figure 9. Back pressures p∗
b and pb,T1, which only differ from one another in the case of a saddle-node bifurcation (where
relevant,pb,T1 valuesareshownwithdottedlines).Thepointshighlightedby‘□’correspondtovaluesofl◦
2 /l◦
1 forwhichsystems
are monodisperse. For each fixed l◦
1 , the different types of T1, as per figure 8 are indicated. In (a), we plot data for l◦
1 = 0.3
(solid line), and for l◦
1 = 0.5 (dash-dotted line), in (b) for l◦
1 = 0.7, in (c) for l◦
1 = 0.78, and in (d) for l◦
1 = 0.9 (solid line) and
for l◦
1 = 0.97 (dash-dotted line), in each case for l◦
2 /l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995]. In (b)–(d), the region between the
vertical dashed lines encloses systems that reach the geometrically invariant structure described in electronic supplementary
material, §S3. Here values of pb ≫1 are attained. Downloaded from https://royalsoc (b) Critical imposed back pressure p∗
b versus T1 back pressure pb,T1 25
20
15
10
p*
b
5
40
30
20
10
p*
b
0
50
40
30
20
p*
b
10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
l°2/l°1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
l°2/l°1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
l°2/l°1
0
60
50
40
30
p*
b
20
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.02
1
2
3
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.01
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
15
10
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.02
l°2/l°1
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1l1,df02,pb
f
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1u,df30
f
T1c,df12
f
T1u,df30,
f
T1u,df30
f
T1l1,df02
f
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,df30
f
T1c,df12
f
T1u,df30
f
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1u2,pb
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1l3,pb
f
T1c,pb
s
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
s
T1c,pb
s
T1c,
s
12
T1c,
s
12
T1c,
s
12
T1u,pb
f
T1u,pb
f
T1u,pb
f
T1c,pb
f
3
2
0
0.05
0.10
0.02
1.2
1.0
0.04
0.06
Figure 9. Back pressures p∗
b and pb,T1, which only differ from one another in the case of a saddle-node bifurcation (where
relevant,pb,T1 valuesareshownwithdottedlines).Thepointshighlightedby‘□’correspondtovaluesofl◦
2 /l◦
1 forwhichsystems
are monodisperse. For each fixed l◦
1 , the different types of T1, as per figure 8 are indicated. In (a), we plot data for l◦
1 = 0.3
(solid line), and for l◦
1 = 0.5 (dash-dotted line), in (b) for l◦
1 = 0.7, in (c) for l◦
1 = 0.78, and in (d) for l◦
1 = 0.9 (solid line) and
for l◦
1 = 0.97 (dash-dotted line), in each case for l◦
2 /l◦
1 ∈[0.005, 0.01, 0.015, . . . , 0.995]. In (b)–(d), the region between the
vertical dashed lines encloses systems that reach the geometrically invariant structure described in electronic supplementary
material, §S3. Here values of pb ≫1 are attained. 40
30
20
10
p*
b
(b)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
l°2/l°1
T1u,df30,pb
f
T1u,df30
f
T1u,df30
f
T1c,pb
f
T1c,pb
s
T1c,
s
12
T1u,pb
f
3
2
0
0.05
0.10 19
royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) Case of larger l◦
1 Now consider a much larger l◦
1 (e.g. l◦
1 = 0.9 or l◦
1 = 0.97 as in figure 9d) but still with comparatively
large l◦
2/l◦
1 approaching unity. In this system, bubbles B1 and B3 are comparatively large area,
but bubble B2 is small. Unlike the simple lens though, having this small bubble B2 present
once again does not impart stability to the system. Again the three-bubble system undergoes
topological transformation at comparatively small p∗
b and again the type of transformation that
occurs, namely T1c, is unavailable to the simple lens. Another contrast between the three-bubble system and the simple lens is seen for a three-
bubble case in which l◦
1 is large and l◦
2/l◦
1 is very small. The three-bubble system then breaks
up via a T1u2, T1l1 or T1l3 as figure 9d shows: again this happens at a comparatively small p∗
b. It is noted that the T1l1 or T1l3 behaviour (a topological transformation at the lower channel
wall), is never seen in the simple lens system, even a simple lens which at equilibrium would
have a very large lens bubble connected to a very short spanning film, the latter being located
near the lower channel wall. Instead, if the simple lens is deformed out of equilibrium, the
spanning film lengthens significantly, and the topological transformation always occurs at the
upper channel wall [12]. In a simple lens of course, the spanning film is relatively free to lengthen,
since it is not associated with any bubble area constraint. The three-bubble system is however
more constrained: films j02 and j20 connecting to the lower channel wall both contribute to an
area constraint on bubble B2. Increasing the length of one of these (film j02 say) might then
require the length of the other (film j20) to decrease (a requirement that close to equilibrium
in the limit of small pb can actually be shown to follow on symmetry grounds), driving a T1l3. Alternatively increasing the length of j20 might make film j02 shorter, leading to T1l1. Both types
of transformation are seen in figure 9d when l◦
1 is large and l◦
2/l◦
1 is small. 1
2
1
Further details of the types of topological transformations, and why certain transformations
are selected for certain limiting values of l◦
1 and l◦
2 are found in electronic supplementary material,
§S4(d)–§S4(e). (i) Case of small l◦
1 When the lens bubble was small, the simple lens was found to be particularly ‘rigid’ or
particularly ‘strong’, requiring a very large imposed pressure to deform significantly away from
the equilibrium structure but eventually reaching a T1u topological transformation [12]. For the
three-bubble system in figure 9a meanwhile, in the case l◦
1 = 0.3 say (relatively small l◦
1), bubbles
B1 and B3 have relatively modest area, but particularly when l◦
2/l◦
1 is small, the area of bubble
B2 is much larger. Having small l◦
2/l◦
1 implies that film j13 is now so short that the structure
(at equilibrium at least) is almost on the point of becoming two individual simple lenses that
happen to be side by side (viz. the T1u2 transformation alluded to previously). Despite this,
topological transformation is actually realized in the same fashion as for a simple lens, i.e. via
T1u, with film j30 shrinking to zero. Nonetheless, as §S4(e) in electronic supplementary material
explains however, the three-bubble system can (compared to the simple lens) be much more
susceptible to T1u owing to the geometry of how the vertex that undergoes T1u is positioned on
the bubbles. In the three-bubble system vertex V3 tends, even at equilibrium, to be positioned
far towards the right-hand end of bubble B3 meaning the bubble and vertex can easily slip
apart. Increasing l◦
2/l◦
1, still considering fixed l◦
1 = 0.3, causes the size of bubble B2 to shrink. For very
large l◦
2/l◦
1 (i.e. very close to unity) all three bubbles, B1, B2 and B3 are quite small area, but unlike
the simple lens case, having small bubbles does not impart stability to the three-bubble structure,
since the critical pressure p∗
b actually decreases as l◦
2/l◦
1 increases (assuming l◦
2/l◦
1 is near unity) as
figure 9a shows. The reason for having a low p∗
b in this situation is that the three-bubble system
undergoes a T1c topological transformation, i.e. a vertex-vertex collision away from the channel
walls. There is no counterpart to this in the simple lens since, for the simple lens, there is only
one single vertex away from the walls. (i) Case of small l◦
1 As the electronic supplementary material, §S4(e) explains,
there are ways in which a system with small l◦
1 can acquire the strength to resist T1 in a similar
fashion to what is seen for a simple lens [12], but it requires a specific choice of l◦
2/l◦
1, neither
too small nor too close to unity. Indeed what turns out to be crucial to governing T1 behaviour
is exactly where on the bubble given vertices are positioned. If, on a particular bubble, they are
positioned too close to neighbouring vertices and/or too close to channel walls, the system is
highly susceptible to T1. 20 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 (ii) Case of larger l◦
1 One point discussed there is that a system with bubbles B1 and B3 small, behaves
qualitatively differently (in terms of how strong it is to resist T1) from a system in which just
bubble B2 is small. The difference is found to be related to the quite different bubble shapes and
different film curvatures seen when B1 and B3 are small versus when B2 is small. One of the
ways to encapsulate how the back pressure needed to drive topological transformation depends
on bubbles sizes is to show a contour plot, i.e. a plot of the l◦
1 versus l◦
2/l◦
1 domain, with contour
curves showing when the topological transformation is driven at a specified back pressure. Such
plots are given in figure S20 (§S4(e)(iv) of the electronic supplementary material). These plots
complement the phase diagram already given in figure 8. Whereas the phase diagram indicates
the type of T1 transformation that occurs, the contour plots show whether the transformation
happens readily or not. Having established the domain of pb over which systems preserve
their topology, in the next section we examine how migration velocity v behaves over that
domain. 15
lº = 0.5 and lº
10
5
0
10
2
4
6
8
10
12
20
pb
pb
30
u
5
2
0
5
2
0
u
1
2
1lº = 0.5
lº = 0.5 and lº
three bubbles
simple lens lº = 0.4044
1
2
1
1
simple lens lº = 0.5
1
lº = 0.899
lº = 0.5 and lº
three bubbles
1
2
1lº = 0.899
lº = 0.7 and lº
1
2
1lº = 0.5
lº = 0.9 and lº
1
2
1lº = 0.5
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 10. Steady-state migration velocity v as a function of the imposed back pressure pb. (a) Different values of l◦
1 ∈
[0.5, 0.7, 0.9] for the same value of l◦
2 /l◦
1 = 0.5 are considered. In (b) and (c), we plot a simple lens versus a three-bubble
symmetriccasesystem.Casesarethethree-bubblesystemwithl◦
1 = 0.5and l◦
2 /l◦
1 = 0.899(solidlinein(b)and(c)),andthe
simple lens with l◦
1 = 0.4044 (dotted line in (b)) and with l◦
1 = 0.5 (dashed line in (c)). Bubble areas are A1 = A2 = A3 =
0.1339forthethree-bubblesystem.ForthesimplelensA1 = 0.1339(l◦
1 = 0.4044)andA1 = 0.2047(l◦
1 = 0.5).Notethateach
ofthesimplelenscaseshastwobranchesofv,oneonabranchwithpb increasingandtheotheronabranchwithpb decreasing. However, the two branches almost overlay one another. (ii) Case of larger l◦
1 2
4
6
8
10
12
pb
5
2
0
5
2
0
u
lº = 0.5 and lº
three bubbles
simple lens lº = 0.4044
1
2
1
1
simple lens lº = 0.5
1
lº = 0.899
lº = 0.5 and lº
three bubbles
1
2
1lº = 0.899
(b)
(c) 15
lº = 0.5 and lº
10
5
0
10
20
pb
30
u
1
2
1lº = 0.5
lº = 0.7 and lº
1
2
1lº = 0.5
lº = 0.9 and lº
1
2
1lº = 0.5
(a) (b) 21 (a) 21
royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . om https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 pb pb Figure 10. Steady-state migration velocity v as a function of the imposed back pressure pb. (a) Different values of l◦
1 ∈
[0.5, 0.7, 0.9] for the same value of l◦
2 /l◦
1 = 0.5 are considered. In (b) and (c), we plot a simple lens versus a three-bubble
symmetriccasesystem.Casesarethethree-bubblesystemwithl◦
1 = 0.5and l◦
2 /l◦
1 = 0.899(solidlinein(b)and(c)),andthe
simple lens with l◦
1 = 0.4044 (dotted line in (b)) and with l◦
1 = 0.5 (dashed line in (c)). Bubble areas are A1 = A2 = A3 =
0.1339forthethree-bubblesystem.ForthesimplelensA1 = 0.1339(l◦
1 = 0.4044)andA1 = 0.2047(l◦
1 = 0.5).Notethateach
ofthesimplelenscaseshastwobranchesofv,oneonabranchwithpb increasingandtheotheronabranchwithpb decreasing. However, the two branches almost overlay one another. Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or (c) Imposed back pressure pb versus migration velocity v As was shown in [12], for the simple lens, the driving velocity v is a (weakly) nonlinear function
of the imposed back pressure pb, with smaller bubbles reaching higher critical pressures than the
larger ones. The velocity was well approximated by v ≈pb for the simple lens. Here, we study
for the three-bubble system how the driving velocity changes as a function of the back pressure,
when different situations are considered. Specifically, we computed the driving velocity for l◦
1 ∈
[0.5, 0.7, 0.9], in each case with l◦
2/l◦
1 = 0.5, up to pb = p∗
b (figure 10). We can determine that for
the three-bubble system, the migration velocity is approximately v ≈pb/2. This relation (which is
consistent with the predictions in electronic supplementary material, §S3) comes from the fact that
moving across the three-bubble structure, we must cross at least two films. For any chosen l◦
1, this
relation turns out not to change significantly as we vary l◦
2/l◦
1, in all the studied cases, the values
superposing each other on the scale of figure 10: variation of the v-pb relation with respect to l◦
2/l◦
1
is exceedingly weak. Some slight variation can be seen when different values of l◦
1 are considered
(at fixed l◦
2/l◦
1), but even this variation is comparatively weak. Variation seen in figure 10a thereby
shows the ‘less weak’ of two weak functions, and for simplicity in each case we plot just one fixed
value of l◦
2/l◦
1. In figure 10a, we see that for larger values of l◦
1, the v versus pb curves have very
slightly lower slopes, the system travels at very slightly lower velocity. (ii) Comparing velocity domains for the three-bubble system and simple lens Another observation is that the three-bubble case considered here (i.e. monodisperse case with
l◦
1 = 0.5) survives out to a higher pressure, but over almost the same velocity domain as the
simple lens, regardless of whether we consider a simple lens of the same l◦
1 or of the same
bubble area. This indicates that the particular three-bubble system considered here is at least of
‘comparable strength’ to the simple lens, because even though the three-bubble system survives
out to higher back pressures in total (which it manages to achieve merely through having more
films that must be crossed from one end of the structure to the other), it still only survives out to
comparable velocities (and hence comparable imposed pressure difference per film crossed). This
is potentially significant because, as we add yet more bubbles and approach the limit of an infinite
staircase, those structures that eventually do exhibit topological transformation might only be
stable out to a specified imposed pressure difference per film. On the other hand, three-bubble
systems that reach a geometrically invariant configuration without topological transformation
(different choices of l◦
1 and l◦
2/l◦
1 from those plotted here) survive of course out to arbitrarily large
imposed pressure per film: see electronic supplementary material, §S4(d)(i) for further details of
how changing l◦
1 impacts the relative strength of the three-bubble system and the simple lens. In summary, in the simple lens case, which consists of one bubble attached to a spanning film,
the migration velocity approaches v ≈pb, whereas in the three-bubble symmetric case, which
consists of two bubbles of equal size plus a spanning bubble (hence two films attached to the
lower channel wall), the migration velocity approaches v ≈pb/2. By extension, we can deduce
that for N bubbles arranged in a staircase structure, the migration velocity should correspond
to v ≈2pb/(N + 1). Nevertheless, we do not know definitively whether in the case when N ≫1,
the system always survives out to arbitrarily large pb per film, effectively reaching arbitrary
large velocities v also, or whether it breaks at more modest velocities. Results from the three-
bubble system indicated that for certain parameter choices (i.e. certain choices of bubble areas) the
structure survived out to arbitrarily large velocities, but other parameter choices only survived
out to velocities comparable to those achieved in the single lens. (i) Comparing pressures for the three-bubble system and simple lens In figure 10b,c, we plot for l◦
1 = 0.5 and l◦
2/l◦
1 = 0.899 (a monodisperse three-bubble system) against
a comparable simple lens structure obtained for the same area (figure 10b) and also a simple
lens with the same l◦
1 = 0.5 (figure 10c). The bubble areas in the three-bubble system are A1 =
A2 = A3 = 0.1339, whereas the bubble area in the simple lens case is A1 = 0.1339 with l◦
1 = 0.4044
(dotted line in figure 10b), or else is A1 = 0.2047 when l◦
1 = 0.5 (dashed line in figure 10c). Even
the latter simple lens case here is not far from each area for the three-bubble system. There is a
weak l◦
1 dependence in the v-pb relation in the simple lens case: larger l◦
1 gives a slightly smaller
v at any given pb, and moreover larger l◦
1 means the system only survives out to a smaller pb
(and hence a smaller v). These effects are predicted by [12]. In both simple lens cases, the systems
reach saddle-node bifurcations: switching to a new solution branch causes migration velocity v and pressure pb to start decreasing before reaching a topological transformation. However, in
the simple lens cases plotted here, the ‘increasing pb’ and ‘decreasing pb’ solution branches have
nearly the same v-pb relationship, namely v ≈pb. Hence in each case, the data for the two branches
(stable and unstable) almost overlay one another, so are only barely visible as separate branches
in figure 10b,c. 22 royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This same behaviour (i.e. increasing and decreasing pb branches nearly overlaying one another)
was seen for the three-bubble system in cases (albeit not plotted here) where it undergoes a
saddle-node bifurcation. The present three-bubble system (l◦
1 = 0.5, l◦
2/l◦
1 = 0.899) however has
no saddle-node bifurcation, but instead attains a T1c with pb monotonically increasing. (i) Comparing pressures for the three-bubble system and simple lens On the
other hand for the three-bubble system, the major change is that v ≈pb/2 (instead of v ≈pb for the
simple lens). The factor of 1/2 follows as mentioned earlier because to traverse the three-bubble
structure from left to right we must cross, at the very least, two films (i.e. j02 and j20 which both
attach to the lower channel wall). https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 4. Conclusion More specifically, as the driving back pressure
pb is increased slowly, possible outcomes in the three-bubble system are: Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 m https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 typublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 20 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.or — A quasi-static T1c in which vertex V1 (at the upstream end of the structure) and vertex V2
(in the middle of the structure) come together and collide as the driving back pressure pb
is gradually increased. This happens for a wide range of l◦
1 but with comparatively large
l◦
2/l◦
1, hence bubble B2 smaller than, or of comparable size to bubbles B1 and B3. 2
1
p
— A quasi-static T1u in which vertex V3 (at the downstream end of the structure) moves
to the upper channel wall. This happens again for a range of l◦
1 but with comparatively
small l◦
2/l◦
1, hence bubble B2 is rather larger than B1 and B3. Downloaded from https://royalso 2
1
g
— A quasi-static T1l1, i.e. vertex V1 moves to the lower channel wall. This has large l◦
1 and
very small l◦
2/l◦
1, hence bubbles B1 and B3 are large, while B2 is even slightly larger. 2
1
— A quasi-static T1l3 i.e. vertex V3 moves to the lower channel wall. This has very large
and a range of l◦
2/l◦
1, hence bubbles B1 and B3 are large, but bubble B2 could be smaller 2
1
— A quasi-static T1u2 in which vertex V2 moves to the upper channel wall. This happens
rarely and only ever for very large l◦
1 but very small l◦
2/l◦
1, hence bubbles B1 and B3 are
large, but bubble B2 is (as was the case for T1l1) even slightly larger. 2
1
— A quasi-static T1u2 in which vertex V2 moves to the upper channel wall. This happens
rarely and only ever for very large l◦
1 but very small l◦
2/l◦
1, hence bubbles B1 and B3 are
large, but bubble B2 is (as was the case for T1l1) even slightly larger. g
g
y
g
— A saddle-node bifurcation in which the aforementioned T1c, T1u, T1l3 and/or T1l1
would still occur, but they now occur dynamically rather than quasi-statically. 4. Conclusion In a
phase diagram of l◦
1 versus l◦
2/l◦
1, these tend to form ‘buffer’ zones separating the various
quasi-static T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3 and regions from one another. q
g
— The system does not undergo any break up no matter how large the back pressure is (it
reaches a geometrically invariant state). This tends to happen for large l◦
1 and small to
moderate l◦
2/l◦
1, hence areas of all bubbles B1, B2 and B3 tend to be large. Conclusions are summarized below with regard to the susceptibility of systems to various of the
above mentioned transformations (§4a), what such transformations imply physically for system
behaviour (§4b) and the physical implication for high-speed propagation of bubbles (§4c). Conclusions are summarized below with regard to the susceptibility of systems to various of the
above mentioned transformations (§4a), what such transformations imply physically for system
behaviour (§4b) and the physical implication for high-speed propagation of bubbles (§4c). (ii) Comparing velocity domains for the three-bubble system and simple lens In the three-bubble system
there seems therefore to be a competition between tending to stabilize the system out to higher
velocities (by adding more bubbles) versus tending to destabilize it (by allowing alternative
types of topological transformations via which a structure breaks up which are not available
to simpler structures). Whether, and if so how, the stabilizing tendency manages to dominate
over the destabilizing one as the number N of bubbles is increased even further remains an
open question. Finally, note that velocity v is just one response variable (albeit one readily
observed in experiment) out of several that we can analyse. Other variables e.g. film turning
angles, film lengths, bubble pressures and total film energies can in principle be examined, but
discussion of that for the three-bubble system is relegated to electronic supplementary material,
§S4(a)–§S4(c). 4. Conclusion 23 We have obtained steady-state solutions for three-bubble staircase structures (two symmetric,
equal area bubbles B1 and B3 adjoining one channel wall, and B2, possibly of different area,
adjoining the other). The structure is specified in the equilibrium by a symmetric configuration,
which is set by fixing l◦
1 and l◦
2, that correspond to vertex distances from a channel wall relative to
the width of the transport channel. Small values of l◦
1 represent small areas for bubbles B1 and B3,
whereas large values of l◦
1 imply that bubbles B1 and B3 are larger. Moreover, for values of l◦
2 close
to l◦
1 the size of bubble B2 is small relative to bubbles B1 and B3. By contrast, for values of l◦
2 ≪l◦
1
the size of bubble B2 tends to be larger than that of B1 and B3. For any given l◦
1, a monodisperse
scenario is found at some point in between these limiting cases for l◦
2. royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moving to an out-of-equilibrium state, typically by imposing a driving back pressure pb on the
system, we have determined the shape of the bubbles as these systems migrate through a straight
channel, looking at a range of migration velocities from low (i.e. near equilibrium) to high (large
deviations from equilibrium, possibly even to the point that the structure breaks up). It is clear
that the staircase structure with three bubbles, exhibits more complex and richer dynamics than
the simple lens problem [12]. By tracking the steady-state solutions as pb increases, different types
of topological transformations were found to cause break up of the structure. These were T1c
(vertex-vertex collision), T1u (transformation at the upper wall), T1l1 or T1l3 (transformation at
the lower wall), and T1u2 (again transformation at the upper wall, but further upstream than
T1u). In the simple lens only the T1u could occur. royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y
g
p
p
g
Susceptibility to the different types of T1s and possible competition between them relies in part
on the equilibrium film lengths. Broadly speaking the shortest film in the equilibrium structure
gives a reasonable indication how the structure is likely to break up, and the shorter that film
happens to be, the more susceptible the structure is to break up. This then explains why highly
polydisperse systems tend towards instability, as typically they possess at least one film that is
short at equilibrium. When out-of-equilibrium effects are taken into account however, T1c break
up tends to be more common (and T1l1, T1l3 and T1u2 tend to be less common) than a rule
based on the shortest film length in the equilibrium structure would indicate. What is important
therefore for determining T1-type behaviour is not just whether films are short at equilibrium but
also whether they shrink or grow away from equilibrium. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 (a) Susceptibility to different topological transformation types Overall, highly polydisperse systems were found to be more unstable, i.e. more likely to undergo
topological transformations, while monodisperse systems were found to resist them out to
larger imposed pressures. In spite of the various different ways that the three-bubble structure could break, it was found, at least in one particular case we studied, to be of comparable
strength to the simple lens. It survived out to higher driving back pressures (which is expected
because more films require higher pressure to move them) but it just reached similar velocities,
therefore comparable imposed driving pressure per film. There were exceptions to this however,
particularly when one or more bubbles were small and/or films between them were short. Full
details of what happens in these small bubble and/or short film limiting cases are described
in electronic supplementary material, §S4(e). The simple lens is known to be difficult to break in
such cases, but the three-bubble system breaks much more readily, often via the T1c route which is
not available to a simple lens. Yet another exception occurs as the aforementioned geometrically
invariant state is approached: the three-bubble structure is then very difficult to break, and so
survives not only out to larger pressures than the simple lens, but to larger velocities also. 24 royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 p
gg
g
g
y
In such cases, the three-bubble system can therefore propagate along the channel exceedingly
quickly without breaking up: a simple lens cannot do this (see electronic supplementary material,
§S3). This is particularly relevant in a foam microfluidic system: if one wants to deliver a collection
of bubbles (or equivalently for emulsion microfluidics, a collection of droplets) very quickly along
a channel, then for a given bubble size, the channel width could be chosen as to ensure that the
bubble size to channel size ratio is in the regime for which high velocities can be delivered. As more bubbles are added to the system (N bubble problem), we anticipate this geometrically
invariant situation to become more common for a wider range of bubble sizes, since systems
with many bubbles are expected to be able to attain arbitrarily high migration velocities
(hence arbitrarily high imposed driving pressure per film), without undergoing any topological
transformation. On the other hand, a structure propagating at high speed which does break up via
topological transformation, might actually undergo multiple topological transformations, given
that we have identified that various different types of transformation (e.g. T1c, T1u, T1l1, T1l3 and
T1u2 mentioned earlier) are now permitted. In order to determine how a system evolves after a
first topological transformation and subsequently how a sequence of multiple transformations
would occur, we must compute unsteady-state simulations. This will be done in future work. What has been demonstrated without doubt here is that having three bubbles in a staircase
moving in a channel can be far more complex than having just a single bubble as happens with
a simple lens. This seems to echo a result from classical mechanics that it is only with three
body problems that complexity suddenly appears [25]. For the case considered here of bubbles
in a channel however, what remains unclear is whether having even more than three bubbles
complicates the system yet further, or on the contrary somehow simplifies it through stabilizing
against topological transformation. Again this question will be addressed in future work. g
p
g
g
q
Another point worth emphasizing is that throughout this has been a modelling-based study. (b) Physical behaviour approaching topological transformation For a three-bubble system, which of the various possible outcomes occurs affects not only how
we go about tracking solutions mathematically, but also how the system responds physically. If the aforementioned topological transformation could be induced by tracking a single solution
branch increasing imposed back pressure quasi-statically, this then implies a system could be held
arbitrarily close to the transformation for an arbitrarily long time. Other cases however required
tracking two distinct solution branches (a situation that was ubiquitous for the simple lens [12]). These two distinct solution branches then meet at a saddle-node bifurcation, and were found
by tracking along one branch firstly by increasing the imposed back pressure, and subsequently
by varying a film turning angle, or alternatively varying a particular film length, depending how a
system was parametrized. These angles and/or lengths become control variables for tracking the
second steady-state solution branch, while imposed back pressure becomes a response variable
and actually starts to decrease as the new steady solution branch is tracked. As obtained for the simple lens case, here in the three-bubble system we expect that the stable
solution branch is the one obtained by using imposed back pressure as control variable. The
physical implication for the behaviour of the system is then as follows. As we approach the back
pressure corresponding to the end of the (assumed stable) branch, all films retain finite lengths
so a topological transformation has not yet occurred. Nonetheless, no steady-state solutions are
permitted for any larger back pressure, so if a larger back pressure were to be imposed, the
structure must evolve, presumably towards a topological transformation. As also occurred in
the simple lens case, the evolution towards the transformation is expected now to be dynamic
rather than quasi-static: the system can no longer be held arbitrarily close to the transformation for
an indefinite period. Unsteady-state simulation (rather than the steady-state methodology used
here) is then required to analyse this dynamical evolution. In fact, however, most of the three-
bubble systems we have considered here allow T1 transformations to happen quasi-statically
if the driving back pressure pb is gradually increased. Saddle-node bifurcations (with T1s then
necessarily happening dynamically) mainly tend to occur in ‘buffer zones’, where two distinct
edges are becoming short, so two distinct T1 types are then competing. This contrasts with the
simple lens, for which saddle-node bifurcations were the norm rather than the exception [12]. (c) Implications for propagating structures at high speed 25 Dealing with multiple solution branches and associated saddle-node bifurcations, was not the
only computational challenge. For a sufficiently high imposed back pressure (hence sufficiently
high speed) and for sufficiently large bubbles, films become relatively flat. It is no longer possible
to compute the film coordinates in terms of a film orientation angle, since many different points on
the film turn through nearly the same angle. It is then expedient to change the system coordinates,
and parametrize in terms of distance measured along films instead of film orientation angle. It
is only through using that parametrization, that we identified cases (with large l◦
1 and small to
moderate l◦
2, i.e. with large bubbles, or more correctly large bubbles relative to channel size) that
do not undergo any topological transformation whatsoever, even for an arbitrarily high imposed
back pressure, suggesting the existence of a geometrically invariant state. royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We have obtained (via the viscous froth model) predictions for the three-bubble model system
regarding which types of topological transformation occur under which circumstances, but these
predictions still need to be tested experimentally. Imposed pressures needed to break a structure
and also pressure versus propagation velocity relationships such as have been predicted here,
should in principle be possible to measure in experiment. Although a level of agreement between
experiment and the viscous froth model has been reported previously in literature [1], issues still
remain. One issue is that the model used here has assumed a linear relation between velocity
and drag on a moving film. However, nonlinear laws can arise if the details of the film shape are
sensitive to velocity [14]. Another issue is that films in this 2D model, even when moving, are
assumed to meet channel walls at right angles. This then reflects that drag in the 2D model is
tied to film elements and not to locations at which films terminate on channel walls. In the real
Hele–Shaw system which the 2D model represents, drag is present not just along the films where
they meet top and bottom plates but also on channel sidewalls. Neglecting the latter and hence
neglecting any deviations away from films meeting walls at right angles requires the aspect ratio
(top to bottom plate separation relative to channel width) to be small [15]. Another more general
experimental issue is that foam microfluidic applications of most interest are likely to involve many bubbles, not just three of them as considered here. In experiments then just as in modelling-
based studies, the three-bubble system should be viewed primarily as a step towards generalizing
to the N-bubble one. many bubbles, not just three of them as considered here. In experiments then just as in modelling-
based studies, the three-bubble system should be viewed primarily as a step towards generalizing
to the N-bubble one. 26 Data accessibility. The data are provided in electronic supplementary material [26]. All results presented here
are reproducible by analytical results and/or analytical procedures detailed in the article and the electronic
supplementary material or else via numerical algorithms (accessible via https://strathcloud.sharefile.eu/d-
sa7110de1270346df85322b44c8ad8e4c), which are also detailed in the article and the electronic supplementary
material. Authors’ contributions. C.T.-U. performed mathematical analysis, developed computer code, ran computations,
analysed data, prepared the first draft of the article and reviewed and edited subsequent drafts. P.G. royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rspa Proc. R.Soc. A 478: 20210642
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . conceived the study, provided supervision, performed mathematical analysis, analysed data and reviewed
and edited article drafts. Both authors approved the final version and agree to be accountable for all
aspects of the work. C.T.-U.: investigation, methodology, writing–original draft, writing–review and editing;
P.G.: conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, supervision,
validation, writing–review and editing. om https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Downloaded from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/ on 28 March 2022 Competing interests. We declare we have no competing interests. F d Competing interests. We declare we have no competing interests. Competing interests. We declare we have no competing interests. Funding. C.T.-U. received ANID Becas-Chile funding. C.T.-U. and P.G. also acknowledge support from EPSRC
grant no EP/V002937/1 Funding. C.T.-U. received ANID Becas-Chile funding. C.T.-U. and P.G. also acknowledge support from EPSRC
grant no. EP/V002937/1. Funding. C.T.-U. received ANID Becas-Chile funding. C.T.-U. and P.G. also acknowledge support from EPSRC
grant no. EP/V002937/1. Acknowledgements. C.T.-U. acknowledges S. Cox and D. Vitasari for hosting a short research visit during which
useful discussions took place, and M. Evans and S. Wilson for useful discussion during C.T.-U.’s viva voce
examination. Acknowledgements. C.T.-U. acknowledges S. Cox and D. Vitasari for hosting a short research visit during which
useful discussions took place, and M. Evans and S. Wilson for useful discussion during C.T.-U.’s viva voce
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| 29,546 |
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The church of Christ; her mission, sacraments and discipline
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Green, E. Tyrrell (Edmund Tyrrell), 1864-1937
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Schoo pT af Canstons Claremont 1] i i -- The Library = “SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY - AT CLAREMONT ye WEST FOOTHILL AT COLLEGE AVENUE _ CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA + - MBE CHEROH -Ce # re Jy - Fs if , on a t “ ¢ %) I re ; tn We 4 i THE CHURCHMAN’S LIBRARY EDITED By J. H. Burn, B.D. JA CHURCH, OF. CHARISE. THE CHURCHMAN’S LIBRARY Epitzp sy JOHN HENRY BURN, B.D. Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishap of Aberdeen. THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH CHRISTIANITY. By W. E. Couuins, M.A., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, King’s College, London. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.. THE CHURCH OF CHRIST: HER MISSION, SACRAMENTS, AND DISCIPLINE. By E. T. Green, M.A., Professor of Hebrew and Theology, St. David’s College, Lampeter. Crown 8vo, 6s. THE WORKMANSHIP OF THE PRAYER BOOK IN ITS LITER- ARY AND LITURGICAL ASPECTS. By Joun Dowpen, D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. THE CHURCHMAN’S INTRODUCTION TO THE OLD TESTA- MENT. By Ancus M. Mackay, B.A. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE NEW SCHOLARSHIP. By Joun P. Peters, Pu.D., Sc.D., D.D. Crown 8vo, 6s. SOME NEW TESTAMENT PROBLEMS. By ArtuHurR WricutT, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Queens’ College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo, 6s. EVOLUTION. By Frank B. Jevons, M.A., D.Litt., Principal of Bishop Hatfield’s Hall, Durham. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. THE KINGDOM OF HEAVEN HERE AND HEREAFTER. By Canon WINTERBOTHAM, M.A., B.Sc., LL.B. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. The following works are in preparation :— A STUDY IN COMPARATIVE THEOLOGY. By J. A. MacCuttocn, THE DOCTRINE OF THE INCARNATION. By R.G., Fooxgs, M.A. THE ATONEMENT. By R. M. Benson, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. THE CHURCHMAN’S PRIMER. ByG. Harrorp-Batrerssy, M.A, THE CHURCHMAN'S DAY BOOK. By J. H. Burn, B.D. HISTORY OF THE PAPACY. By J. P. Wuirney, M.A. OUR CONTROVERSY WITH ROME. By J. M. Danson, D.D. THE CHURCHMAN’S INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW TESTA- MENT. By J. H. SHerHerp, M.A. THE HEBREW PROPHET. By L., W. Batten, Ph.D. BIBLE REVISION. By J. J. S. Perowng, D.D. DEVOTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PAULINE EPISTLES. By Joun Gort, D.D., Bishop of Truro. PREACHING. By Freperic ReEtTon, A.K.C, THE WITNESS OF ARCHAOLOGY. By Cuartes J. Batt, M.A. ENGLISH ECCLESIOLOGY. By J. N. Comprr. CONFIRMATION. By H. T. Kinepon, D.D., Bishop of Hredeicneal INSPIRATION. By Canon Benuam, D.D. MIRACLES. By Tuomas B. Strona, B.D., Student of Ch. Ch., Oxford. PROVIDENCE AND PRAYER. By V. H. Stanton, D.D., Ely Pro- fessor of Divinity, Cambridge. THE GREAT WORLD RELIGIONS FROM A CHRISTIAN STAND.- POINT. By H. E, J. Bevan, M.A., Gresham Professor of Divinity. ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL LAW. By W. Dicsy THurnam. Fr 513! a6 THE CHURCH OF CHRIST ATA ATS HER MISSION, SACRAMENTS AND DISCIPLINE BY E. TYRRELL GREEN, M.A. PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND THEOLOGY ST. DAVID’S COLLEGE, LAMPETER METHUEN & CO. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON 1902 | a ee Loar | rary SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AT GLAREMON Californie itl PREFACE N the present volume no attempt has been made to propound any new theories, but it has been my aim to set out in simple fashion the old doctrine of the Church and the Sacraments, covering as much ground as possible within the limits assigned, proving the position maintained by frequent reference to Scripture, and illustrating from the writings of the early Fathers and other important documents of the Primitive Church. Especial care has been taken to elucidate the Sacra- mental teaching of the Anglican Church since the Reformation, and to show that she has held fast by the Scriptures and Primitive doctrine. Continental Formularies and other writings of the sixteenth century are also frequently quoted, for it is by comparison and contrast with these that the true character and tone of our own Formularies become most clearly apparent. It will be seen that the first two chapters are intro- ductory to the subject. Chapter III., which analyses and explains the Notes of the Church, gives the out- line of the body of the work. The remaining chapters are an expansion of the theme and treatment of it in detail. Indebtedness to other writers has been indicated, when possible, in the footnotes, but I desire vii Vili PREFACE particularly to express my obligation to Palmer’s work on The Church, to Robert Owen’s Manual of Dogmatic Theology, and amongst more recent works to Gore’s Church and the Ministry, Strong’s Manual of Theology, Bishop Churton’s Mtsstonary’s Foundation of Doctrine, Mason’s Faith of the Gospel, Denney’s Studies in Theology, Moberly’s Ministerial Priesthood, Morgan Dix’s Sacra- mental System, and the Essays on the Church and the Sacraments in Lux Mundt. My best thanks are due to my friend and colleague the Rev. Dr. G. W. Wade, who has kindly revised the proof-sheets of the work. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. IMPORTANCE AND INTEREST OF THE SUBJECT I. Necessity and importance of the subject : PAGE (a) because Christianity is essentially social, and has always assumed social forms : I (8) because the subject of the Church sees a ee ice in the New Testament writings . 2 and the high Apostolic conception of the ane of Odievess is indicated by the names given to it: (1) The Ecclesia (2) The Kingdom of God, of ries or of Christ. (3) The Bride of Christ : ; (4) The Body of Christ (c) because the subject finds a place— (1) in the ancient Creeds (2) in later Confessions of Faith c ; II. The Church is referred to in the Creeds as an object of Faith Sie 7 Deductions from the way in which the Church is mentioned in Am & WwW aD the Creeds : (a) It is a Divine Society g Popa, (5) It is the sphere of the Holy Spirit’ s oneraston t 10 III. The interest of our subject and the devotion which the een has commanded A : ; : : #3 CHAPTER II. THE CHURCH VISIBLE I. Christ’s intention to found a visible Church is indicated— (2) by His method j : IG (6) by His institution of cenorate nai a as Sacmament 3 5 A2 ix x CONTENTS PAGE (c) by His definite instructions as to Prayer : 19 (d) by His claim to be the Messiah, involving the coneeohed of the Kingdom of God : 20 [The distinction sometimes attempted eres the Pcie dom of God and the Church is arbitrary] 21 II. Christ’s intention realised in the foundation of a visible Senibty as testified by the evidence of— (a) The Acts of the Apostles. ‘ : : - 2 (4) The Epistles of S. Paul i 2 ; A ey (c) Outside observers and enemies 5 1 626 (2) Famous Christian writers and teachers in an ‘rest S. Clement of ° = : - 29 S. Cyprian . : - : : fe 20) S. Augustine . 90 III. The Visible Church is not an odemacee ton, but a anes neces- sity, because spiritual religion is not independent of outward form (a) either in natural religion = * ‘ ° at (6) or in the Jewish religion F ‘ ‘ Ae 3 (c) or in a religion with the Bible for its esis : Be (2) or in the Revelation given to man through the Pacacanieotl 33 (e) or in the Christian ae which is dependent on the Incarnation . 34 IV. A Visible Socze¢y is a moral nema. ae cher deletes: cannot be merely an individual matter 5 » 35 V. The expression zxvzstble Church dates from the Retitmatibe - 35 The conception of the true Church as invisible is false to the nature and constitution of the Church as a power in the world, and is practically useless : : . + 37 CHAPTER III. THE NOTES OF THE CHURCH I. Essential Notes of the Church, z.e. such as indicate the essence or nature of the Church as a Divine Society . : 2 539 (a) Unity : ; 5 : 5 : eB) (6) Holiness : : é ‘ ; z 40 (¢) Catholicity . R : F : 5 Row be (z) Apostolicity . ; : : é : 3. 72 CONTENTS xi PAGE Il. Zwstitutional Notes of the Church, z.e. such as belong to the organisation of the Church as a society working through, for, and amongst men a ‘ ‘ meas (a) The Preaching of the Work . 5 aes (6) The Administration of the Sacraments ‘ ‘. 5 £18} (c) The Administration of Discipline . ‘ s 74s With regard to these three Notes of the Church (1) They are stated in Anglican formularies : ae (2) They correspond to Christ’s Threefold Office . 46 (a) The Prophetic Office . é 5 7 40 (6) The Priestly Office . ° 3 z 1 047 (c) The Kingly Office ; 52 (3) They mark the Church as dealing wih the tigre Soaenes of human nature : : ; a a52 (az) Mind . : 5 c , A 6 Ae (6) Spirit . Q 5 A 7 53 (c) Body . 5 : 53 (4) They were ep remiadowad! in the eariy Teaser ; cee CHAPTER IV. THE CHURCH ONE I. The prominence of Unity as a Note of the Church (a) in the intention of Christ . ; c , eal (2) in the Creeds ‘ 57 II. By the Unity of the Church we mean ee numerseal one- ness. (a) There is one Church in any given locality . ; ST. (2) There is one Church throughout the world . : «50 (c) There is one Church throughout the ages. . 60 III. From the essential Unity of the Church follows its moral dinky, 62 which is not yet fully realised, but is to be striven for . >, 02 This Moral Unity (1) was prayed for by Christ. 4 « 63 (2) is inculcated as a duty in the New Teataident : . 64 (3) is secured and fostered by certain bonds and safeguards : (i) some zviszble, viz.— (a) Faith : Fi Z 5 F 1 165 (4) Hope = 3 . ‘ ; 2° 65 (c) Love é ‘ : A ; es) (ii) some v2s2b/e, viz.— (a) The Sacraments ordained by Christ ‘ . 66 (4) Episcopal government and discipline E ay] xii CONTENTS PAGE IV. The Church’s Unity is obscured (a) by any departure from the invisible bond of — z.é. by heresy . 5 Co) (4) by any departure a the visite Kone ve union, z.é. by schism S 70 V. United action being a duty lef the nionbes of ihe One Chast, wilful separation from the Church must be an evil : Sayp CHAPTER V. THE CHURCH HOLY The Church is essentially Holy, (a) because claimed by God, and belonging to Him. < 77 (6) because such claim of God involves a call to holiness Sin a (¢) because of her endowment with power to realise this call. 79 But the Church’s Holiness does not imply absolute free- dom from admixture of evil members E 81 There will always be such admixture in the Church ii: tant, because it is her work to sanctify sinners; . ee) so that the Church is Holy (@) because of her destiny A Fi : 5 rss CHAPTER VI. THE CHURCH CATHOLIC I. Adoption of the term Catholic in the Creed : 86 II. The term does not properly refer to the actual local cateiinn of the Church (a) because such universal extension is not true in fact . 86 (4) because such meaning does not suit the earliest extant examples of the use of the term . - 87 (c) because such is not the proper literal meaning of the Greek adjective xafodixy ‘ 88 III. The attribute Catholic expresses the inner Gharseter e the Church, and is applied to it— (a) because of its universal Mission : 88 (4) because of its universal meg which is Santied in such Mission . 88 (c) because it teaches all ceeeniek soreated Truth, Which fact is the ground of its universal adaptation . . » 90 CONTENTS xiii PAGE {IV. Catholic is not synonymous with vague and indefinite : gI But the Church’s universal adaptation depends upon its faithfal- ness to Divine Truth received e : ; « QI Hence Catholic signifies Orthodox : ‘ : - 93 This use of Catholic as equivalent to Orthodox (a) is not a later development of meaning : = 2894 (4) is not to be deplored as implying narrowness : 94 For, as a fact, there is most liberty and play of thought witie the Catholic (z.e. the Orthodox) Church . ¢ 505 CHAPTER VII. THE CHURCH APOSTOLIC I. The Church is Apostolic because she carries on the MJisston of Christ. ; : 5 : On (a) Christ iecalt an ook : 97 (6) Christ’s own Mission committed by fiinself * the ‘Apostles 98 (c) The same Mission handed on in turn by the Apostles to the Ministry of the Church fi 3 99 II. We should expect the institution of a Ministry in the Church. IOL (a) because God teaches by the living voice rather than by written records. IOI (4) because organisation is necessary in Orie to guard ‘Truth thus revealed A. 102 III. The Ministry is not to be assumed wien Divine Be ee i103 (az) Internal vocation to the Ministry alone is not sufficient. 104 (6) Nor is popular election sufficient to constitute a man a Minister of the Church. 105 (c) But Ordination which preserves the Apostolic Mi etdon is essential. 106 IV. The Church of England hee airs acted on this cae A Neuieyd Her position is justified— (a) by historical research 5 ; 5 5. 109 (4) by the New Testament : : 1 E1O V. Objections against Apostolical Succession Maa tle (a) That we can trace the development of the Ministry is no objection against its Divine institution. 112 (4) The Succession is not incapable of proof. wi (c) Nor does the holding of Apostolical Succession favcine uncharitableness towards the sects : :. 115 xiv CONTENTS PAGE VI. Although Apostolical Succession is not preserved, yet the prin- ciple of Succession in the Ministry is recognised by the Sects: = 118 VII. History shows iat the Faith of the Church snd its Divinely- appointed constitution stand or fall together. : « 119 CHAPTER VIII, THE CHURCH AS PREACHER OF THE WORD OF GOD I. The Church is charged with a Divine Revelation. : 5 ees (1) This Revelation was at first an Oral Tradition : eeze (2) At a later time summed up in Creeds : - Pa ey (az) The later Creeds are not in any way inconaiiene with the primitive deposit of doctrine. al27 (4) Nor was their formation a downgrade movement. 128 (3) The Divine Revelation entrusted to the Church is enshrined in the Canonical Scriptures : : :. THE CHURCH AS MINISTER OF THE SACRAMENTS I. The Church is not only a Teacher, but a Dispenser of Dine Grace through the Sacraments -. :. 146 II. The meaning of Sacrament : : : : :. 146 (a) an external sign of grace. , ’ : ara (4) an effectual sign of grace. 148 (c) an effectual sign—ordained by Christ eck grace 148 III. The Sacramental Principle is exhibited : (a) in the Nature of God *. ‘ :. 150 (4) in Creation. P : - 5. 150 (c) in the Incarnation. ‘ E -. 150 IV. The Sacramental Principle is siatified (a) by the permanence and Sal capacity of the material creation. ° - 152 (4) by its applicability te man’s Kevetold duiere :. 153 V. The purpose and use of Sacraments ; C ;. 153 (a) They are badges and tokens a. 153 (1) by which great Christian facts are attested. 154 (2) by which men profess allegiance to Christ. 154 (3) by which Christians are distinguished from non- Christians < ESS (4) But the Sacraments are aot only badges and Sokens of profession , ; ;. 156 They are seals or pledges a grace. ; ; ae O10) (c) They are effectual signs,. : : :. 157 through which God confers grace. : : » 159 They are effectual (1) not ex opere operantis, t.c. because of the worthi- ness of the minister or of the recipient. » 159 (2) but ex ofere operato, t.e. because of the perform- ance of the action to which the promise of grace is attached ; :. 160 VI. The Sacraments are generally necessary to eslydtion é. 161 VII. The Sacraments are regarded as of permanent obligated because the Church as a whole has so regarded and used them from the beginning. 163 Their continual ministration rests jcinanaly on the same vaels as (a) The continual use of the Lord’s Prayer. 164 (4) The observance of the Lord’s Day : -. 164 xvi CONTENTS PAGE VIII. The Sacraments are to be duly ministered according to Christ’s ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same : - - é. 165 (a) The requisites in Benen are— (1) The act of washing with water C. SACRAMENTS ADMINISTERED BY THE CHURCH nena (A) BAPTISM AND CONFIRMATION in neal, Be Ai wT TERS There are two Sacraments generally necessary to salvation . . 180 I, The importance and necessity of Baptism is indicated (a) in the New Testament— (1) by Christ’s charge. : : - 181 (2) by the practice of the dpenite: < : 2183 (3) by the teaching of the Apostles ; . - 184 (4) by Ecclesiastical usage (1) the custom of Infant Baptism : ; . 187 (2) the allowance of lay Baptism é ; . 188 (3) the recognition of heretical Baptism . a . 190 (4) the practice of Baptism for the dead . c . I9I (5) the custom of confining Christian burial to te baptized 192 (6) the extraordinary nntere of the aepiions allowed 192 II. The outward sign—washing with water . : ° . 193 III. The inward grace of Baptism Outlined at our Lord’s Baptism. ‘ : : » 194 The Inward grace is Regeneration, : . ° . 196 including (2) Remission of sins. : : . 199 (6) Adoption . : : ‘ é 202 (¢) Incorporation ; , ; ‘ . 204 CONTENTS IV. The conditions requisite for Baptism— Repentance and Faith . - How the conditions are fulfilled in Togat Banuen V. Confirmation as a Sacramental rite is— (a) Apostolic (4) of perpetual stibeatioas: in i Church : (c) recognised and given a very important place in the English Church system VI. The Relation of Confirmation to Bestions’ (a) it is the completion of Baptism (6) at first administered immediately after anitiensd be now separated from it in the Western Church VII. The distinctive grace and object of Confirmation (a) the strengthening of the Christian for warfare (4) or, the ordination of the Christian to the priestly office which it is his full privilege to exercise in the Body of Christ. (¢) not the first gift of the Sidivelling Seirit but Equi sent for office with the fulness of His spiritual graces CHAPTER XI. XVil PAGE 206 207 209 211 213 216 218 220 220 221 223 SACRAMENTS ADMINISTERED BY THE CHURCH (B) THE HOLY EUCHARIST ows, I. The Eucharist is a Representation of Christ’s Sacrifice. Christ’s Mediation in heaven takes a Sacrificial form. His priesthood is continuous and eternal In the Eucharist the Body is joined with the Head in His Priestly action and pleads His Sacrifice It is the Sacrifice of the Cross that is pleaded, but thik is in the Sacrament no fresh subjection of Christ to pain or death The Oblation of the Church, which is His etre is included in the sacrifice of Christ P i ; The Sacrificial aspect of the Eucharist— (a) underlies the circumstances and the terms of the Institu- tion of the Sacrament . ° (2) is implied in other passages in the New Testament (c) is prominent in the Primitive Liturgies. : (d) finds frequent expression in early Christian writings (e) was retained in the English Church at the Reformation (f) and is embodied in the Anglican Liturgy. 226 226 227 229 230 232 234 237 239 241 245 247 XViii CONTENTS II. The Eucharist is the great Christian service of Intercession and the bond of the Communion of Saints, living and de- parted ;. III. The Eucharist is a Sacrificial Pee Chaerustres of he Body and the Blood of Christ ¢ for the cleansing and salvation of the whole Sees. of man Communion in one kind only is a mutilation of Christ’s ordi- nance : : : The partaking of the Chili Hae its own ageaial iguiaacs : IV. As the Communion of the members with Christ the Eucharist is the Sacrament of membership in the Church, and the bond of unity . :. _V. The aspects of the Eucharist sedtied ipa the truth ef the Real Presence 5 The consecrated Elements are ie Body and Blood of Chatet . : The belief of the Primitive Church in the Real Presence is testified to by the Fathers and the English Reformers held the same “spelief The manner of the Presence in the Eucharist is not seveslad and the theories held upon the subject are open to ob- jection : (a) Transubstantiation. against which objections are— (1) it is contrary to Scripture and the Fathers : (2) it overthrows the nature of a Sacrament (3) it has given occasion to superstitions (6) Consubstantiation . : against which objections are— (1) its philosophical associations are similar to those of Transubstantiation < : (2) it appears to involve the eit of Ghia’: human nature. but when loosely held it is not chai ste Sainte. or inconsistent with Anglican doctrine (c) The theory of a Virtual Presence. against which objections are— (1) it separates the outward sign from the thing signified . : : A (2) it destroys the completeness of the Searsincnt by making the inward part depend upon exercise of faith. PAGE 250 251 252 256 258 269 261 264 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 278 279 279 280 280 281 282 283 CONTENTS VI. The requisites on man’s part in order to beneficial reception. (a) faith (4) purity from sin (c) charity VII. The effect of the Sactakine in due case oF daniéeirg receivers They do not receive the virtus of the Sacrament but since the Sacrament does not depend for its are ee on the faith of them that use it, it always takes some effect Sacramental eating accordingly is to be distinguished from spiritual partaking and it may be held that there is a Sacrament ae of Christ’s s Body and Blood which even the wicked share CHAPTER XII. XIX PAGE 284 284 285 286 287 289 290 290 292 THE CHURCH AS MINISTER OF eee NG The Church as an institution adapted to all man’s needs oat vay appeals to his mind and spirit, but deals with his practical life in the body é As a visible Society it is Feceonigbie that he Church siould have its rules and discipline I. The Church provides for all hes sciatabers ses cairn ties of fasting and self-denial ; c ‘ The duty of fasting and self- denial rests mans (a) Christ’s example : (6) Christ’s teaching (c) the custom of the Primitive ‘Caunckt (Z) the rule of the Church to-day Its object is— (1) primarily, the cultivation of self-control that the Christian may subdue the flesh to the spirit and thus be prepared for spiritual sativdty and ae tite reception of spiritual blessings Fasting accordingly is prescribed by the Chureh’s rp as forming a part of due preparation— (a) for reception of the Sacraments (4) for the Ordination of Ministers (c) for the due observance of sacred days “en seasons. Fasting has other important deipvictaies (2) it is an expression of sorrow for sin (3) it is self-denial that we may have to give to others 208 298 299 300 300 301 301 302 304 305 308 309 309 311 XX CONTENTS _ II. The Church provides restoration for the sinner through the discipline of Penance Fall from grace is possible for a Christian but such fall from grace is not irreparable Remission of sins and restoration are therefore offered to ehe members of the Church The Method of restoration : (1) The subjective conditions required. (2) Repentance, which includes : (i) Contrition (ii) Confession (iii) Satisfaction (6) Faith in the power of ie Blood “of Christ is cleanse from sin (2) Forgiveness is bestowed through ‘the Naaistey oie the Church in Absolution, after Confession Confession is made to God in the presence of the Nektar who is empowered to Ces Absolution in the Name of Christ Particular ere as to Conte aiid Abablutien may vary ; and the Church has power to regulate them III. To meet the case of impenitent sinners the Church provides the discipline of Excommunication (1) The Church has the power of Hitomalntcstion Such power was exercised by the Jewish Church Christ anticipated and authorised its exercise in the Society of His disciples It has been exercised in the Church from ‘the Apostolic age . : and our Chunek ail claims the right to exercise it. (2) Sentence of Excommunication— (a) involves exclusion from Christian fellowship. (2) but does not carry with it loss of natural or ae rights and obligations (3) The purpose of Excommunication is a inenevial one (2) as regards the Church as a whole (4) as regards the excommunicate individual INDEX PAGE 320 321 323 324 325 326 330 335 So5 336 337 338 340 342 343 344 345 345 - 349 THE GCHURCH .OF. CHRIST CHAPTER I IMPORTANCE AND INTEREST OF <THE: SUBJECT: HE subject of the Church cannot be ignored by the thoughtful Christian, because Christianity is essentially social. Those who have been, as individual souls, united to Christ are also zfso facto brought near to one another. It was our Lord’s work in the first place to restore man to a state of union with God, which had been interrupted by sin; God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto Himself.! But in thus restoring men to a life of communion with God, Christ also bound them by a new, by a supernatural and spiritual, tie to one another. He reconciled both Jew and Gentile unto God in one Body.2 For He is our Peace, Who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us,® so that for those who by Baptism into Christ have put on Christ there is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, but all are ove in Christ Jesus.4 Hence in the lofty delineation which is given in the Epistle to the Hebrews of the glorious dispensation into which Christians have entered, the thought of association underlies the whole. “Ve are come,” the writer says, ‘unto mount Zion, and unto ey 2 Cornviitg. 2 Eph. ii. 16. 3 Eph. ii. 14. pales 27, 2d. 2 THE CHURCH OF CHRIST the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to innumerable hosts of angels, to the general assembly and church of the firstborn who are enrolled in Heaven.”! Christianity being thus in its nature social, it is not surprising to find that it has, as a power in the world, always manifested itself in social forms. It is a matter of history that even those Christians who have laid hold most firmly upon that side of Christian doctrine which appeals to man as an individual, and who have theoretically treated Christianity as a scheme for the salvation of the individual soul, have nevertheless, when seeking to influence others and when undertaking missionary enterprise, found themselves forced to be Ecclesiastical, to become an association—call it by what name they may, church, school, sect—with doctrines defined and with some amount of organisation perfected. This character or tendency of Christianity is due to an ineradicable characteristic of the nature of man. Man’s best and highest life can never be lived in isolation and apart from the lives of his fellow-men. He is a social animal, and since the aim and purpose of Christianity is the salvation of the whole man, the perfecting of his highest activity and the full development of his powers in every direction, it is bound to take a social line—the line of all true progress—and to work practically amongst men as a Church. From whatever cause, whether it be from the working of the Divine Spirit within, or from pressure of external circumstances, in which, however, a reverent mind will discern the guiding hand of Providence—from whatever cause Christianity has taken a certain form in the world, and it is incumbent upon the thoughtful man, necessary for the Christian, that he should endeavour to understand this. It is further impossible for the Christian to leave the subject of the Church out of account because the social aspect of Christianity, the theory and practice of the organic and organised Body of those who accept the Gospel, occupies so large a place in the sacred writings of the New Testament. It is there recorded that the Lord Himself, when He had a Hebyexii22)/23, IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT 3 educated S. Peter to a true faith in His Divine Person, directly spoke of building His Church upon the Rock of His faithful disciple! In pursuance of this design of Christ we find that in the historical record in Acts, and from the incidental allusions in the Epistles, the Apostles are represented as admit- ting their converts into fellowship with themselves, and thus founding, wherever they preached the Gospel, a visible com- munity of saints, based on the Sacrament of Baptism,? whose unity is expressed in the Sacrament of the Eucharist §—a society whose accredited missionaries proclaimed to men the definite doctrine of an unchangeable Evangelical tradition,* and wherein all things were done in due order,® with a proper division of functions of the several members,® an Apostle having general authority to order each particular community of Christians in accord with the common tradition both of faith and practice.’ Moreover, this aspect of Christianity as an organic community appears in the New Testament not only as an idea of practical importance, but is set before us as a grand conception commanding the imagination and the heart. The lofty conception of the unity of believers in Christ entertained by the Apostles themselves is indicated by the names or titles given to it in the New Testament writings. The regular application of the term £cclesia to the com- pany of believers is easy to understand when we remember that it was founded on the specially impressive saying of our Lord to S. Peter, but its significance can only be fully appre- ciated by taking account of its Old Testament usage as a title of the general assembly of Israel as the people of God. The Hebrew words which are represented by the Greek word Ecclesia suggest “no mere agglomeration of men, but rather a unity carried out in the joint action of many members, each having his own responsibilities, the action of each and all 1S. Matt. xvi. 18. 2S, Matt. xxviii, 19; Acts ii. 38; xix. 1-5; 1 Cor, x. 1-43 Eph. iv. 5. ele On Ss Lys 4 Gal. i. 6-9. 5 1 Cor, xiv. 40. 6 1 Cor, xii, 12-30. © ty Cory Vile bys x12, 105° XV; 3. 4 THE CHURCH OF CHRIST being regulated by a supreme law or order.”1 The name Ecclesia, in the New Testament, accordingly marks the whole body of Christians as the congregation of God with its order, its mutual duties and responsibilities—the people of God gathered in one body to exercise their privileges and to enjoy their rights—the analogy and the spiritual successor of the congregation of Israel so conspicuous in the ancient Scriptures This thought of the Christian Ecclesia as having succeeded to the Israel of God, and as accordingly inheriting its titles, is set forth with special vividness by S. Peter. ‘‘ Ye, as living stones, are built up a spiritual house, to be a holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. Because it is contained in Scripture, Behold, I lay in Zion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on Him shall not be put to shame. For you there- fore which believe is the preciousness: . . . Ye are an elect race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God’s own possession.” ” The new dispensation which it was Christ’s mission to inaugurate was heralded by the Baptist as the Kingdom of Heaven, and this title the Kingdom of Heaven, or of God, is the usual one in the mouth of the Lord Himself. It is almost entirely replaced in the Apostolic writings by the name Ecclesia; and from the fact that our Lord, when specially instructing the Apostles for their life-work, before His Ascension spoke to them of “the things pertaining to the Kingdom of God,” we can have little doubt that He meant the Society of His disciples to be the realisation of the Kingdom of God. That it was also viewed as such by the Apostles is apparent from the occasional use of the title King- dom of Heaven, of God, or of Christ, in the New Testa- ment writings outside the Gospels. Thus S. Paul testifies in his address at Miletus to the Ephesian elders that he had gone among them preaching the Kingdom of God,‘ while in his letter to the Ephesians he rebukes all forms of uncleanness 1 Hort, Christian Ecclesia, p. 15. 21S. Peter ii. 5-9. BACKS Is: 4 “Acts xx, 25, IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT 5 on the ground that no whoremonger or unclean person hath any inheritance in the Kingdom of Christ and of God ;} and again he has reason to admonish the Corinthians that the Kingdom of God, as administered by himself, is not in word but in power.? This high title marks the Christian community as the fulfilment of the ideal Messianic Kingdom, in which the saints are fellow-citizens ;3 that long-expected Kingdom of the Christ which is the subject of so many glowing Old Testa- ment prophecies, and which was the object of the aspirations of the faithful remnant of God’s people, as destined to accom- plish the restoration of Israel and the ingathering of the Gentiles.* The conception of the body of believers as the Bride of Christ emphasises the closeness of their relation as a whole to Him, by representing it as analogous to the sacred tie by which man and wife become one flesh.5 As His Bride the Church receives the fulness of Christ’s life and of His cherish- ing love,® and while the title thus suggests the highest and most inspiring thoughts, it at the same time lays the Christian community under the strictest obligation to purity both in life and doctrine.’ This thought of the Church as Christ’s Bride of which S. Paul makes so powerful a use,’ takes a prominent and very impressive place in the Revelation of S. John, where the consummation of the present Dispensation is set forth under the figure of the celebration of the marriage of the Lamb.? The thought of the unity of God’s people as His Bride is one which, like the two aspects of the Church already noted—the Ecclesia and the Kingdom—has its origin in the Old Testament.!° Such titles as applied to the Church in the New Testament indicate accordingly that the Christian com- munity is the fulfilment and embodiment of the inspiring 1 Eph. v. 5. 2h1/Core 1¥., 201 3 Eph. ii. 19, 4 See what is said of Simeon in S. Luke ii. 25, 26, and compare the words of his song in verses 30-2. 5 Eph. v. 29, 30. © Eph. v. 25. 2 Cots, Xara 8 Eph. v. 23-323 2 Cor. xi, 2. 9 Rey. xix. 7,8 3 xxi.) 2,.9. 10 Cf, Hos. ii. 19; Isa. liv. 5; Ezek. xvi. 7 et segq. 6 THE CHURCH OF CHRIST conceptions and lofty ideals of the Divinely taught Hebrew nation. The essentially corporate character of true religion is most emphatically indicated by the New Testament conception of Christians as a whole as constituting the Body of Christ. This is a title which suggests in the first place the thought of mystical union with, and vital relation to, Christ the ruling Head,! but it necessarily carries with it the further thought of the healthy growth and progress of the Body,? through each one of the many interdependent members duly fulfilling its own appointed function.? When in Scripture the unity of believers in Christ is spoken of as His Body, we are evidently intended to learn that if Christianity is to advance and have its due effect in the world, it can only be by action in its corporate capacity, by the united life and action and by the mutual co-operation of the members, each in his own proper office. Besides the consideration of the prominence of the con- ception of the Church in the Scriptures, a further reason for the necessity of the study of our subject lies in the fact that it finds a place alike in the ancient Creeds of Christendom, and in later Confessions of Faith of whatever theological complexion. In later Confessions, such as the great multitude which appeared in the sixteenth century, that the subject of the Church is treated fully is, of course, only what we are prepared to find, since the conception of the Church, its authority, its organisation, and its discipline were amongst the chief points of debate and divergence between opposed schools of theologians in that unsettled period. At that time, moreover, even those who broke away from the unity of the historic Church laid strong emphasis upon the idea of the Church and wrote at length upon it, the more so on account of their anxiety to vindicate their right to a place within the true Church of Christ. Hence Articles upon, and definitions of, the Church occupy an important place not only in our own 1 Eph. i.: 233 v. 303 Col, i. 18. 2 Eph. iv. 12-16. 5 Rom. xii, 4, 53 1 Cor. xii, 12 ¢¢ segg. IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT 7 English Articles and in the Decrees of the Synod of Trent, but also in the Confessions of the Protestants and the Re- formed, as later in the various Formularies of subsequent seceders. But it is remarkable that not only in such com- paratively late Formularies, drawn up at times when the subject of the Church was in debate, do we find it treated; in the early Creeds of united Christendom, which were formulated before such controversies arose, the Church is presented to us as an object of faith. We are, therefore, led next to consider the significance of the fact that the Church is thus referred to in the Creeds. When we say we believe in the Holy Catholic Church we do not merely recognise a fact, we acknowledge a principle. That Christian men are, from whatever cause or causes, working in the world as members of a society, bound together by certain laws and ordinances, and organised under certain rulers to do their common work, is bare fact appreciable by the senses, and therefore not matter of faith at all in the proper accepta- tion of the term. But faith comes in because by it we appre- hend the true and hidden character of the outward Body which is visible to our eyes. By the use of reason in the study of Scripture, of tradition, and of history we may arrive at much knowledge concerning the Church, its marks, the conditions and results of its working. But it is by faith we apprehend the Church as a corporate Body possessing special powers and graces conferred by God the Holy Spirit ; it is by faith we acknowledge that the whole community of the Baptized has been lifted from the natural order into a higher and supernatural order ; it is by faith that, in spite of manifold difficulties, shortcomings, and failures, we rest upon Christ’s promise that against His Rock-founded Church the gates of hell shall not prevail.!. On the precise wording of the clauses in the Creeds relating to the Church some words of comment are perhaps necessary. Rufinus of Aquileia, writing at the close of the fourth century, lays stress on the omission of the preposition 7 before the words “ Holy Catholic Church” in 1S, Matt. xvi. 18. 8 THE CHURCH: OF CHRIST the current Latin Creed, as though it had doctrinal signifi- cance ;! and from the time of Rufinus theologians, especially in the West, have drawn attention to the omission, and have made more or less emphatic distinction between believing 7 God and believing (that there is) a Holy Catholic Church.
| 37,754 |
https://github.com/wxpkerpk/exchange-base-examlple/blob/master/ace-modules/bitcola-entity/src/main/java/com/bitcola/me/entity/ColaCoinUserchoose.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
exchange-base-examlple
|
wxpkerpk
|
Java
|
Code
| 190 | 636 |
package com.bitcola.me.entity;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.annotation.JSONField;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.persistence.Transient;
import java.io.Serializable;
/**
* 用户自选表
*
* @author Mr.AG
* @email [email protected]
* @date 2018-08-01 09:03:17
*/
@Table(name = "ag_admin_v1.cola_coin_userchoose")
public class ColaCoinUserchoose implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
//
@Id
private String id;
//交易介质
@Column(name = "symbol")
private String symbol;
//币种
@Column(name = "coin_code")
private String coinCode;
@Column(name = "user_id")
@JSONField(serialize = false)
private String userId;
@Transient
private String pair;
public String getUserId() {
return userId;
}
public void setUserId(String userId) {
this.userId = userId;
}
public String getPair() {
if (StringUtils.isEmpty(pair)){
pair = coinCode+"_"+symbol;
}
return pair;
}
public void setPair(String pair) {
this.pair = pair;
}
/**
* 设置：
*/
public void setId(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
/**
* 获取：
*/
public String getId() {
return id;
}
/**
* 设置：交易介质
*/
public void setSymbol(String symbol) {
this.symbol = symbol;
}
/**
* 获取：交易介质
*/
public String getSymbol() {
return symbol;
}
/**
* 设置：币种
*/
public void setCoinCode(String coinCode) {
this.coinCode = coinCode;
}
/**
* 获取：币种
*/
public String getCoinCode() {
return coinCode;
}
}
| 40,442 |
0000048782_9
|
Spanish-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,816 |
Toxicología, ó doctrina de venenos y sus antídotos
|
Plenck, Joseph Jacob von , 1738-1807 // Lavedán, Antonio -trad // Villalpando, Fermín Tadeo , fl. 1794-1826 //
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 5,316 | 11,208 |
arsénico volatilizado. Los que trabajan en las minas arsenicales, o que allí mismo subliman el arsénico, o reciben por las narices el hálito del arsénico encerrado mucho tiempo, quedan atacados del hálito o vapor arsenical. FUERZA NOCIVA. Causa deliquio del ánimo, sufocación, asma, cardialgía, vómitos, vértigos, dolor de cabeza, de piernas, y congojas. El hálito arsenical que exhalan las minas del Promontorio de Potosí; Esperanza, mata a todos los animales que se acercan a él. PRESERVATIVOS. En las minas arsenicales se procurará introducir un aire puro o sano; se harán las labores arsenicales en laboratorios u oficinas bien construidas con un horno bueno y bien acondicionado. La comida que sea pingüe y crasa, como mantequilla, patés bien cebados, y otros animales bien nutridos, y leche. Se aplicará muchas veces a la boca y narices el espíritu alcalino (álcali volátil), y aun se tomarán algunas gotas. ANTÍDOTOS. Leche, alcalinos, aceite suave y késelo esencial de anís. Véase arsénico. (1) Según Gmelin en su tratado de venenos, 1.1. p. 9. dice, que cuando alguien abría alguna vasija, en la que sublimaba algunas veces el arsenico, percibía un olor suave; pero este olor le causaba cardialgía, síncope, sudor frío, náuseas, vómitos, orina cruenta, y contracción de todo su cuerpo; de modo que no pudo recuperarse sino después de mucho tiempo con el uso de la leche. El célebre Boerhave, de morbis nervorum, de las enfermedades de los nervios, en el t. 3. p. 344. , dice que los hombres que probaban blanquear el cobre con el arsénico en un quarto cerrado, casi se sofocaban, sacaban la lengua, tenían dolor de cabeza, vértigos, fatiga, y manchas cardenales que les salían cerca del pecho, y permanecían mucho tiempo, o por algunos días. (263) Hálito aplastado. HALTIA plumbatus. Es un hálito que contiene plomo volatilizado. Son atacados de este hálito ó vapor aplomado los que trabajan en las minas plumbíferas ó de plomo, ó los que lo funden. Igualmente lo son los que habitan en aposentos recién pintados con colores de plomo, principalmente si están cerradas las puertas y ventanas, ó los que derriten el plomo al fuego, o preparan las preparaciones del plomo, como son los molineros de colores aplomados; los que pintan coches; los pintores, que encarnan ó ponen color de carne a las imágenes con colores de plomo; los doradores que doran á fuego ó sin él, y añaden mercuriales adulterados con plomo (para hacer la amalgama de oro); los estañadores de vasijas que manejan el estaño adulterado de mala hierba con plomo; los alfareros que bañan las vasijas de tierra con alcohol ó galena y pasan a pólvora los que reducen á polvo el íritrid de espinazo para encrustar ó bañar dichas vasijas; los pulidores, ó acicaladores, que mediante una piedad de plomo, ó mezclada con plomo y estaño, trabajan su obra los fibularios, ó artífices de hebillas, que usan de la composición de estaño y plomo, y en especial aquellos que otra vez reducen á polvo estos artefactos, ó los vuelven á fundir, como es regular; y finalmente los boticarios que muelen el plomo, ó las demás cosas aplomadas, hasta reducido á polvos, con los que preparan los emplastos saturninos. FUERZA NOCIVA. El hálito del plomo causa muchas y varias enfermedades. Sucede que se paraliza solamente uno ó dos dedos, y otras que se paraliza la mano ó todo un brazo. HALITUS cupratus. Es un hálito que contiene cobre volatilizado. FUERZA NOCIVA. Los artífices que manejan con frecuencia el cobre, no rara vez se les ponen verdes los cabellos; padecen vértigos, náuseas, vómitos, tos seca, y ulceras en los pulmones, y alguna vez expelen los excrementos verdes. ANTÍDOTOS, Oleosos, mucilaginosos y purgantes. Véase cobre. HÁLITO MERCURIAL. HÁLITO mercurialis. Es un hálito que contiene mercurio volatilizado. Son atacados de este hálito mercurial los que sacan de las minas azogue o el cinabrio; los artífices que componen las preparaciones mercuriales, y los que habitan en unos aposentos, cuya atmósfera abunda de átomos mercuriales. FUERZA NOCIVA. Causa vértigos, temblor, principalmente de manos, palidez, achixía de la cara, asma, salivación o babeo, negrura de dientes, vacilación y caída de estos, ulceras pútridas en la boca. Alguna vez causa también sordera, abolición de la voz, estupidez, a lo que muchas veces pone fin la apoplejía. Daña principalmente a los escorbúticos. Cuando los químicos componen el mercurio, suelen recibir algún daño su vapor. Recibiendo vapor a los ojos y narices causa ophtalmías pésimas y violentos estornudos; pero cuando toca a las fauces o a la tráquea y a los pulmones, mueve tos, dificulta. En el Lazareto de Venecia, cuando a fuerza de salivación curan muchos enfermos de la lucha venérea, se inficiona de tal manera el aire, que aun los hombres más sanos y robustos en pocas horas se encuentran de posturas eflorescidas. 34 (266) y la respiración, tisis, o sofocación repentina, y muerte. PRESERVATIVOS. Ventilación de aire en las minas y en los laboratorios, dieta, y alimento pingüe o craso, purgantes suaves repetidos muchas veces. ANTÍDOTOS. Mucilaginosos y diuréticos. Véase mercurio. HUMO CINABRINO, O DE CRIMSON. Fusus cinnabarina. Es un humo que despide el cinabrio echado en el fuego. FUERZA NOCIVA. Cuando el fuego derriba el cinabrio en vapor mercurial, el vapor sulfúreo se resuelve igualmente: estos dos hálitos son nocivos. El hálito sulfúreo tomado incautamente sofoca los pulmones, y el gas mercurial mueve al instante a la vejiga. ANTÍDOTOS. Los mismos que en los hálitos sulfúreos y mercuriales. VIRTUD MEDICINAL. El humo del cinabrio aplicado con mucha precaución con un embudo en la orificio venéreo (úlcera pútrida) dentro de las narices, en las úlceras, tofos, y condilomas venéreos obstinados, alguna vez ha sido un remedio muy bueno. (i) Es necesario mucha repetición de operaciones para que estos terribles sífilomas desciendan al suelo, como son pasajeros, y cause la muerte. L. (267) HÁLITOS TERREOS. HÁLITO DEL TESO. LUM-ivis gfpsi. Es un gas que contiene yeso pulverizado. FUERZA NOCIVA. El dióxido de azufre contenido en el yeso líquido con la inspiración a los pulmones forma arenillas o piedrecitas y causa aridez y sequedad de fauces, de la lengua, hipo, tos seca, ansias, síncope, choque, peripneumonía y tisis. De aquí es que los que trabajan en yeso casi siempre están débiles, y parecen estatuas con su cara afónica. ANTÍDOTOS. Evitará la atmósfera afónica y se inspirará el vapor del vinagre a los pulmones, el cual disuelve el yeso, y retira la tos que había excitado. HÁLITOS DE LOS VEGETALES. AYRE MÉDICO DE LOS VEGETALES, AIRE vegetal medico. Es un aire que exhala los vegetales diurno y nocturno en los sitios sombríos. Las hojas muy verdes, expuestas a la luz del sol, exhalarán un aire saludable (gas oxígeno) pero estas mismas hojas en los parajes sombríos diurno y nocturno le despiden muy nocivo (gas ácido carbónico). Este aire sale muy puro de las flores y hortalizas, aun cuando les baña el sol. FUERZA NOCIVA. Mueren los animales encerrados en este aire (gas ácido carbónico) y a una luz fuerte. Las que van muy temprano por la mañana a la estufa de las plantas, experimentan una gran opresión de pecho. Aquí se ve lo poco que vale el consejo de los que quieren persuadir que se coloquen en los cuartos de los enfermos arbolitos y ramas verdes. Si esto se hace al medio del día, hora en que el sol tiene su mayor actividad, podrá ser muy útil, porque su humedad sin duda refrigera la atmósfera; pero no es lo mismo si se ponen dentro de un cuarto pequeño y sombrío un número excesivo de ramas verdes. Con todo eso hay menos que temer en las plantas y ramas que en las flores y frutos. ANTÍDOTOS. Aire atmosférico, desgasificado y vinagre. HÁLITOS PECULIARES DE VEGETALES, HÁLITO ANAGÉRICO. ALGUNOS AjALAGIRIS falso de Linneo. (Es planta parecida a este). FUERZA NOCIVA. El hedor causa en Cerca gran dolor de cabeza. HÁLITO DEL DRAGONCILLO. ARUM dracunculoides de Linneo. FUERZA NOCIVA. Del precedente. HÁLITO DEL NOGAL. JUGLANS regia de Linneo. La sombra se tiene por sosa y se dice que causa fiebre. FUERZA NOCIVA. (269) HÁLITO DEL SAHUCO. SAMBUCUS nigra de Linneo: Sahucote verde. Del precedente. HALITO DEL SÁNDALO BLANCO. SANTALUM álbum de Lino. Sándalo blanco, FUERZA NOCIVA. El árbol recién cortado des-pide un hálito venenoso que causa una fiebre sin cal con delirio. Los Indios lo curan con la raíz de mangos. (Lino radix opibhiza mungos, ó raíz de serpiente). HÁLITO DE ALCARÇA moscata. FUERZA NOCIVA. ALCARÇA MOSCATA. de Lino. Se dice que sofoca el olor a las ictericias, viudas, y a las prostitutas en los sitios donde viven estas. HÁLITO DEL MANCINÉLA. Hippomane mancinella de Lino (Vulgo árbol de mancinela). FUERZA NOCIVA. Se dice que muchas personas europeas que entraron en Surinam murieron con solo su hálito. Otros lo niegan. HÁLITO DEL CÁÑAMO. El cáñamo macerado o agramado se tienen por nocivos. HÁLITO DEL LINO. El lino macerado en agua, con el que se pescan los peces, tiene un olor y un sabor mortal para los peces y dañoso para los humanos. HÁLITO DEL TOBACCO. RUBOR toxicodendron de Lino. FUERZA NOCIVA. Se tiene por sospechoso. CANNABIS sativa de Lino. FUERZA NOCIVA. Los efervescentes del hálito, HÁLITO DEL RHUS DE BARNIZ. RHUS vernix de Lino. FUERZA NOCIVA. Como el precedente. HÁLITO DEL ELÉBORO BLANCO. VERATRUM album de Lineo, FUERZA NOCIVA. Arrancada incautamente la raíz, ha causado el vómito horrendo. Acaso seria el daño que se cuenta cuando rozan, rasguñan, o las hojas, con motivo de los vientos y las lluvias, destila su leche venenosa mezclada con la lluvia. Cel. Jacinto Señalador. Año histórico. HÁLITO DE DRACONCIO POLÍFILO, o DE MUCHAS OJAS. De Lineo, o partiendo longitudinalmente la flor, derrama o esparce un hedor como de un cadáver muy corrompido, que a los que le inspiran los deja atónitos y catalépticos (supresión de todos los sentidos y de los movimientos); pero lo más maravilloso es, que pasados algunos días empiezan las anteras a despedir su polvo, arrojándolo en la misma hora, y esta acción vence casi se desvanece. ALiento DEL DRACONCIO FÉTIDO, un olor tan hediondo, que levanta el pelo de la cabeza. VIRTUD MEDICINAL. La raíz tiene la misma virtud que el jaro amancebado, y principalmente para el escorbuto. DRACONTIUM foetidum de Lineo. FUERZA NOCIVA. La flor esparce un polvo. OLORES DE ALgunas FLORES. OLOR DE VIOLETA. VIOLA odorata de Linné. FUERZA NOCIVA. Las flores recientes despiden un olor muy agradable, y tan subido, que una doncella célebre murió de apoplejía por haber dejado por la noche en el cuarto cerrado una bandeja o jarro lleno de violetas. Todos los gatos demasiado fragantes o olorosos, encerrados los halitos en un cuarto pequeño, atacan la cabeza, y suprimen todos los sentidos. OLOR DE ROSAS. El olor de estas flores es casi agradable a todos, con todo eso solo el olerlas causa a muchos estornudos, congestión o inflamación de ojos, delirios del ánimo, afeciciones estéticas, evacuaciones de vientre, y aun se leen también varios ejemplos de abortos, y de muerte. De aquí se colige fácilmente que semejantes efectos provienen del estado o de la idiosincrasia particular. OLOR DE LIRIOS BLANCOS, O AZUCENAS. FUERZA HOCIVA. Del ROSA centifolia de Linné. FUERZA NOCIVA. Aunque el Lilio candidum de Linné. OLOR DE CAPRIFOLIO (vulgarmente madreselva). Lonicera periclymenum de Linné (vulgarmente madre selva). FUERZA NOCIVA. Del olor de las flores recientes de ambas se han originado vómitos, fatiga y parálisis de la lengua. OLOR DE FOLIANTES. FOLIANTES tuberosa de Linné. FUERZA NOCIVA. Como el precedente. OLOR DE JUDIAS SECAS, O ALBACHUELAS. PASCALIS vulgaris de Lineo. FÚRZA NOCIVA. Como el precedente. COLOR DEL OLEANDER (vulgo adelfa). Nombre científico del oleandro de Lineo. FÚRZA NOCIVA. Algunos han amanecido muertos, que dormían sobre un montón de heno reciente en un aposento cerrado. OLOR DEL HENO RECIENTE. FENOSO recens, o heno reciente. OLOR DE AROMAS VEGETALES. OLOR DEL CLAVO AROMÁTICO. CALVARY aromático de Lino (vulgo clavo de especia). FÚRZA NOCIVA. Unos hombres que durmieron una noche en un aposento en el cual había un gran montón de clavo de especia, fueron atacados de náuseas, vómitos, ansias y un gran dolor de cabeza. OLOR DE ALCANFOR. RESINA volátil ex lauro camphora. Alcanfor de Lineo. FÚRZA NOCIVA. Los especieros y drogueros que encierran muchos fardos cargados de alcanfor, de azafrán, de asafétida y otros aromas semejantes, padecen una soñolencia o gana de dormir insuperable. Habiendo entrado un hombre ilustre de Ámsterdam en un almacén que estaba lleno de olores aromáticos, sin duda hubiera muerto, después de haber padecido vértigos, entorpecimiento de sentidos y opresión de pecho, si al instante, y del modo que pudo, no se hubiera salido afuera del almacén. OLOR DE LA ASAFÉTIDA. GOMO-RESINA ex férula. Asafétida de Lineo. FÚRZA NOCIVA. Como el precedente. OLOR DE ÁMBAR. AMBRA ambrosiaca de Lineo. FÚRZA NOCIVA. Como el precedente. OLORES DE LOS AROMAS ANIMALES. Olor del almizcle. Moscus moschifer de Linneo. FABRICA NOVA. El olor del almizcle causa en muchas mujeres delirios del ánimo, vértigos, vómito y afecciones histericas. La vejiga del animal, aplicada a las narices de algunos hombres, mueve la sangre por ellas; en algunas mujeres excita los menstruos. Olor del castor. FABRICA NOVA. Más suave que la del precedente, Olor del zibeto. Viverra zibetha de Linneo. FABRICA NÓCIVA. Los primeros que entraban en la quinta, que se conservaba en un cubo casi se embriagaban; las mujeres más débiles, les padecían con este olor delirios del ánimo y vértigos. El humo de las semillas quemadas han producido enagenaición de mente con furor y alteración; y también de los efluvios de las semillas se han originado y visto los mismos males. Estas semillas fueron el artificio de que se valieron las mujeres supersticiosas para excitar con el vapor de las mismas semillas altercaciones o disputas entre los libres. El célebre Boethius y un amigo suyo, mientras disponían una pastilla o cataplasma del bello quedarón solo el vapor embriagados. Olor del estramonio. Hojas molidas, recibido después de haber dormido en el mismo quarto, causa dolor obtuso de cabeza, que poco después se desvanece. Olor DEL OPIO. Datura stramonium de Lino. FUERZA NOCIVA. El olor de las Papaver somniferum de Lino. Zumo espesado del papaver somniferum (vulga adormidera blanca). FUERZA NOCIVA. Los hombres que se ocupan en coger el opio, están por lo común pálidos; se caen de sueño, y se ponen trémulos. Con el cambio del opio crudo reciente a otras vasijas, excita con movimiento de mente, la que se disipa con media hora de sueño. Olor del Zafarín. Crocus sativus de Lino (vulga azafrán). FUERZA NOCIVA. El olor inmoderado o excesivo agrava la cabeza, turba la mente o sentidos, y causa apoplejía y risa sardónica (i). Olor del Tabaco. Nicotiana tabacum de Lino (vulga tabaco). OLOR narcótico. Sabor un poco amargo y algo acre. (t) La mujer de un especero, que tema en un quarto pequeño y caluroso azafrán pulverizado en pequeñas porciones, cayó de repente desmayada. Un Judío que dormía encima de un saco de azafrán, se encontró muerto: los mulos que iban cargados de azafrán murieron solamente con el olor, Cel. Goleftin. Batdekungen von Luft. p. 3. Una brebadería, que después de comer fumó veinte y cinco cigarros, quedó al instante estúpido con pérdida de sentidos, los que recobró con vómitos violentos. Dos hermanos de los cuales el uno había fumado diez y siete cigarros, y el otro diez y ocho, tragándose el humo, murieron al instante a manera de apoplejía. ANTÍDOTOS. Iritación de fauces para promover el vómito y vino (j). FUERZA NOCIVA. LOS (I) Ya se dice que el olor de la yerba es narcótico. Sabor amargo, débilmente acre. (Véase la pág. 86 de esta obra). Su virtud es narcótica, resolutiva, estornutatoria, paraliza la llorera para aquellos que no estan acostumbrados. Se sabe que el tabaco en polvo ocasiona una descarga de mocos de Solo un anciano experimenta del tabaco en granada algunas veces ha hecho vomitar, y ha ocasionado otros síntomas molestos. Usos. Las hojas un poco cocidas y humedecidas se aplican para las úlceras, estrogmatos y callosidades. Remediando con el cocimiento del tabaco el parafimosis crónico, dice Bergius en su obra médica, que lo resolvió, y que también tiene experimentado resolver los tumores duros y dolorosos en los testículos. El cocimiento suministrado en lavativas sirve para los casos de hernia estrangulada. Con el humo de tabaco inyectado por el ano por medio de una siringa se ha logrado en muchas veces hacer entrar los intestinos en las hernias estranguladas; pero este humo sería dañoso en las hernias inflamadas, porque ocasionaría la gangrena. También es bueno para apaciguar los dolores y fluxiones de los dientes, aun estando cariados, recibido en la boca bien sea fumando con pipa, cigarro &c. OLOR DEL LOLLO TEMULENTO. "Lolium temulentum de Linneo (vulgo zizania). Es una semilla boetica, corrompida, que se cría entre el trigo. FUERZA NOCIVA. El hálito que exhala en un aparato cerrado cuando se tuesta la semilla, o cuando se echa al fuego, o cuando las semillas fermentan, causa estupidez, o atolondramiento y dolor de cabeza. OLOR DE LA CICUTA VENENOSA. Cicuta virosa de Linneo. FUERZA NOCIVA. El olor es un cuarto cevado causa soñolencia (I). OLOR DEL COHÓN MANCHADO. "Cohum maculatum de Linneo (vulgo cicuta). El olor de la planta es arrancado, y estrujada entre los dedos causa vértigos. FUERZA NOCIVA. COLOR DE LOS HONGOS VENENOSOS. FUNGÍ venenati. FUERZA NOCIVA. Solo el olor mueve náuseas. (t) Licor, de iirnf piant. Amor, Acad. p. 451. APÉNDICE DE ALGUNOS VENENOS, CUYA ÍNDOLE NO SE CONOCE AUNI Y DE ALGUNOS AUN NO SE CONOCEN SUS EFECTOS. ACUA TOFFANIA. Es una agua que inventó una mujer italiana, llamada Toffania, la cual hacía un monopolio infame en Roma y Italia en tiempo del Pontífice Alejandro VII (Véase también la Toxicologia de Franck). Todavía se oculta a los médicos y farmacéuticos su verdadera composición; pero, según Hoffmann, parece ser el arsénico disuelto en una gran cantidad de agua. Hoffmann. Med. rat. sistem. t. ii. P'85'í y Gebelin. Mineralische PJJS* FUERZA NOCIVA y antídotos los del arsénico (i). El quínico en Tbilisi. Sisu mi áñ emnoísti m citinqui, quets, tom. V. sect. 6, dice que los cuerpos crasos como la grasa no gozan de ninguna de las propiedades ventajosas que se les atribuye, pues sucede al contrario, porque ellos desenvuelven y fomentan de alguna manera el arsénico sobre el estómago; que por otra parte la leche está sujeta a su descomposición desde el instante que entra en el estómago, y los cuerpos crasos a enranciarse; en efecto, estos cuerpos parece que más bien pueden servir de obstáculo a la acción de los diferentes remedios saludables; de todo lo cual resulta, después de un gran número de experimentos, que cuando se ha hecho tragar a los animales una preparación de arsénico mezclado con manteca, aceite, o cualquier otro cuerpo craso, los animales mueren mucho más pronto que cuando se da en vehículo acuoso. (Benault dicta sobre los efectos venenosos del arsénico. Anales de Química, tom. 43). Después de estas consideraciones, el traductor de (280) (Véase venenos arsenicales en la página 228.) Algunos aconsejan que para el tratamiento de un envenenado por el arsénico, después de haber sido dicho por las reglas, establecidas, que deba servir por la leche y las substancias crasas. Francisco M. L. H. J. Vranken, que los mucilagos, los dulcificantes y gelatinosos convendrían con mucha más ventaja que los que se acostumbran de exponer: el aguja caliente parece ser uno de los medios más eficaces para disolver el glúleo blanco de Estíbilis por parte del agua caliente es muy útil para favorecer el vómito, y en este caso seria muy peligroso emplear los eméticos violentos, (Bouvenat: Recherches sur la vomitante troisième parte, art. 1.) Mr. Vanderdale, Médico del hospital civil de Lovaina, dice que tiene administrado varias veces el hígado de azufre (sepio sulfuricum) con un suceso extraordinario en el tratamiento arsénico, habiéndolo siempre empleado solo con el cocimiento de cebada. Aquellos que desean conocer las vanas y repetidas experiencias hechas por el hígado de azufre, podrán leer la obra de Mr. Navier. (Contreras sobre el arsénico de cómodo, 8°) El turbinado de sulfamía es uno de los mejores contravenenos de los minerales. Su composición se puede ver en una nota de Franck, y es como sigue. Se pone en un crisol partes iguales de azufre y de potasio, y una media parte de limaduras de hierro: puesta toda esta mezcla al fuego, se deja hasta que todo esté derretido. Cuando la masa está suficientemente derretida se echa encima de una piedra de arenis, untada primero con aceite estando fría se guarda en un vidrio exacto y bien tapado. Este, según dice que cuando se utilizan los remedios indicados, no hay otro indicio que el hígado de azufre y, según tales y específicamente que se combina con el hierro sulfúrico. Los químicos, según la opinión común, creen que las tabletas curativas sulfuradas son los mejores contravenenos que podemos administrar contra los efectos del arsénico y, sobre todo, sabiéndolo. Sabemos que se entregó al químico Mr. Bettolet el cocimiento de sus propiedades más esenciales. POLVOS DE SUCCESIÓN. Es un veneno en forma de polvo, que en el siglo anterior se acostumbraba dar, principalmente en Francia. Se decía que lo había inventado una mujer de París, llamada Madame de Briaville. Este polvo tenía un sabor muy dulce, por lo que se creía por los síntomas que causaba, ser el azúcar de Saturno mezclado con alguna parte de arsénico, los que causaban fatales consecuencias. FUERZA NOCIVA. Los del arsénico y aplomados. FÚRIA JOCIVA, Este crasiego venenoso es un jugo lácteo que se saca de un árbol que todavía no conocemos, el cual se saca por incisión, a medio día y en medio de una caña apurada, o cortada en punta: es tan venenoso que solo el hálito del árbol herido mata y no se hace la punción o sajadura desde muy lejos, y viniendo el aire dirigido a la cara mata por esta razón: cuando se ha de recoger dicho zumo, se manda en el día esta mancha a los que están señalados a muerte. que goza de hidrógeno sulfúrico; y Mt. Pouchet lo ha recomendado como un contraveneno del envenenamiento por el ácido arsénico. (Sistema de consejos de química, tect. VI. art. 2. tom. 3. ANTÍDOTOS. El único es la raíz de manguos (i) tomada en agua en dosis de una dracma. VENENO AMERICANO DE LOS TICUNAS. Es un veneno desconocido, que preparan los Indios Americanos Ticunas en la América para envenenar sus flechas. FUERZA, NOCIVA. Olor nauseoso; color amarillo oscuro. El jugo venenoso que sale estando ya seco, y aplicándolo a la piel sana, o a la cornea del ojo, nada daña; pero las flechas untadas con este veneno reciente y jugoso, herido el cutis del hombre o del animal, los mata con la mayor prontitud. Se dice que se puede comer sin peligro la carne de los animales muertos por este veneno. Una fuerte dosis de este veneno, tomado cuando el estómago está vacío, en pocos minutos mata a los animales; excita síntomas, con particularidad nerviosos, debilidad de fuerzas, insensibilidad, convulsiones, letargo, etc. ANTÍDOTOS. Todavía no se conocen bien: no aprovecharon ni los ácidos minerales, ni el vinagre, ni el álcali, ni el espíritu de azúcar, ni el mismo azúcar aplicado a la herida, según nos dice Fontana. Esta raíz, la que Leónardo llamó "Viora mungost", habita en Java, Ceylán y Sumatra; tiene la forma de la raíz de serpiente. Esta raíz se acostumbra usar para las mordeduras venenosas y de rabia. Esta raíz entra también en la composición de la piedra gris. Cel. Murcia afirma, 1.1. p. 376, (a) Véase el célebre Fontana: Tratado sobre el uso de la vitamina en la poisión animal y sobre las piscinas antrácicas: Sección VI, Física transaccional. Tomo 47. FIN. ÍNDICE DE LOS VENENOS EN GENERAL. Pág. 1 Las señales en general de un veneno, 3. La señal cierta de un veneno tomado. Por cinco vías o caminos se pueden introducir los venenos, 5. CURACIÓN DE LOS VENENOS. Medicamentos que debilitan los venenos, División de estos medicamentos, División de los venenos. DE LOS VENENOS DEL REYNO ANIMAL. De los venenos del reino animal en general, Los síntomas más frecuentes del veneno de las serpientes, Antídotos. Culebras americanas, Crotalo horroroso, Crotalo miliar, o de pimentera, Crotalo drínas, Crotalo durango, Crotalo mudo, Culebra átropa, o mortal, Culebra leñera, Culebra dipsas, Culebra micerijana, Culebra de color de leche. CULEBRAS ASÍÁTICAS. Culebra naya, Culebra severa, Culebra estolaza, o vestida, Culebra atroz, Culebra coralina, Culebra ammóides, Culebra lebetina. CULEBRAS AFRICANAS. Culebra víbora, o áspid de Cleopatra, Culebra de color de nieve, Culebra haje. CULEBRAS EUROPEAS. Culebra bermeja, víbora de España Culebra presta, culebra del Mar Caspio. Culebra áspid, culebra lírica, o de Italia. INSECTOS VENENOSOS. Furia infernal. Cantáridas, Mantis religiosa, o escarabajo de Mayo. Mantis proscarabeo. Escorpión, o alacrán africano. Falanga araneodes, o como araña. Mosquito carnívoros. Sirex gigas. PULGAS VENENOSAS. Pulga penetrante, o americana. Mosquito que pica, Mosquitos como pulgas. Abeja de miel. Abispa vulgar, Avespila obrera. Mosca del agua. GUSANOS VENENOSOS. Gusano medinense, o de Medina. Gusano marino. Sanguijuela venenosa. Tétis marina. Ortiga marina. ANFIBIOS VENENOSOS. Rana, bue, pez. Lagartija, o lagarto en general. Lagartija salamandra. PECES VENENOSOS. Tetradon con muchos ojos. Tetradon lineado. Trachinas dragón. Perca venenosa. Raya pastinaca. Raya torpedo. Gimnoto eléctrico. Espárrago puerro. Almeja. venenosa... 19. Ostra venenosa. 39. Huevo podrido. Manteca rancia. Animal, podrido o corrompido. 40. Miasma de la lucha bobillona, o enfermedad de los bueyes. Veneno rabioso. 41. Las causas porque rabian los perros. Seriales de la rabia en humanos. 42. El morbo, las maneras que se puede comunicar la rabia al hombre. 43. Las señales de rabia en el hombre. 44. La curación del hombre a quien mordió un animal rabioso, es de dos maneras. Veneno varioloso. Veneno de sarampión. Veneno de escarlatina. Veneno escabioso, o sarnoso. Veneno venéreo. Veneno pírcico, o pícrico. Veneno leproso. Veneno pestilencial. Veneno de las enfermedades pútridas. DE LOS VENENOS VEGETALES EN GENERAL. División de los venenos vegetales en general. Respecto de su índole se dividen en narcóticos, en narcóticos-agresivos, en agresivos y en glutinosos. Curación de los venenos narcóticos...., 57 Antídotos anti-narcóticos. id. Adormideras blancas. 58 Opio. 59 Fisalida soñolienta. 60 Solano lycopersicum, tomates id. Solano meloso. 62 Solano dañoso (vulga berengena). id. Solano dulcamarillo; 63 Solano negro (vulga yerba mora). 64 Atropa mandragora. id. Datura estramonio. 65 Daturamiel. 66 Datura feroz; Datura tatula. 67 Seleno. Belénos blancos. 68 Belénos physaloides. Belénos escámpate. 69 Azalea pontica. Antirrhino coronado. 70 Altea espigada. Hierba temulenta (vulga zizania). 71 Toro (vulga alberja). 72 Lathyrus cicero (vulga galgana). 73 Pagaro amargo id. Chenopodio híbrido. 74 Chelidonia glauca id. Tejo de bayas. Lechuga hedionda, o virosa. 75 Lechuga escarola silvestre. Hipomane mancinella (vulgo manzana venenosa de América)...... 78. Hipomane con dos glándulas.... 79. Coculus de Indias (vulgo coca de Levante)... 80. Quinquera con hojas de mirto (vulgo roldón) 81. Nuez vómica (vulgo ratoncillo-perros), 82. Lactario culebrino.. 83. Habas o pipas de San Ignacio 84. Nicotiana tabaco. 85. Nicotiana rustica. 86. Nicotiana paniculata. 87. Nicotiana glutinosa. 88. Brionía blanca (vulgo nuez blanca). 89. Cicutaria silvestre.... 90. Cicutaria bulbosa id. 91. Cicuta maculata, o cicuta oficial.... 92. Hierba perenne.... 93. HONGOS VENENOSOS. Amanita muscaria. 94. Amanita entera, venenosa. 95. Amanita entera viscosa 96. Amanita que atrapa leche venenosa 97. Amanita de jabón de pimienta.. 98. Amanita de muladares. 99. Amanita pintillosa... 100. Amanita, matadora o que mata crías. 101. Amanita sanguínea.... 102. Amanita VÍCIOSA. 103. Amanita troquelada . 104. Boletus comestible. 105. Boletus impudicus. 106. Amanita o hongo patilargos o lisónjeros.... 107. Pólder impúrbido. 108. Hygoporus carmelus. 109. Morchella esculenta.... 110. Morchella elata.... Aquí permanecen los vegetales. En este país, crecen los siguientes: Setina estigmática (vid), Hierba farnesca, Simiente de estachis, Añasc vellosa, Cacalote o Pedro blanco, Fedia purpurea o Zinnia, Quina o Quinquilla, Hierba cebolla, Trébol rojo, Escribanía, Pita o Ricitos de oveja, Pastán o Espárragos rojos, Nabo o Repollo silvestre. En este país se encuentran los siguientes animales: Perro, Gato, Loro, Cocinero, Pato, Aves de rapiña, Jíbaro o Uva silvestre, Rata, Ratón, Mapache, Murciélago, Torpe, Armadillo, Lagartija, Serpiente, Rana, Cucaracha, Bichocrino, Escorpión, Alacran. En este país se crían los siguientes peces: Lucía, Peces espárragos, Peces lobo, Carpia o Bistre, Pescar al adjez, Bagre, Róbalo, Ü 37 ( 290 ) •(^rver-a. ahovai .•......, . . n ^. Cerveror mungkas * . id. • Lbhdia-defior.gvande • . . i . 117. tlinancha de mimbre id. Apocym con hoja dexinárosemo . . . tr%. •JÍpocytto como -el cáñamo...., . . .¿ a.í ., . j'.y ¿v.íj , v •' 'i|^ 'Mpocym •venteMtU)é:9'^e> V<metiai,-í. •.. ,^v>' •' 'i. . ' iá •jhíAepias agigantada. , , . . . i . ' . . , ^ ¿ .Senhdix-dañosa.-... . >. •..;'. »•,•... "X».^ u n. Tbpíí4/eíiílai*H>.. . . . ; . ; f.-.4.'.^'v.'.»-i . . ;>. . < ,• .i'-, vv i .Í; . .• . . ^.. 4. >t%^ Clemátide ."*•. . ' • i!-, JÍMmonapulsatilla ^ id. Jínemoaa-defr.ad¿ti'JíU^.<^.tu^ ««««^iw^.* .., ^ ^ t-t^^ •Mhumona-con.fl^'ét'^mtrTito'.i«-. v ^•.--¿'••wv.^ j . .'^ raÁ MtKmona éehosíjut^....^....,,, ., vt^í.^r'^» .^ri««ví^Vi|J|, Jimnona.como.ramnculos,.,, ....•-Uit4,-.i«''.-i'i5i-'^'#*5^ íiéboro blattaai,h'V'^l'i>ifK . . J : Í ÍÜ'Í'^SÍ'.S^Í i .Í'Í r¿'^i*i»él JSii^ra »8|To.^...-,, ,^ . . ¿ i .^ ...;.(Vi.'"... V. r^o. Etéborofétifbh-t-í'M..^, i'.-. ¿.^Wwvv;. vvi..-.«w. ^ *rJi. Verato ne^ro.i* i'.ir.'iV, >''* i .^.'.'V•.•.. ...-..'>'.v .^'^''.^"í-j.a; £«¿r/ta faUuüre (vulgo yecba. centella). 1 .^ ^l'.q-'k'; ' id. Atónita «apelo,, . * . Jj ¿".v;' i'^y ,,• .íé-iVi'W. VJ y••>. 'íi. Jíténita eamaro. • -«. jVV .* J •'• T* »i I if^^1. Aconito.lycoctono (vulgo mata-loboi)^*'*... ..v-.» i j f . .Pastinaca sativa.annosa.. .• » ^^^^ut> ^ ^^5^. Póllugaño rígido, de pimienta de aguja. Selanto de Forskalio, y Tátorfa cutéase (vulgo, piñones de Indias), semilla del dátano mayor. Tátorfa de hojas hendidas. Tátorfa manihot, y Dafne masculino (vulgo, laurel hembra), de catapulta mayor. Croton tiglio, y Daphne mezquino, de abeto. Bispho gastrilho, Cnéoro tricocavo de tres cabias. Arrénis toxífera, Morus félix harnis, y Cestodendron. Glicarálida marítima (vulgo, cebolla albarrana). Excecaria agalloj, y Anacardium occidental. Cariofilo uxente o quemado, y Aro yaro manchado. Aro yaro dragoncillo (vulgo, serpentaria), y Aro yaro dracencio. Aro yaro colbacasia, y Aro yaro comestible. Aro yaro de Virginia. Aro yaro arbórecesto, y Aro yaro citrión. Calla fúlgida, Eufórbica oficial. Eufórbica de los antiguos. Eufórbica de Canarias y Eufórbica tirucalli. Eufórbica peplo, y Eufórbica latiriz (vulgo, tártago, catapulta menor). Eufórbica helioscopia, y Eufórbica bernieria. Eufórbica platyphylla de hojas oficial, y Eufórbica esculenta. Eufórbica ciparisíasis, y Eufórbica palustre de lagunas. Eufórbica hiberna, y Eufórbica carandas. Eufórbica con hojas como de almendro, y Eufórbica silvática. Eufórbica con puntas agudas, y Eufórbica africana o mauritana. Eufórbica nerifolia, y Manúncubo acre de las podas. Manúncubo secuace, y Tiornúnculo flamula. Tiornúnculo bulbosum, y Manúncubo flexuosum. Ranúnculo arvensis, y Ranúnculo quinquenervia. Ranúnculo alpestre, y Ranúnculo polyanthemus o de muchas flores. Ranúnculo hipico, y Ranúnculo fasciculatus. VENENOS GLUTINOSOS. Vtsco ó liga de cazadores. Bayas de visco blanco. Esponja 'marina. .-.•..•.•. . .'. Hongos de cynobastos. . . . i i .. ...•.:. .180. l8i. id. 182. VENENOS |DEL REYNO MINERAL EN • GENERAI, Y su-piVlSlOSi" ' > ' ' Venenos mecánicos^. j . ; . i v . • < , . ; ¡..^ »/ 18». Vidrio común contundido id. Esmalte. í ^ id. MI jacinto^'^gwinaft -la-^iOffldm f -el-stíkjpiÚTOt y .^••:iU arnóola, y todas las-demás fiéá^ásfteéipsas. x#^. Alambre plumoso. ...:•... •...-.*.....-.',.... id. "Bkdra lazuli-yá .'ci»j 4k.Inglaterra: »•• .•••. •.•. •.-..,'. ; ' . . . , . ' . . , I m •''; ••' •• VENENOS" TERREOS. ' '_ tdi .•A '.^;uXJ^¥mm ACIIXQS,,,:,,.^,. „^,:, ifcíífo <íe-wWeió'WntW#nzd«y jv ; i ; U . i-;Vv,íÍ^;-i8^ jícrdo <íe ^ra^fom«fJ•í'o««««'«<í<». "•.':.'. /'. .':,;'*-.';i^VH^ /fclio <fe-«íVro' «ontentraík^i ó ácido dé rúitá'fu'-'""' ' <^ ¡1 I , i i», U i n j v . ' . n i . i U i i . i ' i j>;ri-"i" i;, .:. ; •'. monte. Agua fuerte, Agua regla, Vitriolo blanco. Vitriolo cerúleo, o azul. Vitriolo verde de tiendas, Vitriolo vulgar goslaríense, 1.90, 14 191, id. VENENO ALCALINO.
| 24,739 |
a2b873281a0a85c09f1d55d9e1385195
|
French Open Data
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Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,006 |
Arrêté du 20 décembre 2006, article 1
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 45 | 64 |
Le circuit de vitesse de Nogaro (Gers) tel qu'il est décrit dans le plan masse ci-annexé (1) est homologué pour tout type de véhicules, y compris pour les tests techniques de la formule 1, pour une durée de quatre ans à compter de ce jour.
| 8,860 |
https://github.com/howiemac/evoke/blob/master/evoke/app/serve.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,018 |
evoke
|
howiemac
|
Python
|
Code
| 58 | 136 |
"""
evoke app server script
this is for serving a single app
"""
# fix the path
import os,sys
sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
#sys.path.insert(1, os.path.abspath('../..'))
from twisted.application import service
from evoke.serve import start
# Twisted requires the creation of the root-level application object
# to take place in this file.
application = service.Application("evoke application")
# stitch it all together...
start(application)
| 11,846 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8252785
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Category:Anglo-Saxon sites in Wales
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 14 | 32 |
Category:Anglo-Saxon sites in Wales
Wikimedia category
Category:Anglo-Saxon sites in Wales instance of Wikimedia category
| 15,593 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69972986
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Charlieface, Jakey, Thom A, https://stackoverflow.com/users/14868997, https://stackoverflow.com/users/15610043, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2029983
|
English
|
Spoken
| 636 | 1,060 |
Using a where sub select in a main open query select statement
I am trying to use a SQL server table in an open query against an Oracle database using a linked server.
My code is as follows.
select *
INTO #customer
from openquery(
[Linkedserver],
'select
*
from
customer c
left join customer_contact cc ON c.main_contact_id = cc.contact_id
where
c.customer_account in (' + (select customer_id from [database].[dbo].
[ChangeCustomers]) +')
'
)
SELECT
*
FROM
#customer
However the error I am receiving is
Msg 102, Level 15, State 1, Procedure customerchecker, Line 24 [Batch Start Line 7] Incorrect syntax near '+'. Msg 102, Level 15,
State 1, Procedure customerchecker, Line 24 [Batch Start Line 7]
Incorrect syntax near '+'.
Any help appreciated.
The query for OPENQUERY must be a literal. You'll either need to use dynamic SQL, and inject the list of the customer ids safely into the statement, though you won't be able to use SELECT...INTO then but I'm not sure why you're using it (and if the list is long this could have very poor performance or even cause it the query to fail) or put the WHERE outside of the linked query, which could mean the query is slow due to the volume of data needed to be passed from one instance to the other.
Thanks @Larnu I will look into dynamic SQL.
You have two issues
You cannot use OPENQUERY with a variable or expression. It must be a literal, so you need dynamic SQL.
You need to aggregate the subquery, otherwise it will expect only one result.
DECLARE @sql nvarchar(max) = N'
select *
INTO #customer
from openquery(
[Linkedserver],
''select
*
from
customer c
left join customer_contact cc ON c.main_contact_id = cc.contact_id
where
c.customer_account in (
' + (
select STRING_AGG(QUOTENAME(QUOTENAME(customer_id, ''''), ''''), ',')
from [database].[dbo].[ChangeCustomers]
) + '
)
''
);
SELECT
*
FROM
#customer;
';
PRINT @sql; --for testing
EXEC sp_executesql @sql;
Note how the OPENQUERY part is double-escaped, because it's dynamic within dynamic.
I make no comment on the performance on such a query, nor why you decide to dump the data into a temp table only to immediately select it back out (you could have just had a normal SELECT).
Note, as I alluded to in my comment under the question, that the SELECT...INTO is pretty much pointless here. I don't really see the benefit of inserting the data into a table, and selecting it; especially when the table will then be implicitly dropped when it falls out of scope
Which is precisely what I said at the bottom: I don't think it's a good idea, but perhaps OP did it because of other code that they are not showing. "I make no comment" is a British passive-aggressive way of basically saying: I do make comment but it's not directly relevant to the matter at hand
Yeah, I'm just surprised you didn't just remove the temporary table from the solution completely.
Thanks, yes will be doing some transformations on the outputted data. @Charlieface the only issue im finding at the minute is in the string_agg it is not putting the values in a ' ' for passing to Oracle which is then failing on identifier. If i try select STRING_AGG(concat(''',customer_id,'''), ',') it fails on
Msg 189, Level 15, State 1, Line 14
The concat function requires 2 to 254 arguments.
Msg 137, Level 15, State 2, Line 27
Must declare the scalar variable "@sql".
Msg 137, Level 15, State 2, Line 29
Must declare the scalar variable "@sql".
OK have modified, I assumed they were integers. Must declare the scalar variable "@sql" you are getting because you are running the commands individually instead of as a batch.
The above code doesnt add the proper amount of quoatation marks - we changed it to
select STRING_AGG(char(39)+char(39)+customer_id+char(39)+char(39), ',')
from [database].[dbo].[ChangeCustomers]
| 10,347 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28616833
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 205 | 402 |
WHY DOES THIS NOT PRINT TWICE?
I need help getting this to print 2 times.
Any suggestion?
.stack 100H
.model small
.386
.data
source DB "Something in here", 10, 13
lsource EQU ($ - source)
target DB 128 DUP (?)
ltarget EQU ($ - target)
.code
main:
mov ax, @data ; set up data addressability
mov ds, ax
; mov string from source to destination
cld ; clear direction flag = forward
mov cx, lsource ; set REP counter
mov si, OFFSET source ; set si to point to source
mov di, OFFSET target ; set di to point to target
rep movsb
mov ax, 4000h ; dos service to display...
mov bx, 1 ; to screen
mov cx, lsource ; number of bytes
mov dx, OFFSET source ; where to get data
int 21h
mov ax, 4000h ; dos service to display...
mov bx, 1 ; to screen
mov cx, ltarget ; number of bytes
mov dx, OFFSET target ; where to get data
int 21h
mov ah, 4ch
int 21h
end main
Why won't it print 2 times?
rep movsb copies CX bytes from DS:SI to ES:DI. You didn't initialize ES. Insert a mov es, ax just one line after mov ds, ax.
| 10,575 |
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21719151
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Jarčevica (tagaytay)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 70 | 233 |
Jarčevica (tagaytay)
Jarčevica (ås)
Jarčevica (ås) Geonames-ID 3243987
Jarčevica (ås) instans av berg
Jarčevica (ås) land Bosnien och Hercegovina
Jarčevica (ås) geografiska koordinater
Jarčevica (ås) GNS-ID 259881
Jarčevica (ås) inom det administrativa området Bosnien och Hercegovina
Jarčevica
berg in Bosnië en Herzegovina
Jarčevica GeoNames-identificatiecode 3243987
Jarčevica is een berg
Jarčevica land Bosnië en Herzegovina
Jarčevica geografische locatie
Jarčevica GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode 259881
Jarčevica gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Bosnië en Herzegovina
| 35,933 |
https://openalex.org/W4315926729
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,023 |
The Solar System: Nature and mechanics
|
Mario Ljubičić
|
English
|
Spoken
| 68,003 | 114,186 |
January 13, 2023 January 13, 2023 The Solar System: Nature and mechanics
Mario Ljubičić (Amenoum)
108. brigade ZNG 43, 35252 Sibinj, Croatia (amenoum.org)
[email protected] The Solar System: Nature and mechanics
Mario Ljubičić (Amenoum)
108. brigade ZNG 43, 35252 Sibinj, Croatia (amenoum.org)
[email protected] Abstract Origin, mechanics and properties of the Solar System are analysed in
the framework of the Complete Relativity theory (by the same author). According to Complete Relativity, everything is relative. Any appar-
ent absolutism (notably invariance to scale of dimensional constants, abso-
lute elementariness, invariance to time) is an illusion stemming from limits
imposed by [or on] polarized observers that will inevitably lead to mis-
interpretation of phenomena (another illusion) occurring on non-directly
observable scales or even on observable but distant scales in space or time. If everything is relative, reference frames will exist where particles are
planets and where planets are living beings. Earth is, therefore, analysed here in more detail, both as a particle
and, as a living evolving being (of, hypothesized, extremely introverted
intelligence). The analysis confirms the postulates and hypotheses of the theory (ie. existence of discrete vertical energy levels) with a significant degree of
confidence. During the analysis, some new hypotheses have emerged. These are
discussed and confirmed with various degrees of confidence. To increase
confidence or refute some hypotheses, experimental verification is neces-
sary. Main conclusions that stem from my research and are further con-
firmed in this paper are: • universes are, indeed, completely relative, • universes are, indeed, completely relative, • Solar System is a scaled (inflated, in some interpretations) Carbon
isotope with a nucleus in a condensed (bosonic) state and compo-
nents in various vertically excited states, • life is common everywhere, albeit extroverted complex forms are
present on planetary surfaces only during planetary neurogenesis, • anthropogenic climate change is only a part (trigger from one per-
spective) of bigger global changes, • major extinction events on a surface of a planet are relative extinc-
tions, a regular part of transformation and transfer of life in the
process of planetary neurogenesis. 1 1 The Solar System: Nature and mechanics Mario Ljubičić (Amenoum) 2
Constants Here are the commonly used constants in the paper. Here are the commonly used constants in the paper. The values of planetary constants are taken from NASA Planetary Fact
Sheet[2]. Description
Constant
Value
Neptune mass on scale 1
MU1
1.02413 * 1026 kg
Neptune equivalent mass on scale 0
MU0
(
9.10938356
*
10−31
kg
/
510998.9461
eV
)
*
(
510998.9461 eV - 11.260288
eV ) = 9.109182827 * 10−31
kg
Neptune orbital velocity
vU1
5430 m/s
Neptune spin velocity
sU1
2660 m/s
Neptune radius on scale 1
RU1
24622000 m
Neptune equivalent radius on scale 0
RU0
(
24622000
m
/
4495060000000
m
)
*
70
* 10−12 m = 3.834298096 *
10−16 m
Solar System charge radius = Neptune orbital ra-
dius
rU1
4495060000000 m
Sun mass
M⊙
1.988500 * 1030 kg
Sun radius
R⊙
695735 km = 695735000 m
Earth mass
5.9723 * 1024 kg
Carbon-12 atom mass
1.992646547
*
10−23
g
=
1.992646547 * 10−26 kg
Carbon-12 charge radius = Carbon-10 charge ra-
dius
rU0
70 pm = 70 * 10−12 m
Carbon-10 nucleus charge radius
2.708 * 10−15 m
Carbon-10 nucleus mass
10.016853 u = 1.663337576 *
10−26 kg
Standard speed of light
c = c0
2.99792458 * 108 m/s
Standard electron mass
Me
9.10938356 * 10−31 kg
Table 1: Commonly used constants 1
Introduction Here I hypothesize that the Solar System is a large scale 10C atom (10-Carbon
isotope) and provide evidence for the equivalence of large (U1) scale systems
with standard (U0) scale systems through the analysis of the Solar System in
the context of Complete Relativity[1] (CR). Note that 10C isotope is unstable on standard scale, with a half-life of
19.3 seconds. Its apparent stability on U1 scale must be either the result
of time dilation [due to scale difference] or inversion of stability between
adjacent scales (vertical energy levels). (
)
In case of inversion, stable systems on one scale would be unstable on
the other and vice versa. I hypothesize that the structure of planetary systems is the result of infla-
tion of gravitational maxima from standard scale atoms, likely in the events of
annihilation at event horizons (gravitational maxima) of a particular scale. I propose that, in this process, electro-magnetic component of the general
force has been exchanged with the neutral gravitational component resulting in
the dominance of gravity over electro-magnetic force at this scale. However, I also hypothesize that such exchange is natural on standard scale -
the atoms are cycling between polarized and neutral states (although durations
in particular states might be inverted between scales). Note that due to instability of 10B (decay product of 10C and 10Be) at
U1 scale, the Solar System must also be cycling between 10C and 10Be
(10B being the intermediate state). 2 Implications of scale invariance of physical laws [and CR in general] on nature
are large and some of these are further discussed and analysed, primarily the
implications on definition and understanding of life. 3
Definitions Here are the definitions of terms and expressions that may be used here. Note
that these may be different than standard or common definitions in everyday
use. Some terms in use in this paper have been defined in CR and reader should
be familiar with these (and CR in general) if the aim is to understand this paper
properly. 3 3.1
Elementary charge Elementary particles, relative to a universe of a particular scale, are generally
polarized. Physical interpretation (manifestation) of polarization is dependable on en-
vironment, but any elementary particle can be interpreted as a more or less
evolved graviton (as defined in CR). Note that, in CR, elementary particles are not absolutely elementary,
reference frames will exist where existence of constituent particles is ap-
parent. In case its electro-magnetic component is dominant, the particle is electri-
cally charged and represents a relative electric monopole. However, electric component generally consists of 2 quanta of identical charge
(dominant) and 1 quantum of opposite (anti) charge, which are strongly entan-
gled (there are no absolute monopoles). Spin momentum of charge is quantized,
by a relative constant (ℏ) - a quantum of momentum. Suppose the value of each spin momentum is equal to 1/2 ℏin value, and
spins of two dominant charges are perpendicular to each other (having a [fixed]
phase difference of π/2 degrees). Two dominant charges now have a total mag-
netic spin momentum: S1 =
s1
2ℏ
2
+
1
2ℏ
2
=
√
2
2 ℏ=
1
√
2ℏ Figure 1: Spin momentum Figure 1: Spin momentum Total spin momentum of the particle is thus: ⃗S = ⃗S1 + ⃗S2 4 If the S2 (anti) charge momentum is perpendicular to S1, the value of total spin
momentum is: S =
s 1
√
2ℏ
2
+
1
2ℏ
2
=
s
1
2
1
2 + 1
ℏ=
√
3
2 ℏ Due to fixed π/2 phase and equal value, influence of components of S1 on the ori-
entation [of the momentum projection] cancel (the two components are fermions
in the same quantum energy level, so their projections cannot both be oriented
in the same direction), and the orientation of the projection of the momentum S
on the axis of quantization will depend solely on the orientation of momentum
S2. Note that S2 is at a different energy level. Note that S2 is at a different energy level. With the applied magnetic field, projection of the momentum on the mag-
netic axis (ie. z) will thus be oriented either up or down: Sz = ±1
2ℏ Sz = ±1
2ℏ This is a typical spin momentum of standard charges such as electrons and pro-
tons. Fig. 1 a) shows charge in collapsed ground state (particle) with acquired real
mass m, charge radii r1, r2 and radius of imaginary mass rM. It’s momentum is quantized by ℏ, electric charge by e and gravitational
force by ℏmg. The space of such particle may be characterized by ϵ (electric
permittivity) and µ (magnetic permeability), or pressure and density. Figure 2: Charge wave Figure 2: Charge wave With decreasing environmental pressure (em/gravitational field interactions)
a quantum may split into smaller quanta, spreading as far as possible, but 5 still entangled, with a wave-like distribution of potential. Fig. 2 shows such
unbound, free charge. Total momentum is the sum of individual momenta and
equal to original momentum of the particle. still entangled, with a wave-like distribution of potential. Fig. 2 shows such
unbound, free charge. Total momentum is the sum of individual momenta and
equal to original momentum of the particle. Figure 3: Charge wave forces Figure 3: Charge wave forces Fig. 3 a) shows one interpretation of strength of forces of a wave with
distance from centre (black = gravitational force, blue and red = electric force). Now each component (maximum) of a wave, starting from outer ones, can be
excited independently, can change spin, merge with adjacent maxima and form
moon charges. g
This allows the charge to interact (interfere) with itself. However, if components are strongly entangled, entanglement will be con-
served and upon interaction will collapse (localize) into corpuscular form. Fig. 3 b) shows how the space of the same particle can be modified by inter-
action with another particle - essentially, the electric force has been exchanged
for gravitational force. Such interaction may also collapse the wave into a parti-
cle with moon charges, where the number of moons depends on the equilibrium
point of interaction (difference in energy of interacting particles). Note that S2 is at a different energy level. Note that it is possible for the effect to be strongly localized - local space
may be modified to attenuate one force and strengthen the other, while particles
outside that space may not feel such [degree of] change. 3.1.1
Equilibrium and nature of forces Equilibrium state of 3 components of charge is maintained through rotation. Due to rotation of local space, general force is a centripetal force and in stable
orbitals equal to centrifugal force. In case of a completely neutral (gravitational) force: mv2
r
= GMm
r2 This is established when angular velocity of the orbiting body and angular
velocity of space (effective graviton, or gravitational field tube) become equal: v = vs =
r
GM
r 6 6 If the body increases velocity (v > vs), centrifugal force becomes greater than
gravitational force and now acts as a fictitious repulsive force. For v < vs, gravitational force is higher than centrifugal force, and the body
feels attractive force. Nature (polarization) of the force can thus be changed with a change in radii
(expansion/collapse) of gravitational maxima. (
/
)
This allows for electro-magnetic force to be a fictitious force - a result of
radii change of gravitational maxima due to absorption and emission of energy. Note that electric polarization of atoms is done through emission and
absorption of electrons, which is affecting the atom radius - positive
polarization will generally decrease radius (in common atom radius in-
terpretation), while negative will increase it. However, when radius is proportional to gravity, positive polarization
would create repulsion, while negative would create attraction. Thus,
the sole change in radii cannot be the equivalent of electro-magnetic
force, as nature of EM force (attraction/repulsion) depends on the pair
of interacting charges, not solely on the polarity of individual charge. Thus, electric polarization of a graviton will, as hypothesized in CR,
require deformation, creation of a bipolar structure. Nature and strength
of force thus become dependent on correlation (entanglement) between
particles. A neutral graviton effectively curves space, proportionally to its scale and
isotropically in ideal (completely neutral) case. However, with electric
polarization, isotropic large scale curvature decreases and becomes quan-
tized (fragmented) into smaller scale curvatures concentrated in [mag-
netic field] lines (small scale tubes). Such particle will not strongly gravitationally attract particles of the
same scale, but it will strongly interact with particles in the same con-
figuration (having magnetic field tubes of the same scale). If this in-
teraction is widening the tubes (increasing energy) of entanglement, the
particles will be attracted, otherwise repelled. 3.4
Weak nuclear decay Weak nuclear decay transforms a neutron into a proton or vice versa. If these
are parts of an atom, this is nuclear transmutation - transformation of one atom
of an element into an atom of another element. With scale invariance of gravitational fields, neutrinos and anti-neutrinos
can be, like electrons, bound to atomic nuclei (and, as other fermions, grouped
into pairs). In equilibrium, the number of bound electron (e) neutrinos and
electron anti-neutrinos within the [primary] radius of the atom correspond to
the number of protons and neutrons, respectively. These are, together with
nuclei and electrons, primary components of the atom. Decay process involves annihilation of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos. 3.2
Primary atom radius 3.2
Primary atom radius Generally, radius of the atom is equal to the radius of its outermost electron
orbit. Generally, radius of the atom is equal to the radius of its outermost electron
orbit. However, other particles can be bound to atomic nuclei. Here, I hypothe-
size that neutrinos and anti-neutrinos are standardly bound to nuclei, generally
occupying separate energy levels but may also be bound to other particles (ie. forming an electron/neutrino pair). Primary radius of the atom is then equal to the orbital radius of its outermost
primary component. At minimum, it is equal to the general (outermost electron orbit) radius of
the atom. However, at equilibrium - with all primary neutrinos present, it may
be over twice that radius. 3.3
MAU MAU or Mars relative Astronomical Unit is a unit of distance. 1 MAU is equal
to the distance of the outermost positive charge from the atom nucleus. 10 On U1 scale 10C atom equivalent, 1 MAU is equal to the distance of Mars
from the Sun. 3.1.1
Equilibrium and nature of forces Even if orbital changes are not electro-magnetic in nature, such changes
imply radial polarization of reference frames, thus a reference frame can be
polarized even if its mass is purely gravitational, and this will be reflected in a
relativistic (ω) factor. However, there are no absolutely pure gravitational reference frames and
changes in stable orbits may generally happen with the exchange of gravitational
for electro-magnetic potential. In that case, gravitational polarization becomes electric polarization. 7 3.4.1
β−decay Transformation of a neutron to a proton, with emission of excess energy: n →p+ + ∆E Here, bound non-primary e neutrino and bound primary e anti-neutrino annihi-
late to produce, depending on energy, either an electron/positron (e−/e+) pair,
or up/anti-up quark pair: ev + ve →(e−+ e+) || (u+ + u−)
(1) ev + ve →(e−+ e+) || (u+ + u−) (1) 8 8 In case of electron/positron production, positron further partially annihilates
with the down quark (here, both are composite particles), producing neutrino/anti-
neutrino pair and up quark: e+ + d−→u+ + ve + ve
(2) (2) Neutrino bounds to the atom [as a primary component], while anti-neutrino and
electron are ejected in a spin paired state (boson), before separating again: e−+ ve →W −→e−+ ve
(3) (3) In case of up/anti-up quark production in the first step, the up quark is ab-
sorbed, while anti-up quark pairs with the down quark before ejection: u−+ d−→W −→u−+ d− Note that a decay of W−into an electron and anti-neutrino even when
it is created from anti-up and down quarks would suggest that charge in
electron is a composite of 1/3 and 2/3 charge quanta. In the decay of a
proton to neutron through electron capture, electron could then [inverse]
decay to u−and d−by pairing with an anti-neutrino (inflating to W−
boson), u−would annihilate with u+, leaving 2 down and 1 up quark,
forming a neutron. Outside of atom, the pairing is unstable (short-lived), except at extreme
conditions. Note that, in this case, to conserve equilibrium conditions, one of bound
non-primary e neutrinos must reduce its orbit to become a primary component. β−decay is the effective transformation of a down quark to up quark of the
atom nucleus. Note that rest mass of a W boson is over 80 times that of a neutron and
orders of magnitude higher than that of down and up quarks. Thus, the production of a W boson is apparently a violation of energy
conservation. In QM this is solved with the time-energy uncertainty prin-
ciple which allows production of such particles out of vacuum providing
they decay quickly (lifetime of a W boson is 10−25 seconds). However, mass of the boson is also considered variable with probability
of deviation from rest mass decreasing fast with amount of deviation,
thus, making probability of beta decay proportional to creation of a low
mass W boson. 3.4.1
β−decay In reality, there is no violation of energy conservation and high mass of a Note that rest mass of a W boson is over 80 times that of a neutron and
orders of magnitude higher than that of down and up quarks. Thus, the production of a W boson is apparently a violation of energy
conservation. In QM this is solved with the time-energy uncertainty prin-
ciple which allows production of such particles out of vacuum providing
they decay quickly (lifetime of a W boson is 10−25 seconds). In reality, there is no violation of energy conservation and high mass of a 9 W boson is, in fact, a result of conservation of energy due to momentum
- energy equivalence (note that, per CR postulates, even rest mass has
a momentum), where one component of the angular momentum is ex-
changed for the other. In this case, the angular momentum of a particle
orbiting the nucleus is collapsed [localized] to a spin momentum, where
radius has been exchanged for mass. This is, generally, a process of conversion of a polarized component of
general force into a neutral (gravitational) component - effectively, ex-
change of charge for mass. If this is temporary, like in case of β decay, radius is inflated again (restor-
ing em component) and two components of the force are again separated
(concentrated) into multiple particles (although neither component can
be absolutely zero for any particle). Thus, although W boson is theoretically charged, and charge is conserved
between initial and final state of the system, it is not conserved in the
boson itself (unless created mass is indeed extremely low compared to
rest mass) - otherwise conservation of energy would be violated. Probability of beta decay is then proportional to conservation of charge
in created W boson. Time-energy uncertainty is an interpretation of massive bosons based
on the assumption of absolute charge conservation (it seems as an ad
hoc solution where conservation of one physical phenomena - energy in
this case, is discarded to conserve certain beliefs, and, as such leads to
further alienation of small scale mechanics from intuitive and physical
large scale mechanics). However, stability of particles must be relative - in extreme conditions,
a massive (uncharged or weakly charged) W boson can be stable (ie. in
Bose-Einstein states of atoms). 3.4.1
β−decay )
Destabilization of systems (including beta decay) is likely generally
sourced in spatial/temporal asymmetry in exchange between neutral
(gravitational) and polarized (electric) potential. 3.4.2
β+ decay 3.4.2
β+ decay Transformation of a proton to a neutron, with emission of excess energy: p+ →n + ∆E p+ →n + ∆E Here, bound primary e neutrino and bound non-primary e anti-neutrino anni-
hilate to produce either an electron/positron (e−/e+) pair, or down/anti-down
quark pair: ev + ve →(e−+ e+) || (d+ + d−)
(1) (1) In case of electron/positron production, electron further partially annihilates
with the up quark (here, both are composite particles), producing neutrino/anti- 10 neutrino pair and a down quark: neutrino pair and a down quark: e−+ u+ →d−+ ve + ve
(2) (2) The anti-neutrino bounds to the atom [as a primary component], while neutrino
and positron are ejected in a spin paired state (boson), before separating again: The anti-neutrino bounds to the atom [as a primary component], while neutrino
and positron are ejected in a spin paired state (boson), before separating again: e+ + ve →W + →e+ + ve
(3) (3) In case of down/anti-down quark production in the first step, the down quark
is absorbed, while anti-down quark pairs with the up quark before ejection: u+ + d+ →W + →u+ + d+ u+ + d+ →W + →u+ + d+ u+ + d+ →W + →u+ + d+ Note that, in this case, to conserve equilibrium conditions, one of bound non-
primary e anti-neutrinos must reduce its orbit to become a primary component. β+ decay is the effective transformation of an up quark to down quark of the
atom nucleus. 3.4.3
Inverse β decay Transformation of a proton to a neutron by electron anti-neutrino scattering. Generally, this interaction will occur when the atom is not in equilibrium, more
specifically - the number of bound e neutrinos is lower than the number of
protons. ve + p+ →e+ + n In this process, e anti-neutrino annihilates with a bound non-primary e neutrino,
initiating a β+ decay with electron/positron product: ev + ve →e−+ e+
(1)
e−+ u+ →d−+ ve + ve
(2) (1) (2) However, since the number of bound primary e neutrinos was initially lower
than the number of protons, now even the created neutrino is bound (as a
non-primary component) rather than ejected with a positron: e+ →e+
(3) (3) 3.4.4
Electron capture Transformation of a proton to a neutron by electron capture. p+ + e−→ve + n p+ + e−→ve + n Bound electrons induce the creation of positrons from the atom nucleus, filling
its outer energy levels. In low energy conditions this may not be possible and
one of the innermost electrons may be captured to fill the vacant level. However, 11 the electron in this level is highly unstable, it is attracted to the outer proton
core where it partially annihilates with the up quark, proceeding further as β+
decay: the electron in this level is highly unstable, it is attracted to the outer proton
core where it partially annihilates with the up quark, proceeding further as β+
decay: (1) e−+ u+ →d−+ ve + ve
(1) The anti-neutrino bounds to the atom as a primary component, while neutrino
gets ejected. Like in case of inverse β decay, there is no W boson creation as no
positrons were created: ve →ve
(2) (2) 4
Initial structure hypothesis ( )
Note also that 2 particles are allowed per sub-shell and there is no reason
for a lone electron not to pair up with a bound neutrino, forming a
[W] boson, although such pairing may be extremely unstable at room
temperature/density, oscillating in existence. /
Note also that, while Pauli exclusion principle generally prevents cou-
pling of fermions with equal spin orientation, such coupling may become
effectively possible with exchange of electro-magnetic potential for grav-
itational potential. It could be interpreted as the result of relative decay
of magnetic momentum coupled with separation of constituent quanta
into different energy levels of the particle itself. 4
Initial structure hypothesis In planetary systems, outer (gas) planets are [groups of] electrons, while inner
(terrestrial) planets are [groups of] positrons whose gravitational maxima have
been extracted from the system nucleus to balance the electrons. Electrons and positrons here should be considered as relative electrons
and positrons - they might be in different mass eigenstates. In general,
outer planets may be vertically excited negative charges, while inner
planets are vertically excited positive charges - or vice versa, in case of
anti-matter counterparts. Some could even be paired with neutral fermions (ie. neutrinos). A planet can be in 1e or 2e configuration, while the star is a superposition
of nuclei partons (quarks). Inner and outer dwarf planets in a planetary system
are bound anti-neutrinos and neutrinos, respectively. Figure 4:
Primary components of the Solar System (planet images source:
Pixabay/OpenClipart-Vectors3) Figure 4:
Primary components of the Solar System (planet images source:
Pixabay/OpenClipart-Vectors3) Primary components of the Solar System are shown on Fig. 4. Primary components of the Solar System are shown on Fig. 4. 12 Note that components of momentum are exchangeable and it is the rea-
son why bound neutrinos/anti-neutrinos have significantly inflated real
mass compared to free neutrinos/anti-neutrinos. The current Solar System is in a 10C atom configuration, in transition to
10Be through β+ decay. Figure 5: a) stable 12C energy levels b) current Solar System (10C) energy levels Figure 5: a) stable 12C energy levels b) current Solar System (10C) energy levels Fig. 5 a) shows the configuration of a 12C atom (stable on standard scale,
unstable on U1), on the left is the configuration of positrons, on the right is the
configuration of electrons. Fig. 5 b) shows the possible configuration of a 10C atom (unstable on stan-
dard scale, relatively stable on U1 scale). Note that splitting of s levels on the left side should be attributed to
lack of neutrons, as they provide neutral gravitational energy to inner
planets. This generally does not happen on the right side where this energy is
provided by protons. Note also that, due to condensation (the system may be carbon-like,
not carbon), principal quantum number has an imaginary value (n) and 13 effective value (N) which here is either 1 or 2. effective value (N) which here is either 1 or 2.
Note also that 2 particles are allowed per sub-shell and there is no reason
for a lone electron not to pair up with a bound neutrino, forming a
[W] boson, although such pairing may be extremely unstable at room
temperature/density, oscillating in existence.
Note also that, while Pauli exclusion principle generally prevents cou-
pling of fermions with equal spin orientation, such coupling may become
effectively possible with exchange of electro-magnetic potential for grav-
itational potential. It could be interpreted as the result of relative decay
of magnetic momentum coupled with separation of constituent quanta
into different energy levels of the particle itself. 4.1
General deduction of quantum structure Here is an example how the element and exact isotope species can be determined
from the number and types of planets. Figure 6: Primary components of the TOI-178 System (planet images source:
Pixabay/OpenClipart-Vectors3) Figure 6: Primary components of the TOI-178 System (planet images source:
Pixabay/OpenClipart-Vectors3) The discovered (star, planets) and hypothesized (dwarf planets) components
of TOI-178 system are shown on Fig. 6. With the assumption of maximum 2 electrons (positrons) per planet, the
TOI-178 system has these restrictions on the number of particles: • 2 terrestrial planets limit the number of positrons to 2 - 4, • 4 gas planets limit the number of electrons to 4 - 8. Since the intersection of the two groups contains only one solution (4), the
TOI-178 system must be a Beryllium atom. If the number of terrestrial planets corresponds to number of neutrons, this
must be a 6Be isotope. If the number of terrestrial planets corresponds to number of neutrons, this
must be a 6Be isotope. 14 This can be confirmed by comparing the mass of the TOI-178 system [star]
with the mass of the Sun. Assuming that the Solar System is 10C (or 10Be),
the determined mass of TOI-178 (0.647+0.035/−0.032 M⊙[4]) agrees well with the
hypothesis. However, the measured mass is still somewhat larger than expected - reasons
for this will be discussed later. Note that it is also possible for the number of terrestrial planets to ac-
tually reduce with the increasing number of neutrons due to increased
gravitational potential provided by neutrons, but this also requires ei-
ther low [properly scaled] temperatures/densities for boson condensation
of charges beyond the 2e configuration or excessive number of neutrons
compared to protons. Note also that, in heavy elements, due to condensation of mass and with
no significant change in atomic radii, there is a possibility for all planets
of a system to be gaseous giants. However, equivalents of dwarf planets
should exist in between positively and negatively charged giants - in that
case, these should be of significantly lower mass and may be equivalents
of terrestrial planets with no significant magnetic dipoles. The number of bound [primary] anti-neutrinos should also correspond to
number of neutrons, while the number of bound [primary] neutrinos should
correspond to the number of protons. Note that, while bound anti-neutrinos/neutrinos should correspond to
number of neutrons/protons, they will not necessarily be in the same
configuration as positrons/electrons. 4.1
General deduction of quantum structure /
Thus, it is possible that TOI-178 has a single inner dwarf planet (holding
2 anti-neutrinos) instead of two, and two outer primary dwarf planets
instead of four. Additional particles may also be bound to the system, however, orbits
of these should lie beyond the primary components, unless these are
lower mass particles with no distinct gravitational maximum (asteroids,
comets). Note also that, with the exception of the innermost planet, planets of
the TOI-178 are in orbital resonance (18:9:6:4:3). The pattern does sug-
gest one additional particle (or a binary) between the terrestrial and gas
planets, one that would complete 13 revolutions for every 18 revolutions
of the second planet (pattern 18:13:9:6:4:3). 15 5
Quantum nature Solar System appears to be a Carbon-10 atom in the current state. Due to
extreme conditions some of its components are at the lowest energy level - mul-
tiple nucleons have condensed into a single nucleus, orbitals are two dimensional
(collapsed from spherical cloud structure), highly aligned (same plane), and mo-
mentum carriers are (scaled) point like structures. Scale invariance of physical laws requires that non-dimensional ratios - those
of radii, masses and velocities (energies in general) in two systems of the same
species (carbon in this case) but of different scale are equal. (
)
Radius of the outermost electron of 10C can then be obtained from Neptune
spin and orbital radius: Neptune spin radius
Neptune orbital radius =
10C outermost electron spin radius
10C outermost electron orbital radius
= RU1
rU1
= RU0
rU0 Neptune spin radius
Neptune orbital radius =
10C outermost electron spin radius
10C outermost electron orbital radius
= RU1
rU1
= RU0
rU0 Neptune spin radius = RU1
rU1
= RU0
rU0 This gives electron radius RU0 = 3.834298096 * 10−16 m. Note that radii of
particles inside the atom can be different than outside of atom. Generally, radii are affected by kinetic energy and oscillate with mass. Sun core radius from 10C nucleus radius and outermost electron radius: 10C nucleus charge radius
10C outermost electron spin radius =
Sun core radius
Neptune spin radius The above gives Sun core radius of 173894.6069 km, or 1/4 of the apparent
Sun radius, in agreement with experimentally obtained values of Sun core size. More precisely, this is the Sun outer core [discontinuity] radius and also [ap-
proximately] U1 classical electron radius. Proton radius approximation: The factor P/N = 6/4 = 3/2 is the ratio of protons to neutrons in Carbon-10
atom, factor 10 is the number of nucleons (P+N). ,
(
)
The above gives 0.722296 * 10−15 m = 0.722296 fm for the proton radius,
close to experimentally obtained value of 0.8414(19) fm (2018 CODATA[5]). Same result can be obtained by using spin radii: 16 A precise value can be obtained by taking into account the influence of quarks
instead of P/N (this will be elaborated later): Sun radius
Solar System charge radius
2
3
2 + 1
3
=
10 * proton radius
Carbon-10 charge radius Sun radius hich gives 0.8426785306 fm, a value in agreement with the CODATA value. Radius of a proton cannot be absolutely constant, due to hypothesized en-
tanglement between vertical scales, it should probably be shrinking as the Solar
System expands during weak evolution of the current state (6p4n). Comparing masses: Comparing masses: Sun mass
Neptune mass ≈
10C nucleus mass
10C outermost electron mass
(Q1.1) (Q1.1) This gives: 19416.48033 ≈18260.0087 19416.48033 ≈18260.0087 The above shows mass ratios agree not only to the order of magnitude but are
actually very close in value. The excess energy is: ∆M = Sun mass −
10C nucleus mass
10C outermost electron massNeptune mass
= 1.18437729 ∗1029 kg ≈6% Sun mass and it must be the locally accumulated relativistic energy of the Solar System
(discrepancy arises due to non-invariant reference frames in the mass measure-
ment - the mass of a standard 10C atom is measured from an external frame,
while the mass of the Solar System is derived from within the system and im-
properly treated as rest mass). and it must be the locally accumulated relativistic energy of the Solar System
(discrepancy arises due to non-invariant reference frames in the mass measure-
ment - the mass of a standard 10C atom is measured from an external frame,
while the mass of the Solar System is derived from within the system and im-
properly treated as rest mass). Although the Solar System is at rest relative to us, relativistic energy (de-
viation from rest velocity) of the system relative to underlying space is always
locally real and must be stored somewhere within the system. The likely capac-
itor is local space (imaginary mass) and apparently the energy is stored in the
form of gravitational energy. If the energy is stored mostly in Sun’s gravitational maximum, this would
imply non-homogeneous storage of kinetic energy as gravitational poten-
tial - likely proportional to the scale of a maximum. However, it is also possible that energy was accumulated before the birth
of planets. Most likely, this energy was accumulated with nucleus inflation during
the conversion of electro-magnetic potential to gravitational. Of course, the Sun has lost some energy over time but lost mass is on
the order of 1027 kg, significantly lower than hypothesized relativistic
energy. There are other possibilities for excess mass acquisition, however, acqui- Most likely, this energy was accumulated with nucleus inflation during
the conversion of electro-magnetic potential to gravitational. Of course, the Sun has lost some energy over time but lost mass is on
the order of 1027 kg, significantly lower than hypothesized relativistic
energy. 19416.48033 ≈18260.0087 (
)
Since this mass has not yet been depleted, the collapse has not occurred 18 yet, but, according to my calculations (see chapter Quantization of the
Sun: Energy replenishment), this moment should be near. The other possibility is that accumulated energy does correspond to cur-
rent speed (368 km/s), but the mass of Neptune has been decreased
instead, from 1.08 * 1026 kg to 1.02 * 1026 kg (current mass). Explana-
tions for this may include mass oscillation, moon creation and conversion
of gravitational potential to electro-magnetic potential, however, I con-
sider this less likely, especially comparing the rates of energy absorption
and emission between the Sun and Neptune. yet, but, according to my calculations (see chapter Quantization of the
Sun: Energy replenishment), this moment should be near. The other possibility is that accumulated energy does correspond to cur-
rent speed (368 km/s), but the mass of Neptune has been decreased
instead, from 1.08 * 1026 kg to 1.02 * 1026 kg (current mass). Explana-
tions for this may include mass oscillation, moon creation and conversion
of gravitational potential to electro-magnetic potential, however, I con-
sider this less likely, especially comparing the rates of energy absorption
and emission between the Sun and Neptune. Comparing masses of systems of different scales requires proper relativis-
tic treatment. Apart from the speed of light being different between the
scales, a proper reference frame must be chosen. In case of comparison of
U1 scale system (such as the Solar System) with an U0 system (such as
a 10C atom) a proper reference frame is the CMB (Constant Microwave
Background) radiation rest frame. 19416.48033 ≈18260.0087 gy
There are other possibilities for excess mass acquisition, however, acqui- gy
There are other possibilities for excess mass acquisition, however, acqui- 17 sition of mass on the order of 1029 kg is, after inflation, probably unlikely,
especially considering distances and motion of bodies in the galaxy. m this one can calculate the scaled speed of light for the U1 scale (c1):
M = M⊙−∆M = 1.870062271 ∗1030 kg From this one can calculate the scaled speed of light for the U1 scale (c1):
M = M⊙−∆M = 1.870062271 ∗1030 kg From this one can calculate the scaled speed of light for the U1 scale (c1): v = vs + vp
M⊙=
M
q
1 −v2
c12
c1 =
v
q
1 −
M 2
M⊙2 If v is interpreted as the cumulative velocity against the CMB (Constant Mi-
crowave Background) radiation, a sum of secondary velocity vs (velocity of the
Solar System against CMB) and primary velocity vp (equal to velocity of the
local galactic group against CMB), for vs = 368 km/s and vp = 628 km/s, one
gets: c1 = 2.93 ∗106 m/s Obtained c1 is equal to one of possible values calculated in CR[6], but will also
be confirmed here later in a different calculation. At first, it may seem that this calculation cannot be valid since both ve-
locities are relative to CMB and vp should not be included in calculation. However, the obtained c1 is confirmed later in other calculations. This
puts certain constraints on Sun’s evolution, implying that Sun’s gravita-
tional maximum was, after initial inflation, accelerated to 628+368 km/s
(additionally inflating) in the same direction as the local galactic group,
then decelerated to 368 km/s, however, not loosing the acquired energy
(it is yet to loose it). (
)
This is a plausible explanation if energy of the maximum is quantized
and requires certain time to collapse to lower energy level. Indeed, if one
assumes that fusion in the Sun started with the moment of deceleration
when its speed became equal to 368 km/s and assuming at that point
real mass (fusion fuel) was equal to the mass of the [surface] gravita-
tional maximum it would be reasonable to assume that collapse would
occur once energy transformed with fusion becomes equal to acquired
relativistic mass (∆M). yet, but, according to my calculations (see chapter Quantization of the
Sun: Energy replenishment), this moment should be near.
The other possibility is that accumulated energy does correspond to cur-
rent speed (368 km/s), but the mass of Neptune has been decreased
instead, from 1.08 * 1026 kg to 1.02 * 1026 kg (current mass). Explana-
tions for this may include mass oscillation, moon creation and conversion
of gravitational potential to electro-magnetic potential, however, I con-
sider this less likely, especially comparing the rates of energy absorption
and emission between the Sun and Neptune. 19416.48033 ≈18260.0087 g
)
Proper equation is thus (for v1 = v0 = v): Proper equation is thus (for v1 = v0 = v): Sun mass
Neptune mass
s
1 −v2
c12 =
10C nucleus mass
10C outermost electron mass
s
1 −v2
c02 Sun mass
Neptune mass
s
1 −v2
c12 =
10C nucleus mass
10C outermost electron mass
s
1 −v2
c02
v = v⊙= cumulative speed relative to CMB = 996 km/s
c1 = speed of light on U1 scale = 2.93 * 106 m/s
c0 = c = speed of light on U0 scale = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s v = v⊙= cumulative speed relative to CMB = 996 km/s
c1 = speed of light on U1 scale = 2.93 * 106 m/s
c0 = c = speed of light on U0 scale = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s Note that CMB radiation is of U−1 scale. Note that CMB radiation is of U−1 scale. Note also that maximum speed (cn) depends on pressure and density of
space and it is generally not equal to the standard speed of light. Here
thus, even though the term speed of light may be used, c1 should be
understood as maximum speed of U1 particles (stars) in local space. Within the galaxy, speed limit for orbiting bodies is generally defined by
the gravitational maximum (event horizon) of the well - stars orbiting
galactic centres with semi-major Keplerian velocities larger than c1 might
exist in other galaxies. One can now attempt to resolve the excess mass of TOI-178 (6Be) system. Assuming its velocity [relative to CMB] is 77.22 km/s larger than Sun’s 19 velocity, its mass should be: velocity, its mass should be: velocity, its mass should be: MT OI−178 = MBe−6
MC−10
M
1
q
1 −v2
c12
= 1.207764563 ∗1030 kg
= 0.607 M⊙= 0.646 M MBe−6 = rest mass of 6Be atom = 6.0197 u
MC−10 = rest mass of 10C atom = 10.016853 u MC−10 = rest mass of 10C atom = 10.016853 M = rest mass of the Sun (relative to CMB) = 1.870062271 * 1030 kg M = rest mass of the Sun (relative to CMB) = 1.870062271 * 1030 kg
v = cumulative speed of TOI-178 relative to CMB = 1073.22 km/s M
rest mass of the Sun (relative to CMB)
1.870062271
10
kg
v = cumulative speed of TOI-178 relative to CMB = 1073.22 km/s However,
mass
of
TOI-178
obtained
from
measurements
is
0.650+0.027/−0.029 M⊙[4]. Apparently, measured mass is bigger by the relativistic [omega] factor: 1
q
1 −v2
c12
≈v
v⊙ The cause of discrepancy is, again, in the reference frame - calculation
is done relative to CMB, while measurements were done from the Solar
System (Earth) reference frame. From such reference frame Sun is at rest and its rest mass is equal to
relativistic mass relative to CMB, M⊙(1.988500 * 1030 kg). However, one must take into account the radial velocity [relative to the
Sun] of TOI-178. Relative to the Solar System, the mass of TOI-178
should thus be: MT OI−178 = MBe−6
MC−10
M
q
1 −(v⊙+vr)2
c12
1
q
1 −v2
c12 vr = radial velocity of TOI-178 = 57.4±0.5 km/s vr = radial velocity of TOI-178 = 57.4±0.5 km/s This gives 0.650 M⊙for the mass of TOI-178, in agreement with mea-
surements. Note that CMB radiation is of U−1 scale. Note that relativistic effects are always physical, but not always on the
same scale and not always in the same space - ie. some may be physical
on small scale (mental) in space of the observer, some on a large scale in
space of the observable, or vice versa[7]. Solar System is thus a [negatively] polarized reference frame relative to
TOI-178 and to convert the measurement to a proper [neutral] reference
frame, one must multiply the measured value with a positively polarized
omega factor:
1
q
1 −(v⊙+vr)2
c12
−1
=
s
1 −(v⊙+ vr)2
c12
1
q
1 −(v⊙+vr)2
c12
−1
=
s
1 −(v⊙+ vr)2
c12 20 Note also that TOI-178 is the only system I have analysed beyond the
Solar System. The reason that an effectively randomly (non-consciously
by my self) chosen system fits the hypothesis goes strongly in its favour. All planetary systems close to the Solar System, and probably all systems
in the Milky Way, should conform to the same speed limit. However, I
find that analysing all these is beyond the scope of this paper. Hopefully,
other researchers will do these analyses eventually. 5.1
EH operator validation 5.1 The following is an attempt to validate the EH operator defined in CR. However, this is completely unnecessary for validation of main CR pos-
tulates and hypotheses. Masses between discrete vertical energy levels have already been calcu-
lated in CR. This is simply an attempt at alternative calculation of these
masses. If the carbon atom at appropriate density/pressure is the Solar System equiv-
alent, carbon photon is the carbon atom of lower scale (vertical energy level). One can thus calculate the [average] mass of photons or photon scale parti-
cles, ie. electron half-photon: Neptune mass
10C outermost electron mass = 10C outermost electron mass
e half-photon mass However, obtained half-photon mass above assumes linear progression of discrete
states of scale invariance (vertical symmetry, distance in scale from U0 to both
U1 and U−1 is equal), which is against the postulates of CR - although this can
be the mass of a half-photon in another time (another cycle state). There can be no symmetry between current space and time, but due to
cyclic nature of a universe and with cycle states being inverse of each
other, symmetry would exist between past and future dimensions (space
and time dimensions exchange in a way that current space is symmetric
with previous space). 21 Thus, CR predicts asymmetric invariance with exponential progression of
discrete vertical states. Using this prediction, the masses of standard photon
[scale] electron equivalent (half-photon) and carbon graviton have been calcu-
lated already in CR (yielding 9.10938356 * 10−73 kg for the half-photon mass,
1.663337576 * 10−68 kg for the half-graviton mass), but the values can also be
obtained using EH operator. g
p
Using EH factor 6/4 on the orders of magnitude of mass distances: log10
MU1
Me
= EH6/4
log10
Me
Mn
, log10
mU1
Mn
gives Mn = 3.910613743 * 10−68 kg for the mass of graviton in current cycle
state, and mU1 = 6.06011796 * 1019 kg for the mass of Neptune in current cycle
state. Neptune mass is obviously not in agreement with current Neptune mass
(unless one considers scaling of the gravitational constant G), however, if this is
interpreted as initial real mass component of total mass than it may be correct
(see next chapter, where real mass component of Neptune is calculated to be
approximately on the order of 1020). 5.1
EH operator validation Here, Mp = Mn / mU1 = 6.453032383 * 10−88 kg could be interpreted
as the mass of carbon half-photon in inverse cycle state. Mass of a half-photon can now be obtained from Mn: Mp =
Me
10C atom massMn ≈Mn ∗10−5 Note that, in current state the ratio of magnitude distances from electron to
graviton and from electron to U1 electron (Neptune) is: log10
Me
Mn
"
log10
MU1
Me
#−1
= 4
6
5
5 = 2
3 So, for the inverse state (4p6n): So, for the inverse state (4p6n): log10
Me
Mn
"
log10
MU1
Me
#−1
= 6
4
3
7 = 9
14 log10
MU1
Me
= EH4/6
log10
Me
Mn
, log10
mU1
Mn
Respecting conditions for the EH inverse, the following values are obtained:
mass Me = 3.910613743 * 10−68 kg of [10C outermost] electron equivalent in
U−1.4p6n (= Mn in U0.6p4n), MU1 = 9.10938356 * 10−31 kg for the mass of
Neptune equivalent in U−1.4p6n (= Me in U0.6p4n), Mn = 3.719162593 * 10−92
kg for the mass of graviton in U−1.4p6n, mU1 = 4.18129939 * 10−36 kg for the
mass of Neptune in U−1.4p6n (= me in U0.6p4n). 22 Note that here, mass of the photon is obtained from:
Mp =
10C atom mass
Me
Mn = 6.791044478 ∗10−88 kg
suggesting inverted roles of photon and graviton. Note that here, mass of the photon is obtained from: Note that here, mass of the photon is obtained from: Mp =
10C atom mass
Me
Mn = 6.791044478 ∗10−88 kg suggesting inverted roles of photon and graviton. suggesting inverted roles of photon and graviton. 5.2
Outermost angular momenta and c1 confirmation With the conservation of angular momentum between the Solar System equiva-
lent at U0 scale (10C atom at equivalent density/pressure) and the Solar System,
one may attempt to calculate angular velocity of the outermost electron in the
10C atom:
v L = mvr = v
r mr2 MU1 vU1 rU1 = MU0 vU0 rU0 vU0 = MU1 vU1 rU1
MU0 rU0
= 3.920242676 ∗1082 m
s The above gives the outermost electron velocity in case of conversion of both
mass and orbital radius into angular velocity, for a point energy in constant
vacuum density. However, mass MU0 must have been relativistic before the speed limit was
reached (vertical energy level changed) and it became the rest mass MU1. Thus, in order to get the orbital velocity just before the [vertical] energy
level change, rest mass on one scale must be equalized with relativistic mass on
another (MU1 = MU0): vU0 = vU1 rU1
rU0
= 3.486882257 ∗1026 m
s With real mass not participating in inflation (maxima inflate naked), this ve-
locity is the velocity of space, making it potentially valid even in the context of
General Relativity (GR). Using conservation of energy, one can now obtain the velocity of the outer-
most electron in standard non-excited 10C atom: E−1 = E0 ρvac ∗VU0 ∗vU0
2 = MU0 ∗v2 ρvac = mean vacuum energy density = 9.9 ∗10−27 kg
m3 ρvac = mean vacuum energy density = 9.9 ∗10−27 kg
m3 ρvac = mean vacuum energy density = 9.9 ∗10−27 kg
m3 23 ρvac ∗4
3π(RU0)3 ∗vU0
2 = MU0 ∗v2
2.842208873 ∗10−19 = MU0 ∗v2 Note that non-relativistic mass is used on both sides. Even though the
relativistic c constant is different between the two masses (scales), the
v/c ratio is equal between the scales, thus, the Lorentz factor on the left
is equal to the one on the right and they cancel out. This gives v = 5.585837356 * 105 m/s, for the velocity of the outermost
electron of a standard 10C atom [in Solar System equivalent state]. Note that the product of density and volume on the left (2.337660431
* 10−72 kg) should be close to the mass of a standard photon (coupled
half-photons), and it is indeed roughly equal to previously calculated
photon rest mass in CR (1.821876712 * 10−72 kg). 5.2
Outermost angular momenta and c1 confirmation Using momentum conservation, one can now calculate photon mass rel-
ative to standard (absolute) reference frame, where its speed is limited
to c = c0 = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s: p = mv = mvU0 = 2.337660431∗10−72 kg∗3.486882257∗1026 m
s = m0 c0 m0 = p
c0
= p
c = 2.719 ∗10−54 kg or, using photon rest mass from CR: or, using photon rest mass from CR: m0 = 2.119 ∗10−54 kg This mass is in agreement with photon mass obtained from recent
experiments[8]. To confirm validity of the result one can calculate this velocity differently. Introducing the term total velocity (vtot) as the sum of electron’s spin and
angular velocity. g
y
Per CR postulates, every spin momentum must be an orbital momentum. If one assumes that, once captured by the atom, the outermost electron self-
orbital (spin) momentum becomes the nucleus-orbital momentum, in ground 24 state (with quantum number l = 0) thus, total momentum of the electron is:
1 mr2ωtot = 1
2ℏ vtot = rωtot = 1
2
ℏ
mr Using m = MU0 ≈Me and r = rU0, this gives vtot = 8.269308487 * 105 m/s. This
momentum in the atom is further divided between orbital and spin momentum. With the ratio of velocities equal to Neptune spin/orbital velocity, one obtains
electron orbital velocity: v = vU0 =
vtot
1 + sU1
vU1
= 5.5550351679 ∗105 m
s The result is obtained from the following: The result is obtained from the following: The result is obtained from the following: The result is obtained from the following: vtot = va + vs
(Q1.2)
Me vtot ra = 1
2ℏ
(Q1.3) (Q1.2) Splitting the momentum in scalar space: Splitting the momentum in scalar space: mrevara + mimgvsrs = Mevtotra
mre
Me
va + mimg
Me
vs
rs
ra
= vtot
(Q1.4) (Q1.4) and assuming: mre = Me from Q1.2 and Q1.4, follows: mimg = Me
ra
rs
(Q1.5) (Q1.5) Me = standard electron mass = 9.10938356 * 10−31 kg
ra = rU0 = orbital radius of the outermost 10C electron = 70 * 10−12 m
rs = RU0 = spin radius of the outermost 10C electron = 3.834298096 *
10−16 m In order for Q1.2 to be satisfied, masses of orbital and spin momenta
must be different. With orbital mass equal to standard electron mass,
spin mass mimg is: mimg = 1.66303410 ∗10−25 kg = 9.99817551 ∗10C nucleus mass mimg = 1.66303410 ∗10−25 kg = 9.99817551 ∗10C nucleus mass 25 mimg ≈10 ∗10C nucleus mass ≈93.3 GeV/c2 mimg ≈10 ∗10C nucleus mass ≈93.3 GeV/c2 mimg ≈10 ∗10C nucleus mass ≈93.3 GeV/c2 Note that the increase in electron spin mass mimg is proportional to the
increase of nucleus mass. In both, mass component of the spin momen-
tum was increased at the expense of other components, as with electro-
magnetic coupling the em energy was converting to neutral gravitational
energy. Note also that, from this, it is possible to derive the rest mass
and rest charge radii of a free electron. Assuming radius inflation pro-
portional to mass inflation, rest mass radius of a free electron is: rse = rs
ra
rs = rs2
ra
= 2.100 ∗10−21 m Its rest charge radius should then be: rce =
√
2rse = 2.970 ∗10−21 m Obviously the charge of the electron has to be spinning faster than light: Obviously the charge of the electron has to be spinning faster than light: v =
1
2mrce
ℏ For m = 9.10938356 * 10−31 kg (which may seem wrong due to separate
mass radius, however, if free electron is not naked, acquired real mass
can be the charge mass shielding the mass of the maximum), this gives
v = 9.745 * 1015 m/s. This speed is the speed limit for particles in electron’s space and it sug-
gests that acquired real mass is of U−1 scale or lower, making the spin
momentum of the electron effectively the rotation of space, relative to
standard scale. The fact that imaginary mass is quantized by 10C nu-
cleus mass confirms the carbon-like nature of the Solar System equivalent
on the standard scale, however, the magnitude of exchange of polarized
(electro-magnetic) potential for neutral gravitational potential suggests
the Solar System is a scaled Bose-Einstein condensate of multiple atoms. Note that the mass is equal to predicted W boson mass in some Elec-
troweak models[9]. From the calculated mass one can now obtain [initial] real component of
Neptune’s total mass: Neptune’s total mass: mre
mimg
= mre1
mimg1
≈mre1
MU1 mre1 ≈
Me
mimg
MU1 = 5.60974244 ∗1020 kg In the above, it was assumed that charge radius is equal to mass spin
radius (rs) of the gravitational maximum. However, real charge radius
is smaller. M = Earth’s mass = 5.9723 * 1024 kg
G = G0 = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 M = Earth s mass = 5.9723
10
kg
G = G0 = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 mimg ≈10 ∗10C nucleus mass ≈93.3 GeV/c2 26 If one assumes Earth’s mass radius of the gravitational maximum is at
the inner core boundary with gravity equal to Sun surface gravity (274
m/s2), charge radius of Earth must be at a radius where gravity of the
maximum is equal to half this value (this will be validated later): rc =
r
GM 2
274 =
r
GM
137 = 1705704 m
(Q1.6) (Q1.6) M = Earth’s mass = 5.9723 * 1024 kg
G = G0 = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 M = Earth’s mass = 5.9723 * 1024 kg
G = G0 = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 M = Earth’s mass = 5.9723 * 1024 kg
G = G0 = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 g
G = G0 = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 Using Q1.5, one can now calculate initial real mass component of the
Earth: mre = rc
ra
mimg ≈rc
ra
M ≈6.81 ∗1019 kg
(Q1.7) (Q1.7) ra = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m ra = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m ra = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m This real mass will be further validated later. However, obtained charge
radius is, as it will be shown later, induced charge radius, rather than
the primary or primordial charge radius. Calculating mimg for other planets shows weak signals that all may
be consistent with condensates of standard particles, as shown in Table 2. planet
equivalent standard mimg
(GeV/c2)
particle
Saturn
12.58
10 * charm quark, or 2 * charmed B meson
Jupiter
5.69
ADM (asymmetric dark matter) particle ? Uranus
57.87
10 * ADM ? Mars
34.36
? Earth
12
? Venus
9.14
? Mercury
12.13
? Table 2: Calculated mimg and standard particle candidates Table 2: Calculated mimg and standard particle candidates
There are no obvious candidates for terrestrial planets, and excluding Saturn and Neptune,
even the candidates for outer planets may be questionable. img
p
There are no obvious candidates for terrestrial planets, and excluding Saturn and Neptune,
even the candidates for outer planets may be questionable. However, there are various reasons for this - mass oscillation/excitation, unusual pairing
(as in case of Neptune), unknown particle (having extremely short lifetimes on standard
scale, unstable outside of atom), etc. ,
),
Multiples of atomic nuclei have also not been taken into account, which may be the most
likely candidates, given the strong agreement of quantization of outermost particle mass
with 10C nuclei and the fact that, in a condensed state, an atomic nuclei is a viable
equivalent of a particle (quantum of energy). Two results for the velocity are in good agreement. Small difference can be
attributed to uncertainty in vacuum energy density - a value of 9.79 * 10−27
kg/m3 would yield the correct value. From this one can also obtain the scaled speed of light: vU0
c0
= vU1
c1 27 c1 = vU1
vU0
c0 = 2.930445979 ∗106 m
s The result is in agreement with c1 previously obtained from relativistic energy
of the Solar System (2.93 * 106 m/s). 5.3
The extent of validity of c1 The speed c1 (2.93 * 106 m/s) has been calculated as the relevant quantization
constant and speed limit for particles of Sun’s scale in local space. But what is
the extent of that space? Any private space should be associated with a specific gravitational maxi-
mum. The Sun should be orbiting this maximum. Therefore, it’s centre should
be the galactic centre, while its radius can be inferred from motion of stars -
stars orbiting close to this maximum should orbit at average velocities close to
c1. Note that, according to CR, all velocities are average values of oscillation. Therefore, in eccentric orbitals, stars can exceed c1 at periapsis - this is
not forbidden, but the average (semi-major) velocity should not. g (
j
)
y
There are two interpretations of this - either the orbit (shape) of the
maximum itself is eccentric or the star is in [properly scaled] thermal
motion relative to the maximum - oscillating perpendicularly to maxi-
mum’s surface (the gravitational maximum generally has a torus shape). According to measurements, stars with such velocities are concentrated at
the galactic centre, near the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). It appears that there are no stars in Milky Way orbiting at velocities ≥c1. In
example, as of August 2019, the fastest star orbiting Sgr A* is S62[10]. For the enclosed mass M of 4.15 * 106 M⊙, its Keplerian orbital velocity at
determined semi-major (r = 740.067 AU = 1.10714 * 1014 m) is: v =
r
GM
r
= 2.23 ∗106 m
s v =
r
GM
r
= 2.23 ∗106 m
s G = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 As of 2020, S4711 is the star with fastest semi-major velocity[11]: 2.44
* 106 m/s, still under 2.93 * 106 m/s. This is a strong evidence for c1 being the maximum velocity for all stars in
Milky Way. The radius of the associated gravitational maximum should thus be 28 the radius of the event horizon for these stars. For mass M of 4.15 * 106 M⊙,
this radius (semi-major) is: the radius of the event horizon for these stars. For mass M of 4.15 * 106 M⊙,
this radius (semi-major) is: r = GM
c12 = 6.41541 ∗1013 m = 428.838 AU Plausible locations for gravitational maxima of galactic space are radii
of maximal velocities of stars in a galaxy. 5.3
The extent of validity of c1 However, if angular velocity of
stars is much lower than the expected velocity of the maximum, any such
extreme is unlikely the location of the gravitational maximum. However,
these stars could be fossils of the body of matter previously bound to
a gravitational maximum - which has collapsed. Since collapse must
include a reversal of momentum, the spiral galaxies could be the result
of collapse through discrete energy levels. Consider the rotational profile of the Milky Way galaxy in Fig. 7 (right). Assume that the gravitational maximum was initially located at ≈13.33
kpc, at which point the stars at that location had 10 times higher angular
velocities, when the maximum started collapsing: 1. the reversal of momentum slowed down the stars at the location
10 times, 1. the reversal of momentum slowed down the stars at the location
10 times, 2. another reversal occured at ≈7.33 kpc restoring the velocity of the
maximum, accelerating and igniting local stars, 3. another collapse, slowing down the stars 10 times, 3. another collapse, slowing down the stars 10 times, 4. restoration at ≈1.33 kpc, acceleration then reversal and decelera-
tion of stars 10 times, 5. ... possible intermediate levels ... 5. ... possible intermediate levels ... 5.3.1
Explaining galactic structure The collapsing spin-alternating gravitational maximum can explain extremes in
angular velocities of a galaxy and bright (ignited) regions. It can also explain
the young counter-rotating disk(s) of massive stars close to galactic centre[12]. ( )
[
]
Not only that, it can explain the structure of a galaxy, assuming it is a large
scale quantum system: • the gravitational maximum is oscillating between discrete energy levels, • there are energy levels it is more likely to occupy than others (explaining
discontinuities in density), • stability of states is different for different galaxies and may differ between
levels (stability is inversely proportional to eccentricity of arms), • an energy level may split into two. As the maximum is spiralling between states it is affecting momenta of gravita-
tional maxima of smaller scale (ie. those forming stars and planets). The number of spiral arms is then proportional either to age of the galaxy,
or to the number of oscillating gravitational maxima. Oscillation of this large scale energy should affect [and thus imply oscilla-
tion of] smaller scale energy (possibly explaining at least one order of general
oscillation of stars, as hypothesized in chapter The cycles). 6. restoration at 428.838 AU, stars accelerated. The above assumes inflation/deflation is simultaneous with a change in
radii. This may not be true. It is also unlikely for velocity to remain
constant over all [scales of] radii. Thus, the initial velocity of the gravitational maximum might have been
10 times lower than c1, it only increased 10 times once the radius de-
creased to smaller scale (< 1 kpc). Note that constant velocity across different radii [with non-changing
gravitational constant] implies angular momentum was not conserved
(some quanta have radiated away or perhaps collapsed to smaller spin
momenta - forming future stars, etc.). The primary question then is -
is the gravitational maximum currently located at 428.838 AU? And is 29 there a standard supermassive black hole at all in the centre of the Milky
Way [or any other galaxy]? there a standard supermassive black hole at all in the centre of the Milky
Way [or any other galaxy]? The profile of the Milky Way galaxy suggests that velocity of the maxi-
mum remains constant with collapse (the GM product and radius change
equally) at least to some extent, while speed of stars around 428.838 AU
suggests the gravitational maximum is still there. After all, assuming
the maximum has collapsed to the radius of a hypothesized supermas-
sive black hole (≈0.1 AU radius), the Sun and other stars should conform
to the speed limit of c = c0 = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s, not 2.93 * 106 m/s. In any case, the gravitational maximum at 428.838 AU appears to be
the black hole for stars and similar large scale objects of the Milky Way. This does not rule out the existence of standard black holes (event hori-
zons for standard particles) in the centre but, if they do exist, their
individual masses should be much smaller than 106 M⊙. 6
Initial setup and regular disturbances Solar System is the product of inflation (likely through annihilation) of smaller
scale particles or/and deflation [through annihilation] of larger scale particles. 30 Suppose that at the moment of annihilation the carbon atom was briefly
ionized and its mass and charge were condensed into the core when it started
inflating. With the electrons inflating along, eventually, the charge would sep-
arate from mass again. The energy provided for transition between adjacent energy levels is gener-
ally higher than required, thus, the flattened carbon atom likely expanded to
multiple times its current radii, then compressed to current size, trading charge
area for neutral gravitational volume. The atom nucleus in the process expanded up to the main asteroid belt, then
compressed, leaving behind orbiting gravitons which collapsed to form terrestrial
planets. The collapses were recorded in the Sun, forming discontinuities. Note that the effect is the same even without initial ionization - in that
case, discontinuities would be inflated along with the atom, rather than
produced in the process. In the transition from charged two-dimensional ring to three-dimensional
sphere, equatorial spin momentum has been fragmenting and [due to spin de-
coupling] spreading to (forming) polar regions. Latitude variable rotation may have been initially established as the product
of conservation of momentum in such redistribution of mass, even if it now may
be sustained differently. Beside the long lived energy level changes, short lived (temporary) infla-
tion/deflation of gravitational maxima will occur with the absorption/emission
of [properly scaled] gravitational waves, which may be electrically polarized
(electro-magnetic). In case of dipole waves, absorption will induce separation of charges and
collapse of a spherical form of the maximum into a two-dimensional ring
form. Such disturbances will generally occur at regular intervals, with periods gen-
erally increasing proportionally to the scale of the system and the scale of dis-
turbance. On the scale of stellar systems, common minimum periods are on the
order of millions of years (although smaller periodic disturbances of the system
should exist too, these may be of different nature). Large scale events are always preceded and superseded by smaller scale
events so accelerated evolution may proceed for years on smaller scales before
the actual disruption on larger scale occurs. One may now attempt to calculate how much such disturbances last on the
large (cataclysmic) scale. 6
Initial setup and regular disturbances With no change in energy level, orbital areal velocity of bodies, per Kepler’s 31 2nd law, must remain constant and there should be no change in constitutional
mass either. With a temporary collapse of a gravitational maximum, escape velocity is
extremely reduced and orbiting neutral real mass will be increasing orbital radii
(although solid mass will generally preserve volume due to smaller scale electro-
magnetic and neutral gravitational forces). In order for this to be a temporary disturbance (no loss of entanglement),
collapse must not exceed a specific time period - orbital period of the constitut-
ing mass. Approximating gravitational maximum as a point maximum (linear ejection
of mass from centre) and assuming Sun’s constitutional mass barycentre at the
[inner] core radius at the time of collapse of the Sun’s core maximum, maximal
allowed ejection distance r at the time the gravitational well is fully restored is: r = 2πrc
2
= πrc ≈0.63R⊙ r = 2πrc
2
= πrc ≈0.63R⊙ R⊙= Sun radius = 695700 km
rc = inner core radius = 1/5 R⊙= 139140 km Maximum time between the collapse and full restoration of the well is then: Maximum time between the collapse and full restoration of the well is then: tc = 2πrc
vc
= 1
fc
= 608272.5061 s ≈7 days where fc (1644 nHz[13]) is the rotation frequency of the Solar core. where fc (1644 nHz[13]) is the rotation frequency of the Solar core. Note that there is a discontinuity in the seismic profile of the Sun at
0.63R⊙. This is where Sun’s angular velocity starts differentiating with
latitude (it rotates as a solid from 0.63R⊙down to the core). Note also the following: 1
vc
∗1012 =
1
2πrcfc
∗1012 =
1
2π ∗0.2 ∗695700 ∗1644 ∗10−9 ∗109
= 695771 km ≈R⊙ suggesting that this should be satisifed: suggesting that this should be satisifed: vc ∗R⊙= 1 ∗1012 m2
s or, in terms of areal velocity of the core: or, in terms of areal velocity of the core: va = 1
2vcrc = R⊙
2π
52tc
= 1 ∗1011 m2
s A hint of deeper entanglement between the Solar core and surface max-
imum (quantization). 32 In the context of CR, evolution of systems is not a steady continuous process
over all time, but a process with cyclic strong (cataclysmic) changes and a slow
(weak) continuous evolution through the cycle. 6
Initial setup and regular disturbances As I came to realize this I went outside, in despair still burdened by
the thought. It was 2 past midnight, I lied on concrete, still entangled
with a summer day.. Looking upon the heavens, once again for signs
of confirmation I was not expecting to find - "a comet would suffice",
I’ve told my self inside. Not a minute away, there it was, a comet
passing right in that patch of the sky I’ve been absorbing with the
eyes. Enlightened by the dark, a thought emerged from my self.. Up
until recent times my life seemed like a movie scripted by dice thrown
by chance, but now, now I did not believe in things any more, I simply
knew.. This life ain’t a fairytale based on true events, but reality based
on a fairytale... 7
The cycles Changes in energy of the Solar System cannot be exempt from general oscillation
and remain uniform over its lifetime. For the Solar System, I hypothesize the following 3 periods (some evidence
for which will be provided in this article, some in follow-up articles) for the first
three orders of general oscillation: 1. 4.25 * 109 years, 1. 4.25 * 109 years, 2. 25.7 - 25.92 * 106 years, 2. 25.7 - 25.92 * 106 years, 3. 1.512 * 106 years. 3. 1.512 * 106 years. 3. 1.512 * 106 years. These are cycles of existence of the Solar System and its bodies. Only the 1st order cycle may result in large scale horizontal energy level
changes, but all these disturbances are sourced in gravitational stresses and
have a strong effect on the evolution of the system (and all life within), which
is temporarily accelerated at the end of each cycle. 1st order period should be interpreted as lifespan of the Solar System as a
whole. At time of death, gravitational maxima of the Sun [and likely all planets]
collapse exchanging spin momenta for galactic angular momenta. Eventually,
this system may couple with real mass and inflate again into the same species
(carbon in this case). It may even couple with the same mass, in which case the
collapse may be interpreted as temporary loss of consciousness (this recurring
coupling will be manifested as reignition of the star after a nova-type explosion). It may also inflate or deflate through annihilation or fusion with another
system, and then start evolving as new life form of another generation or new
species, acquiring real mass in vicinity. 33 In any case, life and death are synchronized, and, for these species death is
likely not the same as death on our scale. Discarded real mass may be fully
reused by another soul in these species - with no temporary and/or spatially
large decay and recycling involved. 2nd order period should be interpreted as the lifespan of Sun’s core and
Jupiter, and possibly all outer planets. Based on current evidence, these col-
lapses should be temporary regardless of nature (death or loss of consciousness). Naturally, these collapses will cause orbital disturbances, and are likely to induce
bombardment of terrestrial planets with asteroids. These should thus be correlated with large extinctions on these planets. 7
The cycles 1st order period should be interpreted as the lifespan of Earth and possibly
all inner (terrestrial) planets (at least in the order of magnitude). Based on
evidence, this collapse too is temporary. Collapse of Earth’s maximum will be synchronized with accelerated evolution
of life on its surface. There is evidence for accelerated human evolution 1.4 -
1.6 Ma[14]. Thus, another such event (effective time compression) should be
happening at this time. All of these periods are time averaged, deviations will exist, but larger peri-
ods should be relatively quantized by smaller periods. Ongoing extinction on Earth may be correlated with the end of a 3rd order
period, however, everything suggests this is also the end of a 2nd order period. And, considering the age of Earth and the Solar System, we are likely at the end
of a 1st order period too. Thus, major cataclysmic changes should be imminent,
although, there is some possibility that 1st order period will end with the end
of an additional 2nd order period, some 26 million years later. Note that currently accepted age of Earth and the Solar System, based on
uniform evolution and decay rates of elements, must be wrong. Per CR pos-
tulates, decay rates of elements cannot be constant over all time, they must
change, either directly with changes in pressure and density of space, or effec-
tively - ie. with cosmic ray bombardment. Thus, they should be oscillating
- temporarily changing (accelerating) with the end of a period of any order -
proportionally to order period and acceleration of evolution. • 537.9 years. • 9221.4 years, 7.1
Smaller periods Assuming the ratio of 3rd to 4th order period is equal to the ratio of 1st to 2nd
order period, and the ratio of 4th to 5th order period is equal to the ratio of
2nd to 3rd, the following periods are obtained for the 4th and 5th order: • 9221.4 years, • 537.9 years. 34 Here, a 2nd order period of 25.92 * 106 years was assumed. Here, a 2nd order period of 25.92 * 106 years was assumed. While 4th order disturbances could be cataclysmic they (and their effects)
should be relatively short-lived and may not generally produce global effects on
Earth. The analysis of recent magnetic excursions and supervolcanic eruptions shows
excellent agreement with the proposed 4th order period, as shown in Table 3,
for the last 9 cycles. y
cycle
years
before
present
correlated event
0
0
current events (extinction, climate change, ozone depletion, likely mag-
netic excursion or reversal, ...)
1
9221.4
10Be enrichment in ice cores ≈9200 years ago[15] (hypothesized extreme
solar storm event), Lake Michigan/Erie magnetic excursion 10-9 ka and
14-12 ka[16]
2
18442.8
Hilina Pali magnetic excursion 18.5 ka[17]
3
27664.2
Lake Mungo magnetic excursion 30780±520 - 28140±370 and ≈26000
years b.p.[18], Oruanui eruption ≈26.5 ka[19]
4
36885.6
Mono Lake magnetic excursion 36 - 30 ka[20] (34.5 ka[17]), Dome C/Vos-
tok 10 Be enrichment (likely due to excursion) ≈35 ka[21]
5
46107.0
Laschamp magnetic excursion 46.6±2.4 ka[22] (41.2 ka[17]),
Nean-
derthals extinction
6
55328.4
? 7
64549.8
Norwegian-Greenland Sea magnetic excursion 64.5 ka[17]
8
73771.2
Toba volcanic eruption ≈74000 years ago[23]
Table 3: 4th order period correlation with excursions
Note that the same results can be obtained with a period of 9157.4 years
(obtained using 25.74 * 106 years for the 2nd order period) and a phase
shift of 64 years, assuming year 1958 (3rd Industrial Revolution, rapid
rise in CO2 emissions) should be associated with current events. 7.1
Smaller periods cycle
years
before
present
correlated event
0
0
current events (extinction, climate change, ozone depletion, likely mag-
netic excursion or reversal, ...)
1
9221.4
10Be enrichment in ice cores ≈9200 years ago[15] (hypothesized extreme
solar storm event), Lake Michigan/Erie magnetic excursion 10-9 ka and
14-12 ka[16]
2
18442.8
Hilina Pali magnetic excursion 18.5 ka[17]
3
27664.2
Lake Mungo magnetic excursion 30780±520 - 28140±370 and ≈26000
years b.p.[18], Oruanui eruption ≈26.5 ka[19]
4
36885.6
Mono Lake magnetic excursion 36 - 30 ka[20] (34.5 ka[17]), Dome C/Vos-
tok 10 Be enrichment (likely due to excursion) ≈35 ka[21]
5
46107.0
Laschamp magnetic excursion 46.6±2.4 ka[22] (41.2 ka[17]),
Nean-
derthals extinction
6
55328.4
? 7
64549.8
Norwegian-Greenland Sea magnetic excursion 64.5 ka[17]
8
73771.2
Toba volcanic eruption ≈74000 years ago[23] Table 3: 4th order period correlation with excursions Note that the same results can be obtained with a period of 9157.4 years
(obtained using 25.74 * 106 years for the 2nd order period) and a phase
shift of 64 years, assuming year 1958 (3rd Industrial Revolution, rapid
rise in CO2 emissions) should be associated with current events. Agreement with hypothesized associated events is remarkable, however, if
the proper date for Laschamp is 41.2 ka and assuming Gothenburg magnetic
excursion (13.75 - 12.35 ka[24]) is also a part of this cycling, it is possible that
the 4th order period of 9221.4 years occasionally (or regularly?) breaks into
two equal periods (2nd harmonic) - which could, apart from these two, also
explain the 14-12 ka Lake Michigan/Erie excursion, enhanced 10Be deposition
in Antarctic ice ≈60 ka[21] and the Younger Dryas cooling/extinctions ≈12900
years ago[25]. 35 Note that, since the 4th order period was derived from the first three
periods, evidence for the 4th order period may also be interpreted as the
evidence for these three. The presence of harmonics probably should not be surprising given how com-
mon is resonance in celestial mechanics. Evidence exists for the 2nd harmonic
(≈13 million years) of the 2nd order period (25.92 million years) too[26]. Evidence can also be found for additional harmonics of the 4th order
period. The 3rd harmonic could be correlated with the Noah’s Great Flood
(dated to ≈6000 years by Biblical scholars), giving a date about 6148
years ago. 7.1
Smaller periods The same harmonic could also be correlated with the recent rapid shrink-
age of human brains (recently dated to ≈3000 years ago[27]), giving a
date some 3074 years ago. The 2nd harmonic (1536.9 y) of that harmonic (or, 6th harmonic of
the 4th order period) could be correlated with Dansgaard-Oeschger
warm events (for which some have previously hypothesized a 1470 year
period[28]). Of course, as there are no absolute constants in CR, these periods should
be oscillating and evolving, even if weakly. Also, temporary disturbances of
oscillation cannot be excluded, as well as the possibility for some harmonics to
only be present occasionally (ie. close to events of strong evolution). For these
reasons, the hypothesized periods should probably be understood primarily as
relatively constant average intervals between associated events at times these
are occurring. However, possible deviation is proportional to period length, and remarkable
agreement of the 4th order period with correlated events suggests deviation for
the 4th order period may be generally small, up to a couple of decades at most. 10 Particularly interesting is then the 10Be enrichment about 9197 years ago[15]
(9125 b.p.), which would give year 2046 for the next excursion, assuming there’s
no deviation. 36 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion Orbits of bodies in gravitationally bound systems should obey the following
equation (orbital law): v2 = GM
r G = gravitational constant where v and r are orbital (Keplerian) velocity and radius, respectively, while
M is the mass contained within the radius r. In planetary systems, most of the mass M is contained within the star, while
in galaxies, it is mostly in central supermassive black holes. However, in both systems, there are orbits at which the equation is appar-
ently not satisfied - v is either higher or lower than expected for detected mass
M. In galaxies, it is assumed that the discrepancy is caused by exotic gravita-
tional mass - dark matter. In planetary systems, spin of bodies does not obey the equation, but this is
largely ignored (not considered as discrepancy), possibly due to current under-
standing of gravity and accepted theories on formation of planetary systems. It is however, a legitimate question - why should a gravitationally bound
mass in a galaxy obey the orbital law, while clouds of gas orbiting near
the surface of a star should not (if most of M is below the surface)? Of course, the source of anomaly can be conversion to thermal (radial)
motion but can it fully explain the deviation and how is the conversion
linked to it? It is however, a legitimate question - why should a gravitationally bound
mass in a galaxy obey the orbital law, while clouds of gas orbiting near
the surface of a star should not (if most of M is below the surface)? (
)
Of course, the source of anomaly can be conversion to thermal (radial)
motion but can it fully explain the deviation and how is the conversion
linked to it? In CR, gravitational force of bodies with a distinct gravitational well may
be largely provided by the gravitational maxima so [ordinary] matter content
(real mass) may be low. Thus, a potential equivalent dark matter problem may exist in stars, planets,
dwarf planets and larger moons (asteroids and comets are composites of smaller
scale wells [held together in most part by electro-magnetic force] so their spin
momentum should not be Keplerian, even if their orbit around a body with a
distinct maximum should). 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion All bodies with a distinct gravitational well have a dark matter source
(gravitational maximum), however, the addition (acquisition) of smaller
scale matter (real mass), in one interpretation, shields the existence of
the maximum, effectively decreasing imaginary mass content of the well. 37 Note that, in this exchange of dark gravitational potential for real grav-
itational potential, net gravitational force remains constant, but the ca-
pacity of the well (for real mass) is decreasing. In another interpretation,
total mass is increasing with acquisition of real mass, however, the well
still has finite coupling capacity equal to img mass, although the well
can become over-capacitated. In CR, it was established that velocity
is Keplerian at full capacity, faster in under-capacitated wells, lower in
over-capacitated wells. A body may also have multiple maxima, in which
case, the outermost (surface) maximum may shield existence of deeper
maxima. The shielding effect is not limited to the neutral gravitational component
of general force, electro-magnetic component may be shielded as well. The shielding effect is not limited to the neutral gravitational component
of general force, electro-magnetic component may be shielded as well. Thus, if there is no exchange of neutral gravitational potential for electro-
magnetic potential, and if there are no changes in kinetic energy, despite
the loss of matter, the gravity of a star, in case of shielding interpretation,
should not change its average value with age (it should still oscillate). The attraction remains, but its nature changes - from being mostly in
its looks (real mass) to being mostly in its mentality (dark matter), as
in any living being. Luminosity is thus, generally, a good measure of gravitational mass only
if the well is at full capacity, otherwise it is only correlated with real
mass, and age (if there is no fuel replenishment). However, even if real mass may not be correlated with total gravity at all
times, these should get synchronized periodically. The reason why they
are not synchronized at all times may simply be a difference in scale
- since energy changes are discrete, burning of real mass (small scale
mass) will appear continuous, while on large scale, where energy quanta
are orders of magnitude larger, change in mass (gravity) may require
millions or billions of years. However, even if real mass may not be correlated with total gravity at all
times, these should get synchronized periodically. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion The reason why they
are not synchronized at all times may simply be a difference in scale - since energy changes are discrete, burning of real mass (small scale
mass) will appear continuous, while on large scale, where energy quanta
are orders of magnitude larger, change in mass (gravity) may require
millions or billions of years. It is thus possible that the Sun does not have much fuel (real mass) left
at this point, its gravity is rather in dark matter associated with the
maximum that is yet to collapse. It is then likely that a collapse is synchronized with depletion of fusion
fuel. The solution for terrestrial bodies lies in the loss of entanglement between
space and matter orbitals due to interaction (collision) with other bodies, during
formation of the body of matter. Due to interaction of the atmosphere with a solid body beneath (or its
origin), neither the gases of the atmosphere (or trapped particles from outer
space interacting with the atmosphere) may obey the orbital law. This suggests that even below a gas cloud rotating around a distinct maxi-
mum at non-Keplerian velocity there should be a solid core, at least in case of a
neutral gas, however, angular component of velocity may be converted to radial 38 and then to temperature. Note that even if pressure from high temperature (kinetic energy) is
balancing gravitational force, the thermodynamics (within the gas cloud)
cannot break the orbital entanglement of the gas cloud as a whole. If that gas is in the form of plasma (as in the case of Sun), it is more likely to
be entangled with the charge component of a maximum (general force), which
then should be the source of its non-Keplerian motion. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion The neutral gravitational equivalent of electro-magnetic influence on gas
on the equator of the Sun can be calculated: v = ve = 2πr
T
=
r
GM2
r
= 2066.95 m
s ve = equatorial velocity of the Sun surface
G = gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2
r = equatorial radius of the Sun = 695500 km
T = rotation period at equator = 24.47 days ve = equatorial velocity of the Sun surface
G = gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2
r = equatorial radius of the Sun = 695500 km
T = rotation period at equator = 24.47 days which gives for the mass of the hypothetical neutral maximum: which gives for the mass of the hypothetical neutral maximum: M2 = 4.45215 ∗1025 kg M2 = 4.45215 ∗1025 kg If the electro-magnetic component of the maximum would be exchanged
for neutral gravitational component, the equatorial matter could remain
entangled with such maximum. The observed angular velocity could be interpreted as the evidence of spin
change during the transition between vertical energy levels and transfor-
mation of electro-magnetic potential for neutral gravitational potential. Suppose that entire potential was initially electro-magnetic but with an
opposite spin. During transformation, Keplerian velocity component
would be decreasing total angular velocity and, as the neutral compo-
nent becomes larger than the electro-magnetic component, real mass
would start spinning in another direction - aligned with Keplerian ve-
locity. With complete transformation, real mass would have a Keplerian
angular velocity. However, with the exchange of potential and inflation of space, [assum-
ing real mass is acquired not inflated] increasing gravity must be radially
compressing orbitals, increasing density of real mass. If the compression
is not isotropic and the mass is spiralling inwards (as expected for inter-
action of binaries at the event of annihilation), angular velocity (being
exchanged for radial) will be decreasing from Keplerian with orbital ra-
dius. 39 This will be increasing pressure and temperature around the centre which
will balance the neutral gravitational force at equilibrium. g
q
Angular velocity of matter around stars is thus generally proportional
to a difference between neutral and electro-magnetic potential and, in
magnitude, inversely proportional to temperature/density of real mass. However, stability of a gravitational maximum is proportional to its mass
and inversely proportional to gravitational stress. Rotation frequencies of the Sun (from the core up) and rotational velocities
of several spiral galaxies are shown on Fig. 7. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion That gravitational stress affects the number of sunspots has already been
shown[29], and here I hypothesize that a sunspot pair is the result of a collapse of
a quantum of a neutral gravitational surface maximum into a pair of [electrically]
oppositely charged and relatively unstable smaller (spin) maxima. Note that orbital radius of a sunspot pair is equal to the radius of the
maximum before collapse. Gravitational wells of planets, dwarf planets and major moons have been
formed in the similar way as sunspots. Note also that size of sunspots ranges from the size of a moon to the size
of the biggest planet (Jupiter). Note that orbital radius of a sunspot pair is equal to the radius of the
maximum before collapse. Gravitational wells of planets, dwarf planets and major moons have been
formed in the similar way as sunspots. Note also that size of sunspots ranges from the size of a moon to the size
of the biggest planet (Jupiter). A neutral component of a naked gravitational maximum is gravitational en-
ergy that may be referred to as dark matter, visible matter is real mass attracted
to the gravitational well of such maximum. The velocity curves of the Sun and
the Milky Way galaxy likely have the same solution - in the form of gravitational
maxima and relativity of their nature due to exchange between polarized and
non-polarized potentials of general force. Figure 7: left) internal rotation of the Sun30, right) rotation of spiral galaxies31 Figure 7: left) internal rotation of the Sun30, right) rotation of spiral galaxies31 Rotation frequencies of the Sun (from the core up) and rotational velocities
of several spiral galaxies are shown on Fig. 7. 40 Figure 8: Rotationa
On the left, Fig. 8 shows the ro
rotation frequencies from two independ
and other from the core up (black do
velocities at 30◦latitude). On the right, Fig. 8 shows the co
connection between two curves) and d
to differential rotation in the convectiv
Note that interpolated values do n
initial state at the core when the
thickness. In the current state, d
and velocities increase sharply at 0
What is obvious from the figures
two solid or rigid bodies (diverging on
zone), consistent with condensation o
into two ground states (+1s/-1s). 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion Assuming the Sun is not solid an
theories), it should be mainly com
However, there is a possibility tha
(or at least has a secondary comp
of solid (or solid-like) material wit
zone. These may be high energy ph
matter annihilation and/or high te Figure 8: Rotational velocities of the Sun Figure 8: Rotational velocities of the Sun On the left, Fig. 8 shows the rotational velocities of the Sun based on
rotation frequencies from two independent studies, one for the core (r < 0.2R⊙)
and other from the core up (black dots are interpolated values, red dots show
velocities at 30◦latitude). On the right, Fig. 8 shows the complete velocity curve (with interpolated
connection between two curves) and dispersion of velocities (shaded area) due
to differential rotation in the convective zone. Note that interpolated values do not represent the current state, rather
initial state at the core when the discontinuity had more pronounced
thickness. In the current state, discontinuity is extremely compressed
and velocities increase sharply at 0.2R⊙. This will be elaborated below. What is obvious from the figures is that Sun rotates like a composition of
two solid or rigid bodies (diverging only in the polar regions of the convective
zone), consistent with condensation of U1 down and up quarks (energy levels)
into two ground states (+1s/-1s). Assuming the Sun is not solid anywhere (as expected in conventional
theories), it should be mainly composed of plasma. However, there is a possibility that fusion in stars operates differently
(or at least has a secondary component) - through the bombardment
of solid (or solid-like) material with particles produced in the radiative
zone. These may be high energy photons produced through matter/anti-
matter annihilation and/or high temperature of plasma. Evidently, velocity curve of the Sun is similar to a typical velocity curve of a
spiral galaxy - in both cases there is an initial sharp increase in velocity in the
core, followed by a decline, with each next increase in velocity being less steep 41 than the previous one. Note that latitude dependent differential rotation may
also be common at specific places in galaxies too. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion If the spin momentum of the Sun is effectively immune to [large scale] colli-
sions (even if the core would be solid, everything approaching the Sun is vapor-
ized before reaching the surface), the only disturbance of Keplerian orbits must
come from incomplete conversion of electro-magnetic potential and increase of
temperature. Assuming that orbital velocity is decreasing (from Keplerian velocity) pro-
portionally to electro-magnetic potential, as hypothesized, orbital velocity of
plasma should keep increasing with radius until it becomes equal to Keplerian
velocity, beyond which point there should be no accumulation of charge and the
radial component of the solar wind should dominate. Using approximation of the velocity/radius dependence based on the velocity
curve of the Sun (up to 130000 km from surface[32]), and equalizing with orbital
law: v =
2533.61175
1.18686 −0.1
r
R⊙
−0.1
=
r
GM⊙
r
(S1.1) (S1.1) one obtains the orbit of such discontinuity: one obtains the orbit of such discontinuity: r = 32.8 R⊙= 22.826 ∗106 km ≈33 R⊙ First results from the Parker solar probe indicate a significant rotational velocity
of the solar wind around 40 R⊙, peaking at the closest approach. The results
indeed indicate a high probability of a maximum velocity around 33 R⊙in case
a rigid rotation of the solar wind is maintained up to that point. Rigid rotation is a consequence of relative cancellation of neutral and
electro-magnetic influence on angular velocity, making it dependent on
real mass (solar wind) density (pressure) which for particle orbitals falls
of proportionally to distance r (number of particles per 2πr is constant). Note that, even without rigid rotation, the discontinuity should occur near
the point where velocity becomes Keplerian, otherwise, higher velocity would
indicate dark matter presence - another maximum. Note that 33 R⊙is equal to 0.1 MAU (Sun-Mars distance), while the
above equation gives 0.1 R⊙for v = 0. This correlation of the radius
of the Sun with the orbit of Mars is not a coincidence - Mars is the
outermost positive charge of the U1.10C atom (Solar System). If the same is applied to the core of the Sun, the velocity at 0.2 R⊙should be
equal to Keplerian velocity. Here, however, this velocity is the sum of Keplerian 42 velocity of the surface maximum and a core maximum. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion For a surface maximum
at R⊙: v = s
s
GM
0.2R⊙
+s⊙
s
GM⊙
R⊙
2
(0.2R⊙)2
R⊙
2
0.2R⊙= s
s
GM
0.2R⊙
+s⊙
s
GM⊙
(0.2R⊙)3
R⊙
4
s, s⊙∈{-1, 1} s, s⊙∈{-1, 1} where M is the mass of the core maximum, s is the spin polarization of
gravity of the core maximum and s⊙is the spin polarization of gravity of the
surface maximum. Equalizing this velocity with measured velocity at the core discontinuity: v = 2π ∗0.2R⊙∗f = 2π ∗0.2R⊙∗1644 ∗10−9 = 1437.2545 m
s and setting spin polarization positive for counter-clockwise rotation [of the sur-
face maximum], gives s = -1 and gravitational mass of the core roughly 3/2 the
Jupiter mass: and setting spin polarization positive for counter-clockwise rotation [of the sur-
face maximum], gives s = -1 and gravitational mass of the core roughly 3/2 the
Jupiter mass: M = 2.951797 ∗1027 kg which gives mean core density of: which gives mean core density of: ρ = 261.602486 kg
m3 implying the primary gravitational mass of the Sun is above the core. Difference
in mass between the core and outer layers is roughly equal to the mass difference
between inner and outer planets. For the ratios to be equal, core mass must be 3 times higher, which indicates
that space has been stretched (compressed, relative to core) from 0.286 R⊙(1.43
* 0.2 R⊙) to 0.2 R⊙. Modifying the equation for Keplerian velocity accordingly
would give the initial mass (8.90211033 * 1027 kg): v = s
s
GM
0.2R⊙
1.43
1.43 + s⊙
s
GM⊙
(1.43 ∗0.2R⊙)3
R⊙
4
= s
s
GM
0.2R⊙
+ s⊙
s
GM⊙
(0.286R⊙)3
R⊙
4 Radius independent Keplerian velocities, like those at the outskirts of
galaxies, are the effect of stretched space between maxima. With shorter distance between maxima, minimum is more localized and
changes in velocity are sharper. g
y
Apparently, such stretching occurs in the Sun too, which is not sur- 43 prising, considering established (and predicted in CR) self-similarity of
universes. Note that the equation S1.1 is defined by the straight line passing through
0.1 R⊙and 1.18686 R⊙, so if one assumes that, without space stretching,
the defining points would be 0.0 R⊙and 1.0 R⊙, 0.286 R⊙is the sum of
translation of both points in radial direction due to stretching. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion Note also that, if the Sun looses all outer mass with the collapse of the
outer maximum, with leftover mass roughly equal to initial core mass,
the Solar System becomes geocentric. prising, considering established (and predicted in CR) self-similarity of
universes. Note that the equation S1.1 is defined by the straight line passing through
0.1 R⊙and 1.18686 R⊙, so if one assumes that, without space stretching,
the defining points would be 0.0 R⊙and 1.0 R⊙, 0.286 R⊙is the sum of
translation of both points in radial direction due to stretching. p
g
Note also that, if the Sun looses all outer mass with the collapse of the
outer maximum, with leftover mass roughly equal to initial core mass,
the Solar System becomes geocentric. This stretching of space is evident on Fig. 9 in the sharp increase of velocity
from 0.286 R to 0.2 r. To conserve momentum, this increase in velocities in the
inner half had to decrease velocities in the outer half of the Sun, up to 1.18686
R⊙. Figure 9: Rotational velocities of the Sun and near corona Figure 9: Rotational velocities of the Sun and near corona Note that slower polar convective rotation could be the result of loss of
shielding of the core maximum [charge] due to conversion of potential of the
surface maximum (convergence from spherical to ring form). 44 Gravity between the two maxima must be cancelled near 0.2 R⊙. Therefore, any particle escaping the core will overcome escape velocity
at the surface of the Sun (if not slowed down by other particles). The
same is true for the other direction. Thus, orbitals of particles at the
discontinuity must be highly unstable and it should be the area of lowest
[real mass] density. [
]
However, gravitational stress can induce the collapse of the surface max-
imum. If that stress is low (insufficient for full collapse), the maximum
will be fragmenting and collapsing into quanta of smaller charged max-
imum pairs, starting in polar regions (and, without further increase of
stress, limited to polar regions). At these places (sunspots), gravitational escape velocity is decreased
allowing higher bandwidth of escaping mass, although significant trans-
verse velocity component will exist, especially for charged particles. Note that orbitals at polar regions seem to be entangled with the core. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion Strong entanglement between [quark] pairs may exist between the core
and surface, it is also possible that gravitational stress is adding en-
ergy to such entanglement and inflating maxima of such pairs (creating
wormholes). In that case space is stretched from the cure to the surface (at sunspots)
entangling orbital velocities but also being fixed to specific latitude by
magnetic field lines (shielding inclined velocity component), the period
of rotation of such plasma on the surface would be equal to: T = 2πR⊙
v
= 3041363 s = 35.2 days which is the rotation above 75◦latitude and should be the location of
sunspot creation (inflation) at surface. Note that, once the orbital entan-
glement is lost, being charged, the sunspots will drift along the magnetic
field lines. The specific core discontinuity radius is the result of equilibrium between
the outer gravitational force and induced vacuum force (forces cancel near the
discontinuity). The core gravitational maximum of the Sun might be the effect of vac-
uum, but, likely, all gravitational maxima are the result of vacuum in-
duction and quantization. In example, similar to inner Solar planets, the stars of a particular arm
of a spiral galaxy could be the result of vacuum collapse into smaller
quanta (maxima). One might understand the creation of vacuum as stretching of space and 45 decrease of density, but no space can be absolutely empty. Thus, if one
is stretching space, one is also inflating smaller scale maxima. decrease of density, but no space can be absolutely empty. Thus, if one
is stretching space, one is also inflating smaller scale maxima. The stretching of space between galaxies would result in creation of dark
matter filaments between them. Intergalactic and galactic dark matter
was thus likely created with inflation of space. Due to discretization of stable energy [levels], with enough energy applied
to vacuum creation, the inflation will result in [relatively] permanent
maxima of larger scale. Vacuum inflation may be most likely in annihilation events, due to high
symmetry and energy localization. However, stretching of space between
strongly entangled particles can also result in permanently inflated par-
ticles (as in quark/anti-quark pairs). If inflated particles are always of equal species to the original particles,
evidently the [private] space of such particles is composed of the same
particles but of lower scale. 8
Effects of mass and gravitational stresses on
Keplerian motion In case of annihilation, the stretched (inflated) space might not be the
space of annihilating pair, rather the underlying space, making the prod-
uct of inflation highly dependent on the point of interaction. It may be
more appropriate to state that, rather than being stretched in between,
space is compressed at maxima. Similar to the 1st law, one could then
construct another law: Space remains at constant density unless acted upon by grav-
itational force. Space remains at constant density unless acted upon by grav-
itational force. Thus, even if it may appear that, once deformed, no force is necessary
to act on bodies in space to accelerate their radial motion relative to the
sources of gravity, force (energy) is necessary to maintain such state of
space. As everything must conform to general oscillation, some force is always
present, with relative magnitude and distance it is acting upon. The speed of motion (radiation) will depend on density of space and,
if gravitational force is limited, there will be a speed limit on motion. However, constancy of density is relative and even density is relative to
the scale of the 1st order observer, or, more precisely, the strength of its
entanglement with such space. Absolute, and absolutely invariant limits are impossible. In any case, it
seems that everything must be mirrored, and when it appears that is not
the case, the cause is simply a large distance - in scale of space/time. Absolute, and absolutely invariant limits are impossible. In any case, it
seems that everything must be mirrored, and when it appears that is not
the case, the cause is simply a large distance - in scale of space/time. If the point of interaction of an annihilating pair imparts energy to the
pair in highly asymmetric manner, the inflation would result in a pair
of maxima of different scale (in fact, one of the particles could even be
deflating). If the point of interaction of an annihilating pair imparts energy to the
pair in highly asymmetric manner, the inflation would result in a pair
of maxima of different scale (in fact, one of the particles could even be
deflating). )
Thus, a possibility exists that even a proton and electron particles are
the result of an anomaly in annihilation of particle/anti-particle pairs of 46 equal scale. Note that a gravitational maximum must have a radius - a point maxi-
mum would imply infinite gravity and no possibility for containment of
smaller maxima. Somewhere around the discontinuity, conditions may even be suitable for
standard life. Note that the radius of the core is almost 22 times Earth radius,
if density is not isotropic, smaller bodies might be orbiting inside. Considering the momentum of the Solar System barycentre, density
should not be isotropic. 9
Symmetry between inner and outer planets Obviously, inner planets differ from outer planets in terms of energy, size and
composition, but the hypothesis of equivalence with (or inflation from) atomic
constituents also requires certain symmetry between the two groups of planets
- it is predicted that they are oppositely charged and should be spin entangled
(or at least were initially). The orientation of planetary magnetic fields goes in favour of the hypothesis
- in one group of planets magnetic north is aligned with mass spin momentum
vector, in other it is anti-aligned. Not only that, 3rd inner planet (Venus)
relative to the main asteroid belt (event horizon) and 3rd outer planet (Uranus)
from the belt seem to have inverted spins relative to other planets in the group. The fact that inversion occurs in the same place within the group (3rd planet
relative to the asteroid belt) is further strengthening the hypothesis. But, as it will be shown later, symmetry, relative to the asteroid belt, exists
elsewhere too. 10
Quantization of momentum Previous works based on Titius-Bode law have shown that planetary orbits are
quantized[33]: r = ae2λn More recently it has been shown that distances and orbital periods are consistent
with quantized scaling[34] (stable orbits are in harmonic resonances), rather
than logarithmic spacing - from the Sun reference frame. 47 However, proper reference frame in this case is not the Sun, rather the
asteroid belt. If orbital radii are quantized, orbital (Keplerian) velocities are quantized. H
it
ill b
h
th t
l
t
i
ti
d (f If orbital radii are quantized, orbital (Keplerian) velocities are quantized. Here, it will be shown that angular momentum is quantized (from a proper
reference frame), as well as surface gravity. Here, it will be shown that angular momentum is quantized (from a proper
reference frame), as well as surface gravity. If QM cannot describe the Solar System as an atom, it is QM that should
be revised, not reality. Orbital and spin angular momenta are correlated. Note that spin radius cannot be 0 in CR. Every spin radius is thus
orbital radius and if orbital radii are generally quantized, spin radii [and
associated Keplerian velocities] should be too. Gravitational maxima (event horizons) are, in an ideal case (no electro-
magnetic polarization), sphere surfaces with a well defined radius. Mass spin
radius and velocity of a body (particle) are radius and velocity of its gravita-
tional maximum. Surface gravity of a planet depends on real mass content (defining surface
radius) of the well and mass of the maximum. Assuming ratio of used capacity to
full capacity for real mass between the planets is roughly the same and assuming
ratio of mass of a gravitational maximum to [the square of] its radius is equal
between particles on the same energy level, surface gravities of planets will be
correlated. If velocities and radii are quantized, and if momentum is quantized, gravi-
tational mass must be quantized too. If gravitational mass and radius of a maximum are quantized, its surface
gravity must be quantized. For outer planets, radius of the maximum is here hypothesized to be equal
to what is currently defined as the surface radius (1 bar pressure level). When quantized, orbital angular momentum satisfies the following equation
in Bohr interpretation: mvr = nℏ mvr = nℏ where ℏis a constant, n is a positive integer number and m, v, r are components
of orbital angular momentum - mass, velocity and radius, respectively. Using total mass of the planet for m will not reveal quantization. In example,
using Neptune’s mass of 1.02413 * 1026 kg and setting n to 5: mvr = 5ℏ= 2.499714508 ∗1042 Js mvr = 5ℏ= 2.499714508 ∗1042 Js 48 one obtains the scaled ℏ(Planck’s) constant for outer planets: ℏ= ℏm2 = 4.999429016 ∗1041 ≈5 ∗1041 Js While the result is certainly interesting, the same ℏwill not produce quantized
momenta for other planets (it needs to be scaled). While the result is certainly interesting, the same ℏwill not produce quantized
momenta for other planets (it needs to be scaled). The mass which should produce quantized angular momenta is, as previously
established (equation Q1.4), real part of total mass. However, if surface gravity is correlated with spin momentum, it must be cor-
related with orbital momentum too, and one may obtain the following equation
for surface gravity: g = vr
nℏMNgN g = vr
nℏMNgN where ℏis equal to the obtained ℏabove, MN and gN are Neptune’s mass
and surface gravity, respectively. In Table 4, required total mass is the total n
planet
orbital
veloc-
ity
v
(m/s)
orbital
radius
r
(106
km)
total mass
M
(1024
kg)
required
total
mass
(1024 kg)
calc. grav-
ity
g
(m/s2)
gravity
(m/s2)
acc. (m/s2)
5
Neptune
5430
4495.06
102.413
102.413
11.15
11.15
11.00
5
Uranus
6800
2872.46
86.813
127.976
8.92
8.87
8.69
3
Saturn
9680
1433.53
568.340
108.084
10.565
10.44
8.96
1
Jupiter
13060
778.57
1898.190
49.168
23.225
24.79
23.12
Table 4: Calculated gravity for outer planets mass (gravitational energy) required to satisfy the quantization by standard
QM (showing how far it can be from reality) based on obtained ℏrelative to
Neptune, calc. gravity is calculated surface gravity, while acc. is the surface
acceleration taking rotation into account. Protons and electrons are parts of two different universes (as difference in
scale suggests), so one should use a different ℏconstant for terrestrial planets
(proton partons). mvr = nℏ (p
p
)
The angular momentum of Mercury (m = M = 3.3011 * 1023 kg): mvr = 5ℏ= 9.053654959 ∗1038 Js gives the scaled ℏconstant for inner planets: ℏ= ℏm1 = 1.810730992 ∗1038 Js Surface gravity for inner planets, using obtained ℏ, Mercury mass MM and
gravity gM: Surface gravity for inner planets, using obtained ℏ, Mercury mass MM and
gravity gM: g = vr
nℏMMgM In Table 5, showing calculated surface gravity for inner planets, required total
mass is the total mass based on ℏrelative to Mercury, while the mirror is an
outer planet candidate for [magnetic] spin entanglement. 49 n
planet (mir-
ror)
orbital
veloc-
ity
v
(m/s)
orbital
radius
r
(106
km)
total mass
(1024 kg)
required
total
mass
(1024 kg)
calc. grav-
ity
g
(m/s2)
gravity
(m/s2)
5
Mercury
(Neptune)
47360
57.91
0.330
0.33011
3.70
3.70
3
Venus
(Uranus)
35020
108.21
4.868
0.14335
8.52
8.87
3
Earth (Sat-
urn)
29780
149.6
5.972
0.12193
10.02
9.798
10
Mars
(Jupiter)
24070
227.92
0.642
0.33006
3.70
3.71
Table 5: Calculated gravity for inner planets Table 5: Calculated gravity for inner planets Table 5: Calculated gravity for inner planets Quantization can also be shown without using mass (directly), through the
volumetric space-time momentum (gravitational momentum): gvr = nh [m3
s3 ] gvr = nh [m3
s3 ] With h obtained from above, substituting mass with gravity, the equation for
gravity becomes:
vr g = vr
nhg0
2 , where g0 is the gravity of Neptune, or, in case of terrestrial planets, the gravity
of Mercury, and it yields the same results. where g0 is the gravity of Neptune, or, in case of terrestrial planets, the gravity
of Mercury, and it yields the same results. mvr = nℏ While the second equation will yield the correct results for gravity, the equa-
tion gvr = nh will not, showing the inverse coupling of gravity to momentum: 1
g vr = nh [ms] 1
g vr = nh [ms] This gives, for outer planets: h = hg2 = 4.378148126 ∗1014 ms, for inner planets: h = hg1 = 1.482496 ∗1014 ms Now, one can couple mass with gravity: Now, one can couple mass with gravity: mvr = nℏm, 1
g vr = nhg, ℏmg = ℏm
hg
g = vr
nhg
= nℏm
m
1
nhg
= 1
m
ℏm
hg
g = ℏmg
m , mvr = nℏm, 1
g vr = nhg, ℏmg = ℏm
hg g = vr
nhg
= nℏm
m
1
nhg
= 1
m
ℏm
hg g = ℏmg
m , 50 and obtain relation to Sun’s gravity: and obtain relation to Sun’s gravity: r = nℏm
mv = gnhg
v
r2 = n2ℏmhg
g
mv2 r = nℏm
mv = gnhg
v
r2 = n2ℏmhg
g
mv2
mr
g
4π2r3
T 2
= n2ℏmhg [kg m3]
mr3 gS
g = n2ℏmhg [kg m3] →v2 = rgS
2
4 r2 = n2ℏmhg
g
mv2 mr
g
4π2r3
T 2
= n2ℏmhg [kg m3]
mr3 gS
g = n2ℏmhg [kg m3] →v2 = rgS mr
g
4π2r3
T 2
= n2ℏmhg [kg m3] m2r3gS = n2ℏm
2 [kg2 m4
s2
] where gS is the gravity of Sun at orbital radius r. where gS is the gravity of Sun at orbital radius r. For outer planets: ℏmg = ℏmg2 = 1.14190495 ∗1027 J
m = 1.14190495 ∗1027 N For inner planets: ℏmg = ℏmg1 = 1.221407 ∗1024 N The above obtained ℏmg constants are based on total mass, for relative real
mass, the quantum of gravitational force (ℏmg) may be treated as invariant
between inner and outer planets (with properly defined surface gravity g): ℏmg = 6.968267285 ∗1020 N ℏmg = 6.968267285 ∗1020 N Small deviation in gravity stems mainly from oscillation of surface grav-
ity. Note, for example, with rotation taken into account (gN = 11.0
m/s2) calculated gravity for Saturn would match exactly the measured
value of 10.44 (which is the value without rotation!). On the other hand,
the gravity of Jupiter with rotation closely matches the calculated value
(without rotation). mvr = nℏ This confirms that the definition of surface relative
to fixed pressure (1 bar in this case) is appropriate for outer planets but
should oscillate (cycle) between planets to take into account fossilization
of a previous maximum in rotation period. Correlation with rotation is expected, as conversion between electro-
magnetic and gravitational potential affects both gravity and rotation of
mass. For terrestrial planets surface gravity is defined unrelated to pressure,
as gravity at ground (sea) level. The calculated value matches Venus 51 gravity at the transition zone between mesosphere and thermosphere. For Earth, the value matches the transition zone between upper and
lower mantle, or, if one calculates with constant mass, it is, just like
in case of Venus, the value of height of the mesosphere/thermosphere
transition zone, but negative (below surface). So, here too, the cyclic
nature of surface gravity (and fossilization) is evident. g
y (
)
The constants h (ℏ) and G (gravitational constant) are scale dependent,
but they also must oscillate. The above results could thus be interpreted
as due to oscillation of energy of space (as h/G directly depend on it). This oscillation may be, for the electron, confined to the atom, at least
at non-condensing temperatures. Another interpretation for the excitations of G is the absorption of large
scale external gravitational waves, however, these cannot explain the
confinement of the oscillation to atoms. In any case, when comparing small scale atoms with large scale atoms
(ie. planetary systems), one must not only choose a proper reference
frame and take into account the possible effects of measurement, but
resolve the issues of QM - make constants (properties of space) relative,
with proper attribution of relativistic effects. If surface gravity and spin radius are both quantized, then mass of the
maximum must be quantized too: g = GM
rs2
M = g
Grs
2 g = GM
rs2
M = g
Grs
2 g = GM
rs2 M = g
Grs
2 g = gravity of the maximum
M = mass of the maximum
rs = radius of the maximum g = gravity of the maximum
M = mass of the maximum
rs = radius of the maximum and, with all three components quantized (m, v, r), the orbital angular mo-
mentum would now be quantized if mass would be the same for all inner/outer
planets. mvr = nℏ Indeed, looking at required total mass in Table 4, the sole required mass
that doesn’t match others well is that of Jupiter. But that can easily be
solved, if one assumes that energy level n is 2 instead of 1. It is similar for inner planets, setting n = 6 for Venus and n = 9 for
Earth, yields good results. Note that, in both cases, n is decreasing with
a decrease in distance from the Sun. Indeed, looking at required total mass in Table 4, the sole required mass
that doesn’t match others well is that of Jupiter. But that can easily be
solved, if one assumes that energy level n is 2 instead of 1. ,
gy
It is similar for inner planets, setting n = 6 for Venus and n = 9 for
Earth, yields good results. Note that, in both cases, n is decreasing with
a decrease in distance from the Sun. 52 However, masses between planets are not the same. But solution for that
exists and it must be in vertical energy (mass) oscillation of particles between
generations. The fact that similar planets (Venus/Earth, Uranus/Neptune) share the en-
ergy level (n) fits well with the quantum hypothesis. The relative high excitation of Mars (n = 10) and no excitation of Jupiter
(n = 1) indicates the system is in 6p4n state. Note that the following should be satisfied (with oscillations in superposi-
tion): N
P
ℏm2
ℏm1
=
1 −hg1
hg2
! ℏm2
ℏm1
= mp
me
, where mp, me are masses of standard proton and electron, respectively. The
factor N/P is the ratio of neutrons to protons in the Solar System. Some examples of planetary configurations for various states is shown in
Table 6. mvr = nℏ base
state
N/P
surface gravity/orbital distance examples
Carbon
6p4n
4/6 = 2/3
Mercury 3.7 (0.25 MAU, n=5), Venus 8.87 (0.5
MAU, n=3), Earth 9.798 (0.66 MAU, n=3), Mars
3.71 (1 MAU, n=10)
Boron
5p5n
5/5 = 1
Mercury B 3.32 (0.2 MAU, n=5), Venus/Earth A
5.25 (0.5 MAU, n=5), Earth B/Mars 6.43 (0.75
MAU, n=5)
Beryllium
4p6n
6/4 = 3/2
Venus/Earth A 1.85 (0.25 MAU orbit, n=10),
Earth B/Mars 37.1 (1 MAU, n=1) Table 6: Examples of discrete surface gravity and orbital distance for inner
planets Table 6: Examples of discrete surface gravity and orbital distance for inner
planets This shows direct entanglement of standard proton and electron mass with
planetary mass and configuration. As all constants, constant masses of standard protons and electrons are
a superposition of oscillation. As with the ℏconstant, the oscillation can
be detected on large scale. On standard (U0) scale, proton to electron mass ratio is:
mp
me
= 1836.15267343(11)
On U1 scale:
N
P
ℏm2
ℏm1
= 1840.66694172611441
1 −hg1
hg2
! ℏm2
ℏm1
= 1826.09096003909666 As all constants, constant masses of standard protons and electrons are
a superposition of oscillation. As with the ℏconstant, the oscillation can
be detected on large scale. g
On standard (U0) scale, proton to electron mass ratio is: mp
me
= 1836.15267343(11) mp
me
= 1836.15267343(11) On U1 scale: N
P
ℏm2
ℏm1
= 1840.66694172611441 1 −hg1
hg2
! ℏm2
ℏm1
= 1826.09096003909666 53 From these, the value of superposition might be obtainable using the EH
operator, ie. using 12/4 for the 1st order approximation:
EH12/4(, λ) +
1 −hg1
hg2
! ℏm2
ℏm1
= mp
me
= 1836.182024284
λ = N
P
ℏm2
ℏm1
−
1 −hg1
hg2
! ℏm2
ℏm1
=
hg1
hg2
+ N
P −1
! ℏm2
ℏm1 From these, the value of superposition might be obtainable using the EH
operator, ie. using 12/4 for the 1st order approximation: EH12/4(, λ) +
1 −hg1
hg2
! ℏm2
ℏm1
= mp
me
= 1836.182024284
λ = N
P
ℏm2
ℏm1
−
1 −hg1
hg2
! ℏm2
ℏm1
=
hg1
hg2
+ N
P −1
! mvr = nℏ ℏm2
ℏm1 The transition from 6p4n to 5p5n state likely includes: The transition from 6p4n to 5p5n state likely includes: • collapsing (vertical) scale of gravitational maxima, • loss of one outer gravitational maximum (death of Neptune electron), dead
matter remains, • Mars’ gravitational maximum fusing with one of Earth’s gravitational
maxima, • fusion of Venus’ gravitational maximum with remaining Earth’s gravita-
tional maximum, • Mercury loosing one gravitational maximum, • small possibility of life changing base to boron, • formation of a new dwarf planet in the main asteroid belt, • space between planets expanding (Solar System expanding), • Solar System increasing orbital momentum (velocity), decreasing spin mo-
mentum, • spin momentum of planets increasing. The transition from 5p5n to 4p6n state likely includes: • scale collapse stop, • loss of one outer gravitational maximum (Uranus e), dead matter remains, • significant increase of Mars’ gravity, • death of Mercury, dead matter remains, • significant increase of Venus’ real mass, decreasing surface gravity, • no complex surface life on Earth, 54 • formation of a new dwarf planet in the main asteroid belt, • further expansion of space between planetary orbits, • further increase of orbital momentum (velocity), decreasing spin momen-
tum, • further increase of planetary spins. Generally, two fermionic particles have to have anti-aligned spin (ie. -1/2
and +1/2) to occupy the same sub-shell, however, with the exchange of
electro-magnetic potential for gravitational potential the fermionic na-
ture is converting to boson nature and some spin components can be
annihilated. The annihilation of spin can be confined to single axis (in
other directions, electro-magnetic magnitude is exchanged for gravita-
tional), thus it is possible for a sub-shell to have 0 total spin even if it
is occupied by a single particle (1e). It is also possible for total spin to 10.1
Proper quantization in QM If one wants to compare the Solar System with a room temperature equivalent
of a carbon atom in the context of QM, one must reduce the effects of exchange
of em potential with neutral gravitational potential due to condensation and
lepton oscillation. In that case, real mass component of the total initial momentum (Q1.3,
Q1.4), which is equal (relatively, but difference is negligible) between bound
electrons, is the correct mass to be used in comparison. Total initial momentum is the angular momentum, it is quantized and for
all electrons in ground state should be equal to: mre vtot ra = 1
2ℏ Each quantum sub-shell may contain up to 2 electrons. If these are in con-
densed (bosonic) form, their momenta are strongly coupled, they will behave
as a single body, and the proper equation for the magnitude of total angular
momentum per sub-shell is: mre vtot ra =
p
l (l + 1)ℏ+ sℏ
(Q2.1)
vtot = va + vs = va + 2πRs
Ts (Q2.1) Rs = spin radius
Ts = spin rotation period where s is the total [magnetic] spin of electrons in a sub-shell. Generally, two fermionic particles have to have anti-aligned spin (ie. -1/2
and +1/2) to occupy the same sub-shell, however, with the exchange of
electro-magnetic potential for gravitational potential the fermionic na-
ture is converting to boson nature and some spin components can be
annihilated. The annihilation of spin can be confined to single axis (in
other directions, electro-magnetic magnitude is exchanged for gravita-
tional), thus it is possible for a sub-shell to have 0 total spin even if it
is occupied by a single particle (1e). It is also possible for total spin to 55 be equal to 1 in 2e states, but this may indicate that conversion started
when 2 particles were separated (had the same magnetic spin). Therefore, here spin momentum magnitude s can have the following val-
ues: 0, ±1, ±1/2. Since the value of mre here is constant, its value is irrelevant to prove QM
equivalent quantization. For the sake of argument, let it be equal to 7 * 1019
kg. Since Jupiter has to be in 2e configuration (even if Solar System would not be
the carbon [equivalent] atom), it is appropriate to derive ℏfrom its momentum. 10.1
Proper quantization in QM [
]
)
Assuming n = 1 (as expected) for Jupiter, l must be equal to 0, with s equal
to 1, the ℏis: ℏ= mre vtot ra = 1.382 ∗1036 Js ℏ= mre vtot ra = 1.382 ∗1036 Js Derived values of l and s (and obtained ℏusing these values) for all the outer
planets are shown in Table 7. The obtained value of ℏfor Uranus shows remark- n
conf. l
s
planet
orbital
vel. va
(m/s)
orbital
radius
ra
(106
km)
spin
vel. vs
(m/s)
spin
ra-
dius
Rs
(km)
spin
rot. pe-
riod
Ts
(h)
calc. ℏ(Js)
5
1e
1
1/2
Neptune
5430
4495.06
2668
24622
16.11
1.3310 * 1036
5
1e
1
0
Uranus
6800
2872.46
2568
25362
17.24
1.3319 * 1036
3
2e
1
0
Saturn
9680
1433.53
9538
58232
10.656
1.3636 * 1036
1
2e
0
1
Jupiter
13060
778.57
12293
69911
9.9250
1.3817 * 1036
Table 7: Obtained values for l, s and ℏfor outer planets Table 7: Obtained values for l, s and ℏfor outer planets able agreement with Neptune. The ℏvalues for Saturn and Jupiter still agree
well with Neptune’s ℏ(up to the second decimal), but increase in value with
increase in spin radius is obvious. Likely reason for this is oscillation of spin
velocity (radius) as noticed previously in quantization of gravitational momen-
tum. Note that this is equivalent to ℏoscillation, if one is to conserve discrete
quantum numbers. q
However, the orbital radius oscillates too. Note that orbital velocity is al-
most equal to spin velocity for planets in 2e configuration (Jupiter and Saturn). Setting orbital velocity equal to equatorial spin velocity and decreasing spin
velocity proportionally yields much better results for Jupiter: ℏ= mre ra vtot = mre ra
ve
va
va + ve
va
vs
= 1.33 ∗1036 Js ve = 12571 m/s 56 and, similarly, for Saturn: ℏ= mre ra vtot
1
√
2 = mre ra
va
ve
va + va
ve
vs
1
√
2 = 1.3372 ∗1036 Js ℏ= mre ra vtot
1
√
2 = mre ra
va
ve
va + va
ve
vs
1
√
2 = 1.3372 ∗1036 Js ve = 9871 m/s ve = 9871 m/s ve = 9871 m/s These results show that constants in QM are the result of superposition
of oscillating values. 10.1
Proper quantization in QM One may attempt to do the same with positive charges (terrestrial planets),
however, here, determination of spin radius is more challenging and spin rotation
period is not primordial. Instead of using matter velocity, better results should be obtainable using
space (Keplerian) velocity at Rs (which is primordial): vs = 2πRs
Ts
=
r
GM
Rs G = G0 = standard gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 One possible configuration is shown in Table 8 (with l and s of Earth/Mercury
mirroring Saturn/Jupiter, Venus/Mars mirroring Uranus/Neptune, and spin ve-
locity of Mercury set to its perihelion velocity). Note that roughly the same ℏ n
conf. l
s
planet
total
mass
(1024
kg)
orbital
vel. va
(m/s)
orbital
ra-
dius
ra
(106
km)
spin
vel. vs
(m/s)
spin
radius
Rs
(m)
calc. ℏ(Js)
10
1e
1
1/2
Mars
0.642
24070
227.92
27650
56044
4.3107 * 1035
3
2e
1
0
Earth
5.972
29780
149.6
28435
492971
4.3107 * 1035
3
1e
1
0
Venus
4.868
35020
108.21
45462
157195
4.3107 * 1035
5
2e
0
1
Mercury
0.330
47360
57.91
58980
6333
4.3107 * 1035
Table 8: Possible configuration of inner planets for Earth can be obtained by setting l to 1, s to -1/2, and spin velocity equal to
Keplerian velocity at surface. Note that spin radius Rs should correspond to a detectable discontinuity. By these results, this may be the inner inner core boundary or a dipole
offset. for Earth can be obtained by setting l to 1, s to -1/2, and spin velocity equal to
Keplerian velocity at surface. Note that spin radius Rs should correspond to a detectable discontinuity. By these results, this may be the inner inner core boundary or a dipole
offset. 57 However, proper spin radius equivalent to the spin radius of outer planets
can be calculated. From Q1.2 - Q1.5 follows that current mass of a planet is a result of conser-
vation of momentum (and velocity) during collapse of the orbital (non-localized)
maximum to a spin maximum: (Q2.2) mre vs ra = mimg vs rs
(Q2.2) With mre equal to 7 * 1019 kg and with the assumption that ra is, for all
terrestrial planets, equal to current orbital radius, spin radius is: rs = mre
M ra rs = mre
M ra rs = mre
M ra Here, spin radius should correspond to charge radius. 10.1
Proper quantization in QM However, obtained radii Here, spin radius should correspond to charge radius. However, obtained radii n
conf. planet
total
mass
M (1024 kg)
orbital radius
ra (106 km)
spin radius rs (m)
10
1e
Mars
0.642
227.92
24851090
3
2e
Earth
5.972
149.6
1753428
3
1e
Venus
4.868
108.21
1556019
5
2e
Mercury
0.330
57.91
12283939
Table 9: Calculated spin radius for inner planets Table 9: Calculated spin radius for inner planets for Mercury and Mars are much larger then their current surface radii, indicating
that either the collapse did not occur at ra or there were additional collapses. Interestingly, calculated spin radius of Mars is roughly equal to radius
of Neptune. It is also roughly equal to orbital radius of Deimos, the
outermost moon of Mars, which may be interpreted as evidence of Mars’
primordial (ground state) charge radius and a source of quantization of
Moon radii. If that is indeed the case, remains of moon charges of Mercury might
also be present around the 12k km orbit and small deviation between
the obtained spin radius and the orbit of Deimos may be attributed to
oscillation of radii or mass (real mass of 6.6 * 1019 kg gives the orbit of
Deimos). I believe current moons of Mars are remains of larger moons the grav-
itational maxima of which have collapsed into Mars in the process of
planetary neurogenesis (hypothesis which will be presented later), thus,
it is possible the original orbit was equal to obtained spin radius. Collapse of moons in this process is simultaneous with the recession of a
planet’s magnetic field. Moons with a distinct gravitational maximum
are thus entangled with the magnetic dipole of the planet.UPDATE
2022.03.07: 58 Indeed,
recent research suggests that large satellites (moons) are
required to sustain the magnetic fields of terrestrial planets[35]. If the
obtained spin radius is the ground state radius, the excited radius [for
terrestrial planets] is likely the ground radius divided by n. ]
For Mercury and Mars, this gives roughly the radius of Mercury (2x
radius of Mars’ core, 2x radius of Earth/Mercury inner core). /
)
For Earth, this gives the inner inner core radius or possibly dipole offset
maximum (the dipole offset orbital [radius] thus being the real charge
radius, opposed to the induced one in the outer core). 10.1
Proper quantization in QM )
Note that, core differentiation into molten outer and solid inner part
should be associated with 2e configuration. Both Mercury and Earth
are hypothesized to be in 2e configuration and both presently do have
differentiated cores. Current data on Mars indicates its core is likely
entirely liquid, again, consistent with hypothesized 1e configuration. The
same should thus be true for Venus. However, even in 1e configuration, core splitting is expected in the early
stage of planet development and may even periodically occur in adult
form. If Solar System maxima are oscillating between 10C and 10Be configura-
tion, even with a change in scale [of a maximum], Mars must periodically
exist in 2e configuration (acquiring one of Earth’s maxima, while Earth
acquires Venus’ maximum). Even if lifetime of a 10Be configuration may be short, created tempera-
ture difference in the core should be sustainable over longer periods of
time if the collapse of 2e configuration induces splitting of a 1e maximum
into 2 quanta. Since both Mars and Venus appear to have been habitable on surface
some time ago, both must have been in such configuration. The switch
likely occurs with the end of a 1st order Solar System cycle (4.25 Gy),
but it likely also has precursors of shorter duration with the end of 2nd
(≈26 My) and 3rd (1.512 My) order cycles. There is a high possibility that Mars’ surface (or at least part of it)
becomes habitable for a short period of time with the end of each cycle,
not only when these are synchronized with the end of a major (1st order)
cycle. In any case, as I am convinced the Solar System is at the end of a major
cycle, I believe the magnetic field of Mars will be restored within a decade
or a couple of decades at most, and, once it is stabilized, should persist
for millions of years. If 1e configuration can split into a 2e equivalent, two maxima of 2e con-
figuration can certainly fuse into a 1e equivalent maximum. Generally,
this happens when a planet reaches the adult stage (acquired real mass
with its own gravity stimulates inflation of the inner core maximum), 59 but the same effect can also be achieved with suspended animation (spin
momentum), as demonstrated by Mercury. 10.2
Quantization of radii and gravity Q
g
y
From:
1
g vr = nhg
and:
v2 = rgs = rGM⊙
r2
= GM⊙
r
follows:
r = n2 g2hg
2
GM⊙
= n2 GM 2hg
2
rs4M⊙
(Q2.3) From: and: follows: r = n2 g2hg
2
GM⊙
= n2 GM 2hg
2
rs4M⊙
(Q2.3) (Q2.3) While, from Q2.1 and Q2.2, orbital radius is: While, from Q2.1 and Q2.2, orbital radius is: While, from Q2.1 and Q2.2, orbital radius is: r =
1
mrevtot
p
l (l + 1) + s
ℏ=
1
mre
q
GM⊙
r
+
q
GkM⊙
r
p
l (l + 1) + s
ℏ
r =
1
mre2GM⊙
1 +
√
k
2
p
l (l + 1) + s
2
ℏ2
(Q2.4) For outer planets: ℏ= g0 hg mre = 1.3310 ∗1036 Js
(Q2.5) (Q2.5) Here, square root of k is another quantum momentum magnitude [sum], shown
in Table 10. From Q2.3 and Q2.4 follows that surface gravity is quantized: Here, square root of k is another quantum momentum magnitude [sum], shown
in Table 10. From Q2.3 and Q2.4 follows that surface gravity is quantized: n
configuration
l
s
planet
√
k
5
1e
1
1/2
Neptune
1
2
5
1e
1
0
Uranus
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
−1
2 =
√
3
2 −1
2
3
2e
1
0
Saturn
1
1
2e
0
1
Jupiter
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
=
√
3
2 Table 10: Obtained k momentum for outer planets Table 10: Obtained k momentum for outer planets g = 1
n
p
l (l + 1) + s
1 +
√
k
g0 60 where g0, equal to 43.43 m/s2, is the quantum of gravity. From: On the other hand, the result for Saturn gives radius 0.146 R (4 x 0.0365
R), closer to dipole offset of Jupiter. Again, these results suggest the cause for discrepancy is oscillation. offset of Saturn in surface radius relative units (2 x 0.03778 R = 0.07557
R), but roughly 2/3 the actual dipole offset of Jupiter (0.119 R). The
value is also equal to dipole offset of Earth (0.076 R). (
)
On the other hand, the result for Saturn gives radius 0.146 R (4 x 0.0365
R), closer to dipole offset of Jupiter. )
Again, these results suggest the cause for discrepancy is oscillation. For inner planets, the constants are different: For inner planets, the constants are different: hg = hg1 = 1.482496 ∗1014 ms hg = hg1 = 1.482496 ∗1014 ms hg = hg1 = 1.482496 ∗1014 ms From: From Q2.3 and with total mass equal to: M = mimg = mre
ra
rs
= mre
r
rs follows that spin radius rs is quantized too: follows that spin radius rs is quantized too: rs
6 = n2rGmre2hg
2
M⊙ Combined with Q2.4 and Q2.5: rs
3 = n
p
l (l + 1) + s
1 +
√
k
ℏ2
g0mreM⊙
rs =
n
p
l (l + 1) + s
1 +
√
k
g0mrehg
2
M⊙
1
3 Note that the constant on the right is, for mre = 7 * 1019 kg, equal to: Note that the constant on the right is, for mre = 7 * 1019 kg, equal to: g0mrehg
2
M⊙
= 2.93050621 ∗1020 m3 apparently an integer multiple of the speed of light on U1 scale (2.93 *
106 m/s). apparently an integer multiple of the speed of light on U1 scale (2.93 *
106 m/s). For Neptune this gives spin (charge) radius equal to half of the current
surface radius - as expected, like in case of Earth, real charge radius
should be half of the mass radius of the maximum (for Earth, mass
radius of the maximum is the inner core radius). )
Note that dipole offset for Neptune is roughly half the radius, consistent
with the result. For mre equal to 5.6 * 1020 kg, one gets the mass radius of the maximum
(surface radius). (
)
The result is similar for Uranus. (
)
The result is similar for Uranus. Note that the equation might not give accurate current spin radius for
Jupiter and Saturn. Reason for this may be that the initial assumption
of current radius being equal to collapse radius (ra = r) is not valid, how-
ever, more likely explanation is oscillation of mass (and therefore, spin
radius) - even if the Solar System is carbon-like, its negative and positive
charge components are not necessarily all electrons and positrons. Inflation of mass can be asymmetric due to lepton oscillation. However, the result for Jupiter gives radius exactly two times the dipole 61 offset of Saturn in surface radius relative units (2 x 0.03778 R = 0.07557
R), but roughly 2/3 the actual dipole offset of Jupiter (0.119 R). The
value is also equal to dipole offset of Earth (0.076 R). ℏ= g0 hg mre = 4.5069360896 ∗1035 Js This is consistent with obtained results, as Jupiter and
Saturn do rotate much faster than Uranus and Neptune, while Earth
rotates much faster than Mercury. However, as calculated and experimentally obtained dipole offsets both
seem to be multiples of ≈0.034-0.038 R, only deviation from integer
multiples of that quantum may be attributed to induced currents, the
rest is more likely due to [quantized] oscillation. Using the radius of a gravitational maximum for Earth (1206115 m), one
obtains the proper hg constant for charge radius calculation of inner planets: hg = hg1 = vr
gn = 5.419815085 ∗1012 ms v = Earth’s orbital velocity = 29780 m/s
r = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m
g = gravity of the maximum = 274 m/s2
n = 3 Results obtained using this constant are shown in Table 12. These are now Results obtained using this constant are shown in Table 12. These are now Results obtained using this constant are shown in Table 12. These are now n
conf. l
s
planet
√
k
spin radius (m)
10
1e
1
1/2
Mars
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
713566
3
2e
1
0
Earth
1
456716
3
1e
1
0
Venus
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
431833
5
2e
0
1
Mercury
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
456136 n
conf. l
s
planet
√
k
spin radius (m)
10
1e
1
1/2
Mars
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
713566
3
2e
1
0
Earth
1
456716
3
1e
1
0
Venus
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
431833
5
2e
0
1
Mercury
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
456136 Table 12: Possible quantization parameters and spin radii for inner planets,
with corrected hg Table 12: Possible quantization parameters and spin radii for inner planets,
with corrected hg much closer to dipole offsets. Difference should be attributed to oscillation. ℏ= g0 hg mre = 4.5069360896 ∗1035 Js ℏ= g0 hg mre = 4.5069360896 ∗1035 Js and possible quantization parameters, along with the calculated spin radius, are
shown in Table 11. Note that the above parameters for Mars’ orbital radius give n
conf. l
s
planet
√
k
spin radius (m)
10
1e
1
1/2
Mars
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
6477988
3
2e
1
0
Earth
1
4146215
3
1e
1
0
Venus
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
3920325
5
2e
0
1
Mercury
q
1
2
1
2 + 1
+ 1
2 =
√
3
2 + 1
2
4140950
Table 11: Possible quantization parameters and spin radii for inner planets Table 11: Possible quantization parameters and spin radii for inner planets Table 11: Possible quantization parameters and spin radii for inner planets a perihelion rather than a semi-major axis, suggesting that it (and generally,
planets with large eccentricity) may be in a superposition of two quantum states. a perihelion rather than a semi-major axis, suggesting that it (and generally,
planets with large eccentricity) may be in a superposition of two quantum states. Results for spin radius are obviously wrong, most likely reason for this is
the bad hg constant as it is based on gravity at surface radius, which, for inner
planets, is not defined as the radius of a gravitational maximum. However, correlation with dipole offsets is still present. Calculated spin
radius of Earth/Mercury is almost exactly 10 times the experimentally obtained
dipole offset of Mercury (414.7 km). If the assumption of charge radius being 10 times lower than calculated spin
radius for terrestrial planets is valid, somewhat larger current offset for Earth
(484.7 km from centre) must be the result of oscillation (superposition) and
faster rotation. Consistent correlation of results with dipole offsets suggests the primary
or primordial source of magnetic dipoles in planets is concentrated (col-
lapsed) orbiting charge with a large spin momentum close to the dipole
offset radius, rather than currents induced with Coriolis force in outer
parts of differentiated cores. 62 In fact, deviation of a dipole offset from calculated value should, in some
part, be due to induced currents rather than oscillation. In that case, faster rotation rates and greater liquid mass would introduce
greater deviation. ℏ= g0 hg mre = 4.5069360896 ∗1035 Js Models of the dipole location of Earth indeed show oscillation, in the last
10000 years it has oscillated from a maximum of 414.7 km (equal to a dipole
offset of Mercury) in the western hemisphere to a maximum of 554.7 km in the
eastern hemisphere[36]. Dipole offset in current models is thus a superposition (arithmetic mean) of
these two maxima (484.7 km). The agreement of 414.7 km maximum with the dipole offset of Mercury
suggests that either: • the influence of rotation on the offset is negligible, • the influence of rotation on the offset is negligible, 63 • rotation stops once the maximum is reached, • rotation stops once the maximum is reached, • induced currents are created at the expense of primary charge, effectively
transferring the charge radius from inner core to outer core. • induced currents are created at the expense of primary charge, effectively
transferring the charge radius from inner core to outer core. Possibly, this is the effect of conservation of momentum, where spin of the
primary charge is reduced at the expense of core rotation. 10.3
Lepton oscillation model In fact, lepton oscillation [of electron scale particles]
might be confined to atoms if discharge of outermost particles is synchro-
nized with their mass flavor being in ground (lowest energy) state in a
form of electron. There is no such requirement for neutrinos as their mass is much lower
than that of the electron. Probability of discharge of masses greater than
electron mass might be simply too low due to much greater gravitational
attraction. With no absolute constants allowed and implied oscillation of relative con-
stants, oscillation in the energy of space is predicted by CR. gy
y
With no oscillation, in the Solar System, the inner planets would all be in
positron equivalent states, while outer planets would be scaled electrons. Note that, with em force almost completely neutralized (especially for
inner planets), due to equal energy of positrons and electrons there are
no large differences between these particles, apart from anti-alignment
of magnetic spins. One might ask why and how are positrons created (extracted) here? The
answer is in neutralization - when charged they balance the electrons and,
most likely, they are, together with neutrinos (main dwarf planets), the
result of β+ decay of protons. However, due to charge neutralization,
instead of being ejected from the nucleus, they remain bound to it. The β+ process implies that each positron (1e+ terrestrial planet) or
positron pair (2e+ terrestrial planet) is entangled with a specific neutrino
(1ve main dwarf planet) or a neutrino pair (2ve main dwarf planet) since
the entangled pairs have been created at the same time, through the
intermediate W+ boson. Note also, that, in order for the equation Q1.1 to remain valid, the
excitation of Neptune must be equal to the [scaled] excitation of the
nucleus (Sun). (
)
Thus, for the Solar System atom, and perhaps generally, the oscillation
is synchronized between the innermost and outermost parts of the atom,
consistent with absorption of wave-like forms of energy. The oscillation can thus explain the difference in masses between the
planets, but the oscillation itself should be quantized. 10.3
Lepton oscillation model In the previous chapter it was hypothesized that the discrepancy between the
QM model of the atom and the Solar System can be resolved by lepton oscilla-
tion. This can be solely mass oscillation, which requires external energy, or the
oscillation of general force flavor which does not require external energy as mass
is inflated with the exchange of polarized (electro-magnetic) potential with a
neutral gravitational potential (it does need stimulation though, most likely by
resonance - synchronization). However, while general force flavor has certainly been changed to [domi-
nantly] neutral with a change in vertical energy level, difference in mass between
the outer planets is too large compared to a difference in electro-magnetic energy
to be explained by general force oscillation alone. If the Solar System has been inflated, as hypothesized, from a smaller scale
atom, then likely there was enough energy for a superposition of electron mass
eigenstates. Taking into account that these electrons are also neutralized, superposition
becomes even more likely (charged leptons repel) due to lower energy require-
ments. With oscillation and inflation taken into account, the fact that planets
of the Solar System have different masses goes in favour of it being the
atom, rather than against it. However, the excess energy left after the vertical energy level increase (infla-
tion) might not be the only source of superposition. Most energy in the vertical
energy level change is spent on inflation - not flavor oscillation, so even with-
out inflation, the flavor oscillation energy can be provided by the nucleus or
absorption of properly scaled gravitational waves. Atoms which are not under influence of strong external magnetic fields
may be dominantly in neutral or oscillating configuration, regardless of
scale - there is a lot of energy for mass oscillation in nucleons. If neutrinos oscillate in flight they must be absorbing energy in space,
but their flavor may instead be predetermined with oscillation of parti- Atoms which are not under influence of strong external magnetic fields
may be dominantly in neutral or oscillating configuration, regardless of
scale - there is a lot of energy for mass oscillation in nucleons. If neutrinos oscillate in flight they must be absorbing energy in space,
but their flavor may instead be predetermined with oscillation of parti- 64 cles inside the atom. 10.3.1
The creation 66 Note that, on the right (outer) side, the energy of inflation is decreasing,
while on the left (inner) it is increasing. This fluctuation is the result of
an attempt to balance the left and right side of the system. Note also, that, if the original (small scale) system was in an electric
field, the system did have a left and right (or top and bottom) side, not
only inner and outer orbits. p
f
g
y
Note also, that, if the original (small scale) system was in an electric
field, the system did have a left and right (or top and bottom) side, not
only inner and outer orbits. Comparing energies of planets, lepton oscillation and the [attempt of] energy
balancing is obvious. Assuming that scaled mass of a standard electron (0.511 MeV/c2) is equal to
0.511 * 1024 kg, scaled muon (105.658 MeV/c2) is 105.658 * 1024 kg, while scaled
tau particle (1776.86 MeV/c2) has a mass of 1776.86 * 1024 kg, rough correlation
with masses of Mercury/Mars, Neptune/Uranus and Jupiter is obvious. The tau/muon/electron mass ratios are present within the inner and outer
l
t The tau/muon/electron mass ratios are present within the inner and outer
planets: Venus + Earth
Mars
≈Venus + Earth
2Mercury
≈
tau
muon
Neptune
Earth
≈Uranus
Venus ≈Jupiter
Neptune ≈
tau
muon planets:
Venus + Earth
Mars
≈Venus + Earth
2Mercury
≈
tau
muon
Neptune
Earth
≈Uranus
Venus ≈Jupiter
Neptune ≈
tau
muon
Outer planets
Inner planets ≈
Uranus + Neptune
Mercury embryo + Mars ≈
muon
electron Outer planets
Inner planets ≈
Uranus + Neptune
Mercury embryo + Mars ≈
muon
electron but also in relation to the Sun: Sun
Saturn ≈
tau
electron which suggests that the whole system is in superposition of particles of different
generations. The grouping and correlation of Venus/Earth and Uranus/Neptune here
is understandable, as the pairs share the same quantum shell. Correlation of Uranus/Neptune with Mercury/Mars lies in the fact that
Mars and Mercury [embryo] were the first pair created on the inner side,
while Uranus and Neptune were the last to be created on the outer side -
with increasing energy on the inner side and decreasing on the outer side,
the ratio of Uranus+Neptune/Mercury+Mars becomes roughly equal to
the ratio of mass of outer to inner planets. This gives mass of 0.198
* 1024 kg for the Mercury embryo (1e+). 10.3.1
The creation Applying neutralization and lepton oscillation to the model of inflation (vertical
energy level change), one can now reconstruct the history of the Solar System 65 development. development. With inflation, the [absolute] distance between particles is increasing. As-
suming the system started in polarized state, neutralization will be decreasing
[relative] distance between equally charged particles. Note 1: The only reason for neutralization during inflation may be a
difference in [relative] external magnetic field strengths between the two
scales, with larger scale system being under influence of much weaker
magnetic fields. Note 2:
If the inflation starts with an already neutral system, the
end result is similar. In that case, large scale system is a relative clone
of the small scale system, with no energy wasted on neutralization,
only on inflation. However, any excess energy (beyond the discrete
energy needed to change the vertical energy level) will result in cloning
imperfections proportional to the excess energy. Note 3:
Only naked [gravitational] maxima are inflated, real mass
is acquired during and after inflation from existing mass (asteroid)
fields. These fields are generally created with deflation of other maxima
in nova like explosions. Deaths (deflations) and births (inflations) of a
particular scale are relatively synchronized. Based on wave-like appliance of energy, the inflation may have proceeded in
this order: 1. Nucleus started inflating. 2. Jupiter 2e configuration started inflating. Even though 2e may have been
separated initially, large energy of this configuration enabled the fusion
of 2 electrons. With the inflation of Jupiter, 2e positron configuration
was inflating. However, this configuration did not have enough energy for
fusion and the positrons were left separated enough to form Mars (1e+)
and Vulcan (1e+, Mercury embryo). 3. Saturn 2e configuration started inflating. This one had less energy that
Jupiter 2e, but still enough for fusion, while the positrons again, did not
- however, the energy was bigger than in the first positron pair, resulting
in the creation of Venus (1e+) and Gaia (1e+, Earth embryo). 4. Another 2e configuration started inflating. This one had even less energy
than Saturn 2e, and, this time, not enough for fusion, so 2e separated into
Uranus (1e) and Neptune (1e). A [relatively] simultaneous 2e+ inflation
resulted in fusion of 1e+ with Vulcan, creating Mercury, and fusion of the
other 1e+ with Gaia, creating Earth. 10.3.1
The creation Comparing Venus (1e+) and
Earth (2e+), the addition of another maximum doesn’t impact the total
mass significantly (as most energy comes from neutralization which is,
at least roughly, invariant to number of particles occupying the state). If the Mercury embryo mass was core mass, total core mass of current 67 Mercury should be equal to:
Earth core
Venus core(Mercury embryo mass) = 0.325
0.32 0.198 ∗1024 kg = 0.2011 ∗1024 kg
, 61% of its total mass (for Venus’ core at 32% of total mass, Earth’s
core at 32.5% of total mass). Mercury should be equal to: Mercury should be equal to: Earth core
Venus core(Mercury embryo mass) = 0.325
0.32 0.198 ∗1024 kg = 0.2011 ∗1024 kg In Table 13, standard particle candidates are shown for each planet. Rest
masses are relative to the possible event horizon of creation, specified in paren-
theses. Note that original rest mass may be bigger or smaller than relativistic
mass, depending on the conditions in the annihilation (creation) event. Most likely particle candidates are marked green. Rest mass in Table 13 was planet
relativistic mass M
[1024 kg] (v)
rest
mass
M0
candidates
[1024
kg]
(cEH )
particle candidates (MeV/c2)
Mercury
0.330 (47.4 km/s)
0.361 (19.34 km/s = Vesta orbit),
0.353 (16.76 km/s = Hygiea orbit),
0.383 (24.1 km/s = Mars orbit),
0.489 (35 km/s = Venus orbit)
? 10.3.1
The creation (0.198), positron (0.511)
Venus
4.868 (35.0 km/s)
5.67 (17.905 km/s = Ceres orbit),
5.545 (16.76 km/s = Hygiea orbit)
anti-down quark (≈4.8)
Earth
5.972 (29.8 km/s)
7.47 (17.905 km/s = Ceres orbit),
7.47 (17.89 km/s = Pallas orbit),
4.77 (-17.905 km/s = -Ceres orbit)
anti-down quark (≈4.8)
Mars
0.642 (24.1 km/s)
1.076 (19.34 km/s = Vesta orbit),
0.383 (-19.34 km/s = -Vesta orbit),
0.461 (-16.76 km/s = -Hygiea orbit),
0.539 (-13.1 km/s = -Jupiter orbit)
positron (0.511)
Jupiter
1898.19 (13.1 km/s)
1396 (-19.34 km/s = -Vesta orbit),
1293 (-17.905 km/s = -Ceres orbit),
1824 (-47.4 km/s = -Mercury orbit)
D−meson (1869), tau (1776.86),
anti-charm quark (≈1275)
Saturn
568.34 (9.7 km/s)
491.4 (-19.34 km/s = -Vesta orbit),
477.7 (-17.905 km/s = -Ceres orbit)
K−meson (493.7)
Uranus
86.813 (6.8 km/s)
80.285 (-17.89 km/s = -Pallas orbit),
94.982 (16.76 km/s = Hygiea orbit)
muon
(105.658),
strange
quark
(≈95)
Neptune
102.413 (5.43 km/s)
96.5 (-16.76 km/s = -Hygiea orbit)
muon
(105.658),
strange
quark
(≈95) Table 13: Standard particle candidates for planets (green = most likely) Table 13: Standard particle candidates for planets (green = most likely) calculated using proper relativistic factor (Omega factor): calculated using proper relativistic factor (Omega factor): M0 = M
"
1 −
v2
cn2
s#−1
2 q
q = sgn(cn) = cn
|cn|
s = sgn(cn
2 −v2) = cn2 −v2
|cn2 −v2| cn <> 0
q = sidereal polarization of the reference frame where cn = cEH is the rest velocity of the reference frame (event horizon
[fossil]). 68 Note 1: The correlation suggests that inflation energy for these planets
came individually from specific particles, with roughly equal kinetic en-
ergy. This is consistent with the hypothesized matter/anti-matter atom
pair annihilation - with colliding positron/electron pairs producing the
particles inflated into planets. Such annihilation would likely occur within the gravitational maximum
(event horizon) discontinuity, sending created matter and anti-matter in
opposite directions, perpendicular to the maximum. The central galactic black holes and dark matter maxima in inner/outer
layers of galaxies are likely remnants of such maxima. Note 2:
Due to neutralization, there are no significant differences
between planetary systems created from matter and anti-matter atoms,
apart from mass distribution - if the Solar System is created from
matter (a matter of convention), in an anti Solar System inner planets
would have greater mass than outer planets. 10.3.1
The creation The reason for this is the
asymmetry of space at the event horizon, where opposite charges are
separated to opposite sides of the horizon. Note that this implies that
horizons are, at the moment of collapse, between outer and inner planets
where, after collapse, a neutrino (main dwarf planet) is formed. Note
that creation of matter at event horizons resolves the missing anti-matter
problem in physics - there is no anti-matter missing, there is asymmetry
in mass acquisition of stable charges due to non-homogeneous energy
of space, proton is anti-matter equivalent of the electron from a proper
reference frame. Thus, all positively charged particles are anti-matter particles, while neg-
atively charged particles are matter particles (or vice versa, in alternative
convention). Note also that an event horizon for electron/positron annihilation can
be provided by the atom nucleus itself - with the incoming electron, a
maximum is extracted (expanded) from the nucleus (and possibly from
the electron too) together with positron charge. At the point of annihi-
lation, maximum (or a maximum pair) collapses with energy distributed
between the created neutrino(s) and two charged particles, with none of
them having enough energy to overcome escape velocity. Due to mass asymmetry the pair will not annihilate again and the ex-
ternal energy (photons) is required to decouple mass and charge, and
return the system to original state. Likely, all annihilation events require expansion of particle maxima and
creation of a temporary event horizon pair even if one [of larger scale] is
already present at the point of annihilation. Note 3:
In CR, not only the flavors are oscillating, but, neither
the rest or inertial mass is constant. Deviation from average mass is 69 greatest in bound systems where it depends on the energy level particle
occupies in the system. greatest in bound systems where it depends on the energy level particle
occupies in the system. Note 4:
Correlation of standard masses with planetary rest mass
in reference frames of orbits of bound neutrinos (main dwarf planets) is
overall very good, with lower confidence only in case of the participants
of the first planetary creation event - Mars and Mercury (unless the
standard particle equivalent is yet to be discovered). For Mars, the horizon at Jupiter orbit is a better fit, while for Mercury,
it is the Venus orbit. 10.3.1
The creation Note 5:
Correlation of the Solar System with standard scale par-
ticle generations, reveals the existence of new particles in the standard
model of physics (which, obviously, should be scale invariant), for exam-
ple, if one interprets Saturn as K−, the Sun/Saturn mass equivalence
with tau/electron reveals 2 additional standard particles: tau
electronK−= 1717.751 GeV = 1.72 TeV muon
electronK−= 102.143 GeV muon
electronK−= 102.143 GeV or, with the assumption of new energy splitting, a completely new gen-
eration (based on Sun’s relativistic mass): tau
electronXn = 3477.228 ∗571.864 MeV = 1988.500 GeV = 1.9885 TeV tau
electronXn = 3477.228 ∗571.864 MeV = 1988.500 GeV = 1.9885 TeV muon
electronXn = 206.768 ∗571.864 = 118.243 GeV
or, with Sun’s proper rest mass: muon
electronXn = 206.768 ∗571.864 = 118.243 GeV or, with Sun’s proper rest mass: tau
electronXn = 3477.228 ∗537.552 MeV = 1869.190 GeV = 1.8692 TeV tau
electronXn = 3477.228 ∗537.552 MeV = 1869.190 GeV = 1.8692 TeV muon
electronXn = 206.768 ∗537.552 = 111.149 GeV
h
b
d
d[ 7]
l
d [
] One of these may have been discovered[37] already[38]. Evidently, using most likely particle candidates on the hypothesized particle
configuration, the electric charges are in balance, as shown in Table 14. The
configuration gives total 4e+ charge for inner planets and 4e−for outer planets. The fact that charge configuration agrees well with the hypothesis of 6 par-
ticles on each side (Carbon configuration) but the mass for the same particle
species agrees well with 4 total particles on each side (Beryllium configuration)
i di
t
th t th
i i
l h
th
i
f 10C/10B
ill ti
i
t Evidently, using most likely particle candidates on the hypothesized particle
configuration, the electric charges are in balance, as shown in Table 14. The
configuration gives total 4e+ charge for inner planets and 4e−for outer planets. The fact that charge configuration agrees well with the hypothesis of 6 par-
ticles on each side (Carbon configuration) but the mass for the same particle
species agrees well with 4 total particles on each side (Beryllium configuration)
indicates that the original hypothesis of 10C/10Be oscillation is correct. 70 planet
configuration
particle species (charge)
total charge
Mercury
2e
positron (1 e+)
2 e+
Venus
1e
anti-down quark (1/3 e+)
1/3 e+
Earth
2e
anti-down quark (1/3 e+)
2/3 e+
Mars
1e
positron (1 e+)
1 e+
Jupiter
2e
anti-charm quark (2/3 e−)
4/3 e−
Saturn
2e
K−meson (1 e−)
2 e−
Uranus
1e
strange quark (1/3 e−)
1/3 e−
Neptune
1e
strange quark (1/3 e−)
1/3 e− Table 14: Standard particle candidates for planets, with listed electric charges The fact that the sum of charges on each sides is equal to 4, further confirms
the hypothesis. muon
electronK−= 102.143 GeV Thus, the Solar System may be interpreted as a hybrid, a superposition of
2 large scale atoms, 10C and 10Be. Is this hybridization unique to the inflation through annihilation of smaller
scale atoms, or this is a normal state even in atoms of standard scale? In CR, of course, the process is scale invariant and cannot be unique to one
scale only, even if one cannot set up a proper reference frame to observe it. The stability of atoms is achieved through neutral energy provided by neutral
cores. It is thus likely that all atoms are oscillating between polarized and non-
polarized states. Consider the case of elementary hydrogen (1H). If 1e+ charge (ie. positron) is extracted from the nucleus to balance the
electron, what prevents them from annihilating? Obviously, between the two particles there must exist an event horizon
[pair], which collapses in the interaction, forming a [bound] neutrino, but
also emitting a gravitational wave of 2 maximum quanta, one of which
is absorbed by the electron, the other by the positron - pushing them to
stable orbits and preventing annihilation. Note that both positron and electron are now [even more] entangled and
form a standing wave. If absorbed maxima are neutral they will increase masses of particles, de-
creasing charges (albeit in asymmetric manner relative to event horizon). This may be negligible but a probability exists the absorption will trigger
charge [scale] collapse and mass [scale] inflation inverting the dominant
nature of general force (em/gravity exchange) between the particles. Consider the case of elementary hydrogen (1H). Note that, with imaginary mass being dark matter and with outer planets
having significant excess of gravitational potential compared to inner
planets, Solar System mirrors the galaxy. The reason why outer planets and nearby masses are not rotating faster
is due to collapse of orbital maxima into spin momenta and acquisition
of real mass. Spin coupling, in case of carbon, indicates that, as a whole system, 12C
is more stable than 13C, while 13C nucleus is, due to equal number of
protons and neutrons, more stable than 12C nucleus. With an excess of protons, too much energy on the outer side can cause the
ejection of bound positrons and neutrinos, converting protons to neutrons. With an excess of neutrons, too much energy on the inner side can be enough
to fuse bound positrons with the nucleus [core], converting neutrons to protons. Consider the case of elementary hydrogen (1H). If 1e+ charge (ie. positron) is extracted from the nucleus to balance the
electron, what prevents them from annihilating? If 1e+ charge (ie. positron) is extracted from the nucleus to balance the
electron, what prevents them from annihilating? Obviously, between the two particles there must exist an event horizon
[pair], which collapses in the interaction, forming a [bound] neutrino, but
also emitting a gravitational wave of 2 maximum quanta, one of which
is absorbed by the electron, the other by the positron - pushing them to
stable orbits and preventing annihilation. Note that both positron and electron are now [even more] entangled and
form a standing wave. If absorbed maxima are neutral they will increase masses of particles, de-
creasing charges (albeit in asymmetric manner relative to event horizon). This may be negligible but a probability exists the absorption will trigger
charge [scale] collapse and mass [scale] inflation inverting the dominant
nature of general force (em/gravity exchange) between the particles. Note that, with charge extracted, proton core too becomes neutral. It appears that [outer event horizons of] proton cores favour giving energy to 71 electrons, while neutrons favour positrons (correlated with spin anti-alignment). Asymmetry in neutralization energy between bound positrons and electrons is
thus caused in mass difference between protons and neutrons (note that mag-
netic fields of outer planets are much less subdued than those of inner planets). If one interprets Neptune as the electron, Jupiter contains the mass of two
down quarks, while Saturn mass has been increased with the equivalent
of one up quark mass (note that charges were separated from mass before
neutralization). Assuming these masses came from protons (nucleus is scaled equally to
Neptune), there are only 4 complete protons left in the nucleus. If now
free up quarks [masses] couple with down quarks of a neutron, it will
be converted to 2 protons. With 6 protons and 3 neutrons left, 3 more
neutrons are needed to balance the core. With a complete neutron (2 down quarks + 1 up quark) mass on the
outer side, and with remaining proton quarks left in the core, it might
seem that neutralization is quantized by neutron mass. However, the fact that Neptune and Uranus are significantly neutralized
suggests that neutralization energy is correlated with quantum states
and is likely scaling with element mass. In any case, gas planets should always be the most charged ones. 10.4
ℏconstant weakness Obvious dependency on the order of mass magnitude makes ℏa weak "constant",
but at the same time explains why planetary orbits appear discrete while the
orbits of small satellites seem unlimited. Obviously all masses m > 0 must have
a quantized momentum. 10.3.2
Evaluation of invariance Correlation between planetary masses and standard particles revealed in the
previous chapter is remarkable, not only because ratios of particle masses are
equal on both scales, but numeric values seem to be equal between kilograms on
one scale and electron volts on another - differing only in the order of magnitude. 72 This reveals interesting relation between electric charge and speed of light: eV = mc2
e m = eV K e = c2K where K on the solar system (U1) scale is 1 * 1018 Cs2/m2. Since planetary mass is derived from GM product, integer value of K must
be the consequence of dependence of the gravitational constant G on the speed
of light c. g
Both values, gravitational constant G and c, have been determined from
standard scale (U0) experiments, thus: G = G0 c = c0 Mass M of the planet is then determined through gravitational interaction be-
tween two bodies, equalizing centripetal force with gravitational force: mv2
r
= GMm
r2
v2 = GM
r
M = v2r
G
v2r
G0
1
K = m0
c02
e0
v2r
G0
c12
e1
= m0
c02
e0 where r is the distance [from centre] to the orbiting body [centre], and v is its
orbital velocity, and, in case of planets, also the fossil of the rest velocity of
the gravitational field line (orbital maximum) before the collapse into a spin
(satellite) maximum. Planets orbiting at rest velocity are effectively at rest in the system. Since
every gravitational maximum has its personal space/time - planetary
orbitals are orbits of space/time within another space/time. 73 Equalizing centripetal force with electro-magnetic force: Equalizing centripetal force with electro-magnetic force: mv2
r
=
1
4πϵ0
e2
r2 = µ0c2
4π
e2
r2 = 1 ∗10−7c2 e2
r2 m = 1 ∗10−7 c2
v2
e2
r Now equalizing M (gravitational mass) and m (charge mass): M = m v2r
G = 1 ∗10−7 c2
v2
e2
r
G = 1 ∗107
1
c2e02 v0
4r0
2 v2r
G = 1 ∗10−7 c2
v2
e2
r 11
G relativity and equivalence with gravity If gravity is quantized and total mass M derived from gravity does not reveal
quantization of angular momentum, apart from ℏscale dependence (oscillation),
alternative interpretation is a variable gravitational constant G. It is then a property of a gravitational well (maximum) and it depends on
its scale. Orbital angular momentum: Orbital angular momentum: Mvr = nℏ multiplied with (surface) gravity is: gMvr = gnℏ g = vr
nℏgM Fixing g on the right side (ie. M = mass of Neptune, g0 = gravity of Neptune),
multiplying with R2/R2: g = vr
nℏg0M R2
R2 74 Fixing R in the numerator (ie. R0 = radius of Neptune) and equalizing with
Newton gravity:
G Newton gravity: g = vr
nℏg0R0
2 M
R2 = GM
R2
G = vr
nℏg0R0
2 g = vr
nℏg0R0
2 M
R2 = GM
R2 Gravitational constant is: v = orbital velocity v = orbital velocity v = orbital velocity
r = orbital radius r = orbital radius r = orbital radius r = orbital radius R = radius of the planet (spin radius) Here, v, r and n are variable. One might then consider ℏa relatively strong
constant, but g0 and R0 are weak. It has been shown that g0 alternates between two values (one taking rotation
into account and one without it). The following can be concluded: • all planets have mutually entangled properties, • all planets have mutually entangled properties, • all planets have mutually entangled properties, • past/future state of g0/R0 is fossilized/memorized in rotation period, • gravitational constant G of a gravitational well depends on its own place
in a larger gravitational well. • gravitational constant G of a gravitational well depends on its own place
in a larger gravitational well. Note that G of a planetary gravitational well is here derived form its orbital
momentum in a larger well, rather than its spin momentum. Planets are orbiting stars, but their bodies are also orbiting their souls. Mantle of a planet can be interpreted as a moon to its core, just like a moon
can be interpreted as a collapsed gravitational maximum (event horizon) of a
planet. In that system, mantle/moon is the planet and a planetary core is the
star. 11
G relativity and equivalence with gravity In interpretations where G is not scale invariant, proper G for
gravitational maxima of inner planets can be obtained from surface gravity and
real mass (m): g = ℏmg
m
= GM
R2
(G1.1) (G1.1) Assuming speed of matter (real mass) is significantly lower than the Keplerian
speed of the maximum (generally valid for matter of solid bodies): m = 2π2rs3
GTre
2
(G1.2) (G1.2) 75 m = real mass of the body relative to [the scale of] its gravitational maximum
rs = radius of the gravitational maximum m = real mass of the body relative to [the scale of] its gravitational maximum
rs = radius of the gravitational maximum
Tre = weighted average period of rotation of real mass
R = surface radius from (G1.1) and (G1.2) follows: from (G1.1) and (G1.2) follows: ℏmg
GTre
2
2π2rs3 = GM
R2
M = ℏmg
Tre
2R2
2π2rs3 ℏmg
GTre
2
2π2rs3 = GM
R2 M = ℏmg
Tre
2R2
2π2rs3 with M calculated, one can now obtain G through (G1.1): with M calculated, one can now obtain G through (G1.1): G = gR2
M
=
1
ℏmg
g2π2rs3
Tre
2
=
1
ℏmg
gvre2rs
2 Note that this can also be written as: Note that this can also be written as: G = 1
2
vrers
ℏmg
g 2πrs
Tre
G = vrers
ℏm
ℏgg πrs
Tre
= vrers
ℏm
vR
ng g πrs
Tre
G = vrers
ℏm
πR2
Tn
2πrs
Tre
= vrers
nℏm
2π2rs
TTre
R2 G = 1
2
vrers
ℏmg
g 2πrs
Tre G = vrers
ℏm
ℏgg πrs
Tre
= vrers
ℏm
vR
ng g πrs
Tre G = vrers
ℏm
πR2
Tn
2πrs
Tre
= vrers
nℏm
2π2rs
TTre
R2 substituting middle term for g0: substituting middle term for g0: substituting middle term for g0: g0 = 2π2rs
TTre G = vrers
nℏm
g0R2 vre = matter (real mass) rotation speed at the gravitational maximum rs
This relation is now equivalent to the obtained relation for G from orbital mo-
menta. Note that for Earth, where rs = 1206115 m (≈inner core radius) and T =
Tre = 24h = 86400 s:
g0 = 0.00319 m
s2 vre = matter (real mass) rotation speed at the gravitational maximum rs
This relation is now equivalent to the obtained relation for G from orbital mo-
menta. 11
G relativity and equivalence with gravity In case the planet is not fully developed (has active moons - in case of inner
planets, or doesn’t have active moons - in case of outer planets), mantle layers
are asteroid belts and moons are the planets charged oppositely to the outer
core of the planet. Thus, there are gravitational constants relative to that system (note that
every spin momentum is orbital momentum - even though the surface and the
centre are entangled, propagation of changes is not instant = there are no ab-
solute point particles). Current value of the standard gravitational constant (6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2)
was commonly measured on Earth’s surface and is relative to an absolute ref-
erence frame. 11
G relativity and equivalence with gravity Note that for Earth, where rs = 1206115 m (≈inner core radius) and T =
Tre = 24h = 86400 s:
g0 = 0.00319 m
s2 g0 = 0.00319 m
s2 which would match exactly the gravity of the inner core [maximum] with mass
M equal to previously calculated real mass of Earth (m = 6.95 * 1019 kg): g0 = Gm
rs2 = 0.00319 m
s2 g0 = Gm
rs2 = 0.00319 m
s2 76 With rs and mass remaining constant, increase of g0 must be the result of
increase in gravitational constant G. The current value of the gravitational constant G for Earth’s maximum (with
g0 = 274 m/s2): G = g0rs2
m
= 5.731534632 ∗10−6 m3
kgs2 Gravitational constant should not differ much between terrestrial planets. There-
fore, solid real mass of these planets should have roughly equal period of rotation
(Tm) to Earth’s rotation period if the ratio of filled capacity to total capacity
of the well is equal. Note that real mass relative to gravitational maximum can also be calculated
from equations given in CR: M =
mre
q
1 −vre2
cs2
+ mimg
with:
M
s
1 −vre2
cs2 ≈mimg
real mass is:
m = mre =
1 −
s
1 −vre2
cs2
mimg = 6.95 ∗1019 kg M =
mre
q
1 −vre2
cs2
+ mimg with: real mass is: real mass is: m = mre =
1 −
s
1 −vre2
cs2
mimg = 6.95 ∗1019 kg cs = Keplerian angular velocity of the gravitational maximum = 18178.98 m/s
mimg = M = 5.9723 * 1024 kg From the perspective of a maximum, obtained real mass is the mass of all
acquired matter (from our perspective, real mass = M = 5.9723 * 1024) kg). From the perspective of a maximum, obtained real mass is the mass of all
acquired matter (from our perspective, real mass = M = 5.9723 * 1024) kg). From our perspective, real mass relative to the maximum should probably
be interpreted as a quantum of mass that would trigger maximum (graviton)
collapse/expansion to another orbital energy level, or ionization of the system. The slower the rotation of real mass of a terrestrial planet compared to Keplerian
velocity of the maximum, the less energy is needed for the transition. 11
G relativity and equivalence with gravity The increasing relative retrograde motion of real mass can thus be inter-
preted as induction of pressure on the graviton. Note that the mirroring hypothesis implies that ionization of an atom
of standard matter includes ejection of negative charge outside of atom
radius, while the corresponding (entangled, or mirrored) positive charge
[orbit] collapses to nucleus. 77 11.1
Correlation with extinctions As found previously in CR and here, changes in local (spin) energy level of a
maximum (or graviton, in general) will fossilize the level as a discontinuity in
the celestial body. For Earth, the required quantum of energy (relativistic mass) for orbital
energy level change (ionization) has been calculated in the previous chapter to
be equal to 6.95 * 1019 kg. Typical orbital excitation energy for standard Carbon electron at the
scaled distance of Saturn (<70 * 10−12 m) is ≈50 eV. The same amount of
energy should be required to change the energy level of mirrored positive
charge (scaled Earth). From this, one can calculate roughly how much
energy is needed for orbital excitation of Earth’s graviton: Mx = Ep
Ee
M = 5.84 ∗1020 kg Ep = 50 eV
Ee = 0.511 MeV
M = 5.9723 * 1024 kg The obtained value is 1 order of magnitude bigger than calculated pre-
viously. The reason for discrepancy is likely mass (vertical) oscillation. Assuming Earth is in a state of an anti-down quark equivalent (this will
be confirmed later), the energy Ee in calculation should be roughly 10
times bigger. Assuming anti-down quark mass of 4.8 MeV/c2, the energy
needed becomes: Mx = 6.22 ∗1019 kg This is now much closer to previously calculated 6.95 * 1019 kg. The Earth should, however, by hypotheses in this paper, be a compo-
sition equivalent to coupling of two anti-down quarks. This does not
change excitation energy significantly, it is rather split into two levels. These levels are 64.5 eV and 47.9 eV for standard Carbon[39], and the ex-
citation energy that would match the previously calculated value should
be the superposition of these two. Indeed, taking superposition into account, excitation energy becomes: Mx = 1
2
Ep1 + Ep2
Ee
M = 6.99 ∗1019 kg Ep1 = 64.5 eV
Ep2 = 47.9 eV
Ee = 4.8 MeV Ep1 = 64.5 eV
Ep2 = 47.9 eV
Ee = 4.8 MeV The energy now agrees well with previously obtained value. Small dif-
ference is expectable due to oscillations of smaller scale. 78 This is a very interesting number considering asteroid impacts are correlated
with major massive extinctions. In example, estimates for the mass of the impactor responsible for the Chicx-
ulub crater range from 1.0 * 1015 kg to 4.6 * 1017 kg[40]. 11.1
Correlation with extinctions To trigger a change in orbital energy level, required locally relativistic ve-
locity of such impactor, assuming its rest mass is equal to 4 * 1017 kg, is: v =
s
1 −m2
mre2
cs2 = 18.17828 km
s m = impactor mass = 4 * 1017 kg m = impactor mass = 4 * 1017 kg
mre = required relativistic mass = 6.95 * 1019 kg p
g
mre = required relativistic mass = 6.95 * 1019 kg cs = Keplerian angular velocity of the maximum = 18178.98 m/s cs = Keplerian angular velocity of the maximum = 18178.98 m/s Interestingly, this is within the range of typical velocities of Earth’s orbit cross-
ing asteroids (12.6 - 40.7 km/s[41]) and comets (16 - 73 km/s[41]). In fact,
it seems quite likely that the Chicxulub impactor had the required energy to
trigger the change. However, this approach is flawed - apparently, most asteroids and comets
would have enough energy to trigger the change regardless of rest mass. If
asteroids and comets have accumulated relativistic energy, it must be the energy
relative to Solar System space, not Earth’s space. Assuming the speed limit is the Keplerian velocity of the Sun’s maximum: cs =
s
GM⊙
R⊙
= 436.751 km
s G = 6.674 * 10−11 m3kg−1s−2
M⊙= 1.988500 * 1030 kg
R⊙= 695735 km required impact velocity becomes: required impact velocity becomes: v = 436.744 km
s This is the average velocity of the solar wind. It should not be surprising that average velocity of the solar wind
matches the Keplerian velocity of the Sun’s maximum if the angular
Keplerian momentum is converted to radial electro-magnetic momen-
tum. Now this raises a couple of interesting questions: Now this raises a couple of interesting questions: 1. is it possible for a coronal mass ejection (CME) to accelerate the asteroid
or a comet to required impact velocity?, 79 2. does CME itself represents accumulated relativistic energy in this case (ie. through implantation[42]), at least in part?, 2. does CME itself represents accumulated relativistic energy in this case (ie. through implantation[42]), at least in part?, 3. is a rocky/icy impactor even required - perhaps the CME itself can produce
the crater? 3. is a rocky/icy impactor even required - perhaps the CME itself can produce
the crater? 4. is mass the sole requirement for energy level changes? 11.1
Correlation with extinctions The 3rd seems unlikely, especially if there is no temporary collapse of Earth’s
magnetic field. However, magnetic field reversals could be coupled with strong
CME’s, and research shows that CME’s can produce significant land erosion
and ejecta with no protective magnetic field present[43]. Geology can probably
rule out this possibility due to a difference in end products between different
impacts. The CME would certainly accelerate an asteroid on its path away from the
Sun. If massive impacts are correlated with energy level changes of large scale
gravitons, it is possible that it is not solely the amount of energy that matters,
but what kind of energy too - electro-magnetic or gravitational? On standard scale the electro-magnetic energy of photons is the dominant
energy triggering energy level changes, on the scale of planets, dominant energy
should be gravitational. However, both energies should be involved as electro-magnetic energy is not
absolutely absent, it’s certainly not negligible in case of Earth. On the other
hand, one type of energy can be converted to the other at time of impact. Energy level changes of Earth’s graviton mass radius and charge radius
might not be well synchronized relative to standard scale. Thus, collapse of
the magnetic field (collapse of charge energy level) could precede the inflation
of a graviton mass radius. Evidence suggests there may have been multiple impactors at different loca-
tions at the time of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary formation. A
potential impact crater significantly larger than Chicxulub formed at the same
time has been identified[44], suggesting significantly bigger impact energy. However, the Earth is still active (alive) - Earth’s maximum (graviton) is
likely still present within Earth. If there was no ionization, were there local
(spin) energy level changes? 11.1
Correlation with extinctions Assuming energy requirement scales with orbital radii, the required energy
for local changes can be calculated: Mx−1 = R
r Mx = 5.6 ∗1014 kg
R = rx−1 = Earth’s graviton radius = 1206115 m
r = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m
Mx = 6.95 * 1019 kg Mx−1 = R
r Mx = 5.6 ∗1014 kg R = rx−1 = Earth’s graviton radius = 1206115 m
r = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m
Mx = 6.95 * 1019 kg R = rx−1 = Earth’s graviton radius = 1206115 m
r = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m
Mx = 6.95 * 1019 kg R = rx−1 = Earth’s graviton radius = 1206115 m
r = Earth’s orbital radius = 149.6 * 109 m
Mx = 6.95 * 1019 kg The Chicxulub impactor apparently had the required energy for such changes. p
pp
y
q
gy
g
If similar energies are involved in all major massive extinctions, disconti-
nuities within the Earth should be correlated with major extinctions. This is
indeed confirmed in another chapter. 80 There are potential impactors of similar size crossing Earth’s orbit, ie. 1866
Sisyphus. However, there are multiple energy levels and energy difference between some
could be lower than calculated Mx−1. As changes in energy levels are correlated with Earth’s formation and evo-
lution, the energy requirements are probably generally decreasing with time. Note that energy levels have orders. So far two orders have been calculated,
but the 3rd order too could have a significant impact on the planet, assuming
equal scaling: Mx−2 = rx−2
R Mx−1 = R
r Mx−1 = R2
r2 Mx = 4.51 ∗109 kg Apparently, we are currently experiencing a major massive extinction on
Earth. If these are relatively synchronized with impacts, perhaps one should
not be surprised if the 99942 Apophis asteroid (with estimated mass of 4 * 1010
kg[45]) is accelerated and deflected toward Earth at its close approach in 2029. Given the fact that universes are self-similar, why assume that evolution
of a planet is not similarly scripted as is the embryonic development of
a human being? g
Feeling of free will does not imply one has free will. In CR, everything is
relative. Therefore, even anthropogenic triggers of global changes should
be entangled with code execution at some level. 11.1
Correlation with extinctions It might not be the CME that is coupled with such impactors, rather a large
scale graviton ejected from the Sun. This could make coupling much easier. If
the graviton is ejected as a wave and has energy similar to, or compatible with,
that of the asteroid, it will likely collapse and couple with the asteroid at the
encounter. The graviton will impart momentum on the asteroid, affecting its
orbit. Note that this orbital deflection does not have to be synchronized with
the impact, it could occur years before. The coupling itself could be
hard to observe. Travelling (inflating) as a wave the graviton may be
unnoticeable (it can be interpreted as inflating sphere surface made of
diluted dark matter), although it’s emission might be synchronized with
CME. What will happen at time of coupling with the asteroid depends
on energy ratios. In any case, the shape, spin and orbital momentum of
the body can all be affected. y
If graviton collapse is isotropic from the asteroid reference frame and
perpendicular to its orbital velocity the effect on the asteroid orbit will be
small. However the total mass is likely to double, affecting gravitational
acceleration. The collapse cannot be absolutely perpendicular (the angle 81 depends on wave frequency, distance from the source and amount of mass
dragging with collapse) and the two effects combined could affect the
orbit enough to put the body on a collision course with Earth. Note that, at time of impact, the graviton should decouple from the as-
teroid and either couple with some mantle layer and/or stimulate energy
level change of the existing graviton already coupled with Earth. depends on wave frequency, distance from the source and amount of mass
dragging with collapse) and the two effects combined could affect the
orbit enough to put the body on a collision course with Earth. g
p
y
Note that, at time of impact, the graviton should decouple from the as-
teroid and either couple with some mantle layer and/or stimulate energy
level change of the existing graviton already coupled with Earth. It cannot be excluded that the Moon too has a role in these events. Moon
graviton collapse followed by wave-like inflation, asteroid coupling and Earth
absorption is an alternative interpretation. It is possible that one (ie. the Moon) is involved in electro-magnetic energy
level changes, other (ie. the Sun) in gravitational. 11.2
Evidence for a constant change of G If G is variable, it should generally increase at the expense of the Coulomb
constant, although changes in space cannot be instant and some phase shift at
distance will exist. In a bound configuration such as a Solar System, change in G of local space
will be reflected in changes of orbital momentum. Taking mass and distance into account, major influence on G on Earth is the
interaction with the Sun (multiple orders of magnitude larger than the Moon
and planets). )
The G constant should thus oscillate, with the 1st order sinusoidal oscillation
due to Earth’s elliptical orbit of the Sun. In the 6p4n configuration of the Solar System, the existence of a perihelion
and aphelion in the Earth’s orbit should be reflected in two discontinuities of
the Sun, at 2/3 R and 1/2 R. This is based on the hypothesis of initial inflation where discontinuities
in the Sun represent fossils of initial radii of gravitons of terrestrial plan-
ets. The Earth, due to 2e configuration, must be entangled with two
discontinuities, which also represent local energy levels. With a change in distance from the Sun, spin velocity of Earth’s maximum
is changing relative to the rest frame of the two discontinuities - it’s radius is
expanding and contracting, directly affecting the local G constant. Mean change of G due to perihelion is thus: Mean change of G due to perihelion is thus: ∆Gp = 1
2
q
1 −
v2
c1.12
q
1 −
vp2
c1.12
+
q
1 −
v2
c1.22
q
1 −
vp2
c1.22
! = 1.0002446 82 Change of G due to aphelion: Change of G due to aphelion: ∆Ga = 1
2
q
1 −
va2
c1.12
q
1 −
v2
c1.12
+
q
1 −
va2
c1.22
q
1 −
v2
c1.22
! = 1.0002354
otal:
∆G = 1
2(∆Gp + ∆Ga) = 1.00024 Giving the total: Giving the total: v = orbital velocity of Earth at semi-major axis = 29784.485 m/s v = orbital velocity of Earth at semi-major axis = 29784.485 m/s c1.2 = space (Keplerian) angular velocity of the 1/2 R Sun discontinuity =
151.266563 * 103 m/s /
c1.1 = space (Keplerian) angular velocity of the 2/3 R Sun discontinuity =
230.556106 * 103 m/s Velocities c1.1 and c1.2 have been calculated in the Quantization of the
Sun chapter. The 5.9 y period oscillation in LOD is equal to a solar orbit in 2:1 reso-
nance with Jupiter and a 5:1 resonance with Saturn. If Mars (assumed
to be in 1e configuration) is entangled with 1e of Jupiter, the Earth (2e 11.2
Evidence for a constant change of G For a mean G of 6.673899 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 and ∆G = 1.00024, the amplitude
of oscillation is 1.60173576 * 10−14 m3/kgs2. / g
Measurements of G on Earth indeed show sinusoidal oscillation, although in
previous analysis it has been correlated with the 5.9y (5.899±0.062 y) period
oscillation component of Earth’s length of day (LOD)[46]. (
)[
]
However, calculated amplitude of yearly oscillation (1.60173576 * 10−14
m3/kgs2) agrees very well with the amplitude obtained from measurements
(1.619±0.103 * 10−14 m3/kgs2). (
/
)
Fig. 10 shows yearly oscillation (blue) superimposed on the 5.9 y oscillation
from previous analysis (black). Red crosses are previously measured values of
G, plotted with uncertainties. Yearly oscillation is obviously a better fit, but when linked to orbits of
the Earth around the Sun (orbital data taken from NASA Horizons On-Line
Ephemeris System[47]) a phase shift of ≈0.6167 y (golden ratio?) is required
to match Fig. 10 (without the shift the correlation is less convincing with all
measurements taken into account). Interestingly, as shown on Fig. 11, with the influence of the Sun removed,
leaving only planetary gravitational interactions, best fit requires no phase shift. The 5.9 y period oscillation in LOD is equal to a solar orbit in 2:1 reso-
nance with Jupiter and a 5:1 resonance with Saturn. If Mars (assumed
to be in 1e configuration) is entangled with 1e of Jupiter, the Earth (2e 83 Figure 10: Oscillation of the gravitational constant Figure 10: Oscillation of the gravitational constant Figure 11: Oscillation of the gravitational constant Figure 11: Oscillation of the gravitational constant 84 configuration) may be entangled with the remaining 1e of Jupiter and
1e of Saturn, instead of being entangled with 2e of Saturn. The resonant orbital (outer edge of the main asteroid belt) must be the
event horizon (which should currently be in a collapsed form - similar to
larger horizons collapsed into dwarf planets) of such entanglements. This is (or rather, a memory of - due to neutralization of EM force) a
magnetic spin entanglement between particles (notice the anti-alignment
of magnetic fields between Earth and Jupiter/Saturn), and thus should
have a signature in geomagnetic field. configuration) may be entangled with the remaining 1e of Jupiter and
1e of Saturn, instead of being entangled with 2e of Saturn.
The resonant orbital (outer edge of the main asteroid belt) must be the
event horizon (which should currently be in a collapsed form - similar to
larger horizons collapsed into dwarf planets) of such entanglements.
This is (or rather, a memory of - due to neutralization of EM force) a
magnetic spin entanglement between particles (notice the anti-alignment
of magnetic fields between Earth and Jupiter/Saturn), and thus should
have a signature in geomagnetic field. 12
Quantization of surface radii Here are, somewhat empirically determined, equations for quantization of sur-
face radii in the Solar System - may not be generally applicable to planetary
systems. y
Neutral equatorial radius for outer planets: y
Neutral equatorial radius for outer planets: R = K2
r2 M
1
2(2−p)
1
101
!(4−N)
3(3−p)
1
n(p−1)
(s−1) Neutral equatorial radius for inner planets: Neutral equatorial radius for inner planets: R = r2
K1
1
M n(1−p) 2(N−1)
2(4−n)
1
3(1−p)
(s−1) Since both r and M (gravity) are quantized, it follows that R is quantized too
by the K constant - other factors (n, p, s, N) are integers. The above may be understood as the invariant component of the radius
during the cycle. Current radius includes a small correction due to oscillation
in electric polarization (charge), value of which evolves weakly during the cycle
state. 12
Quantization of surface radii Current equatorial radius for outer planets: R = K2
r2 M
1
2(2−p)
1
101
32
101
!(2−Kϕ)
Kϕ
1
n(p−1)
(s−1) R = K2
r2 M
1
2(2−p)
1
101
32
101
!(2−Kϕ)
Kϕ
1
n(p−1)
(s−1)
Kϕ = 10
−
sin
180◦−∆ϕ
(p mod 2)
cos
180◦−∆ϕ
(1−p mod 2) Kϕ = 10
−
sin
180◦−∆ϕ
(p mod 2)
cos
180◦−∆ϕ
(1−p mod 2) ∆ϕ = ϕ0 −ϕ1 85 Current equatorial radius for inner planets: Current equatorial radius for inner planets: R = r2
K1
1
M n(1−p) (2 + Kϕ)
2(2−p) 100
100
32
!−Kϕ
(s−1) R = r2
K1
1
M n(1−p) (2 + Kϕ)
2(2−p) 100
100
32
!−Kϕ
(s−1)
Kϕ = 100 cos
180◦−∆ϕ
(p mod 2)
sin
180◦−∆ϕ
(1−p mod 2) Kϕ = 100 cos
180◦−∆ϕ
(p mod 2)
sin
180◦−∆ϕ
(1−p mod 2) ∆ϕ = ϕ0 −ϕ1 K2 = 4885811.341 m3/kg
K1 = 2.385039177 * 10−9 m/kg K2 = 4885811.341 m3/kg
K1 = 2.385039177 * 10−9 m/kg / g
K1 = 2.385039177 * 10−9 m/kg /
M = total mass M = total mass r = orbital radius N = shell number s = number of particles in a sub-shell p = state of quantization
n = shell energy level n
shell energy level
∆φ = angle between spin momenta of a particle pair occupying the shell (in
case of a single particle - induced pair by splitting of a maximum) Calculated radii for the state 6p4n are shown in Table 15. Calculated radii for the state 6p4n are shown in Table 15. N
n
planet
M (kg)
r (106 km)
s
p
∆φ (◦)
neutral
R
(km)
current
R
(km)
R (km)
2
5
Neptune
1.02413 * 1026
4495.06
1
2
36.7084
24764
24764
24764
2
5
Uranus
8.6813 * 1025
2872.46
1
1
233.1506
25703
25559
25559
2
3
Saturn
5.6834 * 1026
1433.53
2
1
0.2
60806
60268
60268
1
1
Jupiter
1.89819 * 1027
778.57
2
1
109.422
68848
71492
71492
2
5
Mercury
3.3011 * 1023
57.91
2
2
172.3047
2555.7
2439.7
2439.7
2
3
Venus
4.8675 * 1024
108.21
1
0
0
6051.8
6051.8
6051.8
2
3
Earth
5.9723 * 1024
149.60
2
1
90.3135
6284.72
6378.14
6378.14
1
10
Mars
6.4171 * 1023
227.92
1
2
-91.9957
3394.1
3396.2
3396.2
Table 15: Calculated neutral and current radii Note the quantization of ∆φ. For inner planets, it is quantized by 90◦(any
deviation may be due to higher order oscillation). For outer planets, the quantum is reduced to 1/5 of this value, 18◦, sug-
gesting, perhaps that the equation for outer planets should be modified, or,
instability in entanglement. Thus, to obtain 90◦quantization, one only needs to multiply ∆φ (quantized
by 18◦) with 5, revealing how it is entangled (assuming anti-alignment) with one
of the inner planets, as shown in Table 16. Here, Neptune/Venus, Uranus/Mars
and Saturn/Mercury entanglement should not be surprising due to matching
configurations - 1e/1e, 1e/1e and 2e/2e. The entanglement of Jupiter with Venus instead of Earth might be the con-
sequence of 10C instability, or a phase shift in entanglement. 86 planet
standardized ∆φ (◦)
entanglement
Neptune
(5 * 36) % 360 = 180
Venus
Uranus
(5 * 234) % 360 = 90
Mars
Saturn
(5 * 0) % 360 = 0
Mercury
Jupiter
(5 * 108) % 360 = 180
Venus
Table 16: Correlation of outer and inner planets Table 16: Correlation of outer and inner planets 12.1
Radius of the Sun and its correlation with proton
radius Original composition of the Sun is 6 protons + 4 neutrons. However, 6 positrons
worth of charge (inner planets) have been removed to balance the electrons
(outer planets). (
)
This makes the Sun neutral: 6 ∗(−1
3e + 2 ∗2
3e) + 4 ∗(2 ∗−1
3e + 2
3e) −6e = 0 The Sun still consists of both positive and negative charges but their spin effects
on radius cancel out. The radius is thus: R = R2 + R1
R2 = K2
r22 M2
1
2(2−p2)
1
101
!(4−N2)
3(3−p2)
1
n2(p2−1)
(s2−1)
R1 = r12
K1
1
M1
n1
(1−p1) 2(N1−1)
2(4−n1)
1
3(1−p1)
(s1−1) where R2 is the sum radius of negative quarks and R1 is the sum radius of
positive quarks. As shown in Fig. 12, without 6 +e charges, the Sun is a sum neutron con-
sisting of 6 layers, 4 layers containing pairs of negative [down equivalent] quarks
and 2 layers (inner and outer core) containing pairs of positive [up equivalent]
quarks. Due to condensation, this is the equivalent of a single neutron so 8 neg-
ative quarks can be grouped into a single sub-shell as 2 negative quarks, while 4
positive quarks can be grouped into another sub-shell as a single positive quark
(8/4 = 2/1). ( /
/ )
Thus, the parameter s2 = 2, while s1 = 1. ( /
/ )
Thus, the parameter s2 = 2, while s1 = 1. The energy of these two sub-shells must be equal, so M2 = M1 = M. 12.1
Radius of the Sun and its correlation with proton
radius The energy of these two sub-shells must be eq For equal impact on radii, this must be satisfied: K2
r22 M2 = r12
K1
1
M1 87 Figure 12: Sun partitioning in: a) 6p4n state b) 4p6n state (R = radius in 6p4n
state) Figure 12: Sun partitioning in: a) 6p4n state b) 4p6n state (R = radius in 6p4n
state) Since M2 = M1 = M: K2
r22 M = r12
K1
1
M =
r
K2
K1
r1
r2
R =
r
K2
K1
r1
r2
1
2(2−p2)
1
101
!(4−N2)
3(3−p2)
1
n2(p2−1) + n1
(1−p1) 2(N1−1)
K2
r22 M = r12
K1
1
M =
r
K2
K1
r1
r2 R =
r
K2
K1
r1
r2
1
2(2−p2)
1
101
!(4−N2)
3(3−p2)
1
n2(p2−1) + n1
(1−p1) 2(N1−1)
Here p1 corresponds to number of major (strong) gluons, p2 to weak gluons, N
continues increasing from Mercury (2) so N1 = 3 and N2 = 4: p2 = 2, N2 = 4, n2 = 32 = 9
p1 = 3, N1 = 3, n1 = 3 p2 = 2, N2 = 4, n2 = 32 = 9 p1 = 3, N1 = 3, n1 = 3 Sun radius then becomes: R =
r
K2
K1
r1
r2
1
3 +
2
3
!2
Here, ratio r1/r2 is equal to the ratio of orbital radii of the outermost electron
(Neptune) and the outermost positron (Mars). Here, ratio r1/r2 is equal to the ratio of orbital radii of the outermost electron
(Neptune) and the outermost positron (Mars). (
p
)
p
This gives R = 694271.2405 km. Radius of the sum U1 scale proton can be obtained by raising the quark
factors of R to the power of 2. This is due to the fact that the removal of a
negative down quark reduces the negative radius 9 (32) times, while the addition
of a positive up quark reduces the positive radius 3/2 times. Distance between
charges increases (due to greater difference between them) so total radius is
decreased by the sum of these factors. 12.1
Radius of the Sun and its correlation with proton
radius 88 Rp1 =
r
K2
K1
r1
r2
1
3 +
2
3
!2
1
3
!2
+ 2
3
=
r
K2
K1
r1
r2
1
3 +
2
3
!2
2 Radius of a standard proton (U0 scale) can now be obtained through this equa-
tion:
R
N
R Rp1
r1
= N ∗Rp
rU0 Where r1 is the Solar System charge radius (Neptune’s orbit), N is the number
of nucleons in the Solar System, Rp is the standard proton radius and rU0 is the
standard Carbon-10 (Carbon-12) charge radius. Using Sun radius R obtained above, this gives: Using Sun radius R obtained above, this gives: Rp = Rp0 = 1
10
R
r1
"1
3
2
+ 2
3
#
rU 0 = 0.840905616 ∗10−15 m 12.2
∆φ validation Dominant magnetic field in outer planets may be generated by positive charge,
while in inner planets by negative. In any case, ∆φ may also correspond to angle between magnetic dipoles. 12.2.1
Mercury ∆φ obtained for Mercury corresponds to ↓↑spin configuration. This is generally
consistent with a low strength magnetic field. However, current low strength of
Mercury’s magnetic field should not be attributed to such configuration as the
primal source is subdued. 12.2.2
Venus ∆φ for Venus suggests extremely strong primal magnetic field. 12.2.3
Earth Earth’s magnetic dipole is not axial, revealing a primal quadrupole configura-
tion, as expected with 2e configuration. Considering the movement of north
and south dip poles and attributing it to imminent collapse, in the primal con-
figuration two major (inner and outer) dipoles may very well be separated by
90◦, equal to calculated ∆φ. This configuration may have been fossilized in the inner core anisotropy, as
shown on Fig. 13. 89 Figure 13: Equatorial anisotropy of the Earth’s inner core48 Figure 13: Equatorial anisotropy of the Earth’s inner core48 12.2.4
Mars Obtained ∆φ shows primal dipole configuration of Mars is mirroring the Earth’s. The configuration may be verified once the magnetic field is restored. 12.2.5
Jupiter ∆φ (109◦) corresponds to ↑→configuration, and is consistent with observation,
as shown on Fig. 14. Figure 14: Magnetic field of Jupiter49 Figure 14: Magnetic field of Jupiter49 90 12.2.8
Neptune Similar to Uranus, the dipole is significantly offset from the centre. Using the
same method as in case of Uranus, one obtains the dipole shown on Fig. 16. With an 46.9◦tilt of the dipole from rotational axis, with no inclination, the
offset is equal to 0.12193 R. With an inclination of 63.2716◦, the offset = y = 0.485 R (x = 0.244967695
R), equal to NASA/GSFC-O8 model[51] offset. 12.2.7
Uranus Dipole centre is significantly offset from the centre of the planet. Assuming
primal core-dipole entanglement, ∆φ may be interpreted as the angle between
the equator and dipole rotated by such angle that the [shortest] distance from
dipole centre to equator (x) is equal to distance from planet surface to the
intersection of the rotated axis and axis translated to centre, as shown on Fig. 15. Figure 15: Uranus’ magnetic field model Figure 15: Uranus’ magnetic field model With an 58.6◦tilt of the dipole from rotational axis and no inclination, the
offset = x = 0.38192 R. With an inclination of the dipole from rotational axis equal to 1.82◦, the
offset is equal to 0.353 R, in agreement with NASA/GSFC-O3 model[50]. 12.2.6
Saturn Saturn’s dipole field is aligned with the rotation axis and highly axisymmetric,
while quadrupole and higher components are significantly weaker. This is consistent with ↑↑configuration suggested by ∆φ (0◦). 13
Earth, as a particle Orbits of planetary gravitational maxima and their capacities are quantized. 91 Figure 16: Neptune’s magnetic field model Figure 16: Neptune’s magnetic field model It would be intuitive to expect that gravity within the planet follows the
same pattern. For positive bodies (terrestrial planets), gravity should generally increase
with depth, down to the inner gravitational maximum, which may have the
radius of the inner core at full capacity. For Earth, gravity of this maximum is hypothesized to be equal to the surface
maximum of the Sun - 274 m/s2. /
For a naked maximum, gravity down to the maximum: gvr = nh gr2 = n T h
2π
gr2 = n T ℏ, gr2 = n T ℏ, g = n T ℏ
r2 , where T is the rotation period at radius r. In equilibrium, T at surface for a
solid body is: T = T0, while real radius of the planet is: R = R0 If nT is const.: If nT is const.: If nT is const.:
g = ℏmg
m
R2
r2 g = ℏmg
m
R2
r2 92 For Earth: T = 24 h = 86400 s R0 = const. = 6307105 m R0 = const. = 6307105 m Down to the inner core radius rc: n = ns = 1 g = 86400 ℏ
r2 = GM
r2 G = gravitational constant = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2
M = total gravitational mass of Earth = 5.9723 * 1024 kg
ℏ= ℏ1 = 4.613325255 * 109 m3/s3 n
discontinuity
radius (m)
gravity (m/s2)
1
crust surface
6371000
9.82
1
crust surface perihelion
6357000
9.86
1
real surface
6307105
10.02
1
outer core
3282185
37
1
transition zone (induced charge)
1705704
137
1
g. maximum = inner core radius = rc
1206115
274
1
transition zone
852852
137
2? inner inner core
603058
274? Table 17: Gravity of [naked] Earth Table 17: Gravity of [naked] Earth Below rc (1206115 m) gravity becomes: g = n2 1
T
1
ℏ2
r2 At rc (event horizon): n T ℏ1
r2 = n2 1
T
1
ℏ2
r2, →ℏ2 = 6.144878706 ∗104 ms At the event horizon gravity is independent of period and radius: g =
r
ℏ1
ℏ2 Below rc the space-time gradient inverts and gravity is decreasing until it reaches
minimum, afterwards increasing again to next maximum, continuing the oscil-
lation. 93 Note that, although used here, correlating rotation periods of real mass
with gravity may not be generally appropriate. 14
Earth, as a living organ(ism) Earth is definitely showing signs of a self-regulated living organism on surface,
at least between major extinctions. But even disruptions of that self-regulation
can be explained either as a part of embryonic development process or presence
of a disease (or both simultaneously). (
)
While it may be hard to identify the equivalent of genetic coding in such a
large scale organism, it shouldn’t be discarded as a possibility due to lack of
imagination, especially because there’s sound logic behind its existence. Definition of life in CR allows for development of life with no dominant
genetic code in the body. In extremely introverted forms of life devel-
opment of constitutional biome is not driven by physical genetic code
(DNA or DNA equivalent), it is rather driven by mental genetic code (or
- it is mirroring execution of such code through soul-body entanglement). In all living beings known to man, life is not limited to outer skin surface -
in fact, life there is generally least diverse and complex. Higher diversity and
complexity on skin surface is generally limited to short periods during embryonic
development. The fact that no complex life has been detected on any other
planet goes in favour of this hypothesis. Existing models of Earth’s interior are mainly based on assumptions on plan-
etary formation that do not involve soul/body coupling and which are certainly
not backed by abundant and solid evidence. They are also based on data from
seismic profiling which has limited resolution and is prone to interpretation
bias[52]. Bias exists in definition of life itself in modern science - apparently there is
no solid consensus on required constitution of a living being. But even if there
would be one, in current climate, it would hardly allow for Earth to be alive. However, assuming extroversion and introversion of life can go to extremes,
then everything would have to be alive, only differing in the ratio of mental to
physical interaction (or amount of life in these domains or dimensions of reality). With CR relativity of life is implied
amount of life should depend on a However, assuming extroversion and introversion of life can go to extremes,
then everything would have to be alive, only differing in the ratio of mental to
physical interaction (or amount of life in these domains or dimensions of reality). 13.1
Gravity with acquired matter A gravitational maximum (soul) will effectively curve space around it. In case of
shielding interpretation, acquired matter will not affect the overall curvature of
that space as long as gravity of the maximum is greater than gravity of acquired
matter. However, clumping or condensation of matter (non-homogeneous system)
can produce measurable effects. In, addition, core maximum may split into multiple maxima (which may
even further collapse to form orbiting spin momenta). Note that, in that case, gravity at core discontinuity is not equal to
[primordial] 274 m/s2, rather quantized into multiple maxima of lower
gravity at different radii. However, even in that case the gravity of the core (or major) graviton is
probably higher. Regardless of interpretation (shielding or no shielding), during Earth’s devel-
opment and evolution, the graviton has likely been oscillating between different
energy levels, accumulating mass at different radii from the centre, leaving be-
hind discontinuities. Each layer of the mantle is then a relatively independent body, just
as terrestrial planets orbiting the Sun are independent bodies. This
is a consequence of enforcement of self-similarity. It should thus not
be surprising that primordial Earth’s core gravity is (or was) equal to
Sun’s surface gravity - the Earth is relatively mirroring the Solar System
nucleus (up to Mars). Distribution of gravity inside Earth is thus likely wavelike, being cancelled
at least at some discontinuities, albeit with overall increasing density toward
the core. This enables Earth’s mantle to have layers where pressures and temperatures
are suitable for complex life. 94 14
Earth, as a living organ(ism) With CR, relativity of life is implied - amount of life should depend on a
reference frame, so Earth too should be alive. physical interaction (or amount of life in these domains or dimensions of reality). With CR, relativity of life is implied - amount of life should depend on a
reference frame, so Earth too should be alive. The entire Solar System is then also an individual organism, and, relative
to that system, Sun and planets are the organs. Obeying the principle of self-similarity, each living organ has an active core,
replicating the role of the Sun in the Solar System to localized space-time. These are, obviously, all extremely introverted organisms. For that reason,
creatures of extroverted nature accustomed to absolutism may not recognize
them as living beings, however, lack of complexity in physical momenta is sim-
ply replaced with complexity in mental momenta - which is reflected in momenta
of smaller scale life-forms (or quanta of consciousness) residing inside their bod-
ies. One of these life-forms are humans, who are, relative to Earth, likely its 95 [precursor] neural proteins. [precursor] neural proteins. 14.1
Rough internal structure Earth is an extremely introverted life-form. As such, it has no need for limbs
and complexity in organ structure, albeit smaller components of these structures
can be complex. Most expressed organ of this organism is the brain, organized into layers
with, likely, minimal gyrification. Gyrification of tissue may be present in standard complex life only due
to presence of organs required for extroverted interaction (eyes, nose,
ears, mouth, body from the neck down). Even so, it has to have other organs [or organ equivalents] necessary for the
function of that brain. Most likely blood arteries are underground tubes, with blood being the flow-
ing magma and water (nutrients). Proper interpretation of lava solidification is thus coagulation of blood. Its veins are underground tubes filled with oil (pressurized dead carbon mat-
ter). Note that, unlike human blood, Earth’s arteries do not carry dissolved
oxygen while veins do not carry dissolved carbon dioxide (at least not in
high concentrations near surface). Rather, they carry bound oxygen and carbon, which are then used as
fuel to produce molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide where needed. It is possible, however, that within the mantle, arteries and veins do
carry significant amounts of dissolved gases. Note that, unlike human blood, Earth’s arteries do not carry dissolved
oxygen while veins do not carry dissolved carbon dioxide (at least not in
high concentrations near surface). )
Rather, they carry bound oxygen and carbon, which are then used as
fuel to produce molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide where needed. It is possible, however, that within the mantle, arteries and veins do
carry significant amounts of dissolved gases. fuel to produce molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide where needed. It is possible, however, that within the mantle, arteries and veins do
carry significant amounts of dissolved gases. Complex life and networks of interconnected diversity are not limited to sur-
face (epidermis). In fact, surface is likely just a breeding ground for cultivation
of precursor neuron cells and proteins of a planet. Most complex life is thus
resident within mantle layers where it is protected and not so vulnerable to
external influence. The core of a planet has a role of the heart and geyser eruptions provide one
way to probe the heart rate. 96 14.2
Age, lifespan and 3rd order period The lifetime of Earth is quantized and can be calculated through its frequency
of existence. ∆TE = n 1
fx
= n Tx For n = 2840, and determined Tx of the 3rd order general oscillation of the
Solar System equal to 1.512 * 106 years: ∆TE = nTx = 4.29408 ∗109years ∆TE = nTx = 4.29408 ∗109years But this should not be interpreted as lifespan of Earth, rather lifespan of the
Solar System. Earth’s lifespan is obtained with n = 1. It is thus equal to Tx. Lifetime and lifespan are different for bodies on U1 scale, such as planets. This is because, with expiration of lifespan, the body is generally reused
by another soul (gravitational maximum). Lifetime (age) for planets will
thus be generally larger than lifespan. Lifetime may be interpreted as
the age of the body, while lifespan is the average lifespan of the soul in
a particular system. There are at least 3 ways to calculate the 3rd order period of existence cycle
Tx [and thus, Earth’s lifespan], all giving the same result: 14.2.1
Decay rate of 10C at U1 scale Current Solar System state may be 10C, however it is also entangled with 10Be. Half-lives of elements are inverted relative to the shared decay product between
adjacent vertical scales and, in this case, fossilized as the 3rd order period of
oscillation of the Solar System. Thus, the 3rd order period of the U1 10C is equal to the half-life of 10Be at
U0 scale. Several measurements of 10Be half-life have been performed. In example, in 1987. it was measured to be 1.51±0.06 * 106 years[53]. In example, in 1987. it was measured to be 1.51±0.06 * 106 years[53]. In 2009. it was measured to be 1.388±0.018 * 106 years[54]. 0 In 2009. it was measured to be 1.388±0.018 * 106 years[54]. 0 Even though half-life of U0 elements should be consistent during the exis-
tence cycle of U1, it changes during the transition between cycles - Tx should
be understood as the mean value. For that reason, I do not consider the value from 2009. as the average value
through the lifetime of the Solar System. It will be shown later that this value
is 1.512 * 106 years. This is the 3rd order period of the existence cycle of the Solar System, and
consequently, Earth. This is the 3rd order period of the existence cycle of the Solar System, and
consequently, Earth. 97 14.2.2
Heart rate The average heart rate of Earth can be calculated from the global average period
between geyser eruptions: ⟨Tg⟩T = 6.6 hours Note that Earth is in a superposition of quantum states and our [energy]
scale is too low to disturb that superposition. The fact that we can measure these rates [and anything else in the So-
lar System], with high precision and not disturbing the system, shows
that, while uncertainties in measurement are fundamental, the size of
uncertainty is a measurement problem arising from inadequate scale of
observational energy, a relative quantity (Planck’s constant, ℏ, as a di-
mensional constant between entangled properties, must be a relative, not
absolute constant). Note that this also shows the nature of superposition - as postulated by
CR, a system cannot be in multiple states at the same time unless these
are separated in space, and cannot be in multiple states at the same
space unless they are separated in time. For Earth heart rate = my rest heart rate = 76 bpm:
1 Earth scale minute = 76 ∗6.6 = 495 hours = 20.625 days
Given the number of heartbeats EH3/3(1 * 109, 4 * 109) = 2 * 109 and scale
invariance of heartbeats, the period is: For Earth heart rate = my rest heart rate = 76 bpm:
1 Earth scale minute = 76 ∗6.6 = 495 hours = 20.625 days
Given the number of heartbeats EH3/3(1 * 109, 4 * 109) = 2 * 109 and scale
invariance of heartbeats, the period is: For Earth heart rate = my rest heart rate = 76 bpm: For Earth heart rate = my rest heart rate = 76 bpm:
1 Earth scale minute = 76 ∗6.6 = 495 hours = 20.625 days
Given the number of heartbeats EH3/3(1 * 109, 4 * 109) = 2 * 109 and scale
invariance of heartbeats, the period is: 1 Earth scale minute = 76 ∗6.6 = 495 hours = 20.625 days
Given the number of heartbeats EH3/3(1 * 109, 4 * 109) = 2 * 109 and scale
invariance of heartbeats, the period is: Tx = 2 ∗109 ∗6.6 = 1.32 ∗1010h = 1.51 ∗106 years This number of heartbeats with a heart rate of 76 bpm corresponds to
a human lifespan of 50 years. 14.2.2
Heart rate This, I consider as the global average
human lifespan over the course of evolution on Earth’s surface (or at
least, during the last 1.512 million years). With such number of heart beats[55] (between incarnations), the Earth
would belong to, not only mammalian species, but homo species. g
y
The 3rd order cycle of the Solar System (1.512 * 106 years) can thus be
interpreted as evidence of evolutionary entanglement - a man is in its path of 98 evolution between the standard scale carbon atom and the Solar System (large
scale carbon atom). To species accustomed to the concept of birth and extroverted nature it
might appear that Earth never fully develops. This is most certainly not the case - life past the embryonic form to us
always results in change of environment, but this is only due to inadequacy of
current environment to ensure the continuity of progressive evolution, one which
includes growth of the physical form. Once extroverted intelligence evolves into, relatively more energy efficient,
introverted intelligence, there is no need for physical growth or reason for most
of conventional physical organs. Spherical form may thus be interpreted as a pinnacle of evolution, rather
than an undeveloped form of life, even though it externally manifests
itself as a mere particle, or, a piece of rock. If a man should regard any
cosmic phenomena as a deity, it should certainly be Earth, as it would
be the one closest to us. A god with whom we are strongly entangled
and thus evolutionary depend on. A god who can take and give, and
thus be real. 14.2.3
Speed of time Space-time may be represented by two dimensions, one positively polarized
(space), one negative (time), relative to a neutral one (event horizon in be-
tween). These 3 dimensions are spatially separated and quantized, but they are en-
tangled and may orbit the same body, such that orbital velocity of the event
horizon is: vEH = (vS −vT) ∗C, where vS and vT are orbital velocities of space and time dimensions, respectively. 3rd order space for Earth is 1-dimensional - the Earth is an inflated quantum
of space/time orbiting the Sun. Dimensions of [3rd order] space and time of
Earth have been further separated during inflation, but they remain entangled. Assuming that space dimension is [at] Earth’s orbital radius, the time dimension
should be somewhere in the higher orbit. where vS and vT are orbital velocities of space and time dimensions, respectively. 3rd order space for Earth is 1-dimensional - the Earth is an inflated quantum
of space/time orbiting the Sun. Dimensions of [3rd order] space and time of
Earth have been further separated during inflation, but they remain entangled. Assuming that space dimension is [at] Earth’s orbital radius, the time dimension
should be somewhere in the higher orbit. Time dimension velocity is quantized by vS: vT(n) =
(n + j) + (n −i) ± [(n + j) ∗(n −i)]−1 −i
∗
(n + j) ± [(n + j) ∗(n −i)2]−1 −j ∗vS(n) n, i, j ∈Z 99 i = n −C1 , j = C2 −n , i + j = C2 −C1 C1, C2 ∈N The values in square brackets, depending on the sign, give maximum and min-
imum values of vT during the cycle state. The average (mean) vT : vT(n)AV G =
(n+j)+(n−i)
−i∗
(n+j)
−j∗vS(n) =
2n+j−i
−i∗
n+j
−j∗vS(n) vT(n)AV G =
(n+j)+(n−i)
−i∗
(n+j)
−j∗vS(n) =
2n+j−i
−i∗
n+j
−j∗vS(n) vT(n)AV G =
C1 + C2
C1−n ∗
C2
n−C2 ∗vS(n) For inner planets, in state 6p4n: C1 = 2 , C2 = 3 vT(n) = [5+(3∗2)−1]−i∗[3+(3∗4)−1]−j∗vS(n) = (5+6−1)−i∗(3+12−1)−j∗vS(n) i = n −2 , j = 3 −n , i + j = 1 vT(n) ≈1
vn
∗vS(n) , vn = vn−1 + 2n−2 , v0 =
2
3
−1
=
N
P
−1 Solar System may also be observed as a hydrogen-like atom, where space, time
and event horizon dimensions have been split into 4 component vectors (levels). 14.2.3
Speed of time p
p
(
)
The event horizon velocity (derived from vS and vT ), given the orbital energy
level vectors for inner (n1), outer (n2) planets and the oscillatory vector k: The event horizon velocity (derived from vS and vT ), given the orbital energy
level vectors for inner (n1), outer (n2) planets and the oscillatory vector k: n1 =
5
3
3
10
, n2 =
1
3
5
5
, k =
0
31
32
52
vEH = (vS −vT) ∗
n1 + k ⊕n2
101
+ k
102
, where ⊕is the sign operator: a ⊕b =
−1a1+1 ∗b1
−1a2+1 ∗b2
−1a3+1 ∗b3
−1a4+1 ∗b4
100 Note that the ratio of sums of elements of n2 and n1 is:
P n2
P n1
= 14
21 = 2
3 = N
P Note that the ratio of sums of elements of n2 and n1 is:
P n2
P n1
= 14
21 = 2
3 = N
P Note that the ratio of sums of elements of n2 and n1 is: P n2
P n1
= 14
21 = 2
3 = N
P The event horizon velocity (from vS only): The event horizon velocity (from vS only): vEH0(n) = rS(n)
rMars
vS(n) =
1
rMars
p
GM ∗rS(n)
cEH = 1 km
s vEH(n) = vEH0(n) +
−1
(δjn,2)
1 + 2(1−δj,i+1) −
ij + 1
3(−2δj,i+1) 1
2
cEH, where δa,b is the Kronecker delta function. Table 18 shows space velocities for n
Planet
i
j
vS
(km/s)
vT km/s
(entan-
glement)
σT (current
value)
vEH0
(entan-
glement)
km/s
σEH0
(neu-
tron
correc-
tion)
vEH
(entan-
glement)
km/s
4
Mercury
2
-1
47.36
5.47
(Nep-
tune)
-22 * 10−2
= -0.04
12.033
(Jupiter)
+4.73
16.77
(Hygiea)
3
Venus
1
0
35.02
6.78
(Uranus)
+21 * 10−2
= +0.02
16.63
(Hygiea)
+1.275
17.9
(Ceres)
2
Earth
0
1
29.78
9.66
(Saturn)
+21 * 10−2
= +0.02
19.55
(Vesta)
-1.66
17.88
(Pallas)
1
Mars
-1
2
24.07
13.08
(Jupiter)
-21 * 10−2
= -0.02
24.07
(Mars)
-4.73
19.34
(Vesta)
Table 18: Orbital velocities of time and event horizon dimensions inner planets and calculated velocities of time and event horizon dimensions
along with their correlation with bodies of the Solar System. 14.2.3
Speed of time inner planets and calculated velocities of time and event horizon dimensions
along with their correlation with bodies of the Solar System. Evidently, the speed of time dimension decreases as the speed of space in-
creases and orbits are quantized and entangled (as predicted by CR): vS
vT
=
rrT
rS
≈(C1 + C2)n−C1 ∗CC2−n
2 vS
vT
=
rrT
rS
≈(C1 + C2)n−C1 ∗CC2−n
2 Orbital velocity of Earth’s space is 29.78 km/s. Average velocity of the event
horizon for Earth is 2/3 of this velocity, while the average velocity of time
dimension is 1/3 of this velocity: vEHAV G = 2
329.78 = 19.85333′ km/s 101 vTAV G = ct1 = 1
329.78 = 9.92666′ km/s Orbital radius of the time dimension is the space dimension of Saturn - Earth’s
time dimension is entangled with the space dimension of Saturn (time dimension
of Saturn is entangled with Earth space dimension). Orbital radius of the time dimension is the space dimension of Saturn - Earth’s
time dimension is entangled with the space dimension of Saturn (time dimension
of Saturn is entangled with Earth space dimension). Average event horizon is entangled with the current orbit of Vesta, the dwarf
planet. Deviation of vTAV G from current Saturn orbit is equal to deviation of vEHAV G
from current Vesta: vV esta = vSaturn
vTAV G
∗vEHAV G = 3 ∗9.68
29.78 ∗2
329.78 = 9.68 ∗2 = 19.36 km/s Speed of time for human bodies (ct0) is equal to standard speed of light c, given
the average life expectancy of 50 years (2*109 heartbeats with 76 bpm heart
rate), the 3rd order period of Earth’s existence cycle is: Tx = ct0
ct1
∗50 years = 3 ∗2.99792458 ∗108
29.78 ∗103
∗50 years = 1.51 ∗106 years 14.3
Body mass Proper, relativistic, equation for relationship between mass and lifespan
is thus:
G1mE = G0m
Tx
TxM
4
(M1.1)
Various results can now be obtained, depending on the value of variables,
as shown in Table 19. Note, however, that obtained mass can also be interpreted as cur-
rent imaginary mass,
rather than real mass (in that case,
real
mass = 5.9723 * 1024 kg - 7 * 1019 kg ≈5.9723 * 1024 kg). n
G1 [m3/kgs2]
G0 [m3/kgs2]
Tx
mE(n) [kg]
1
5.731534632 * 10−6
6.674 * 10−11
25.82 My
6.9543 * 1019
2
6.674 * 10−11
6.674 * 10−11
1.512 My
7.0244 * 1019
3
6.674 * 10−11
6.674 * 10−11
25.82 My
5.9723 * 1024
4
6.674 * 10−11
5.731534632 * 10−6
1.512 My
7.1816 * 1022
5
6.674 * 10−11
5.731534632 * 10−6
25.82 My
5.1290 * 1029
6
6.674 * 10−11
6.674 * 10−11
19.3 s
1.8802 * 10−30
7
4.9000394 * 10−2
6.674 * 10−11
4.25 Gy
5.9723 * 1024
Table 19: Relative Earth mass The result suggest the equation relating mass and lifespan is incomplete. Earth’s mass is apparently bigger. There is 1018 kg in surface oceans
alone, 1022 kg in the crust, 1023 kg in the inner core and more in the
mantle (based on density inferred from seismic profiles), however, these
values are relative to the gravitational constant of the standard (U0)
scale G0 (6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2). As stated before, proper relativistic (effective) mass of Earth on U1 scale
is relative to G1 (5.731534632 * 10−6 m3/kgs2). Proper, relativistic, equation for relationship between mass and lifespan
is thus:
4 G1mE = G0m
Tx
TxM
4
(M1.1) (M1.1) Various results can now be obtained, depending on the value of variables,
as shown in Table 19. Note, however, that obtained mass can also be interpreted as cur-
rent imaginary mass,
rather than real mass (in that case,
real
mass = 5.9723 * 1024 kg - 7 * 1019 kg ≈5.9723 * 1024 kg). 14.3
Body mass If Earth is a living organism, predicting real mass of Earth in the same way
as it is done with other organisms should give the result of the same order of
magnitude (it likely won’t be of equal value as Earth is evolving, gaining and
loosing mass in the process). Assuming that Earth is a mammal (or evolved from mammal), given the 3rd
order existence half-life (period) Tx of 1.512 * 106 years, mass can be calculated
from empirical relationship between mass and lifespan of mammalian species. mE
m
1
4
∗TxM = Tx mE
m
1
4
∗TxM = Tx mE
m
1
4
∗TxM = Tx Given human adult mass m of 84 kg and lifespan TxM of 50 years, mass of earth
mE is:
4 mE = m
Tx
TxM
4 mE = m
Tx
TxM
4
mE = 7 ∗1019kg Not equal to total mass of Earth, but a very interesting result. It is equal to
previously calculated Earth mass using non-invariant G, and also a quantum of
energy required for orbital excitation of Earth’s graviton. Note that the value of Tx4, 5.2 * 1024 is roughly the value of the total
gravitational mass of Earth (M = 5.9723 * 1024). 102 The same mass is obtained using the CR equation for real mass: mE = mre =
1 −
s
1 −vre2
cs2
mimg where vre = 2πrre
Tre
= 2πrs
Tre
cs =
r
Gmimg
rs
≈
r
GM
rs Using Tre = 23.9*60*60 = 86040 s, G = G0 = 6.673899 * 10−11 m3/kgs2, rs =
1206115 m, mimg ≈M = 5.9723 * 1024 kg: Using Tre = 23.9*60*60 = 86040 s, G = G0 = 6.673899 * 10−11 m3/kgs2, rs =
1206115 m, mimg ≈M = 5.9723 * 1024 kg: mE = 7 ∗1019 kg The result suggest the equation relating mass and lifespan is incomplete. Earth’s mass is apparently bigger. There is 1018 kg in surface oceans
alone, 1022 kg in the crust, 1023 kg in the inner core and more in the
mantle (based on density inferred from seismic profiles), however, these
values are relative to the gravitational constant of the standard (U0)
scale G0 (6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2). As stated before, proper relativistic (effective) mass of Earth on U1 scale
is relative to G1 (5.731534632 * 10−6 m3/kgs2). 14.3
Body mass n
G1 [m3/kgs2]
G0 [m3/kgs2]
Tx
mE(n) [kg]
1
5.731534632 * 10−6
6.674 * 10−11
25.82 My
6.9543 * 1019
2
6.674 * 10−11
6.674 * 10−11
1.512 My
7.0244 * 1019
3
6.674 * 10−11
6.674 * 10−11
25.82 My
5.9723 * 1024
4
6.674 * 10−11
5.731534632 * 10−6
1.512 My
7.1816 * 1022
5
6.674 * 10−11
5.731534632 * 10−6
25.82 My
5.1290 * 1029
6
6.674 * 10−11
6.674 * 10−11
19.3 s
1.8802 * 10−30
7
4.9000394 * 10−2
6.674 * 10−11
4.25 Gy
5.9723 * 1024
Table 19: Relative Earth mass 103 Here, mE(1) is the proper relativistic mass of Earth calculated with 2nd order
Tx, mE(2) is the proper relativistic mass calculated using 3rd order Tx. Third
mass, mE(3), is the mass of Earth relative to standard scale (mE0) calculated
using 2nd order Tx. Masses mE(4) and mE(5) could be considered as inverse (or anti) masses of
Earth relative to its [past] event horizon (inner core maximum). [
]
(
)
Note that mE(4) is [roughly?] equal to 2/3 of the mass of the Earth’s inner
core, while mE(5) is roughly 1/4 of the Sun’s mass. Note also the presence of multiple periods in the cycling of Earth’s [maximum]
existence, 1.512 My and 25.82 My. While the shorter period could be con-
sidered as a fossil of the Solar System U0 half-life (10Be0), this entanglement
cannot be lost completely and some time compression at the end of 1.512 My
cycles can also be expected. While the periods of 2nd and 3rd order represent the half-life of Earth’s grav-
itational maximum quanta, these do not represent the lifespan of Earth. At the end of these cycles, major maximum, effectively, only temporarily col-
lapses (partially, in time and space), proportionally to the cycle period. If
the maximum is interpreted as a soul, which I am convinced is the correct
interpretation, such collapse is, effectively, a temporary loss of consciousness. At the end of these cycles, major maximum, effectively, only temporarily col-
lapses (partially, in time and space), proportionally to the cycle period. If
the maximum is interpreted as a soul, which I am convinced is the correct
interpretation, such collapse is, effectively, a temporary loss of consciousness. 14.3
Body mass be associated with U1 scale and G1(7) with U2 scale. If one assumes that: G1(7) = 1
10
G1(1)
G0(1)G1(1) 14.3
Body mass I have previously hypothesized that the Solar System is a product of annihila-
tion and inflation of 10C and 10Be atoms of smaller scale, thus, entanglement
with 10C can also be expected, although the collapse and the induced time
(evolution) compression should be negligible due to short half-life (19.3 s) of
10C. I have previously hypothesized that the Solar System is a product of annihila-
tion and inflation of 10C and 10Be atoms of smaller scale, thus, entanglement
with 10C can also be expected, although the collapse and the induced time
(evolution) compression should be negligible due to short half-life (19.3 s) of
10C. Note that Earth is in 2e configuration, and with Tx of 19.3 s, mass of
Earth [mE(6)] becomes roughly equal to the mass of 2 standard electrons
(or positrons). If mE(4) and mE(5) are correlated with Earth’s inner core and Sun mass, the
data suggests asymmetry between mass and inverse mass, growing with period
Tx. The solution is the inflation of Tx and/or G. /
With G0 [roughly] equal to 2.222 * 10−5 m3/kgs2, mE(5) becomes equal to
the mass of the Sun, while for G0 [roughly] equal to 1.9561 * 10−5, mE(4)
becomes equal to to the proper relativistic mass of the Sun. The same can be obtained with Tx equal to 36.23 My and 2.06 My, respectively. With a period of 555619.11 years, mE(4) becomes equal to inner core mass
(assuming that mass is 1.1 * 1023 kg). Interestingly, for Tx equal to the 1st order period (4.25 Gy), the result of
equation M1.1, rounded to 2 decimals, is equal to speed of light on U1 scale
(2.93 * 106 m/s) multiplied by 1017. (
/ )
Note also that the ratio between G1(7) and G1(1) is roughly equal to ratio
between G1(1) and G0(1) divided by 10: G1(7) ≈1
10
G1(1)
G0(1)G1(1) G1(7) ≈1
10
G1(1)
G0(1)G1(1) which is consistent with association of different G’s to different vertical energy
levels and therefore to scale (period) of general oscillation. If G0(1) would as hypothesized previously belong to U0 scale G1(1) should If G0(1) would, as hypothesized previously, belong to U0 scale, G1(1) should 104 be associated with U1 scale and G1(7) with U2 scale. If one assumes that:
G1(7) = 1
10
G1(1)
G0(1)G1(1)
one obtains a Tx of the 1st order of 4.254788 Gy (4.254788 * 109 years). 14.4
Future development, neurogenesis Here I hypothesize that cultivation of life on the surface of a planet is a cultiva-
tion of precursor neuron cells and proteins (relative to the planet) which are, at
the point of differentiation transferred to planet’s [brain] mantle layers. Similar
to accelerated (time compressed) evolution during human embryo-genesis, I hy-
pothesize that effective time compression occurs during planetary evolution too
- with the end of each cycle of general oscillation of the Solar System (Earth)
and with amount of compression being inversely proportional to cycle order. The points of differentiation and migration in neurogenesis are major mass
extinction events (although limited transfer might occur in smaller extinctions
too), which are thus only relative extinctions - life is not completely extinct,
it undergoes rapid evolution and migrates away to mantle where it continues
evolution. I hypothesize that Earth’s brain has, like human brain, 6 major layers, and
that complete formation of these layers requires 6 major mass extinctions during
Phanerozoic. At this point, there is no doubt that we are amidst an major extinction
event, a 6th one. Being part of neurogenesis, extinction events must be programmed at some
level and, at least roughly, periodic. Extinction events have relative triggers. While in the past these may have
been impactors and volcanism, current extinction seems to have an anthro-
pogenic trigger. Thus, one might conclude that current extinction is not part of neurogenesis,
rather a part of unlimited cancer growth. However, tumors in humans are known
to induce neurogenesis (it is one mechanism enabling migration - metastasis). I find the induction questionable though - humans are not consciously trig-
gering neurogenesis on Earth, it is thus more plausible for neurogenesis to be a
reaction of the immune system to inhibit cancer growth. Extinctions coupled
with neurogenesis go in favour of such hypothesis. In case of cancer in humans
though, and at least during adult neurogenesis in humans, the immune system
seems to fail to cure or exterminate the cancerous cells in most cases (in case of
humans who are cancerous themselves for Earth, I believe). )
The immune system of Earth though, should be more advanced, and I believe
cancerous homo.beta[56] will be subdued. 105 Homo.beta refers to species of humans currently inhabiting the Earth’s
surface, self-proclaimed homo sapiens. 14.4
Future development, neurogenesis Two
models were developed for CO2/pH concentration (low- and high- CO2,
with a difference in pH minimum between the two being less than 0.2), in
high-CO2 model, the pH minimum is 7.35, very close to predicted 7.33
minimum. The work, however, favours the low-CO2 model, so it cannot
be excluded that Earth’s CSF pH is somewhat higher (less acidic) than
human. In any case, the existence of a pH minimum and it’s value strongly
support the theory of neurogenesis. Note that the pH minimum (7.33 as hypothesized), associated with CSF,
must have been reached before on Earth during mass extinction events. The research confirms this, ie. for Permo-Triassic[58]. The cited work shows a [relatively] rapid drop in pH to a minimum,
followed by rapid increase and slow progress toward stabilization. Two
models were developed for CO2/pH concentration (low- and high- CO2,
with a difference in pH minimum between the two being less than 0.2), in
high-CO2 model, the pH minimum is 7.35, very close to predicted 7.33
minimum. The work, however, favours the low-CO2 model, so it cannot
be excluded that Earth’s CSF pH is somewhat higher (less acidic) than
human. In any case, the existence of a pH minimum and it’s value strongly
support the theory of neurogenesis. A precursor of 6 mantle layers has likely been created in events during Pre-
cambrian era, while population with neuron cells and final formation is occurring
in Phanerozoic. There have been 5 major extinctions in Phanerozoic, thus the next event
should populate top layers and complete the formation of the final layer (I): Formed layers of Earth’s brain are shown on Fig. 17. Comparing with other
layers, it seems evident that layer I is yet to be completed - green line shows
possible seismic velocities after formation. Energy from the Sun provides incubation energy used for the maintenance
of the Earth’s surface ecosystem and weak evolution, but additional energy is
needed for the formation of brain layers of homo.omega. 14.4
Future development, neurogenesis For various reasons, I consider
the title homo sapiens premature for this species, so I have reserved it
for an evolved form of human. Judging by past major extinctions, and correlating with human neurogenesis,
these events should be expected with the advancement of planetary neurogene-
sis: • increasing rate of volcanism and earthquakes (due to gyrification/forma-
tion of brain tissue, incl. fragmentation/cracking of the crust and flooding
of the surface, curing cancer?), • asteroid/cometary impacts (providing energy, acting as specific event trig-
gers - ie. graviton energy level changes, curing cancer?), • water level changes (melting of polar ice to enable migration, flooding of
surface with water from interior, curing cancer?), • ocean pH reaching minimum (possibly triggering migration, curing can-
cer?). • ocean pH reaching minimum (possibly triggering migration, curing can-
cer?). Migration of cells and proteins from surface to mantle layers requires tunnels
connecting these regions. Most likely, these tunnels exist on specific places and
are recreated or reopened at time of migration. A likely place for such tunnel
opening on surface is the south pole, but may exist on north pole of a planet
too. One fact going in favour of this hypothesis is that during all previous
major extinctions there were periods when poles were free from ice. Al-
though, one could argue that, during Phanerozoic, world was more often
without polar ice caps, than with. Cells and proteins are transferred with the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -
a salty ocean. In humans, CSF has a pH of 7.33, and, since pH is scale invariant
the pH of Earth’s CSF should be roughly equal. The current acidification of
Earth’s oceans will, therefore, probably continue until pH drops to this value,
when migration should follow. Afterwards, new surface water may be delivered
by asteroid impacts, but it is also possible that some or most of it returns from
the mantle. Based on correlation with atmospheric CO2, climate models predict the hy-
pothesized pH minimum in year 2300 AD for an atmospheric concentration of
CO2 of 1900 ppmv[57] (all fossil-fuel sources burned). 106 Note that the pH minimum (7.33 as hypothesized), associated with CSF,
must have been reached before on Earth during mass extinction events. The research confirms this, ie. for Permo-Triassic[58]. The cited work shows a [relatively] rapid drop in pH to a minimum,
followed by rapid increase and slow progress toward stabilization. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. This energy is delivered through asteroid (could be interpreted as food) and
possibly cometary (water/organic compounds) impacts. Year 2300 AD for the event is very conservative though, as it is based on
linear extrapolation, does not include rising water temperatures and reaction of
the biosphere. Acidification of water at these events must be, in large part, driven by injec-
tions of gases through oceanic ridges and vents which would introduce significant
departure from linear correlation of pH with atmospheric CO2. Mathematical analysis of past extinctions[60] also suggests sooner triggering
of the 6th major extinction event, by the year 2100[61]. From Fig. 18 and more recent models[63], it is evident that CO2 concentra-
tion has a decreasing trend (expected due to increased energy from the Sun =
less greenhouse gases needed to maintain the temperature). Everything in nature oscillates (and fluctuates) so this decrease in amplitude 107 Figure 17: Layers of Earth’s brain, superimposed on seismic velocities59 Figure 17: Layers of Earth’s brain, superimposed on seismic velocities59 Figure 17: Layers of Earth’s brain, superimposed on seismic velocities59 108 Figure 18: The history of atmospheric CO2 concentration62 Figure 18: The history of atmospheric CO2 concentration62 should not be linear either, however some periodicity in extinctions must be
present. Statistically significant periodicity of extinctions[64] (at least in the last 250
million years) has been noted before - 26, and more recently, 27 million years
between extinctions[65]. In any case, due to differences in extinction strength,
multiple harmonics (or energy splitting of a single oscillator) are possible. (
)
Using available data, one can construct models for atmospheric CO2 con-
centration synchronized with the oceanic pH minimum of a particular major
extinction, as shown in Table 20. year [mya]
a)
CO2
[ppm]
b)
CO2
[ppm]
c)
CO2
[ppm]
d)
CO2
[ppm]
e)
CO2
[ppm]
444
3800
200
2000
3800
2000
370
1000
2000
1000
1800
1200
252
800
900
800
800
800
201
1800
1800
1800
1800
600
66
250
250
250
300
500
0
450
700
750
800
450
Table 20: CO2 pH minimum marker models Models are constructed in such a way to simulate oscillation of CO2 markers
and compression of the amplitude with time, but they are also quantized - each
marker is a multiple of 50 ppm CO2 quantum. Some of the models are shown in Fig. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. 19, blue dots are major extinction
events, red triangles are minor extinction events (the curve does not necessarily
follow actual CO2 levels between the extinctions, it is only used to illustrate
oscillation of markers). From these models, grouping of extinctions (suggesting oscillation of fre- 109 Figure 19: CO2 pH minimum marker models a) and b) (blue dots = major
extinction events, red = minor extinction events, on b) grey = icehouse periods,
white = greenhouse periods) Figure 19: CO2 pH minimum marker models a) and b) (blue dots = major
extinction events, red = minor extinction events, on b) grey = icehouse periods,
white = greenhouse periods) 110 quency) becomes more apparent. Major extinctions can be grouped into pairs
separated by 126.5 (±8.5) million years, while paired extinctions are separated
by roughly half that distance - 62.5 (±11.5) million years. Minor extinctions
(420, 305, 145 and 34 mya) may be grouped in the same way - pairs separated
by 160 million years, 113 (±2) million years separation of paired extinctions. Model a) is the product of energy level splitting of a single oscillator, while
b) is the product of 2 harmonic oscillators - one high energy (major) and one
low energy (minor). Points on the curve should not be interpreted as maximum atmospheric CO2
levels across the boundary, simply the points of migration or pH minimums. While these particular models may be speculative, all Phanerozoic CO2 mod-
els show decreasing CO2 over time (this should be more evident when comparing
boundaries of major extinction events) and recent research shows that maximum
atmospheric CO2 across the K-Pg boundary (last major extinction) was
875
ppm[66]. Thus, the maximum atmospheric CO2 concentration during current extinc-
tion should be lower than 875 ppm, probably not higher than 800 ppm and
likely lower than 800 ppm (suggesting that a larger part of acidification will not
be sourced in atmospheric CO2). Recent history of CO2 concentration is shown in Fig. 20. Assuming that
CO2 has been, during that history, correlated with rate of evolution, one can
extrapolate the relation for accelerated evolution of the current extinction. Development and evolution of organisms is generally strongly correlated
with temperature. It should not be surprising then that increasing CO2
(which is synchronized with increasing temperature) is correlated with
the increase in rate of evolution on Earth’s surface. Extrapolating from Fig. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. 20, from year 1850 onward: CO2 = 300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x
ppmv
(C1.1)
x = T −1905
10 ∗55
= T −1905
550 (C1.1) which, for the concentration of 800 ppmv gives year T = 2075. Note that the equation roughly corresponds to IPCC RCP8.5 (Repre-
sentative Concentration Pathway 8.5) scenario. Both predict equal CO2
for year 2100, however, RCP8.5 predicts 800 ppm to be reached sooner
- in year 2066. RCP8.5 is considered a worst-case scenario and, at this point, still may
be considered unlikely. 111 Figure 20: Recent history of CO2 concentration67 Figure 20: Recent history of CO2 concentration67 112 However, while replacement of coal with other energy sources may af-
fect human CO2 emissions, it is not reducing human impact on nature,
which is not proportional to CO2 emissions, rather to energy (resources)
consumption, which is growing as usual. If the point of no return is passed, human emissions are completely irrel-
evant and positive feedback mechanisms will produce climate consistent
with the RCP8.5 scenario. Humanity may be slowly abandoning the business of CO2 emissions, but,
as proper cancer, it has not abandoned the unsustainable infinite growth
policy. y
Climate is a part of an eco-system, it evolves with the eco-system, and
one cannot expect that disruption of eco-systems won’t impact climate. Mass extinctions are always synchronized with climate disruptions. While humans may eventually reduce their CO2 emissions significantly, the
rate of evolution should keep accelerating according to equation and, regardless
of atmospheric CO2 (which may still be increasing even with 0 human emis-
sions), the required pH minimum will eventually be reached. Asteroid impacts, previously correlated with Earth’s graviton energy level
changes, should start before the migration, increasing in frequency and energy
afterwards. Although required energy for changes may be lower than in previous
major extinctions, it should still be significant. Lower requirement for energy from asteroids, natural earthquakes and
volcanism, if real, may be due to presence of effective anthropogenic
equivalents (ie. wars, nuclear detonations, drilling, etc.). Assuming interval between impacts is quantized proportionally to a 50 ppm
quantum of CO2, given the C1.1 equation, one can calculate years of impact
correlated with possible impactors, as shown in Table 21. Evidently, there are
good candidates among extinction causing asteroids in NEO (near Earth orbit)
for calculated dates. Fission of extinction pulses is possible (multiple impacts, ie. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. one in 2029
and other in 2066) and may be interpreted as splitting of energy levels (break-
ing of Apophis - homo induced?), which has probably happened in previous
extinctions. Note 1: According to current models based on Newtonian or GR me-
chanics, none of these asteroids is on a collision course with Earth in
near future. 113 model
CO2
[ppm]
year of
impact
associated
im-
pactor (diameter)
impactor
closest
approaches
2nd
order
impactor
(diameter)
a), e)
450
2029
99942
Apophis
(≈375 m)
2029, 2065
b)
700
2066
99942
Apophis
(≈375 m)
2029, 2065
c)
750
2071
1866 Sisyphus (≈7
km)
2058, 2071
2000 SG344
(37 m)
d)
800
2075
162173 Ryugu (≈1
km)
2076
Table 21: Calculated impact dates and possible impactors (2nd order = lower
energy) Table 21: Calculated impact dates and possible impactors (2nd order = lower
energy) However, these models do not predict periodic existence/extinction
pulses coupling with a collapse and inflation of gravitational maxima. As argued before (see chapter 11.1), there are good reasons to believe
that courses of asteroids are altered at times of extinctions. If these impacts are genetically coded at some level, as hypothesized, they
should not be questionable, it is only the source and method of delivery
that may be unknown prior to the event. Note 2: Interestingly, there was an impact event on Earth at the time
when 400 ppm CO2 was reached (Chelyabinsk meteor, ≈20 m diameter,
2013.), agreeing with hypothesized 50 ppm quantization and suggesting
that, not only are intervals between impacts quantized, but that impacts
could be expected with every 50 ppm of CO2 increase. However, if the events are generally correlated with the average ppm
value given by the C1.1 equation, which gives year 2015 for 400 ppm, the
400 pm in year 2013 should be understood as deviation due to inherent
uncertainty. Assuming probability of correlation of these events with CO2 signifi-
cantly increases once CO2 rises above background levels, the first event
should have occurred at 300 ppm - the beginning of industrial revolution. Indeed, one such event has [almost?] occurred at 300 ppm - Tunguska,
1908. The equation gives year 1992 for 350 ppm. No meteors of comparable
impact energy were recorded in or around 1992., probably eliminating
significant direct impacts on land area. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. If such event did occur, it has
likely occurred over the ocean (or island), triggering large waves and
possibly earthquakes. Interestingly, an 7.2+ magnitude earthquake and
tsunami wave did occur offshore in Nicaragua - in 1992. This earth-
quake is notable for tsunami wave being unusually large (9.9 m high) 114 for the strength of the earthquake (belonging to a group of rare tsunami
earthquakes). I do not believe, however, that the impact caused the earthquake. This
was likely the effect of synchronization of events (synchronicity) - the
tsunami was caused by the earthquake but it was amplified by the im-
pact. The Earth is a living being and it would not be surprising it reacts
to incoming bolides and impactors (just like humans do) to some degree. I have witnessed such synchronization myself - on 2019.03.07 I have ob-
served a larger meteor burning up in the atmosphere exactly at the time
of earthquake in Hungary, it’s trajectory was toward the epicentre. It
is even possible that Earth reacts to every possible impactor, although
the reaction may be proportional to impactor energy and thus usually
negligible. Also interesting about the Nicaragua event is that it occurred at the
time of my birthday (September 1st, local time) producing an obvious
signal[68] for me. I interpret this as a confirmation that the meteor was
involved in this event, although I am aware many could have a problem
with such interpretation. At the point of writing of this paper, such sign[al]s are still considered
meaningless by modern science (they are treated as mere coincidence). However, with CR the phenomena becomes not only real, but a [rel-
atively] special form of synchronization and a driver of evolution with
exponentially increasing significance near the end of an existence cycle. Thus, if one doesn’t believe in signals of synchronicity (I didn’t before I
started experiencing them) I suggest one to study all my work, particu-
larly the work referenced above. I must admit, however, that my interpretation of the signal could be
wrong. Note that Nicaragua, Chelyabinsk and Tunguska impact sites on the
world map can be connected with a straight line - a correlation suggesting
that next impact may also occur somewhere along this line (even the
Chicxulub, Yucatan crater is close). Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Although there were no sightings of large meteors over land, a smaller
magnitude impact was recorded on land area in 1992 - the Peekskill
meteorite. It was recorded one month after the Nicaragua event and is
notable for hitting a car in urban area (possibly a fragment of a larger
body that fell elsewhere?). Also interesting, and symbolic, is the fact that the last visit of the Hal-
ley’s comet to the inner Solar System occurred at the time when 350 ppm
CO2 was first reached - in 1986., and the next time it will be close to
Earth is 2061. - exactly at 650 ppm (calculated using the C1.1 equation). It is currently hypothesized that Tunguska event was caused by a large
body which eventually escaped Earth’s atmosphere - it can thus be in-
terpreted as a warning. 115 Given the fact that neither the Chelyabinsk nor hypothesized Nicaragua
meteor did not directly impact land, it appears these too were warnings. However, I do not interpret these as warnings, I believe one purpose of the
atmosphere is to disintegrate incoming bodies to protect life during weak
evolution. Thus, much larger bodies and impacts should be expected
only as events synchronized with strong evolution. y
y
g
These recent events may thus be interpreted as signals of things to come. These recent events may thus be interpreted as signals of things to
After these 3 misses, I believe next will be impacts. y
p
g
After these 3 misses, I believe next will be impacts. Note that Newton calculated year 2060 as [the beginning of] the end of
surface world, although he revised this year later to 2016 by the sugges-
tion of others. His final decision to revise the year was, however, based
on a signal. As he was doing calculations, large earthquake occurred
which he later interpreted as a signal that the year 2060 is wrong. This
earthquake was a signal, but he misinterpreted its meaning - large and
frequent earthquakes are to be expected at the end. The year 2016 is not there without a meaning for me though, it is the
year of my soul rebirth (change of energy level) occurring at the age of
35 of the incarnation[69]. Note 3: Interestingly, at time of the Chelyabinsk event, Apophis asteroid
was in close approach. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. For 10Be, incorporating the value from the most recent measurements
(T1 = 2010, T1/2(2010) = 1.387 * 106 y), the half-life equation is:
T1/2 = 2 ∗1.387 ∗106 −
1.387 ∗106
385.915461731 ∗300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x
and
it
gives
values
in
good
agreement
with
pre-
vious
measurements,
as
shown
in
Table
22. year
calculated [106 years]
sample
measured [106 years]
1947
1.665
1.7 ±0.4 * †
1947 (2)
1.665
1.6 ±0.2 * †
1972
1.608
1.5 ±0.3
1975
1.597
1.48 ±0.15
1986
1.550
NIST-4325
1.34 ±0.07
1987
1.545
ORNL-MASTER
1.51 ±0.06 †
1993
1.513
NIST-4325
1.53 ±5% (1.53 ±0.07) †
1993 (2)
1.513
ICN
1.48 ±5% (1.48 ±0.06) †
2007
1.413
ICN
1.36 ±0.07
2010
1.387
1.388 ±0.018
2010 (2)
1.387
1.386 ±0.016
Table 22: Calculation and measurements70 of 10Be half-life
* the value is not the initially published value, but the result of reanalysis/correction in
1972.,
† these values are discarded by scientific community, citing potential systematic errors
(based on the presumption of absolute constancy of decay rates). All measurements agree well with calculated values, except for 1986 - if there were no
flaws in measurement, this may be attributed to deviation due to cycling (similar to yearly
fluctuation of CO2). Note, however, that measurement 1993 was done on the same SRM
(Standard Reference Material) sample and discrepancy suggests one of these measurements
is wrong. 117 of the equation, one correlated with half-lives of elements: of the equation, one correlated with half-lives of elements: T1/2 = 2C1 −
C1
CO2(T1) ∗CO2 = 2C1 −
C1
CO2(T1) ∗300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x
(C1.2)
x = T −1905
10 ∗55
= T −1905
550 where C1 = T1/2(T1) is the half-life of the element measured at time
T1. The equation gives half-life of 0 at, or near, T = 2075, which is
the year when CO2(T) is equal to 800 ppm. Just like in case of CO2
I do not expect for half-lives to follow the equation continuously (ie. half-life might appear constant and then get reduced significantly in an
instant). Generally, changes in decay rates should require sudden changes
in properties of space. where C1 = T1/2(T1) is the half-life of the element measured at time
T1. The equation gives half-life of 0 at, or near, T = 2075, which is
the year when CO2(T) is equal to 800 ppm. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Considering that the composition of Chelyabinsk
meteor seems to match the composition of Apophis surface (LL chon-
drite) a probability exists that the meteor broke offof Apophis and is
thus a part of impactor energy splitting. Note 4: All above confirms that the initially chosen 50 ppm quantum
was good. I cannot attribute this to blind luck. The coherence of signals
with my thoughts has been only growing ever since I’ve started experi-
encing them. Even prior to the models, based on intuition, I have felt
years 2029 and 2066 as probable impact dates, and I wasn’t even aware
of Apophis at the time. For me, the outcome of models and equations is often a confirmation of
a signal rather than the other way around. However, I will rarely mention signals [or use them as evidence] in my
works, as I believe most of people do not sense or recognize them yet and
even I could still misinterpret the signal. That is one of the reasons I
use common logic, equations and models to explain, analyse and predict
phenomena. This, I consider necessary to fine-tune the coherence and
signal interpretation. Note 5: The equation C1.1 is one variant of a universal equation for a
pulse of strong evolution. That 800 ppm as the CO2 marker maximum
was a good prediction can be confirmed with another variant (inverse) 116 of the equation, one correlated with half-lives of elements:
T1/2 = 2C1 −
C1
CO2(T1) ∗CO2 = 2C1 −
C1
CO2(T1) ∗300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x
(C1.2)
x = T −1905
10 ∗55
= T −1905
550
where C1 = T1/2(T1) is the half-life of the element measured at time
T1. The equation gives half-life of 0 at, or near, T = 2075, which is
the year when CO2(T) is equal to 800 ppm. Just like in case of CO2
I do not expect for half-lives to follow the equation continuously (ie. half-life might appear constant and then get reduced significantly in an
instant). Generally, changes in decay rates should require sudden changes
in properties of space. One exception to this, in the Solar System, might be the half-life of
10Be, due to vertical entanglement with the U1 system. Solar System
(scale U1) cycles through 10(C-B-Be) and I would expect a continuous
precursor enrichment in 10B at a lower scale (U0) before the state change
of U1. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Note also that decay rates may not be changing directly (affecting half-life) rather effec-
tively (CR requires effective oscillation in particle decay, but these changes will not always
be reflected in half-life of the element) - ie. through spallation reactions. Note 6: In the previous note it was assumed that half-life decreases fast and the equation
allows it to eventually drop to zero (although, the compression of time implies that this
state lasts 0 time - thus, effectively, half-life never becomes 0). Another possibility, although unlikely, is that half-life cannot ever reach zero, even for 0 If indeed the half-life of 10Be is decreasing as hypothesized, modern science has been
effectively doing cherry-picking here - discarding results which do not agree well, or are in
discrepancy, with latest measurements. Given the current precision of measurements, a new measurement at this point in time
which would agree with the calculation would be in discrepancy with measurements from
2010. and would thus confirm the hypothesis of continuous decrease of 10Be half-life prior
to the extinction event. Note that this effect on decay rates is temporary and significant only at the end of a cycle
of general oscillation up to the 3rd order. Note also that decay rates may not be changing directly (affecting half-life) rather effec-
tively (CR requires effective oscillation in particle decay, but these changes will not always
be reflected in half-life of the element) - ie. through spallation reactions. Note 6: In the previous note it was assumed that half-life decreases fast and the equation
allows it to eventually drop to zero (although, the compression of time implies that this
state lasts 0 time - thus, effectively, half-life never becomes 0). )
Another possibility, although unlikely, is that half-life cannot ever reach zero, even for 0
time. In that case, the equation might have this form: T1/2 = C1 ∗CO2(T1) ∗
1
CO2
= C1 ∗CO2(T1) ∗
300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x−1
This
yields,
for
T1
=
1987
(C1
=
1.512
*
106
y,
CO2(T1)
=
341.83707500861),
results
in
Table
23. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Note that this effect on decay rates is temporary and significant only at the end of a cycle
of general oscillation up to the 3rd order. Note also that decay rates may not be changing directly (affecting half-life) rather effec-
tively (CR requires effective oscillation in particle decay, but these changes will not always
be reflected in half-life of the element) - ie. through spallation reactions. Note 6: In the previous note it was assumed that half-life decreases fast and the equation
allows it to eventually drop to zero (although, the compression of time implies that this
state lasts 0 time - thus, effectively, half-life never becomes 0). Another possibility, although unlikely, is that half-life cannot ever reach zero, even for 0
time. In that case, the equation might have this form:
T1/2 = C1 ∗CO2(T1) ∗
1
CO2
= C1 ∗CO2(T1) ∗
300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x−1
This
yields,
for
T1
=
1987
(C1
=
1.512
*
106
y,
CO2(T1)
=
341.83707500861),
results
in
Table
23. year
calculated [106 years]
sample
measured [106 years]
1947
1.676 ±0.044
1.7 ±0.4 * †
1947 (2)
1.676 ±0.044
1.6 ±0.2 * †
1972
1.593 ±0.044
1.5 ±0.3
1975
1.579 ±0.044
1.48 ±0.15
1986
1.518 ±0.044
NIST-4325
1.34 ±0.07
1987
1.512 ±0.044
ORNL-MASTER
1.51 ±0.06 †
1993
1.473 ±0.044
NIST-4325
1.53 ±5% (1.53 ±0.07) †
1993 (2)
1.473 ±0.044
ICN
1.48 ±5% (1.48 ±0.06) †
2007
1.365 ±0.044
ICN
1.36 ±0.07
2010
1.339 ±0.044
1.388 ±0.018
2010 (2)
1.339 ±0.044
1.386 ±0.016
Table 23: Calculation and measurements of 10Be half-life
where error margin in calculation is the scaled variation of CO2 (10 ppm). If indeed the half-life of 10Be is decreasing as hypothesized, modern science has been
effectively doing cherry-picking here - discarding results which do not agree well, or are in
discrepancy, with latest measurements. Given the current precision of measurements, a new measurement at this point in time
which would agree with the calculation would be in discrepancy with measurements from
2010. and would thus confirm the hypothesis of continuous decrease of 10Be half-life prior
to the extinction event. Note that this effect on decay rates is temporary and significant only at the end of a cycle
of general oscillation up to the 3rd order. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Just like in case of CO2
I do not expect for half-lives to follow the equation continuously (ie. half-life might appear constant and then get reduced significantly in an
instant). Generally, changes in decay rates should require sudden changes
in properties of space. One exception to this, in the Solar System, might be the half-life of
10Be, due to vertical entanglement with the U1 system. Solar System
(scale U1) cycles through 10(C-B-Be) and I would expect a continuous
precursor enrichment in 10B at a lower scale (U0) before the state change
of U1. For 10Be, incorporating the value from the most recent measurements
(T1 = 2010, T1/2(2010) = 1.387 * 106 y), the half-life equation is: T1/2 = 2 ∗1.387 ∗106 −
1.387 ∗106
385.915461731 ∗300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x and
it
gives
values
in
good
agreement
with
pre-
vious
measurements,
as
shown
in
Table
22. year
calculated [106 years]
sample
measured [106 years]
1947
1.665
1.7 ±0.4 * †
1947 (2)
1.665
1.6 ±0.2 * †
1972
1.608
1.5 ±0.3
1975
1.597
1.48 ±0.15
1986
1.550
NIST-4325
1.34 ±0.07
1987
1.545
ORNL-MASTER
1.51 ±0.06 †
1993
1.513
NIST-4325
1.53 ±5% (1.53 ±0.07) †
1993 (2)
1.513
ICN
1.48 ±5% (1.48 ±0.06) †
2007
1.413
ICN
1.36 ±0.07
2010
1.387
1.388 ±0.018
2010 (2)
1.387
1.386 ±0.016 Table 22: Calculation and measurements70 of 10Be half-life * the value is not the initially published value, but the result of reanalysis/correction in
1972.,
† these values are discarded by scientific community, citing potential systematic errors
(based on the presumption of absolute constancy of decay rates). All measurements agree well with calculated values, except for 1986 - if there were no
flaws in measurement, this may be attributed to deviation due to cycling (similar to yearly
fluctuation of CO2). Note, however, that measurement 1993 was done on the same SRM
(Standard Reference Material) sample and discrepancy suggests one of these measurements
is wrong. 117 If indeed the half-life of 10Be is decreasing as hypothesized, modern science has been
effectively doing cherry-picking here - discarding results which do not agree well, or are in
discrepancy, with latest measurements. Given the current precision of measurements, a new measurement at this point in time
which would agree with the calculation would be in discrepancy with measurements from
2010. and would thus confirm the hypothesis of continuous decrease of 10Be half-life prior
to the extinction event. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. year
calculated [106 years]
sample
measured [106 years]
1947
1.676 ±0.044
1.7 ±0.4 * †
1947 (2)
1.676 ±0.044
1.6 ±0.2 * †
1972
1.593 ±0.044
1.5 ±0.3
1975
1.579 ±0.044
1.48 ±0.15
1986
1.518 ±0.044
NIST-4325
1.34 ±0.07
1987
1.512 ±0.044
ORNL-MASTER
1.51 ±0.06 †
1993
1.473 ±0.044
NIST-4325
1.53 ±5% (1.53 ±0.07) †
1993 (2)
1.473 ±0.044
ICN
1.48 ±5% (1.48 ±0.06) †
2007
1.365 ±0.044
ICN
1.36 ±0.07
2010
1.339 ±0.044
1.388 ±0.018
2010 (2)
1.339 ±0.044
1.386 ±0.016
Table 23: Calculation and measurements of 10Be half-life
where error margin in calculation is the scaled variation of CO2 (10 ppm). T1/2 = C1 ∗CO2(T1) ∗
1
CO2
= C1 ∗CO2(T1) ∗
300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x−1 Table 23: Calculation and measurements of 10Be half-life
where error margin in calculation is the scaled variation of CO2 (10 ppm). Such pulses might not only be plausible but necessary - first pulse would
include asteroid impact(s) (possibly triggering additional ocean acidification and
formation of the layer in the mantle), the other would provide new water/life,
either by comets or asteroids. A third pulse in between might also be needed to
trigger the (now acidified - CSF) ocean sink and, relatively, sterilize the surface
(as noted before, all this is probably synchronized with magnetic field collapse,
allowing surface sterilization by UV/gamma radiation). It might seem that new water this time is not needed - as formation of mantle
layers should be complete with this extinction (corresponding to Carbon nature
of the Solar System) there is no need for cultivation of new progenitor cells
on surface. However, it probably does happen as it would provide additional
radiation protection and provide support for whatever life remains on, or near,
surface. 118 Note that, if this is the last embryonic neurogenesis event of Earth, a
collapse of Moon’s gravitational maximum probably should be expected. Remains of the Moon could then be the source of eventual impacts of
cometary nature (dust/water/ice). This is evident on Mars - as layers below the surface formed, magnetic field
receded leaving the surface sterilized. Delivered water froze and is now covered
with dust. Thus, one can only expect to find residual and resilient bacteria
within the crust of Mars. Similar happened on Venus except water evaporated due to high surface
temperature. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Nothing in nature is linear (although this approximation may be suitable
during stages of weak evolution) and in these extreme events one can expect
significant departures from linear relations (by multiple orders of magnitude)
between phenomena. Since these events are coupled with gravitational stresses of the Solar Sys-
tem one can expect temporary but significant increase in alpha and neutrino
radiation (radiation flux induced by temporary collapse of a gravitational well
associated with a large scale graviton - strongly affecting half-lives of isotopes). One interpretation of changes in decay rates could be [inverse] time di-
lation due to scale change of gravitational maxima, but what are the
mechanics? If this collapse is synchronized with the collapse of the magnetic field,
increased incidence of cosmic rays will increase decays of elements but
this is limited to surface and should not be interpreted as real, rather
effective and limited, change in decay rates. However, a mechanism for real changes does exist. Gravitational max-
imum of Earth must be entangled with static graviton neutrinos that
form its space. Spin/scale change of a gravitational maximum will thus
be synchronized with spin/scale changes of these neutrinos. In equilib-
rium, when the gravitational well is full, these neutrinos are [most of the
time] bound to standard atoms contained in [or bound to] the gravita-
tional well of the maximum. Obviously, disturbance of these neutrinos
(decoupling from atoms) will destabilize the atoms (ie. causing annihi-
lation of positive and negative charge) and induce decays. Also note that these changes are synchronized with orbital changes of
large scale maxima in the Solar System - which, like the decay rates, are
accelerated during the pulse but return to normal after the pulse. Due to dependence of density of graviton neutrinos to distance from grav- 119 ity source (density generally inversely proportional to distance squared),
it is possible that even orbital changes in eccentric planetary orbitals are
synchronized with changes in decay rates, with some phase shift (in that
case, graviton neutrinos directly affected are the static graviton neutrinos
of the Sun’s space). However, there is no spin/scale inversion in this case
and there will likely exist a threshold eccentricity required to produce
significant effects (this can be experimentally verified with satellites in
eccentric orbit). In fact, this may have been detected already[71], and can also be corre-
lated with oscillation of fundamental constants, such as G (as presented
already). Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Due to universal synchronization and restoration of previous equilibrium
states it is hard to detect strong pulses. In fact, astronomical and geolog-
ical observations, generally, will not reveal any deviation from constancy
of decay rates. However, probably all records of cataclysmic changes
should be interpreted as fossils of this elementary destabilization. Thus, with such nature of changes (rapid excursions), the principle of
uniformitarianism will inevitably seem, but cannot be, valid. Note also that most of emitted radiation will be lost to space for the
same reason - temporary collapse of gravitational/electro-magnetic well,
thus solving the problem of missing radiogenic Helium[72]. Due to con-
servation of momentum, significant loss of heavier atmospheric particles
is not expected due to well loss, but can occur during the short exposure
to solar wind. The assumption of absolutely constant decay rates will not only produce
incorrect ages but can result in misplacement of events on a geological timescale. Thus, inconsistencies in certain geological records can serve as indirect evidence
to disruptions in decay rates. Figure 21: Neutrino pulse due to decay rate increase Figure 21: Neutrino pulse due to decay rate increase Consider the neutrino pulse on Fig. 21 - under the assumption of constant
decay rates, 3 different fossil records A, B, C may give following results: 120 • assuming non-isotropic space-time perturbation, such that fossil record A
decay is not affected by the event at tB, the event at tB (associated with
fossil record B) might appear to have happened before the event at tA
(associated with fossil record A) • assuming non-isotropic space-time perturbation, such that fossil record A
decay is not affected by the event at tB, the event at tB (associated with
fossil record B) might appear to have happened before the event at tA
(associated with fossil record A) • in case decay rates of both A and B are affected, the distance of tA an
ll b
d (
l
) • in case decay rates of both A and B are affected, the distance of tA and
t
t
t
ill b
i
d (ti
i t
l
i
) tB to tC will be increased (time interval expansion) tB to tC will be increased (time interval expansion) Neutrino flux can also be decreased indicating shortening (rather than expan-
sion) of time intervals, although in this context the increase of the flux is ex-
pected. Such compression of time is easily achievable using C1.2. In example, Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Due to accumulation, duration of fossilized events would apparently increase
with time so older events would seem longer in duration compared to more recent
events. This is exactly the case with current fossil evidence of past carbon cycle
disruptions. In such case, the current rate of CO2 injection is not different from those in
previous major extinctions (the fact that it is anthropogenic makes no differ-
ence). If one assumes that the average period between extinctions is equal to the 2nd
order oscillation period of the Solar System, in case of ideal synchronization,
it is quantized by the 3rd order period of existence (Tx = 1.512 * 106 years). In such case, assuming the period must be roughly 26 or 27 million years, the
proper period is: Td =
26 ∗106
1.512 ∗106
1.512 ∗106 =
27 ∗106
1.512 ∗106
1.512 ∗106 = 25.704 ∗106 years Td =
26 ∗106
1.512 ∗106
1.512 ∗106 =
27 ∗106
1.512 ∗106
1.512 ∗106 = 25.704 ∗106 years This is in agreement with previously determined periodicity of impact cratering
(25.8±0.6 * 106 years)[65]. One can now assume that the CO2 injection within the Cretaceous-Paleogene
(K-Pg) boundary (66.5 - 65.5 mya) is equal to current injection (currently dom-
inantly anthropogenic) and that increase of decay rate (effective compression of
time, causing boundary to be significantly overestimated in duration) is induced
within the boundary - with the start of boundary corresponding to tA and end
to tC on Fig. 21. Assuming the CO2 increased from 780 ppmv to 1440 ppmv (∆CO2 = 660
ppmv) in period 66.5 mya - 65.5 mya (∆ti = 1 million years)[73], compression
of time ∆tc with each major extinction is: ∆tc = ∆ti −∆tai = 1 ∗106 −234 = 999766 years where ∆tai is the period of 660 ppmv of anthropogenic CO2 increase since year
1850 (assuming this is the start of the new boundary), calculated using (C1.1). where ∆tai is the period of 660 ppmv of anthropogenic CO2 increase since year
1850 (assuming this is the start of the new boundary), calculated using (C1.1). Such compression of time is easily achievable using C1.2. Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. Now one can calculate time compression with each cycle (pulse) of existence
∆tcx and each extinction ∆tcd: ∆tc = ∆tcd + ∆tcx 122 ∆tcd
∆tcx
= ∆tnd
∆tnx
∆tcx = ∆tc
1
∆tnd
∆tnx + 1
= 24751.794 years ∆tcx = ∆tc
1
∆tnd
∆tnx + 1
= 24751.794 years ∆tcd = ∆tc −∆tcx = 975014.206 years ∆tcd = ∆tc −∆tcx = 975014.206 years Age of Earth is thus overestimated by: Age of Earth is thus overestimated by: σTE =
∆TEimg
Td
∆tcd +
∆TEimg
Tx
∆tcx = 245907386 years giving the real age of Earth: giving the real age of Earth: ∆TE = ∆TEimg −σTE = 4.29409 ± 0.05 ∗109 years ∆TE = ∆TEimg −σTE = 4.29409 ± 0.05 ∗109 years ∆TEimg = 4.54±0.05 * 109 years. where ∆TEimg = 4.54±0.05 * 109 years. g
If one assumes that Td is the equivalent of 1 day of human embryo de-
velopment, Earth is at the week 25 (GW25) of gestation period (right at the
beginning, in case of corrected age). The GW25 marks the end of embryonic neurogenesis in humans and thus
agrees with the hypothesis of final major extinction. The current carbon cycle disruption (6th major extinction) will thus not
span thousands ( 10000) of years as predicted by the assumption of constant
decay, but at most 234 years - starting from year 1850 (10000 years of already
passed Holocene extinction may be regarded as a precursor to the major event
starting at year 1850). 1850 + 234 = 2084 Note that this year corresponds to 950 ppm, as predicted by (C1.1). Here, homo.omega is a species of life Earth belongs to. In example, 121 for 10Be: T1/2 = 2 ∗1.512 ∗106 −
1.512 ∗106
341.83707500861 ∗300 ∗
6
5 ∗245x2x Half-life of 10Be decreasing by the above equation, reaches required time
compression in year 2065, on day 66 of the year. Source code:(Fig.:
getage.php +) Half-life of 10Be decreasing by the above equation, reaches required time
compression in year 2065, on day 66 of the year. Source code:(Fig.:
getage.php +) However, year 1850 as the start of the boundary is not convincing and recent
research shows CO2 injection of
250 ppm, not 660 ppm, within the K-Pg
boundary, though this does not affect compression (∆tc) significantly (it makes
it larger for a couple of decades at most). Most likely start of a new boundary (end of Holocene) is year 2065 or 2066,
which, with an increase of 250 ppm, gives year 2084 as the end, the same as in
the previous assumption (1850 + 234 = 2084). Number of 3rd order cycles of existence since Cretaceous-Paleogene ex-
tinction event (66 mya):
n =
tKP g
Tx
=
66 ∗106
1.512 ∗106
= 43 Number of 3rd order cycles of existence since Cretaceous-Paleogene ex-
tinction event (66 mya): n =
tKP g
Tx
=
66 ∗106
1.512 ∗106
= 43 Gravitational collapses during strong evolution pulses with a period of Tx
years (3rd order period) may last only ∆tnx = 19.3 seconds, but collapses during
stronger evolution pulses occurring with a period of Td years (2nd order) last
longer (possibly 7 days). With each extinction, gravitational collapse of the Sun releases the pressure
from condensed energy beyond the surface event horizon and the Sun effectively
starts expanding. The expansion reaches the orbit of Mars before the gravitational well is
restored, so, assuming expansion at the speed of light, time of increased decay
radiation is: ∆tnd = rM
c =
227.92 ∗109
2.99792458 ∗108 = 760.259 s = 12.671 m where rM is the distance of Mars to Sun. where rM is the distance of Mars to Sun. 14.4.1
Magnetic field collapse As noted before, the 6th major extinction will likely include the decline of
the Earth’s magnetic field, either as a temporary excursion (partial or global
collapse), part of a complete reversal, or even a longer-lasting or permanent
retreat. The Earth’s magnetic field is currently declining at an accelerated
rate, which, when coupled with the rapid movement of magnetic poles, indeed
suggests imminent collapse. The previously determined correlation of the 4th
order period of general oscillation of the Solar System with past excursions also
suggests that, at least, a magnetic excursion is near. If that is so, when will the collapse, partial or not, occur? With no further acceleration of the decline the collapse would occur sometime
beyond year 2100. However, such scenario is unlikely - additional acceleration
is expected for a collapse. 123 123 The collapse should also be relatively synchronized with other impactful
events, which, as I hypothesize, are correlated with the rate of evolution - which
is currently correlated with the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase. With the
assumption of events occurring with every 50 ppm increase of CO2, per the
equation C1.1, one obtains the following years: • 2029, 2040, 2048, 2055, 2061, 2066, ... Thus, the magnetic collapse should not occur before year 2029 (or, 450 ppm
CO2) and most likely not after year 2066. I find it likely to occur sometime
around 2048, however, it full collapse is imminent, it may be preceded by mul-
tiple partial collapses, perhaps even with first one occurring 2030±1. Interestingly, others have predicted the same or similar years for the collapse,
using a different approach[75]. 14.4.2
Sea level changes Neurogenesis requires transfer of differentiated progenitor cells to subterranean
world, into designated mantle layers. Therefore, a passageway must exist some-
where, connecting the surface with underground tunnels leading to such places
- unless one is created when needed, which I find unlikely. Scaling the largest neuron cells to Earth size, such passageway must have
a radius of at least ≈250 meters to allow sequential cell transfer. However,
parallel transfer of multiple cells is certainly more plausible - a radius on the
order of 104 m. Thus, the only location where this could remain hidden (protected) and iso-
lated when unused is Antarctica. Ice melting is required to expose this location
but likely also to rise the sea level in order to pick up the proteins and cells on
land area. Rise in atmospheric greenhouse gases is unlikely to produce adequate rise in
temperature required to melt all ice in the predicted short time-frame. Thus,
different mechanisms should be responsible to induce significant breaking and
melting of ice sheets. In addition to greenhouse gases, volcanism/geothermal
sources are likely. Melting can also be accelerated by asteroids, but also by alien
species from the deep. 14.4.3
Analysis of past extinctions Here, past extinctions are analysed for periodicity, with incorporated corrections
by previously calculated time compression due to pulses of decay rate changes. Periodicity is obtained using circular spectral analysis[76] of a couple of
datasets, which all give similar results. Data is grouped into energy levels corresponding to the extinction magnitude
(5 - major extinctions, 4 - minor extinctions, 3 - other extinctions, 2 and 1 -
potential extinctions). 124 The method
In the circular model of periodicity a time line is wrapped around
a circle, the circumference of which represents a trial period. For each occur-
rence, a unit vector from the origin is calculated. If periodic, the series will tend
to form a cluster at one point on the circumference when the correct trial period
is used. Here, angular location relative to 0◦(present) gives the phase (t0). Ages of individual events (ti) are transformed to angles (ai, bi) for each trial
period P:
ai = sin
2π
P ti
bi = cos
2π
P ti
S = 1
N
N
X
i=1
ai
C = 1
N
N
X
i=1
bi
R =
p
S2 + C2 R =
p
S2 + C2 R =
p
S2 + C2 where R is a mean vector magnitude (normalized measure of goodness of
fit). The phase shift (t0) is calculated as follows: t0 = P
2π tan−1
S
C
(for C > 0)
t0 = P
2 + P
2π tan−1
S
C
(for C < 0) energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
66*, 201.3*, 252.2*, 365, 445
61.986, 190.208, 238.316, 345.385, 421.148
4
37.8*, 145*, 260a, 305b, 420c
36.206, 136.774, 245.993, 288.3, 397.519
3
11.6*,
93.9*,
182.7*,
230d,
270, 424e, 428f , 488g, 502
11.402, 88.465, 172.88, 217.463, 255.844, 401.469,
404.42, 461.48, 475.257
2
117h, 168.3*
111.194, 159.702 Table 24: Extinction events dataset 1, sources: *65, a77, b78, c79, d80, e81, f82,
g83, h84 Dataset 1
Extinction events in dataset 1, grouped into energy levels and
calculated corrected ages for these events, respectively, are shown in Table 24. Maximal R was obtained for a period P = 25.92 My (million years), with a
phase of 9.355 My. On the left, Fig. 14.4.3
Analysis of past extinctions 22 shows extinctions plotted against the obtained periodic-
ity (dashed grey line), solid colored circles are extinction events with corrected
ages, empty circles are extinctions with non-corrected ages. On the right, Fig. 22 shows the result of circular spectral analysis. 125 Figure 22: Extinctions (left), spectral analysis (right) Figure 22: Extinctions (left), spectral analysis (right) Dataset 2
Here, a larger dataset from a single source was used. Maximal R Dataset 2
Here, a larger dataset from a single source was used. Maximal R
energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
66, 201.4, 251.9, 372.2, 445.2
61.986, 190.308, 238.041, 352.461, 421.348
4
37.8, 145, 259.8, 306.7, 419.2
36.206, 136.774, 245.793, 289.975, 396.744
3
11.6, 93.9, 183.7, 228.5, 272.3,
423, 427.4, 485.4, 500.5
11.402, 88.465, 173.88, 215.987, 257.12, 400.469,
403.82, 458.929, 473.782
2
113.1, 168.3
107.344, 159.702
Table 25: Extinction events dataset 2, source: Gradstein201685 reveals a period P = 26 My, with a phase of 8.617 My. Figure 23: Extinctions (left), spectral analysis (right) Figure 23: Extinctions (left), spectral analysis (right) Extinctions and the result of spectral analysis are shown in Fig. 23. Extinctions and the result of spectral analysis are shown in Fig. 23. Extinctions and the result of spectral analysis are shown in Fig. 23. Dataset 3
Previous datasets do not take into account possible splitting of
energy levels. Here, an even larger dataset is presented which shows possible
energy splitting and how this, when not accounted for, causes lower confidence
in calculated P. 126 Figure 24: Extinctions Figure 24: Extinctions 127 energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
66, 201.4, 251.9, 372.2, 445.2
61.986, 190.308, 238.041, 352.461, 421.348
4
37.8, 145, 259.8, 306.7, 419.2,
514
36.206, 136.774, 245.793, 289.975, 396.744, 486.084
3
11.6, 93.9, 183.7, 228.5, 272.3,
423, 427.4, 485.4, 500.5, 541
11.402, 88.465, 173.88, 215.987, 257.12, 400.469,
403.82, 458.929, 473.782, 511.664
2
113.1, 168.3, 330.9
107.344, 159.702, 312.804
1
295, 346.7, 393.3, 467.3
279.448, 328.357, 372.239, 442.101
Table 26: Extinction events dataset 3, source: Gradstein201685 Table 26: Extinction events dataset 3, source: Gradstein201685 Dataset 4
Here I hypothesize that deviations from P are the result of en-
ergy splitting into smaller events which when grouped properly would fit on P
intervals. The dataset is the same as dataset 3, except the hypothesized splittings
(circled extinction pairs on Fig. 14.4.3
Analysis of past extinctions energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
(61.6+66)/2
=
63.8,
(199.4+201.4)/2
=
200.4,
(251.9+259.8)/2
=
255.9,
(372.2+382.7)/2
=
377.5,
(443.8+445.2)/2 = 444.5
60.81, 189.333, 241.967, 356.687, 420.648
4
(33.9+38)/2
=
36,
(139.4+145)/2
=
142.2,
(306.7+314.6)/2
=
310.7,
(419.2+423)/2
=
421.1,
(514+541)/2 = 527.5
34.431, 134.998, 293.926, 398.619, 499.361
3
(11.6+13.8)/2
=
12.7,
(89.8+93.9)/2
=
91.9,
(183.7+168.3)/2
=
176,
(228.5+237)/2
=
232.8,
(272.3+295)/2
=
283.7,
(427.4+430.5)/2
=
429,
(485.4+467.3)/2
=
476.4,
(497+500.5)/2 = 498.8
12.502, 86.49, 166.304, 220.213, 268.346, 405.395,
451.053, 472.107
2
(113.1+126.3)/2
=
119.7,
(330.9+346.7)/2 = 339
112.87, 320.58
1
(387.7+393.3)/2 = 390.5
369.489
Table 28: Extinction events dataset 5 energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
(61.6+66)/2
=
63.8,
(199.4+201.4)/2
=
200.4,
(251.9+259.8)/2
=
255.9,
(372.2+382.7)/2
=
377.5,
(443.8+445.2)/2 = 444.5
60.81, 189.333, 241.967, 356.687, 420.648
4
(33.9+38)/2
=
36,
(139.4+145)/2
=
142.2,
(306.7+314.6)/2
=
310.7,
(419.2+423)/2
=
421.1,
(514+541)/2 = 527.5
34.431, 134.998, 293.926, 398.619, 499.361
3
(11.6+13.8)/2
=
12.7,
(89.8+93.9)/2
=
91.9,
(183.7+168.3)/2
=
176,
(228.5+237)/2
=
232.8,
(272.3+295)/2
=
283.7,
(427.4+430.5)/2
=
429,
(485.4+467.3)/2
=
476.4,
(497+500.5)/2 = 498.8
12.502, 86.49, 166.304, 220.213, 268.346, 405.395,
451.053, 472.107
2
(113.1+126.3)/2
=
119.7,
(330.9+346.7)/2 = 339
112.87, 320.58
1
(387.7+393.3)/2 = 390.5
369.489
Table 28: Extinction events dataset 5 energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
(61.6+66)/2
=
63.8,
(199.4+201.4)/2
=
200.4,
(251.9+259.8)/2
=
255.9,
(372.2+382.7)/2
=
377.5,
(443.8+445.2)/2 = 444.5
60.81, 189.333, 241.967, 356.687, 420.648
4
(33.9+38)/2
=
36,
(139.4+145)/2
=
142.2,
(306.7+314.6)/2
=
310.7,
(419.2+423)/2
=
421.1,
(514+541)/2 = 527.5
34.431, 134.998, 293.926, 398.619, 499.361
3
(11.6+13.8)/2
=
12.7,
(89.8+93.9)/2
=
91.9,
(183.7+168.3)/2
=
176,
(228.5+237)/2
=
232.8,
(272.3+295)/2
=
283.7,
(427.4+430.5)/2
=
429,
(485.4+467.3)/2
=
476.4,
(497+500.5)/2 = 498.8
12.502, 86.49, 166.304, 220.213, 268.346, 405.395,
451.053, 472.107
2
(113.1+126.3)/2
=
119.7,
(330.9+346.7)/2 = 339
112.87, 320.58
1
(387.7+393.3)/2 = 390.5
369.489
Table 28: Extinction events dataset 5
Figure 26: Dataset 5, spectral analysis
The R peaks at 0.75, corresponding to P = 25.84 My. Phase for this P is
9.78 My, however, here another peak at 12.875 My (R = 0.61) reveals a likely
harmonic. Table 28: Extinction events dataset 5 Figure 26: Dataset 5, spectral analysis Figure 26: Dataset 5, spectral analysis The R peaks at 0.75, corresponding to P = 25.84 My. 14.4.3
Analysis of past extinctions 24) have been grouped into a single event,
simply by using arithmetic mean age of the pair. energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
66, 201.4, (251.9+259.8)/2 =
255.9, 372.2, 445.2
61.986, 190.308, 241.967, 352.461, 421.348
4
37.8,
145,
306.7,
(419.2+423)/2
=
421.1,
(514+541)/2 = 527.5
36.206, 136.774, 289.975, 398.619, 499.361
3
11.6, 93.9, (183.7+168.3)/2 =
176, 228.5, (272.3+295)/2 =
283.7, 427.4, (485.4+467.3)/2
= 476.4, 500.5
11.402, 88.465, 166.304, 215.987, 268.346, 403.82,
451.053, 473.782
2
113.1, (330.9+346.7)/2 = 339
107.344, 320.78
1
393.3
372.239
Table 27: Extinction events dataset 4 Table 27: Extinction events dataset 4 Figure 25: Extinctions (left), spectral analysis (right) Figure 25: Extinctions (left), spectral analysis (right) 128 The R peaks at 0.807, corresponding to P = 25.89 My, very close to one
obtained from dataset 1. Phase is 9.55 My. Dataset 5
Here dataset 4 is modified with the assumption that splitting oc-
curs in all events, thus, in addition to previously grouped events, the remaining
non-grouped events have been grouped with adjacent boundaries. 14.4.3
Analysis of past extinctions Phase for this P is
9.78 My, however, here another peak at 12.875 My (R = 0.61) reveals a likely
harmonic. Dataset 6
Here, dataset contains only highest energy (major and minor) ex-
tinctions, from dataset 1. This dataset gives highest R maximum (0.837), a 129 energy
level
extinction events [mya]
extinction events (ti), age corrected [mya]
5
66, 201.3, 252.2, 365, 445
61.986, 190.208, 238.316, 345.385, 421.148
4
37.8, 145, 260, 305, 420
36.206, 136.774, 245.993, 288.3, 397.519
Table 29: Extinction events dataset 6 Table 29: Extinction events dataset 6 period P = 25.74 My, with a phase of 9.689 My. Confidence
Note that equal weight was assumed for all extinctions in a par-
ticular dataset. Different weights can affect the confidence in the result (less if
they are all harmonics). But even with that taken into account, there is high
confidence in P ≈25.74 My - 25.89 My. y
y
The result with highest confidence (25.74 My) is also the closest to calculated
ideal quantization by the 3rd order period (1.512 * 106 My) - 25.704 My, further
increasing confidence in such periodicity. Note that the burning cycle of the Sun’s core is calculated (in the "Quan-
tization of the Sun" chapter#) to be equal to 25.746608 My, confirming the
signal. Neurogenesis in standard lifeforms on Earth during embryonic development
does imply certain periodicity in the formation of brain layers and neuron mi-
gration. High energy impact cratering and extinctions (migrations) in planetary neu-
rogenesis should be no exception. In fact, with such periodicity and the last high energy extinction 37.8 My in
the past, next one is overdue, roughly by the phase shift. Note that such delay of extinction may have some benefits due to more
evolved precursor neurons at time of differentiation, although with the
cost of increased probability of cancer development. Also note that neurogenesis implies correlation of many processes. Therefore, calculated periodicity should not be limited to mass extinc-
tions, rather present in plethora of other phenomena affecting the planet
- volcanism, magnetic reversals, seafloor spreading, orogenic events, etc. Indeed, such periodicities has been found in previous analyses[86]. Thus, imminent major extinction as calculated using models based on C1.1
equation should not be surprising. Supplement
Here is the code used to calculate correct ages of extinction
events, perform the analysis and generate images.(Fig.: getext.php +) 130 14.4.4
Correlation with mantle layers Grouping and correlation of extinction events with the formation of brain [man-
tle] layers also indicates that another major mass extinction should be near, at
least in geological terms. Figure 27: Correlation of major extinctions (left) with Earth’s mantle layers
(right) Figure 27: Correlation of major extinctions (left) with Earth’s mantle layers
(right) This correlation is shown on Fig. 27 - time between major extinction events
of Phanerozoic is proportional to thickness of a corresponding mantle layer. Such correlation should not be surprising - all lifeforms grow in layers. But it also confirms the previous hypothesis that asteroid impacts are
correlated with discontinuities (changes in energy levels) in Earth. This is, effectively, a conversion of time separated discontinuities into events
separated in space. To quantify the correlation, periods of weak evolution and thicknesses of
mantle layers have been normalized: Tn(i) = T(i)
N
P
j=1
Tj
Dn(i) =
D(i)
N
P
j=1
Dj 131 Results are shown in Table 30. Here, corrected extinction ages are used, al-
though non-corrected ages would yield similar results. Correlation in absolute Results are shown in Table 30. Here, corrected extinction ages are used, al-
though non-corrected ages would yield similar results. Correlation in absolute i
Period of weak evolution
T [My]
Normalized
period
of
weak evo-
lution Tn
Corresponding
mantle
layer
thickness D [km]
Normalized
layer
thick-
ness Dn
5
421.348 - 352.461 = 68.887
0.163
780b - 660b = 120
0.176
4
352.461 - 238.041 = 114.42
0.272
660b - 520b = 140
0.206
3
238.041 - 190.308 = 47.733
0.113
520b - 410b = 110
0.162
2
190.308 - 61.986 = 128.322
0.305
410b - 220a = 190
0.279
1
61.986 - 0 = 61.986
0.147
220a - 100b = 120
0.176
Table 30: Comparison of weak evolution periods and mantle layers, sources:
a87, b88 Table 30: Comparison of weak evolution periods and mantle layers, sources:
a87, b88 value varies between the pairs, but overall, it is apparent. value varies between the pairs, but overall, it is apparent. At least some discrepancy could be explained by the fact that formation is
not yet complete - ie. the boundary between layers 3 and 4 might change with
the pending extinction. 14.4.4
Correlation with mantle layers If layer 3 decrease would be equal to layer 4 increase (≈0.0575 in normalized
value) and layer 1 decrease to layer 2 increase (≈0.0275 ≈0.0575 / 2), with a
small decrease in layer 5 (0.013 ≈0.0275 / 2) coupled with equivalent increase
in layer 6, normalized extinction and mantle boundaries would be almost equal. Effectively, what is necessary for better agreement is the upward movement
of 3 discontinuities (between layers I and II, III and IV, V and VI). There are two interpretations for the correlation. Extinction events are
either memorized in Earth’s [brain] mantle as they occur or they are
programmed events and can be predicted through the analysis of dis-
continuities (layers) in the mantle. The ongoing 6th major extinction
and existing discontinuity at 100 km depth suggest the latter, although
superposition may be more likely - discontinuities are ancient but they
move/adjust as extinctions occur. In any case, the correlation is good evidence for living Earth and its
neurogenesis. The entanglement of 3 discontinuities (I/II, III/IV, V/VI) suggests that
all 3 move during a single extinction, thus, if movement is correlated
with asteroid impacts, 3 impacts may be ahead. However, exact location of boundaries is a matter of debate. They must
have some thickness, so it may be more appropriate to equate layer thickness
with distance between discontinuities. If that would be a distance between lower
discontinuities of two boundaries, it would, for layer 1, yield a normalized value 132 exactly equal to the corresponding normalized period of weak evolution: exactly equal to the corresponding normalized period of weak evolution: 220 −120
680
= 100
680 = 0.147 220 −120
680
= 100
680 = 0.147 Also, globally average velocities might not be the best choice for determination
of layer discontinuities - ie. Lehmann discontinuity is at 220 km for tectonic
North America, but 200 km for shield North America[89], while it may be
absent beneath north Atlantic and other oceans. No graviton can be completely neutral. If discontinuities are [large scale]
gravitons, holes in these, proportional to polarization, are expected. 14.4.4
Correlation with mantle layers If one assumes that 200 km is a proper boundary (220 km may be a precursor
boundary that will reduce to 200 km with complete formation), the correlation
with extinctions for both layers, I and II, becomes remarkable: 200 −100
680
= 100
680 = 0.147
410 −200
680
= 210
680 = 0.309 200 −100
680
= 100
680 = 0.147
410 −200
680
= 210
680 = 0.309 Some report the base of the upper mantle at 670 km[90] rather than 660, this
improves the correlation with layers 5 and 4: 780 −670
680
= 110
680 = 0.162
670 −520
680
= 150
680 = 0.221 Now, the only problematic boundary is the one between layers 3 and 4 (at
520 km). Some do report this boundary at 500 km, which gives much better
agreement: 670 −500
680
= 170
680 = 0.250
500 −410
680
= 90
680 = 0.132 Note that extinction boundaries also have some thickness or uncertainties, no-
tably first three, which may explain differences in reported discontinuity depths. The 3rd major extinction (Permian) is apparently split into two events (End-
Capitanian and Permian-Triassic). Using End-Capitanian 245.793 Mya (259.8
M
d) i
d
f P
i
T i
i
238 041 M
(251 9 M Note that extinction boundaries also have some thickness or uncertainties, no-
tably first three, which may explain differences in reported discontinuity depths. The 3rd major extinction (Permian) is apparently split into two events (End-
Capitanian and Permian-Triassic). Using End-Capitanian 245.793 Mya (259.8
Mya non-corrected) instead of Permian-Triassic 238.041 Mya (251.9 Mya non-
corrected) as the date of Permian extinction gives results in remarkable agree-
ment with the obtained layers 3 and 4 (with discontinuities at 410 km, 500 km
and 670 km): 352.461 −245.793
421.348
= 106.668
421.348 = 0.253 133 245.793 −190.308
421.348
= 55.485
421.348 = 0.132 245.793 −190.308
421.348
= 55.485
421.348 = 0.132 The correlation, with above adjustments, is shown in Table 31. 14.4.4
Correlation with mantle layers The excellent i
Period of weak evolution
T [My]
Normalized
period
of
weak evo-
lution Tn
Corresponding
mantle
layer
thickness D [km]
Normalized
layer
thick-
ness Dn
5
421.348 - 352.461 = 68.887
0.163
780 - 670 = 110
0.162
4
352.461
-
245.793
=
106.668
0.253
670 - 500 = 170
0.250
3
245.793 - 190.308 = 55.485
0.132
500 - 410 = 90
0.132
2
190.308 - 61.986 = 128.322
0.305
410 - 200 = 210
0.309
1
61.986 - 0 = 61.986
0.147
200 - 100 = 100
0.147 Table 31: Correlation of weak evolution periods and mantle layers (or, major
extinctions and discontinuities) agreement here suggests no further adjustment of discontinuities is needed, ex-
cept possibly for layer I, as shown in green in Fig. 27 (right) which should be
unsurprising given the correlation with the current extinction. Correlation of layer 6 and the corresponding period of weak evolution has
not been determined due to unknown boundary. However, assuming the extinction at the start of Phanerozoic (511.664 mya in
corrected age, or 541 mya non-corrected) is correlated with the lower boundary
of layer 6, one can calculate the thickness of layer 6: T6
T5
= D6
D5 D6 = T6
T5
D5 = 511.664 −421.348
421.348 −352.461120 = 157 km In that case, a discontinuity, if formed, should exist in Earth’s mantle at a depth
of 937 km (assuming boundary between layer 5 and 6 at 780 km). In that case, a discontinuity, if formed, should exist in Earth’s mantle at a depth
of 937 km (assuming boundary between layer 5 and 6 at 780 km). Apparently, this discontinuity has been detected[91] (at 940 km). 14.4.5
Evidence in time compression If planetary neurogenesis is happening on Earth, it was likely happening on
Mars and Venus too. Time, however, flows differently for animals of different
size. The rate of evolution on Mars should then be different from the rate of
evolution on Earth - it should be faster. Applying Kleiber’s law, 4.54 billion years of evolution on Earth would, on
Mars, last: TM = (MM)
3
4
(ME)
3
4 TE = 852 million years 134 MM = 0.642 * 1024 kg
ME = 5.972 * 1024 kg
TE = 4.54 * 109 years Assuming Mars was formed roughly at the same time as Earth, present time on
Earth corresponds to a time 3.69 billion years ago on Mars (4.54 - 0.85 = 3.69). This is a very interesting result as studies show that Martian climate shifted
from habitable to uninhabitable - when its atmosphere was lost and liquid water
disappeared from surface, roughly 3.6 billion years ago[92] (src[93]). This suggests that current major extinction on Earth may indeed be the final
major extinction of the planetary embryogenesis (neurogenesis), after which the
Earth’s surface will become permanently uninhabitable (although periodic and
possibly spatially limited pulses of habitability cannot be excluded, as hypoth-
esized pulses of adult neurogenesis). )
The same equation gives evolution period of 3.9 billion years for Venus, sug-
gesting Venus lost habitability some 640 million years ago. Again interesting, as
studies show that Venus did lost habitability roughly 700 million years ago[94]. It is a common assumption that all planets in the Solar System have been
formed at the same time (this is also the case with my theory of inflation
of the system), and calculations above certainly can be interpreted as
a confirmation of that assumption. However, the term is relative and a
difference on the order of millions or tens of millions of years is possible. 14.4.6
Some additional predictions of neurogenesis If cultivation of life on planet’s surface is equivalent to cultivation of neural cells
during embryonic neurogenesis in mammals, the events hypothesized above are
not the only upcoming events that can be predicted. Obviously, cultivation of cells/proteins must be limited. The most effective
(or most energy efficient) way to limit population growth is to substantially
decrease its fertility. Recent studies show that fertility in humans is indeed
decreasing, at an accelerating pace[95]. Accelerated evolution likely includes accelerated ageing in some species or
sub-species (in some, possibly reversed), cases of which are showing up in studies
too[96]. 14.5
Metabolism of Earth Transfer of energy in wild flora and fauna is generally balanced both horizontally
and vertically. Vertical transfer of energy is a part of metabolism but changes in horizontal
current affect the vertical transfer too (and vice versa). 135 Humans dominate in both horizontal (surface to surface) and vertical (Sun -
Earth interior) energy distribution and transformation, disrupting the harmon-
ics of life. Horizontal effect is the increasing number of individuals at the cost of de-
creasing number and diversity of other species, while vertically it is the unsus-
tainable exploitation of radiated and stored resources of the Sun/Earth ecosys-
tem. Thus, one may interpret humans as the metabolism energy carrier particles,
in a limited domain. With a human population N of 7.674 * 109, average mass m of 62 kg, and
average lifetime ∆t of 72.6 years (data for year 2019, except mass - 2012): P = N ∗m ∗c2
∆t
= 7.674 ∗109 ∗62 ∗(2.99792458 ∗108)2
72.6 ∗365.25 ∗24 ∗60 ∗60
= 1.86644116 ∗1019 W
P
0.0484259259 day∗W
kcal
= 70 ∗M α = 3.8542188 ∗1020 kcal
day where M is the mass of Earth (5.9723 * 1024 kg). where M is the mass of Earth (5.9723 * 1024 kg). This gives a value of 0.756 for α exponent, in ag This gives a value of 0.756 for α exponent, in agreement with Kleiber’s law. H
i
f
i t
t ti
th
t
t This gives a value of 0.756 for α exponent, in agreement with Kleiber s law. However, in case of organ interpretation, the exponent suggests a superpo-
sition of a brain and a kidney. Note that Earth has kidney [precursor] equivalents on surface. Note that Earth has kidney [precursor] equivalents on surface. Note that Earth has kidney [precursor] equivalents on surface. In order for this superposition to differentiate into the brain, the exponent
would have to reduce to 0.7. There are several ways to achieve that (sorted by probability, from highest
to lowest): 1. increasing human lifetime (≈25 times) to 1813 years, 2. reducing population (≈25 times) to 307243423, 3. reducing mass (≈25 times), 3. reducing mass (≈25 times), 4. increasing Earth’s mass ≈100 times (≈mass of Saturn). If humans are indeed precursor proteins of neuron proteins of Earth, as carriers
of energy of its brain metabolism, I would expect the solution to be a weighted
superposition of the above. However, if Earth has a heart equivalent (core), most likely it also has a
kidney equivalent and the population might differentiate into proteins of varying
function. 136 I, strive for neutrality - the equal, balanced usage of all parts of my
universe. I am aware though, that this is an unreachable singularity,
but it is the journey that makes one alive - for without it there would
be no senses, for a sense of reason, and a reason for existence. 14.5.1
Nature of human cells Dominance of lifeforms changes over time. At present time, homo species occu-
pies and controls most of the surface of the planet. Human population is rising
and thriving at the expense of other species. While the dominion of species may be related to precursor nature of vi-
tal organism components, its behavior can be corrupted, so cultivation of new
proteins becomes evolution of disease rather of something integral for survival. While it is not questionable whether human species is a disease for the planet,
it is questionable whether this is fatal or rather a normal part of evolution of
healthy cells and proteins with self-correcting mechanisms. Dividing the total surface area of Earth (R = 6371 * 103 m) with the number
of people, one gets the maximum size of the cell: A =
4πR2
7.7 ∗109 = 66242.13921 m2 Radius of space per person is: r =
r
A
π = 145.2085665 m If the radius of a human occupied cell of Earth is the mean free path r, the
radius of a cell equivalent in human body of average diameter (height) h = 1.7
m is:
h rc = r
R
h
2 = 19.373298 ∗10−6 m = 19.373298 µm If one calculates using landmass only (people don’t naturally live on water): A = 1.4894 ∗1014 m2
7.7 ∗109
= 19342.85714 m2 r =
r
A
π = 78.46669775 m rc = r
R
h
2 = 10.46879502 ∗10−6 m = 10.46879502 µm Taking into account space used by wild flora and fauna: Taking into account space used by wild flora and fauna: r = 1
2
√
A = 69.53930029 m rc = r
R
h
2 = 9.277728025 ∗10−6 m = 9.277728025 µm rc = r
R
h
2 = 9.277728025 ∗10−6 m = 9.277728025 µm 137 This is in the range of a typical cancer cell. It is, of course, in the range of
healthy cells too, but human cells are far from healthy. This is in the range of a typical cancer cell. It is, of course, in the range of
healthy cells too, but human cells are far from healthy. It might seem that the radius r (rc) changes with population, but this is not
the case - if human space decreases, the space of wild flora and fauna increases
and vice versa, thus it generally evolves weakly, remaining almost constant. Fig. 33 shows the outcome - death. 14.5.1
Nature of human cells Figure 30: Homo.beta cell Figure 30: Homo.beta cell Figure 30: Homo.beta cell Figure 30: Homo.beta cell Fig. 30 shows the unit of space on Earth’s surface, circled space (red) is
occupied by a human and domesticated flora and fauna, other (green) by wild
flora and fauna. Figure 31: Normal cells
Fig. 31 shows the normal (healthy) unit of space on Earth. Red is a
cell of homo.sapiens (Earth’s neuron cell), black lines are spiritual connections
(synapses). Fig. 32 shows the cancerous (current) unit of space on Earth. Blue and red
are polarized human (cancer) cells. Fig. 33 shows the outcome - death. Figure 31: Normal cells Figure 31: Normal cells Fig. 31 shows the normal (healthy) unit of space on Earth. Red is a
cell of homo.sapiens (Earth’s neuron cell), black lines are spiritual connections
(synapses). ( y
p
)
Fig. 32 shows the cancerous (current) unit of space on Earth. Blue and red
are polarized human (cancer) cells. ( y
p
)
Fig. 32 shows the cancerous (current) unit of space on Earth. Blue and red
are polarized human (cancer) cells. Fig. 33 shows the outcome - death. Fig. 33 shows the outcome - death. 138 Figure 32: Cancer cells Figure 32: Cancer cells Figure 33: Dead space Figure 33: Dead space Figure 33: Dead space 139 Carbon footprint is not the issue. It is just a side-effect of the real issue
- nature of the human footprint. Cancer cell contains the individuals (proteins) and space affected by cancer-
ous population, but one can even calculate the role of a human in the cancer
cell: λ = h
2
1
r rc = h
2
1
R
h
2 = h2
4R = 1.134044891 ∗10−7 m This is in the range of a TGF-β protein, a key player in cancer development. This is in the range of a TGF-β protein, a key player in cancer development. Confirmation of this comes from recent studies[97] revealing human nature Confirmation of this comes from recent studies[97], revealing human nature
of TGF-β: "And while it may be difficult to imagine a protein with two dramat-
ically different faces, it may be even more difficult to contemplate
cancer cells exhibiting traits, such as cunning and deception. 14.5.1
Nature of human cells But
the research underway at the University of Basel, and collaborating
laboratories, has revealed that TGF-β not only is a two-faced protein,
it also is one that seems almost Machiavellian in its activities."[98] "And while it may be difficult to imagine a protein with two dramat-
ically different faces, it may be even more difficult to contemplate
cancer cells exhibiting traits, such as cunning and deception. But
the research underway at the University of Basel, and collaborating
laboratories, has revealed that TGF-β not only is a two-faced protein,
it also is one that seems almost Machiavellian in its activities."[98] Cancerous TGF-β suppresses the immune response and prevents old cell-
s/proteins from dying (regenerating). Humanity is, at the time of this writing,
expressing this cancerous behavior on many levels: • through treatment of diseases (including cancer) humanity is suppressing
the immune system of Earth, • forcing human life at all costs and treating death (as a disease) - instead
of letting cells (and proteins - people/animals) die as programmed so they
can regenerate, • treating Earth and other life forms (and, generally, even people) as re-
sources - instead of living in a sustainable symbiotic relationship, • creating and living in centralized, stressful environments, promoting in-
equality in wealth and health, • denying the truth. • denying the truth. • denying the truth. Earth’s cells are not fuel cells, they are living cells. Earth’s cells are not fuel cells, they are living cells. The average cell cycle period of eukaryotic cell is T0 = 14.5 hours, scaled to
Earth size, it is:
p T1 =
p
T0 ∗Tx = 50 years T1 =
p
T0 ∗Tx = 50 years where Tx is the period of 3rd order existence cycle of Earth (1.512 * 106 years). 140 15
Quantization of Moon orbits If the gravity of Earth’s [major] gravitational maximum is, as hypothesized,
equal to surface gravity of the Sun, one would expect for orbitals of natural
moons of Earth to be scaled orbitals of inner planets. Allowed orbitals are thus: r = rp
R⊙
rc where rc is the Earth’s gravitational maximum radius (= inner core radius), R⊙
is the radius of the Sun and rp is the orbital radius of a corresponding planet. where rc is the Earth’s gravitational maximum radius (= inner core radius), R
is the radius of the Sun and rp is the orbital radius of a corresponding planet p
p
g p
Using R⊙= 695735 km, rc = 1206.115 km, one obtains orbitals shown in
Table 32. Evidently, the Moon is currently at the scaled Mars’ orbit. Even the entanglement
rp (km)
r (km)
Mercury
57910000
100392
Venus
108210000
187591
Earth
149600000
259344
Mars
227920000
395118
Table 32: Allowed orbitals of the Moon distance between perihelion and aphelion is scaled by equal orders of magnitude
- for Mars it is 42.61 * 106 km, while for the Moon, the distance is 42.2 * 103
km. distance between perihelion and aphelion is scaled by equal orders of magnitude
- for Mars it is 42.61 * 106 km, while for the Moon, the distance is 42.2 * 103
km. Small discrepancies should be attributed to oscillation and phase shift in
synchronization. Note that Earth is likely receding from the Sun at the scaled rate of
Moon’s recession from Earth. 16
Quantization of the Sun During inflation of the Sun, multiple gravitational maxima were inflating within. Collapse of these maxima as the Sun was deflating was fossilized in the Sun, in
the form of discontinuities. As these maxima are now gravitational maxima of
inner planets, entanglement exists between radii of discontinuities and planetary
orbits. Some discontinuities are strong (permanent) while some are weak, evolve
over time and may periodically disappear. Apparent discontinuities are those
between the core, radiative and convective zone, surface discontinuity and the
boundaries of tachocline. 141 Regardless of the configuration (1e+ or 2e+), each inner planet formed with
the collapse of two neutral spin anti-aligned maxima. Thus, each is entangled
with 2 discontinuities in the Sun. Initial inflation of planetary maxima must have been faster than light to
preserve invariance. If one assumes that all maxima initially had the mass of the Sun and en-
ergy density remained constant during inflation, with the collapse (energy level
change) occurring once escape velocity was equal to the speed of light (in CR,
discontinuities between energy levels are speed limits), orbital radii of planets
become fossils of Schwarzschild radii: r = 2Gm
c2
= 2GρV
c2
= r3
R3
2GM
c2
r =
r
R3
c2
2GM R = initial radius
M = 1.988500 * 1030 kg
c = standard speed of light = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s
G = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 With equal escape velocity (pressure per surface quantum) between maxima
(note that a smaller maximum is inside the other), radius of fusion of two
maxima becomes the arithmetic mean of two radii: r = 1
2
r
R1
3
c2
2GM +
r
R2
3
c2
2GM
! In that case, discontinuities entangled with planetary orbits are at 1/5 R⊙, 2/5
R⊙, 1/2 R⊙, 2/3 R⊙and 1 R⊙. Correlation of orbital and Schwarzschild radii In that case, discontinuities entangled with planetary orbits are at 1/5 R⊙, 2/5
R⊙, 1/2 R⊙, 2/3 R⊙and 1 R⊙. 16
Quantization of the Sun Correlation of orbital and Schwarzschild radii Planet
R1
R2
Schwarzschild
ra-
dius r (106 km)
current orbital ra-
dius (106 km)
orbital
radius
(MAU)
Mars
R⊙
1/2 R⊙
228.52
227.92
1
Earth
2/3 R⊙
1/2 R⊙
151.59
149.6
2/3
Venus
2/3 R⊙
1/5 R⊙
107.00
108.21
1/2
Mercury
2/5 R⊙
1/5 R⊙
57.81
57.91
1/4
Table 33: Correlation of orbital and Schwarzschild radii Table 33: Correlation of orbital and Schwarzschild radii is shown in Table 33, where R⊙is the radius of the Sun (695700 km). Significant orbital eccentricity of Mercury and Mars also seems correlated
with Sun’s discontinuities. If Sun’s core radius oscillates between 0.1 + 0.186 R⊙= 0.286 R⊙(hypoth-
esized initial radius) and 1/5 R⊙(current radius), with constant energy density
between the two radii, time independent core radius [as superposition of two
oscillatory states] is at 1/4 R⊙. 142 This is correlated with Mercury’s orbit, as its distance from the Sun is at
1/4 MAU, while its perihelion is at 1/5 MAU. According to equation S1.1 describing rotational velocities of plasma, and
the actual velocity curve, significant points are at 0.1 R⊙, ≈1/2 R⊙, 1 + 0.18686
R⊙= 1.18686 R⊙and 32.8 R⊙(0.1 MAU, half of Mercury’s perihelion). ⊙
⊙
⊙(
)
The aphelion of Mars is at 1 + 0.18686/2 MAU = 1.09343 MAU = 249.2 *
109 m. Note that the aphelion of Mars can also be obtained as volumetric mean
of Schwarzschild radii associated with 3 discontinuities: r3 = 1
3
(1 R⊙)3
c2
2GM
3
2
+
"2
3 R⊙
3
c2
2GM
# 3
2
+
"1
2 R⊙
3
c2
2GM
# 3
2
r = 249.2 ∗109 m Similarly, approximate aphelions can be obtained for other planets, ie. for Mercury: r3 = 1
2
"2
5 R⊙
3
c2
2GM
# 3
2
+
"1
4 R⊙
3
c2
2GM
# 3
2
r = 70.4 ∗109 m 16.1
Layers of the Sun Internal gravity of the Sun depends on the location of maxima and acquired
real mass. Distribution of mass, however, should not be complex unless there are col-
lapsed large scale maxima inside. In any case, matter accumulated between two
maxima should, in equilibrium, imitate a maximum and can thus be approxi-
mated as one (induced maximum). One way to obtain gravity of a primordial Sun is to derive it from rotation
of real mass - assuming greater rotation with greater gravitational mass, down
to the inner core radius rc, quantization is 1-dimensional (negative): 1
g vr = nh2
(L1.1) (L1.1) Giving the scaled h constant: h = h2 = 5 ∗109 ms 143 n = 1 n = 1 Another way is to assume a completely naked Sun, in which case gravity from
the surface down to the core is: Another way is to assume a completely naked Sun, in which case gravity from
the surface down to the core is: g = gp = GM⊙
r2
R⊙
4 = 274 r2
R⊙
2
(L1.2) (L1.2) Gravitational profile of the primordial Sun (not taking into account the gravity
of inner core maximum) is given in Table 34. Here matter velocity (v) is extrap-
olated from measurements, while space (Keplerian) velocity (vs) is calculated
from gravity: Gravitational profile of the primordial Sun (not taking into account the gravity
of inner core maximum) is given in Table 34. Here matter velocity (v) is extrap-
olated from measurements, while space (Keplerian) velocity (vs) is calculated
from gravity: vs = √gr
vp = √gpr vs = √gr
vp = √gpr vp = √gpr Note that multiplying any discontinuity radius with inner core velocity vc gives n
r/R
note
space ve-
locity vp
(km/s)
space ve-
locity vs
(km/s)
matter
velocity
v
(m/s)
orbital
ra-
dius r
(km)
calculated
grav-
ity
gp
(m/s2)
calculated
grav-
ity
g
(m/s2)
gravity
gi
(vcr
product)
m/s2
1
1
Convective
disc. 436.602565
436.602565
1969.239615
695700
274
274
200
(1*1012)
1
3/4
4p6n
disc. 283.581685
286.551447
1508.068146
521775
154.125
157.37
150 (0.75
*1012)
1
2/3
Radiative
disc. 234.100417
230.556106
1248
459162
119.3544
114.61
132 (0.66
* 1012)
1
1/2
4p6n
disc. 154.362317
151.266563
945.454545
347850
68.5
65.78
100
(0.5
* 1012)
1
2/5
weak
110.452683
108.233652
756.363636
278280
43.84
42.1
80 (0.4 *
1012)
1
1/4
Outer
core
disc. 16.1
Layers of the Sun 54.575321
91.901023
1396
173925
17.125
48.56
50
(0.25
* 1012)
1
1/5
Inner
core
disc. =
rc
39.050921
74.602949
1437.401179
139140
10.96
40
40 (0.2 *
1012)
Table 34: Gravitational profile of the primordial Sun Table 34: Gravitational profile of the primordial Sun values proportional to r/R ratio and gives integer gravity (gi) for inner core and
all layers above. values proportional to r/R ratio and gives integer gravity (gi) for inner core and
all layers above. I have previously hypothesized that the Sun has inflated to a much
larger radius before being compressed to current one. In the ex-
change of components of angular momentum, radius might have been
exchanged for space (Keplerian) velocity,
as shown in Table 35. discontinuity
(r/R)
space velocity
vs
correlated
radius
(106 km)
possible body correlation
1
436.6 km/s
436.6
end of the main asteroid belt
3/4
286.6 km/s
286.6
beginning of the main asteroid belt
2/3
230.6 km/s
230.6
orbit of Mars (semi-major)
1/2
151.3 km/s
151.3
orbit of Earth (semi-major, aphelion)
2/5
108.2 km/s
108.2
orbit of Venus (semi-major)
1/5
74.6 km/s
74.6
orbit of Mercury (aphelion?) 144 Table 35: Possible initial radii of Sun’s discontinuities and correlation
with bodies
However, orbits may be correlated with arithmetic mean of vs and vp. This gives much
better results for the orbit of Mercury - 56.8 * 106 km, agreeing with semi-major, rather
than aphelion. Another possibility is entanglement with vp instead of vs. In that case 1/4
R discontinuity roughly agrees with the orbit of Mercury. Remarkable correlations are found subtracting velocities between layers, as shown in Table
36. discontinuity
(r/R)
space velocity vs
(km/s)
correlated
radius
(106
km)
possible body correlation
1 - 3/4
436.6 - 286.6
150
orbit of Earth (semi-major)
1 - 2/3
436.6 - 230.6
206
orbit of Mars (perihelion)
3/4 - 2/3
286.6 - 230.6
56
orbit of Mercury (semi-major)
3/4 - 1/5
286.6 - 39.1
247.5
orbit of Mars (aphelion)*
2/3 - 1/5
230.6 - 74.6
156
orbit of Earth (aphelion)
2/5 - 1/5
108.2 - 39.1
69.1
orbit of Mercury (aphelion)*
1/2 - 2/5
154.4 - 108.2
46.2
orbit of Mercury (perihelion)*
Table 36: Alternative initial radii of Sun’s discontinuities
* here, one of the velocities used in subtraction is vp, rather than vs
Entanglement with vp suggests that Mercury and Mars were created before Venus and
Earth, as hypothesized previously. 16.1
Layers of the Sun Entanglement with both, vs and vp, seems to be the
cause of orbital eccentricity. Table 36: Alternative initial radii of Sun’s discontinuities * here, one of the velocities used in subtraction is vp, rather than vs Difference between current surface gravity and gi is roughly equal to the
sum of surface gravities of inner and outer planets: g −gi = 274 −200 = 74 m
s2 g −gi = 274 −200 = 74 m
s2 thus, some entanglement might exist there too. Below the gravitational minimum at inner core (rc), quantization is 3-dimensional
(positive) and gravity should be increasing until the next maximum: g = n2 T ℏ1
r2 , ℏ1 = 1.273239545 ∗1012 m3
s3 Entanglement with vp suggests that Mercury and Mars were created before Venus and
Earth, as hypothesized previously. Entanglement with both, vs and vp, seems to be the
cause of orbital eccentricity. * here, one of the velocities used in subtraction is vp, rather than vs 16.1.1
Current G model 28 one can extrapolate discontinuity candidates (r/R⊙):
/10, 2/3 * 1/10 (initial core maximum), 1/5, 1/4, 0.286, 1/2, 2/
that there should be two major charge radii inside the Sun
ter charge is located at tachocline, and charge radii are mirro
e to the induced real maximum, other charge radius bound
be at 2/5 R⊙(mirroring the 2/3 R⊙boundary). From Fig. 28 one can extrapolate discontinuity candidates (r/R⊙): 0.0385
≈2/5 * 1/10, 2/3 * 1/10 (initial core maximum), 1/5, 1/4, 0.286, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4,
1. Note that there should be two major charge radii inside the Sun, if
the outer charge is located at tachocline, and charge radii are mirrored
relative to the induced real maximum, other charge radius boundary
should be at 2/5 R⊙(mirroring the 2/3 R⊙boundary). In addition to these, there are other candidates, representing maximum de-
viation from these values - ie. discarding CMB relative relativistic energy, rest
surface maximum is at 0.94 R⊙. 16.1.1
Current G model Unlike in space above the outer maximum, where gravity falls to zero effectively
at infinity (due to next maximum being extremely far), below the maximum
gravity falls to zero at finite distance due to compression of space. With no inner maxima, the single point of zero gravity would be at the centre,
however, due to relativity, inner maxima must exist (each inner maximum must
also be a relative outer maximum). If the radius of the outer maximum of the Sun is the surface radius, gravity
should thus be decreasing below the surface to the point where it is cancelled
by the [next] inner maximum. 145 Figure 28: Gravity of the Sun Figure 28: Gravity of the Sun Figure 28: Gravity of the Sun Without the inner maximum, any free-falling real mass would be concen-
trated around the surface maximum. With inner maxima, concentration of real
mass begins at the centre. Without the inner maximum, any free-falling real mass would be concen-
trated around the surface maximum. With inner maxima, concentration of real
mass begins at the centre. However, as each inner maximum has lower capacity than its outer maxi-
mum, greatest density of real mass will not be at the centre. Once inner maxi-
mum is at full capacity, as real mass accumulates between the inner maximum
and the outer maximum, its counteracting the gravity of the outer maximum. In equilibrium thus, greatest density of real mass is not at the outer maxi-
mum, rather between the inner and outer maximum. This is shown on Fig. 28. Here, dark matter gravity provided by [img] grav-
itational maxima is represented by solid black lines, while real gravity provided
by real mass and its induced (effective) maximum is represented by dashed black
lines. In case of outer maximum, grey line represents gravity with no real mass
acquired (naked maximum), while for inner maximum, it represents the initial
core maximum. Red dashed lines show linearly approximated density of real
mass. Note that Fig. 28 shows gravity in absolute values. Gravities of maxima
cancel at multiple points inside the Sun. At these points, gravity is zero. Induced gravitational maximum should thus, in reality, have negative
gravity relative to other maxima. 146 Fig. 16.2
Energy replenishment Primary energy source of the Sun is, most likely, fusion. Fuel for fusion must either be the real mass of the Sun (accumulated matter)
or matter created through conversion of imaginary mass (dark gravitational
potential) to real mass by some unknown mechanism. In case of such conversion it would take tens of billions of years to spend all
fuel. However, this solution implies the Sun is eating itself and is highly unlikely. The Sun is thus, most likely, burning its real mass which was accumulated
during inflation of its maxima (whether through inflation of smaller maxima or
acquisition of matter by increasing vacuum pressure). When compared to other living beings, it would be reasonable to assume
that Sun has a relatively constant real rest (constitutional) mass and an
amount of fuel which is being cyclically replenished. To determine how much fuel the Sun has left it is necessary to determine
how much fuel it had at the beginning and the rate of fuel consumption. Assuming fusion reaction 4H -> He (energy per reaction Er = 4.32 * 10−12
J) and power output P of 3.8 * 1026 J/s, time needed to spend all fusion fuel is: ∆t = m
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N ∆t = m
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N m = available mass
mp = proton mass
Er = energy per reaction
P = power output
N = fraction of mass used in fusion m = available mass
mp = proton mass
Er = energy per reaction
P = power output
ction of mass used in fusion N = fraction of mass used in fusion 147 147 147 Since the Sun has two [major] maxima, fusion may be occurring at two places
- in the core and above the core. Gravitational mass of the surface maximum is known to be 1.988500 * 1030
kg, while the gravitational mass of the core has been calculated here to be
2.951797 * 1027 kg. Assuming that the calculated mass is the mass of the maximum and therefore
equal to the internal capacity for real mass, this capacity in equilibrium should
be full and, due to mass loss (ie. through radiation), excess real mass must be
constantly (cyclically) consumed as fuel. Note that calculated mass implies such density of the core that temper-
ature should be orders of magnitude higher than current assumptions,
for thermonuclear fusion to occur. t = −26461406017707 s = −838511.4 years t = −26461406017707 s = −838511.4 years Negative time may be interpreted as the next cycle being overdue (core spent
all fuel 838k years ago and is currently burning constitutional mass), or, that
more than 2/3 of mass must be consumed in fusion. In case 70% of mass may be spent: 16.2
Energy replenishment If fusion is occurring in the core, most likely it is not thermonuclear. It has also been hypothesized that the ratio of core mass and surface mass
should be correlated with the ratio of mass between inner and outer planets. Assuming that at the beginning of the core feeding cycle, these ratios are
equal, fuel mass is the excess mass in the outer core corresponding to the ratio. Assuming that at the beginning of the core feeding cycle, these ratios are
equal, fuel mass is the excess mass in the outer core corresponding to the ratio. In case of thermonuclear fusion and with 2/3 of mass consumed, time needed
for the core to spend all fuel is: q
,
p
g
In case of thermonuclear fusion and with 2/3 of mass consumed, time needed
for the core to spend all fuel is: ∆t = m
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N = 8.90211033 ∗1027 kg
1.67265 ∗10−27 kg ∗4.32 ∗10−12 J
4
∗
1
3.8 ∗1026 J
s
∗2
3 ∆t = 10084091956967735 s = 319545591.5 years where m = 8.90211033 * 1027 kg is the previously calculated initial mass of the
core. Assuming that, at the start of consumption cycle, imaginary mass (gravi-
tational maximum) grows to initial mass radius (0.286 R⊙) and decreases with
energy loss, time left (assuming constant rate of consumption) before the next
feeding cycle is then: t =
2.951797 ∗1027 −1
38.90211033 ∗1027
∗3
2
1
8.90211033 ∗1027 ∆t ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years 148 t = 1114734114271587 s = 35323792.5 years However, as stated already, thermonuclear fusion in the core is unlikely. ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years and the core is at the end of a cycle. The obtained core cycle period agrees well with the hypothesized 2nd
order cycle period of the Solar System (≈26 million years). The obtained core cycle period agrees well with the hypothesized 2nd
order cycle period of the Solar System (≈26 million years). Since the 2nd order cycle period is also equal to periodicity of impacts
and extinctions on Earth and other planets, all these Solar events are
likely synchronized - once the core fuel is exhausted, additional fuel is
provided by the outer half of the Sun at the same time equal quantity of
its own fuel is replaced with mass from impactors. Gravitational stress may even create wormholes through core/surface
sunspots enabling direct consumption of impactor mass by the core. Gravitational stress may even create wormholes through core/surface
sunspots enabling direct consumption of impactor mass by the core. Note that, with core radius oscillation, its time independent radius is
obtained from the volumetric superposition of 0.2 R⊙and 0.286 R⊙
cores: Note that, with core radius oscillation, its time independent radius is
obtained from the volumetric superposition of 0.2 R⊙and 0.286 R⊙
cores:
4
4
4
4 4
3πR3 −4
3πRc
3 = 4
3πRi
3 −4
3πR3
R3 = Ri
3 + Rc
3
2
= (0.2863 + 0.23)R⊙
3
2 4
3πR3 −4
3πRc
3 = 4
3πRi
3 −4
3πR3 4
3πR3 −4
3πRc
3 = 4
3πRi
3 −4
3πR3
R3 = Ri
3 + Rc
3
2
= (0.2863 + 0.23)R⊙
3
2
R =
3
r
(0.2863 + 0.23)
2
R⊙= 0.25R⊙= 1
4R⊙ R3 = Ri
3 + Rc
3
2
= (0.2863 + 0.23)R⊙
3
2 R =
3
r
(0.2863 + 0.23)
2
R⊙= 0.25R⊙= 1
4R⊙ Such oscillation must be present on standard scale too - thus, all results
obtained from measurements of nuclear observables may be understood
as superpositions in time and/or space, however, in reality these are not
constants, rather statistical mean state of changing phenomena. Regardless of scale, no equally evolved (identical) phenomena can exist
at two points in time, nor can they exist at multiple points in space. De-localization may seem possible through stretching of [a point in]
space/time, however, this is fragmenting (quantizing) the phenomena
and its space. ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years In case
there is no fusion in the core at all, ruling out standard chemical reactions and
radioactivity, the remaining possibility is heat generation through gravitational
(Kelvin–Helmholtz) contraction: dUr
dt = −3GMi
2
10Ri
2
dR
dt Mi = initial core mass = 8.90211033 * 1027 kg
Ri = initial core radius = 0.286R⊙= 198970200 m Mi = initial core mass = 8.90211033 * 1027 kg
Ri = initial core radius = 0.286R⊙= 198970200 m Mi = initial core mass = 8.90211033 * 1027 kg
Ri = initial core radius = 0.286R⊙= 198970200 m assuming logarithmic relationship between mass and radius contraction, the
contraction may be approximated from the rate of Jupiter contraction: dR
dt = 10
Mi
MJ
3
Ri
RJ
dRJ
dt
= −7.29401291 ∗10−8 m
s MJ = Jupiter mass = 1.89819 * 1027 kg
RJ = Jupiter radius = 71492000 m MJ = Jupiter mass = 1.89819 * 1027 kg
RJ = Jupiter radius = 71492000 m
f J
i
i
3 17 * 10
11
/ MJ = Jupiter mass = 1.89819 * 1027 kg
RJ = Jupiter radius = 71492000 m
dRJ/dt = rate of Jupiter contraction = -3.17 * 10−11 m/s p
dRJ/dt = rate of Jupiter contraction = -3.17 * 10−11 m/s giving energy radiation of: giving energy radiation of: giving energy radiation of: dUr
dt = 2.9233705 ∗1021 J
s and time to spend all fuel: and time to spend all fuel: ∆t = 3G(Mi −M)2
10Ri
dUr
dt
−1
= 1218751736351319 s = 38619912 years
M = current core mass = 2.951797 * 1027 kg ∆t = 3G(Mi −M)2
10Ri
dUr
dt
−1
= 1218751736351319 s = 38619912 years ∆t = 3G(Mi −M)2
10Ri
dUr
dt
−1
= 1218751736351319 s = 38619912 years M = current core mass = 2.951797 * 1027 kg M = current core mass = 2.951797 * 1027 kg From this one can calculate the core radius at the end of the cycle (all
fuel spent):
R = Ri −∆tdR
dt = Ri −(Mi −M)2 Ri
Mi
2 = 0.158221 R⊙= 110074291 m
R⊙= Sun surface radius = 695700000 m
With current core radius at 0.2 R⊙, amount of fuel left is:
0.2 −0.158221
0.286 −0.158221 = 0.327 ≈1
3 From this one can calculate the core radius at the end of the cycle (all
fuel spent): R = Ri −∆tdR
dt = Ri −(Mi −M)2 Ri
Mi
2 = 0.158221 R⊙= 110074291 m
R⊙= Sun surface radius = 695700000 m With current core radius at 0.2 R⊙, amount of fuel left is: 0.2 −0.158221
0.286 −0.158221 = 0.327 ≈1
3 149 It is unlikely though that all fuel is spent during the cycle, total amount
spent is most likely equal to 2/3 (equivalent with fusion), in which case
the cycle period is: ∆tre = 2
3∆t = 25746608 years and the core is at the end of a cycle. ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years Even if it remains strongly entangled, it is never, as a
whole, at multiple points in space/time, although, with energy applied,
de-localized space may collapse to one of the fragmented points. Unlike the core, the outer part of the Sun is most likely powered by fusion. However, it too must have constitutional mass and fuel mass fraction of real
mass (excess mass). Most likely, fuel mass is equal to the previously calculated relativistic energy Most likely, fuel mass is equal to the previously calculated relativistic energy 150 (CMB relative) of the Sun. In that case, time to spend the fuel is: (CMB relative) of the Sun. In that case, time to spend the fuel is:
∆t = m
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N = 1.18437729 ∗1029 kg
1.67265 ∗10−27 kg ∗4.32 ∗10−12 J
4
∗
1
3.8 ∗1026 J
s
∗2
3
∆t = 4.25 ∗109 years ∆t = m
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N = 1.18437729 ∗1029 kg
1.67265 ∗10−27 kg ∗4.32 ∗10−12 J
4
∗
1
3.8 ∗1026 J
s
∗2
3 ∆t = m
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N = 1.18437729 ∗1029 kg
1.67265 ∗10−27 kg ∗4.32 ∗10−12 J
4
∗
1
3.8 ∗1026 J
s
∗2
3
∆t = 4 25 ∗109 years The value is in agreement with the hypothesized 1st order cycle and it is
likely equal to previously calculated real age of Earth (4.29±0.05 * 109
years), suggesting the Solar System is at the end of the 1st order cycle. Note that the calculated age is exactly 1/3 of the obtained age of the
observable universe in one class of measurements (Lensedquasars/N-
ear) - 12.75 * 109 years (also in agreement with more recent bTFR
measurements[99]), supporting the cycling hypothesis (this would be the
end of a 3rd cycle). Note that the calculated age is exactly 1/3 of the obtained age of the
observable universe in one class of measurements (Lensedquasars/N-
ear) - 12.75 * 109 years (also in agreement with more recent bTFR
measurements[99]), supporting the cycling hypothesis (this would be the
end of a 3rd cycle). )
Gravitational stress of the 1st order must be order(s) of magnitude larger
than that of the 2nd order. Likely, at the end of such cycle, Sun briefly looses some momentum
(relative to CMB) with the spin change of the outer maximum. ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years It falls
into a lower energy level, closer to the galactic centre. Afterwards, it
starts expanding again consuming hydrogen fuel as it returns to the
current state again. Note that a reason for discrepancy in measurements of the age of the
universe (Hubble constant) could be the same as in the case of the age of
Earth. I have previously hypothesized cyclic time compression (evolution
inflation, due to gravitational stress), with coupled periods of 1.512 and
≈26 million years. With the next larger period being Tu = 4.25 Gy, its
time compression should be: ∆tcu = ∆tcx
Tx
Tu = 24751.794 y
1512000 y 4.25 ∗109 y = 69573495.04 years where ∆tcx is the previously calculated compression of time with a single
Tx (1512000 years) pulse. Now one can calculate how much overestimated is the currently accepted
age of the observable universe Timg = 13.799 ± 0.021 * 109 years: σTimg =
Timg
Tu
h
∆tcu+
∆TEimg−Tu
i
= 1.07872048512±0.05∗109 years where ∆TEimg (4.54±0.05 * 109 years) is the currently accepted age of
Earth. where ∆TEimg (4.54±0.05 * 109 years) is the currently accepted age of
Earth. gives for the real age of the universe: This gives for the real age of the universe: This gives for the real age of the universe: This gives for the real age of the universe: T = Timg −σTimg = 12.72027951488 ± 0.071 ∗109 years T = Timg −σTimg = 12.72027951488 ± 0.071 ∗109 years 151 resolving the discrepancy. Another interesting solution is obtained if the fuel amount is equal to real
mass of the Sun calculated with the assumption of, across Solar System, invari-
ant, real ℏmg constant: m = ℏmg
g
= 6.968267285 ∗1020 N
274 m/s2
= 2.543163243 ∗1018 kg For N = 2/3 (here, the other 1/3 would be the solar wind), time needed to
spend this fuel is: ∆t = m
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N = 2.543163243 ∗1018 kg
1.67265 ∗10−27 kg
∗4.32 ∗10−12 J
4
∗
1
3.8 ∗1026 J
s
∗2
3
∆t = 2
3 ∗4321249.297 s = 33.3 days
For N = 1/2:
∆t = 1
2 ∗4321249.297 s = 25 days For N = 1/2: This solution is not plausible as it requires continuous hydrogen uptake
from interstellar medium. ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years While charged protons and electrons are ab-
sorbed at Sun’s poles and could be combined to form hydrogen at the
centre (assuming the Sun is not ideally neutral and has gravitational
holes at poles - at least periodically opened, although the charges could
also be inefficiently transferred inside as electric current), energy band-
width is not sufficient to power the Sun. Interestingly, the solution (with N = 2/3) is close to the polar rotation
period of the Sun (N = 1/2 gives equatorial period) where the uptake
would happen. However, although unlikely in a stable state, this is likely the feeding
method in the previous hypothesis (4.25 * 109 years cycle). Once the spin
momentum collapses into a two-dimensional form, the Sun will be ex-
tremely charged. With an extremely strong non-homogeneous magnetic
field it would be able to acquire required mass efficiently and quickly. Differential rotation of the Sun could be a fossilized evidence of spin col-
lapse, suggesting it breaks into multiple quanta in the form of concentric
rings (oppositely charged rings must have anti-aligned spin to conserve
the magnetic field). Such fossil is perhaps more evident on Jupiter, where wind velocities are
correlated with gravity. 152 The extremely stable and static cyclones on Jupiter’s poles indicate that
it might have small gravitational holes open today. However, if these are open, small gravitational gaps or indentations
should also exist between layers associated with each ring quanta. Strong
magnetic field and measurements of gravity do support this theory, al-
though the indentations would have to be extremely small - if gravita-
tional disturbances are not due to standard (U0) scale matter, as cur-
rently interpreted (in which case they would be the fossil of the healing
process). Figure 29: Jupiter gravity disturbances and wind gradient100 Figure 29: Jupiter gravity disturbances and wind gradient100 The cells of all living species are regenerating on a periodic basis, for exam-
ple, 1/3 of hippocampal neurons in humans and mice is exchanged during the
lifetime[101], thus, the cellular regeneration in the Sun should not be surprising,
whether it is food or constitutional mass. Capacity for real mass below the Sun’s surface may be full, but all mass orbiting
the Sun may be considered as its real mass. However, it is obviously not fuel mass, rather constitutional or symbiotic
mass. ∆t = 10588296554816122 s = 335522871 years The 3rd order period of the Solar System cycle may be related to this mass
through the mass barycentre of the system. I have previously calculated the neutral gravitational mass equivalent for the
surface plasma at the equator which would make its angular velocity Keplerian. The source for this energy may be the motion of the barycentre. In any case, if one assumes that conversion between neutral and electro-
magnetic component of the general force of the Sun is also periodic and that 153 such energy replaces fusion reactions in equivalent way, the period of recharge
is: ∆t = mre
mp
∗Er
4 ∗1
P ∗N = 4.042341 ∗1025 kg
1.67265 ∗10−27 kg ∗4.32 ∗10−12 J
4
∗
1
3.8 ∗1026 J
s
∗2
3 ∆t = 45790644230537 s = 1451018 years ∆t = 45790644230537 s = 1451018 years ∆t = 45790644230537 s = 1451018 years and it is in good agreement with the hypothesized 3rd cycle period (a fraction
of mass N = 0.6946847 would yield the hypothesized value - 1512000 years). In comparison with living beings, one might notice a problem of ex-
hausted fuel - what happens with the ash from fusion reactions (end
products of fusion)? In comparison with living beings, one might notice a problem of ex-
hausted fuel - what happens with the ash from fusion reactions (end
products of fusion)? )
There are couple of solutions: There are couple of solutions: 1. the ash is ejected periodically, 2. the ash forms the constitutional mass. P gives 0.86 for the α exponent (M = total mass of the sun = 1988500 * 1024
kg). For a mammalian organ this would be between a kidney and a liver[103],
suggesting an embryonic stem cell in the process of differentiation. 2. the ash forms the constitutional mass. 2. the ash forms the constitutional mass. Time compression at the end of Solar System cycles implies gravitational
stress of Solar System maxima. While the 2nd hypothesis might be plausible during initial formation of
the Sun, at least at the end of one of the cycles some mass must be
ejected out from the Sun. It certainly seems easier than in case of planets, as unlike the planets, the
Sun does not have a solid [real] mantle to block the explosion (the mantle
of the Sun are the terrestrial planets, however, they are in collapsed form
with plenty of space in between). The ash content depends on the cycle period, being mostly Helium in
smaller cycles but with heavier elements formed in explosions at the end
of larger cycles. A full collapse of the maximum is the collapse of a 3-dimensional spher-
ical neutral form into 2-dimensional charged form. Since the surface
maximum of the Sun is entangled with Mars’ maximum, at the time
of collapse, two ring maxima are aligned and the ejection of ash is not
isotropic, rather targeting Mars. At that point, both the Sun and Mars have a significant (extreme) mag-
netic field generated by charged maxima so Mars would likely attract
ferromagnetic/charged ejecta from the Sun. /
The evidence for this is the Fe covered surface of Mars. Note that the collapse involves the change of spin of the maxima. First,
the holes are opening on the poles of the spherical Sun maximum while
the axial tilt starts increasing, the poles of the Sun and Mars are only
briefly fully aligned before the equilibrium of stable spin states is reached. Thus, most mass is ejected in the first and last moments of the spin
change, through the equilibrium poles - out of the Solar System. 154 Note that the magnetic field is weakest at these times, as it increases,
the momentum of particles is curved and aimed at Mars. 16.3
As a living organ[ism] Considering the energy output (metabolic rate) of P = 3.8 * 1026 W, the stan-
dard relation between metabolic rate and mass[102]: P
0.0484259259 day∗W
kcal
= 70 ∗M α 17
The cycle of life and death An atom or a planetary system consists of relatively massive matter and rela-
tively empty space of gravitational wells. The energy of this space is in its vacuum proportional to its spin momentum
and characterized by electric and magnetic permeability of polarized quanta of
certain scale. Gravitational wells (souls) are not intrinsically coupled with matter - other-
wise, there would be no death. All souls thus oscillate between different bodies. All souls thus oscillate between different bodies. This oscillation can be vertical (between different scales) or horizontal (be-
tween species of the same element, such as carbon), although even horizontal
oscillation includes a temporary scale inflation/deflation between stable states. Species in horizontal oscillation have comparable lifetimes so gravitational
collapse generally indicates a permanent decoupling of particular soul/matter
pair (death). Primary (prevalent) oscillation type depends on pressure/temperature of the
environment. Man’s desire to extend his dying baffles all of common sense. Why
would one not want to leave the ageing body and start anew? It
seems, it is in nature of polarized to keep patching the patches of the
ageing systems instead of letting things die and recycle in peaceful
honour. It is alas, the fear of death, unjustly implanted into the seeds of
man by man that makes him a zombie, sad and cancerous, even at
times of abundant life. 155 18
Inflation and dark energy According to CR, observable universe cannot be absolute - if it had a beginning
it was a relative beginning and if it was inflated it was inflated from a relative,
not absolute, singularity. The inflation thus did not proceed from a single point, rather inflation of
galaxies should be regarded as inflation of spatially separated relative universes. Similar is true for planetary systems. This suggests that development of galaxies was relatively fast and implies
there are no large differences between distant and near galaxies when relatively
equal energies are involved in their creation (with the assumption of a stable
state and weak evolution after initial inflation). UPDATE 2022.08.18 Preliminary results of analyses of James Webb Space Telescope
(JWST) data confirm this hypothesis[104]. Preliminary results of analyses of James Webb Space Telescope
(JWST) data confirm this hypothesis[104]. If planetary systems are equivalents of standard atoms in a particular state
(pressure/temperature), observable universe becomes a gas of extremely low
density. Dark energy, if it exists, is thus simply the energy of gas expansion
due to scaled pressure/temperature change. Such expansion cannot continue
forever, and, after initial inflation, it is more likely to be decelerating, rather
than accelerating. Galaxies are then simply large scale quantum vortices. Black holes and other gravitational wells of U1 scale can be understood as
vacuum quanta, increasing in strength with inflation and causing contraction
of constituent matter, with stretched space (at times of inflation of space, not
expansion) between them creating (inflating) new gravitational wells (primal
stars) between galaxies. This exponential growth of energy is what eventually
ends inflation. The expansion of the universe has been questioned before and there are
results consistent with a non-expanding, Euclidean universe[105] regarding some
phenomena previously considered to favour expanding universe, although none
solve all the problems - ie. increasing redshift with distance or time dilation of
distant events. Recent analyses suggest that the expansion of the observable universe is not
accelerating[106] and the redshift previously used as evidence for acceleration
should be attributed to local "bulk flow" instead. If photons have rest mass on some scale, as CR implies, energy will be lost
with distance (if not replenished periodically). If the mechanism for energy
loss from distant galaxies is not scattering of light through interactions with
standard (U0 scale) matter, the interactions must be involving smaller scales
of photon energy components. These are causing changes in values of mo- 156 mentum relatively independent of wavelength, and without affecting direction
significantly. Photons, having mass, must have a range - which then explains
decreasing brightness with distance. However, even these interactions cannot explain time dilation, which appar-
ently has been observed in Type Ia supernovae[107]. Signatures of time dilation have also been found in gamma-ray bursts but
with lower confidence[108]. Most likely, the observable universe was still expanding at the time of emis-
sion of light from distant galaxies, however, current accelerating expansion is
questionable. UPDATE 2022.08.18 Observations also suggest that small scale effects on photon en-
ergy are oscillating with distance - consistent with hypothesized oscillation of
photon mass, which, periodically results in acceleration rather than deceleration
of photons. The oscillation must be correlated with properties of space. If there
is no significant loss of energy, energy of the photon might be kept relatively
constant through these interactions. 19
Stability of elements Structure of U0 elements is entangled with the configuration of U1 universe. This also makes the stability of isotopes dependent on this configuration. The stability curve and decay rates of individual isotopes thus change strongly
in transition from one cycle state to another, but also oscillate during state life-
time. Stable isotopes are concentrated along this curve: N(P, t) =
$
P ∗
1 +
Nmax
Pmax
−1
∗
P
Pmax
+σT
' σT =
−(C1 ∗C2) ∗
C2
C1
−1
+ (C2 −C1) ∗t
∆t
∗(C1 + C2)
∗
P
Pmax
σT =
(C1 ∗C2 −C2
2) + (C2
2 −C1
2) ∗t
∆t
∗
P
Pmax σT =
−(C1 ∗C2) ∗
C2
C1
−1
+ (C2 −C1) ∗t
∆t
∗(C1 + C2)
∗
P
Pmax σT =
(C1 ∗C2 −C2
2) + (C2
2 −C1
2) ∗t
∆t
∗
P
Pmax where N = N0 is the number of neutrons, P = P0 = Z is the number of protons
of the isotope and Pmax is the maximum number of protons for a stable element
(for the Solar and equivalent systems, Pmax = 82, corresponding to Pb - lead). σT is the small shift in value of N due to weak evolution through state lifetime
(∆t). Pmax
Nmax
= N1
P1 PPmax/Nmax =
EHN1/P1(Ps, NPmax/Nmax)
157 where N1 is the number of neutrons and P1 the number of protons of the parent
system - U1. Ps is the atomic number (number of protons) of the most stable element -
element with maximum number of stable isotopes. PPmax/Nmax is the atomic number of the element lying on the N(P,t) curve
with P/N ratio equal to Pmax/Nmax. For the Solar System, in state 6p4n: For the Solar System, in state 6p4n: ∆t = 1.51 ∗106 years Pmax
Nmax
= 2
3
P2/3 =
EH4/6(Ps, N2/3)
C1 = 2 , C2 = 3 Note that the constants C1 and C2 are the same as those determined in
chapter "Earth, as a living organ[ism] - Age and 3rd order period - Speed
of time". Fig. 34 shows all stable isotopes of the Solar System (green) and the N(P,t)
curve (black). 19
Stability of elements Note the following: Note the following: • for t > 1495840 years (t ≈∆t), the isotope lying on the curve with P/N
ratio exactly equal to 2/3 is Pt-195 (Platinum, P = 78). The placement
of other Platinum isotopes is symmetric relative to the curve, • for σT = 0 (t = 3/5 ∆t), the P2/3 isotope is Pb-205 (Lead, P = 82). At t
= 3/5 ∆t this was a stable isotope. 1/3 of other stable isotopes are above
the curve, 2/3 below, • for t = 4/5 ∆t the P2/3 isotope is Hg-200 (Mercury, P = 80). 1/3 of other
stable isotopes are above the curve, 2/3 below, • the ratio of horizontal to vertical distance between Lead-205 and Platinum-
195 is (82 - 78) / (123 - 117) = 4/6 = 2/3, • the ratio of horizontal to vertical distance between Lead-205 and Hg-200
is (80 - 78) / (120 - 117) = 2/3, 158 Figure 34: Stable isotopes of the Solar System in state 6p4n at t > 1495840
years Figure 34: Stable isotopes of the Solar System in state 6p4n at t > 1495840
years 159 • at t ≈∆t, Tin (Sn, P = 50) has the highest number of stable isotopes
(10). Tin isotope lying on the curve is Sn-116 (50 protons, 66 neutrons). 2/3 of other stable Tin isotopes is above the curve, 1/3 is below, • at t ≈∆t, the only elements without stable isotopes are Tc (Technetium,
P = 43) and Pm (Promethium, P = 61). The isotopes lying on the curve
are Tc-98 and Pm-146. Vertical distance from Sn-116 to Tc-98 is equal to
horizontal distance from Sn-116 to Pm-146. • at t ≈∆t, the only elements without stable isotopes are Tc (Technetium,
P = 43) and Pm (Promethium, P = 61). The isotopes lying on the curve
are Tc-98 and Pm-146. Vertical distance from Sn-116 to Tc-98 is equal to
horizontal distance from Sn-116 to Pm-146. • at t ≈∆t, the only elements without stable isotopes are Tc (Technetium,
P = 43) and Pm (Promethium, P = 61). The isotopes lying on the curve
are Tc-98 and Pm-146. Vertical distance from Sn-116 to Tc-98 is equal to
horizontal distance from Sn-116 to Pm-146. 20
Electric gravity Electric force is a polarized component of the general force. Inside the atom, force field between negative and positive charges is neu-
tralized and electro-magnetic potential may be exchanged with gravitational
potential. Thus, a Hill sphere radius (rH) of an atom should be correlated with its
charge radius. rH = R 3
r m
3M This gives, for Carbon-12 atom with nucleus mass m = 1.992646883 * 10−26 kg
inside the gravity field of Earth at R = 6371 km (surface): rH = 66 ∗10−12 m = 66 pm This is in agreement with experimentally obtained radius of 70 pm (±5 pm). Calculation for other elements of the periodic table yields similar results. This is in agreement with experimentally obtained radius of 70 pm (±5 pm). Calculation for other elements of the periodic table yields similar results. Note that Hill radius is different for different isotopes of the same element
while experimentally obtained atomic radii are charge radii and thus indepen-
dent of the number of neutrons (radius represents the orbit of the outermost
electron). In example, for Carbon-14 the obtained value is 69.5 * 10−12 m, and
even closer to 70 pm if one calculates using equatorial radius of Earth instead
of mean volumetric (a possible indicator that the Solar System soul was a part
of a 14(C-N-O) cycle in previous incarnation). Fig. 35 shows experimentally obtained radius (green) and calculated Hill
sphere at R = 6371 km (black) for all stable isotopes. Evidently, radii are
not only correlated but values of covalent radii oscillate around the Hill radii,
confirming the entanglement of U0 and U1. Comparing data from 1964.[109] and 2008.[110] shows a compression of radii
and convergence to Hill radii - such changes are expected in CR (no constants)
and these should be accelerating as the Solar System approaches the end of the
current state (6p4n). In the intermediate state (5p5n) charges may be completely neutralized, and
the radii of all elements may converge to Hill radius. 160 Figure 35: Calculated Hill sphere and measured radius for stable isotopes: a)
data from 2008. b) data from 1964. Figure 35: Calculated Hill sphere and measured radius for stable isotopes: a)
data from 2008. b) data from 1964. Figure 36: Calculated Hill sphere (adjusted) and measured radius for stable
isotopes: a) data from 2008. b) data from 1964. 20
Electric gravity On the standard atom scale U0, gravitational constant for a completely neu-
tralized general force can be derived from previously obtained orbital momentum
of the Carbon-10 outermost electron: mv2
r
= GMm
r2
v2 = GM
r mv2
r
= GMm
r2 v2 = GM
r M =
Sun mass
Neptune mass ∗m 20
Electric gravity Figure 36: Calculated Hill sphere (adjusted) and measured radius for stable
isotopes: a) data from 2008. b) data from 1964. 161 Fig. 36 shows the experimentally obtained radius (green) and calculated Hill
sphere at R = 6371 km (black) for isotopes with neutron number adjusted to
match the charge radius. In calculations above, atomic mass has been quantized by u = 1.66053907 *
10−27 kg (atomic mass constant) with integer number of protons P and neutrons
N [m = (P + N) * u] so Hill radii are quantized too. The overlap of Hill radii
with charge radii in Fig. 36 shows that charge radius is quantized too (there is
a number of neutrons N for which the Hill radius will match the charge radius). Figure 37: Isotopes used in Fig. 36 calculation: a) data from 2008. b) data
from 1964. Figure 37: Isotopes used in Fig. 36 calculation: a) data from 2008. b) data
from 1964. Fig. 37 shows the number of neutrons N used with each element to obtain
Hill radius equal to charge radius. From above figures it is obvious that elements (atoms) are grouped into
shells the same way as electrons are grouped in atoms. Grouping is shown in n
shell (alt shell)
entanglement
elements
total elements = 2n2
1
K
-
1-2 (H - He)
2
2
L
Q
3-10 (Li - Ne)
8
2
L (Q)
L
11-18 (Na - Ar)
8
3
M
P
19-36 (K - Kr)
18
3
M (P)
M
37-54 (Rb - Xe)
18
4
N
O
55-86 (Cs - Rn)
32
4
N (O)
N
87-118 (Fr - Og)
32
Table 37: Grouping of elements Table 37. There are two possibilities - either the shells L, M and N are doubled
or the grouping is reflected after the N shell, so shells O, P and Q contain the
same number of elements such as shells N, M and L, respectively. Note that 162 in case of alternative (Og) grouping, no elements beyond Og are theoretically
possible - otherwise another shell would be present between He and Li. Gravitational constant G is not dimensionless and therefore not invariant to
vertical scale transformation. M =
Sun mass
Neptune mass ∗m G = G0 = v2 r
M = 1.234879253 ∗1027 m3
kgs2 v = vU0 = 5.585837356 * 105 m/s
r = rU0 = 70 * 10−12 m where m, v, r are components of the outermost electron orbital momentum
(mass, velocity, radius). If one now, equalizes electric with gravitational force (for photon/graviton
m > 0 - Yukawa, Proca[111]): k0Q2
1
r2 + µγ
r
! e(−µγr) = G0m2
1
r2 + µn
r
! e(−µnr) discarding µ / r factors due to being practically equal and equal to 0 on both
sides (expecting large r): discarding µ / r factors due to being practically equal and equal to 0 on both
sides (expecting large r): µn −µγ = 1
r ln
G0 m2
k0 Q2
Mncn
ℏn
−Mγcγ
ℏγ
= 1
r ln
G0 m
k0 Q
cn
ℏn
= cγ
ℏγ
= c
ℏ
Mn −Mγ = ℏ
c
1
r ln
G0 m2
k0 Q2
Mn −Mγ = ℏ
c
1
r ln
G0 m2
k0 Q2
163 ℏ= reduced Planck’s constant = 1.054573 * 10−34 Js
c = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s
k0 = Coulomb constant = 8.9875517873681764 * 109 Nm2/C2
Q = electron charge = 1.60217733 * 10−19 C
Mγ = photon mass
Mn = U0 graviton mass ℏ= reduced Planck’s constant = 1.054573 * 10−34 Js
c = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s
k0 = Coulomb constant = 8.9875517873681764 * 109 Nm2/C2
Q = electron charge = 1.60217733 * 10−19 C
Mγ = photon mass
Mn = U0 graviton mass ℏ= reduced Planck’s constant = 1.054573 * 10−34 Js
c = 2.99792458 * 108 m/s
k0 = Coulomb constant = 8.9875517873681764 * 109 Nm2/C2
Q = electron charge = 1.60217733 * 10−19 C
Mγ = photon mass
Mn = U0 graviton mass Using previously obtained photon mass Mγ = 2 * 9.10938356 * 10−73 kg and
carbon graviton mass Mn = 2 * 1.663337576 * 10−68 kg, this gives: r = 1.3032821975 ∗1026 m as the distance in space when two forces become equal. As shown previously, components of general force, charge and mass
are exchangeable through inflation/deflation of momentum components
(even in neutral particles, the amount of gravitational mass can increase
at the expense of charge mass, with particle remaining neutral). Nature of the force thus has to oscillate over distance. M =
Sun mass
Neptune mass ∗m Taking into account error margins, obtained distance is equal to the
radius of observable universe, assuming currently accepted [img] age
(13.799 * 109 years), constant speed of light and flat space: r = c∆t = 2.99792458∗108∗13.799∗109∗365.25∗24∗60∗60 = 1.305∗1026 m r = c∆t = 2.99792458∗108∗13.799∗109∗365.25∗24∗60∗60 = 1.305∗1026 m The fact that obtained distance is equal to the radius of observable universe
is not a coincidence. For an inflation at the speed of light, for standard particles, distance in
space is distance in time so this may be interpreted as the time when both
forces (carrier masses) were equal, after which point one particle started loosing
mass while the other was gaining mass. This is expected with the exchange of one potential for the other. Note that previously obtained real age of observable universe (12.75 *
109 years) implies inflation was at times faster than current c which, for
the same radius, implies the c in flat space was also higher at these times. In expanding vacuum - with decreasing density, speed of light must be
proportional or inversely proportional to speed of inflation wherever the
density of space is affected. In the past the observable universe likely did expand, but geometry deforma-
tion was localized (quantized, gravitational wells being the quanta of vacuum)
and expansion may have lasted only up to the point of CMB emission (at this 164 point the speed of light also became equal to c). The redshifts thus may be
caused by lower scale (U−2) particles in intergalactic medium absorbing photon
energies. Taking into account the scaled density of the observable universe (gas), ev-
idently this is a discontinuity, and possibly a gravitational maximum between
layers of, relatively, dense matter. If its angular velocity is equal to c, this is a black hole maximum (escape
velocity =
√
2 c). Thus, light coming from large distances might be the light reflected offof the
firewall, providing a window to the past of inner content. This explains the cor-
relation of apparently spatially separated phenomena (galaxies) - these may not
be images of different phenomena separated in space, but one separated in time. Note that, if one fixes the gravitational constant G0 to G0 = 1.257920328 ∗1027 m3
kgs2 one obtains this: G0m
k0Q = K−1µ0
−1 = µ0
−1
c2 = 4π G0m
Q K = 4π G0m
Q G0m
k0Q = K−1µ0
−1 = µ0
−1 c2 = 4π G0m
Q K = 4π G0m
Q where µ0 is the vacuum permeability (magnetic) constant and K = 1 C/m. m1 = 0.99026311 ∗1026 kg ≈1 ∗1026 kg m1 = 0.99026311 ∗1026 kg ≈1 ∗1026 kg one obtains this: G1 m1
k1 Q1
= K2 Mp = Mp where Mp = 1.6726218977 * 10−27 kg is the mass of a standard proton. Range of U1 electric force: λγ1 = ℏ1
c1
1
Mγ1
= 2.98069699 ∗1064 m ≈3 ∗1064 m Range of U1 gravitational force: λn1 = ℏ1
c1
1
Mn1
=
ℏ1
5 ∗10−20 = 1.63239937 ∗1060 m Here, unit m (meter) is unscaled, for a properly scaled metric the ranges are
equal to ranges on U0 scale. Here, unit m (meter) is unscaled, for a properly scaled metric the ranges are
equal to ranges on U0 scale. r = c∆t = 2.99792458∗108∗13.799∗109∗365.25∗24∗60∗60 = 1.305∗1026 m One can now obtain k and Q for the U1 scale (Solar System): where µ0 is the vacuum permeability (magnetic) constant and K = 1 C/m. (
) where µ0 is the vacuum permeability (magnetic) constant and K = 1 C/m. One can now obtain k and Q for the U1 scale (Solar System): One can now obtain k and Q for the U1 scale (Solar System): k1Q1
2
G1m12 = k0Q0
2
G0m02 k1 = k0Q0
2
G0m02 G1
c14
16π2G1
2 K1
−2 = k0Q0
2
G0m02
c14
16π2G1 Using G1 = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 and previously obtained c1 = 2.930445979
* 106 m/s: Using G1 = 6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2 and previously obtained c1 = 2.930445979
* 106 m/s: k1 = 3.95052951 ∗1038 Nm2
C2 Q1 = 10001.92779151 C ≈1 ∗104 C Q1 = 10001.92779151 C ≈1 ∗104 C Ranges on U1 scale: Mγ1 −Mn1 = ℏ1
c1
1
r ln
G1 m1
k1 Q1
ℏ1 = hm2
2π = 7.95683841 ∗1040 Js ℏ1 = hm2
2π = 7.95683841 ∗1040 Js 165 Using m1 = 1.02413 * 1026 kg and previously obtained Mn1 = 1.663337576 *
10−26 kg, Mγ1 = 9.10938356 * 10−31 kg, the distance where two forces become
equal, r = 1.0059686 * 1062 m ≈1 * 1062 m. Note that, if one fixes m1 to m1 = 0.99026311 ∗1026 kg ≈1 ∗1026 kg 21
Relation of G variation to Sun’s discontinu-
ities Equalizing the strength of electric and gravitational force between two free par-
ticles (positron and electron), disregarding small mass of carrier particles: k0
Q2
r2 = GM 2
r2 1
4πε0
Q2 = GM 2 yields the following value for the gravitational constant G: G = k0Q2
M 2 = 2.78025476 ∗1032 m3
kgs2 k0 = 8.9875517873681764 * 109 Nm2/C2
Q = 1.60217733 * 10−19 C
M = 9.10938356 * 10−31 kg In CR, gravitational constant G changes with scale. But it is also modified with
neutralization of EM force, when k0 decreases, while G increases. 166 This enables the gravitational force to be, at least in some cases, a prevailing
force in the atom, rather than EM force. 10 I have previously calculated G relative to a 10C atom nucleus mass obtained
through current Sun mass, the constant G using rest mass of 10C nucleus is: G0 = v2 r
M = 1.29864745 ∗1027 m3
kgs2 v = 5.5550351679 * 105 m/s
r = 70 * 10−12 m
M = 1.663337576 * 10−26 kg where m, v and r are components of the orbital angular momentum of the
outermost electron. Calculated G (G0) is now only 5 orders of magnitude smaller than G required
for gravity to be equal in strength to EM force between an electron and a
positron. But instead of G increasing, one might assume that k0 decreases by 5 orders
of magnitude, or more precisely by this amount: ∆k = G
G0
= 2.140884935 ∗105 ∆k = G
G0
= 2.140884935 ∗105 Thus, the increase of G (∆G) of Earth’s inner core maximum, after extrac-
tion, neutralization and collapse to current radii, is equal to ∆k. I have previously calculated that this G has increased to 5.731534632 * 10−6
m3/kgs2, which is, relative to surface G (6.674 * 10−11 m3/kgs2), an increase
of: ∆G = 5.731534632 ∗10−6
6.674 ∗10−11
= 8.58785531 ∗104 which is also the ratio between imaginary mass M (5.97 * 1024 kg) and real mass
m (6.95 * 1019 kg) of Earth from some reference frames. If gravitational constant G measured on the surface of the Earth (surface
G) is relative to standard scale (U0), proper G for U1 scale must be
different. But what was the initial G of Earth’s inner core? 21
Relation of G variation to Sun’s discontinu-
ities According to above hypothesis, it should have been: Gi = 5.731534632 ∗10−6
∆k
= 2.677180141 ∗10−11 m3
kgs2 If Earth’s core has been extracted from the Sun, as hypothesized, one can get
it’s original radius using this constant: r =
s
GiM
g
= 440784499.323 m ≈440785 km 167 M = img mass of the Sun = 1.988500 * 1030 kg
g = gravity of the maximum = 274 m/s2 M = img mass of the Sun = 1.988500 * 1030 kg
g = gravity of the maximum = 274 m/s2 This agrees very well with the hypothesis of entanglement of discontinuities with
inner planetary orbitals:
2 r
R ≈rE
rM
≈2
3 r
R ≈rE
rM
≈2
3 R = Sun radius = 695700 km
rE = Earth orbital = 149.6 * 106 km
rM = Mars orbital = 227.92 * 106 km The discontinuity (r/R = 0.63) is evident through the profile of rotational ve-
locities of the Sun: The discontinuity (r/R = 0.63) is evident through the profile of rotational ve-
locities of the Sun: Figure 38: Sun rotation rates112 Figure 38: Sun rotation rates112 Above this discontinuity is the tachocline (transition region between the
radiative and convective layer of the Sun), a major source of the Sun’s magnetic
dipole, analogous to the region of charge above Earth’s inner core. The hypothesis of neurogenesis, assuming pending neurogenesis on Earth
and completed neurogenesis on Mars and other terrestrial planets, explains why
Earth is the only one with an active surface magnetic dipole. The connection
of tachocline with 0.63R discontinuity would suggest: 1. it’s position is not permanent and it moves between discontinuities, cor-
responding to the planet with ongoing neurogenesis, 1. it’s position is not permanent and it moves between discontinuities, cor-
responding to the planet with ongoing neurogenesis, 2. possible multiple active discontinuities and associated tachoclines in the
past, initially at maximum, or 168 3. current position is the place of birth of all planetary embryos (cores). The 2nd hypothesis here is most plausible - the tachocline is active as long as
the magnetic dipole of the corresponding planet is active (the two phenomena
are synchronized). 21
Relation of G variation to Sun’s discontinu-
ities However, if the tachocline is localized to 0.71R[113] and distance between
the tachocline and the discontinuity is scaled from Earth (distance between the
charge radius and gravitational maximum), the associated discontinuity is at: r = 1206115
17057040.71R = 0.5R ≈
1
√
20.71R which would be a discontinuity associated with Venus. In that case the tachocline is the location of a charge radius associated with
a 0.5R gravitational maximum and, assuming equal g-factor, such charge radius
should also be located at: r = 1705704
1206115R = 983868.265 km ≈
√
2R In this case though, the g-factor of a neutron might be more appropriate, yield-
ing r = 1.111507303 * 106 km (and a mirror at 444533.257 km = 0.639R). Note that the 0.71R tachocline is 3/4 of 0.94R, which according to Fig. 38
seems to be another discontinuity or a fossilized initial Sun radius. Such fossil is also visible at 0.75R, which should be a discontinuity in 4p6n
state. The 0.63R (2/3 of 0.94R) is also a fossil, as the current location associated
with Earth is 0.66R. Note that 0.63R discontinuity is, similarly to 0.4R (2/5 R) discontinuity,
weak (unstable) - it may not always be present in the rotational profile
of the Sun. The 0.63R has been revealed in seismic analysis (periodic, 1.3y signal),
and possibly the 0.4R discontinuity too (noted as a low significance bump
in rotation variability between 0.2R and 0.6R)[114]. Sun’s GM product has increased 0.06% due to relativistic energy relative to
CMB, so initial radius at 0.94R implies that surface radius changes proportion-
ally: R =
R0
q
1 −v2
c12 R =
R0
q
1 −v2
c12 for previously obtained c1 = 2.93 * 106 m/s and v = vs + vp = 996 km/s, gives
R0 = 654271.142 km = 0.94 R. R0 = 654271.142 km = 0.94 R. 169 Note 1: This is analogous to the decrease of Bohr radius due to relativis-
tic mass of the electron. Bohr radius: a0 =
ℏ
mecα using relativistic mass: arel =
ℏ
q
1 −v2e
c2
mecα It follows: It follows: arel
a0
=
r
1 −v2e
c2 Here, however, the radius of the atom is decreasing with the relativistic
mass of electron, while the radius of the nucleus must increase with the
relativistic mass of the gravitational maximum. Note 2: Note 2: Although
GM
changes
proportionally
to
R,
differential
rotation
can shift discontinuities. Effectively, for the polar regions of the Sun,
change is proportional with R2: R2 =
R0
2
q
1 −v2
c12 This gives R0 = 0.97 R, and, according to Fig. 38, it is indeed the correct
value for polar regions. Note that the same discontinuity (0.97 R) can
be obtained is one assumes that gravity of Sun’s surface maximum is
invariant to changes in energy levels (Earth’s maximum at inner core
radius does suggest this to be true, which also implies equal species of
the maximum for these two, if one is characterized by its gravity). In
that case, with the loss of accumulated CMB kinetic energy, radius of
the Sun decreases to 0.97 R. If this discontinuity is correlated with the energy of real mass, and if
decrease in radius has passed 0.97 R in all regions apart from high po-
lar region, the collapse of the surface maximum to 0.97 R should be
imminent. Note also that with the end of 1st order cycle, collapse to 0.97 R may
be intermediary to larger collapse (up to core radius). Note that, taking
the shift of 0.03 R into account, 0.63 R discontinuity becomes 0.66 R. 170 Note
also
that
orbits
of
planets
have
been
shifted
equally,
as
shown
in
Table
38. planet
distance from the Sun r [109 m]
r/rM
initial r/rM
shift
Mercury
57.91
0.25
0.28
-0.03
Venus
108.21
0.47
0.5
-0.03
Earth
149.6
0.66
0.63
+0.03
Mars
227.92
1
0.97
+0.03
Table 38: Shifting of planetary orbits
The Earth has thus moved from 0.63 rM to 0.66 rM, while Venus moved equally
but in opposite direction, from 0.5 to 0.47. Mars moved from 0.97 to 1 rM and
Mercury too moved accordingly. 22
Gyro-magnetic ratio and its correlation with
Earth/Moon The gyro-magnetic ratio of a particle is the ratio of its magnetic moment to its
angular momentum:
µ γ = µ
L With the assumption that mass and charge have equal momentum: γ = µ
L =
q
2m where q, m are charge and mass of the particle, respectively. Measurements show that this is not valid for quantum particles such as
electron. Thus, a dimensionless factor ge (g-factor) was introduced: γ =
q
2mge The factor has been attributed to quantum effects which do not exist in classical
(intuitive) reality - point particles with intrinsic magnetic moment (no rotation). The factor has been attributed to quantum effects which do not exist in classical
(intuitive) reality - point particles with intrinsic magnetic moment (no rotation). The notion of point particles having any properties is in itself problematic,
let alone existence of different point particles with different properties. However,
if such particles could exist, due to scale invariance, they would have to exist on
bigger scales too. No such thing has ever been observed in reality - all magnetic
fields are produced by moving charges of objects having a real radius. Thus, intrinsic magnetic momentum is not intuitive, but intrinsic rotation
of charge (producing the momentum) at finite radius greater than 0 is. In CR there is also no intrinsic coupling of matter and gravity, and since
charge field is a polarized gravitational field, the g-factor can be explained simply
by a difference in distribution (or angular momenta) of gravitational mass and
charge mass within the particle, preserving the intuitive concepts of reality. 171 Complete relativity not only allows speeds faster than light (photon mass
is scale dependent) but implies such speeds must exist at some scale, thus the
required superluminal rotation of charge (implied at certain radii) in particles
such as an electron is not an issue either. The absolute (invariant) speed limit is not a dimensionless constant and thus
is counter-intuitive in scale invariant reality (relativity), but, in this case, the
required speed would be valid even in the context of General Relativity (charge is
at rest relative to rotating space) if it would incorporate scale invariant curvature
of space. 22
Gyro-magnetic ratio and its correlation with
Earth/Moon p
Magnetic moment µ and angular momentum L: µ = IA = qvc
2πrc
× πrc
2 L = mvm × rm where vc, rc are the charge orbital velocity and radius, respectively, and vm, rm
are the mass orbital velocity and radius, respectively. where vc, rc are the charge orbital velocity and radius, respectively, and vm, rm
are the mass orbital velocity and radius, respectively. The factor ge is thus: ge = vc × rc
vm × rm Being dimensionless, it should be scale invariant relative to particle flavor. This means that the value of ge for electron and positron is equal to ge of
Earth, as Earth is a large scale Dirac fermion equivalent (obviously not a point
particle unless taken relatively), albeit in an environment where its fermionic
nature is effectively annihilated. Just like the electron, Earth consists of intrinsic charge and mass and accu-
mulated mass due to neutralization. The intrinsic energy is concentrated within the inner and outer core. Assuming charge radius is in the outer core where gravity equals gc = 137
m/s2 and gravitational mass radius is the inner core gravitational maximum gm
(274 m/s2), with equal rotation period (and angle between v and r vectors): ge = vc × rc
vm × rm
= rc2
rm2 = gm
gc
= 2 Note that it was assumed that mass is not a solid body with radius rm but, like
the charge, a particle or a stream of particles forming a ring at rm. This is a valid assumption since this mass is not real mass, but vacuum
energy (imaginary mass) which, in case of charged naked maxima, forms a ring
rather than sphere surface. Since gravitational potential is not isotropic, gravitational acceleration at
any point is a vector sum of accelerations induced by vacuum quanta forming
the ring: g =
n
X
k=1
⃗gk =
X G0M0
⃗dr
2 172 Figure 39: Mass and charge radius of charged bodies Figure 39: Mass and charge radius of charged bodies In case of equatorial and polar gravity vector components parallel to surface
cancel out. Equatorial gravity is thus: g =
n
X
k=1
G0M0
Re −rm cos
k 2π
n
2 where Re is the equatorial radius. where Re is the equatorial radius. where Re is the equatorial radius. q
Polar gravity: g =
n
X
k=1
G0M0
Rp
2
= nG0M0
Rp
2 where Rp is the polar radius. p
Deriving G0M0 product with equatorial gravity fixed to 9.798 m/s2 and
calculating polar gravity, for n >= 5, gives 9.34 m/s2. /
This is smaller than measured, so the Earth must be a composite of 2
positrons (or positron equivalents), as hypothesized. Note that I have previously hypothesized that the shape of a gravitational
maximum with charge neutralization is transforming from a ring like to
sphere surface form. Here, it is assumed that ring form is preserved, for the sake of proving
fossilization of initial conditions. 173 With 2 particles in the same state, energy splits into two levels: With 2 particles in the same state, energy splits into two levels: Figure 40: Mass and charge radius of two charged bodies sharing a single state Figure 40: Mass and charge radius of two charged bodies sharing a single state In such state, two charges are deflected from the equator by this angle: ∆ϕ = sin−1 1
√
3 = 35.2643896827547◦ Charges are thus separated by 2*35.2643896827547◦= 70.5287793655094◦(two
magnetic north poles on Jupiter are separated by this angle, confirming it’s 2e
configuration). Charges are thus separated by 2*35.2643896827547◦= 70.5287793655094◦(two
magnetic north poles on Jupiter are separated by this angle, confirming it’s 2e
configuration). Confirmation of this configuration of Earth comes from the state of the Moon
(Luna) and non-alignment of Earth’s north and south magnetic poles. Initial total obliquity of Luna relative to Earth’s equator is 23.44◦+ 5.14◦
+ 6.68◦= 35.26◦, equal to ∆φ. The Moon orbits one of Earth’s positrons and its obliquity shows that it is
built around one of the collapsed gravitational maxima of this positron. One can thus expect this positron to have smaller contribution to gravity and
charge of Earth. Further splitting of energy levels due to carbon configuration
can also be expected, so number of quanta should be 6 in one positron and 5 in
the other (1 is in the Moon). where Re is the equatorial radius. As the Moon fuses with Earth, one can thus expect a strong evolution
of the 6th layer in brains of species (including the brain of Earth itself). One must now ask whether the position of other planets and the Sun
impact the development? Most likely, but not as much. Interesting is the fact that one has 5 vital organs - these are thus likely
entangled with other 5 quanta of the positron associated with the Moon,
so variation in the state of these can be determined by organic variation
between individuals. Strong disturbance could thus cause mutation in
evolution. Thus, one can not only expect our 6th brain layer to expand during the
next strong evolution event, but also a new vital organ (a 6th sense) and
mutation of a body into new species. Since this distance is variable it explains the variation in intelligence
among individuals. A Moon in perigee at the point of formation of
the 6th brain layer would increase general intelligence (at the time of
formation of other layers would probably impact other skills). This is not a big increase, but enough to create a difference and allow
weak evolution of intelligence, as brain structure is a genetic factor. Current increasing Moon distance and the fact that our brain size started
decreasing 10-15k years ago support the hypothesis of such entanglement. Current increasing Moon distance and the fact that our brain size started
decreasing 10-15k years ago support the hypothesis of such entanglement. As the Moon fuses with Earth, one can thus expect a strong evolution
of the 6th layer in brains of species (including the brain of Earth itself). One must now ask whether the position of other planets and the Sun
impact the development? Most likely, but not as much. y
Interesting is the fact that one has 5 vital organs - these are thus likely
entangled with other 5 quanta of the positron associated with the Moon,
so variation in the state of these can be determined by organic variation
between individuals. Strong disturbance could thus cause mutation in
evolution. Thus, one can not only expect our 6th brain layer to expand during the
next strong evolution event, but also a new vital organ (a 6th sense) and
mutation of a body into new species. where Re is the equatorial radius. It appears that, in the collapse, 6.68◦of Luna’s obliquity to Earth’s equa-
tor has been exchanged for obliquity to Luna’s own orbital plane, this can be
due to influence from another body, but, since the loss of one quantum causes
asymmetry in charge distribution it is more likely that this is the exact amount
by which the inner positron decreased its angle to Earth’s equator. Thus, one can expect the orbital plane of this positron to be aligned with
the orbital plane of the Moon. This can then be interpreted as redistribution of charges on the plane, rather
than loss. The Moon is thus the reason why Earth still has a dipole magnetic
field - with symmetric anti-aligned positron spins the magnetic dipole would be
cancelled. 174 Bigger moons and/or an increased number of moons (with distinct gravita-
tional wells) of outer planets with stronger magnetic fields are thus no surprise
and indicate core asymmetry if the spins are anti-aligned (note that a symmet-
ric core does not indicate a planet has no moons, rather that it has the same
number of them on each orbital plane). But rather than the extraction of the Moon core from Earth, in the current,
progressive evolution a reverse scenario is more plausible. Even if the first positron was not fragmented from the beginning, massive
extinctions that happened on Earth suggest the second one arrived quantum by
quantum on a periodic basis. There were 5 massive extinctions and there are 5 quanta of the positron in
the core, 1 in the Moon. As the mammal brain has 6 layers, with 6th layer sparsely populated, the
theory of neurogenesis is strongly aligned with this hypothesis. Note that the
sparse neuron cell population of the 6th layer now indicates an underdeveloped
layer - the direct cause for this is the distance of the Moon. Since this distance is variable it explains the variation in intelligence
among individuals. A Moon in perigee at the point of formation of
the 6th brain layer would increase general intelligence (at the time of
formation of other layers would probably impact other skills). This is not a big increase, but enough to create a difference and allow
weak evolution of intelligence, as brain structure is a genetic factor. Current increasing Moon distance and the fact that our brain size started
decreasing 10-15k years ago support the hypothesis of such entanglement. 23
Conclusion The aim of this paper was to provide good evidence for Complete Relativity,
which, I am convinced, it has succeeded in. Indeed, the analysis reveals plenty 175 of correlation and equivalence between small scale and large scale systems that
cannot be easily dismissed as coincidence. Strong correlation of Earth’s mantle layers with major extinction events is
a strong evidence for planetary neurogenesis. The existence of a discontinuity
at 100 km depth even suggests that the formation of a mantle discontinuity
precedes surface extinction. This shows that surface extinctions are programmed
events, which, however, is not surprising for a neurogenesis of an evolving life-
form (one would expect for a brain layer to be at least roughly formed before
neurons migrate to that layer). Some questions remain, however, and there are predictions and hypotheses
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Tbese Bunds aathensed by the radio Railroad Act.ot Congress, are issued only as tie work proros.-es, aad to the same extent ealy at the Bon.ts granted by the OoverBmeat, aad snpn ,r'. i tarnished by the above U ten erect. Tuev p s-t-js ;ctal assuraaces aad advantages over .thcr C rpnrate Securities, aad ere detttee t rank aa, .ngTUE BEST INVaTJtKNT6 IN THE WKK...J-. from Lite anumal attraeti' ns of salety. ooannrx s, aaa prowl. oiivt-rnloris Hi llnifinineuit Kecuritieo CENTRAL PACIFIC FTRBT MOR-IUASr. B M3 Bow reatitr br Me ssr TtveiVB to Birlitcni ner t'ent. Advannige wars tsk sauc tuve sr 1!tbbst. BandieaB to ebuiae-t tbruagh the subscribers directly, or tin-oath reipetiMe Panklnr' agencies Lieteripuva rewpaae. atesn . ia.uresauoa can be had at the Office OF THK C.r.M.R.CO., ao,uii i.i.i m sr iv. r., Jivn oe- FISK & HATCH, limilcrs t IJciiIcrK Iu flov'l Securillc, aD F1SAKCIAI. ACETtTS OF THE C.F. R. R. CO. .Vo.5 X'uassu -t., .. ixsor First IVntionui II:;:iI:. BCRLLSOTOS, VT. Bee. 3, We?. daw3ms n e .i it s : l FULL ASoORTMEST Jast recetr'd at i-Urys aa. UcxlcSt9rc. SEWIA'G MACHINES " i I111E CELEBRATED Fistla A Leyon oachlce it X tbe simplest, most durable, and easiest run nin shuttle machine in the martet. Call and ex amine them at HTOr.TS Masis Store. SEWIXO -MACHINE .NEEOI Er. TUB ALL. XttUISUI AT Act. till. BTOr.V'd Music Store. A. T. AT WATER'S ESTATE. rKTllESnnSCKIEFPAliaTlag beea siyniobd ' br the Mtnorsble jut lrobste Ceert fsc the t' w. wiKWhOVluuivmi - - asalae aad adlatt the claims saxd deussatls oraB penens, agaiastthe seUUef OstraraT. Atwmler late ef Bar HartaalataM Distr!et,rrprrented lewtlvrauadslseaa eJatms aad deatalxb eahibtti -I la ogn t thereto: eod six saaatbafretB the .bjr if l!ir tUti- hemf brlacaBeeed by saM Ceert far that purpose, wr do thrretste kershy citt netJse that we will attt-nd to the bosieeet tt earsppssBt. meet at the '(See er Lmrrtt a RscWsby la BarHag tea re said W-trlet, ee Ihr third Meadays ef alsrth aad Jlsy aeat, tl IS oVInel., A. M , ns eeeh tf tckl dm. Dated lkl- nth .ty f November, A. 1ST. tlLV c-U.,r, yETIIK SUBSCRIBERS, harlac hva spHdstrd ' bv UV Ilmnnbb Ike Irehtte C.mrt for the IHi- trket f Chi ttf edge, (axeeaedsesoacrs to rrtvirr. rxalatn tad ssBvst the chriDts asal dtaaaads of alt prrsi'iis, stjttost the retate ot Ira K Lawreare, law of S. Ilnrlln. tua la said District, ferevseated isefTrnL sad abn a' I cWistssatddessaiiilsexalbltrd la etfsrt thereto: and six Booths frucu UV day vf the dalt- bert-uf, bi-lng allowt-.l I r saM Coart Ier that pmrpose, xre do tht-refare hereby ease aotire, that we will atlradlo tb boaxlam of ear ss noiatmrat at the dwelnac ef Susan M. laiwreaer, fat Seulh Dmrflartoe, la said District, on the fcenh Tees da ji of January tad April ar-xt.at 10 o'dork, A. XL, ob earh ef saM days. IHtcd lhl Tth nty nf Sox ember, A. P. I?T. ir. i lui.it n. s..ii.szbii i taeatnis- a"ll.-X BOiCMiUK. I XBWKI.hlhVO.VS ESTATE. STATE OF VKBMoNT, I Tne Ilea. Probate Cart District of Chltten.'. i. j f-r tb.- LWrrict of Chtt teSMtcD. Tn ail tH-rsont Int. i t.. in tin. estate .f N'ewcll Lron of iteriiDatto-i C.htETl.Ml. WIIECEA". 9;.plie-ili..n ii- writles hath bera made tn this Court by tbe .nariilaa of said ward t- Herasr to srll Ibe ival rttate ,.r tanl wanl actttag forth ihrrclBthat nV said Li on ntiw eertaln real estate tn tbe Vveral town of i'i txf-n-r. t'edrriiill, Moatgomrry, Albargh aad id tne 1 1 tv "i uaniacr-B. id lass -taxe, tan issu it would ..n-liK-lv? to th- lalcrestt ef seH thai the same t- sold and tbe n. i d thereof pet at inter est or tnx --t d in ttoets e nthr real e-tele. Aad thtarewpoB the said Oarl appointed aad saxsarard the tth .1st of nrrrmb-r. A. 1). 1T, at the Probate Cin R-oois, In sal.) Dhdiict, m hear aad deride npon laid appflratton : nd ordered that pabtlc notlre thrn-af be idren to all persons tatemted there in, by pnbtlsblBg this onler three wrtkt sBcevetlTely. in lh Borliscloa Fret Prr . a tsrwspisprr wktrh clr- u.ates In the a Isliborhuod of ihii- pi-rsna iDtrrestnl il.- rein, allot whh-li pubUcations shail hi previous to tb.- time spooled d ear hearlae. TIIKRKf oltE you are hereby aotlQe.1 to appear b. -fore sold toart. at the time and piece aftntsalit. thee and there tn objrt to the granting of snch Hcrttte, If T",l ee cease. t.iren DDaer mx- aanu, at uic i-rnrei. i th!- IStli dar of X.erceib. r. A. !. ISeT. rmlei, C 'art E'ma T K WALbS. .,! Jn.tge. .NOTICE. The existence of the Bank of Barrington, chartered by the Legislature of the State of Vermont, and located at Barrington in said State, was terminated by the laws of said State on the 1st day of September A.D. 1858, and notice hereby given that said Bank will redeem its outstanding bills. The following act of the Legislature is published by the act of the Legislature of the State of Vermont: A. DODGE, President. C. A. STIMSON, Cashier. Barrington, Dec. 4th, 1858, AN ACT relating to the redemption of Bank It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly at the state of Vermont, May 1, 1858. After the expiration of the charter of any bank chartered by this State, or after the termination of the existence of any such bank agreeably to the laws of this state, such bank shall cause notice to be published in all the daily newspapers of the County where such bank is located, for use fall year, setting forth that said bank will redeem its outstanding bills, the day of the expiration of the charter, or the date of the termination of its existence, and a copy of this act, and composition of such notice. Neither shall have nor it! Neither shall be liable to any action for the acceptance of an outstanding bill, the settlement shall have been duly presented and payment thereof deemed within the year after said at the banking house of the bank. Bsc. & After the expiration of the charter or alteration of the termination of the existence of any such bank at aforesaid sort bank shall cease to be subject to the operation or liability to the provisions of the sixty-third section of chapter eighty-six of the General Statutes. This act is like effect from its passage. NOTICE. The existence of the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, chartered by the Legislature of the state of Vermont, and located in Providence in said State, was terminated simultaneously to the last of said State on the 10th day of September A.D. 1885, and thereafter it is hereby given that said Bank will redeem its outstanding bonds. The following set of the Legislature to Vermont is published by Act of said Bank. By order of the Directors, T. E. WALES, Fm. C. P. WARNER, Cash Barlington, May 1st. A X ACT lEelatiRtrtotherefteBPtlonof It auk Note A it hereby enacted if the General jiuemUf ofiht Stale of Vermont : Sac. I. After the exaltation of the eharterofaay beak chatrtered by that Btaxbs, or after the termlBe ilea ef ehe t sin sett of ae seteh beak agr t eabl v ta the taws ef this Stale, nab haak may eavate notice to be pabliabed ia all tbe weaalv atnraBapefS of live eoeattf' where sttth fesaK Is hseeud, sar esse fell yeatr. seUing forth that seid bank trtil redeeel IU oatstaadiag Mlla, the day of tbe expiration of iu charter, or tbe date of the toraaloatioa of Iu ex iiteaee, aad a cony of tntt set. Aad apoBdaeBuk lleation of sweh notice, neither tueb bank Bar iu caVers shell be liable to any action for the noa redemptioaofaayofiU oatttaadiag bills, aaleat the same sbnll have been duly presented aad pay ment thereof detnaaded withia tba tear -ifiireeiiit. at the banking house uf tueb bank. Gar 2. After the elpi.-aXioa of tbe charterer after the termination of the exbteaoe of anv sweh hxak as aforesaid saeh bsak shall eeaae te be eab )eci to the operation or liable to the nrnviatoas ef the sixty -third section of chapter etghty-Btae ef the tieneral atatatct. Ssi- 3 TbUAetshtJlukeeaact from Iu pat Approved November 19, 1SSS. NovaS wly- tt iel lit .lv OVH XEVT I'KKStlUC.NT: WHO will be car next President it net ef SB mach importaass at tail p reseat time, at h i to get i or WINTER ( LOTHING. We bate sow tn Stock, ami are dally add1 ngt- oar already very uutslveastertmeBt TIIK HhST - MOST CHOICE sTVI.Es OF lao.'Kly-inade Clolhiii roa MUX. COTS, AND CI1ILDRE.V, which wa au rBsraagn to orrga at tbi VEIIV I.OUr'ST 1'llICEs: Oar raatoea Depaitaxeat U filed with the lVT KNT XDVKIjTI BS ufthenatnn, which we eat aad mats up lata Uentlemen's barnenu ia tbe norr Aurirru- Atti drneorKn xttlkh. Our Hat uiitl ap Ikepartieient Cotitai: - cterx th nu tl a', taste aad elegaBce eaa dee-re. sclteb . tor all elartet ef ana. beys, aad children -, and we almost yirr rarmessse We bare the largart assortment of Ladies ami Gentlemen's Trunks mid I'trliscs ff all stiles, and novel construe t'OB. at iwviTo.M I'r.it'Ef: Ws have lately made very large tddUtoat te oar line of Ladies' aad GeitltmeBN Trexelllojr Baas, la Calf, Host Skin, and Turkey Mnreose.aU of which we oner al pnees mat muti ne pieemnx to tee ear. LADIES AM) GEN1 l.EMBIf, KyeBwIshaa thlac ia oar Uae. 1 ea will fisd it to year advaBtage to call aa us before ps robes log aiseitaere COLVER JLTORK Na asadx Beak Bleak Baritaxtoa. Nov. 11,17. A 1. 1. E.N Ai S TOXE. (srerxsfjoss io s. rABRsxt, BEAIBBS is Furiiilm't", Cliair.s, lIiioIslcriit feooils, EiUoltiii Olnsu.s, LOOKl.VU-ULASS PLATES, PAPER IIA.VGI.YGS, FEATHERS SPRI.VG BEDS ami MATRASSES. UURLIXGTOX, VT. C. C ALLEN. M. II. hTO.NE. Nov. 8-diwtf AI.EX. C. WATSOX, .1 T TO R XEY tj r O UXSEL I. O R, ALSO I'liurieii null Claim Aceut. t'ollectlug Attendetl to Promptly. Orricx, Bank Block, north tide Bquare.Barling- ten. v t. OcL 17. die 2m. Thimothy Titcomh's Latest Work KATtlMKAt HER LIFE AND MINE In a Poem ly J. U. iWllaral.autbor ol "i nter beeel. Just ricctrcl and for rata by CO. FRENCH A CO. bepUBfi. "' dtf Ii'nsuranrf. OFFICE SCiAiCU mir'jm i Home IiiMirnncr Company OF NEW YORK Capital anil Surplus. $.1,750,000. 6. A R. S. WIRES, Agents. TIicImsCooI iVorth America OF rillLADELPIHA. (Iacanrated ITst. OUeit Cempany in the Unite.! States. Capital titul Snrplu, $1,800,000. i erpetml Ins graated on first-class bulldlnxx. 8. A R. 8. WIRES, Agents. iMnriiitaiiMiiraiicci.'ompaii OK HARTFORD. CONN. Carilul ami SnrpliH, $1,150,100. 9.1H.R. V5IRE8, Agents. iVin&rarn Fire Insurance Co. OF NEW YORK. C.tl'ITli. tXIl SttRI'I.tTS Sl.oOD.OOO. 3.1R.3. WIRES, AgeuU. Isorillaril I' ire IiisiiranccCo OK NEW YORK. CtlMT'l. AXI) SCRI'H'N tt.50O.IISI S. R. S. WIRES, AgtnU. Nprinlicld P. eV iTI. Inx. Co. OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS. CAI'ITtf. AXU SCItl'I.US SOO.O((. h. A It. 8. WIRES, Agents. xtiicrnalioual Jiin. Company OF NEW YORR. CnpHalaml Surplus $1,111,000, S.A R. 8. WIRES, Agents. VorlJi American Tire Int. Co OF NEW YORK. Incorporate-! I "33. CAIMTtl. IXIl SCRIM.O t1.i0.0OO. 8. A R. S. ixIRES. Agents. :iiimtrrcc liiMirantc Co. OF ALBANY. N. Y. capita i. axis 5ixiiii,u. r,oo, 1 03 -,a, tVlRES, Agents. aVnrrnsaiiNrU V.Az ili.Ins.Co. OF PK0V1DEK3E,R. I. Cupitnl nnd Surplus, fCOO.OOO. S.aR.8 WIRrS. Ageats. Lamar Ph-C lii.suraitt'c Co. OF NEW YORK I'npltal iicil Surplus. ttOT18H. 8. A R. s. WIRES, Agents. Corn Ivxchanc Int. Co. OF .NEW YORK, iipilal ami Mirplun, $550,000. S A H o. V. I REb, Agents. 1'copleN P. IiiMtrancc CO.. WORCESTER. MASS. iipibtl anil Surplus, $150,000. 8. A R. WIBHJ, Agenti. llerchaiits' Insurance Co., PROVIDENCE, R. I. Cl 1'IT.t I. A N 11 M'Kl'IaL'h. i13,000 S. A R. S. WIRES, Agents. Ha I tic P. Insurance Co., NEW YORK CITY. CAPITA I. AMI bUKIM.US 2.iO,O00. 8. 4 R. S. WIRES, Agents. Fire aad Marine insurance etftcted toanrateennt ia the abetw we I kBewa Ceetpasles at current reece. All classes liberally accepted, and yet fulfilling the requirements, TII I STAGE X IT.. Patent attorney at law, Patent attorney at law, Patent attorney at law, S. E. V. St. V. Wines, E.N ERA INSURANCE AGENCY, na. throughout our territory, to issue policies on all Insurable kinds of property at current rates. Applications for Agencies should be addressed to us and
| 19,765 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17403752
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Kategorie:Synagogenbau in Estland
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 10 | 37 |
Kategorie:Synagogenbau in Estland
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Synagogenbau in Estland ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Kategorie
| 36,277 |
https://github.com/lindenb/jvarkit/blob/master/src/main/java/com/github/lindenb/jvarkit/iterator/SlidingWindowIterator.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
jvarkit
|
lindenb
|
Java
|
Code
| 468 | 1,513 |
/*
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2023 Pierre Lindenbaum
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
*/
package com.github.lindenb.jvarkit.iterator;
import java.util.AbstractMap;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import com.github.lindenb.jvarkit.samtools.util.SimpleInterval;
import htsjdk.samtools.util.AbstractIterator;
import htsjdk.samtools.util.Locatable;
public class SlidingWindowIterator<V extends Locatable> extends AbstractIterator<Map.Entry<? extends Locatable, List<V>>> {
private static class Window<V> implements Locatable
{
final SimpleInterval interval;
final List<V> variants = new ArrayList<>();
Window(final SimpleInterval r) {
this.interval = r;
}
@Override
public String getContig() {
return interval.getContig();
}
@Override
public int getStart() {
return interval.getStart();
}
@Override
public int getEnd() {
return interval.getEnd();
}
}
private final Iterator<V> delegate;
private final int window_size;
private final int window_shift;
private final List<Window<V>> buffer= new ArrayList<>();
private final Map<SimpleInterval,Window<V>> interval2win=new HashMap<>();
private final LinkedList<Window<V>> to_be_released = new LinkedList<>();
private String prevContig=null;
public SlidingWindowIterator(final Iterator<V> delegate,int window_size,int window_shift) {
this.delegate = delegate;
this.window_size = window_size;
this.window_shift = window_shift;
if(this.delegate==null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("null delegate iterator");
if(this.window_size <=0 ) throw new IllegalArgumentException("window_size <=0 :" + window_size);
if(this.window_shift <=0 ) throw new IllegalArgumentException("window_shift <=0 :" + window_shift);
}
@Override
protected Entry<? extends Locatable, List<V>> advance() {
for(;;) {
if(!to_be_released.isEmpty())
{
final Window<V> w = to_be_released.pollFirst();
return new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>(w.interval,w.variants);
}
final V ctx = this.delegate.hasNext()?this.delegate.next():null;
// new contig?
if(ctx==null || !ctx.getContig().equals(prevContig)) {
to_be_released.addAll(this.buffer);
if(ctx==null && to_be_released.isEmpty()) return null;//EOF
interval2win.clear();
buffer.clear();
}
if(ctx==null) continue;// because to_be_released might be not empty
this.prevContig = ctx.getContig();
//remove previous windows
int i=0;
while(i< buffer.size()) {
final Window<V> w = buffer.get(i);
if(w.getEnd() < ctx.getStart()) {
to_be_released.add(w);
buffer.remove(i);
interval2win.remove(w.interval);
}
else
{
i++;
}
}
prevContig=ctx.getContig();
int x1 = ctx.getStart() - ctx.getStart()%this.window_shift;
while(x1-this.window_shift+this.window_size>=ctx.getStart()) {
x1 -= this.window_shift;
}
for(;;) {
final SimpleInterval r= new SimpleInterval(
ctx.getContig(),
Math.max(1,x1),
Math.max(1,x1+this.window_size)
);
if(r.getStart()>ctx.getEnd()) break;
if(r.overlaps(ctx)) {
Window<V> w = interval2win.get(r);
if(w==null) {
w= new Window<V>(r);
interval2win.put(r, w);
buffer.add(w);
}
w.variants.add(ctx);
}
x1+=this.window_shift;
}
}
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return this.getClass().getName()+"(size:"+this.window_size+";shift:"+this.window_shift+")";
}
}
| 30,515 |
US-200913120534-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,009 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,579 | 3,464 |
Method for the selective acidic dezincification of steel scrap
ABSTRACT
Complete dezincing of steel scrap is achieved by the addition of oils, whereupon the dissolution of iron is substantially suppressed through the autogenous inhibition effect of the oils. The steel scrap arising when the dezincing process has been completed is protected against corrosion by the remaining film of oil, the corrosion protection preventing the formation of iron oxide layers and thus blackening of the scrap material. The oil discharged with the dezincing solution can be separated as a pure phase by resorting to flotation in support of the process and can then be reused as an inhibitor.
The initial dezincing of steel scrap, in particular feed material used in the foundry industry, must take place for process and equipment-specific reasons in the framework of induction furnace technology. In view of the growing tendency to apply the corrosion protection treatment by galvanizing to the entire field of automotive and traffic engineering pre-dezincing measures become more and more indispensable to enable zinc-free steel scrap to be made available in sufficient amounts for use in foundries. The production-integrated dezincing as it is nowadays commonly utilized in the steel industry with the subsequent concentration of zinc oxide in the rolling process, said oxide being fed to zinc production plants as secondary raw material, can only be adopted by the foundry industry when the induction furnace technology is first appropriately modified, for example by sectionally preheating under vacuum.
For that reason, hydrometallurgical processes are of particular interest. Due to the amphoteric character of zinc both an acidic and a basic approach can be adopted. The problem with the basic approach is that great amounts of energy are needed in view of the high temperature involved (>80° C.), the poor capacity resulting from the low maximum zinc concentration (appr. 30 g/l) and the long reaction time (appr. 60 min.).
When making use of the acidic approach the process takes place at room temperature with zinc concentrations of 130 g/l being achieved. The reaction period comes to 20 min. maximum. The significant disadvantage of this approach is that iron is dissolved simultaneously. As it is known from the law of the electro-chemical series of elements a direct electrolytic recovery of zinc in the presence of iron is impossible so that the leaching solution needs to be comprehensively cleaned which may result in the process becoming uneconomical. The objective of the acidic leaching process must therefore focus on keeping the iron content at a minimum. Since this is not feasible for thermodynamic reasons various attempts have been made to suppress the simultaneous dissolution of iron.
In 1972 the Societe de Prayon disclosed a patent [Treatment of galvanized scrap iron by a wet method, Patent No. BE 773 906] according to which H₂SO₄ was to be used to bring about an independent recycling of zinc and iron from galvanized scrap. The process adopted an aqueous H₂SO₄ to which a colloidal flocculant, for example gelatine, bone marrow, starch, dextrin, guar gum or poly-acrylamide was to be added as inhibitor to delay the dissolution of iron. The concentration of the colloid added may range between 20 and 200 g/m³. With 20 to 200 g of free sulfuric acid per liter the leaching process is carried out at temperatures ranging between 5 and 40° C., preferably at 20° C. Zinc recovery is achieved by means of electrolysis.
Another Indian patent taken out in 1977 by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (Marthur, Prem Behari; Venkatakrishan, Narasimhan): Dezincing of steel scrap by leaching with inhibitor impregnated acid, Patent No. IN 143 253] relates to the use of 25-32-% H₂SO₄ or HCl in the presence of 0.25-2% formaldehyde as inhibitor to counteract the dissolution of iron. The temperature range was stated to range between 15 and 45° C.
In 1999 British Steel Ltd.; Corus UK Ltd. [British Steel Ltd.; Corus UK Ltd. (Cosgrove, Martin; Weaver, Robert Wilton): Acidic bath for removal of coatings from scrap metal in recycling, Patent No. GB 2,334,969] obtained a patent which was aimed at removing not only zinc coatings bus also organic as well as tin coatings. The acidic bath contained 1-4% of HCl, 10-25% of iron chloride and <0.05% of an inhibitor on amine basis. Optionally, spent pickling solutions used in the treatment of steel are also conceivable. The steel scrap is treated in the acidic bath under frictional contact produced by tumbling in a perforated plate system.
From GB 500 760 a process for the dezincing of steel scrap is known according to which an organic compound is employed as inhibitor with a view to reducing the dissolution of iron, said compound containing a sulfur atom and a substituted or unsubstituted amino group. Here, a sulfonamide and a thiocarbanilide were named as examples of relevant inhibitors.
Common to all these methods is that specific reagents which cannot be recycled are to be used as iron dissolution counteracting inhibitors. However, the dissolution of iron cannot be suppressed completely. What is more, many of the reagents used are very expensive and have to be conditioned in a preceding process step because an interfacial reaction is involved. Without exception, a new component is introduced into the system the effects of which are not assessable, for example with respect to the recovery of zinc by electrolysis.
It has now been found that the above described shortcomings associated with the use of inhibitors can be eliminated if sheet scrap is used that has been wetted with oil, in particular mineral oil. This, for example, is the case with steel scrap directly stemming from transformation processes employed in the automotive industry. Usually, this sheet scrap has been wetted by drawing oils or wash oils.
Surprisingly it turned out, however, that the oil film on the scrap enabled zinc to be selectively dissolved whereas the dissolution of iron could be delayed by a factor of up to 10.6. What could have been expected in this respect was that the oil would cause the dezincing process to be impeded but as was ascertained dezincing was in fact not interfered with at all, and exclusively the dissolution of iron was inhibited.
Typically, the steel scrap to be dezinced is provided with an oil film before the dezincing process starts, and oil wetting may perhaps be waived in cases where the scrap has already been provided with an oil coating. The oil content should range between 0.1 and 3% w/w in relation to the steel scrap. Increasing the oil content to 3% w/w enables the inhibition effect to be carried out in an autogenous manner because the oil and acidic solution are quite effectively separated during leaching and washing so that the oil phase may be directly used again for the conditioning of the sheet scrap feed. The removal of oil may be brought about by phase separation. For example, the oil discharged with the dezincing solution may be withdrawn from the surface of the dezincing solution as a pure oil phase by resorting to flotation supporting the process. Moreover, a highly valuable side effect is achieved through the residual oil film which remains on the dezinced sheet scrap and thus produces a corrosion preventing protective layer so that the scrap can be fed to the subsequent foundry process without surface oxidation. Also beneficial in this case is that this also increases the storage life of the dezinced steel scrap. The thin oil film remaining on the dezinced scrap material thus improves the quality of the scrap and in this manner adds value to the product. In all hitherto known pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical pre-dezincing processes oxidation reactions occur and cause so-called black scrap with iron oxide layers to be produced. High iron oxide content leads to faulty production batches in the foundry or casting process.
An acidic solution, as a rule a sulfuric acid solution, is used for the dezincing process in which connection the acid concentration may range between 20 and 250 g/l, in particular between 100 and 200 g/l. The temperature at which dezincing takes place usually ranges between 15 and 60° C., in particular between 20 and 30° C., preferably at approx. 25° C. To accelerate the dissolution of zinc, metal ions, especially copper or nickel ions, may be added to the dezincing solution.
The zinc-containing solutions exhibit zinc concentrations of up to 130 g/l at iron contents of 0.7 g/l which minimizes waste problems otherwise associated with the separation of iron. In the event process acids are employed for dezincing as they arise in the zinc electrolysis process the zinc-rich solution so obtained may again be fed without difficulty to the zinc recovery process of a zinc production plant. The residual oil content of 100 mg/l is eliminated there in the iron precipitation stage so that negative effects in the electrolysis process can be ruled out. Basically, combining the dezincing process with the process of primary zinc recovery from zinc ore is feasible when using for dezincing the acid which is also employed for leaching the zinc oxide from the zinc ore. Prior to electrolysis cleaning steps are as a rule required which are basically known from the state of the art, for example solid/liquid separation, iron precipitation, chemical precipitation processes or cementation with zinc dust.
The method proposed by the invention is substantiated by the following examples:
EXAMPLE 1
Galvanized mixed sheet scrap of an automotive manufacturer with approx. 14 g Zn per kg of steel has been reduced in size to an average dimension of 4 cm×4 cm.
100 g of the material was leached at 25° C. by means of 100 ml of diluted sulfuric to acid which had an initial acid concentration of 190 g H₂SO₄/l. The condition of the sheet surfaces was changed. A test conducted with oil-free sheets was compared to tests with drawing and wash oil containing sheets. The oil content ranged between 0.7 and 1.7%. The results are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Single-stage dezincing of oil-free and oil-containing sheets Oil-coated Oil-free Wash Drawing Leaching Zinc oil (0.7%) oil (1.7%) time content Iron content Zinc Iron [min] [g/l] [g/l] [g/l] Iron [g/l] Zinc [g/l] [g/l] 3 13.7 0.26 12.3 0.11 12.8 0.08 5 13.7 0.39 13.3 0.12 14.0 0.08 7 14.1 0.61 14.0 0.11 14.5 0.09 10 14.1 0.82 14.1 0.11 14.7 0.1 15 14.2 1.22 14.5 0.17 14.9 0.14 20 14.3 1.60 14.7 0.17 15.2 0.17
After 7 min. a comparison of the iron concentration of oil-free and oil-coated sheets revealed a ratio of 5.5 with respect to wash oil and 8.1 for drawing oil. At a longer reaction time of 20 min this factor increased to 10.6 in the case of wash oil and also 10.6 with respect to drawing oil.
For process-technological implementation purposes this result means that other than with acidic leaching without inhibitors the process becomes increasingly stable and the relative dissolution of iron diminishes as the leaching time increases.
EXAMPLE 2
Practice-oriented test were conducted with the same material in such a manner that spent electrolyte from a zinc production plant was used that showed 190 g of H₂SO₄/l and a zinc concentration of 50 g/l. Initially, oil-free plate sheet batches of 100 g each were fed in stepwise (at 7-minute intervals), with the advantage of coating the sheets with oil being evident from Example 3. Such a stepwise processing method is necessary to achieve a maximum zinc concentration increase. The results are summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 2 Multistage dezincing of oil-free plate sheets Leaching Zinc content Iron content stage [g/l] [g/l] 1 61.0 0.5 2 75.4 1.1 3 92.5 1.7 4 106.0 2.1 5 119.9 2.3 6 132.9 2.4
The relatively low iron dissolution rate is due to the short reaction time. As the reaction duration increases which will be necessary to achieve complete dezincing a linear rise of the iron content occurs so that the economic efficiency of the process becomes questionable.
EXAMPLE 3
In comparison to Example 2 the same test was repeated with a coating of 2.8% of drawing oil applied. The results obtained are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Multistage dezincing of sheets treated with drawing oil Inhibitor Leaching Zinc content Iron content effect stage [g/l] [g/l] [%] Factor 1 64.7 0.09 79.9 4.97 2 78.9 0.10 81.8 5.50 3 93.2 0.34 79.7 4.93 4 105.9 0.47 77.9 4.53 5 115.4 0.58 74.6 3.94 6 118.7 0.69 71.4 3.49
As can be seen from the table the iron dissolution rate was reduced by a factor of 5.5 due to the inhibitor effect of the oil. It is now possible to carry out the leaching process in two stages, whereupon the inhibitor effect achieved in the first process stage should bring about an 80% reduction of the iron dissolution rate.
As can be seen from the above examples the process technology claimed offers optimizing potential with respect to the suppression of the iron dissolution in that the process configuration can be of two-stage design. This means, the first stage is completed when the iron dissolution factor ranges between 5 and 6.
The invention claimed is:
1. Method for the dezincing, by leaching by dissolution of zinc from iron-containing steel scrap in an acidic solution, characterized in that the dezincing is effected in the presence of oil, the oil inhibiting co-leaching by dissolution of iron.
2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that this oil is a mineral oil.
3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the oil is a drawing oil or a wash oil.
4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the oil is provided for dezincing at a mass proportion ranging between 0.1 and 3% in relation to the steel scrap.
5. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the acidic solution contains sulfuric acid.
6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the dezincing is carried out at an acid concentration ranging between 20 and 250 g/l.
7. Method for the dezincing of steel scrap in an acidic solution, characterized in that the dezincing is effected in the presence of oil and the oil is separated during or after dezincing.
8. Method according to claim 7 characterized in that oil is used for pretreatment of steel scrap prior to dezincing and then separated, wherein the separated oil is reused for said pre-treatment.
9. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the dissolution of iron is reduced by a factor of up to 10.6 in comparison with an oil-free dezincing process.
10. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the dezincing is effected at a temperature ranging between 15° C. and 60° C.
11. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that said acidic solution is obtained at least partially as an acidic zinc solution produced during the dissolution of zinc oxide extracted from zinc ore.
12. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that copper and/or nickel ions are added to the acidic solution with a view to accelerating said dezincing.
13. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that after the dezincing of steel scrap the dissolved zinc is recovered from the acidic solution in metallic form by means of electrolysis.
14. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the oil forms a thin film on the surface of the dezinced steel scrap, thereby protecting said surface against corrosion, resulting in added value being given to the dezinced steel scrap..
| 22,435 |
https://github.com/bastion-rs/artillery/blob/master/artillery-core/src/epidemic/cluster_config.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,021 |
artillery
|
bastion-rs
|
Rust
|
Code
| 67 | 259 |
use crate::constants::*;
use chrono::Duration;
use std::net::{SocketAddr, ToSocketAddrs};
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ClusterConfig {
pub cluster_key: Vec<u8>,
pub ping_interval: Duration,
pub network_mtu: usize,
pub ping_request_host_count: usize,
pub ping_timeout: Duration,
pub listen_addr: SocketAddr,
}
impl Default for ClusterConfig {
fn default() -> Self {
let directed = SocketAddr::from(([127, 0, 0, 1], CONST_INFECTION_PORT));
ClusterConfig {
cluster_key: b"default".to_vec(),
ping_interval: Duration::seconds(1),
network_mtu: CONST_PACKET_SIZE,
ping_request_host_count: 3,
ping_timeout: Duration::seconds(3),
listen_addr: directed.to_socket_addrs().unwrap().next().unwrap(),
}
}
}
| 18,188 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhuis%20%28doorverwijspagina%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Spinhuis (doorverwijspagina)
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spinhuis (doorverwijspagina)&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 17 | 44 |
Spinhuis, een gebouw waar spinners werken
Spinhuis (Amsterdam), voormalig tuchthuis voor vrouwen te Amsterdam
Het Spinhuis (uitgeverij)
| 4,046 |
https://github.com/chobbins/plutus/blob/master/marlowe-dashboard-client/src/MainFrame/Types.purs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
plutus
|
chobbins
|
PureScript
|
Code
| 572 | 1,297 |
module MainFrame.Types
( State
, PickupState
, PickupScreen(..)
, PickupCard(..)
, WalletState
, Screen(..)
, Card(..)
, ContractStatus(..)
, ChildSlots
, Query(..)
, Msg(..)
, Action(..)
) where
import Prelude
import Analytics (class IsEvent, defaultEvent, toEvent)
import Contract.Types as Contract
import Data.Either (Either)
import Data.Maybe (Maybe(..))
import Marlowe.Semantics (Contract, PubKey)
import Template.Types (Template)
import Wallet.Types (WalletDetails, WalletLibrary, WalletNicknameKey)
import WebSocket (StreamToClient, StreamToServer)
import WebSocket.Support as WS
-- Apart from the wallet library (which you need in both cases), the app exists
-- in one of two distinct states: the "pickup" state for when you have no
-- wallet, and all you can do is pick one up or generate a new one; and the
-- "wallet" state for when you have picked up a wallet, and can do all
-- of the things.
type State
= { wallets :: WalletLibrary
, newWalletNicknameKey :: WalletNicknameKey
, templates :: Array Template
, subState :: Either PickupState WalletState
-- TODO: (work out how to) move contract state into wallet state
-- (the puzzle is how to handle contract actions in the mainframe if the
-- submodule state is behind an `Either`... :thinking_face:)
, contractState :: Contract.State
}
type PickupState
= { screen :: PickupScreen
, card :: Maybe PickupCard
}
-- there's only one pickup screen at the moment, but we might need more, and
-- in any case it seems clearer to specify it explicitly
data PickupScreen
= GenerateWalletScreen
derive instance eqPickupScreen :: Eq PickupScreen
data PickupCard
= PickupNewWalletCard
| PickupWalletCard WalletNicknameKey
derive instance eqPickupCard :: Eq PickupCard
type WalletState
= { wallet :: PubKey
, menuOpen :: Boolean
, screen :: Screen
, card :: Maybe Card
, on :: Boolean -- this is just a temporary dummy property for testing the websocket
}
data Screen
= ContractsScreen ContractStatus
| WalletLibraryScreen
| ContractSetupScreen Template
derive instance eqScreen :: Eq Screen
data Card
= CreateWalletCard
| ViewWalletCard WalletNicknameKey WalletDetails
| PutdownWalletCard
| TemplateLibraryCard
| ContractCard Contract
derive instance eqCard :: Eq Card
data ContractStatus
= Running
| Completed
derive instance eqContractStatus :: Eq ContractStatus
------------------------------------------------------------
type ChildSlots
= (
)
------------------------------------------------------------
data Query a
= ReceiveWebSocketMessage (WS.FromSocket StreamToClient) a
data Msg
= SendWebSocketMessage StreamToServer
------------------------------------------------------------
data Action
= Init
-- pickup actions
| SetPickupCard (Maybe PickupCard)
| GenerateNewWallet
| PickupNewWallet
| LookupWallet String
| PickupWallet PubKey
-- wallet actions
| PutdownWallet
| ToggleMenu
| SetScreen Screen
| SetCard (Maybe Card)
| ToggleCard Card
| SetNewWalletNickname String
| SetNewWalletKey PubKey
| AddNewWallet
| ClickedButton
-- contract actions
| ContractAction Contract.Action
| StartContract Contract
-- | Here we decide which top-level queries to track as GA events, and
-- how to classify them.
instance actionIsEvent :: IsEvent Action where
toEvent Init = Just $ defaultEvent "Init"
-- pickup actions
toEvent (SetPickupCard _) = Just $ defaultEvent "SetPickupCard"
toEvent GenerateNewWallet = Just $ defaultEvent "GenerateNewWallet"
toEvent PickupNewWallet = Just $ defaultEvent "PickupNewWallet"
toEvent (LookupWallet _) = Nothing
toEvent (PickupWallet _) = Just $ defaultEvent "PickupWallet"
-- wallet actions
toEvent PutdownWallet = Just $ defaultEvent "PutdownWallet"
toEvent ToggleMenu = Just $ defaultEvent "ToggleMenu"
toEvent (SetScreen _) = Just $ defaultEvent "SetScreen"
toEvent (SetCard _) = Just $ defaultEvent "SetCard"
toEvent (ToggleCard _) = Just $ defaultEvent "ToggleCard"
toEvent (SetNewWalletNickname _) = Nothing
toEvent (SetNewWalletKey _) = Nothing
toEvent AddNewWallet = Just $ defaultEvent "AddNewWallet"
toEvent ClickedButton = Just $ defaultEvent "ClickedButton"
-- contract actions
toEvent (ContractAction contractAction) = toEvent contractAction
toEvent (StartContract _) = Just $ defaultEvent "StartContract"
| 21,933 |
https://github.com/ImKonstant/pp_2020_autumn_engineer/blob/master/modules/task_1/ivanov_y_string_dif/string_dif.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,020 |
pp_2020_autumn_engineer
|
ImKonstant
|
C
|
Code
| 37 | 167 |
// Copyright 2020 Ivanov Yaroslav
#ifndef MODULES_TASK_1_IVANOV_Y_STRING_DIF_STRING_DIF_H_
#define MODULES_TASK_1_IVANOV_Y_STRING_DIF_STRING_DIF_H_
#include <string>
std::string generateString(int n);
int getParallelDif(const std::string str1, const std::string str2, const int size);
int getLocalDif(const std::string str1, const std::string str2, const int size);
#endif // MODULES_TASK_1_IVANOV_Y_STRING_DIF_STRING_DIF_H_
| 5,866 |
ea310e1057a439687a00985cddcbdbf2
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,019 |
Synthese resultats bovins lait Grand Est 2019.pdf
|
idele.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 4,914 | 10,159 |
Grand Est
Synthèse régionale des données
des fermes du dispositif Inosys
Réseaux d’élevage bovins lait du
Grand‐Est
CAMPAGNE 2019
1
Synthèse régionale des données des fermes du dispositif
Inosys Réseaux d’élevage bovins lait du Grand‐Est
Campagne 2019
ONT CONTRIBUÉ À CE DOSSIER
Rédaction :
Alice BERCHOUX (Institut de l’Élevage)
Daniel COUÉFFÉ (Chambre d’Agriculture de la Haute‐Marne)
Rémi GEORGEL (Chambre d’Agriculture des Vosges)
AVANT‐PROPOS
Le dispositif Inosys Réseaux d’Elevage vous propose une
synthèse des principaux résultats technico‐économiques des
exploitations laitières suivies dans les départements de la
région Grand‐Est. Les résultats ont été synthétisés dans 5
grands systèmes. Ce travail est issu du suivi réalisé sur l’année
2019 par les conseillers des Chambres d’Agriculture et avec
une animation de l’Institut de l’élevage.
FAITS MARQUANTS DE L’ANNÉE 2019
Cécile GOISET (Chambre d’Agriculture des Ardennes)
Charlotte HOFGAERTNER (Chambre d’Agriculture de la Meuse)
Jessica THONI (Chambre d’Agriculture de la Moselle)
Jean‐Marc ZSITKO (Chambre d’Agriculture de Meurthe‐et‐
Moselle)
Mise en page :
Isabelle GUIGUE (Institut de l’Élevage)
Crédits photos :
Institut de l’Elevage
Un nouveau déficit fourrager
La mise à l’herbe s’est faite assez précocement et les
conditions de pâturage ont été favorables au printemps. Les
premières coupes ont pu être réalisées fin avril sur les prairies
temporaires et mi‐mai sur les prairies permanentes. Les
rendements de ces fauches précoces sont en cohérence avec
leurs dates (2,0 à 3,5 tMS/ha). A partir du 20 juin, les éleveurs
ont récolté les foins et les 2èmes coupes derrière fauche précoce
sur prairies permanentes. Les rendements en foin ont été
supérieurs à la moyenne quinquennale (+ 0,5 tMS/ha). Sur
prairies temporaires, les deuxièmes coupes ont pu être
réalisées dès fin mai.
A partir du 25 juin, les prairies ont grillé sous l’effet des fortes
chaleurs et de l’absence de précipitations. Quelques pluies
début août ont permis le « reverdissement » des prairies dans
certains secteurs, mais les récoltes des 2èmes coupes derrière
foin et 3èmes coupes n’ont pas pu être réalisées. La
complémentation au parc est alors devenue nécessaire et a
amputé de nouveau les stocks pour l’hiver à venir.
REMERCIEMENTS
Ce travail a été rendu possible grâce à la centaine d’éleveurs
qui participent au dispositif Inosys Réseaux d’Elevage dans
une démarche d’optimisation de leur système d’exploitation
en lien étroit avec les conseillers des chambres d’Agriculture.
Nous les remercions tout particulièrement de communiquer
régulièrement leurs résultats techniques et économiques
sans lesquels un tel dossier ne pourrait exister.
Des surfaces supplémentaires en maïs ont été semées
(resemis derrière colza, reconstitution de stocks fourragers) en
2019. Les semis se sont déroulés dans de bonnes conditions
mais la fraîcheur a pénalisé le début de végétation du maïs. La
sécheresse a par la suite pénalisé le rendement et la richesse
en grains sauf pour certains secteurs (réserve hydrique des
sols, pluies localisées) où les maïs seront de meilleures qualités
qu’en 2018.
Des rendements cultures hétérogènes
La sécheresse automnale en 2018 a perturbé l’implantation
des colzas et des céréales. L’hiver a été doux jusqu’en janvier
et la pluviométrie a été proche des moyennes quinquennales.
Les conditions du printemps ont été assez favorables. Or, les
chaleurs caniculaires et la sécheresse à partir de fin juin ont
pénalisé les cultures dans les terres superficielles. Au final,
grâce à un bon potentiel de départ, les rendements moyens
régionaux des cultures d’hiver sont supérieurs à une année
« normale » (moyenne 5 ans) sauf pour le colza.
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
En agriculture conventionnelle, des résultats économiques de nouveau pénalisés par la
sécheresse
Un produit lait en augmentation
La tendance engagée ces trois dernières années se poursuit : le niveau de productivité des
exploitations est en hausse (+ 79 €/ha et + 20 400 € par rapport à l’exercice précédent). Les principales
évolutions entre 2018 et 2019 sont les suivantes :
Les volumes de lait livré augmentent de 11 100 L/exploitation. Cette hausse est liée à un
accroissement du nombre de vaches laitières (+ 1,7 VL). La productivité par vache est en légère
baisse (‐ 81 L).
Le prix de vente du lait est en nette augmentation (+ 17 €/1 000 L).
Le produit viande est en diminution de 8 % en raison de la baisse des cours de la vache de
réforme et des jeunes bovins.
Le produit cultures de vente est en baisse de 12 %. La hausse des rendements sur les cultures
d’hiver n’aura pas suffi pour compenser la baisse des prix.
Les aides participent également à la hausse du produit brut. En moyenne, les exploitations ont
perçu 4 000 € d’aides supplémentaires. L’évolution du zonage de l’ICHN, les aides sécheresses
et calamités ainsi que les indemnités d’assurance récolte viennent expliquer cette hausse.
Des charges alimentaires élevées
Malgré l’augmentation des surfaces fourragères, les exploitations ont de nouveau fait face à un déficit
fourrager important. L’achat de fourrages s’est imposé dans 50 % des exploitations du dispositif et
représente un coût moyen de 35 €/UGB (+ 10 € par rapport à 2018). De plus, la mauvaise qualité des
ensilages de maïs et l’affouragement des génisses à la paille ont entrainé une hausse des quantités de
concentrés achetés de + 23 €/UGB. Les systèmes laitiers spécialisés et en polyculture‐élevage ont
acheté davantage de concentrés et de fourrages que les systèmes herbagers et lait‐maïs‐viande. En
parallèle, l’augmentation du prix des engrais et des apports azotés (+ 6 uN) se traduisent par une
hausse de + 10 €/ha du poste fertilisation.
Au global, les charges opérationnelles s’accroissent de 10 950 € par rapport à l’exercice précédent.
L’efficience des charges par rapport au produit est de 33,6 % soit 1 point de moins par rapport à 2018.
Des charges de structure en hausse de 8 %.
Tous les postes sont en augmentation, ce qui se traduit par une hausse des dépenses de structure de
10 450 € par rapport à l’exercice précédent. Les postes charges sociales, assurances, entretien des
bâtiments et fermage subissent la plus forte hausse. Ces charges représentent 31 % du PB soit 0,5
points de plus qu’en 2018.
La hausse du produit lait ne compense pas l’accroissement des charges
En moyenne, l’excédent brut d’exploitation (EBE) diminue de 2 % soit l’équivalent de 2 700 €.
Cependant, cette baisse cache des disparités entre les systèmes. Les exploitations en polyculture‐
élevage ont la plus forte baisse d’EBE (‐ 14 405 € soit ‐ 7 %). L’augmentation des charges alimentaires
et la baisse du produit céréales en sont les principales causes. Les systèmes lait‐maïs‐viande ont
augmenté de 7 000 € leur EBE grâce une augmentation maîtrisée des charges opérationnelles et à une
hausse supérieure à la moyenne du volume de lait livré.
L’EBE moyen d’une exploitation du Réseaux d’élevage est de 151 260 €, cette somme sert à :
rembourser les annuités de 66 370 € soit 14 % du PB (+ 4 520 € par rapport à 2018)
laisser un disponible pour vivre et autofinancer de 84 890 € soit 34 150 €/UMO exploitant
(‐ 2 860 €/UMO exploitant par rapport à l’exercice précédent).
L’efficacité économique ((EBE + salaires)/PB) est passée de 37,3 % à 35,8 % en 2019. Les exploitations
ont au mieux maintenu leur niveau d’efficacité économique (système herbager et lait‐maïs‐viande) ou
diminué pour les autres.
3
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
En agriculture biologique, une adaptation de la production aux moyens de production
Une baisse des volumes de lait livré
Le produit brut des exploitations en agriculture biologique est en diminution de 2 % par rapport à 2018.
Elle se traduit par une diminution de la productivité à l’hectare de 77 €/ha soit – 5 721 €. Cette baisse
s’explique par une diminution des effectifs de vaches laitières (‐ 1 VL) et de la productivité par vache
de ‐ 200 L, ce qui entraine une diminution des volumes de lait vendu en laiterie de 17 500 L en moyenne
(‐ 4 %). La baisse du produit brut a été limitée grâce à une hausse de 13 €/1 000 L du prix du lait et à
une hausse de 9 % du produit culture.
Des charges opérationnelles en baisse
Les systèmes en agriculture biologique ont limité les achats de fourrages et de concentrés au strict
nécessaire. En parallèle, les quantités de concentrés prélevés ont augmenté. Ces exploitants ont
préféré décapitaliser (‐ 4 UGB par rapport à 2018) et limiter la productivité par vache plutôt que d’avoir
recours à des achats extérieurs. Ainsi, les charges opérationnelles diminuent de 3 900 € soit ‐ 6 % par
rapport à 2018.
Des revenus disponibles en diminution
La baisse des charges opérationnelles n’aura pas été suffisante pour compenser la baisse du produit
brut. Les excédents bruts d’exploitation diminuent de 6 % soit de 8 790 €.
LE COÛT DE PRODUCTION DE L’ATELIER LAIT : QUELQUES ÉLÉMENTS EXPLICATIFS
Les contours de l’atelier lait incluent la production laitière, l’élevage des génisses de renouvellement,
la production fourragère et la production des céréales autoconsommées par le troupeau laitier.
Le coût de production de l’atelier
Il résulte d’une approche « comptable ». Il permet d’évaluer tout ce que les éleveurs engagent pour
produire le lait en intégrant le coût de leur travail, des surfaces qu’ils ont en propriété et des capitaux
propres mobilisés pour financer les bâtiments, le matériel, le cheptel, les stocks…
La rémunération du travail (SMIC/UMO exploitant)
Elle correspond au niveau de rémunération de la main‐d’œuvre exploitant obtenu compte‐tenu des
charges engagées, de la rémunération des capitaux propres et des produits.
Le prix de revient
Il correspond au prix de vente du lait qui permettrait de couvrir l’ensemble des charges engagées par
l’éleveur et de rémunérer l’ensemble des facteurs de production (y compris la main‐d’œuvre à hauteur
de 2 SMIC soit 35 932 € et les capitaux à 1,5%) compte‐tenu du montant déjà couvert par les aides et
les produits joints (viande).
Le prix de fonctionnement
Le prix de fonctionnement est le prix de vente du lait qui permettrait de couvrir les besoins de
trésorerie jugés nécessaire (alimentation, approvisionnement des surfaces liées à l’atelier lait, frais
d’élevage, charges de mécanisation, hors amortissements), les annuités d’emprunts remboursés et la
main‐d’œuvre (à hauteur de 2 SMIC soit 35 932 €) compte‐tenu du montant déjà couvert par les aides
et les produits joints (viande).
4
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
SYSTÈME EN AGRICULTURE BIOLOGIQUE
Ces exploitations se caractérisent par une part d’herbe majoritaire dans la SFP. Certaines ont pu
introduire du maïs ensilage pour conforter le système fourrager et gagner en productivité. La
sécheresse 2019, à la suite de 2018 a continué de fragiliser l’autonomie fourragère de ces
exploitations. La difficulté à trouver des fourrages bio et leurs couts élevés a poussé ces exploitations
à s’adapter en réduisant leurs effectifs, d’où une baisse du chargement. Par rapport à 2018, l’EBE de
ces systèmes est en baisse (‐8 790 €) : la baisse du produit a été atténuée par la baisse des charges
opérationnelles mais la hausse de certaines charges de structure (+ 4 400 €) impacte l’EBE.
Principales données structurelles
Données
Nombre d’exploitation
UMO totales
Dont UMO salarié
SAU (ha)
Prairies (ha)
Maïs ensilage (ha)
Grandes cultures (ha)
Lait livré (l)
Nombre de VL
Lait/VL (l)
Chargt app.
(UGB/ha SFP)
Résultats économiques
2018
14,0
2,5
0,5
156
112
2
42
367 989
72,1
5 313
2019
14,0
2,6
0,6
157
115
3
39
350 479
71,2
5 116
1,05
0,99
Produit brut total
€/ha SAU
Charges opérationnelles
en % du PB
Charges de struct. (hors
salaires, amo. et ff.)
en % du PB
EBE + salaires
en % du PB
EBE
Annuités
en % du PB
Disponible (autofi. + pp)
Disponible/UMO expl.
2018
308 000 €
2 007 €
61 527 €
20,1 %
95 718 €
2019
302 279 €
1 930 €
57 622 €
20,7 %
100 171 €
31,4%
150 755 €
48,5%
136 810 €
37 953 €
10,6 %
98 872 €
59 130 €
34,6%
144 486 €
44,7%
128 020 €
36 971 €
11,8 %
91 043 €
50 061 €
Rentabilité de l’atelier laitier
Moyenne
2019
750
700
650
600
Travail
272
550
Produit lait
483
500
450
Foncier et Capital
65
Productivité de la MO
(L/UMO)
Coût de production total
(€/1 000 L)
Rémunération du travail
(SMIC/UMO)
Prix de revient pour 2 SMIC
(€/1 000 L)
162 585
743
2,9
490
400
Frais divers de gestion 65
350
300
Bâtiments et installations
69
250
200
Mécanisation
164
Produit viande 59
Autres produits 6
150
100
50
0
Frais d'élevage 50
Aides
187
Approvisionnt des surfaces 31
Alimentation achetée 27
Coût de production (€/1 000 l)
Produit (€/1 000 l)
5
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
SYSTÈME HERBAGER
Ces exploitations à dominante herbagère ont la particularité de produire du lait avec un troupeau de
vaches nourries exclusivement à base d’herbe, majoritairement d’herbe pâturée au printemps/été, et
d’herbe récoltée en sec ou humide sur la période hivernale. Il est possible de trouver dans ces
exploitations un atelier de viande à l’herbe pour valoriser l’herbe excédentaire à la production de lait.
Selon la part de surface en cultures, il peut y avoir une faible part de maïs dans l’assolement qui pourra
être récolté en ensilage pour l’atelier viande.
Ces exploitations sont limitées dans leur potentiel de productivité à l’hectare mais en contre‐partie,
elles bénéficient d’aides structurelles, ICHN OU MAEC. Ces modes de production sont particulièrement
économes en intrants (21,8 % de charges opérationnelles/PB) et malgré la sécheresse, ces
exploitations ont maintenu une excellente efficacité économique (46 % EBE/PB). A l’issue de cette
campagne 2019, l’augmentation du PB est de 25 000 €, il a été obtenu grâce à l’amélioration du prix
du lait et des aides qui ont compensé la baisse des livraisons de lait. Ainsi, cette campagne se solde par
une amélioration de l’EBE avant salaires de + 14 300 €.
Principales données structurelles
Données
Nombre d’exploitation
UMO totales
Dont UMO salarié
SAU (ha)
Prairies (ha)
Maïs ensilage (ha)
Grandes cultures (ha)
Lait livré (l)
Nombre de VL
Lait/VL (l)
Chargt app.
(UGB/ha SFP)
Résultats économiques
2018
2019
5
5
2,7
0,5
198
155
2
41
534 484
89,5
6 182
2,8
0,6
197
155
3
39
500 979
90,9
5 802
1,01
1,00
Produit brut total
€/ha SAU
Charges opérationnelles
en % du PB
Charges de struct. (hors
salaires, amo. et ff.)
en % du PB
EBE + salaires
en % du PB
EBE
Annuités
en % du PB
Disponible (autofi. + pp)
Disponible/UMO expl.
2018
353 808 €
1 723 €
88 656 €
24,1 %
2019
379 036 €
1 808 €
91 675 €
21,8 %
103 503 €
111 373 €
31,4%
161 649 €
44,5%
148 953 €
46 442 €
10,8 %
103 109 €
43 934 €
32,3%
175 987 €
46%
160 777 €
47 895 €
11,3 %
111 747 €
48 128 €
Rentabilité de l’atelier laitier
Moyenne
2019
600
550
500
450
Travail
197
Produit lait
384
400
350
Foncier et Capital
50
300
Frais divers de gestion 30
250
Bâtiments et installations
63
200
150
Mécanisation
119
Produit viande 54
Autres produits 9
100
50
Frais d'élevage 32
Approvisionnt des surfaces 22
Aides
146
Alimentation achetée 48
0
Coût de production (€/1 000 l)
6
Produit (€/1 000 l)
Productivité de la MO
(L/UMO)
Coût de production total
(€/1 000 L)
Rémunération du travail
(SMIC/UMO)
Prix de revient pour 2 SMIC
(€/1 000 L)
197 664
560
2,7
351
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
SYSTÈME LAITIER SPÉCIALISÉ
Ces exploitations se caractérisent par une forte spécialisation vers la production laitière. Les surfaces
en prairies permanentes ont de bons potentiels et elles sont valorisées exclusivement par le troupeau
laitier. Le maïs ensilage vient en complément de l’herbe afin d’atteindre un bon niveau de productivité
par vache. La production de culture de vente est limitée (< 40 ha).
Les volumes de lait livré sont en diminution de 13 740 L par rapport à 2018. Cette diminution est
compensée voir surpassée par la hausse du prix du lait (+ 21 €/1 000 L). On observe une hausse du
produit brut de l’ordre de 15 000 €. Comme pour les autres systèmes, les charges opérationnelles
(aliments, approvisionnement et frais d’élevage) et de structures sont en hausse. Ainsi, l’augmentation
du produit brut d’exploitation est compensée par la hausse des charges. Ainsi, on observe une stabilité
de l’EBE avant salaires. Le revenu disponible est en diminution face à l’accroissement des annuités
(+ 5 500 €).
Principales données structurelles
Données
Nombre d’exploitation
UMO totales
Dont UMO salarié
SAU (ha)
Prairies (ha)
Maïs ensilage (ha)
Grandes cultures (ha)
Lait livré (l)
Nombre de VL
Lait/VL (l)
Chargt app.
(UGB/ha SFP)
Résultats économiques
2018
8
2,6
0,3
123
83
20
20
563 880
77
7 780
2019
8
2,5
0,3
119
82
18
19
550 138
77
7 453
1,27
1,31
Produit brut total
€/ha SAU
Charges opérationnelles
en % du PB
Charges de struct. (hors
salaires, amo. et ff.)
en % du PB
EBE + salaires
en % du PB
EBE
Annuités
en % du PB
Disponible (autofi. + pp)
Disponible/UMO expl.
2018
297 190 €
2 576 €
92 405 €
31,4 %
2019
312 010 €
2 738 €
103 545 €
34,1 %
86 837 €
90 763 €
29,2%
117 948 €
39,4%
109 826 €
34 445 €
11,9 %
75 455 €
31 941 €
29,6%
117 702 €
36,3 %
109 152 €
39 951 €
12,4 %
69 058 €
28 554 €
Rentabilité de l’atelier laitier
600
Moyenne
2019
500
Travail
153
400
Foncier et Capital 30
Frais divers de gestion 32
300
200
Bâtiments et installations
52
250 021
550
1,6
402
Mécanisation
113
Frais d'élevage
52
100
Produit lait
376
Productivité de la MO
(L/UMO)
Coût de production total
(€/1 000 L)
Rémunération du travail
(SMIC/UMO)
Prix de revient pour 2 SMIC
(€/1 000 L)
Produit viande 52
Approvisionnt des surfaces 31
Autres produits 4
Alimentation achetée
87
Aides
92
Coût de production (€/1 000 l)
Produit (€/1 000 l)
0
7
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
SYSTÈME LAIT‐MAÏS‐VIANDE
Ce type de structure est caractérisé par une activité laitière dominante, diversifiée avec un atelier
significatif de viande bovine produite à l’herbe ou au maïs. Cet atelier peut se composer de bœufs
et/ou de vaches allaitantes en fonction de l’intensification laitière. Les surfaces sont principalement
consacrées aux fourrages, laissant qu’une petite place pour les grandes cultures. Le maïs ensilage
représente une faible part du système fourrager, à l’inverse, les surfaces en herbe sont importantes.
La production laitière individuelle est en légère augmentation par rapport à 2018, contrairement aux
autres systèmes. Cette augmentation, couplée à la hausse du prix du lait et des aides compensatoires,
conduit à une hausse du produit brut de l’ordre de 25 000 € (malgré la baisse du prix de la viande).
Ainsi, l’EBE avant salaires a progressé d’environ 11 000 €, bien que les charges opérationnelles
(aliments, approvisionnement et frais d’élevage) et de structures soient plus élevées.
Principales données structurelles
Données
Nombre d’exploitation
UMO totales
Dont UMO salarié
SAU (ha)
Prairies (ha)
Maïs ensilage (ha)
Grandes cultures (ha)
Lait livré (l)
Nombre de VL
Lait/VL (l)
Chargt app.
(UGB/ha SFP)
Résultats économiques
2018
13
2,3
0,4
159
116
19
24
507 438
73
7 007
2019
13
2,3
0,4
165
121
22
22
540 608
76
7 116
1,26
1,24
Produit brut total
€/ha SAU
Charges opérationnelles
en % du PB
Charges de struct. (hors
salaires, amo. et ff.)
en % du PB
EBE + salaires
en % du PB
EBE
Annuités
en % du PB
Disponible (autofi. + pp)
Disponible/UMO expl.
2018
316 591 €
2 032 €
105 024 €
32,5 %
2019
341 187 €
2 127 €
116 385 €
33,3 %
95 040 €
96 359 €
31,3%
116 527 €
36,1%
104 661 €
47 207 €
14,7 %
57 151 €
32 961 €
29,3%
128 443 €
37,4%
116 100 €
51 673 €
15,1 %
64 199 €
39 528 €
Rentabilité de l’atelier laitier
Moyenne
2019
550
500
450
Travail
128
400
350
300
Foncier et Capital
31
Frais divers de gestion 27
Bâtiments et installations
51
Produit lait
370
250
200
Mécanisation
120
150
Frais d'élevage 46
100
50
Approvisionnt des surfaces 32
Produit viande 41
Autres produits 3
Alimentation achetée 78
Aides
78
Coût de production (€/1 000 l)
Produit (€/1 000 l)
0
8
Productivité de la MO
(L/UMO)
Coût de production total
(€/1 000 L)
Rémunération du travail
(SMIC/UMO)
Prix de revient pour 2 SMIC
(€/1 000 L)
327 479
513
2,3
390
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
SYSTÈME EN POLYCULTURE‐ÉLEVAGE
Ces exploitations se distinguent par la présence des 3 ateliers : lait, céréales et viande. Chacun de ces
ateliers représente une part importante. Toutes disposent de maïs dans le système fourrager avec des
proportions toutefois différentes, ce qui implique des conduites animales plus ou moins intensives.
Par rapport à 2018, l'EBE de ces exploitations est en baisse. L’augmentation du prix du lait, des
indemnités compensatoires (ICHN, sécheresses) et des rendements en céréales n’ont pas pu
compenser en totalité la baisse du prix des céréales et de la viande, la hausse des achats d’aliments
(pour faire face à la sécheresse) et l’augmentation de certaines charges de structure (MSA et entretien
du matériel notamment).
Principales données structurelles
Données
Nombre d’exploitation
UMO totales
Dont UMO salarié
SAU (ha)
Prairies (ha)
Maïs ensilage (ha)
Grandes cultures (ha)
Lait livré (l)
Nombre de VL
Lait/VL (l)
Chargt app.
(UGB/ha SFP)
Résultats économiques
2018
23
3,3
0,7
288
122
41
125
837 195
107
7870
2019
23
3,4
0,8
293
126
48
119
855 060
108
7839
1,48
1,37
Produit brut total
€/ha SAU
Charges opérationnelles
en % du PB
Charges de struct. (hors
salaires, amo. et ff.)
en % du PB
EBE + salaires
en % du PB
EBE
Annuités
en % du PB
Disponible (autofi. + pp)
Disponible/UMO expl.
2018
596 766 €
2 107 €
211 852 €
34,8 %
2019
615 806 €
2 148 €
224 253 €
36,1 %
169 144 €
187 188 €
29,6%
215 770 €
35,6%
196 121 €
82 369 €
14,4 %
113 260 €
40 347 €
31,4%
204 365 €
32,5%
182 173 €
87 244 €
15,2 %
94 245 €
31 221 €
Rentabilité de l’atelier laitier
Moyenne
2019
500
450
400
350
Travail
96
Foncier et Capital 28
Frais divers de gestion 24
300
Bâtiments et installations
57
Produit lait
373
Productivité de la MO
(L/UMO)
Coût de production total
(€/1 000 L)
Rémunération du travail
(SMIC/UMO)
Prix de revient pour 2 SMIC
(€/1 000 L)
399 685
473
2,3
364
250
200
Mécanisation
94
150
Frais d'élevage
50
100
Approvisionnt des surfaces 34
50
Alimentation achetée
87
Produit viande 38
Autres produits 7
Aides
64
0
Coût de production (€/1 000 l)
Produit (€/1 000 l)
9
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
ANALYSE TRANSVERSALE
Atelier lait
2018
2019
2018
2019
%
2019
g/L
2018
Kg/VL/an
2019
(€/1 000 L)
2018
(g/l)
2019
(g/l)
2018
(L/VL)
Taux de
renouvel‐
lement
Concentré
2019
Prix du lait
2018
TB
2019
TP
2018
Lait produit
AB
5 313
5 116
32,4
30,5
40,8
38,2
465
478
968
907
183
190
29
30
Herbager
6 182
5 802
33,6
33,9
41,7
42,0
366
385
1 850
1 623
295
264
27
26
7 780
7 453
32,8
33,3
41,8
42,4
354
375
1 570
1 759
199
233
35
35
7 007
7 116
33,2
33,7
41,1
41,7
352
370
1 539
1 696
217
236
35
34
7 870
7 839
33,0
33,2
41,1
42,1
350
365
1 780
1 861
223
230
35
33
6 978
6 870
32,9
32,7
41,2
41,2
378
394
1 529
1 581
216
225
33
32
Système
Laitier
Spécialsé
Lait Maïs
Viande
Polyculture
Elevage
Moyenne
Atelier viande
Vaches de réforme
Poids kg
Prix
carcasse/tête
€/kg
2018
2019
2018
2019
290,1
295,1
3,11
3,06
321,8
322,4
2,74
2,66
291,1
299,4
2,49
2,37
309,7
306,8
2,61
2,46
301,1
305,0
2,46
2,38
301,0
304,1
2,65
2,55
Système simplifié
AB
Herbager
Laitier Spécialsé
Lait Maïs Viande
Polyculture Elevage
Moyenne
Jeunes bovins finis
Poids kg
Prix
carcasse/tête
€/kg
2018
2019 2018 2019
Bœufs finis
Poids kg
Prix
carcasse/tête
€/kg
2018
2019
2018 2019
368
334
350
3,02
2,92
329
2,8
2,9
Les récoltes en maïs ensilage : 8,7 tMS/ha (‐ 1,7 tMS/ha par rapport à 2018) et 396 €/ha de charges
opérationnelles.
Les indicateurs nationaux
Indicateur globaux exploitations
EBE
/UMO ex
Annutés
/EBE (%)
Trésorerie
Nette
Globale
Productivité
MO (l/UMO)
Coût du système
d’alimentation
(€/ML)
Prix de
fonctionnement
pour 2 SMIC
(€/ML)
Marge
brute
atelier
(€/ML)
Annuités
(€/ML)
AB
81 153
47%
131 908
162 585
271
442
406
97
Herbager
74 765
27%
76 321
197 664
227
311
366
70
53 111
51%
70 931
250 021
251
374
273
66
77 650
45%
71 183
327 479
251
354
270
72
79 226
57%
39 861
399 685
234
350
254
66
75 627
49%
73 657
296 567
248
371
303
75
Système
simplifié
Laitier
spécialisé
Lait Maïs
Viande
Polyculture‐
élevage
Moyenne
10
Indicateurs atelier bovins lait
CAMPAGNE 2019
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT DU GRAND‐EST
REPÈRES TECHNICO‐ÉCONOMIQUES
Alimentation
AB
Herbager
Aliments totaux (€/UGB)
Dont concentrés achetés (€/UGB)
Dont aliments prélevés (€/UGB)
Dont minéraux (€/UGB)
Dont achat fourrages (€/UGB)
Aliments atelier lait (€/VL)
Dont concentrés achetés (€/VL)
Dont aliments prélevés (€/VL)
Dont minéraux (€/VL)
Dont achat fourrages (€/VL)
279
33
188
19
35
445
57
300
31
54
266
109
97
31
14
422
182
152
47
18
Frais d’élevage
AB
Herbager
Contrôle de performance(1) (€/VL)
Frais de reproduction(2) (€/VL)
Frais vétérinaire (€/UGB)
Dont frais vétérinaire atelier lait (€/VL)
Divers élevage expl. (€/UGB)
Dont divers élevage atelier lait (€/VL)
58
58
27
43
39
60
52
48
26
41
45
71
Frais cultures
AB
Herbager
Semences (€/ha CGU)
Semences (€/ha cultures fourragères)
Semences (€/ha herbe)
Engrais (€/ha CGU)
Engrais (€/ha cultures fourragères)
Engrais (€/ha d’herbe)
Produits défense végétaux (€/ha CGU)
Produits défense végétaux (€/ha cultures fourragères)
Assurances pour végétaux (€/ha CGU)
Assurances végétaux (€/ha cultures fourragères)
112
298
20
40
5
12
8
0
15
0
70
199
8
101
45
33
109
63
8
1
Dépenses de structure
AB
Herbager
MSA (% PB)
Carburant (€/ha)
Travaux par tiers (% PB)
Assurances (€/ha)
Assurances (% PB)
Entretien et divers matériel (€/ha)
Electricité (€/VL)
Eau (€/VL)
Frais de gestion (€/ha)
Frais de gestion (% PB)
Frais divers généraux (€/ha)
Frais divers généraux (% PB)
Entretien bâtiment (€/UGB)
Fermage (€/ha)
6,9%
65
2,5%
69
3,7%
74
59
36
27
1,5%
38
2,1%
26
111
6,9%
58
3,8%
43
2,4%
66
45
31
24
1,4%
22
1,3%
18
118
Lait
spécialisé
448
261
57
34
50
746
438
92
58
83
Lait Maïs
Viande
336
181
43
33
21
626
354
64
70
43
Poly.
Elevage
468
303
42
46
42
775
519
67
81
60
Lait
spécialisé
46
74
55
92
72
119
Lait Maïs
Viande
56
71
60
105
37
71
Poly.
Elevage
44
78
63
105
74
124
Lait
spécialisé
87
216
20
123
122
42
98
71
16
8
Lait Maïs
Viande
55
176
6
172
158
55
95
102
10
8
Poly.
Elevage
66
171
12
148
137
73
135
86
22
13
Lait
spécialisé
5,0%
91
4,1%
74
2,8%
119
56
36
37
1,4%
31
1,1%
19
98
Lait Maïs
Viande
3,7%
78
2,9%
61
3,0%
104
55
31
29
1,4%
26
1,2%
23
99
Poly.
Elevage
3,8%
87
5,0%
60
2,9%
74
64
56
26
1,2%
26
1,3%
44
105
(1) (2) Éleveurs adhérant au contrôle laitier et en insémination artificielle
11
Janvier 2021
SYNTHÈSE RÉGIONALE DES DONNÉES DES FERMES DU DISPOSITIF
INOSYS RÉSEAUX D’ÉLEVAGE BOVINS LAIT GRAND‐EST
CAMPAGNE 2019
Ce document présente la synthèse des résultats techniques et économiques de 63
fermes bovins lait du dispositif Inosys Réseaux d’ Elevage de la région Grand‐Est. Les
résultats sont ceux de la campagne fourragère de 2019. Ces références sont issues d’un
travail de partenariat entre les Chambres départementales d’agriculture du Grand‐Est
et de l’Institut de l’Elevage.
Cette brochure a été réalisée dans le cadre de l'équipe régionale Inosys – Réseaux d’élevage Bovins
lait
Contributeurs à ce dossier :
Cécile GOISET
Daniel COUÉFFÉ
Jean‐Marc ZSITKO
Charlotte HOFGAERTNER
Jessica THONI
Rémi GEORGEL
Alice BERCHOUX
35
CDA des Ardennes
CDA de la Haute‐Marne
CDA de la Meurthe‐et‐Moselle
CDA de la Meuse
CDA de la Moselle
CDA des Vosges
Institut de l’Elevage
03 24 33 89 69
03 25 35 03 25
03 83 93 34 11
03 29 83 30 65
06 07 10 72 46
03 29 29 23 18
03 83 93 39 12
Document édité par l’Institut
de l’Elevage
149 rue de Bercy
75595 Paris Cedex 12
www.idele.fr
Référence idele 0021 302 004
| 27,601 |
US-1909534886-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,909 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,940 | 2,627 |
Self-operated hatch-cover.
G.. & S. WALKER.
- SELF OPBRATBD HATCH covER.
APPLICATION FILED 10150.24, 1909.
Patented Mar. 21, 1911.
2 SHEETS-SHEET 1.
5mm/bow 6i nikel; @ZM/3W;
ama/lfd G. 61S. WALKER. SELF QPBRATBD HATCH COVER. APPLICATION FILED152.024, 1909.
987, 1 97. y Patented 11111.21', 1911.
2 SHEETS-SHEET z.
4,61 Milli/e1;
CIV
' released.
' showing the flaps for closing the space be- GEORGE WALKER AND SIDNEYWALKER, OF SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA.
SELF-OPERATED Specification of Letters Patent.
HATCH-COVER.
Patented Mar. 21, 1911.
Application filed December 24, 1999. Serial No. 534,886.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that we, GEORGE WALKER and SiDNnY VALKER, citizens of theUnited States, residing at San Jose, in the county of Santa Clara andState of California, have invented a new and useful Improvement inSelf-Operated Hatch-Covers, of which the following is a specification.
This invention relates to certain new and useful improvements inselfoperated covers or doors for elevator shafts or hatches, the objectbeing' to provide a cover which is so constructed that in case of firethe same will completely close the shaft or hatch.
Another object of our invention is to provide a cover which is providedwith spring actuated sections which are adapted to be operatedautomatically so as to close the spacebetween the walls of the shaft andthe guides and the space around the cable openm0'.
l further object of our invention is to provide the shaft with a coverfor closing the weight pocket which is automatically operated by Ythedoor when the same is moved into a closed position.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a door which is somounted in an inclined track that when the same is released it willslide down and completely close the hatch or shaft, said door being heldin an open position by cables which are provided with fusible links sothat in case of a lire said links will melt, and the cover will be lWiththese various objects in view, our invention consists in the novelfeatures of construction, arrangement and combination of parts, all ofwhich will be hereinafter fully described and pointed out in the claims.
In the drawings forming a part of this specification: Figure l is aninverted plan view of our improved cover showing the same in an openposition arranged in a building adjacent the elevator shaft. Fig. 2 is atop plan view of the same showing the cover in a closed position. Fig. 3is a vertical section through the cover in an opened position. Figs. 4and 5 are detail sections of the cover and track showingthe manner ofmounting the same. Fig. 6 is a detail view of the weight pocket cover.Fig. 7 is a detail section through a portion of the cover links tweenthe guides and walls of the shaft. Fig. S is a section taken on-the line8 8 of Fig. 7.
Referring to the drawing A indicates an' elevator shaft or hatch whichis provided with the usual oppositely disposed vertical guides B and aguide C which in connection with the adjacent guides B forms a weightpocket in which the counterbalance weights of the elevator are adaptedto travel, the above description being given so that the application ofour improved cover can be readily understood.
Extending transversely through the hatch and out to one side is aninclined trackway D, the track portions of which are formed of channelbars as clearly shown in which is slidably mounted a cover E providedwith casters E, E2 adapted to engage the respective walls of the channelshaped tracks so as to allow the cover to move freely therein and itwill be seen by this arrangement that the cover will slide down acrossthe elevator shaft or hatch by its own weight when released and forsupporting the end of the cover in a closed position, we provide anangled iron A which extends across the shaft in such a position withrespect to the trackway that when the cover is in a closed position theedge of the same will rest upon the angled iron A and form a tightjoint.
F or supporting the cover in an open position so as to allow theelevator car to move freely up and down the shaft, we provide the coverwith an eye E3 to which is connected the hook of a fusible link F whichis connected to a block G through which passes a cable H which passesover pulleys G suitably arranged in the framework of the building asclearly shown, the ends of said cable extending parallel alongside ofthe tracks of the trackway and have fusible H connected thereto, saidfusible links being connected to cable sections H2 which are connectedto fusible links H3 having hook members adapted to be connected in eyessecured in the wall of the shaft of the elevator, it of course beingunderstood that fusible links can be arranged in the cable at anydesirable point, the above positions being given as the most desirablein case of fire where the greatest amount of heat would most likely be.By this arrangement when'the fusible links give away the cable isreleased so as to release the cover,
and by 4its own weight the cover will slide across'the hatch or'shaft asclearly shown in Fig. 2. In order to close the weight pocket .of the elevator shaft, we provide ahinged cover M which is provided with a project-ing pin M which isengaged by a pivoted catch N which extends into the adjacent track ofthe trackway and is adapted to be engaged by the door on its downwardmovement so as tok throw the cat-ch out of engagement with the pin M andrelease the same and for closing the flap, we provide the same with aprojection M2 having an outwardly projecting portion M3 having a camedge which is adapted to be engagedl by apivoted dog O which alsoextends into the adjacent track and is engaged by the door so as tocause the same to ride over the cam edge of the projecting member M3 andswingl the cover into 'a closed position as clearly shown. This cover isalso provided with a notch to receive the cables for supporting theweights so that the same will lit snugly around the cables and close theweight pocket as tightly as possible.
From the foregoing description, it will be seen that we have pro-vided acover for closing an elevator hatch or shaft which is so constructedthat the same will move into a closed position by its own weight, saidcover being provided with hinged spring actuated covers for closing thespace between the guides and wall of the shaft and for closing the slot.of the cover to receive the supporting cables in such a manner thatwhen the door is moved into a closed position the shaft will bepractically air tight, thereby providing a door which will have manyadvantages over doors of this char-- acter now in use.
IVhile we have shown and described the particular manner of mounting thedoor and the covers, it is ofcourse understood that various other meansfor accomplishing this result could be used without departing from thespirit of .our invention.
Having thus fully described our invention, what we claim as new anddesire to secure by Letters Patent, is:
l. The combination with an elevator shaft, of a trackway arrangedtransversely in said shaft, a door mounted in said trackway, springactuated covers carried by said door and means for holding and releasingsaid covers.
Q. In a self-operating door for elevator shafts, the combination with ashaft having the usual guides and weight pocket, of an inclined trackextending transversely through said shaft, a. door slidably mounted insaid trackway, covers carried by said door for closing the space betweensaid guides and wall of the shaft, and means for holding said coversopen when the door is in an open position and for closing said coverswhen in a closed position.
3. The combination with an elevator shaft provided with a weight pocket,of an inclined trackway extending transversely through said shaft, acover arranged adjacent said weight pocket for closing the same, meansfor holding said cover in an open Josition, means for closing said coverand a doorslidably mounted within said trackway adapted to first engagesaid means for holding the cover open and then said means for closingsaid cover when said door moves into a closed position. e
4. The combination with an elevator shaft, of an inclined trackextending transversely through said shaft, a door slidably mounted insaid trackway provided with a slot to receive the cables of the elevatorcar, said door being provided with notches. to receiveI said guides,spring actuated covers for closing said notches and slot and slidablymounted rods for holding said covers in an open position, said rodsbeing operated when said door is moved into a closed position so as torelease said covers.
5. The combination With an elevator shaft provided With the usual guidesand Weight pocket, of an inclined track extending transversely throughsaid shaft, a door provided with casters slidably mounted Within saidtrack, a cable connected to said door by a fusible link for holding saiddoor in an open position, said door being provided With notched edgesand a central slot to receive the guides and the supporting cable, andspring actuated covers for closing said slot and notch, said coversbeing released automatically When said door is moved into a l closedposition.
6. The combination with an elevator shaft provided With the usual guidesand Weight pocket, of an inclined track extending transversely throughsaid shaft, a door slidably mounted within said track, a cable connectedto said door by a fusible link for holding the saine open, a coverarranged adjacent the Weight pocket for closing the same, said doorbeing provided With a central slot and notched edges, spring actuatedcovers for closing said slot and notched edges, and means for operatingsaid spring actuated covers together with means for closing the Weightpocket cover when said door is moved into a closed position.
7. The combination with an elevator shaft, of an inclined trackWayarranged transversely in said shaft and extending out to one side, adoor slidably mounted in said trackivay, a cable connected to said doorby a fusible link for normally holding the same out of the shaft, saiddoor being provided With notches and a central slot to receive theguides and supporting cable of the elevator shaft, spring actuatedcovers for closing said slot and notches, slidably mounted rods forholding said covers in an open position having outwardly projecting endsadapted to be operated When said door is moved into. a closed positionso as to release said covers.
8. The combination With an elevator shaft provided with a Weight pocket,of a hinged cover for closing said pocket provided with a pin and aprojection having a cam edge, a pivoted catch for engaging said pin, apivoted dog for engaging the cam edge of said projection, and a dooradapted to operate the said pivoted catch and dog when moved across saidelevator shaft.
9. The combination with an elevator shaft provided with a Weight pocketand oppositelv disposed guides, of a trackway extending transverselythrough said shaft, an angled iron arranged against the Wall of saidshaft; between said track, a door siidably mounted in said trackprovided With a cental slot and notched edges, a cable connected to saiddoor by a fusible link for holding the said door in an open position,spring actuated covers mounted upon said door for closing said slot andnotched, slidably mounted rods for holding said covers in an openposition, a cover for closing said weight pocket, means operated by saiddoor for closing said cover, said rods being adapted to engage saidangled iron when said door moves into a closed position so as to releasesaid spring actuated covers.
GEORGE WALKER. SDNEY VALKER.
Witnesses A. K. DAGGETT,
C. W. RIFFEE.
Copies of this patent may be obtained for ve cents each, by addressing'the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, I). C.
| 3,189 |
https://github.com/antworldpkc2021/Pkc/blob/master/tronweb2/src/components/JobSettings/JobSettings.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
Pkc
|
antworldpkc2021
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 83 | 244 |
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import React from 'react';
function JobSettings(props) {
const { allowOverlap, queueing, allNodes } = props;
let overlapString = 'Cancel overlapping runs';
if (allowOverlap) {
overlapString = 'Allow overlapping runs';
} else if (queueing) {
overlapString = 'Queue overlapping runs';
}
return (
<ul className="list-group">
<li className="list-group-item">{overlapString}</li>
{allNodes && <li className="list-group-item">Runs on all nodes</li>}
</ul>
);
}
JobSettings.propTypes = {
allowOverlap: PropTypes.bool,
queueing: PropTypes.bool,
allNodes: PropTypes.bool,
};
JobSettings.defaultProps = {
allowOverlap: true,
queueing: true,
allNodes: false,
};
export default JobSettings;
| 4,387 |
US-74351896-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,996 |
None
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None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,953 | 6,307 |
Coating media and a process for producing multi-layer coatings
ABSTRACT
This invention relates to two-component, solvent-thinnable coating media based on a polyisocyanate component and a component which reacts with isocyanate. The coating media contain one or more hydroxy-functional copolymers, one or more secondary polyamines containing ester groups, one or more aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates containing allophanate groups, extenders and/or pigments and optionally one or more organic solvents and customary lacquer additives. 60 to 75% by weight of aluminium hydroxide and calcium magnesium carbonate are contained in total, with respect to the total amount of extenders and/or pigments.
This invention relates to two-component, solvent-thinnable coating media based on a polyisocyanate component and a component which reacts with isocyanate. The coating media have a very high solids content and are employed in particular as primer-surfacer or primer coats in the coating of motor vehicles and motor vehicle parts.
Two-component coating media based on a polyhydroxyl and a polyisocyanate component have long been known. High quality coatings which have a very good resistance to chemicals and solvents and which exhibit a very high level of visual and mechanical properties are obtained from these coating media.
Efforts are being made, within the context of general environmental requirements, to keep the solvent content or the proportion of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as low as possible in solvent-containing coating media of this type, and to obtain a high solids content. This is achieved, for example, by the use of what are termed reactive thinners or by the use of specially developed low-viscosity binder vehicles.
E-A-0 470 461 describes binder vehicles for two-component automobile repair lacquers which contain polyisocyanates and a component which reacts with isocyanate. The component which reacts with isocyanate is based on a polyhydroxyl compound (OH-functional polyacrylates and/or polyesters) and a secondary diamine which contains ester groups. The latter can be prepared by the reaction of 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane with diethyl malonate or fumarate (polyaspartic acid derivative). Solids contents of 45-65% by weight are obtained in these coating media.
DE-A-43 16 912 discloses binder vehicle systems which are suitable for the production of primer-surfacer and primer coats and which are based on a polyisocyanate and a hydroxy-functional copolymer, obtainable from diesters, alpha,beta olefinically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, aromatic vinyl hydrocarbons, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl esters of alpha, beta olefinically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, and a nitrocellulose which is soluble in esters.
From the binder vehicle systems described above, coating media can be formulated which have a lower content of volatile organic compounds compared with conventional OH/NCO crosslinked systems and which thus have a higher solids content. The said coating media cannot be employed for special applications and fields of use, particularly in the coating of motor vehicles for repair purposes, where extremely low VOC values less than 2.1 lb/gal are required, on account of legislation for example.
The object of the present invention was therefore to provide solvent-based, isocyanate-crosslinking coating media, particularly for the production of primer and primer-surfacer coats, which have a very high solids content in their ready-to-spray condition, which can be sprayed easily, even by means of the HVLP (high volume low pressure) technique, and which result in coatings of perfect surface quality which can be rubbed down well.
This object is achieved by a coating medium containing
A) one or more hydroxy-functional copolymers which are obtainable by the reaction of
a) 3-50% by weight of one or more glycidyl esters of aliphatic saturated monocarboxylic acids containing a tertiary or quaternary alpha-C atom and
b) 97-50% by weight of at least two olefinically unsaturated copolymerisable monomers, at least one of which contains at least one carboxyl group and at least one of which is sterically hindered, in the presence of radical polymerisation initiators, wherein the amount of carboxyl groups in component b) exceeds the amount of glycidyl groups in component a) by an extent such that the resulting copolymer has an acid number of at least 15 mg KOH/g,
B) one or more secondary polyamines which contain ester groups and which are of general formula ##STR1## where X represents an n-valent organic radical containing 4-20C atoms, R1 and R2 represent the same or different alkyl radicals containing 1-8 C atoms and n represents an integer of at least 2,
C) one or more aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates containing allophanate groups,
D) extenders and/or pigments, wherein 60-75% by weight of aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) and calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO₃)₂) is contained in total, based on the total amount of extenders and/or pigments, and
E) optionally one or more organic solvents and customary lacquer additives, wherein polyisocyanate component C) is present in a quantitative proportion such that 0.5 to 2 isocyanate groups are allotted to one group containing active hydrogen.
Component A) and component B) are preferably present in a ratio by weight of 8:1 to 1:2, most preferably of 6:1 to 1:1, with respect to the solid resin.
A very high solids content, preferably of 80-88% by weight, is obtained in the coating media according to the invention. In this connection, the solids content is understood to mean the stoving residue, i.e. the sum of the non-volatile constituents which remain in the coating after stoving. Despite their extremely high solids content the coating media can be sprayed well, even by means of the HVLP technique, and the coatings exhibit a perfect, pore-free surface.
Component A) comprises copolymers with an acid number greater than 15, preferably of 18-50, most preferably of 21-35 mg KOH/g, an OH number of 40-250, preferably of 70-200, most preferably of 80-180 mg KOH/g, and a solution viscosity of 10 to 2000, preferably of 15-500, most preferably of 20-150 mPa.s (measured on a 50% solution at 23° C. according to DIN 53 018). The copolymers have average molecular weights (number average) of less than 5000, preferably of 300-4500, most preferably of 500-4000 g/mole.
6-30% by weight of component a) and 70-94% by weight of component b) are preferably used.
Glycidyl esters of alpha-alkyl alkanecarboxylic acids and/or alpha,alpha,dialkyl-alkanecarboxylic acids are preferably used, individually or in admixture, as component a). These are preferably the glycidyl esters of C4-C30 monocarboxylic acids, most preferably the glycidyl esters of C5-C20 monocarboxylic acids.
Examples thereof include the glycidyl esters of 2,2-methylpropionic acid, 2,2-dimethylundecanoic acid and of neo acids such as neohexanoic acid, neononanoic acid and neodecanoic acid. The alkyl radicals here may also contain a different number of C atoms.
Component b) consists of a mixture of
b1) one or more olefinically unsaturated monomers containing at least one carboxyl group, and
b2) one or more olefinically unsaturated, sterically hindered monomers, and optionally one or more of components b3) to b5),
b3) one or more hydroxyalkyl esters, hydroxyaryl esters or oligomeric hydroxyalkylene glycol esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids,
b4) one or more esters of an unsaturated carboxylic acid with a monohydric alcohol containing 1 to 20 C atoms, and
b5) one or more olefinically unsaturated compounds which are not covered by b1), b2), b3) or b4).
Examples of monomers b1) include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic, fumaric and itaconic acids and semi-esters thereof, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid and vinylacetic acid. (Meth)acrylic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid are preferred.
Monomers b2) are olefinically unsaturated, sterically hindered monomers, the homopolymers of which have glass transition temperatures above 45° C., as measured at a sufficiently high molecular weight at which a dependency of the glass transition temperature on the molecular weight no longer exists. Unsaturated, sterically hindered monomers are to be understood as compounds containing at least one C--C double bond as well as a branched carbon chain and/or a mono- or polycyclic structure.
Suitable monomers b2) comprise esters of olefinically alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acids and methacrylic acid, with sterically hindered alcohols, and also comprise sterically hindered vinyl monomers. Examples of suitable sterically hindered alcohols include saturated alcohols containing 4-20 C atoms, such as tert.-butyl alcohol, tert.-amyl alcohol, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, neopentyl alcohol and 3-pentanol, as well as cyclic aliphatic alcohols containing 6-20 C atoms, such as cyclohexanol, 4-tert.-butyl cyclohexanol, 3,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanol and isoborneol, for example.
Examples of suitable sterically hindered vinyl monomers include styrene, 4-phenylstyrene, vinylcyclohexane, tert.-butylstyrene and alpha-methylstyrene.
The preferred monomers b2) are tert.-butyl, cyclohexyl, 4-tert.-butylcyclohexyl and isobornyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid.
Hydroxyalkyl esters b3) are esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with aliphatic diols which preferably contain 2-20 C atoms. Examples thereof include hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyhexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate and 2-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate. The reaction products of one mole of hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate and 2 moles of epsilon-caprolactone are also suitable.
Examples of unsaturated monomers b4) include esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with aliphatic monohydric alcohols containing 1-20 C atoms, such as methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate or butyl(meth)acrylate.
Examples of unsaturated monomers b5) include vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, and monomers which contain silane groups, such as (meth)acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and (meth)acryloxypropyl-tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane.
The usual radical-forming polymerisation initiators are suitable, individually or in admixture, for the production of copolymers A). Examples thereof include aliphatic azo compounds, diacyl peroxides, and preferably dialkyl peroxides.
The polymerisation is preferably conducted as a bulk polymerisation.
Examples of suitable solvents for the polymers obtained in this manner include aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene or toluene, esters such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate or butyl propionate, glycols, alcohols, or ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone.
Component B) comprises compounds of general formula ##STR2## where X, R₁ and R₂ have the meaning given above.
"Polyaspartic acid derivatives" such as these are particularly preferred in which X represents a divalent hydrocarbon radical, as are obtained by the removal of the amino groups from 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-diaminohexane, 1-amino-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-aminomethyl-cyclohexane, 4,4'-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane or 3,3'- dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane and in which n=2. The preferred R1 and R2 radicals are methyl or ethyl radicals.
Component B) can be prepared in the manner known in the art, by the reaction of the corresponding primary polyamine of formula X-(--NH₂), with maleic or fumaric acid esters of general formula R₁ OOC-CH═CH-COOR₂. Examples of suitable maleic or fumaric acid esters include dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, di-n-butyl malonate and the corresponding fumaric acid esters; n is preferably 2 here.
"Polyaspartic acid derivatives" of this type and the preparation thereof are described in EP-A-0 470 461, for example.
Mixtures of different components B) may be present.
Polyisocyanate component C) comprises (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyanates which contain allophanate groups. The term "(cyclo)aliphatic" is to be understood here and in what follows to represent aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic.
The polyisocyanates preferably contain isocyanurate groups in addition. The polyisocyanates which contain allophanate groups are produced by reacting part of the isocyanate groups of a (cyclo)aliphatic diisocyanate (preferably of a molecular weight range of 140-400) with monohydric alcohols containing 1-5 C atoms in their molecule with the formation of allophanate. The preferred polyisocyanates which contain allophanate groups and isocyanurate groups are produced by forming isocyanurate groups by the catalytic trimerisation of part of the isocyanate groups of (cyclo)aliphatic diisocyanates, and by the reaction, before, during and/or after the trimerisation reaction, of a further part of the isocyanate groups with monohydric alcohols containing 1-5 C atoms in their molecule, with the formation of allophanate. The formation of allophanate and the formation of isocyanurate are preferably effected at reaction temperatures of 50°-150° C., most preferably 90°-120° C.
Suitable (cyclo)aliphatic diisocyanates which can be used as starting components for producing the polyisocyanates which contain allophanate groups are organic diisocyanates of general formula R(NCO)₂, where R preferably constitutes a (cyclo)aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 4-15 C atoms. Examples of polyisocyanates of this type include 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,12-dodecamethyl diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, cyclohexane 1,3- and 1,4-diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, bis-(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)-methane, bis-(4-isocyanato-3-methylcyclohexyl)-methane, 1,3- and 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane, and 1,3- and 1,4-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate. 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and bis-(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)-methane are preferred. The diisocyanates may also be used in admixture.
Examples of monohydric alcohols containing 1-5 C atoms in their molecule which can be used, and which may optionally also contain ether oxygen atoms, include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert.-butanol, n-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, isomeric methyl butyl alcohols, ethoxymethanol and methoxymethanol. The preferred alcohols are ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol and isomeric butanols.
Polyisocyanates of this type which are suitable as component C), as well as the production thereof, are expressly described in EP-A-0 496 208 and EP-A-0 649 866, for example.
It is not preferred, but it is also possible, for the polyisocyanates which contain allophanate groups to be present in admixture with other customary lacquer polyisocyanates.
The coating media according to the invention contain pigments and/or extenders. In this respect it is essential to the invention that 60-75% by weight of aluminium hydroxide and calcium magnesium carbonate in total, with respect to the total amount of extenders and/or pigments, is contained in the coating medium. 65-70% by weight of aluminium hydroxide and calcium magnesium carbonate should preferably be contained. Aluminium hydroxide and calcium magnesium carbonate are preferably present in a ratio by weight of 1:3 to 3:1, most preferably in a ratio by weight of 1:1.5 to 1.5:1.
The aluminium hydroxide may comprise aluminium hydroxides which are commercially available in powder form, for example. The calcium magnesium carbonate may comprise natural calcium carbonates (dolomite) which are commercially available in powder form.
The coating media according to the invention additionally contain one or more further pigments and/or extenders. All customary lacquer pigments of an organic or inorganic nature are suitable as pigments. The pigments may be colouring pigments and/or anti-corrosion pigments. Examples of inorganic or organic pigments include titanium dioxide, micronised titanium dioxide, iron oxide pigments, carbon black, azo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, and quinacridone or pyrrolopyrrole pigments. Zinc phosphate is an example of an anti-corrosion pigment. Examples of other extenders which may be contained in the coating medium in addition to aluminium hydroxide and calcium magnesium carbonate include hydrated silica, aluminium silicate, magnesium silicate, calcium carbonate, barium sulphate, kaolin and french chalk.
The ratio by weight of extenders and/or pigments to binder vehicles (based on solids to solids) is preferably 70 to 80 to 30 to 20.
The coating media according to the invention may contain organic solvents. Examples of suitable organic solvents include: glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether or propylene glycol dimethyl ether; glycol ether esters such as ethyl glycol acetate, butyl glycol acetate, 3-methoxy-n-butyl acetate, butyl diglycol acetate or methoxypropyl acetate; esters such as butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate or amyl acetate; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone or isophorone; aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. with a boiling range of 136°-180° C.) and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
In addition, the coating media according to the invention may contain customary lacquer additives. Examples of these include levelling agents based on (meth)acrylic homopolymers or silicone oils, rheology influencing agents such as pyrogenic silica or hydrogenated castor oil, and hardening accelerators for the crosslinking reaction with the polyisocyanates and wetting agents. The additives are employed in the usual amounts familiar to one skilled in the art.
In order to produce the coating media according to the invention, the individual constituents are mixed with each other and are homogenised or ground in the usual manner.
The coating media according to the invention are two-component coating media, i.e. components A) and B) which react with isocyanates, and polyisocyanate component C) have to be stored separately from each other.
Shortly before application, components A) and B), which react with isocyanates, and component D), optionally with solvents and customary lacquer additives, are thoroughly mixed with polyisocyanate component C). The mixture can thereafter be adjusted to spraying viscosity with organic solvents.
The coating media produced in this manner are particularly suitable for the production of primer-surfacer and/or primer coats of an air-drying or forced-drying multi-layer coating. However, they may also be hardened at higher temperatures of 80°-140° C. for example. They are suitable for the coating of vehicles and for industrial coating, and are particularly suitable for the coating of vehicles and vehicle parts for repair purposes.
The coating media are applied by known methods, such as spraying, dipping, rolling or by doctor blade application. They may be applied, as such or on customary primer coats, to a substrate which is optionally pretreated. They adhere well to very different substrates, such as bare steel sheet, rubbed down polyvinyl butyral primer, two-component epoxide primers, or rubbed down shop or old coatings. After drying and rubbing down, the coating media according to the invention can be overcoated without problems with the usual covering lacquers. The latter may comprise single-coat covering lacquers, e.g. those with a two-component acrylate/isocyanate basis, or may comprise customary base coat/clear coat structures. They can be overcoated with solvent-based or water-thinnable coating media.
The coating media according to the invention can be dried at room temperature or for 30-50 minutes at 60° C. after a ventilation period of 5-15 minutes, for example.
The present invention also relates to a process for producing multi-layer coatings and to the use of the coating media for the production of multi-layer coatings, wherein in particular the primer-surfacer and/or primer coats of multi-layer coatings are replaced by the coating media according to the invention.
The coating media according to the illustrated have a very high solids content (80-88% by weight) in their ready-to-spray condition and have a good spraying capacity. Pore-free surfaces are even obtained using the HVLP spray technique. VOC values of 2.1 lb/gal and below are obtained with the coating media according to the invention. Coatings are obtained which exhibit excellent non-sag properties, good body, good rubbing down capacity and a reduced tendency to form edge marks. A very good lacquer condition is ensured on overcoating.
The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the following examples. All data are based on weight.
EXAMPLE 1
Production of a copolymer A) 24.18 parts of a glycidyl ester of an alpha,alpha-dialkylalkane-monocarboxylic acid (Cardura E 10, Shell Chemicals) (partly in solvent) were placed in a reactor fitted with a stirrer, an inert gas line, a heating and cooling system and an addition device, and were heated under inert gas to 170° C. A monomer mixture comprising 3.54 parts acrylic acid, 7.69 parts methacrylic acid, 19.85 parts hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 14.89 parts isobornyl methacrylate, 7.18 parts methyl methacrylate and 22.67 parts styrene (partly in solvent) was then steadily metered in over 6 hours, together with 1.5 parts of an initiator (di-tert.-amyl peroxide). The mixture was polymerised for a further 2 hours until a conversion of at least 95% was obtained. After distilling of the residual monomers a solids content of 98.4% was obtained. The copolymer was then dissolved in butyl acetate. This resulted in a solids content of 70.1%. The acid number of the copolymer was 22.3 mg KOH/g solid resin, the hydroxyl number was 134.8 mg KOH/g solid resin, and the viscosity was 51 mPa.s (50% in butyl acetate, 23° C.).
EXAMPLE 2
Production of a primer-surfacer
Production of the main component: 18 parts of a copolymer solution corresponding Example 1, 4.5 parts of a commercially available aspartic acid derivative (Desmophen VP LS 2973, a commercial product supplied by Bayer), 4 parts of a solvent mixture comprising butyl glycol acetate and methoxypropyl acetate, and 0.6 parts of a commercially available wetting agent, were placed in a clean, dry vessel and thoroughly mixed. 0.3 parts of a commercially available thixotropic agent, 1.9 parts of a commercially available levelling agent, 1.5 parts of iron oxide pigments, 5 parts titanium dioxide, 7.2 parts of an anti-corrosion pigment, 28 parts of a commercially available aluminium hydroxide (Apyral 15) and 29 parts of a commercially available calcium magnesium carbonate (Microdol 1) were then added and were dispersed with a customary dispersing device.
Preparation of the hardener component 38 parts butyl acetate, 1.5 parts of a commercially available dibutyltin dilaurate solution and 60.5 parts of a commercially available polyisocyanate containing allophanate groups (Desmodur VP LS 2102, a commercial product supplied by Bayer) were well mixed with each other.
Shortly before application, the main component and the polyisocyanate hardener were mixed with each other in a ratio by volume of 3:1. For this operation, the main component was placed in a vessel and the polyisocyanate hardener was added and stirred thoroughly.
After adding the hardener the primer-surfacer was ready for spraying. A solids content of 85% by weight was obtained in the ready-to-spray condition.
Application of the primer-surfacer
The coating media obtained in this manner was applied by spray application, in one to two spray passes, to cleaned, rubbed-down steel sheets primed with wash primer, to give dry coat thicknesses of 80-200 μm, and was dried at room temperature. Pore-free coatings were produced. The coatings could be rubbed down after drying overnight at room temperature. The coatings exhibited good non-sag properties and very good body.
After overcoating with either a solvent-based base lacquer and a solvent-based two-component clear lacquer, or with an aqueous base lacquer and a solvent-based two-component covering lacquer, or after overcoating with a solvent-based two-component covering lacquer, results were obtained in the salt spray test (DIN 53162), in the temperature and humidity test (DIN 50017) and in the VDA test (621-415) which satisfied the most severe demands made on an automobile repair lacquer structure.
We claim:
1. A two-component, solvent-thinnable coating medium comprising:A) one or more hydroxy-functional copolymers which are the free radical polymerization product ofa) 3-50% by weight relative to the total weight of A) of one or more glycidal esters of aliphatic saturated monocarboxylic acids containing a tertiary or quaternary alpha-C atom and b) 97-50% by weight relative to the total weight of A, of at least two olefinically unsaturated copolymerisable monomers, at least one of which monomers contains at least one carboxyl group and at least one of which monomers is sterically hindered, wherein the amount of carboxyl groups in component b) exceeds the amount of glycidal groups in component a) by an extent such that the resulting copolymer has an acid number of at least 15 mg KOH/g, B) one or more secondary polyamines which contain ester groups and which are of general formula ##STR3## where X represents an n-valent organic radical containing 4-20 C atoms, R1 and R2 represent the same or different alkyl radicals containing 1-8 C atoms and n represents an integer of at least 2, C) one or more aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates containing allophanate groups, D) extenders or pigments, or a combination thereof, wherein 60-75% by weight of the extenders pigments or combination thereof is aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) and calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO₃)₂), with the weight ratio of aluminum hydroxide to calcium magnesium carbonate being from about 1:3 to about 3:1, and E) one or more organic solvents wherein polyisocyanate component C) is present in a quantitative proportion such that there are 0.5 to 2 isocyanate groups per group containing active hydrogen.
2. A coating medium according to claim 1, wherein component A) and component B) are present in a ratio by weight of 8:1 to 1:2.
3. A coating medium according to claim 1 wherein the non-volatile constituents in the coating medium provide a solids content of 80 to 88% by weight, relative to the total weight of the coating medium.
4. A coating medium according to claim 1, wherein copolymer A) has a number average molecular weight of less than 5000 g/mole, an acid number greater than 15 mg KOH/g, an OH number of 40 to 250 mg KOH/g, and a solution viscosity according to DIN 53 018 of 10 to 2000 mPa.s.
5. A coating medium according to claim 1, wherein in the general formula of component B), n=2 and R1 and R2 represent, independently of each other, a methyl or ethyl radical.
6. A process for producing a multi-layer coating by the application of at least two coating layers to a substrate, comprising applying a coating medium according to claim 1 as a primer-surfacer or primer coat.
7. A coating medium according to claim 1 further comprising one or more lacquer additives..
| 29,193 |
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Morini
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Giovanni Morini
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https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni Morini&action=history
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 271 | 509 |
Dal 2020 è testimonial dei City Angels di Lugano.
Biografia
Giovanni Morini ha un fratello gemello di nome Paolo, ex giocatore di hockey su ghiaccio e attualmente allenatore della giovanili dell'HC Lugano.
Carriera
Club
Morini crebbe nelle giovanili dell'Hockey Como e del Real Torino HC. A sedici anni si trasferì in Svizzera, assieme al fratello, per andare a giocare nelle giovanili dell'HC Chiasso e dell'HC Lugano. Divenuto capitano della formazione Juniores Elite ticinese, nel marzo 2015, dopo una stagione convincente, venne promosso in prima squadra.
Nazionale
Giovanni Morini, con la rappresentativa giovanile dell'Under-18 disputò due campionati di categoria in Prima Divisione gruppo A: 2012 e 2013 (entrambi chiusi al terzo posto).
Con l'Under-20 disputò due campionati di categoria, uno in Prima Divisione gruppo B: 2014 (vittoria e promozione in Prima Divisione gruppo A); ed uno in Prima Divisione gruppo A: 2015 (quarto posto finale).
Nel febbraio del 2015, dopo le ottime prestazione nel mondiale Under-20 venne convocato in Nazionale maggiore, facendo il suo esordio nell'Euro Ice Hockey Challenge contro la Slovacchia. Due mesi dopo prese parte al mondiale di Prima Divisione disputatosi in Polonia.
Palmarès
Giovanili
Campionato italiano U18: 1
Real Torino: 2010-2011
Nazionale
Campionato mondiale di hockey su ghiaccio Under-20 - Prima Divisione B: 1
Gran Bretagna 2014
Individuale
Miglior percentuale nei Face-Off del Campionato mondiale di hockey su ghiaccio Under-20 - Prima Divisione A: 1
Italia 2015 (60,64%)
Top Player on Team del Campionato mondiale di hockey su ghiaccio Under-20 - Prima Divisione A: 1
Italia 2015
Top 3 Player on Team del Campionato mondiale di hockey su ghiaccio: 1
Germania & Francia 2017
Note
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni
| 24,681 |
https://github.com/Tikubonn/yuno/blob/master/test/src/yunosemaphore/src/test-yunosemaphore2.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
yuno
|
Tikubonn
|
C
|
Code
| 230 | 939 |
#include <yuno.h>
#include <test.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#define SLEEP_TIME 3
typedef struct process_argument {
int *sharedint;
yunosemaphore *semaphore;
} process_argument;
static int entrypoint (void *parameter){
process_argument *pargument = parameter;
test(wait_yunosemaphore(YUNOFOREVER, pargument->semaphore) == 0);
test(yunosleep(SLEEP_TIME, 0) == 0);
*pargument->sharedint += 1;
test(release_yunosemaphore(pargument->semaphore) == 0);
return 0;
}
#define PROCESS_COUNT 3
static void test1 (){
yunosemaphore semaphore;
test(make_yunosemaphore(1, &semaphore) == 0);
int *sharedint = allocate_yunoshared_memory(sizeof(int));
test(sharedint != NULL);
*sharedint = 0;
process_argument pargument;
pargument.sharedint = sharedint;
pargument.semaphore = &semaphore;
yunoprocess processes[PROCESS_COUNT];
for (size_t index = 0; index < PROCESS_COUNT; index++){
test(make_yunoprocess(entrypoint, &pargument, &(processes[index])) == 0);
}
for (size_t index = 0; index < PROCESS_COUNT; index++){
test(start_yunoprocess(&(processes[index])) == 0);
}
for (size_t index = 0; index < PROCESS_COUNT; index++){
test(wait_yunoprocess(YUNOFOREVER, &(processes[index])) == 0);
test(close_yunoprocess(&(processes[index])) == 0);
}
test(*sharedint == PROCESS_COUNT);
test(free_yunoshared_memory(sharedint, sizeof(int)) == 0);
test(close_yunosemaphore(&semaphore) == 0);
}
static void test2 (){
yunosemaphore *semaphore = new_yunosemaphore(1);
test(semaphore != NULL);
int *sharedint = allocate_yunoshared_memory(sizeof(int));
test(sharedint != NULL);
*sharedint = 0;
process_argument pargument;
pargument.sharedint = sharedint;
pargument.semaphore = semaphore;
yunoprocess processes[PROCESS_COUNT];
for (size_t index = 0; index < PROCESS_COUNT; index++){
test(make_yunoprocess(entrypoint, &pargument, &(processes[index])) == 0);
}
for (size_t index = 0; index < PROCESS_COUNT; index++){
test(start_yunoprocess(&(processes[index])) == 0);
}
for (size_t index = 0; index < PROCESS_COUNT; index++){
test(wait_yunoprocess(YUNOFOREVER, &(processes[index])) == 0);
test(close_yunoprocess(&(processes[index])) == 0);
}
test(*sharedint == PROCESS_COUNT);
test(free_yunoshared_memory(sharedint, sizeof(int)) == 0);
test(close_yunosemaphore(semaphore) == 0);
test(free_yunosemaphore(semaphore) == 0);
}
void test_yunosemaphore2 (){
test1();
test2();
}
| 6,703 |
https://github.com/TinkerBoard2-Android/external-crosvm/blob/master/devices/src/pci/ac97_regs.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
external-crosvm
|
TinkerBoard2-Android
|
Rust
|
Code
| 1,318 | 3,172 |
// Copyright 2018 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#![allow(dead_code)]
// Audio Mixer Registers
// 00h Reset
// 02h Master Volume Mute
// 04h Headphone Volume Mute
// 06h Master Volume Mono Mute
// 08h Master Tone (R & L)
// 0Ah PC_BEEP Volume Mute
// 0Ch Phone Volume Mute
// 0Eh Mic Volume Mute
// 10h Line In Volume Mute
// 12h CD Volume Mute
// 14h Video Volume Mute
// 16h Aux Volume Mute
// 18h PCM Out Volume Mute
// 1Ah Record Select
// 1Ch Record Gain Mute
// 1Eh Record Gain Mic Mute
// 20h General Purpose
// 22h 3D Control
// 24h AC’97 RESERVED
// 26h Powerdown Ctrl/Stat
// 28h Extended Audio
// 2Ah Extended Audio Ctrl/Stat
// Size of IO register regions
pub const MIXER_REGS_SIZE: u64 = 0x100;
pub const MASTER_REGS_SIZE: u64 = 0x400;
pub const MIXER_MASTER_VOL_MUTE_02: u64 = 0x02;
pub const MIXER_MIC_VOL_MUTE_0E: u64 = 0x0e;
pub const MIXER_PCM_OUT_VOL_MUTE_18: u64 = 0x18;
pub const MIXER_REC_VOL_MUTE_1C: u64 = 0x1c;
pub const MIXER_POWER_DOWN_CONTROL_26: u64 = 0x26;
pub const MIXER_VENDOR_ID1_7C: u64 = 0x7c;
pub const MIXER_VENDOR_ID2_7E: u64 = 0x7e;
// Bus Master regs from ICH spec:
// 00h PI_BDBAR PCM In Buffer Descriptor list Base Address Register
// 04h PI_CIV PCM In Current Index Value
// 05h PI_LVI PCM In Last Valid Index
// 06h PI_SR PCM In Status Register
// 08h PI_PICB PCM In Position In Current Buffer
// 0Ah PI_PIV PCM In Prefetched Index Value
// 0Bh PI_CR PCM In Control Register
// 10h PO_BDBAR PCM Out Buffer Descriptor list Base Address Register
// 14h PO_CIV PCM Out Current Index Value
// 15h PO_LVI PCM Out Last Valid Index
// 16h PO_SR PCM Out Status Register
// 18h PO_PICB PCM Out Position In Current Buffer
// 1Ah PO_PIV PCM Out Prefetched Index Value
// 1Bh PO_CR PCM Out Control Register
// 20h MC_BDBAR Mic. In Buffer Descriptor list Base Address Register
// 24h PM_CIV Mic. In Current Index Value
// 25h MC_LVI Mic. In Last Valid Index
// 26h MC_SR Mic. In Status Register
// 28h MC_PICB Mic In Position In Current Buffer
// 2Ah MC_PIV Mic. In Prefetched Index Value
// 2Bh MC_CR Mic. In Control Register
// 2Ch GLOB_CNT Global Control
// 30h GLOB_STA Global Status
// 34h ACC_SEMA Codec Write Semaphore Register
// Global Control
pub const GLOB_CNT_2C: u64 = 0x2C;
pub const GLOB_CNT_COLD_RESET: u32 = 0x0000_0002;
pub const GLOB_CNT_WARM_RESET: u32 = 0x0000_0004;
pub const GLOB_CNT_STABLE_BITS: u32 = 0x0000_007f; // Bits not affected by reset.
// Global status
pub const GLOB_STA_30: u64 = 0x30;
pub const GLOB_STA_RESET_VAL: u32 = 0x0000_0100; // primary codec ready set.
// glob_sta bits
pub const GS_MD3: u32 = 1 << 17;
pub const GS_AD3: u32 = 1 << 16;
pub const GS_RCS: u32 = 1 << 15;
pub const GS_B3S12: u32 = 1 << 14;
pub const GS_B2S12: u32 = 1 << 13;
pub const GS_B1S12: u32 = 1 << 12;
pub const GS_S1R1: u32 = 1 << 11;
pub const GS_S0R1: u32 = 1 << 10;
pub const GS_S1CR: u32 = 1 << 9;
pub const GS_S0CR: u32 = 1 << 8;
pub const GS_MINT: u32 = 1 << 7;
pub const GS_POINT: u32 = 1 << 6;
pub const GS_PIINT: u32 = 1 << 5;
pub const GS_RSRVD: u32 = 1 << 4 | 1 << 3;
pub const GS_MOINT: u32 = 1 << 2;
pub const GS_MIINT: u32 = 1 << 1;
pub const GS_GSCI: u32 = 1;
pub const GS_RO_MASK: u32 = GS_B3S12
| GS_B2S12
| GS_B1S12
| GS_S1CR
| GS_S0CR
| GS_MINT
| GS_POINT
| GS_PIINT
| GS_RSRVD
| GS_MOINT
| GS_MIINT;
pub const GS_VALID_MASK: u32 = 0x0003_ffff;
pub const GS_WCLEAR_MASK: u32 = GS_RCS | GS_S1R1 | GS_S0R1 | GS_GSCI;
pub const ACC_SEMA_34: u64 = 0x34;
// Audio funciton registers.
pub const CIV_OFFSET: u64 = 0x04;
pub const LVI_OFFSET: u64 = 0x05;
pub const SR_OFFSET: u64 = 0x06;
pub const PICB_OFFSET: u64 = 0x08;
pub const PIV_OFFSET: u64 = 0x0a;
pub const CR_OFFSET: u64 = 0x0b;
// Capture
pub const PI_BASE_00: u64 = 0x00;
pub const PI_BDBAR_00: u64 = PI_BASE_00;
pub const PI_CIV_04: u64 = PI_BASE_00 + CIV_OFFSET;
pub const PI_LVI_05: u64 = PI_BASE_00 + LVI_OFFSET;
pub const PI_SR_06: u64 = PI_BASE_00 + SR_OFFSET;
pub const PI_PICB_08: u64 = PI_BASE_00 + PICB_OFFSET;
pub const PI_PIV_0A: u64 = PI_BASE_00 + PIV_OFFSET;
pub const PI_CR_0B: u64 = PI_BASE_00 + CR_OFFSET;
// Play Out
pub const PO_BASE_10: u64 = 0x10;
pub const PO_BDBAR_10: u64 = PO_BASE_10;
pub const PO_CIV_14: u64 = PO_BASE_10 + CIV_OFFSET;
pub const PO_LVI_15: u64 = PO_BASE_10 + LVI_OFFSET;
pub const PO_SR_16: u64 = PO_BASE_10 + SR_OFFSET;
pub const PO_PICB_18: u64 = PO_BASE_10 + PICB_OFFSET;
pub const PO_PIV_1A: u64 = PO_BASE_10 + PIV_OFFSET;
pub const PO_CR_1B: u64 = PO_BASE_10 + CR_OFFSET;
// Microphone
pub const MC_BASE_20: u64 = 0x20;
pub const MC_BDBAR_20: u64 = MC_BASE_20;
pub const MC_CIV_24: u64 = MC_BASE_20 + CIV_OFFSET;
pub const MC_LVI_25: u64 = MC_BASE_20 + LVI_OFFSET;
pub const MC_SR_26: u64 = MC_BASE_20 + SR_OFFSET;
pub const MC_PICB_28: u64 = MC_BASE_20 + PICB_OFFSET;
pub const MC_PIV_2A: u64 = MC_BASE_20 + PIV_OFFSET;
pub const MC_CR_2B: u64 = MC_BASE_20 + CR_OFFSET;
// Status Register Bits.
pub const SR_DCH: u16 = 0x01;
pub const SR_CELV: u16 = 0x02;
pub const SR_LVBCI: u16 = 0x04;
pub const SR_BCIS: u16 = 0x08;
pub const SR_FIFOE: u16 = 0x10;
pub const SR_VALID_MASK: u16 = 0x1f;
pub const SR_WCLEAR_MASK: u16 = SR_FIFOE | SR_BCIS | SR_LVBCI;
pub const SR_RO_MASK: u16 = SR_DCH | SR_CELV;
pub const SR_INT_MASK: u16 = SR_BCIS | SR_LVBCI;
// Control Register Bits.
pub const CR_RPBM: u8 = 0x01;
pub const CR_RR: u8 = 0x02;
pub const CR_LVBIE: u8 = 0x04;
pub const CR_FEIE: u8 = 0x08;
pub const CR_IOCE: u8 = 0x10;
pub const CR_VALID_MASK: u8 = 0x1f;
pub const CR_DONT_CLEAR_MASK: u8 = CR_IOCE | CR_FEIE | CR_LVBIE;
// Mixer register bits
pub const MUTE_REG_BIT: u16 = 0x8000;
pub const VOL_REG_MASK: u16 = 0x003f;
pub const MIXER_VOL_MASK: u16 = 0x001f;
pub const MIXER_VOL_LEFT_SHIFT: usize = 8;
pub const MIXER_MIC_20DB: u16 = 0x0040;
// Powerdown reg
pub const PD_REG_STATUS_MASK: u16 = 0x000f;
pub const PD_REG_OUTPUT_MUTE_MASK: u16 = 0xb200;
pub const PD_REG_INPUT_MUTE_MASK: u16 = 0x0d00;
// Buffer descriptors are four bytes of pointer and 4 bytes of control/length.
pub const DESCRIPTOR_LENGTH: usize = 8;
pub const BD_IOC: u32 = 1 << 31;
/// The functions that are supported by the Ac97 subsystem.
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub enum Ac97Function {
Input,
Output,
Microphone,
}
/// Registers for individual audio functions.
/// Each audio function in Ac97 gets a set of these registers.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub struct Ac97FunctionRegs {
pub bdbar: u32,
pub civ: u8,
pub lvi: u8,
pub sr: u16,
pub picb: u16,
pub piv: u8,
pub cr: u8,
}
impl Ac97FunctionRegs {
/// Creates a new set of function registers, these can be used for the capture, playback, or
/// microphone functions.
pub fn new() -> Self {
let mut regs = Ac97FunctionRegs {
sr: SR_DCH,
..Default::default()
};
regs.do_reset();
regs
}
/// Reset all the registers to the PoR defaults.
pub fn do_reset(&mut self) {
self.bdbar = 0;
self.civ = 0;
self.lvi = 0;
self.sr = SR_DCH;
self.picb = 0;
self.piv = 0;
self.cr &= CR_DONT_CLEAR_MASK;
}
/// Read register 4, 5, and 6 as one 32 bit word.
/// According to the ICH spec, reading these three with one 32 bit access is allowed.
pub fn atomic_status_regs(&self) -> u32 {
u32::from(self.civ) | u32::from(self.lvi) << 8 | u32::from(self.sr) << 16
}
/// Returns the mask for enabled interrupts. The returned mask represents the bits in the status
/// register that should trigger and interrupt.
pub fn int_mask(&self) -> u16 {
let mut int_mask = 0;
if self.cr & CR_LVBIE != 0 {
int_mask |= SR_LVBCI;
}
if self.cr & CR_IOCE != 0 {
int_mask |= SR_BCIS;
}
int_mask
}
}
| 32,824 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61305427
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Тијера Маја
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 59 | 148 |
Тијера Маја
Тијера Маја држава Мексико
Тијера Маја INEGI ID места 230042245
Тијера Маја географске координате
Тијера Маја управно-територијална јединица Општина Отон П. Бланко
Tierra Maya
Tierra Maya país México
Tierra Maya código de localidades del INEGI 230042245
Tierra Maya coordenadas
Tierra Maya instancia de localidad de México
Tierra Maya situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Othón P. Blanco
| 37,882 |
https://github.com/newbe36524/Newbe.Claptrap/blob/master/src/Newbe.Claptrap.Configuration/ClaptrapAppMetricsInfluxDbOptions.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
Newbe.Claptrap
|
newbe36524
|
C#
|
Code
| 100 | 225 |
using System;
namespace Newbe.Claptrap
{
public class ClaptrapAppMetricsInfluxDbOptions
{
public bool? Enabled { get; set; }
public string Database { get; set; } = null!;
public string UserName { get; set; } = null!;
public string Password { get; set; } = null!;
public Uri BaseUri { get; set; } = new Uri("http://127.0.0.1:19086");
public bool CreateDataBaseIfNotExists { get; set; } = true;
public TimeSpan? BackoffPeriod { get; set; } = null!;
public int? FailuresBeforeBackoff { get; set; } = null!;
public TimeSpan? Timeout { get; set; } = null!;
public TimeSpan? FlushInterval { get; set; } = null!;
}
}
| 21,479 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce%20Turbomeca
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Rolls-Royce Turbomeca
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolls-Royce Turbomeca&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 574 | 921 |
Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Limited (RRTM) is a joint venture between British aero-engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce plc (UK) and French helicopter engine specialist Safran Helicopter Engines (formerly known as Turbomeca). It manufactured aero-engines and provided associated support services to end users.
The joint venture has been responsible for the development and production of two aero-engines, the Adour turbofan, and the RTM322 turboshaft powerplant. During 2013, Turbomeca bought out Rolls-Royce's involvement in the RTM322 programme; accordingly, all manufacturing-related responsibility activities with this engine were transferred to Turbomeca solely during the mid-2010s.
History
During the definition phase of what became the SEPECAT Jaguar ground attack aircraft, a separate partnership was formed between British aero-engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce and French helicopter engine specialist Turbomeca to develop the Adour, an afterburning turbofan engine, to power the aircraft. This engine would not only be adopted for the Jaguar, but also for aircraft such as the BAE Systems Hawk, the McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk, and Mitsubishi T-2 trainer aircraft, as well as the Mitsubishi F-1 ground attack fighter. In excess of 2,800 Adour engines would eventually be produced, reportedly amassing a cumulative total of 7,000,000 flying hours.
During 1995, it was announced that the Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 turboshaft engine had been selected to power the British Army's fleet of AgustaWestland Apache attack helicopters; accordingly, the RTM322 took the place of the standard General Electric T700 engine that powered all previous versions of the Apache. At the time, there were hopes that other Apache operators could opt to procure the engine over the T700 as well. The initial version of the RM322 was qualified for use by the British Ministry of Defence during 2003.
Over the following decades, the RTM322 engine was adopted by various operators to power a number of rotorcraft, including the NHIndustries NH90 and AgustaWestland AW101 medium-sized transport helicopters, as well as being used on the UK's Apache helicopter fleet, and the Eurocopter X³, a high speed technology demonstrator. During 2003, it was announced that the joint venture was undertaking the development of an enhanced version of the RTM322, taking the powerplant from the current 2,400shp (1,800 kW) power range to beyond 2,500shp in the near term and potentially 3,300shp in the longer term after further improvements are finalised. Keith Reid, Rolls-Royce Turbomeca international marketing manager, noted that the RM322 had been originally designed with future growth in mind, and that operators had been placing an increasing emphasis upon hot and high flight capabilities, which necessitated more engine power is being available.
During 2013, responsibility for undertaking all activities related to the RTM322 engine, including manufacturing and maintenance/services, began to be transferred to Turbomeca following an agreement between Rolls-Royce and Turbomeca to buy out the former in exchange for around €293 million ($381 million). Over the following three years, Turbomeca progressively took on this work, the first 12 months were generally dedicated to taking on RM322 maintenance and repair activities, the following 12 months were spent on building up its testing capabilities, while the remainder were involved the realign of the engine's supply chain with the French firm and internalise any manufacturing activities previously performed by Rolls-Royce.
Products
Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour
Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322
References
Citations
Bibliography
Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. .
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980. .
External links
Jane's AERO-ENGINES - MANUFACTURER preview
Multinational aircraft engine manufacturers
France–United Kingdom military relations
| 39,085 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleranthus%20diander
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Scleranthus diander
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scleranthus diander&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 32 | 67 |
Scleranthus diander är en nejlikväxtart som beskrevs av Robert Brown. Scleranthus diander ingår i släktet knavlar, och familjen nejlikväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Externa länkar
Knavlar
diander
| 22,826 |
sn90059523_1904-07-28_1_10_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,195 | 2,865 |
. . . ~ New ..York Butter - ."'. NEW' YORK. July 27.—Butter irregular; prices unchanged. Receipts, 8,562; street price, extra creamery, 17% 1794 c; official prices, creamery, common ito 8 extra, 13® 13 y^t; . state dairy, common to \ extra, ;12# 17c. •-'...-.■'■-f •:.-■"'; ■■■-'-*- - .•, ._ V.-.- _.• PRODUCE AND -FRUIT ;?' Ruling Prices at Yesterday's Meeting of >.■';■. th«« St. Paul y Commission ' Men ■ ST. PAUL, July 27.—Trade in the open market at today's meeting of the Produce Exchange established the following prices: •■-••. Butter —Creameries—- Extras ......'::...:....'..; .16 @' .16% Firsts ...r...;...;.-.\..;.. .14^(§) .15V. Renovated .......'.....'.'... .14^.®- .15 Dairies— "" , ■ •- "• -Extras .........'.....'.'....' . IG-" Firsts V. 1., .. ' .:.:.;....'.;. ■ io%@ :in 1 Packing stock ..........;. - . .10 Grease :..;.......■...•.;■.'..> " -■■ - ' 04 ■ : Cheese- ;'. Twins. ....... ;....... .09 @ .09% loung America 5,.......... 09 @'<- 10 giick, No. 1.; , -.09%i> ! .10 Brick, No- 2....'.....:....• .08%@ : .09 ETmburger, No. 1, new .10 @ .10% Primost, No. 1 ....:..... 071 A Pultost ..;..;...:.-...... : ;i)9 Swiss cheese, .-block,, new. ; .11 \J3>~. [14 !. Swiss cheese, wheel '.. .13 @ ' '15 * Eggs— ■ ■ :■ ■-.. . -- ■ ■ ■ ". Strictly fresh, at mark, , - cases included ;.".-.- ".16. @ .16*4 - Dressed Meats— •. Veal..................... 04 @.07 Mutton.......:.rr:.rr:Y.:.,.04%@.08 Fall lambs (round dress- " - ed)......-.:.......... -.09 '@;.10 Spring lambs (pelts on), : not wanted •£•"; -.';.-.';.-..09 @.10 Spring lambs (pelts on!)....11 "© 12 Live Poultry—" " :■ Hens.............;..... 09 @.09% Spring chickens..:.....-. 15 # is" Cocks, old :................15%@--.:.17% Spring ducks.09 @.09% Pigeons, dozen..'..........75 #.85 Squabs, dozen...... .... '.:.1.50 Pickerel :..:..'.',','.'.;....'1.;; 04 ''■< @.04% Pike • • •••-•••.. ■■; ■-. 06 •: @.06 y.- Sunfish, perch, etc.... v..*. -. 03 Crappies, medium....... 05 ©!o6 ' Crappies, large :■:;......., 07 @ T OB Frog legs, par dozen....-.06 @.10 The following prices are those at which the commodities mentioned are selling in the retail trade. In large lots these prices may be shaded :■. '" *. : Navy, per bu;..'......-..... 1.90 2.15 Brown, per bu............1.75 @ 2.75 Peas— The best place in the Northwest is the quickest and cheapest at the quickest and cheapest. Great Heidelberg; Medical; In- St. Paul. Honest, Faithful service, new advanced treatment. rW^ Paid UnteSS Cured* " reasonable charges^ Written' ;^" f: Bk>t>^r'^"-'-'vi"::"-'':'.;:*-V:; ; 'v.: -.: "' -; :; : , guarantee , given .in - every caae. ' J>^ W&.AM MMLN With njsht losses ;;*_^_if^i^:'-. ';' ~; ;^; i&£ w*^^?*» tWMCn * unfitting them for •—— — — ■ — Pit --.work,"business. study or marriage, result- '>-i^«s^icWtaKi:- ipik ' ing. in lost : manhood, are 5 consul this -wS^^^igsSwil t t S&B&BM&. T*C ■ Diseases of men, Gon- |p*vr^flSffj^^MS|rntillp ' v^ ' *^"' W?* '*• orrhoea, ■ Gleet, -Strict- W^^wSfiwßKk' ¥&/ ure. Hvdrocele. Enlarged Prostate Gland "Q * W'AWESJHBa' "**• ! **l. and all Skin and Blood diseases quickly % " - '■ '• tfßHHtsiigMa f*^'-' C» cured. Rupture : cured and no pay until I -^^^ T^^"K3b £$. t BLOOD: POISON {&?i*l\ MSBll'^^^P. fayST ««(fc t sores on body, limbs, in mouth and throat n V |w St sores on body, limbs, in mouth and throat V *¥>, ASHt 3^* soon disappear, and your syphilis cured In - \JtZJ32L «.• msL%*^BSr V ' less time than at the Hot Springs and at «sfiS&iftl?!«!lr '"' 9 L inucn less expense to you. MaßaWpWiSftf 2*? w«»»^«#«^«#s«.^ Jn the scrot 'MniMnßy^^pv %■ : c?s corded - and knotty, feeling like a bundle Bfliffßfff^W'*^^* *£± '-- s j«a of earthworms' when . taken in the t hand. - - JSSjS^^^SSSBrJBA «.V I ■>- For a limited time we will cure this man- ,/fgfßr JsSBB&rMm J^LV «». hood wrecker for half price. Remember ff^^^>^^SS^^^ Cw■'■" you have ever, taken treatment and- h iTTTiinriiiWTHTrnT^^HWff" 'Vjf v--' W*lj ; falled?to,get:cured; you never: took treat- • :•-.«..>-... «■ '-w^' g iP^^?^^^^^^;- CONSUJ.TATION^FRE^ r I hood wrecker for and?confidential. languages;spoken' and written". Cail / failed to get cured, you never took treat- leL SSKKS HEEDELBERG medtcA CONSUUATiON FREE S SlO X-Ray Examination FREE. Consultation free and confidential. All languages spoken and written. Call £» or write today. f ~--y r . ■■': -•/■:'•: ; ■.::-■■ ■■■■.;--•.■■ •■-■*■■•-■?■■■ - _-• . -■-JgaL<-v Uoiriolh&rff llariin&l Cor- Flfth and Robert Sts., f*% nDiUclucig moQiGal InSIiIUIS | t nt^ a a nf,* 108 E- Flfth 8t- j2 i»'?--*--f:'Sv;'^ ■ Vv^ Largest Medical Institute in the Northwest""' • , / -: .^<%a-,: J^S!*^:;: m.^ Bp. m. evenings. Sundays and HolH'< - Sa.m.tol p. m. feff commission %/ ■.\Ura»:« tIU, V dncorporatsi) ' Capital and Surplus,' $600,000. H rain, provisions' Stocks,. I ©nds ; REFERENCES: 176 State Margin.'. REFERENCES: 176: State and Canada Banks and Commercial Agents. 165; Branch Offices. General Offices: H. Y. Life Building, Minneapolis, St. Paul Office, Room D. Endicott Arcade, COOBERTS & BANKERS: 314 Robert St. St. Paul, Yellow peas $1.00, Green peas $1.50, Cabbage— Home grown, per crate as to size $5. Potatoes— New, $1.50, Onions— Spanish, $2.00, Louisiana, 70-lb sacks, $2.00, Bermuda, Texas, per crate $2.25, California, 100-lb sacks, $2.25, Berries— Blueberries, 16-qt case, $1.50, Red raspberries, 24-qt case, $1.50, Black raspberries, $1.00, Gooseberries, 16-qt case, $1.25, Black raspberries, $2.00, Bananas— Jumbos, 50-2.75, Large, $2.25, Medium, $1.25, Medium, $1.25, Lemons—Messina, fancy, box.... 3.75 @ 4.00 California, fancy, box.... 3.75- California, choice, box.... 3.50- Peaches—1.15 2.00 Pears, Bartlett, fancy.... 1.85 Cherries—. Washington.............. 1.10 Royal Ann.............. 1.10 Apricots........... 1.50 California; 1.35 Plums................... 1.15 @ 1.60 Prunes, fancy.. 1.15 @ 1.40 Watermelons, each..... 25 @ 30 Cantaloupes, Rockyford, — - fancy, per crate.... 4.50 @ 5.50 Texas, fancy, per crate.... 1.00 Pineapples— Florida, crate............. $3.50 @ 4.00 Oranges—. Med. Sweets, all sizes, fancy............. $4.00 St. Michaels, all sizes.... $3.75 Valencias; - $4.00 @ 4.25 Grapefruit; California... $4.00 @ 4.25 Vegetables— Beets, per dozen.......... $0.25 Carrots, dozen.. $0.10 Cauliflower, dozen:....... $1.00 Cucumbers, dozen. $0.35 Eggplant, dozen... $1.00 Green beans, wax, hamper. $0.75 Green onions, dozen bunches $0.15 Green peas, bushel $0.75 Lettuce, home grown, bushel $0.50 Mint, dozen. $0.25 Oyster plant, large bunch, dozen.. $1.00 Parsley, dozen............... $0.25 Peppers, green, basket..... $0.75 Pieplant, lb.. $0.01 Radishes, dozen bunches... $0.15 Rutabagas, bushel $0.75 Spinach, bushel $0.40 Tomatoes, crate $0.75 Turnips, dozen........ $0.15 HIDES, PELTS AND SUNDRIES Quotations Turned by D. Bergman Hides Green Salted No. 1 No. 2 Native hides, free of brands, 25 lbs and up...$0.08%@$0.07% Branded hides, all weights, 25 lbs and up.07%@..06% Bulls, stags and oxen...07%@.06% Veal calf skins. 8 to 15 lbs..11%@.10 Veal kip skins. 15 to 25 lbs...$0.09% Deacons, under 8 lbs...50 @.40 Long-haired kip, 8 to 25 lbs...$0.08% Long-haired kip, 8 to 25 lbs...$0.07% Branded, air weights, tare, 3 lbs each...$0.06%@$0.05% Bulls, stags and old oxen. Tare. 3 lbs each: 06% @.05% Long-haired kip, : or runners.:.....:..........07 @.06 Veal calf, Bto 15 ; 1b5..:....10 © 08% Veal kip, 15 to 25 1b5....:..08 ®.06% Green-salted horse hides, with tail and mane, large..:........... 3.00 @ 1.75 Green-salted horse, hides, with tail and mane, ponies and small.."......1.50 ©.80 Dry Flint Montana— Heavy, butcher, hides, short trimmed......... 14%@.15% Light butcher hides, short trimmed, under 18 lbs....12 @.13 9.
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WATERBURY, CONN., THURSDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1897 VOL. XI. NO. 20. PRICE TWO CENTS. W. H. H. II. II. II. II. COBBETT FITZ, THE EXCHANGE MANAGER ISSUES A CHALLENGE. Ears Bob Must Keep to His Word Contends That the World's Champion promised to Give Pompadour Jim the First Chance at Him-r Dan Stuart Going to Chicago. NEW YORK, Dec. 30, William A. Urady, manager of James J. Corbett, last night issued the following challenge to Fitzsimmons: "James J. Corbett, dissatisfied with the result of his late contest with you at Carson City, and not believing that you are his superior either as a boxer or fighter, and being of the opinion that the majority of the American public hares his belief that he can defeat you If ever you are man enough to grant him a return battle on equal conditions, has deposited today $2,600 as a first deposit to bind a match for $10,000 a side, the person or persons offering the largest inducements to have the management of the contest. "As you have said that your wife has withdrawn her objections to your again entering the ring, there is no reason why the arrangement should not be speedily consummated, for you in my presence at Carson City gave Corbett your word of honor that if you ever entered the ring again you would give him first chance. It is useless for you to attempt to Cannot deceive the public and try to boom your private interests by attempting to force Corbett to meet some second or third rate boxer before he shall be entitled to your notice. "He will not agree to meet Maher, Sharkey or anyone else. He claims the chance that he gave you the right to win back the title of champion. He clearly proved himself in your class on March 17 last, and it was only by the greatest kind of fluke that you are now entitled 'champion,' and I do not believe that you will ever forget until your dying day the beating that he gave you then, and if he ever secures the opportunity to again face you in a 24-foot ring I will guarantee you that he will prove conclusively and beyond the question of a doubt whether or not he is in your class." Dan Stuart of Texas, who managed the Fitzsimmons-Maher and Fitzsimmons-Corbett bouts successfully, said that he would leave for the west next week and hoped that he would secure the signatures of both Fitzsimmons and Corbett's articles of agreement for a ring contest which he proposes to bring off next summer, probably in the state of New York. He said that as matters stand now he does not anticipate any trouble in getting Corbett to sign, and he is equally hopeful of gaining the consent of Fitzsimmons to meet the big Californian in the ring, once more. Just what the amount of the purse which he would offer would be: Mr. Stuart refused to say. He said, however, that as soon as he should present the articles of agreement to either one or both of the big pugilists he would make the amount public. Mr. Stuart would like to have the Contest take place not earlier than next July, and said that he would like to arrange a meeting between Kid McCoy and Choynski or some other good middleweight to take place in the same week as the Corbett-Fitzsimmons bout. If he can succeed in making arrangements for both contests, Stuart said he would offer excellent inducements for the winners of both these bouts to meet six months later. So that in the event of McCoy and Fitzsimmons winning they could settle their differences as to their respective prowess within the year 1898. Mr. Stuart expects to be in Chicago by the latter part of next week, and said it would be no fault of his if the big fellows did not come to an agreement. FITZ SAYS HE WILL FIGHT. According to the terms of the agreement, the champion in deference to the wishes of the public, will meet both Jim Corbett and Kid McCoy, but upon certain conditions, named by him, only in the first place, any fight must be for at least $10,000 a side and the largest purse offered. As to McCoy, he must meet Choynski before he is taken on by Fitz. As to Corbett, he must show his sincerity by first defeating some good man. Sharkey, Maher, or Choynski will do. Julian says that Fitzsimmons' determination never to enter, the ring again was sincere. That before his fight, he made his wife a promise to that effect. He says, further, that both he and Fitz have been for weeks trying to persuade Mrs. Fitzsimmons to withdraw her opposition, but that they have only now succeeded. The main reason that Fitz makes the condition that Corbett fights some good man first is that he does not think Jim is sincere in his desire to meet Fitz again. Julian says it took Fitz five years to drag him into the ring last time, and they propose to have some assurance of his sincerity before the champion takes him on. McCoy Accents Conditions. New York, Dec. 30. Kid McCoy was in great spirits when he heard of the announcement that Fitz would take him on. He at once telegraphed to his brother Homer to make the match and put up a certified check for $1,000 to bind it. He said that he was perfectly willing to meet anyone in his class whom Fitz named, but would prefer meeting the champion first. 20,000 for Both. Boston, Dec. 30. Louis M. Packer, of Lynn, who brought suit against the Thomson-Houston Electric Company for $100,000 for the loss of both hands in a machine at the works of the company nearly two years ago, has received an award of damages in the sum of $20,000. WILLIAM LINTON DEAD. The Engraver, Poet and Political Writer Passes Away at New Haven. NEW HAVEN, Dec. 30. William James Linton, a distinguished engraver, poet and political writer, died at the home of his son-in-law in this city yesterday, aged 85 years. The deceased was made a master of arts by Yale in 1891 and was also a member of the National Academy of Arts, of the Century and Grolier clubs of New York and had a most extensive acquaintance with the prominent literary men and artists of the country. While he will undoubtedly be remembered the longest by his engravings, his literary efforts have taken a high stand, and his "Masters of Engraving" was recently said by a writer in the English Illustrated Magazine to be "unquestionably the one authoritative treatise on the subject by incomparably the greatest living master." The deceased was a native of London and was born in 1812. During the forties he was one of the leaders in the Chartist movement in England, editing papers, speaking and writing constantly in favor of the reforms demanded. He was intimately associated with Mazzini, Garibaldi, Louis Blanc and other European republicans, these men making his home their own when taking refuge in England. His poetic works, of which several volumes have been published, have stamped him as a poet of no mean order. PRINCETON INN BOYCOTTED. Students Forbidden to Frequent Places Where Intoxicants Are Sold. PRINCETON, N. J., Dec. 30. The long looked-for action by the board of trustees of Princeton university in regard to the Princeton inn-affair has at last been taken. The trustees, thinking that the time is ripe for a statement of the university's position, have issued the following: "At a recent meeting of the board of trustees, the faculty was instructed to enforce literally and strictly, as well as impartially, this law: No student shall bring, or cause to be brought into college, or keep in his room, any spirituous or fermented liquors, nor shall he frequent any place where intoxicating liquors are sold as a beverage." THE DOGGETT CASE. Arrest Expected In Ireland In Connection With the New York Vat Mystery. LONDON, Dec. 30. Inspector Corry of the Scotland Yard detective department is making inquiries at Oldcastle, County Meath, Ireland, in connection with the death of Peter Doggett, who was cut to pieces in a dough mixing machine in New York city last August. An important arrest is expected in a few days. Peter Doggett met his death on the morning of Aug. 28 last. At the time it was believed that it was the result of an accident, and the coroner's jury rendered a verdict of accidental death. He had lived with an aunt, Mrs. Dean, and had a sister, Mary Doggett, who was employed as a domestic. Doggett was in the service of the New York Biscuit company. Some time after the inquest, Miss Doggett, it is understood, received a letter from her mother, who lives in Oldcastle, Ireland, in which the writer said that queer stories were afloat in Oldcastle about her boy's death. She named a man who had recently returned from New York to Oldcastle evidently well supplied with money and suggested that there might be a close connection between the source of his funds and the death of her son. The New York police were at first inclined to regard the suggestions from Ireland as too vague to lead to anything definite, but the matter was taken up by the New York district attorney's office, which communicated the substance of Mrs. Doggett's letter, with other circumstantial evidence bearing upon the man under suspicion, to Scotland Yard. VENEZUELA ARBITRATION. The Briefs in the Case Will Soon Be Ready for the Court to Begin. WASHINGTON, Dec. 30. The briefs in the British-Venezuela arbitration case are expected to be ready the middle of February, and the preliminary work of the arbitration court will then begin. The Venezuelan government has named Dr. Hojas, a prominent lawyer and diplomat lately resident in Paris, as its agent before the court. With him will be associated eminent counsel, whose names have not yet been announced. The members of the court, Chief Justice Fuller and Justice Brewer for Venezuela and Lord Herschel and Sir Richard Henn Collins for Great Britain, with Dr. Martens of St. Petersburg as umpire, will not assemble until the latter part of next summer. It had been intended to hold the court at Paris, but the sessions may be held at London, St. Petersburg or some other convenient point. In the meantime, the briefs will be forwarded to the president of the court, and thence distributed to the individual members. It is thought that the case will not be closed and a decision reached before the end of the coming year. Railroad Statistics. NEW YORK, Dec. 30. According to The Railroad Gazette, the locomotive shops, other than railroad shops, built 1,251 locomotives in 1897 as compared with 1,175 in the previous year and 1,101 in 1895. Of the locomotives built in the year just closed, 386 were for export; in the preceding year, 309 were for export. The total number of freight cars built during the year 1897 was 43,588 as compared with 51,189 in the preceding year and 38,100 in 1895. The same companies built 494 passenger cars, 20 more than in 1896. FOUNDER OF BENEFICIOUS ORDER DEAD. ST. LOUIS, Dec. 30. Robert M. Seymour, founder of the Benevolent Order of the Knights and Ladies of Honor and grand secretary of the state of Missouri, died at his home at Maplewood, St. Louis county, as the result of a paralytic stroke. BIG FIRE IN HAVANA. ONE THIRD OF PORT AU PRINCE TOTALLY DESTROYED. Panic Increased By Earthquake Eight Hundred Houses Reduced to Ashes as a Result of the Conflagration and Fully Four Thousand Persons Rendered Homeless. PORT AU PRINCE, Dec. 30. Panic has reigned in this city. For many hours. It had its inception when a fire started which laid fully one-third of Port au Prince in ruins. It gained new strength when an earthquake shock, which left large fissures in the ground around the capital, occurred. The devastating flames, followed so quickly by the earthquake, aroused a fear among the 20,000 inhabitants greater even than that which seized them when German warships in the harbor leveled their guns against the city, and a bombardment seemed imminent. Many blocks of buildings are in ruins today as a result of the fire. About 800 houses were reduced to ashes, 4,000 persons were made homeless, and the financial loss is estimated at more than $1,500,000. Clouds of heavy smoke hang over the stricken city, and fear and apprehension run riot. A great majority of the buildings of Port au Prince are of wood. Flames once started and fanned by a slight breeze, headway with wonderful rapidity. Hampered as they were by an insufficient available water supply, the firemen were at a tremendous disadvantage, and as the flames swept steadily forward, licking up building after building, there was a fear, not entirely groundless, that the entire city would be swept away. This precipitated the panic. The fire started in the business center of the town and gained good headway before discovery. When the alarm was given, more than one building had been practically consumed. The fire fighters paid scant attention to these, but directed their work at once to adjacent buildings in an effort to save them. As the firemen fought, aided by scores of citizens, the flames spread steadily. Portions of houses were cut away, and they were flooded inside and out with water, but flying sparks baffled the best efforts of the workers. After an hour or so the water supply began to diminish. Port au Prince was practically at the mercy of the flames within another hour. Many warehouses were laid in ruins, a hotel caught fire and was speedily destroyed, and within a few minutes the flames had eaten their way to the Church of St. Joseph. This edifice and the attached parsonage went down before the roaring sheets. Then a portion of the residential part of the city was attacked. Residences, finally constructed of light material, burned like tinder. By this time the fear that the entire city would go became general. A panic began, and men, women and children, many half-clothed, poured through the streets pell-mell, frenzied with fear and shrieking, weeping and praying. Thousands saw their homes burn to ashes. All available aid had been called in the meantime, and the work of restricting the flames to a certain area began. Houses were cut away, and the flames were kept within this area. Then, with cords of men surrounding the burning area, the flames were allowed to do their work. Four thousand persons are today homeless around the blackened and smoking ruins of their residences. Several foreigners are among these. Arrangements Still Alive. KEY WEST, Dec. 30. Doubts about Aranguren being still alive are now at an end, as he has been heard from. He is in the hills with his followers. He has issued a brief statement, saying that Ruiz came to his camp, not under a flag of truce; that he made proposals for autonomy, contrary to the law of the Cuban republic and to the proclamation which had been signed by all the insurgent officers, including Aranguren himself, and that he was court-martialed and executed. Aranguren further says that the guides who brought Ruiz to camp were deserters from the Cuban army and were executed as such. Gerry Vets a Children's Dance. NEW YORK, Dec. 30. The dainty fairy gavotte to have been danced by the two clever little children of Thomas A. Edison, the well-known inventor at the children's entertainment at Carnegie hall yesterday afternoon was banished from the performance by the special edict of Mr. Eidridge T. Gerry. Two Gerry agents were in the hall to see that the mandate was obeyed. Heirs Claim Many Millions. ASHTY PARK, N. J., Dec. 30. The heirs of Robert Morris, financier in Revolutionary times, who advanced $1,500,000 of his own money to save the government at a critical time, are going to apply to congress for the return of the money, with accumulated interest. The claim will be between $5,000,000 and $8,000,000. Robert Morris died in a debtors prison. Hilton Trophy Found. ATLANTA, Dec. 30. The Hilton trophy, which was won by the Georgia rifle team last summer at Sea Girt and the nondelivery of which has stirred up much bad feeling between the Georgia militia and that of the District of Columbia, which had it. In 1896, has been found in the express office at Washington, where it has been held for charges. Arrested on a Charge of Libel. FRANKLIN, Pa., Dec. 30. P. C. Boyle, editor of the Oil City Derrick, was arrested on information made by Hos. James C. Sibley, charging him with criminal libel. Sibley alleges that Boyle published libelous articles against him during the recent campaign. He was held in $1,000 bail for his appearance at the January term of court. SEIZED PART OF CHINA. French Flag Raised on the Hal-Nan Island. Shanghai, Dec. 30. It is reported here that the Admiral of the French fleet has hoisted the French flag on Hal-Nan Island, which is between the China Sea and the Gulf of Tonquin. The Chinese offered no opposition. London, Dec. 30. A dispatch to the Daily Mail from Singapore confirms the report of the seizure of Hal-Nan Island by the French. According to a special dispatch from Shanghai, the British Admiralty has requisitioned three of the Empress steamships, belonging to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Berlin, Dec. 30. The Tageblatt says Prince Henry of Prussia will visit the Mikado and the King of Korea. Its Kiel correspondent says a further force of marines will start for China in January. According to the Nueste Nachrichten, of Leipzig, Prince Bismarck disclaims all responsibility for Germany's policy in China; but he approves it and wishes it executed with energy on the assumption that it implies an entente with Russia. Hal-Nan Island is off the south coast of China, and separates the Gulf of Tonquin from the China Sea. It has an estimated area of 12,000 square miles and a population of 1,000,000 Chinese, exclusive of wild tribes in the Interior. Some of the mountains in the center rise above the snow line. It has several large rivers. The coasts are generally rocky, but the west coast is low and the south coast has some good harbors. Timber is a principal product. This is sent to Annam, Siam and Singapore. Other exports are rice, sugar, wax, pearls, coral, salt and a little gold and silver. Its capital is Hong-Choo, a populous city on its north coast. CHINA IN NO DANGER. Japanese Diplomat Says the Powers Do Not Threaten Her. Washington, Dec. 30. The rapid movement of events in the far East continues to be an absorbing topic in diplomatic circles. There is no further talk of the United States as a possible factor in the contest, as the recent understanding at a Cabinet meeting is accepted as removing this government from the field of controversy. At the same time, an eminent authority on international affairs said that a situation might develop when the United States would be called upon to go much further than protect American interests at the treaty ports in China. This situation would come, he said, if the scramble for Chinese territory went to the extent of the extension of China and the complete absorption of the old empire by foreign nations. A leading Japanese diplomat said: "No event has occurred thus far to indicate that China is about to be divided among the powers. The only tangible fact is that Germany has occupied Kiao Chou Bay and Russia has a fleet at Port Arthur. But Germany's action was taken to collect an indemnity for an indemnity from German missionaries, just as she enforced indemnity from Haiti. Beyond this, Germany may seek to establish a naval station at Kiao Chou, and thus have a naval base of operations on the Pacific." But that does not involve the taking of any considerable portion of Chinese territory, and it is yet to be shown that Germany will take more than a coast port and such land immediately adjacent as to give the port proper facilities. "If it comes to taking territory, the course of China must not be overlooked. While China is weak from a military and naval standpoint, yet she has an enormous number of men ready to take the field, while the entire force of Germans at Kiao Chou cannot exceed a few thousand men. Even a weak nation is strong in defending its own territory. There are reports that Japan would aid China in an extremity, but there is nothing in that, Japan, doubtless, will act alone. If there is any reason for acting at all. Thus far, however, I know of no steps that Japan has taken, or contemplates, towards taking part in the controversy. My impression is that she will remain an independent and neutral observer. Her position will be much stronger by such a policy than it would be by an alliance at the outset. As an observer, if she sees that the partition of China is at hand, doubtless she would have some part to take, but for the present there is no evidence that such an emergency is near." Depositors Accept the Finn. Philadelphia, Dec. 30. Depositors and shareholders of the Chestnut Street National Bank and the Chestnut Street Trust and Savings Fund Company continue to sign agreements declaring their approval of the plan for the voluntary liquidation of the affairs of the two institutions devised by Messrs. Earle and Jackson of the First Company. Many depositors called at the bank yesterday and signified their willingness to accept the plan. Deputy Comptroller of the Currency Coffin says that the signatures of more than two-thirds of the shareholders required by law before a bank can go into voluntary liquidation have already been secured. Had No Faith in Banks. Niles, Mich., Dec. 30. Lawrence Walters, an aged farmer, residing three miles north of Wayland, Cass County, had no faith in banks, and, instead, placed his savings, consisting of about $2,500 in greenbacks, $4,000 in government bonds, notes, mortgages and other valuable papers, in a tin pan. This he buried beneath the floor of his barn some months ago. He has been in the habit of visiting the hiding place every day to see if his fortune was safe. When he made the customary visit yesterday morning he discovered that robbers had been there, for his fortune had disappeared. The old man is almost crazed over his loss. MEN TO PROTEST AT OTTAWA AGAINST SEVERE LAWS. The Consensus of Opinion Among Returning Miner is that There Will Be Supplies Enonch to Interest Through the Winter. Dawson City, Tf. W. T., Nov. 25, via Seattle, Wash., Dec 30. The miners here have commissioned three men to go immediately to Ottawa and present a petition to the Canadian authorities reciting the reasons why the new mining laws are unjustly severe. The petition is the result of several conferences of committees composed of the most intelligent citizens and aliens of the Klondike. What Returning Miners Say. Seattle, Wash., Dec 30. E. Barrington, one of the passengers on the steamer Alkl, speaking of the situation in the Klondike, said: "There is no need of any new worrying over their friends' starving. Of course, provisions are not plentiful, and supplies should be taken in in the Spring, after which time all the provisions in the country will be exhausted." Speaking of the rush to file claims, Mr. Barrington said: "For some time before I left the Commissioner's office was unable to accommodate the miners, and the men stood in line for days, with the mercury 40 degrees below zero, in order to file claims. The biggest sensation in the way of a strike was No. 43, on Hunker. It paid $45 to the pan. If it had not been for the exodus to Fort Yukon, 100 claims would have been worked on Bonanza, Ef Dorado and Hunker creeks this winter." Living in Tents. S. W. Foote said a great many people went past Dawson City in boats with the floating ice, unable to make a landing. Many people are living in tents at Dawson, though the temperature is away below zero. Good strikes have been made on Lucky Creek, a tributary of All Gold. Sulphur Creek is also turning out well. "On the way out, we encountered good weather nearly all the time," said Foote. "We left Dawson Nov. 21. Part of the way we threw off our coats and went in shirt sleeves and bare hands. It was only 15 below zero then. At the Chilkoot summit we encountered a fearful snow storm and were lost for a time. It lasted all the way from the head of Linderman to the summit. One man went ahead with a stick, poking it in the snow, to find the hard path to walk on. Beef and mutton at Dawson is being sold at $1 to $1.50 per sack, while bacon and beans brought $1 to $1.25 per pound. There was plenty of sugar at 30 cents per pound. The claims are all taken within a radius of forty-five to fifty miles of Dawson." J. D. Barnes stated that the Alaska Commercial Company and the North American Transportation and Trading Company have declined to receive any more gold for safe-keeping, as their safes are full. T. H. Mallory believes that the output next season will be between $15,000,000 and $20,000,000. No Starvation. Edward Conrad, when asked if there is danger of starvation at Dawson, replied emphatically: "No, sir; there is not a surplus of food, but there will be no starvation." When asked for an opinion on the Government expedition, he said: "It is a humbug, and I doubt if it can get to Dawson before the ice breaks. The men who came out and say that starvation lurks there are the men who were there only a few weeks, got discouraged, homesick, and cry starvation as an excuse for coming out." On Nov. 20 the English church, known as "The Klondike," was destroyed by fire. Two or three adjoining cabins were also burned. To Assist Maj. Rucker Vancouver Barracks, Wash., Dec. 30. Eleven packers with sixty-nine mules, in charge of Lieut. Ryan, of Fort Robinson, have arrived from Chicago. The party will proceed to Dea on the next steamer to assist Maj. L. H. Rucker in selecting a route for the Government relief expedition. HAS NO BROKEN HEART. Booth-Tucker Says Mrs. Ballington Booth Is Working in the Hospital. Chicago, Dec. 30. Commander Booth Tucker, of the Salvation Army, who arrived in Chicago Tuesday night, says that Mrs. Ballington Booth is now doing from three to eight hours' work a day from her bed in the hospital, and that her condition never has been serious. The bulletins which announced her as dying of a broken heart, he says, are in Ball. Washington Booth's hand writing, and the physicians in charge have been instructed not to talk. Mr. Booth-Tucker pronounced the whole story of the cause of Mrs. Booth's illness an attempt on the part of Ballington Booth to stir up a breeze against the Salvation Army. He had investigated the story of the insult said to have been offered Mrs. Booth at the Willard Hall meeting in Chicago, and had found it to be entirely false. Mrs. Booth Moch Better. New York, Dec. 30. Mrs. Ballington Booth is steadily improving at the Presidio Hospital. She is making slow progress, but it is sure, though it will be a long time before she will be able to leave the hospital. Finally, Force to Close. Brunswick, Ga., Dec. 30. The Merchants and Traders' Bank of this city failed to open its doors yesterday morning. The capital stock of the bank is $100,000. Some months ago there was a plan to put the bank in the hands of a receiver, and ever since the depositors have been withdrawing, and the bank has been losing outside business to such an extent that it was finally determined to close. WANTS RECIPROCITY Progress of the Negotiation, With the British Government. Washington, Dec 30. Sir Julian Pauncefote, the British Ambassador, has just recovered from a long and painful attack of rheumatism which has kept him in bed for a good part of the last three months. The fact that he was able to call at the State Department Tuesday led to reports that coincident with Lord Salisbury's declaration of the proposition to stop pelagic sealing Sir Julian had renewed reciprocity negotiations. His call, however, had no significance, as Sir Julian did not know of Lord Salisbury's answer at the time he visited the department. As to the reciprocity negotiations, they have progressed steadily through Mr. Adam, First Secretary of the Embassy, and Sir Julian will now be able to give the matter personal attention. The main desire of the British West India Colonies is to secure the 20 percent reciprocity reduction on sugar. What will be offered in exchange has not yet been determined. Hay includes Canada. At the outset, the negotiations were confined to the British West Indies, but the present indications are that efforts will be made to include Canada among the colonies receiving the advantages of reciprocity. How far this can be done in view of the failure of the Bering Sea negotiations is not clear, but it is probable that the British Government will prefer to have the negotiations embrace all the colonies, including Canada, instead of repeating the course when the last reciprocity treaties were framed of confining them to the West Indian possessions. In this connection, it may be stated that Mr. Kasson, the special commissioner of the United States, charged with the conduct of the negotiation of reciprocity arrangements and treaties under the tariff act, has not undertaken to consider the subject of reciprocity with Canada. This is due to the fact that the subject of reciprocity, pure and simple, as described in the tariff act, has become so involved with the seal question and other issues as to become practically inseparable from them, and so the entire subject of Canadian relations appears to remain in the control of ex-Secretary Foster. As to Arbitration. It has been expected that the recovery of Sir Julian would permit active steps on the British-American treaty of arbitration. There is no present prospect, however, that anything will be done on that subject. Up to this time no negotiations have been opened between the Ambassador and the State Department. Both governments have signified a favorable attitude towards reopening negotiations, but the British Government will take no steps whatever until assurance is at hand that a treaty will be ratified by the Senate. It is said that the answer of Lord Salisbury on the Behring Sea question, which has been briefly reported by cable, adds no new phase to the case, as this declination was foreshadowed by the answer of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Canadian Premier, declining to stop pelagic sealing. Cleveland, Ohio, Dec 30. Within a few days one of the greatest legal battles ever fought in this city will commence before the Court of Common Pleas. The case is that of the City of Cleveland against the Lake Shore, Big Four, Pennsylvania, and Cleveland & Pittsburgh railroad companies, and involves the title to millions of dollars' worth of property on the lake front. The railroad tracks originally laid along close to the water's edge, but for years the companies have been filling in the lake until large tracts of land have been created. This ground is now claimed by the city. A brilliant array of legal talent has been employed on both sides, and the contest will be watched with great interest. To Cruise Around the World. Washington, Dec. 30. The warship Mohican, which has been thoroughly overhauled at the Mare Island Navy Yard, has been turned over to the training service and will be put in commission about Jan. 10 under the commands of Commander Book, lately the Captain of the Marion. Most of the officers on the latter ship will be transferred to the Mohican. This ship is to recruit about 150 apprentice boys on the Pacific Coast, and probably will start with them about the middle of January on a cruise around the world. According to present plans, some time will be spent among the South Sea Islands, where the American Navy has not been represented to any extent since 1883. Blanco's Home-Rule Decree. Havana, Dec. 30. Capt.-Gen. Blanco has issued a decree announcing the lines upon which the hom-rule government is established. The Governor General and executive assume charge of foreign affairs, war and the navy, and, with five autonomical secretaries of supreme justice, and interior (Finance. Public Instruction, Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs, and Agriculture and Commerce), with the President of this council, constitute the responsible government. The new officials will take the oath of office at 9 a.m. on Jan. 1, and will immediately assume charge of their departments. President Invited to New York. Washington, Dec 30. Yesterday afternoon a delegation consisting of Warner Miller, William Brookfield, Charles G. Moore, ex-Mayor Schieren, of Brooklyn; Benjamin Ash, of Newark, and Secretary Locke, representing the National Association of Manufacturers, called upon the President and invited him to attend the annual banquet to be held at the Waldorf-Astoria, New York, on Jan. 27, at the close of the convention of the association. The President said he would take the invitation under consideration. The members of the committee think, from their interview, that he will attend the banquet. IT A FINED THE RYDER GIRL MUST CHOOSE ANOTHER. Judge Lowe Says the Woman Calling Herself the Girl's Mother Should Not Be Guardian Gives the Girl a Week in Which to Make Another Choice The Kelly Family Will Have Charge of Her in the meantime... The contest over the girl, Mary Byder, in the probate court yesterday, had a very sensational ending. And Egan, a mother of Mrs. Whitney, a respectable old Irish lady of 70 years, had testified that she had seen Charles Ryder, alive, On the streets of Hartford, four years ago, Mrs. Egan's daughter, Mrs. Whitney, was married eight years ago to her present husband, and this made the daughter a bigamist. Charges under the brother of the girl, said he would send $4 a week to his mother, who could take his sister with him. He said he earned $10.50 a week. When cross-examined by Attorney Russell, he said he left the orphan asylum with 12 years of age and lived with a family until he was 18. He then left them to hustle for himself. He never paid that family back one dollar for their care of him, nor did he ever give a dollar to his grandmother or to his sister, when he found her, or to his mother. He made none of them Christmas present. Attorney Russell excused him as he considered him an ingrate. Attorney Russell's argument was to the effect that they had not proven that Charles Ryder was dead. The woman. had committed bieamv. bver nutlw . .' testimony, and it was no home "rffi ,?v a young girl to. -.Vj - Attorney Durant waxed hot' 4nd pointing to the family group he-aakea' the court if it was going to separate ' them. Then the attorney got mlo, dramatic and , said: "There is not ' power enough in Rome to. separate a mother from her child," and looking : Rev Father Curtin, said, "No . ibssV' should be a party to Buch worlfc' What's religion got to do with it, iorkr1 wav ?" , -. .v .. Attorney Russell opened his eyes pn" that particular point, by enlightening. Attorney Durant. He charantm-lzMl ia - argument of the attorney, as acting. pure and simple, and a big case' ot' bluff. TheN priests of the CatioHoJ, church are entitled to much credit from, the state of Ckmnecticut-.iTheipjorrtMCifci asylums, supported mostly by theMBST "' trfbutlons'6fheJ people; are institution" to be proud of... Rev Father Curtd was 1 interested in the Ryder girl, the' sama- as he would be in any one in his Bar-' V cu, t . . . . - -- iou. oxio nits uctpuzCTi a uamoiic ana was raised a Catholic, and ,he did'ttOu, like to . see her taken away from "taat" - -faith. It would not be right to a. - j-v? young girl go into the home of a4ig- i j amisti - It would not be doing justice t" " the girl to give her in charge d"J -woman whose alleged paramour, Pin- ney, placed her in the orphan asylum.. When did the mother recover her motherly instincts? She deserted the girl when she was two years of age and never tried to find her until now, when she finds her old enough to be of assistance to her. What has religion got to do with it? Very much. The Catholic church raised this girl for fourteen years and paid the expenses. The church would be very wrong to allow that girl to go now where her morals would be neglected. The girl can choose her own guardian, of the court must decide whether the girl is competent or not. In the case of Mrs. Whitney, the court decided that Mrs. Whitney was not a proper person to care for the girl. He at first thought of sending the case to Hartford to have the guardian appointed there, but from a recent decision in Connecticut, the girl's residence being here, he believed this court had jurisdiction. He, therefore, gave the girl one more week to choose a competent guardian. There is a strange sequel to the order case heard before Judge Lowe yesterday afternoon. It seems that previous to the judge's decision this morning and while the child was still in the custody of the probate court. Sheriff Rigney appeared at the Kelly house on Carman street ready to spirit the Ryder child away if she could be. induced to depart, it seems strange that there can be two legal machines in Waterbury working in direct opposition to each other. The child seems to have known more about the respect due to the court than the sheriff or the one who commissioned him. The child's eyes were opened to the whole business during the trial yesterday. She has decided to have nothing to do with the people who are just becoming interested in her at the time that she is about able to take care of herself. She cannot understand why she was abandoned by her mother and all concerned, with the exception of those who have fed and educated her, namely, the priests, sisters, and guardians, who have cared for her. Her religious training will not permit her now to choose her mother for guardian. She cannot understand how a woman who was married outside the church and who is therefore excommunicated, can claim under oath to be still a member of the church. The girl made application to the probate court this afternoon to have Mrs. Jeremiah Kelly appointed her guardian. A hearing will be given on the matter later. NO HOE FOR O'NEIL. Boston, Dec 30. Governor Wolcott decided today not to interfere in the case of John O'Neil, who was convicted of the murder of Hattie McCloud at Shelburne. O'Neil will be hanged at Greenfield on January.
| 31,330 |
https://github.com/arkxu/aaas/blob/master/src/main/scala/com/arkxu/aaas/model/connector/CassandraConnector.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
aaas
|
arkxu
|
Scala
|
Code
| 81 | 315 |
package com.arkxu.aaas.model.connector
import java.net.InetAddress
import com.datastax.driver.core.Cluster
import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory
import com.websudos.phantom.connectors.KeySpace
import com.websudos.phantom.dsl.Session
import scala.collection.JavaConversions._
/**
* Created by arkxu on 12/4/15.
*/
trait CassandraConnector {
val config = ConfigFactory.load()
implicit val space: KeySpace = Connector.keyspace
val cluster = Connector.cluster
implicit lazy val session: Session = Connector.session
}
object Connector {
val config = ConfigFactory.load()
val hosts = config.getStringList("cassandra.host")
val inets = hosts.map(InetAddress.getByName)
val keyspace: KeySpace = KeySpace(config.getString("cassandra.keyspace"))
val cluster =
Cluster.builder()
.addContactPoints(inets)
.withCredentials(config.getString("cassandra.username"), config.getString("cassandra.password"))
.build()
val session: Session = cluster.connect(keyspace.name)
}
| 17,733 |
6897801_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 146 | 206 |
Per Curiam.
This is a motion by .Gibbons and others, respondents, to dismiss the appeal because the transcript of the cause was filed at Salem instead of Pendleton. The appeal is from Wasco County and was perfected March 16, 1898, The next succeeding term of this Court was held at Pendleton on the first Monday of May, and the transcript should have been filed there by the first day of the term, in the absence of a stipulation *594to the contrary (Hill’s Ann. Laws, § 2327, snbcL. 3) , hut, instead, it was filed at Salem on the fourth day of October, 1898. Upon this state of the record, the motion must be allowed and the appeal dismissed, on the authority of Judkins v. Taffe, 21 Or. 89 (27 Pac. 221), and Connor v. Clark, 30 Or. 382 (48 Pac. 364). It is so ordered.
Dismissed.
| 49,089 |
US-92238092-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,992 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,155 | 6,933 |
Writing instrument
ABSTRACT
An ink reservoir and a slide plug are slidably provided in a pen barrel. The ink reservoir is filled with liquid ink. The slide plug divides the interior of the pen barrel into an ink region and an air region. A writing tip is provided in the distal end portion of the pen barrel so as to be movable axially. An elastically deformable diaphragm member is provided in the pen barrel. The diaphragm member divides the interior of the pen barrel into a writing tip side region and an ink reservoir side region and is elastically deformed toward the ink reservoir when a writing pressure is applied to the writing tip. The diaphragm member is formed with an opening which opens to cause the ink reservoir to communicate with the writing tip when the diaphragm member is elastically deformed. Upon writing, the diaphragm member is elastically deformed to pressurize the ink in the ink reservoir. In this case, the slide plug slides to restrict the upper limit of the ink pressure to a predetermined value. Ink under the predetermined pressure is supplied from the ink reservoir to the writing tip through the opening.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a writing instrument such as a felt-tip pen, a marker including a white board marker, or the like, and more particularly to a writing instrument having an ink supplying mechanism which supplies liquid ink directly stored in an ink reservoir to the writing tip of the writing instrument by such a required amount that is used in each writing.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the conventional writing instrument such as a felt tip pen, ink enters and is held due to capillary attraction in the spaces between fibers of a fibrous member filled in the ink reservoir in the barrel of the pen. With this conventional pen, however, the amount of ink held in the ink reservoir is small and the flow rate of ink supplied from the fibrous member to the writing tip such as a felt tip is extremely small. Thus, ink is used up very shortly and becomes faded when the writer writes quickly with the pen. In order to supply ink from the fibrous member to the writing tip, the capillary force of the writing tip which absorbs the ink must be larger than the capillary force of the fibers of the fibrous member. Thus, only the writing tip which has a large capillary force, such as a felt tip or the like, is used.
To overcome these disadvantages, there has been developed a writing instrument in which liquid ink is directly filled in an ink reservoir without using a fibrous material and a slide plug is provided in the pen barrel such that the slide valve divides the interior of the pen barrel into an air region and an ink region and moves toward the ink region as the ink is used.
With the pen of this direct filling type, a large amount of ink can be contained in the ink reservoir, the flow rate of ink supplied to the writing tip is fundamentally not restricted, and the capillary force which the writing tip absorbs ink is not limited either. Thus, this pen has an advantage that a ball point tip for aqueous ink which has a small capillary force or any other type of writing tip can be used.
However, the pen of direct filling type requires a mechanism which supplies, from the ink reservoir to the writing tip, the amount of aqueous ink corresponding to the amount of ink used at the writing tip upon writing. This ink-supply controlling mechanism must be designed such that it supplies to the writing tip a very small amount of ink which correspond to the amount of ink used at the writing tip upon writing and, when the temperature and/or the atmospheric pressure changes, the mechanism prevents excessive pushing out of the ink reservoir from the writing tip (which causes the dripping of ink) and reversely absorption of air into the ink reservoir through the writing tip. The ink supplying mechanisms of this kind are broadly classified into a differential pressure type and a pump type.
The ink-supply controlling mechanism of differential pressure type is provided between the writing tip and the ink reservoir with a valve mechanism which opens when a predetermined pressure difference occurs. More specifically, when ink is used at the writing tip upon writing, the writing tip absorbs ink from the ink reservoir due to the capillary force of the writing tip and a pressure difference occurs between the writing tip and the ink reservoir. When the pressure difference becomes equal to the predetermined value or more than that, the valve mechanism opens, whereby a proper amount of ink is supplied from the ink reservoir to the writing tip. In case writing is not made, the valve mechanism is closed to interrupt communication between the ink reservoir and the writing tip in such a manner that ink is protected from dripping from the writing tip even when the ink in the ink reservoir is expanded or air is prevented from being absorbed in the ink reservoir through the writing tip even when the ink in the ink reservoir shrinks. The expansion and shrinkage of ink in the ink reservoir is compensated by the movement of the slide plug.
The writing tip of the writing instrument having the ink-supply controlling mechanism of differential pressure type must have at least capabilities of opening the valve mechanism of the ink-supply controlling mechanism and causing the slide plug to slide against its sliding resistance. Actually, some ball point tips for aqueous ink lack an ink-absorbing force if they are not suitably designed. In order for such writing instrument have a stable writing characteristic, only a felt to having a high ink-absorbing force can be used.
Quick-drying alcoholic ink is used for a white board marker or the like. Recently, quick-drying alcoholic ink has been developed used in a writing instrument with which writing is made on paper. Such alcoholic ink, however, has a poor wetting characteristic on the surface of an object on which writing is made and sometimes too small a capillary force to provide a sufficient ink-absorbing force.
When the ink-supply controlling mechanism of pump type is employed, the writing tip is adapted to slide along the pen barrel. The controlling mechanism has a pump mechanism, provided in the pen barrel, for supplying a predetermined amount of ink from the ink reservoir to the writing tip due to the sliding of the writing tip. When a writing pressure is exerted on the writing tip upon writing, the writing tip is moved such that ink is pushed out from the ink reservoir to the writing tip by means of the pump mechanism.
This pump type mechanism operates in a simple way and does not require the capillary force of the writing tip. Thus, the writing instrument provided with this mechanism has an advantage that the kind of writing tip and ink is not limited. However, the ink used in one time of writing is very small and it is difficult to design the pump mechanism which supplies this small amount of ink accurately.
Since the pump mechanism is operated in accordance with the movement of the writing tip caused by the writing pressure, the amount of ink coming out of the writing tip differs from a writing pressure to a writing pressure. Some writers write small letters with a strong touch and some others write large letters with a week touch. In the former case, an amount of ink more than that used upon writing is supplied to the writing tip. As the writing is continued, an excess amount of ink is supplied to the writing tip and ink drips therefrom. In the latter case, on the other hand, an amount of ink less than that used upon writing is supplied to the writing tip is delivered by the pump mechanism to the writing tip. As the writing is continued, an insufficient amount of ink is supplied to the writing tip and ink becomes faded.
Both conventional ink-supply controlling mechanisms are provided in the pen barrels, they must be rendered compact and manufactured at a low cost when the are used in throwaway writing instruments. Thus, it is difficult to develop an ink-supplying mechanism which satisfies all the above-mentioned requirements so long as any of the conventional ink-supply controlling mechanisms is employed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of this invention is to provide a writing instrument with an ink reservoir directly filled with aqueous ink, wherein an exact amount of ink corresponding to the amount of ink used upon writing is supplied from the ink reservoir to the writing tip, the structure is simple, the manufacturing cost is low, the operation is accurate, dripping of ink and absorption of air into the ink reservoir are ensured to be prevented, and kinds of pen tips and ink are not limited.
In order to achieve this object, a writing instrument according to this invention comprises an ink reservoir containing liquid ink, a slide plug slidably provided in the ink reservoir for sealing the ink reservoir in a fluids tight fashion, and a writing tip such as a felt tip, which is slidable along the pen barrel. In the pen barrel is provided an elastically deformable diaphragm member which divides the interior of the ink barrel into an ink reservoir side region and a pen side region. When a writing pressure is applied to the writing tip by writing with the writing instrument, the writing tip is retracted and the diaphragm member is elastically deformed toward the ink region such that the ink in the ink reservoir is pressed. The diaphragm member has an opening which opens when the diaphragm member is deformed toward the ink reservoir.
When a writing pressure is exerted on the writing tip upon writing, the writing tip is retracted and the diaphragm member is elastically deformed toward the ink reservoir. The volume of the ink reservoir is reduced, the pressure in the ink reservoir is increased and the opening of the diaphragm member opens such that ink is delivered under pressure through the opening from the ink reservoir to the writing tip- The elevated pressure in the ink reservoir due to the deformation of the diaphragm member causes the slide plug to slide. The increment of the elevated pressure in the ink reservoir corresponds to the pressure caused by the sliding resistance of the slide plug when the plug slides, and thus the pressure in the ink reservoir is not raised to the value more than the pressure caused by the sliding resistance of the plug. It is noted, therefore, that the increment of the raised pressure is limited to the predetermined value corresponding to the sliding resistance of the slide plug even when a writing pressure is strong or weak. This results in the facts that a suitable and constant amount of ink is supplied to the writing tip and stable writing becomes possible regardless of writing pressures and writer's handwriting peculiarity.
According to the preferred embodiments of this invention, the opening opens after the diaphragm member has been deformed and the slide plug has begun to slide. In other words, the opening opens after the slide plug has begun to slide, its sliding resistance has been turned into a stable dynamic frictional resistance and the pressure in the ink reservoir region has become stable. Thus, the ink pressure which is being delivered to the writing tip is made constant, and the amount of ink supplied to the writing tip is accurately and stably controlled.
When no writing pressure is applied to the writing tip, namely, writing is not made, the opening of the diaphragm member is completely closed to interrupt the communication between the ink reservoir and the writing tip. In this regards, even when the atmospheric pressure and/or temperature changes, such phenomenon as ink in the ink reservoir is pushed out of the writing tip so as to drip therefrom and air is introduced from the writing tip to the ink reservoir are prevented.
This writing instrument is not limited by the kinds of ink and pen tips which have different capillary forces. Further, this instrument has a simple structure, is manufactured at a low cost and is suited for a throwaway type.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the overall first embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged longitudinal cross sectional view of part of the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged longitudinal cross-sectional view of part of the first embodiment in another operating condition;
FIGS. 4 to 9 are general views illustrating the operation of the first embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the operational characteristic of the first embodiment;
FIG. 11 is an enlarged longitudinal cross-sectional view of part of the second embodiment;
FIG. 12 is an enlarged longitudinal cross-sectional view of part of the second embodiment in another operational condition; and
FIG. 13 iS an enlarged longitudinal cross-sectional view of part of the third embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This invention will be described by way of the preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. The first embodiment of this invention is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. This embodiment relates to a white board marker using quick-drying alcoholic ink.
FIG. 1 is shows an overall white board marker. In a pen barrel 1 is formed a cylindrical ink reservoir 2 which is filled with liquid ink. On the distal end portion of the pen barrel 1 is mounted an ink-supply controlling mechanism 3 for supplying a moderate amount of ink from the ink reservoir 2 to a writing tip (in this case, a felt tip 4). A cap is designated at 5.
A slide plug 6 is fitted slidably and in a fluid tight fashion in the proximal end portion of the ink reservoir 2. The slide plug 6 is designed such that it slides on the inner surface of the ink reservoir 2 with a predetermined sliding resistance. In the proximal end of the pen barrel 1 is mounted an end plug 7 which causes the interior of the pen barrel 1 to communicate with the atmosphere through a vent 8 formed in the end plug 7.
The slide plug 6 is made of elastic material such as silicone rubber and has a cylindrical form. On the outer periphery of the slide plug 6 is formed a flange-like sealing portion 9 which slides on the inner surface of the ink reservoir 2 to establish liquid tightness. As ink in the ink reservoir 2 is consumed in this arrangement, the slide plug 6 slides toward the distal end of the pen barrel 1 whereby the pressure in the ink reservoir 1 is maintained at substantially the same value as the atmospheric pressure. In the portion of the pen barrel 1 between the slide plug 6 and end plug 7 is contained a small amount of a lubricant such as ethylene glycol which ensures sealing and smooth sliding of the slide plug 6. When the slide plug 6 is retracted, the lubricant is introduced between the sealing outer surface of the slide plug 6 and the inner surface of the ink reservoir 2 such that the resistance of the slide plug 6 is reduced when it advances again and ink marks on the inner surface of the ink reservoir 2 is removed.
The structure of the ink-supply controlling mechanism 3 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. On the distal end of the pen barrel 1 is formed a slide guiding portion 11 in which a slide holder 12 is axially slidably guided. The felt tip 4 is fixedly mounted in the distal portion of the slide holder 12.
In the proximal end of the slide guide 11 is fixedly mounted a disk-like diaphragm member 13 made of elastic material such as silicone rubber. The outer peripheral surface of the diaphragm member 13 closely contacts the inner peripheral surface of the proximal end portion of the slide guide 11 to effect fluid tightness therebetween. It follows that the diaphragm member divides the passage of ink or the pen barrel 1 into an ink reservoir side region defined by the ink reservoir 2 and an writing tip region at which the felt tip or writing tip 4 is located.
A circular opening 14 is formed in the central portion of the diaphragm member 13. A cylindrical engagement projection 15 projects from the central portion of the proximal end of the slide holder 12. The engagement projection 15 elastically engages the opening 14 such that the inner edge of the opening 14 is closely fitted on the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15.
An axial passageway 17 is formed in the center of the engagement projection 15. From the proximal portion of the axial passageway 17 extends a radial opening 16 which opens at the predetermined position of the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15. The passageway 17 communicates with the felt tip 4 via a communication passageway 18.
When a writing pressure is not exerted on the felt tip 4, namely, no writing is made, the diaphragm member 13 is not elastically deformed and the inner peripheral surface of the opening 14 of the diaphragm member 13 closely contacts the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15 of slide holder 12 to close the opening 16 opening at the outer peripheral surface of the projection 16, as shown in FIG. 2. In this state, communication between the ink reservoir 2 and the felt tip 4 is interrupted.
When the writer writes with this white board marker, the felt tip 4 is pressed against a white board 21 and a writing pressure is applied on the felt tip 4, as shown in FIG. 3. The writing pressure causes the slide holder 12 to retard and the diaphragm member 13 is deformed toward the ink reservoir 2, as shown in FIG. 3. The deformation of the diaphragm member 13 reduces the volume of the ink reservoir 2 thereby increasing the pressure in the ink reservoir 2. The increment of the elevated pressure in the ink reservoir 2 corresponds to the sliding resistance of the retarding slide plug 6. Since the diaphragm member 13 is deformed into a substantially conical shape toward the ink reservoir 2, the opening 14 in the central portion of the diaphragm member 13 is also formed into a substantially conical shape, and the inner peripheral surface of the opening 14 is separated from the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15 of the slide holder 12. The opening 16 at the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15 is opened whereby the opening 16 at the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15 is released. As a result, the ink reservoir 2 communicates with the felt tip 4 through the opening 16, the passageway 17 and the communication passageway 18 such that ink is supplied from the ink reservoir 2 to the felt tip 4 via these elements 16, 17 and 18.
The timing at which the opening 16 of the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15 is opened by the deformation of the opening 14 in the center of the diaphragm member 13 is set such that the release of the opening 16 is delayed from the commencement of deformation of the diaphragm member 13. The time of the commencement of deformation of the diaphragm member 13 and the timing of the release of the opening 16 can arbitrarily be set according to the shape of the diaphragm member 13 and the engagement projection 15 and the like. For example, the timing can be set according to the initial radial compression of the diaphragm member 13 which occurs when the diaphragm member 13 is pressed in the pen barrel 1. The more is the initial radial compression of the diaphragm member 13, the more is delayed the timing of the release of the opening 16. Further, the timing can be set according to the axial position of the opening 16. The more forwardly is positioned the opening 16, the more is delayed the timing of the release of the opening 16.
The operation of the writing instrument according to this invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 4 to 9. FIG. 4 shows the state in which writing is not made. In this case, the diaphragm member 13 is not yet deformed and the opening 14 closely contacts the outer peripheral surface of the engagement projection 15 of the slide holder 12 so as to be in a closed state. In this state, the communication between the ink reservoir 2 and the felt tip 4 is completely interrupted. For this reason, dripping of ink from the felt tip 4 and the entrance of air in the ink reservoir 2 through the felt tip 4 are completely prevented even if ink in the ink reservoir 2 expands and shrinks. In this case, the expansion and shrinkage of ink are compensated by the sliding of the slide plug 6.
In FIG. 5 is shown the state in which writing commences with the writing instrument according to this embodiment. When the felt tip 4 of the writing instrument is pressed against a white board, the slide holder 12 is retracted under the writing pressure and the deformation of the diaphragm member 13 commences. In this state, the opening 16 is not yet opened, and the deformation of the diaphragm member 13 presses the ink in the ink reservoir 2 so as to raise the pressure of the ink. Then, the slide plug 6 begins to slide under this pressure. In a stationary state, the outer peripheral surface of the sealing portion 9 of the slide plug 6 closely contacts the inner peripheral surface of the ink reservoir 2, and no lubricant film or ink film exists between these sealing surfaces. This means that the initial sliding resistance of the slide plug 6 is considerably large. The initial sliding resistance rather varies due to manufacturing errors and the degree of close contact of the seal portion 9 with the inner surface of the ink reservoir 2.
When, however, the pressure in the ink reservoir 2 increases as described above, ink enters part of the space between the sealing surfaces and an ink film is formed there. As the pressure causes the slide plug 6 to begin sliding, an ink film and a lubricant film are formed in the whole space between the seal surfaces. In this state, the sliding resistance of the slide plug 6 is reduced and takes a stable value. FIG. 5 shows a state of the writing instrument a very short time after the felt tip 4 began contacting the white board or the like.
As a writing pressure becomes stronger as shown in FIG. 6, the diaphragm member 13 is elastically deformed more. Then, the opening 16 is opened and the ink reservoir 2 communicates with the felt tip 4. In this state, since the slide plug 6 has already slid, the sliding resistance thereof is stable and the pressure in the ink reservoir 2 is a stable predetermined pressure. Therefore, an accurate amount of ink is supplied from the ink reservoir 2 to the felt tip 4.
When the writing is finished, the felt tip 4 begins to be separated from the surface of the white board. As shown in FIG. 7, the diaphragm member 13 begins to return due to its elasticity with the opening 16 opened, and the volume of the ink reservoir 2 begins to increase. The pressure in the ink reservoir 2 begins to decrease and the slide plug 6 stops. Thereafter, the pressure in the ink reservoir 2 becomes negative, and the slide plug 6 begins to advance under this negative pressure. The negative pressure generated in the ink reservoir 2 tries to absorb ink in the felt tip 4 into the ink reservoir 2. As the amount of ink included in the felt tip 4 decreases, however, the ink absorbing force (a capillary force) of the felt tip 4 increases, and the resistance against the ink absorbing force of the ink reservoir 2 increases, whereby only some extent of ink contained in the felt tip 4 is absorbed by the ink reservoir 2.
At the initial stage, this ink absorbing action does not cause a disadvantage against the conventional writing instrument, but allows for absorption of surplus ink for a white board marker and can make the writing characteristic stable. More specifically, the surface of a white board has no water absorption capability and no ink absorption capability. When the writer writes on a white board with a white board marker, the amount of ink which should be supplied to the felt tip 4 might be as large as possible within a range in which the disadvantage such as the dripping of ink does not occur in order to obtain thick and clear writing. When writing is continued for a long time, however, the amount of ink contained in the felt tip 4 becomes larger and larger, and finally ink tends to drip. With this invention, however, surplus ink contained in the felt tip 5 is absorbed into the ink reservoir 2 every time writing is finished. Thus, there is no possibility that ink drips or other disadvantages occur even if writing is continued for a long time.
As shown in FIG. 8, when the diaphragm member 13 returns further, the slide 6 advances further. The opening 16 is closed and ink absorption completely stops.
As shown in FIG. 9, after the felt tip 4 has been separated from the white board, the diaphragm member 13 is fully returned, the slide plug 6 stops, the pressure in the ink reservoir 2 becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, and the writing instrument returns to the state shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 10 shows an example of the timing of the opening of the opening 16 in connection with the stroke of the elastic deformation of the diaphragm member 13 and the writing pressure when a white board marker according to this invention is employed. In this example, the opening 16 is set to open when the writing pressure is 70 g and the stroke is 0.9 mm and the arrangement is designed such that the writing pressure, i.e., the reaction of the diaphragm member 13 and the like rapidly increases when the stroke is about 1.2 mm. It is understood that the stroke range A is the range in which the opening 16 is not opened, i.e, ink is not supplied to the felt tip 4, and the stroke range B is the range in which the opening 16 is opened, i.e., ink is supplied to the felt tip 4. These settings were made such that kinds of letters and writers' handwriting peculiarity do not influence the proper ink supply.
More specifically, writing does not commence, i.e., the writing tip does not begin to be moved just after the writing tip contacts the written surface upon writing, but writing timing is delayed to some extent. The writing starts after the writing pressure has been increased to some extent. The writing pressure which is also a pressure for moving the writing tip of a writer who writes with a weak writing pressure is about 70 g. With the writing instrument having the characteristic as shown in FIG. 10, the reaction rapidly increases at the stroke of about 1.2 mm or more and the instrument is designed such that the stroke range at which ink is supplied to the writing tip is not increased so much. In this regard, ink exhaustion due to the movement of the writing tip occurs in the range B for both the writers who write with a strong writing pressure and a weak writing pressure. The range B does not change so much as described above. This setting allows for substantially same thickness of writing for both a weak pressure and a strong pressure.
This setting is made for writing characters such as Chinese characters which have short lines and writing tip is separated fully from the written surface every time writing is finished. When characters such as English characters which have long lines, the above-mentioned setting must be modified so as to accord with the nature of such characters. It is preferred that the stroke range B be made wider than the example shown in FIG. 10 when white board markers are used in the English territories. Needless to say, this setting can be suitably modified according to the kinds of writing surfaces, pen tips, ink and the like.
Since a white board has no water absorbing capacity, the thickness of ink on the written surface is greatly influenced by the amount of ink supplied to the writing tip when a white board marker of this invention is used. However, the thickness of ink transcribed on paper with writing instruments and the thickness of ink transcribed on a written surface with felt tip pens using aqueous ink are not influenced so much by the amount of ink supplied to the writing tip. Thus, it is unnecessary to consider the timing of releasing the opening, etc. strictly when the white board marker of this invention is used.
This invention is not limited to the first embodiment. For example, an ink-supply controlling mechanism 3a having another structure is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The projecting length of an engagement projection 15a projecting from the distal end of a slide holder 12 is smaller than the thickness of a diaphragm member 13a and the engagement projection 15a does not pass through the diaphragm member 13a. In the center of the engagement projection 15a is formed an axial opening 16a which opens at the distal end surface of the engagement projection 15a. In this embodiment, an opening 14a comprising a linear notch or cross formed notches is formed in the central portion of the diaphragm member 13a, for example.
When writing is not made with the writing instrument according to the second embodiment, the opposed edges of the opening 14a of the diaphragm member 13a are closely contacted together by the elastic force such that the opening 14a is closed, as shown in FIG. 11. When the writing is made, the opening 14a is opened by the elastic deformation thereby causing the ink reservoir 2 to communicate with the felt tip 4, as shown in FIG. 12.
Since the opening 16a opens axially in this embodiment, dies having a simple structure can be used when the slide guide 12 is manufactured from synthetic resin or the like. The writing instrument according to the second embodiment has the same structure as the writing instrument according to the first embodiment except for the above-mentioned differences. Thus, the identical parts and elements of the second embodiment to those of the first embodiment are designated by the same referential numerals used in the first embodiment, the description thereof being omitted.
The third embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. 13. A hollow cylindrical holder portion 21 projects from the central portion of a diaphragm member 13a toward the distal end of a pen barrel 1. A felt tip 4 is inserted into and held in the holder portion 21. The holder portion 21 is adapted to be slidable in the axial direction of the pen barrel 1. When a writing pressure is applied to the felt tip 4 upon writing, the holder portion 21 is retracted, and the diaphragm member 13a is elastically deformed toward the ink reservoir 2. A linear or cross shaped opening 14a is formed in the central portion of the diaphragm member 13a as in the case of the second embodiment. When a writing pressure is not exerted, the opposed edges of the opening 14b are closely contacted together such that the opening 14b is closed. When a writing pressure is applied to cause the diaphragm member 13a to be elastically deformed, the opening 14b is opened and the ink reservoir 2 communicates with the felt tip 4.
The operation of the third embodiment is same as that of the first and second embodiments. With the third embodiment, the diaphragm member is made integrally with the holder portion, making the structure simple and being manufactured at a low cost.
This invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, either. For example, this invention is not restricted to a white board marker but is applicable to a felt tip pen using aqueous ink, a ballpoint pen using aqueous ink, a paint marker, a nail marker with which manicure is applied to nails and a general writing instrument. The writing tip is not limited to a felt tip but may be any other type of writing tip. The ink may be aqueous ink, oil ink, alcoholic ink or any type of ink. In case the opening comprises a notch or notches, ink does not flow out when the writing tip is pulled off the diaphragm member. Thus, the ink reservoir and the diaphragm member are manufactured separately from the pen barrel, thereby making the combination of the former elements an interchangeable ink cartridge.
Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, and representative devices, shown and described herein. Accordingly, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
What is claimed is:
1. A writing instrument including a pen barrel having an interior, a distal end portion and a proximal end portion; an ink reservoir formed in said pen barrel and directly filled with liquid ink; and a slide plug sladable in said ink reservoir in a liquid tight fashion according to consumption of ink in said ink reservior, for dividing said interior of said pen barrel into an air region and an ink region defining said ink reservoir, said writing instrument further comprising:a writing tip provided in said distal end portion of said pen barrel so as to be movable axially of said pen barrel; a diaphragm member made of elastic material, and dividing said interior of said pen barrel into a writing tip region and said ink region, said diaphragm member being adapted to be elastically deformed toward said ink reservoir to reduce the volume of said ink reservoir when a writing pressure is applied to said writing tip; and an opening formed in said diaphragm member and opened to cause said ink reservoir to communicate with aid writing tip when said diaphragm member is elastically deformed toward said ink reservoir, said pen barrel being provided with an axially slidable slide holder having a distal portion and a proximal end, said writing tip being attached to said distal portion of said slide holder, said slide holder having an engagement projection axially extending from said proximal end of said slide holder such that said engagement projection is elastically engaged with a central portion of said diaphragm member, said writing tip being retracted together with said slide holder so as to elastically deform said diaphragm member toward said ink reservoir when a writing pressure is applied to said writing tip, said opening being a hole formed in said central portion of said diaphragm member, said engagement projection extending through said opening and elastically fitted therein, said engagement projection being provided in an outer peripheral surface thereof with another opening communicating with said writing tip, and said opening being expanded to be separated from said outer peripheral surface of said engagement projection and said another opening being opened to cause said writing tip to communicate with said ink reservoir, when said diaphragm member is elastically deformed toward said ink reservoir..
| 23,913 |
https://github.com/plavemar/gooddata-ui-sdk/blob/master/libs/sdk-ui-ext/src/internal/utils/tests/colors.test.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
gooddata-ui-sdk
|
plavemar
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 1,010 | 2,953 |
// (C) 2019-2020 GoodData Corporation
import { DefaultColorPalette, IMappingHeader } from "@gooddata/sdk-ui";
import { IColorConfiguration, IColoredItem } from "../../interfaces/Colors";
import { getColoredInputItems, getProperties, getSearchedItems, getValidProperties } from "../colors";
import { GuidType, IColor, uriRef } from "@gooddata/sdk-model";
describe("color utils", () => {
const color1: IColor = {
type: "guid",
value: "guid1",
};
const attributeColorAssignments = [
{
headerItem: {
attributeHeaderItem: {
uri: "/a/1",
name: "a1",
},
},
color: color1,
},
];
const measureColorAssignments = [
{
headerItem: {
measureHeaderItem: {
localIdentifier: "m1",
name: "m1",
format: "#00",
},
},
color: color1,
},
];
const attributeHeaderColorAssignments = [
{
headerItem: {
attributeHeader: {
uri: "a1",
identifier: "label.a1",
localIdentifier: "a1",
name: "attribute header",
ref: uriRef("a1"),
formOf: {
uri: "a1",
identifier: "label.a1",
name: "attribute header",
ref: uriRef("a1"),
},
},
},
color: color1,
},
];
describe("getValidProperties", () => {
function getProperties(colorMapping: any) {
return {
controls: {
colorMapping,
},
};
}
it("should erase attribute color mapping if items not in references", () => {
const properties = getProperties([
{
id: "abc",
color: color1,
},
]);
const result = getValidProperties(properties, attributeColorAssignments);
expect(result.controls.colorMapping).toEqual(null);
});
it("should erase measure color mapping if items are not in color assignment", () => {
const colorMapping = [
{
id: "abc",
color: color1,
},
];
const properties = getProperties(colorMapping);
const result = getValidProperties(properties, measureColorAssignments);
expect(result.controls.colorMapping).toEqual(null);
});
it("should keep measure color mapping for items which are in color assignment", () => {
const colorMapping = [
{
id: "m1",
color: color1,
},
];
const richColorMapping = [
...colorMapping,
{
id: "m2",
color: color1,
},
];
const properties = getProperties(richColorMapping);
const result = getValidProperties(properties, measureColorAssignments);
expect(result.controls.colorMapping).toEqual(colorMapping);
});
it("should keep attribute header color mapping for items which are in color assignment", () => {
const colorMapping = [
{
id: "a1",
color: color1,
},
];
const richColorMapping = [
...colorMapping,
{
id: "a2",
color: color1,
},
];
const properties = getProperties(richColorMapping);
const result = getValidProperties(properties, attributeHeaderColorAssignments);
expect(result.controls.colorMapping).toEqual(colorMapping);
});
});
describe("getProperties", () => {
function createIdColorMappingItemByGuid(id: string, guid: string) {
return {
id,
color: {
type: "guid",
value: guid,
},
};
}
const guid = "guid4";
const type: GuidType = "guid";
const guidColor = {
type,
value: guid,
};
const attributeItem: IMappingHeader = {
attributeHeaderItem: {
uri: "/a1",
name: "",
},
};
it("should assign measure item to properties", () => {
const measureItem: IMappingHeader = {
measureHeaderItem: {
localIdentifier: "m1",
name: "measure1",
format: "",
},
};
const properties = {
controls: {
colorMapping: [
createIdColorMappingItemByGuid("m1", "guid1"),
createIdColorMappingItemByGuid("m2", "guid2"),
],
},
};
const result = getProperties(properties, measureItem, guidColor);
expect(result).toEqual({
controls: {
colorMapping: [
createIdColorMappingItemByGuid("m1", guid),
createIdColorMappingItemByGuid("m2", "guid2"),
],
},
});
});
it("should assign attribute header item to properties", () => {
const properties = {
controls: {
colorMapping: [createIdColorMappingItemByGuid("m1", "guid1")],
},
};
const result = getProperties(properties, attributeItem, guidColor);
expect(result).toEqual({
controls: {
colorMapping: [
createIdColorMappingItemByGuid("/a1", guid),
createIdColorMappingItemByGuid("m1", "guid1"),
],
},
});
});
});
describe("getColoredInputItems", () => {
it("should return input items with valid mapping", () => {
const colors: IColorConfiguration = {
colorPalette: DefaultColorPalette,
colorAssignments: [
{
headerItem: { attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi1", name: "abc" } },
color: {
type: "guid",
value: "4",
},
},
{
headerItem: { attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi2", name: "def" } },
color: {
type: "guid",
value: "5",
},
},
],
};
const inputItems = getColoredInputItems(colors);
const expectedItems: IColoredItem[] = [
{
color: {
r: 241,
g: 134,
b: 0,
},
colorItem: {
type: "guid",
value: "4",
},
mappingHeader: {
attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi1", name: "abc" },
},
},
{
color: {
r: 171,
g: 85,
b: 163,
},
colorItem: {
type: "guid",
value: "5",
},
mappingHeader: {
attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi2", name: "def" },
},
},
];
expect(inputItems).toEqual(expectedItems);
});
it("should return input items with valid mapping from custom color", () => {
const colors: IColorConfiguration = {
colorPalette: DefaultColorPalette,
colorAssignments: [
{
headerItem: { attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi1", name: "abc" } },
color: {
type: "rgb",
value: {
r: 255,
g: 0,
b: 0,
},
},
},
{
headerItem: { attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi2", name: "def" } },
color: {
type: "rgb",
value: {
r: 0,
g: 255,
b: 0,
},
},
},
],
};
const inputItems = getColoredInputItems(colors);
const expectedItems: IColoredItem[] = [
{
color: {
r: 255,
g: 0,
b: 0,
},
colorItem: {
type: "rgb",
value: {
r: 255,
g: 0,
b: 0,
},
},
mappingHeader: {
attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi1", name: "abc" },
},
},
{
color: {
r: 0,
g: 255,
b: 0,
},
colorItem: {
type: "rgb",
value: {
r: 0,
g: 255,
b: 0,
},
},
mappingHeader: {
attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi2", name: "def" },
},
},
];
expect(inputItems).toEqual(expectedItems);
});
it("should return item with mapping of first color when mapping is invalid", () => {
const colors: IColorConfiguration = {
colorPalette: DefaultColorPalette,
colorAssignments: [
{
headerItem: { attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi1", name: "abc" } },
color: {
type: "guid",
value: "invalid guid",
},
},
],
};
const inputItems = getColoredInputItems(colors);
const expectedItems = [
{
color: {
r: 20,
g: 178,
b: 226,
},
colorItem: {
type: "guid",
value: "invalid guid",
},
mappingHeader: {
attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi1", name: "abc" },
},
},
];
expect(inputItems).toEqual(expectedItems);
});
});
describe("getSearchedItems", () => {
const colorItems: IColoredItem[] = [
{
color: {
r: 241,
g: 134,
b: 0,
},
colorItem: {
type: "guid",
value: "4",
},
mappingHeader: {
attributeHeaderItem: { uri: "/ahi1", name: "abc" },
},
},
{
color: {
r: 171,
g: 85,
b: 163,
},
colorItem: {
type: "guid",
value: "5",
},
mappingHeader: {
measureHeaderItem: { localIdentifier: "id1", name: "abd", format: "format1" },
},
},
];
it("should return two items with same prefix by name", () => {
const searchedItems = getSearchedItems(colorItems, "ab");
expect(searchedItems).toEqual(colorItems);
});
it("should return one item with attribute mapping header by name", () => {
const searchedItems = getSearchedItems(colorItems, "abc");
expect(searchedItems[0]).toEqual(colorItems[0]);
});
it("should return one item with measure mapping header by name", () => {
const searchedItems = getSearchedItems(colorItems, "abd");
expect(searchedItems[0]).toEqual(colorItems[1]);
});
it("should return empty array when no matching color item is found", () => {
const searchedItems = getSearchedItems(colorItems, "zzz");
expect(searchedItems).toEqual([]);
});
it("should return all input items when called with empty string", () => {
const searchedItems = getSearchedItems(colorItems, "");
expect(searchedItems).toEqual(colorItems);
});
});
});
| 20,231 |
https://github.com/farajilab/gifs_release/blob/master/gromacs-4.6.5/include/thread_mpi/list.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
gifs_release
|
farajilab
|
C
|
Code
| 651 | 1,612 |
/*
This source code file is part of thread_mpi.
Written by Sander Pronk, Erik Lindahl, and possibly others.
Copyright (c) 2009, Sander Pronk, Erik Lindahl.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1) Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2) Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3) Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the
names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY US ''AS IS'' AND ANY
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL WE BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
If you want to redistribute modifications, please consider that
scientific software is very special. Version control is crucial -
bugs must be traceable. We will be happy to consider code for
inclusion in the official distribution, but derived work should not
be called official thread_mpi. Details are found in the README & COPYING
files.
*/
#ifndef TMPI_LIST_H_
#define TMPI_LIST_H_
#include "atomic.h"
/** \file
*
* \brief Lock-free list data structures.
*
*/
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif
#if 0
} /* Avoids screwing up auto-indentation */
#endif
/** Lock-free single-ended stack (FIFO)
Is a list with push, pop and detach operations */
typedef struct
{
tMPI_Atomic_ptr_t head; /**< Pointer to the top stack element. */
} tMPI_Stack;
/** A single element in stack */
typedef struct tMPI_Stack_element
{
struct tMPI_Stack_element *next; /**< Pointer to the next stack element. */
void *data; /**< Pointer to data. */
} tMPI_Stack_element;
/** Initialize a stack */
TMPI_EXPORT
void tMPI_Stack_init(tMPI_Stack *st);
/** Deallocates a stack */
TMPI_EXPORT
void tMPI_Stack_destroy(tMPI_Stack *st);
/** Pushes a stack element onto a stack */
TMPI_EXPORT
void tMPI_Stack_push(tMPI_Stack *st, tMPI_Stack_element *el);
/** Pops a stack element from a stack */
TMPI_EXPORT
tMPI_Stack_element *tMPI_Stack_pop(tMPI_Stack *st);
/** Detaches entire stack for use by a single thread */
TMPI_EXPORT
tMPI_Stack_element *tMPI_Stack_detach(tMPI_Stack *st);
#if 0
/** Lock-free double-ended queue (FIFO)
Is a list with enqueue and dequeue operations */
typedef struct
{
tMPI_Atomic_ptr_t head, tail;
} tMPI_Queue;
/** A single element in a queue */
typedef struct tMPI_Queue_element
{
struct tMPI_Queue_element *next; /**< Pointer to the next queue element. */
struct tMPI_Queue_element *prev; /**< Pointer to the prev queue element. */
void *data; /**< Pointer to data. */
} tMPI_Queue_element;
/** Initialize a queue */
void tMPI_Queue_init(tMPI_Queue *q);
/** Deallocates a queue */
void tMPI_Queue_destroy(tMPI_Queue *q);
/** Enqueue an element onto the head of a queue */
void tMPI_Queue_enqueue(tMPI_Queue *q, tMPI_Queue_element *qe);
/** Dequeue an element from the end a queue */
tMPI_Queue_element *tMPI_Queue_dequeue(tMPI_Queue *q);
/** Lock-free circular doubly linked list */
typedef struct
{
tMPI_Atomic_ptr_t head;
} tMPI_List;
/** Lock-free circular doubly linked list */
typedef struct tMPI_List_element
{
struct tMPI_List_element *next, *prev;
void *data;
} tMPI_List_element;
/** Initialize a list */
void tMPI_List_init(tMPI_List *l);
/** Deallocates a list */
void tMPI_List_destroy(tMPI_List *l);
tMPI_List_element* tMPI_List_first(tMPI_List *l);
tMPI_List_element* tMPI_List_next(tMPI_List *l,
tMPI_List_element *le);
tMPI_List_element* tMPI_List_prev(tMPI_List *l,
tMPI_List_element *le);
void tMPI_List_add(tMPI_List *l, tMPI_List_element *le);
void tMPI_List_insert(tMPI_List *l, tMPI_List_element *after,
tMPI_List_element *le);
void tMPI_List_remove(tMPI_List *l, tMPI_List_element *le);
#endif
#ifdef __cplusplus
} /* closing extern "C" */
#endif
#endif /* TMPI_LIST_H_ */
| 44,001 |
hal-03224186-Null-collision-meshless-Monte-Carlo.txt_3
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,021 |
Null-collision meshless Monte-Carlo - A new reverse Monte-Carlo algorithm designed for laser-source emission in absorbing/scattering inhomogeneous media. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2021, 271, pp.1-18/107725. ⟨10.1016/j.jqsrt.2021.107725⟩. ⟨hal-03224186⟩
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 935 | 1,754 |
(scattering) S10 xs = xk+1 0.6
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5
2 Figure 5: Ratio between power absorbed and power emitted Pa /Pe ± 3σ/Pe as a function of maximum scattering optical thickness κs,max L for κa,max L = 1.0 and using 107 independent realizations. Comparison between ARM and ORMC algorithm for: (a) homogeneous medium with NCA and double randomization technique (b) linear profile (c) profile of an axisymmetric flame. 2.5 3
3.5 4 4.5 5 6 2.5 5 2 4 1.5 3 2 1 1 0.5 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 100 14 12 80 10 60 8 40 6 20 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 103 103 102 102 101 100 101 10-1 2 4 6 8 10
Figure 6: Computational performance of Monte Carlo methods such as Analogous Monte Carlo and Optimized Reverse Monte Carlo (with and without preferential sampling) as a function of the choice of the majorant k̂s = ρκs,max in the case of heterogeneous medium (axisymmetric flame): a), c) and e) correspond to a slightly scattering medium κs,max L = 0.5 while b), d) and f) correspond to a strongly scattering medium κs,max L = 5.0; a) and b): Relative statistical uncertainty for 106 independent realizations. Convergence of ORMC is dependent on the choice of the upper-bound; c) and d) Computation time t for 106 independent realization. Based on several sub-paths, ORMC is more sensitive than AMC to the choice of the upper-bound; e) and f) Computation time t1% for a 1 % statistical uncertainty. This computation was performed with an ”Intel i5 - 2.4 GHz” CPU without any parallelization. Figure 7: Configuration for the computer-generated images with analytical profiles of radiative properties Figure 8: Benchmark images (320 × 180 pixels) of three different analytical profiles: homogeneous medium, linear profile and simili flame profile and for three different maximum scattering optical thicknesses. Maximum absorption optical thickness is unitary and 30000 realizations per pixel are performed
References [1] R. P. Feynman, A. R. Hibbs, Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965. [2] M. Kac, On distributions of certain wiener functionals, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 65 (1) (1949) 1–13. [3] E. Woodcock, T. Murphy, P. Hemmings, S. Longworth, Techniques used in the gem code for monte carlo neutronics calculations in reactors and other systems of complex geometry, in: Proc. Conf. Applications of Computing Methods to Reactor Problems, Vol. 557, 1965. [4] J. Novák, I. Georgiev, J. Hanika, W. Jarosz, Monte carlo methods for volumetric light transport simulation, in: Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 37, Wiley Online Library, 2018, pp. 551–576. [5] G. I. Marchuk, G. A. Mikhailov, M. A. Nazaraliev, R. A. Darbinjan, B. A. Kargin, B. S. Elepov, Elements of Radiative-Transfer Theory Used in the Monte Carlo Methods, in: The Monte Carlo Methods in Atmospheric Optics, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1980, pp. 5–17, dOI:10.1007/978-3-540-35237-2 2. [6] M. Galtier, S. Blanco, C. Caliot, C. Coustet, J. Dauchet, M. El Hafi, V. Eymet, R. Fournier, J. Gautrais, A. Khuong, et al., Integral formulation of null-collision monte carlo algorithms, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 125 (2013) 57–68. [7] V. Eymet, D. Poitou, M. Galtier M. El Hafi, G. Terrée, R. Fournier, Nullcollision meshless monte-carlo—application to the validation of fast radiative transfer solvers embedded in combustion simulators, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 129 (2013) 145–157. [8] J. Dauchet, J.-J. Bézian, S. Blanco, C. Caliot, J. Charon, C. Coustet, M. El Hafi, V. Eymet, O. Farges, V. Forest, et al., Addressing nonlinearities in monte carlo, Scientific reports 8 (1) (2018) 13302. [9] M. E. Hafi, S. Blanco, J. Dauchet, R. Fournier, M. Galtier, L. Ibarrart, J.M. Tregan, N. Villefranque, Three viewpoints on null-collision Monte Carlo algorithms, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (2020). [10] N. Villefranque, R. Fournier, F. Couvreux, S. Blanco, C. Cornet, V. Eymet, V. Forest, J.-M. Tregan, A path-tracing monte carlo library for 3-d radiative transfer in highly resolved cloudy atmospheres, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systemsdoi:10.1029/2018MS001602. [11] W. L. Dunn, J. K. Shultis, Exploring monte carlo methods, Elsevier, 2011. [12] R. R. Coveyou, V. Cain, K. Yost, Adjoint and importance in monte carlo application, Nuclear Science and Engineering 27 (2) (1967) 219–234. [13] K. Daun, K. Thomson, F. Liu, Simulation of laser-induced incandescence measurements in an anisotropically scattering aerosol through backward monte carlo, Journal of heat transfer 130 (11) (2008). [14] E. Veach, Robust Monte Carlo methods for light transport simulation, Vol. 1610, Stanford University PhD thesis, 1997. [15] M. F. Modest, Radiative heat transfer, Academic press, 2013. [16] B. T. Wong, M. P. Mengüç, Comparison of monte carlo techniques to predict the propagation of a collimated beam in participating media, Numerical Heat Transfer: Part B: Fundamentals 42 (2) (2002) 119–140. [17] J. Dauchet, J.-J. Bezian, S. Blanco, C. Caliot, J. Charon, C. Couste , M. El Hafi, V. Eymet, O. Farges, V. Forest, R. Fournier, M. Galtier, J. Gautrais, A. Khuong, L. Pelissier, B. Piaud, M. Roger, G. Terrée, S. Weitz, Addressing nonlinearities in Monte Carlo, Scientific reports 8 (2018) 2045– 2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31574-4. [18] A. De Lataillade, J. Dufresne, M. El Hafi, V. Eymet, R. Fournier, A netexchange monte carlo approach to radiation in optically thick systems, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 74 (5) (2002) 563–584. [19] D. Ramon, F. Steinmetz, D. Jolivet, M. Compiègne, R. Frouin, Modeling polarized radiative transfer in the ocean-atmosphere system with the gpu-accelerated smart-g monte carlo code, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 222 (2019) 89–107.
| 50,179 |
<urn:uuid:7b64d027-2a61-49e1-80e9-786b58f23107>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.reseau-canope.fr/musee/collections/fr/museum/mne/terre-des-hommes/62882e25c07506d9ad8bc1be
|
reseau-canope.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 67 | 123 |
> Terre des hommes.
Numéro d'inventaire : 2005.00448
Auteur(s) : Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Inscriptions : • gravure : Petite ill. au début du texte
Description : Couverture cartonnée rigide recouverte d'un papier grenu bordeaux ; mention du titre et du nom de l'auteur au dos.
Mesures : hauteur : 170 mm ; largeur : 117 mm
Langue : FrançaisNombre de pages : 253Mention d'illustrationill.Sommaire : Dédicace imprimée
| 12,126 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49696706
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Scatter Ridge
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 91 | 174 |
Scatter Ridge (tagaytay sa Estados Unidos, lat 39,36, long -82,01)
Scatter Ridge
Scatter Ridge GeoNames ID 4523989
Scatter Ridge instance of ridge
Scatter Ridge GNIS Feature ID 1076846
Scatter Ridge country United States of America
Scatter Ridge coordinate location
Scatter Ridge located in the administrative territorial entity Athens County
Scatter Ridge
heuvel in Athens County, Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Scatter Ridge GeoNames-identificatiecode 4523989
Scatter Ridge is een bergkam
Scatter Ridge GNIS-identificatiecode 1076846
Scatter Ridge land Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Scatter Ridge geografische locatie
Scatter Ridge gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Athens County
| 14,177 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17332529
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,013 |
Stack Exchange
|
Andy G, Gord Thompson, SAM244776, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2144390, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2234261, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2472382, https://stackoverflow.com/users/620444, matzone
|
English
|
Spoken
| 863 | 1,483 |
Arranging data in access or macro
I have some data in the excel sheet and I am trying to get those data to Access. But the data is really in bad shape. This is the what the excel has.
country, product, id, 1qtr 2010 flash, 2qtr 2010 flash, 3qtr 2010 flash, 4qtr 2010 flash,
1qtr 2011 budget etc....
Now as you can see this is a very bad way of storing data. I want to run some queries on this table but that's difficult with current schema because the new columns would be added each year.
I want some way (may be some sql queries) which will create a new table with these data in better structure, like below
country, product, id, Value, Year, Qtr, Type
Hope you got my point. Can anyone suggest me some ways either in Access or in Excel
Please explain how your data is split into rows and columns. Maybe all the data you've shown is in a single cell, but we cannot tell from your description.
ok one row may be... US, laptop , o-123 , 100$, 200$ , 300 $....etc
SO as u can see its country, product, id , then the values based on the quarter of the year and type of value like budget or flash..
Why dont you start transfering your old format to the new one ?
I already have a bulk of data and the new excel I will be getting that will also be in old format...so i need some way that access takes the data and run some queries to convert the data to new format
The general form of the solution you seek is to use a UNION query, something like this:
SELECT [country], [product], [id],
[1qtr 2010 flash] AS [Value],
2010 AS [Year],
1 AS [Qtr],
"flash" AS [Type]
FROM ImportedTable
UNION ALL
SELECT [country], [product], [id],
[2qtr 2010 flash] AS [Value],
2010 AS [Year],
2 AS [Qtr],
"flash" AS [Type]
FROM ImportedTable
UNION ALL
SELECT [country], [product], [id],
[3qtr 2010 flash] AS [Value],
2010 AS [Year],
3 AS [Qtr],
"flash" AS [Type]
FROM ImportedTable
...
You could save such a query with a name like [ReformatDataFromExcel], then when you import an updated Excel feed that has new columns you can update the query by copying and pasting new UNION ALL clauses as required.
--Edit--
Or, if you wanted to build up the SQL query strings via code then some VBA like this...
Sub BuildQueries()
Dim cdb As DAO.Database, fld As DAO.Field, sSQL As String
Dim sYear As String, sQtr As String, sType As String, a() As String
Set cdb = CurrentDb
For Each fld In cdb.TableDefs("ImportedTable").Fields
Select Case fld.Name
Case "country", "product", "id"
' do nothing
Case Else
a = Split(fld.Name, " ", -1, vbBinaryCompare)
sQtr = Left(a(0), 1)
sYear = a(1)
sType = a(2)
sSQL = _
"SELECT [country], [product], [id], " & _
"[" & fld.Name & "] AS [Value], " & _
sYear & " AS [Year], " & _
sQtr & " AS [Qtr], " & _
"""" & sType & """ AS [Type] " & _
"FROM ImportedTable"
Debug.Print sSQL ' or whatever you want to do with the query
End Select
Next
Set fld = Nothing
Set cdb = Nothing
End Sub
...could build SQL strings like this:
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [1qtr 2010 flash] AS [Value], 2010 AS [Year], 1 AS [Qtr], "flash" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [2qtr 2010 flash] AS [Value], 2010 AS [Year], 2 AS [Qtr], "flash" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [3qtr 2010 flash] AS [Value], 2010 AS [Year], 3 AS [Qtr], "flash" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [4qtr 2010 flash] AS [Value], 2010 AS [Year], 4 AS [Qtr], "flash" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [1qtr 2011 budget] AS [Value], 2011 AS [Year], 1 AS [Qtr], "budget" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [2qtr 2011 budget] AS [Value], 2011 AS [Year], 2 AS [Qtr], "budget" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [3qtr 2011 budget] AS [Value], 2011 AS [Year], 3 AS [Qtr], "budget" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
SELECT [country], [product], [id], [4qtr 2011 budget] AS [Value], 2011 AS [Year], 4 AS [Qtr], "budget" AS [Type] FROM ImportedTable
Yes..I like the idea...Only problem is tables created as union cannot be exported back to excel as pivot table....but I can write 4-5 small queries which does the above and can be called one after another in a macro...
Is there a way for me to loop through the data and set the qtr, years etc dynamically based on some string manipulation?
@user2472382 Yes, you could do something like that. See update to this answer.
Nice..I am new to VBA...so did not know abt those features.. I wish there were a like button ...thanks a lot...
@user2472382 RE: "I wish there were a like button" - On Stack Overflow we can "upvote" a question or answer if we "like" it (and we can also "downvote" a question or answer if we "dislike" it). The voting buttons are the up/down triangles on the left-hand side at the top of each question and answer.
| 23,783 |
https://github.com/alexon1234/killgrave/blob/master/internal/route_matchers_test.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
killgrave
|
alexon1234
|
Go
|
Code
| 226 | 953 |
package killgrave
import (
"bytes"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"testing"
"github.com/gorilla/mux"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
)
func TestMatcherBySchema(t *testing.T) {
bodyA := ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte("{\"type\": \"gopher\"}")))
bodyB := ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte("{\"type\": \"cat\"}")))
emptyBody := ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte("")))
wrongBody := ioutil.NopCloser(errReader(0))
schemaGopherFile := "test/testdata/imposters/schemas/type_gopher.json"
schemaCatFile := "test/testdata/imposters/schemas/type_cat.json"
schemeFailFile := "test/testdata/imposters/schemas/type_gopher_fail.json"
requestWithoutSchema := Request{
Method: "POST",
Endpoint: "/login",
SchemaFile: nil,
}
requestWithSchema := Request{
Method: "POST",
Endpoint: "/login",
SchemaFile: &schemaGopherFile,
}
requestWithNonExistingSchema := Request{
Method: "POST",
Endpoint: "/login",
SchemaFile: &schemaCatFile,
}
requestWithWrongSchema := Request{
Method: "POST",
Endpoint: "/login",
SchemaFile: &schemeFailFile,
}
httpRequestA := &http.Request{Body: bodyA}
httpRequestB := &http.Request{Body: bodyB}
okResponse := Response{Status: http.StatusOK}
var matcherData = map[string]struct {
fn mux.MatcherFunc
req *http.Request
res bool
}{
"correct request schema": {MatcherBySchema(Imposter{Request: requestWithSchema, Response: okResponse}), httpRequestA, true},
"imposter without request schema": {MatcherBySchema(Imposter{Request: requestWithoutSchema, Response: okResponse}), httpRequestA, true},
"malformatted schema file": {MatcherBySchema(Imposter{Request: requestWithWrongSchema, Response: okResponse}), httpRequestA, false},
"incorrect request schema": {MatcherBySchema(Imposter{Request: requestWithSchema, Response: okResponse}), httpRequestB, false},
"non-existing schema file": {MatcherBySchema(Imposter{Request: requestWithNonExistingSchema, Response: okResponse}), httpRequestB, false},
"empty body with required schema file": {MatcherBySchema(Imposter{Request: requestWithSchema, Response: okResponse}), &http.Request{Body: emptyBody}, false},
"invalid request body": {MatcherBySchema(Imposter{Request: requestWithSchema, Response: okResponse}), &http.Request{Body: wrongBody}, false},
}
for name, tt := range matcherData {
t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
res := tt.fn(tt.req, nil)
if res != tt.res {
t.Fatalf("error while matching by request schema - expected: %t, given: %t", tt.res, res)
}
})
}
}
type errReader int
func (errReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
return 0, errors.New("test error")
}
| 22,893 |
https://github.com/QuinntyneBrown/hair-salon/blob/master/HairSalon/Services/ISocialShareItemService.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
hair-salon
|
QuinntyneBrown
|
C#
|
Code
| 24 | 102 |
using HairSalon.Dtos;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace HairSalon.Services
{
public interface ISocialShareItemService
{
SocialShareItemAddOrUpdateResponseDto AddOrUpdate(SocialShareItemAddOrUpdateRequestDto request);
ICollection<SocialShareItemDto> Get();
SocialShareItemDto GetById(int id);
dynamic Remove(int id);
}
}
| 33,125 |
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primskova%20gora
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Primskova gora
|
https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primskova gora&action=history
|
Slovenian
|
Spoken
| 73 | 159 |
Primskova gora je najvišji vrh (590 m) in naselje (im. tudi Gradišče) v severozahodnem delu Dolenjske, je tudi osišče širšega območja, ki obsega več naselij in je znano kot Primskovo. Z južne, dolenjske strani najprej pridemo do dveh vasic Dolnji in Gornji Vrh. Od tod je zelo lep pogled do vrha Primskove gore, proti jugu pa že lahko vidimo dobršen del Dolenjske.
Hribi v Sloveniji
Hribi do 1000 metrov
Občina Šmartno pri Litiji
| 3,789 |
https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
दक्षिण सूडान पीपुल्स लिबरेशन मूवमेंट
|
https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=दक्षिण सूडान पीपुल्स लिबरेशन मूवमेंट&action=history
|
Hindi
|
Spoken
| 26 | 126 |
दक्षिण सूडान पीपुल्स लिबरेशन मूवमेंट (SSLM) एक सशस्त्र विद्रोह समूह है जोकि दक्षिण सूडान में नील नदी के ऊपरी क्षेत्र में सक्रिय हैं।
सन्दर्भ
दक्षिण सूडान
| 40,117 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107750634
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Mark Mason
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 120 | 253 |
Mark Mason
American business executive
Mark Mason instance of human
Mark Mason sex or gender male
Mark Mason occupation businessperson
Mark Mason image Mark Mason, CFO, Citigroup.jpg
Mark Mason Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11rsr05wl0
Mark Mason
Mark Mason is een mens
Mark Mason sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Mark Mason beroep zakenpersoon
Mark Mason afbeelding Mark Mason, CFO, Citigroup.jpg
Mark Mason Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11rsr05wl0
Mark Mason
Mark Mason instancë e njeri
Mark Mason gjinia mashkull
Mark Mason profesioni person i biznesit
Mark Mason imazh Mark Mason, CFO, Citigroup.jpg
Mark A.L. Mason
Mark A.L. Mason ist ein(e) Mensch
Mark A.L. Mason Geschlecht männlich
Mark A.L. Mason Tätigkeit Geschäftsmann
Mark A.L. Mason Bild Mark Mason, CFO, Citigroup.jpg
Mark A.L. Mason Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11rsr05wl0
| 5,448 |
2015/32015D1401/32015D1401_DE.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 796 | 1,584 |
L_2015217DE.01000701.xml
18.8.2015
DE
Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union
L 217/7
DURCHFÜHRUNGSBESCHLUSS (EU) 2015/1401 DES RATES
vom 14. Juli 2015
zur Ermächtigung Italiens, eine von den Artikeln 206 und 226 der Richtlinie 2006/112/EG über das gemeinsame Mehrwertsteuersystem abweichende Regelung einzuführen
DER RAT DER EUROPÄISCHEN UNION —
gestützt auf den Vertrag über die Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union,
gestützt auf die Richtlinie 2006/112/EG des Rates vom 28. November 2006 über das gemeinsame Mehrwertsteuersystem (1), insbesondere auf Artikel 395 Absatz 1,
auf Vorschlag der Europäischen Kommission,
in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe:
(1)
Mit einem am 24. November 2014 bei der Kommission registrierten Schreiben beantragte Italien die Ermächtigung, eine von den Artikeln 206 und 226 der Richtlinie 2006/112/EG abweichende Sonderregelung in Bezug auf die Entrichtung der Mehrwertsteuer sowie die Rechnungsstellung einzuführen.
(2)
Die Kommission unterrichtete die anderen Mitgliedstaaten mit Schreiben vom 16. März 2015 über den Antrag Italiens. Mit Schreiben vom 17. März 2015 teilte die Kommission Italien mit, über alle zur Beurteilung des Antrags erforderlichen Informationen zu verfügen.
(3)
Italien hat im Zusammenhang mit der Lieferung von Gegenständen und Dienstleistungen an Behörden eine beträchtliche Zahl an Steuerhinterziehungsfällen festgestellt. Die Mehrwertsteuer auf diese Lieferungen und Dienstleistungen wird von den Behörden an den Lieferer oder Dienstleistungserbringer gezahlt, der in der Regel gegenüber der Steuerverwaltung der Mehrwertsteuerschuldner ist. Italien hat jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine erhebliche Zahl von Unternehmen Steuern hinterzieht, indem die Mehrwertsteuer nicht an die Steuerbehörden abgeführt wird.
(4)
Italien hat die Ausnahmeregelung beantragt, damit die Mehrwertsteuer auf die Lieferung von Gegenständen und auf Dienstleistungen an Behörden nicht länger an den Lieferer oder Dienstleistungserbringer zu zahlen ist, sondern stattdessen auf ein separates, gesperrtes Bankkonto gezahlt wird. Die Ausnahmeregelung dürfte diese Form der Steuerhinterziehung unterbinden, ohne sich auf den Betrag der fälligen Mehrwertsteuer auszuwirken. Zu diesem Zweck ist es erforderlich, für die betreffenden Lieferungen und Dienstleistungen eine von Artikel 206 der Richtlinie 2006/112/EG abweichende Regelung einzuführen. Des Weiteren ist es erforderlich, eine von Artikel 226 der Richtlinie 2006/112/EG abweichende Regelung einzuführen, um auf der Rechnung zusätzlich vermerken zu können, dass die Mehrwertsteuer auf das gesonderte Bankkonto zu zahlen ist.
(5)
Infolge dieser Regelung müssten Steuerpflichtige, die Behörden Gegenstände liefern oder Dienstleistungen erbringen, womöglich häufiger die Rückerstattung dieser Mehrwertsteuer bei den Steuerbehörden beantragen. Italien hat mitgeteilt, die erforderlichen legislativen und administrativen Schritte zur Beschleunigung des Erstattungsverfahrens ergriffen zu haben, um zu gewährleisten, dass das Vorsteuerabzugsrecht der betreffenden Steuerpflichtigen in vollem Umfang gewahrt bleibt. Italien sollte daher aufgefordert werden, der Kommission innerhalb von 18 Monaten nach Inkrafttreten der Ausnahmeregelung einen Bericht über die Gesamtsituation bei der Mehrwertsteuererstattung an Steuerpflichtige und insbesondere über die durchschnittliche Verfahrensdauer vorzulegen. Italien verpflichtete 2014 die Behörden zur elektronischen Rechnungsstellung für Lieferungen von Gegenständen und Dienstleistungen. Dies sollte in Zukunft eine ordnungsgemäße Kontrolle des betreffenden Sektors ermöglichen, sobald auf der Grundlage der elektronisch verfügbaren Daten eine geeignete Kontrollregelung eingeführt und angewandt wird. Sobald dieses System vollständig umgesetzt ist, sollte es nicht mehr nötig sein, von der Richtlinie 2006/112/EG abzuweichen. Daher hat Italien zugesichert, keine Verlängerung der Genehmigung der Ausnahmeregelung zu beantragen.
(6)
Die Ausnahmeregelung steht daher in einem angemessenen Verhältnis zu den verfolgten Zielen, da sie befristet ist und auf einen Sektor beschränkt ist, in dem die Steuerhinterziehung erhebliche Probleme verursacht. Darüber hinaus birgt die Ausnahmeregelung nicht die Gefahr, dass die Steuerhinterziehung in andere Sektoren oder Mitgliedstaaten verlagert wird.
(7)
Um sicherzustellen, dass die mit der Regelung verfolgten Ziele erreicht werden und ihre Anwendung keine Rechtsunsicherheit im Hinblick auf den Steuerzeitraum schafft, sollte dieser Beschluss ab dem 1. Januar 2015 gelten.
(8)
Die Ausnahmeregelung wird keine negativen Auswirkungen auf den Gesamtbetrag der auf der Stufe des Endverbrauchs erhobenen Steuer und keine Auswirkungen auf die Mehrwertsteuer-Eigenmittel der Union haben —
HAT FOLGENDEN BESCHLUSS ERLASSEN:
Artikel 1
Abweichend von Artikel 206 der Richtlinie 2006/112/EG wird Italien ermächtigt vorzusehen, dass die auf Lieferungen von Gegenständen und Dienstleistungen an Behörden fällige Mehrwertsteuer vom Empfänger auf ein separates, gesperrtes Bankkonto der Steuerbehörde einzuzahlen ist.
Artikel 2
Abweichend von Artikel 226 der Richtlinie 2006/112/EG wird Italien ermächtigt zu verlangen, dass Rechnungen in Bezug auf Lieferungen von Gegenständen und Dienstleistungen an Behörden einen speziellen Vermerk enthalten, der besagt, dass die Mehrwertsteuer auf dieses gesonderte, gesperrte Bankkonto der Steuerverwaltung einzuzahlen ist.
Artikel 3
Italien teilt der Kommission die in den Artikeln 1 und 2 genannten einzelstaatlichen Regelungen mit.
Innerhalb von 18 Monaten nach Inkrafttreten der in den Artikeln 1 und 2 genannten Regelungen in Italien übermittelt Italien der Kommission einen Bericht über die Gesamtsituation bei der Erstattung der Mehrwertsteuer an von diesen Regelungen betroffene Steuerpflichtige und insbesondere über die durchschnittliche Dauer des Erstattungsverfahrens.
Artikel 4
Dieser Beschluss gilt vom 1. Januar 2015 bis zum 31. Dezember 2017.
Artikel 5
Dieser Beschluss ist an die Italienische Republik gerichtet.
Geschehen zu Brüssel am 14. Juli 2015.
Im Namen des Rates
Der Präsident
P. GRAMEGNA
(1) ABl. L 347 vom 11.12.2006, S. 1.
| 25,604 |
https://github.com/josephbajor/triage_NN/blob/master/src/tests/test_validation.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
triage_NN
|
josephbajor
|
Python
|
Code
| 31 | 152 |
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
import testing.postgresql
from triage.component.catwalk.db import ensure_db
from tests.utils import sample_config, populate_source_data
from triage.experiments.validate import ExperimentValidator
def test_experiment_validator():
with testing.postgresql.Postgresql() as postgresql:
db_engine = create_engine(postgresql.url())
ensure_db(db_engine)
populate_source_data(db_engine)
ExperimentValidator(db_engine).run(sample_config())
| 21,031 |
https://github.com/karasuno7/RL-Car-Racing-Environment/blob/master/scenario/CurvedHighway.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
RL-Car-Racing-Environment
|
karasuno7
|
MATLAB
|
Code
| 827 | 3,860 |
function [scenario, egoVehicle] = CurvedHighway()
% createDrivingScenario Returns the drivingScenario defined in the Designer
% Generated by MATLAB(R) 9.10 (R2021a) and Automated Driving Toolbox 3.3 (R2021a).
% Generated on: 17-Feb-2021 09:21:13
% Construct a drivingScenario object.
scenario = drivingScenario('StopTime', 18);
% Add all road segments
roadCenters = [56.13473 823.0072 0;
64.82858 835.2291 0;
74.02602 847.0774 0;
83.59856 858.6252 0;
93.42604 869.9573 0;
103.3945 881.1657 0;
113.3935 892.3469 0;
123.3135 903.5982 0;
133.109 914.958 0;
142.7657 926.436 0;
152.2333 938.0704 0;
161.4594 949.897 0;
170.3894 961.9486 0;
178.9662 974.2539 0;
187.1295 986.8371 0;
194.8161 999.7168 0;
201.9599 1012.905 0;
208.4868 1026.409 0;
214.3176 1040.228 0;
219.4598 1054.317 0;
223.9383 1068.632 0;
227.7812 1083.13 0;
231.0193 1097.775 0;
233.6855 1112.535 0;
235.8145 1127.383 0;
237.4425 1142.293 0;
238.6067 1157.248 0;
239.3451 1172.229 0;
239.6962 1187.224 0;
239.699 1202.224 0;
239.3926 1217.221 0;
238.8163 1232.21 0;
238.0094 1247.188 0;
236.9962 1262.153 0;
235.7453 1277.101 0;
234.2127 1292.022 0;
232.355 1306.906 0;
230.1291 1321.74 0;
227.4926 1336.506 0;
224.4042 1351.184 0;
220.8236 1365.749 0;
216.7121 1380.174 0;
212.0332 1394.424 0;
206.7524 1408.463 0;
200.8386 1422.246 0;
194.264 1435.727 0;
187.0053 1448.852 0;
179.0441 1461.562 0;
170.377 1473.802 0;
161.0515 1485.549 0;
151.1278 1496.795 0;
140.6637 1507.54 0;
129.7137 1517.79 0;
118.3291 1527.555 0;
106.5581 1536.851 0;
94.44532 1545.697 0;
82.03201 1554.117 0;
69.35616 1562.136 0;
56.45259 1569.783 0;
43.35309 1577.09 0;
30.08552 1584.088 0;
16.65799 1590.773 0;
3.065769 1597.116 0;
-10.69412 1603.087 0;
-24.62235 1608.654 0;
-38.71708 1613.784 0;
-52.97377 1618.445 0;
-67.38492 1622.604 0;
-81.93995 1626.226 0;
-96.6249 1629.28 0;
-111.4223 1631.73 0;
-126.311 1633.544 0;
-141.2659 1634.689 0;
-156.2578 1635.135 0;
-171.2536 1634.85 0;
-186.2155 1633.806 0;
-201.1029 1631.985 0;
-215.8802 1629.418 0;
-230.5201 1626.157 0;
-245.0015 1622.251 0;
-259.3093 1617.751 0;
-273.4343 1612.705 0;
-287.372 1607.163 0;
-301.1227 1601.171 0;
-314.6911 1594.777 0;
-328.0853 1588.025 0;
-341.3169 1580.96 0;
-354.4003 1573.624 0;
-367.3525 1566.059 0;
-380.1923 1558.304 0;
-392.9405 1550.4 0];
marking = [laneMarking('Unmarked')
laneMarking('Solid', 'Width', 0.13)
laneMarking('Dashed', 'Width', 0.13, 'Length', 1.5, 'Space', 3)
laneMarking('DoubleSolid', 'Color', [0.98 0.86 0.36])
laneMarking('Dashed', 'Width', 0.13, 'Length', 1.5, 'Space', 3)
laneMarking('Solid', 'Width', 0.13)
laneMarking('Unmarked')];
laneSpecification = lanespec(6, 'Width', [1.15 3.85 4.05 4.05 3.85 1.15], 'Marking', marking);
road(scenario, roadCenters, 'Lanes', laneSpecification, 'Name', 'Road');
% Add the ego vehicle
egoVehicle = vehicle(scenario, ...
'ClassID', 1, ...
'Length', 4.848, ...
'Width', 1.842, ...
'Height', 1.517, ...
'Position', [-379.125200173941 1556.58303021224 0], ...
'RearOverhang', 1.119, ...
'FrontOverhang', 0.911, ...
'Wheelbase', 2.818, ...
'Mesh', driving.scenario.carMesh, ...
'Name', 'Car');
waypoints = [-379.125200173941 1556.58303021224 0;
-366.305590542494 1564.32536330499 0;
-353.378987459965 1571.87572272982 0;
-340.326543305963 1579.19401018977 0;
-327.131509721978 1586.2390870977 0;
-313.779623316813 1592.96867078752 0;
-300.259506433378 1599.33926833034 0;
-286.563083033308 1605.30615420819 0;
-272.686008825555 1610.82339835163 0;
-258.62811369467 1615.84395125697 0;
-244.393853270548 1620.3197930356 0;
-229.99276512383 1624.20215327897 0;
-215.439923573124 1627.44180851078 0;
-200.756385460685 1629.98946370341 0;
-185.969624781643 1631.79599410781 0;
-171.112639417778 1632.82979388499 0;
-156.219350663193 1633.11024239663 0;
-141.325999082389 1632.66538677498 0;
-126.465647150981 1631.52487050065 0;
-111.667234895047 1629.71966895395 0;
-96.9557069243864 1627.28173435532 0;
-82.3521622521922 1624.24367797121 0;
-67.8740221837175 1620.63848903658 0;
-53.5352120165889 1616.49928944036 0;
-39.3463527581139 1611.85912289247 0;
-25.3149595220546 1606.75077703347 0;
-11.4456437123054 1601.20663675355 0;
2.25968347149253 1595.25856684718 0;
15.801608265275 1588.93782203899 0;
29.1830139858723 1582.27498236481 0;
42.4084371849991 1575.29929633886 0;
55.466120966873 1568.01501473756 0;
68.323721453812 1560.39400474543 0;
80.949389945062 1552.40566709219 0;
93.3086272096877 1544.02154909831 0;
105.363813872023 1535.21589347987 0;
117.074087761217 1525.96606760816 0;
128.395272904409 1516.25303308256 0;
139.279868321929 1506.06185457839 0;
149.677105387418 1495.38224558217 0;
159.533083014516 1484.2091470792 0;
168.79099028152 1472.54333350949 0;
177.391424277062 1460.39203737291 0;
185.289193631751 1447.77673326981 0;
192.491981614384 1434.7468595944 0;
199.018481213198 1421.35856102854 0;
204.891430284573 1407.66425729255 0;
210.137812613325 1393.71131912434 0;
214.788202611698 1379.54212074336 0;
218.876172786391 1365.19416339823 0;
222.43776507581 1350.70025846732 0;
225.51102563151 1336.08875969258 0;
228.135601351518 1321.38383528756 0;
230.352395442708 1306.60577183166 0;
232.203278466985 1291.77130301111 0;
233.730850683567 1276.89395736607 0;
234.978251009229 1261.98442023415 0;
235.989009721777 1247.0509058665 0;
236.794215949171 1232.10059801931 0;
237.369070402716 1217.14297894522 0;
237.674384954727 1202.18277881769 0;
237.671177620147 1187.22481829544 0;
237.320618826339 1172.27633003686 0;
236.584144723892 1157.34725738243 0;
235.423605637252 1142.45054704508 0;
233.801453276994 1127.60243295521 0;
231.680970110887 1112.82270771082 0;
229.02654398162 1098.13497733198 0;
225.803990647982 1083.56689422292 0;
221.980926395767 1069.15036241574 0;
217.527192196551 1054.9217083232 0;
212.415330068884 1040.92180938283 0;
206.62111130049 1027.19617215558 0;
200.13669373213 1013.78632839741 0;
193.035587493228 1000.68129681174 0;
185.390624317531 987.874904884703 0;
177.26736752206 975.356037154254 0;
168.728141811449 963.106518032109 0;
159.832352981009 951.102630983641 0;
150.636624323912 939.315955236042 0;
141.195036052754 927.714150968102 0;
131.559449891417 916.261695390783 0;
121.779902303691 904.920574713393 0;
111.874535012642 893.686148571285 0;
101.885012457342 882.515552886901 0;
91.9128990076777 871.302993820486 0;
82.0687147484306 859.951950290756 0;
72.4670131403615 848.369713377656 0;
63.2289681261524 836.470840349271 0];
speed = 20.6;
trajectory(egoVehicle, waypoints, speed);
% Add the non-ego actors
vehicle(scenario, ...
'ClassID', 1, ...
'Length', 4.848, ...
'Width', 1.842, ...
'Height', 1.517, ...
'RearOverhang', 1.119, ...
'FrontOverhang', 0.911, ...
'Wheelbase', 2.818, ...
'Mesh', driving.scenario.carMesh, ...
'Name', 'Car1');
vehicle(scenario, ...
'ClassID', 1, ...
'Length', 4.948, ...
'Width', 2.009, ...
'Height', 1.37, ...
'RearOverhang', 0.945, ...
'FrontOverhang', 0.983, ...
'Wheelbase', 3.02, ...
'Mesh', driving.scenario.carMesh, ...
'Name', 'Car2');
vehicle(scenario, ...
'ClassID', 1, ...
'Length', 3.864, ...
'Width', 1.653, ...
'Height', 1.513, ...
'RearOverhang', 0.589, ...
'FrontOverhang', 0.828, ...
'Wheelbase', 2.447, ...
'Mesh', driving.scenario.carMesh, ...
'Name', 'Car3');
vehicle(scenario, ...
'ClassID', 1, ...
'Length', 6.142, ...
'Width', 2.073, ...
'Height', 1.99, ...
'RearOverhang', 1.321, ...
'FrontOverhang', 1.124, ...
'Wheelbase', 3.697, ...
'Mesh', driving.scenario.carMesh, ...
'Name', 'Car4');
vehicle(scenario, ...
'ClassID', 1, ...
'Length', 4.826, ...
'Width', 1.935, ...
'Height', 1.774, ...
'RearOverhang', 0.939, ...
'FrontOverhang', 0.991, ...
'Wheelbase', 2.896, ...
'Mesh', driving.scenario.carMesh, ...
'Name', 'Car5');
| 45,339 |
sn83045604_1894-09-12_1_7_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,267 | 14,704 |
fgADE AND SHIPPING. effftf ffiw wtTk mraer or Aonmrvn, i 5 WBATBia Bt'BBA t* —©AIIT KUffil. ftßATtxa. Wesb.. Kept. U, MK I —IT FE=B | IjfJ r < Z%\ rut* S li 3 5 ?- t = 0 0-**"-\ |f| 2 I It w *^bss. i iU' % f i : 1 |? ! i E H r Sll •*. 2b at ft C Uxt4f i Ztt. '• •- '• *! J4 T- l'> jdr BsWeil* ».OT ?A *-J S»'| turt iirf JLe^l WM mm*. 'J* M«j *\ * .a>^o«4p 'Cc:«. »>- M »- 1 **> a .«ok::o<idr SvsC . « H. fE « a' fear 1 Saawrto -■» w »w If vr»- «ar : r>aiti "'« M** .«w Vear te:*. iela * s "® " j k£ JU'i .f&M tear ' yy»r*ii* Ea» ;h 7«i »4 H Id <»n < ioade L pf4"4 SR a a <*• >ear a 4 id .4l|Ciea4^ oßasrea!i'<''* uk*a at aii atatioas el * p #*.. gi« aarKs.sc time ;5 p. m. PactAe Utaei. j#BS«T taarrtß Rsaeoa bob TBB ar *** b» BiMsiae Barraasca IX i " BMB TI It I* VOW~T1PB! Ti" fast. |fc«.j Jeet j a.rn (eec ; p.aa. i test. 7l» H » «•>•] W 4 I «•« : 2 • 19 ® f « 7 t* 11.2 4:.f » 4 JS Si !9«t ! « « 114 «4i 13.3Jt0.il IS AS A 4; ».7 JAa|it4B 4.i a » 47 J® *::» 12.9 111.30 i( M M $7 M 8-1 iu i 12A|0:Ml 6 3 j ♦JBt/g 1 b-tl 1 n.hj o .V) * ;2jft I « t AT fOBT TOWBSBIfn. Sain 41 1 t.t I »42 I ».! (10:01 14 l« It •:!« »BIIX f- 3.6 Wr» i « g]| 1.2 4ti t.ft i 10:03 il U:« 4 7 ti 4 'fit« | 14:34 4'» >il « |.7 **> 4.4 »:30 4.3 {lll3 j AS U1;46 3 4 4 4 4:43 9 8 111.30 ) 4.1 f SEATTLE, Bapu 11, 18*. gsehanges at Peat tie, Tsoor&a and Port> and oisenng nouses today ware: rtramnm. «a«waa. fcsse- » tsstßM &*.«»! f» 17.V*1 40 Ihrtiaa i »2.464 00 00 The bop rnsrket is in a deplorable condi ita, and many yards in Ibis state will not Is picked at all this year, as the price for ShsKa hops is BO low that It alii hardly ftf tfie farmers to hire men to pick the «rea Advices received irom London coin- Baa* ion men say that only choice stock BI<I be received, and when freight charges aad eotcmission charges ars deducted BStaing aitl remain for the groaar at the prsssnt price. Tkeerop m Sea York 81008 will amount to as much as the total yiald of the Uoited Us lo former years. B Some estimates show that 170,000 bales will be produced in that state this year, and others show that 10,000 bales will be produced in that state from 55,000 to 65,000 bales. In Minnesota, several thousand bales will be produced, and in California from 55,000 to 65,000 bales, Oregon from 50,000 to 65,000 bales, and Washington from 45,000 to 65,000 bales. In Washington, the crop has been unusually fierce, and the season promises to be on a very dull one for growers. In Yakima, choice hops are being sold at a pound, and even at these figures are finding some sale. In the local produce markets yesterday, the movement of trade was fairly large, and there was no material change in prices. Apples of nearly all commodities are fairly large. Strictly fancy peaches are scarce and sell at full figures, but the stock is selling even below quotations. The best grades of apples meet with a fair inquiry, and dealers hold with some firmness to their asking prices. Bartlett pears are in large supply and well packed sell fairly well, but the market has a surplus of inferior stock. Watermelons and cantaloupe were good supply and rather firm. Green ear is in heavy supply, and tomatoes of the best quality are scarce and firm. Potatoes are something mouraiely well at the best prices ruling. Creamery and fancy dairy butter are moving off well at steady figures. Eastern eggs are plentiful, but fresh ranch are very scarce. Cheese is in good supply, with prices unchanged. Merchandise lines moved a little slower yesterday and prices were firm. THE SEATTLE MARKET. New York, April to far as can be seen for Central, from 4 cents per pound. The following quotations are the prices paid to farmers and producers by Seattle merchants for articles named, the prices to be delivered in Seattle. HOPS—Choice, per pound. Best (Incar lots)-Puget sound, per ton; Eastern. Washington, 910 Quotations—In certain lots—Oats, choice, $4; barley, $1 per ton; wheat, $1.25 per crate; corn, $2.50 per crate; potatoes, $1.25 per crate. Potatoes—Handled commission. Hi®**, Pkt rs a>p Taiiow— Heavy salted •sers over AO ll«*. j>er lb, 2t#3Kc; medium, lb, 2Uc; light, under 4h lus, •»''sd kp, Jc, and calf, per lb, 3#to; green •'"ie*. Ic less than salted; dry hides, per cui sof above, one-third less; dry *». per lb, dry deer skins, summer, fr sb, 30r; good winter, l'.'#toc: poor «il th.n winter, sc; sheepskins,!N£2sc; w«w*t%i, wool, per lb; tai- Ltv* >riK*—Choice beef cattle. choice nheep..V; Live hogs, 4! 4 c; targe, 4c; small, fic per lb. uuahtv. per M, flr, ®' 80; choice cedar. common, I" M, H, spring logs, >V. J(ihbto| Quotations, The following are the prices paid by retailers for round lots delivered at the *k**f or on the cars, or the jobbing rates by «h. <le«*t« dealers with ordinary fcrais of credit: st*M s asorcsiK*. (Jobt'ing)—tiolden **C" in bbl, 4S«; eitra "C" in bbl, per lb, ftV'l V' in bt»i, j er lb, dry granulated.^in per ib. ' \c; cube, Te; powdered,7c; W lb discount for spot cash on price* f W®k, ETC. -h Jobbing) Washington per bbl. $J100; patent. 13.50; patent JJ*e'isttt, p Nl; California brands, $.W>; brand*. S3.AM|49O; bock ,! *»i fl - ir. r er bbl, «ri *«0; per •*' 11 ,v»; eranam, per bbl, t2 !*0; sr l«vf, sack*. |l 75 per cwt; rye dour, per **•*< 2S. or UVJK sacks, |27S per cwt; rye per bh . K*»>; l*r c*<, oat P"*ts, p» r bbl. to i»!*♦•».SO; homtuv. per ***< 7S cracke<i wheat, per cwt, |2.43; ebeat, f.VOO par bbl; flaked wheat, f.' IN. whole wheat Hoar, per C l "' •< t. b*';ev. per !K 4 %e, spat t i'f " ta e • <rn meat, vs ■ w, 1 I' n »» »s, - I'.* 10*. |2 .•*). f_ «Qt Faked hotutny, «* w keg. !•*»*»—<J l»bing>—,"*ma!l white, per Ib, f*« V; p..ik. per lb. .vm«c, V r butter, i>er it>, 4Vic, Lima, per lb, sc. Ktct ng) Japan. : « r e*t; I* and. |»vißr&kSlX ptf I *«• < Jobt<mg> - Fieoi. i«r ib, 4c. ,<J oh'>jact— Liverpool. iHV** »•- k*. F. toii tl',tl>; American dairy. 50-1 b SHper u :;, 115; t \ ast. h*it ground, 's* k- {■ r ton, til; 50-lb saeka, per * W; 5-ib sacks. 77 tn bale, Mb i a lodb ucta, 24 tn ,* *2 A L» to J obbi#f>-H offis re«,la*ad, per r, nerce*. *l*; Ke* leaf, UH«; V a t ttsfc^. k < Jot»t. ag>—t»r»vn —M»*b*, per Java, i*r ib, 2y**Cl t oata Ric*. . P*r lb. 2tc; Rio, per lb. *5.S«> 1 - Arbuckie's. tn 1004b cases per s caves, per ew«, 123.40; ca»e«, |^ r cwt, t A.50; Java, 90-ib tin •J*- r*f Uc- t » and LsS-ib Mocba. 35c; pwaberrr b-end, » s J *'<* »ala. 2? '-jC, ground coflee, ".Ult Lum. »»n Hon ten s. Un , fife- i. . te . ' *4b Una. Si. * * *"• fiTrJr.TL "Mr*i«d. ans«eet*n*l. IR.-5; Mofii T. r ** m - U 75 ' ***»*•»*. *so© 7 ~~ Worcestershire, S lISI^* L3BVS «•***». w P*P- - tomato JSJX' »L 3 per Ant; ?•*?<£. *** », pata, lor f 5L F T7 C,oU !."f?~ Dri »* bWa - par rat ion, -**. dnp«, half bbte. par gaiioa fo: we u~ em*. s&>, drips, gaila»«W dnp *- a * f *»*"»• Em ; r # *n« rooiaaase, ga>- Ho™ T 7 C *~" »**««•»; m.DU. u:d *"?• tio * <3 °"" Wi O d /f tH* ' ? f «* i o " t»n«. r<er doa, $7; Old H«BM4(M<I. hve gait— jvUti, H- J*»-Ull*--U«*»Wag)--PaaJe, ao !b« each, P» rlh . sc; Ca.?fornta, Wb cans, «f* l «* *•*. P*r dr«, 91.75. p*, R $ IViy*' California, par., »-gallon Su i. r *'^ n *- *** <**. Hi-50; half gallons. perdos, 9»>. 25. C«"*n»HJobbing)-#*!* x, a*. par *?•*£*■• •**«. 6r per ib; not •ifbib boiH. s<»c per bos; cream m 1(. %.b eorvns. P*r cor ton, 3>c; picnic, «Ue oyster. Ttye; Boston butter, Be; jumb.es' oseorted ctk«, etc, 144115 c. lI'!CEL»-HJobMii(>-Mis«4. K-gollons, l»r do*, $.1.60; flirty j>er dot. $2.25; f. 'l u * rU . If do*. |3 25; ptca lUli. (Mala »r do*. <2.75, P.,h«'. pickets to wood—kegs. mixed and oiaia, SI.OO each; Vi-barrais, plain awl ail*ed. No. $. £u 86c.' aiC * mlied, No. 1, |«r \ (Jobbing)--Barrels, iVfr, par gal, 14c; 40.gr, per gal, 16c; baif-barrels. EZJ? •* 10c; 40-gr, 18c; 5 gal- CAMS BO MOM. CABSBO V BOBTABLKB —(JohUnf)-Ton »«••, 2* 4 -ib cans, per dm, ffk#Sl; tomatoes, r, per dor, |3 25; h.alr corn. ®**« $1.40; Silver Stu.i. f 1.40; BUEBT p«u, C'Bliforri i»,. Mr dn*. 9LSs#L*t>; Btrtng beBOB, per dog.. |1.25; Lmm beana, per eo* |1 W; Huston baked beau*, per dot. 8.50; French pea, 52.235a.a0. I'AMWBP If BOITB — 1 A Blß—(Jobbing)—As »»»rtad. per doa, SLW>; aprtco.a, per doa, $1.75 5290; blackberries, per doa. 1200; Barlett |i*ar». per doa. $1 »): white cherries, per doa, 215; black cherries, per doa, 215; California, per doa. IL'NJ 5.50 Atraaberries, per doa. $160; currants, per doa. $125; grapea, per doa. $125; plum a, per doa. $125; grapea, per doa. $125; pineapples (Jobnson's), per doa. $125; tin a, per doa, per doa. $125; pineapples, per doa. $125; blackberries, in 2-lb tina, per doa, $1.75; currants, gailua, per doa. $125; plum, gailua, per doa. $125; plum, gailua, per doa. $125; grapea, per doa. $125; grapea, per doa. $125; plum, gailua, per doa. $125; plum, gailua, per doa. $125; grapea, 2-lb can, per dozen, roast beef, per do*, $2.25; roast chicken, per do*, $2.50; roast turkey, per do*, $3.50; pigs' leet, 2-lb tins, per do*. $2.25; tripe, $1.50. MEAT, raovisioss ASP rtsa. FRE*I Mim—(Jobbing)—Choiced beef, 4c per lb; mutton, 4c per lb; lamb, 5c per lb; pork, 5c per lb; veal, 6c per lb. Poviosa (Jobbing) Hams, large, ham, small, $1; breakfast bacon, 13½c; dry salt meats, 10½c per lb; hams, 10½c per lb; hams, 10½c per lb; shoulders, 10½c per lb; smoked, sealed, 100s per box, 40c; spiced hams, 80½c per box, 40c; spiced hams, 10½c per lb; pork, whole cod, 100-lb boxes, 7½c. Canaan Flaw —(Jobbing)—Cans, per doz, 92.50; cans, 1½c per lb, per doz, 9½c; lobsters, 1½c per lb; salmon, per doz, $1.75; salmon, Columbia river, 1½c per doz, 11½c; Alaska, per pack, 91.40; Alaska, silver, 9½c; key, 9th floor, plain, 9-'. beef, $3.25; sauerkraut, American, red, 75c; mackerel, $1.50; tins, per doz, 97.90; shrimps, per doz, 92.75. Fish—(Jobbing)—Halibut, 50c; salmon, 50c; salmon trout, 50c; flounders and soles, 4c; cod, 4c; rock cod, 5c; smelt, 5c; sturgeon, 5c. Fish—(Jobbing)—Eastern creamery, 50c per lb; choice dairy, 25c; fresh California, 21c; Eastern, 25c; fancy ranch, 19c. Creamery (Jobbing)—New Washington, 14c; Eastern, 15c; California, 10c. Creamery (Jobbing)—Fresh ranch, 22c; store eggs, 18c. Port Tallow—(Jobbing)—Chickens, broilers, 92.25c per 100 lbs; hens, 94.00c per dozen; ducks, 94.00c per dozen. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1.50 per 100 lbs. Beef—(Jobbing)—Hogs, $1.50 per 100 lbs; pork, $1.50 per 100 lbs; hams, $1 VkorrA*iiw—( Jobbing)—rahbajres, 91.28 per cwt: onions, new California. yellow, 91.00; parsnip*. 91.00; per wick; l>ewt*, WV; f.irnn », ?5o; carrot*. 75e pw Mfk ; cauli flower. per do*; pi* plant, l\»c; let luce, 12V(t; gre»n onions, 12 per do*; Dkiu* pe*», 2.t%c; string beons, 2c p«r poand. F*rtr —(Jobbing)— Lemons, forma, banana*. 92*4* per bunch; pineapple*. No. I, per do*; cocoanuts, 50t«** per dna: baok berne*, 91 per easa; peaches, a"M75c; Harlett pear*. 75. .*<Sl 00 per bo*; p. urns, prune*. ft^str.'Sc. I>ki*d Factr* (Jobbtnr) Apricot*. b>«ach«-d. per lb. lie; tic*, California, per lb, 7c; rtmvrna, per lb, 12c; paarhes. evap orated, per lb, lie; plum*, patent, per lb, ;»c: *p|ilM, beached, per lb, 11c; prune*, Washington, lie; California, 11t413c; retain*. I~ L., fi O0«4 275 per bot; U M-, 9L054i2.53; »eedi*** 3ui. tanas, |2.10. Nmt-<Jobbing)-»e*t aimond. par lb. It>v<l7c; paennt*. raw, Vir*»m*, 7c; roasted. 10c; filbert*. per lb, 14e; Brnil, p»t lb. 12c; wanut*. Cahforn a. per lb, IMl4o; c*)Coanut». per 100. f» <7; chest nut*, Bieilv. rer lb. lie; Ohio, l*e; pecans, r*r lb. Hvjlic; pip* nut*, per lb, l«e; hickory nuts, t*£7a. BAT, **Atl* a*® rt*». t! tY—<Johbing)—Puget soand, per ton. s>,<lo; Eastern Washington, 91.^13; •trae. 9*. \VHi«r —(Jobbing)—Chicken feed, psr ton, 9H Oift —(JobbiafO 1 P^ r too, |-i Ba»i kT—<Jobbing>—Rolled or ground, par ton, 9l"»- _ . ... ( op - w tiol*. 9-"9; cr*cked, per ton, S3O; feed meal. P p**r ton. Mtt.t*Tr^rrn—4 Jobbing)— Bran, per ton. |U. short*, per t a, 915. F**d—(Joli u,gh-Ahopped feed. 9l"*tS per ton; mid-iltnga, per ton. |IT; oticaka meal, per ton HV It' H *t* A*® Itltfl** *A»«*I»U 1 rsm-Rcuch eommon, per M. 97; UMBOS. S red. 9T f mmon. I» 4 s». 9.. For the 14th, 9th, and 1st ring, No. 1, 91; The following, new, various, 9th, mouldings, 40 percent discount on the various. Moulding stock, single, per M, 91 40. lath, per M, 91 A, pickets, 1.50 each, Sugar, 3.50; bagging—Common, 97 50 per present. 9 "RI per M, tmcuir & <ia n kte'a leorr. *.»». |3L*B>; 1®B» fT, CeeUia, abite. tSQOtU per «*aa<L Teaacco P ag. dsear ag, C i®ai, m t3-ca pisn. fmt t», tSe. 16-08, 41-; Star, per la. 4Je; Baato*. 41e; 4k; He»d*m*. *5Se; Rentacar laist. per ib. s#c; Scroii lac per b, ; »aa Tag. par iK SJV - 811888 tbing Irood. 6to lb» 4ic; uaacat riiea a*. For past of » iba Smoking, a:et. «la <Ki«. par In, 41-; 12 ai 12-08,?** ib, 43c; Cable Cast, 2 and Ks piuga. 42c; j*«ai of North Oaoiiaa, Marburg, t»a. r*r lb. iS«e; «eai of N'octb CarniSaa. Ma- »urg, S*. per lb. Mto; L ma K »«. 2-o*. p»r lb, Me; 4-os, per ib, 54c. Maaud, Sftc; Mastitf, ». % s, 57c. Coated Wholesale and Retail— Doable Berensed $5 per lb; service, to car load for, 9c, 92.50 per lb; Sacramento acres up, 91.50; back 1 am good, 92 per 100 lbs; Corn bar and blacksmith, 917.75 per lb; Jobbing— Grain, per 100, $7.50; old, per 100 lbs. Pars—Coarse straw, $5; bu; dealers' straw, 2½; No 2 mottled, No. 1 mottled, cotton, 1 lb; express, to. Alaska, Toota ABB COS DAS S- K A:ta—Jobbing—Ne 1st cut steel same as wire-cut steel, 91.50; wire, 91.50 Totals—Haws—Crosscut, $5 per lb; and Toledo, $5 per lb; Canadian carpenter and steel, 75c per lb; hand, DuMton's, 5 per cent, off list. ABB Single bit, 97.50 per dozen; double bits, per dozen, and at the end. dos. If steel—From per dozen, Mat tuck—Per dozen, 97.50. Pickles—Hail and, 95.75 per lb. 75 % do. F>rfca— Hay, and 10 per cent. (Great Britain—Per 1%Bt"2c. Wrdgee—Stoei, 6Vfe<4lso per 1%ck. Flisa Mto 10 per cent off. TAKJUIRU Toota—oo BAD 10 percent off. L*a* MOWXBS— '<Great American, 50 and 10; Philadelphia, 50 of, and Buckeye, 60 and 10 per cent off. HIGH AVEB— 55 per cent off. Cabanas—White Mountain, 60 per cent off; Light, 50 per cent off. Best—Low or Fairbanks platform, and 1% per cent off; country, 35 per cent off; country, 35 per cent off; Spofford scales, 35 per cent off. Corn—4 Jobbing)—Manch and larger, 7% per lb; 12-thread, per lb; 6 and 8threa, 7% and larger, 7% and 12-thread, 7% and 8%c; tarred lath yarn, 7% and 8%c; Manila, per lb. TISWABB Piecad, 50 per cent off; stamped, 70 per cent off. TIBANITBWABO— "25 per cent off on last. OAKLAND—Eggs, $4.50@$5.50 Wash—Galvanized plain fence, 60 off; black plain, 50 and 10 off; galvanized barbed fence, per lb; green wire cloth, 9½ per lb; green wire cloth, 9½ per lb. Pigs—Per pound, double tape, 9½@$5; trip eggs, 97.50. POWDER—4 Jobbing—Black blasting, per keg, 91½@$1; 35 percent, patent—Hercules or Judson dynamite, 9½@$1.50 per case of 50 lbs; 40 percent, Hercules or Judson dynamite, 9½@$1.50; Champion or Triumph pump, 9½@$1.50; improved Judson, $4.50; Golden Pheasant sporting, 2½ lb keg, 9½@$1.50; Dupont use sporting, 2½ lb keg, 97; sea or summer shooting, 2½ lb keg, 97; Eagle Duck, 2½ lb kag, 9½ per case. SHOT—(Jobbing)—Drip, 91.30 per bag; buckshot, 91.45; chilled shot, $1.45. HOTEL HABIT WIB Ropa—4½ percent off list. IBO* PLTS —(Jobbing) Wrought Iron, up to 1½, black, 50 percent off list; larger sizes, 60 and 10; galvanized, 1½ and under, 40 and 5 percent off; larger sizes, 1½ and 5 percent off. Tin Plates — (Jobbing)—Charcoal pistes, bright, 12, 14, 20, 9, 50 per box; 12, 9, 90; charcoal plates, tern, window, 75, 10 and 5 percent off list; French or Belgian, 80 percent off. GRASS—(By the sack) —Timothy, per lb, 6½c; orchard, 15c; red top, 7c; blue, grass, 15c; red grass, 10c; mixed lawn, 15c. CORN—(By the sack)—Red, per lb, 14c; alfalfa, 14c; white, 10c. CORN—(By the sack)—Ked, per lb, 14c; alfalfa, 14c. CORN—(By the sack)—Wheat—Valley, 75c; Walla Walla, 70c. BARLEY—Market steady. POTATOES—(By the sack)—Valley, 75c; Walla Walla, 70c. BARLEY—Market steady. POTATOES—(By the sack)—Valley, 75c; Walla Walla, 70c. BARLEY—Market steady. POTATOES—(By ton. Flour—Firmly established, $3.25-$4.50; bakers' extras, $1.26; superfine, $1.25-$1.30. Wheat—Trade is of moderate volume for shipping purposes; for No. 1 shipping and $1.25 for choice; middling grades, 9¢ to 9¢. Barley —Feed descriptions are not in fair demand, Common stock is in free offering and easy in price. For brewing, barley there is yet a good demand for shipment, and all offerings of standard chevalier are promptly taken for a like purpose. Feed, fair to good, 77¢-$1.25; choice, $1.25-$1.50; brewing, $1.25-$1.30. Hay—The demand is slow and the situation is against sellers. Trade is mostly of a jobbing character and very slim at that. Comfort, surprise, fair, $1.25; fancy feel, $1.02; good to choice, $0.97; poor to fair, $0.75; red, nominal; gray, $0.85. Produce receipts—Flour, sacks, 14. Oregon, 4 cents; wheat, centals, 12.145; Oregon, 20.3; barley, centals, 31.5; Oregon, 40 cents; oats, centals, 1,343; corn, pruited, $75; rye, sacks, $3.75; potatoes, sacks, $1.50; onions, sacks, $7.50; bran, sacks, $2.20; Orchard, 1,224. Drafts—On sight, New York, per $9140. Over half a barrel—On London, $1.50; over half a barrel, $4.50. Mutton dollars—Barrels, $4.50. Alts, 17; Lumber, Host & Be; charcoal, 14; Roule, $1.50; It's war, 1.50. Cheaper. , 4.*>; (Crosby, 1 Cait f-'rn.a A \ »rg ma. 4< ; ("rows Point. 77; Eureka Con., 25; QouMiA Carry. 75; Ha.* A N.xvros*. 7«: Mnic**, l' Mono, *»; Mount Dsah.o, i&, ('jxhir. 274; Totoei. 70; Savaga **. Ss«rra N*v*«*w, 115; Cnioa Con*o4.d*t»i, 7* ; Ctab, 7, Yeiloa Jacket, ~t; Andaa, t»»; Hanu.n t o**oi<d*te«l, rtj, BnUion, 90; l aiedonia, IS; th*..e*sre ConaohJat-1, 37; Untl l"n*». 3; Ju>a, 2; Ji suce 51, Ker, met, 7; OvCMkenuti, 7; wartuaa, 21, s«g. beicber. W,?V-R>rpw. 5; AJpba Consolidated, U; CaaJSdenoe, 85. Now York, 11—At the opening of business on the stock exchange, there was an active demand, which was met with marked support. Jam moving influence as the government report, issued yesterday after the close, which was unfavorable to the market. The traders here have been hearing upon a bad crop report, especially as to corn, and when they found that their calculations were not carried out, they were in haste to report the error. Hence, those who had short contracts on their hands were desirous to cover, and their purchases brought about a sharp advance, led by Burlington, with a gain of 18% which brought the price to $1.50 and rose 1 percent, which was $1.06, and St. Paul to $1.67. Sugar also joined in the upward movement, touching $1.05, an advance of $1.05. The general market also recorded a fractional improvement, which was, however, but temporary, the leaders of the market, too, making a reaction, Burlington losing %, Sugar 2 and others a smaller fraction. Chicago Gas rained only the opening dealings it was raised on a report from Chicago to the effect that a war of rates was in progress to that. City. A break of 1 cent resulted and the rest of the market moved down in sympathy, but only fractionally. Before 11 o'clock, sugar sprang into decline in expectation of a declaration of the regular dividend of 5 percent. An improvement of 10½ was effected in the general market, being held steady up to midday, except United States Cordage, which was sold freely on reports that the company's business was not prosperous. It then declined to be speculations during the afternoon was rather dull except in Soar, which moved erratically, reacting to 106, advancing to 106, a substantial recovery of fa. making a gain on the day of %. The preferred advancing V TThe decline after the declaration of the dividend is said to be due to a belief that the business of the company will have to be done in a different way during the coming fiscal year. The active list fell off a small fraction in sympathy with the weakness in Sugar, while Cordage preferred broke IV£ and Manhattan 1 percent. In the last hour the market was strong, some shares recording material advances, and almost the entire market closing firm. Some declines were established, including United States Cordage preferred, 3½; common, 11½, and Nickel Flats and Laclede has preferred, each 1 percent. Railroad and miscellaneous bond market was firm throughout the day. Government bonds—Firm. State bonds—Firm. Railroad bonds—Firm. Petroleum—Steady; October options, closed at 5½ percent. FINANCIAL. Money—On call, easy at 1 percent., last loan 1 percent., closed at 1 percent. Prime mercantile paper, 3½ percent. Sterling exchange, dull, with actual business in bankers' bills at 4.86 for demand, and 14.85½ for 4 to 3 days; posted rates, 4.86. Silver certificates—64c. BOSOM. U. S. 5% reg., 119; U. S. 5% coupon, 11½; U. S. 4% reg., 114; U. S. 4% reg., 114; U. S. 4% reg., 104; U. S. 4% reg., 104; Pacific 6% of *ft 101; Ala., class A, 102; Ala., class B, 104; Ala., class C, 92; Ala., currency, 92; La. New Consols, 4% Missouri (Vs. 100; N. Carolina Hs, 125; N. Carolina 4% 99; Tenn. New Set ties, 7%; New Set ties, 104; Tenn. Old Set ties, 100; Va. Cent., 85½; Va. Cent., deferred, 8%; Atchison 4%, 92; Atchison A, 25½; Canada Southern Ala. 10½; Central Pacific 1st of 10½; D. A K. G. 7%, 115; D. A K. G. 4% 7%; Krisides, 77; 4% H.,t S. A. As, 95; Houston & Texas Central 5% 96; Houston & Texas Central 6% 96; M. K. T. first 4%, 45½; Mutual Union 6% 110; N. J. Cent, gen'l ss. Northern Pacific 2%, 80; Northwest S. F. dah, ss, 115; Rio Grande Western, ls, 5%; St. Paul Consols 7% Paul a A P. W. ss, 114; St. L. A. 1. M. Oea. 5% 80; St. L. AS. F. Gen. 6s, 9%; Tex. Pacific 1sts. 87; Tex. Pacific 2ds, 274; Union Pacific 1sts. of '90, 105; West Shore 4s, 104. STOCK QUOTATIONS Atchison, 7%; Adams Express, 14%; Alton, Terre Haute, 3d; Alton, Terre Haute, 3d; Alton, Terre Haute preferred, 1½%; American Express, 110; Baltimore & Ohio, 7½%; Canada Pacific, 87; Canada Southern, Central Pacific, 11½%; Lake & Ohio, Chicago & Alton, 141; Chicago, Indianapolis & Quincy, 70½%; Chicago Gas, 74½; Consolidated Gas, 1½%; Chicago, Cincinnati, Columbus & St. Louis. Lout*, 4<>; Colorado Coal A Iron, S}*: Cotton Oil Certificates, 3251<,: Delaware Hudson, 134; Delaware, Lackawanna <t Western, Denver A Hio Grand* preferred, 3H; D'.stulets' A Catti* Feeders' Company, ltf; Hast fenneaeee, ISHi: Erie, lf»; Erie, pre ferred, Fort Wayne. 152; Great North ern prelerred. 100; Chicago A Eastern Illi nois prelerred, 117; Hocking Valter, ; Illinois Central, IMS; St. I'aul A Duluth, 23; Ka!i» » «i Texas jreferred, 24: Lake Eri* A Western, I*H; I «t*e Erie A West ern \ elerre 1,73**; Lit ae Mm re, L>s> 4 ; Lead Trim. 4"'; Lou» vt..« \ Nasi. LA, 4 ; L>u s».lie it > New Albany, •>; Manhattan Consolidated, lis?,; Memphis A Char estoo. 10; Michigan Central, i«; Missouri Pacific, 3i>%, Mobile A: Ohio, Nashvlil* it < tiatvanouga. «f»; National t'orda<e, ltf" 1 ,-. Nat.anal Cordage preferred. Norfolk A Western preferret,»;\; North Company, 4\; Northern Pe cuic, b\\ Northern Paciuc { referred, 21W; Cnion Pacific, l>en*er A Ouif, S; Northwestern. 1U' 4 ; Northwestern pre ferred, 141 New ofk Central, 101 ; New York and New England, 271*; Ontario A Western. IT*, ; Oregon improve ment, 1*1*; Oregon Navigatum, ;/i; Oregon - .ort Liite A I* tab Northern. *!,; Pacific Mail, 13 Sj; I'eor.s. iVcitur A KvaasVilte, 4' 4 . Pittsburg. 152; Pullmsn Palace. 1.%7; Heading. 'JIM*. Richmond Terminal, Richmond Terminal preferred. 24' 4 ; Rio Grande Western. 10; iiio Ciranoe Western, prelerred. 42; li >c« island. ht. Paul. St. Paui prtiemd, B2; ttt. Paul A Oman a. J*; 8k Paul A Omaha, pre ferred, 111; Southern Pacific, "21; Sugar Refinery.lo4'%; T*nnrsse«-Cos A iron,l**¥; Texas Paciuc. 10%; Toledo A Ohio Central preferred, TO; I'oion Pacific, 14; E nited States Express, Wabash, St. Louts A Pacific, f%\ Wassail, St. Louts A Pacmc preferred. 1' Weils-Fargo Kl press, 118; Western I nwn, IB; Wheeling A Lake Kris. UHI heeang A Las* Br.* preferred, 45; i>en*«-r A K •> Orande. 12; General Etsctne, t National Lin* s-ed, 16; Colored j Fuel A Iron, ; Con redo Fuel A lion preferred, *2, Toledo. Ann Arbor A North Mich igan, b\. Toledo. Sl Louis A Kansas City, 1; lo.edo, St. Louis A Kacsas City prslerred, i KH»SK* SOLS. Th* total sa:e« of stocks todae were 177,* 203 shares, inciud ng: Atchison, S,4<»; American -agar, T, v«); Burlington. I*,- "■»*>; D-.stililng. 4 >** < nicapo Gaa, 7,4'«); Hock island, i*"; > t_ P*ai, 15 600; Cord age, 4.300; Aesieta I n.on, 4,30(1 ■ors. Ho>pe —Quiet; atat» tsxmo a to choice, fciac; Pacific uu; 74110 c. W(M»U Woo.—Steady. smiA Pig iron -Steady. —-teady. I.#*d— Weak. I'm- Weak. s>p«ii«r—Firm; domestic, fKO. ICitlk £ agar—Raw, firm corni Coffee—Options c -se-1 ttrely steady at & petnts «-e iin«. -«*• -ber. spo« cudee—Kio, No. 7, lw ; 4 -. Burns, THE OLD RELIABLE Bruises, QEexican Mug liniment far Rheumatism. Manor Beast. Stiff Joints. CHICAGO ViKKßft. res aoaas or nuna. Cute*ac, Sept. IL—The grain markets were agitate-' by the f.>*trao#nt crop ra port i*»ued yesterday. They *#r» feverish and irr«gu;ar, ;at ended by being string. With wheat at the top, the market was higher than they expected yesterday. Provisions, however, were strong and slightly higher. Oats finished slightly higher for September. The government crop report on the wheat was considered rather bearish, with the start, although the report was extremely bullish and caused a steady market. The price of that article, and of wheat also, was also to a slight extent at the start. Wheat was very soon to indicate, by returning the weakness, the opinion entertained by the speculators of the government report. The market soon settled down for a considerable time to a state of sluggish dairies at within a 1-16 of 1 cent of the price it closed at yesterday. The primary market receipts showed a material falling off from the recent average, but on the other hand, so did the export clearances from the Atlantic ports. Bradstreet's estimate of the visible supply knocked the market out of the even tenor of its way in a downward direction. December, which had opened at soon fell back to 6a tier, it remained for a long time before it turned to Bradstreet's reported an increase at nearly 4,000,000 bushels, but of the Rockies. By 1 o'clock December wheat had risen to 37½c. The strength in corn helped the market and the close was at the top, so For December, the market opened strong, but the first bulge was met by a flood of selling orders which carried down the downward direction to the market that lasted until about forty-five minutes from the close. Then, however, it rose to about the highest price made at the opening, and it closed at an advance of over yesterday. The government report was the chief news which influenced the market, but although it was not capable of any but a very bullish improvement, there were lots of corn for sale as soon as the opening bids were made. May opened at 6½c, tumbled to 5½c, on what seemed to traders a "backet-shop raid," and rose again near the close to 5½c, winding up at 5½c, closing at 5½c, and closing at 5½c. Oats were easy in feeling and met with only a fair trade. The government report was looked upon as quite favorable to the bulls, but the great influence corn has over the oats fluctuations caused the market to decline after opening firm. May started at 36c, sold at up to and at noon was selling at the latter rate in corn, which advanced, May closing at 3½c. Provisions opened firm and then declined on heavy selling by the packers. The late strength in corn caused a reaction, and the market closed firm. January pork finished 5c higher, January lard lower, and January ribs 5c higher. Closing: Wheat—September, December, 57½c; May, 62½c. Corn—Higher; September, 5½c; October, 57½c; May, 36½c. Oats—September, October, 35½c; May, 36½c. Rye—Steady at 47½c. Barley —Steady at Flaxseed—Quiet at $1.30. Timothy seed—Firm at $1.30. Fork—Higher; September, $14.35; January, $14.37. Lard—Steady; September, $1.97; October, $9; January, $9.42. Ribs—Lower; September, $7.87; October, January, $7.37. LIVE STOCK. Hogs—Receipts, 31,900 head; official, yesterday, 25,815; shipments, 9,911, fairly active; sales ranging from light; 95.40-$75 for rough packing; 15.40-$75 for mixed; $6.50 for heavy packing and shipping lots. Cattle—Receipts, 6,000 head; market, fairly active; firm, without quotable change. Sheep—Receipts, 12,000 head; firm, without alteration in sales. KNOLISH MARKET London, Sept. 1L —Bar silver, 29 11-16. Consols, 102 7-1& Bank of England discount rate, 2 percent. New York, Sept. 11.—The beginning of the London cablegram says: Today's settlement increased in firmness of loans. South American stocks boomed further. A block of a quarter of a million of Argentina securities was taken by a financial system from the Baring estate, with a pall for more in October. Gilt edged securities continue to rise and the public game confident is slowly. Liverpool, Sept. 11—Wheat—Closed, steady; demand, moderate. No. 2 red, winter, 4½ 41; No. 2 red, spring, 4½ 7½d. Corn—Steady; demand moderate; new mixed, spring, 5½d; futures, dull; demand, poor; September, 5½d; October, 6½d; October, 4½d; October, 4½d. Liverpool—Steady; demand, poor; St. Louis fancy winter, 5½d. London (Pao, the coast) steady; demand, moderate; £2½d. The Weather Crop Bulletin. Following is the weather crop bulletin issued by Director Alcatore for the week ending September 10: Western Washington This week's weather was even cooler and decidedly rainier than the preceding week. At no time during the seven days did the maximum temperatures go beyond the freezing notch. Even on the warmest days, while the minimum temperature was reached 4 degrees on the cool mornings and 5 degrees on the warm and sultry mornings. The week has been without frost. During the first half of the week, generous rains and well-distributed showers fell in this part of the state. They did incalculable good to late-planted potatoes, in many cases, saving the crops which otherwise would have been a total failure. These welcome reins were also of great benefit to late trust in many sections, and of course pastures are looking fine everywhere. The grain harvest was checked somewhat by the steady weather, but was soon resumed and was actively carried on during the last three days of the week. Hop picking has become quite general in nearly all the hop districts of Western Washington. Many of the hop raisers have by this time realized if at constant and careful spraying of the vines is absolutely necessary to most places to insure a good crop. The rains have injured the vines in many yards in King County. Lace have increased in such proportions as to almost destroy the crop in some cases. In the shambles and Lewis counties, the outlook for good hop crops is quite favorable, in the great hop raising variety of Puyallup, only such crops as were sprayed will be kept to pieces with profit. All the forest fires which were raging in West Washington last week have been extinguished by the rains. Eastern Washington—Slightly warmer weather has been beneficial and well distributed rains have prevailed in that part of Washington during the week just ended. The greatest temperature between the coldest days and 91 degrees on the warmest days. The nights are very cool, the thermometer is many plates going down to degrees. A killing frost was reported from portions of Stevens county, where the temperature was injured in unprotected places. The rains have interfered to a great extent with the harvest of grain crops. On the other hand, crops in the ground have been greatly benefited by the success and pastures are in first-class condition. What the failures are, yet, so late, the harvest has done much good. Fall fruit is doing well. Gardens produce will be plentiful, as districts lasted by the late frost. The extreme south of them, particularly in the section, hopes are now reported in fairly good condition. Picking has been in good condition and is well underway in some parts of the area. On the other hand, the crop will be in good condition. On the other hand, the crop will be in good condition. UnifKlorlT. Hop pickers are making for the yards to large numbers. 'ra*t KllUag V* Bat Draatk >aar*4. OB tRt, Sapt. IL—Snactai* from Sorth aa'.eru N*bra»Aa and Wa«t«m loara report killing ir>.ata!aat aifbt. lata com, fia* and garden truck are reported to bar® U**a kiliad oc bad.y damaged. MARINE SIBI. Porr Tr>ars**B», S*pt. IL—rPntHal-V- Ame*d—Bb Oe>r|» K Manooa, from San Francisco at Fort Bakersley; bktn Ka tr*ie*r. front San Franciscan. at Fort Had iock. <»er »h Henrietta gotm to Port Canabi*, and Br *b beech bank cornea doira from Port Bakersley tomorrow. Horticultur, Sept. IL— Arrived A rag, Cooa bay, red— 1 % of Fueba. Victoria and Fort Townsend, Liverpool Sutte of California, Portland and St. Louis; Bk Sea King, Nanaimo; bk John Wort er, Sand Point. Freight and charters Br Catheart, at Portland, wheat to IT. K., Havre, Antwerp or Hinkirk; Br b Matwell, at Portland, wheat to U. K., Havre, Antwerp or Dunkirk; Am bk (Oakland, BOW at Seattle, merchandise and grain to Central American ports. WATER FRONT KOTER. Steamer Farallon will arrive this afternoon from San Francisco. Steamer Cricket has a trip yesterday on account of the breaking down in her machinery. Steamer Mexico is expected to load coal for the Treasure Island Mining Company at Alameda. Capt. Claud Troup, of the team crew honored, is in Portland on business, and his place on the boat is being filled by Capt. K. M. Barrington. Steamer Queen was at the bunker. Yesterday, taking on fuel, and returned to Taconia to Quiab loading a cargo of grain for San Francisco. She will take down about 4,400 tons of wheat, and will lay up at San Francisco for the winter. Deeds Recorded in the Auditor's Office yesterday. Real estate transfers from January 1, 1879, are 13,349,758. There were died for record yesterday 9 deeds, the considerations aggregating 112,631. Following is the list as furnished by Osborne, Trempert Co., abstractors of title, 111 Cherry street, between Front and Second: Sheriff to J. L. Schnitz, blocks A, B, G, D, F, U, H, J, and other property in Booth state. |7,941. Sheriff to A. H. Kmj, one-half lots 1 to Q, block 26, and others, Northern addition, 11.25. C. W. Speartn to Charles Wealey, lot 11, block 1, Queen A onid. |Goi J. K. Buchanan to C. T. Lanning, blocks 1, H, 4, 5, and others, Boulevains square, 0. T. LenfTidgetoC. A. Lengridfre, blocks 1, 31, 4, and others, Boulevains square, 0. A. N. Drear to A. T. McCarver, lots 1A to 18, block 28, Yeager's 24, $1,300. M. A. Graf to C. Peferson, lot 8, block Grat's Sainton bar, $100. C. D. Prop to John Deitrichs, lots 17, 18, block 28, Denny & Hovt's, $600. W. JL Eaton to F. O. Döber, lot 2, block 2, Yeager's 2d, $100. Old Mill at Olablt B*|loi Kaonlnf. The mill known as the old mill at Part Gamble will commence running this morning, after having been shut down since last summer. The new mill has been running steadily right along, and recently has been working eleven and one half hours a day. Mill company has received some large foreign orders lately, and last Sunday Superintendent Conway came to this city to get a crew. He hired twenty of the crew of the Western Mill Company and took them to Port Gamble yesterday. HOTEL ARRIVALS. ■ OTSL sr ri.aa E Foley, Spokane T K Davis. t'taslsdy Mra K Hawkins, Vlctoriß Waeka A w, PofUaßd C it Grsy, t ¥ Q T Bmlgar, Deader I. H Hanson, do L ."su'i* <k sr. Virtorla F D Nowell A f. JaneetiH P N<»areli. Rxtoo M:as M Rathbum, Purt<J f f ISaieb 4w,V »sb M»« L Rathb'iro, du J Fet«!, Uwrimond. Va H P Jon«s, F *J> NikmayerA w,W*»h ( apt Koetei, »'bateftia J ( Hanaan. pt Ac(* «a E J Jolly, »Aa, « F J i !i»uB«ler». Pt lowa L CSliom, I»<OUI» JC Deaay, Saobonisb A L Bration. Portland I. F Hart, do J M Met*i>;er i, do O A Carry, JJ Y Albert Tblel, i aroma E C F<«r*u»oa A w, Snob k> M Rice, B.alaa li I) Morgan Aw, do J W Casey. Port, and Mrs I. Wubar, do Hartots R>b!nsou, At ma A w Frater, do Jatoe* Seiiey, do W a J«ns>ue, St I-onla t £ lM*ion, do P A O'Farrai), lecoma E J fay, Portland L D Sialtb, Detroit F B Edualstoe, Illinois W >rsL xoataeait. F. P. Davis, Vancouver II W. Oraaeaißh A«, N Y Kt Vt trivr, Tacoma * F KhuMtn, • l Paul K J Palmer, Victoria 1 H Brooks, Ptßiakeiey J E Brooks, city ''ftaa Fianer, Kraa M r»EKMoore, bpokane Chaa M Faulkaer. Fir G C <E*e;and, SaobomiabK E Parmeiaa. N Y E W McCojaal.Tacoma Harris, e ty J Q Ran ice. city E I> < otran, Or tuple )i C H'tbv, I hlcego I M H >w«U, Inrvm* F W Pettygro*e, a F HCLytte, laeouta Orno mri u«. Tcvaa < M'ti.soa. do F B Eaiiofc, do Cbae M Baiiwio, tity C A Mma, city F A Churchill, do J B McJClnatry, T«aa « M RaSJlsh, N Y DrTlt Yoaac. eity J M Korlo, N Westratosv i> H < arey, Yakima U E Burcbard, JJ Y Mr AM re Roberta, Yoko be 1. W Carpenter, e «y F U fleree, la J OBRcobey,U rn»!a J M."tacepvf, Teooma W a clerk, Tacotne F H Hill. do Vr & M K«adei, eUy Itr A H Barnes, elty A U *e!mm, Teco O B Reynolda, a Mateo W H (nau, Mrnae H Si Cobb, at Panl C O Riooa, leauioa u T*t Mttsa. R I'tiM 1 mao, Ml V**a » 8 M<*>r*, Bxk Dl*'d 0 M F f do J A Kan kin. d« II R»aa, da H It Waiftiofloa. 6aoq 0 HsnaMi Aw. Ei'NWf A *•»»•», Moodapon II ft Mr L'nias C H li Umyd, Victoria If la » iottOKM, Vwa'cr L M A.t.>:J, f*.irr» C F*rg!i*oß, SoiiDom <A L K opp, Vane*>r, B C i Hit, Mdß«r V C MoUtrtugtr, Mditom A Luiaa, do R # w feilur. Usdttoe* El- Got. Zailck, of Arisen*, hu written • l*tt«r to th* pr«si<i«ni, Tijcorouaijr op posing the nmoTiug of Cbkit Gsronima and hi* Ap*cl.os from ifoant Vtrnoa b*r racks in Al*l»*na, vhtn X.U*j *r* sow c<»nti**d, to th* foriuer rs*r*«Uon in Anson*. The blf excursion atoamsr Stat* of Washington will ran two trips to th* In> tarstat* f*:r Wednesday, ls*pt«nb«r Li One do'lar for th* roond trip. Including sdmiaaton to th* f*ir. be* display *«lr S TEA M EN*. L*OH 17. A DAT DOC K. MMIT, UIARLta- I JOS AM) ftfcKXAKIOS. TBS mi ITItHI* | I I i CA-H Af fill Istfw Harnagtoa A ftsr ti a w t»*rl tw> trips d*i»y. sxe«p« Friday, a* » 96 * m. **d Spa. Imim tsram«rv.a » » a. ». aaJ « »p. m. t hsrloatoe, ■».-»» a. ». aaJ «»*«. L*av«a Sittftojr, 13 w a. aa, aad 4:U p. at. pacific iuvimatiom oa 1 liM Card. Vka(n« of W«ah ti.«W>a w'« waaiua 4a r asceps Aaijrrtar a» ) < p. in. M*tti* aod L* C*a««r iU»ul*—fair *ar«&«*aa £«*iu* 4*Ujr ameapt Sua4a» at S a. so. 1 a».<»«aa aod s**?i«* E-u-a—*t*i* et ft a*o - Ua<« Maui* a&J l«*r»4*/a *; i p. at _ ifc;IJUA iKO. ytt a« T*» tiTKB* BKATTTB TO TTCTVT Ttm iwM irtjw «• ». «m»i in taeae !Mr«ait»wH*«atHMk rst VTKAXKB ftrtr '«-n Mr * -- ---a* -i >ta m MB **«•; tun* trnvt ItUiuT, MAT V era* <•**% Uw»lw*»-T!«t UOlka.tAMliA t«a*e *4 « AX, B.* * JJ wrirrtij l***« WMtfMa-T'-Bta rn, Jt <*B »XW» ML Se*e*T*.*%*•»....* m . > M. ? B» |k « laaiftaf •« ?t. P. *BMg J *»*:>aa% *44 1 maw> rt»i Back Kmm ef )CarH« »»m MMJi*. n T'TIWIITT ** -T--r« 11 Bn Mt —- Kv i KwrrTii * mTuMSTow att u ■ teal*—l* afreet T Weed*'*. U. CJU\S.Rt. Le r »f»« ... » k>*Bi;{,T *eaU:a n » * r* At iMMk.„.n:U*B ir £▼*<*«• ... :*pa* L* «WMt ... t.m pmflM *»•*«*..... u> j> i\ At tetUk.... 4.* j? m. at Bearau... ;;«tp sa MB BAY. Le freretl ... > 00 a «* | L» taenia.... p P» tosneeuag wtw eteaoaer* Mait&omah a»d A Bardraa dally, ex«ept Mawß*y, at 7:A) *na »»4 1 .-£» p. as. toe Twecnaa, Oiyaapta aa 1 toa. at-. 1 eoaa*«*i»t a> RTarett wHi> Mmttj Or sat o rair-ied for sieerten aa4 Miwtta Crt»t v lmu4.au at City d.-c*. <<•.* t»? Main »t,-»eS. t*e» att a. R. M. FARLAND. Hut»r w4 Maaa««r. BiVEB ROI'TK— STKAMKB CUM MeDOtIAiJB laaea* UUy. A CA."» *»rt, a»»I« auaet %r%u>* 1 »«*Aaea> T»riM?a »».' !kktaai|*«B a* Ud* lo* K4*»«:>0» iMlMit C*<T. Mt. Vvesoa, I »>aJips Tit. «<«raai« -'kFa. _ ULLT. B<vkX£Vß A CO. A«aa»a TiMOM lAB t»"RT TO* \«r.\U. Pour ANv>EXI st A>U A WStiIAK-#- Mikittß Daily a*f« i t M' #(!*t. Tire* card « -mni*se>vi* TLEMIAY, Al uVaT Si. !mvn Be«tu*, *-« a m.; T«>*a*t>nd, H>:l> a.
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https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%20%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%20%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%29
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Ел Ампаро (Сан Педро)
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https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ел Ампаро (Сан Педро)&action=history
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Serbian
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Spoken
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Ел Ампаро () насеље је у Мексику у савезној држави Коавила у општини Сан Педро. Насеље се налази на надморској висини од 1090 м.
Становништво
Према подацима из 2010. године у насељу је живео 1 становник.
Хронологија
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Види још
Савезне државе Мексика
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Мексичка насеља
Насеља у општини Сан Педро (Коавила)
Википројект географија/Насеља у Мексику
| 15,100 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35964543
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Norguard, Rastalamm, The Process, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1001831, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1563944, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2913508, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4589931, user1563944
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English
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Re-order array in javascript
Say you have an array like this and I want to reorder it.
var myarray = [
[178, 559, 906, 1252] , [381 , 537 , 937 , 1115] , [346 , 529 , 913 , 1069]
];
What I wanted to do was to loop through each of the arrays, take the 1st value of each array on the first loop and push each into a separate array. The second time the loop runs, take the 2nd value of each array, push those into the separate array and so on and so on. So that the separate array looks like this;
var myNewArray = [178, 381, 346, 559, 537, 529, 906, 937, 913, 1252, 1115, 1069];
I've got so far as to loop through each array and get all of the values, but can't work out the logic to target ONLY the 1st values on the first loop, the 2nd of the second loop etc etc
var arraylength = myarray.length;
for (var i = 0; i < arraylength; i++ ) {
console.log(i+1 + " time around");
var noc = myarray[i].length;
for (var k = 0; k < noc; k++) {
var a = myarray[i][k];
console.log(a);
};
};
Here's a JSFiddle
Are all arrays guaranteed to be the exact same length, all the time?
In this example they are, but no @Norguard, no guarantee that they will always be the same length
Okay...
Perhaps this is overboard, but I had a long trip home and some time to kill.
Your algorithm troubles revolve around the fact that you're missing a step.
What you actually need to do is loop through the range of the longest array.
Which means that you need to create a range (an actual range, or just know the min/max bounds of it) that goes from 0 to the max of all of the lengths of all of the arrays.
When you've done that, you need to go through that range, and within that range, you need to go through the list of all arrays (looping through each 2nd-dimension array, per iteration).
For each array, you check if it has an element at the current index.
If it does, add it to the new array.
The first step (the one you're missing) is almost like dealing cards; you have 4 people at the table, but it's actually the 52 cards that you're iterating through on the outside, not the 4 people.
This has a bunch of different names, depending on what you're doing.
This might be a zip a merge a rotation (though rotation doesn't really account for the flattening, just the shuffling).
So without further ado, here are 3 solutions, which are all different takes on this.
The first solution is the more-classical "JavaScript as Java" implementation:
function findMax (arrays) {
var i = 0;
var l = arrays.length;
var max = 0;
var array = [];
for (; i < l; i += 1) {
array = arrays[i];
max = array.length > max ? array.length : max;
}
return max;
}
function rotateAndFlatten (arrays) {
var flattenedArray = [];
var maxLength = findMax(arrays);
var inner = 0;
var outer = 0;
var array;
var currentValue;
for (; outer < maxLength; outer += 1) {
for (inner = 0; inner < arrays.length; inner += 1) {
array = arrays[inner];
currentValue = array[outer];
if (currentValue || currentValue === 0) {
flattenedArray.push(currentValue);
}
}
}
return flattenedArray;
}
var inputArray = [ [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10] ];
var outputArray = rotateAndFlatten(inputArray);
document.querySelector(".ResultInput--ES3").textContent = JSON.stringify(inputArray);
document.querySelector(".ResultOutput--ES3").value = JSON.stringify(outputArray);
<div ><pre>Input: <code class="ResultInput ResultInput--ES3"></code></pre></div>
<div ><pre>Output: <code ><output class="ResultOutput ResultOutput--ES3"></output></code></pre></div>
The second is the ES5 way I'm more used to thinking, these days, with partially-applied functions, and working with sets of things one operation at a time, rather than instances of things with manual loop management:
function makeRange (min, max) {
var range = [];
var i = min;
while (i < max) {
range.push(i);
i += 1;
}
return range;
}
function concat (a, b) {
return a.concat(b);
}
function identity (x) {
return x;
}
function max (a, b) {
return b > a ? b : a;
}
function pluck (key) {
return function pluckFrom (obj) {
return obj[key];
};
}
function fillIndexArrays (arrays) {
return function (i) {
return arrays.map(pluck(i));
};
}
function rotateAndFlatten (array) {
var getLength = pluck("length");
var maxLength = array.map(getLength).reduce(max, 0);
var indices = makeRange(0, maxLength);
return indices.map(fillIndexArrays(array)).reduce(concat, []).filter(identity);
}
var inputArray = [ [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10] ];
var outputArray = rotateAndFlatten(inputArray);
document.querySelector(".ResultInput--ES5").textContent = JSON.stringify(inputArray);
document.querySelector(".ResultOutput--ES5").value = JSON.stringify(outputArray);
<div ><pre>Input: <code class="ResultInput ResultInput--ES5"></code></pre></div>
<div ><pre>Output: <code ><output class="ResultOutput ResultOutput--ES5"></output></code></pre></div>
And here's the ES6 version of that, which can now use generators and splat operators to greatly simplify the construction of a range, and use lambdas to where code might be compacted and be equally legible (to me/my team):
const max = (a, b) => b > a ? b : a;
const identity = x => x;
const concat = (a, b) => a.concat(b);
function * range (min, max) {
let i = min;
while (i <= max) {
yield i;
i += 1;
}
};
const pluck = (key) => { return (obj) => obj[key]; };
function rotateAndFlatten (arrays) {
const getLength = pluck("length");
const maxLength = arrays.map(getLength).reduce(max, 0);
const indices = [...range(0, maxLength)];
return indices
.map(i => arrays.map(pluck(i)))
.reduce(concat, [])
.filter(identity);
}
var inputArray = [ [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10] ];
var outputArray = rotateAndFlatten(inputArray);
document.querySelector(".ResultInput--ES6").textContent = JSON.stringify(inputArray);
document.querySelector(".ResultOutput--ES6").value = JSON.stringify(outputArray);
<div ><pre>Input: <code class="ResultInput ResultInput--ES6"></code></pre></div>
<div ><pre>Output: <code ><output class="ResultOutput ResultOutput--ES6"></output></code></pre></div>
As a bonus, here's how I might implement it if I were writing JS as though I were writing C code that makes me very sad when I have to debug a logic error (but cuts right to the quick of the algorithm):
function init (arrs) {
var max;
var i = 0;
var l = arrs.length;
var max = 0;
for (i = 0; i < l; i++)
if (max < arrs[i].length)
max = arrs[i].length;
var j = 0;
var arr = [];
for (i = 0; i < max; i++)
for(j = 0; j < arrs.length; j++)
if (arrs[j][i] !== undefined)
arr.push(arrs[j][i]);
document.querySelector(".ResultOutput--C").value = JSON.stringify(arr);
}
var arrs = [ [1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7], [8, 9, 10] ];
document.querySelector(".ResultInput--C").textContent = JSON.stringify(arrs);
init(arrs);
<div ><pre>Input: <code class="ResultInput ResultInput--C"></code></pre></div>
<div ><pre>Output: <code ><output class="ResultOutput ResultOutput--C"></output></code></pre></div>
Hope that gives you something to chew upon, and some insight into the low-level algorithms which might be at play, and the higher-level ways of implementing those lower-level algorithms.
That must have been a long old journey home! Anyway, thanks so much for your more than detailed answer to my question. It's so helpful when someone actually tells you were your going wrong. There's definitely a lot to chew upon there so thanks again dude for a really helpful and insightful answer!
Alternatively you can do it like this: .shift() returns the first item of the array, but note that this solution will alter the original array
var myarray = [
[178, 559, 906, 1252],
[381, 537, 937, 1115],
[346, 529, 913, 1069]
];
var resultArray = [];
var maxlen = Math.max.apply(null, myarray.map(function(i) {
return i.length; }));
var l = 0;
while (l < maxlen) {
var s = 0;
var a = [];
for (i = 0; i < myarray.length; i++) {
a.push(myarray[i].shift());
}
resultArray.push(a);
l++;
s++;
}
console.log(resultArray);
maxlen is max length of longest array inside the myarray, so the while loop will iterate for that number of times
Instead of iterating myarray in the outer loop, and each subarray in the inner one, you should do the opposite. Then it's a bit tricky, because the outer loop iterates the subarrays, but they could have different lengths. I added a done variable to know where to stop.
var myNewArray = [];
for(var i=0, done=false; !done; ++i) {
done = true;
for(var j=0; j<myarray.length; ++j) {
if(i < myarray[j].length) {
done = false;
myNewArray.push(myarray[j][i]);
}
}
}
Lodash has a method called zip that does what you are trying to do.
console.log(_.zip(myarray)); // [[178, 381, 346], [559, 537, 529], [906, 937, 913], [1252, 1115, 1069]]
Hi @Rastalamm thanks for that, but that doesn't give me the array in the correct order, just gives me the same as what my code spits out
You need to flatten the "zip" array of arrays that the zip function gives you and it should be what you are looking for? (One long array?)
What do you mean flattern out the zip array or array? If I use the var myarray it doesn't work, it just gives me the normal array. If I put all of the array values into the function then it does work
| 41,752 |
https://github.com/damianosky/Maud-X/blob/master/src/org/javadev/effects/AnimationListener.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,021 |
Maud-X
|
damianosky
|
Java
|
Code
| 16 | 42 |
package org.javadev.effects;
/**
* @author Sam Berlin
*/
public interface AnimationListener {
public void animationFinished();
}
| 49,367 |
https://github.com/verhas/BLOG/blob/master/access_modifiers/src/main/java/javax0/blog/demo/accessmodifiers/b/ClassB.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
BLOG
|
verhas
|
Java
|
Code
| 31 | 136 |
package javax0.blog.demo.accessmodifiers.b;
import javax0.blog.demo.accessmodifiers.a.ClassA;
public class ClassB {
public static void main(String[] argv){
var sut = new ClassA();
sut.publicMethod();
//sut.packagePrivateMethod();
//sut.protectedMethod();
//sut.privateMethod();
var sutE = new ClassExtendsClassA();
sutE.protectedMethod();
//sutE.protectedMethod2();
}
}
| 33,169 |
sn90005351_1920-08-20_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,904 | 5,713 |
Page Three The Weekly Caledonian Friday, August 20, 1920 We want mechanics and laborers of all kinds to work in this plant. We also want young men to learn to operate the different machines, good pay while learning and chance for promotion to good paying position. We also want women for light machine and bench work. E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. St. Johnsbury, Vermont Employment Dept... St. Johnsbury Business Directory J. M. Swan & Son General Contractors Caldwell Bldg. Tel. 438-M Unnett, Shields & Cunningham Lawyers Tel. 65 St. Johnsbury, Vt. Ut. U. A. Q. ALU. OSTEOPATHIC PHYSICIAN Citizen Back Building By Appointment Trance Fitts for Raptar DR. W. A. GAGE CHIROPRACTOR Spinal trouble a specialty. Office hours 2 until 4 every afternoon. Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings, 7 until 8. Calderwood Bldg., Phone 658-M G. C. Frye Lawyer Citizens Bank Building St. Johnsbury, Vt. Tel. 295-hi SEARLES & GRAVES LAWYERS Citizens Bank Building St. Johnsbury, Vt. Tel. 295-hi HASKINS Ryes Examined Glasses Fornished SPECIALIST IN OPTOMETRY St. Johnsbury, Vermont MERCHANTS BANK BLOCK DR. J. D. BACHAND DENTIST with the Building, St. Johnsbury B. FRANK HARRIS TEACHER OF PIANO Pythian Building, St. Johnsbury, Vt T. R. STILES, M. D. Office in Merchants Bank Block. Rheumatism, Asthma and diseases of the lungs Dr. F. O. MOORE DENTIST Cnlderwood Building, 42 Eastern Ave. St. Johnsbury, Vermont Office Hours 912..o0 6. Phone 809 H. W. CONLY Heating and Plumbing. Hot Air Furnace Work a Specialty. 12 Portland St., St. Johnsbury Tel. 251-11 THE COWLES PRESS PRINTERS OF EVERYTHING Stationery, Post Cards, Dainty Things for Holidays and Birthdays. MAPLE GROVE CANDIES R8-87 Eastern Ave., St. Johnsbury Guarantee every in I fill to hold the rupture perfectly, to be easy and comfortable, to give complete satisfaction in every way. WELCOME B. EASTMAN C. F. 150 YN TOM. Agent PHOENIX LIFE INSURANCE CO. Citizens Bank Block AUTO SERVICE Cari D. Hopkins gives you the best of service. Large comfortable cars. Mountain trips a specialty. Special service for weddings, funerals and other occasions. Night service. Garage open day and night. Call to meet all night trains and all other work in town. Auto Storage day or night by day, week or month. Phone Garage 703. PUBLIC AUTO Special attention to town calls. Prices reasonable for long drives. Phone Avenue House, 402, 151-M or house, 212-12. P. J. Martin, St. Johnsbury, Vt. The Black-Cowling Mfg. Co. Automobile Springs and General Light Machine Jobbing Tel. 727, Bay Street, St. Johnsbury KODAK DISVELOPING and Printing. Leave Films at Randall & Whitcomb's, Searles' Drug Store. Mail orders promptly filled. LEON R. JIMICK Mortuary Gardens Fresh Vegetables and Flowers. Delivered every day. Thoroughly renovated. Phone, 17-W.SI. Johnsbury FTLMS DEVELOPED AND FURNISHED Good Work Prices Reasonable Leave at EDMUNDS' DRUG STORE, Lyndonville, or send to HATT. AND HARRIS, Lyndon Center, Vt. The Cozy Furniture Store Dealer in second-hand Furniture Stores bought, sold and exchanged N. DUMAS, Manager Phone 679-M 84 Eastern Avenue The Strongest Insurance to the World WRITTEN BY The Crawford Ranges Agency G. B. Marrall M. L. Uadw-wa Pythian Building IF YOU WANT Monuments and Markers Call to G. E. Veilleux Granite Co, Where you can see the work. Up before you buy. The show room is opposite the Passenget Station, St. Johnsbury, Vermont. JOHN F. HINCH, Special Agent, New England Mutual Life Ins. Co., of Boston, 42 E. Ave., Calderwood Building, Tel. 495-M. FRANK B. JACQUES, Superintendent, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York, Office in Citizens Bank Block, James B. Campbell, Attorney at Law, Easter Avenue, St. Johnsbury, Tel. 661-M. Porter, Witters & Longmore, Attorneys at Law, Citizens Bank Building, St. Johnsbury, Vermont. George P. Moore, Insurance Agency, Insurance Any Kind, 26 Eastern Avenue, C. B. Chase, Bicycles, Guns, Sporting Goods, 94 Railroad Street, Fire, Life, Accident Insurance, Automobile Fire Insurance, Impey and Cummings, Provident Life Men, 3 Portland Street, Brunelle Block, St. Johnsbury Laundry, Fully equipped to every thing in the Laundry line. Also one day work. Office and works, Bay Street, St. Johnsbury, Tel. 229-1. Ridley's Toilet Parlors, Hairdressing, Face and Neck Massage, Scalp and Hair Treatment, Children's Hair Cutting, Manicure, Tel. 533-W. PYTHIAN BUILDING, Guy W. Hill, Lawyer, St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Palmer Bros., Dry Cleaning, Dyeing and Repairing. 78-80 Eastern Ave., St. Johnsbury, Vt Reliance Electric Company Telephone C96-M St. Johnsbury, Vermont Heat, Light and Power Wiring. S. R. CARTER F. B. KERR RALPH PROVENCAL Tuning and Repairing Pianos, Organs and Player Pianos. Telephone 452-J FIRST CLASS PHOTO DEVELOPING and Printing. Leave your films at Brigham's Drug Store, Pianos' (Gundy Kitchin or A. McLeod's. 15 North Avenue. McLEOD & KILLELE COLLINS BRODIEN CUSTOM TAILOR Main Street, St. Johnsbury, Vermont Successor to A. M. Goodrich The Ex-Hotel Touraine Barber Is still doing business on the Hill Bown's Block; E. J. FROTTEN MRS. LUCY DOUCETTE, of Manchester, N. H., who says she's just so happy over the way Tanlae restored her health she can't keep from telling people about it. "I am just so happy over the way Tanlac has restored my health that I can't keep from telling people about it," said Mrs. Lucy Doucett, of 7th Stark Street, Manchester, New Hampshire, a few days ago. "I suffered so long with cholera indigestion that I didn't know what it was to sit down and enjoy a single meal. My stomach was so badly disordered I had to live on the strictest diet, and nothing seemed to agree with me. At times my breath seemed to be cut off, and I would suffer terribly for hours at a time. "I lost my strength completely and became so weak and run-down I would give out several times during the day and would have to stop and rest. I was extremely nervous and irritable and just felt like I would break down completely. "One day I saw a statement from a friend of mine who said Tanlac had helped her wonderfully, so I was convinced it was a dependable medicine and I began taking it immediately, and I am more than pleased at the splendid results. My appetite improved right from the first, and the hopeful indigestion from which I suffered so long has entirely disappeared. "I have now finished my fourth bottle, and can eat just anything I wish without any bad after-effects. I also sleep better and have more strength and energy. It is a pleasure to tell." Onions which Tanlac has done in my case. TANLAC is sold in St. John's by Landry's Drug Store, and in West Burke by Chas. H. Coburn, and in Lyndonville at Edmund's Pharmacy. Some Look as If They Had, Yourful Law a girl who wears a genuine Mouse, a well, a lovely net (imported horse) from setting up in the nieshes? Toledo Blade. Public Auto Easy riding Ford touring car, careful driver, terms reasonable. Outside trip only, no village work. F. R. CLIFFORD, 14 Main Street. Tel. Office 93-M. House 32G-J FOR SALE On the "Plain" two tenement house, each tenement entirely separate, bath, electric lights, garage for auto. Price $4700. Owner leaving state Sept. 1st. On Railroad Street, 7 room house, furnace, full bath, electric lights, hardwood floors and finish in every room and closet, possession can be had at once. Can be seen anytime. A. B. DOW'S AGENCY 12 Eastern Avenue Over Bailey's Music Rooms. Tel. One IN THESE DAYS OF Specializing We are liable to forget the main object or line, which in our case is HARDWARE To illustrate, only a few days ago a lady came into our store and modestly inquired if "this was a hardware store?" We as modestly replied that we hoped to advertise it as such in about a year. Hardware is our main line, look our stock over. Do not hesitate to build a house on account of alleged high prices. Let us get together. The Peck Co. HELP WANTED! Men for handling lumber, manufacturing boxes, piano parts, and veneer. Work from 5:45 to 5:18. One hour for dinner. Saturday afternoon; off. Wages depend on the ability of the man. Also, one Night Fireman Wanted. Anyone interested can and talk it over. THE E. L. CHANDLER COMPANY. ORLEANS, VERMONT. Company L on Long Hike at Daylight (Continued from Page 1) The Buzzell that his men had executed with his dirucution under the cover of the national guard organization that has been in camp since the camp of Newport should be proud in that they have such a fine military organization right at home. The men were completely tired out of the trip having much a good deal at "numerous" but in which all happy. At times during the skirmish the men passed through blueberry bushes which were loaded with berries and as a result the men had a good healthy lunch en route. Such strenuous exercise as skirmishing through woods and over wide brooks is bound to be a great benefit physically for the civilian soldiers. It is a fact that some of the men have gained considerably since they have been here and probably the average man will return home four or five pounds heavier in weight. Not only are the boys adding weight but they are becoming more muscular as a result of the stiff work they indulge in. This should be an incentive to young men to get busy and sign up with the national guard. The boys who attended this muster will have plenty of things to tell when they get home that will make lots of the other young men envious. There hasn't been a complaint from any quarter. Everyone is fed Right up fine, have a fine place to sleep and are treated "white" by the officers. A physical examination was given to each member of the company on Monday and Tuesday and every man but two succeeded in passing the test in fine shape. Those two were Robert McCoteau and Louis Wright. The former was rejected on account of a weak heart while the latter is suffering from lung trouble. Both men will remain through the muster but will receive their discharge when they return home. It is too bad because both men like the guard company. CAMP NOTES Every member of the outfit is looking forward to Friday when the boys will get paid off for their muster trip. The day was signed by the men on Tuesday and the boys can hardly wait until payday. Needles to say a large number are "dead broke", while others are "badly bent." Sergeant Earle W. Davis and Private Richard I. Howe were invited to the home of Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Paris in Fitchburg on Monday evening where they were entertained at a musicale given by several very talented artists. About 15 friends of Mr. and Mrs. Paris attended the affair, which was greatly enjoyed. Mrs. M. E. Haywood rendered several beautiful vocal selections, Gertrude Chency Hartlett, former of Beebe, T., gave several readings while Milo Rabideaux favored the audience with varied piano solos and accompaniments to Mrs. Haywood's songs. The entertainment was as fine a one as one could wish to hear. The host and hostess served very delicious. Refreshments were served. Mrs. Haywood and Miss Bartlett are members of a musical company that entertained the soldiers during the war. While visiting in camp recently, Mr. Donald J. Emery, wife of Lieutenant Emery, had dinner at the officer's table in Company L's "mess" hall. A party of soldiers, including Top Sergeant "Poley" Mayo, Mess Sergeant Bruce Fitzpatrick, Cook Chas. Garrett and Privates Philip Aubin and William Lapin, motored to Whalon Park in Fitchburg Monday evening. A large number of Company L boys attended the regular Tuesday evening dance at the Hostess House and all reported a fine time. There were a great many more girls at the dance last night than there were last week. Private George Morrill had a narrow escape the other night from serious injury when he was thrown from a bucking bronco in front of Company L barracks. Morrill was in the act of mounting the horse when the animal lurched throwing the rider over its head. Morrill landed on his head and shoulders but was uninjured. Some of the musician members of the Company have succeeded in borrowing a piano which they have installed in the lower barracks room. Every evening a crowd can be seen gathered around the piano while Private Earl Lewis plays and the various Fitzpatricks and other members of the organization sing. Mrs. Albert Pelkey and Mrs. F. E. Vancour of Newport and Miss Marcelline Pelkey and Fred Pelkey of Hudson, Mass., were guests call a Pelkcy reunion on a small scale. The entire company sat for their pictures Tuesday evening when a panorama view of the whole organization was taken by a Boston photographer. Copies of the photograph will be issued to the boys for $1.00 each. Company L and D will leave early Saturday morning for their home stations. A rumor had been circulated about the camp that the boys were to be sent to Camp Dix, New Jersey, after leaving here, but upon investigation, the report was found to be wholly unfounded. Private Earl Vance has been confined to quarters for several days suffering from boils on his side. The boy is getting better, however, and should be in good condition to make the home trip. The second inoculation was given to several of the boys on Monday. With most of them it went easier than the first one. However, a few were so ill from the effects, that it necessitated their staying in quarters. Private Leonard Currier seemed to be the worst off, being unable to go on to the range on Wednesday. Private Earl Lewis has been ill in camp for several days with an attack of the grippe. As a result, he has been unable to climb or do any heavy work. A heavy rain fell all during the early hours of Wednesday, but it ceased in time to allow the company to proceed to the rifle range for practice. Later in the morning there was a drizzle but it ceased before noon. It is unusual, the amount of rain we have had since being in camp. There have been but a few days that it hasn't vain. The dampness of the atmosphere in this section has been the cause of a great deal of sickness in camp although there have been few severe cases. Billy Moss and E. E. Puffer, both of whom are well known by Newport folks, had "mess" with Company L one day last week. Both boys are working on this brand of the B. M., and were visiting the boys and received an invitation to dine. The big field day that had been planned for Monday was postponed at the last moment and was the cause of disappointment to the men, who had looked forward to seeing some fine athletic contests on the field. However, a few boxing bouts and wrestling matches were held in the Camp Gymnasium on Monday evening and were attended by several hundred soldiers. Company L as usual drew her full share of honors. At Willoughby Lake, Dances Every Tuesday and Friday. Friday night, Music by the New Harmony Orchestra. Tuesday night, Music by Henault's Orchestra. Refreshments served. Good Parking. Police attendance. FOR SALE: A good seven room cottage with modern improvements, and large garden. Located near Fairbanks shops. Two-tenement house, barn and large garden. Easy. Three tenement houses. All modern improvements. Nearly new. Near Fairbanks. Best rooming house in St. Johnsbury. Easy terms. Chas. E. Kirk St. Johnsbury BOWLING AND BILLIARDS Soft drinks, cigarettes, and cigarettes Steam-heated ice cream. JOS. McCAFTY 92 Railroad Street JARS Quarts, $1.15 Caring for Baby During Hot Spells Be watchful of food and keep bowels open with Dr. Caldwell's Syrup Pepsin THE young mother soon learns from experience that summer days are often days that try her patience. The heat makes baby peevish, restless and cross. Foods that in colder weather were easily digested, now seem to cause constipation. Whether the milk or the cruci is at fault, see that the bowels move normally. There is nothing that great gratitude in the summer than constipation. It has the blood and causes nervousness, headaches, fever, roids and a host of minor ills. In these little ailments it is always well to suspect constipation and give half a teaspoonful of Dr. Caldwell's Syrup Pepsin. It is a combination of pure digestive herbs with pepsin, and the most ideal medicine you can give a baby. It is mild and gentle in action, never gripes and tastes good. FREE Millions of people 8 million bottles were bought at drug stores with a head scissors. Private Joseph Gratton, a Company L man, and won the fall in six minutes. Private Perley Raymo wrestled a Company I Man to a draw. The boxing matches were between members of other companies than L. PASSUMPSIC Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Skinner and daughter, Ruth, returned home Monday night from their trip to Yankton, N.S. M. and Mrs. M. K. Bruco and family, Miss Clara Allen and Miss Lou Adams of Lowell, Mass., were Saturday to Joe's Pond for ten days. Ili Il NOTICE Ali persons having unsettled book accounts with The Amos W. Scott Co., are requested to cali at 74 Railroad Street, on or before the last day of August, and settle, either by cash or Note, ali accounts unset tled, or not otherwise provided for on the lst day of September will be placed in the hands of a collector. The Amos W. Scott Co. Classified Dept WANTED MALE and FEMALE attendants and nurses wanted at the Veimont State Hospital. Wage scale materially ad vanced Aprii 1, 1920. Apply to E.. Stanlev. Supt. 19 tf GAKPENTRS WANTED J. M. Swan & Son, Calderwood building. Tele hone 438-M. 2 tf WANTED AT Ò1CE Two table girls. Experience not .ìecessary. Seven dollars a weck with board and room. Cali at the Fairbanks Inn. 23tf WANTED Saleslady who can speak French at M. A. Weiner's Store. f!8tf WANTED A kitchen woman and table girl at the Heiirhts House, Lunenburg. Mrs. A. J. New-man, proprietor. 40 tf WANTED -A dishwasher at the Star Restaurant. 42 tf WANTED Pupil nurses and attend ants at the Taunton State Hospital. Wages $45.00 per month with main tenance. For particulars address Dr. Arthur V. Goss, Supt. 42 tf EXPERIENCED TEACHER want ed for rural school of about 20 pu piU at South Peacham, Vt. Salary 3'17.00 per week and state ani. Apply George F. Miller, Director, Croton, Vt. 44-46-wky lt WANTED Young man to learn drug business. Apply at Searles Drug Store. ' 45tf WANTED Girl to do chamber work and table work at a summer boarding house at North Hatley, P. Q. For references, anlv to Telephone 91, Newport. 45-50 WA N T É7) C o ur' n head farmFr and cook for boys' school. Executive and efficient. $1800 and maintenance. Also women for departments. County Trust School, Lawrence, Mass. 40-42-41-46-48-50 WANTED House of six or seven rooms on the Plains. Will pay $35 to $40 rent for desirable place. Good tenement will do. Please notify this office. 40-48 WANTED Woman for general housework. Mrs. C. D. Cook. Tel. 17-T-J. 4(Kit WANTED Table girl at Sherburne's Restaurant. 40 tf WANTED Competent stenographer. Answer by letter only, care Caledonia office. 46 tf WANTED Man and wife on family. Man to do farm work and woman to do housework. No children. Apply Inney & Cummings, Employment Agency. 616-M. 46 tf WANTED Girl or middle aged woman for general housework. Small family. No children. Everything modern. Good pay. Apply in person to A. B. Dow, 12 Eastern Ave. 46 tf WANTED Man and wife to occupy farmhouse. No objection to children. Apply Impey & Cummings Agency. 61 fi-M. : 46 tf WANTED A man and a woman to work in the laundry. Brightwood Hospital. 41 ir Mothers had trampies with Syrup Truss. Mrs. C. M. Newton of 14M fi. Third St., Dayton, Ohio, has a son who was constipated from birth. She tried many medicines and have warm water injections every evening for weeks, without benefit. Then she bought a bottle of Dr. Calvert's Syrup Pepsin at a drug store, and it proved effective at once. The boy is now seven, and has not been constipated since. Wherever there is a baby, these hot days there will be a bottle of Syrup Pepsin. Of all cases suffering from constipation or chronic constipation, Dr. W. B. Caldwell, Washington Street, Monticello, Ill., offers a free sample bottle of his wonderful Syrup Pepsin. For the last year, the largest sale in the world. Mr. and Mrs. William McBride, Mr. and Mrs. Wallace McBride, and daughter, Loraine, Robert McBride of Montreal are visiting relatives in town. The house of Mr. Wilson was struck Sunday during the shower knocking the chimney down. Mrs. Ina Shaw of St. Johnsbury visited Mrs. E. P. Little Friday. Mrs. E. P. Little visited her daughter, Mrs. Thomas Somers, the weekend. Mrs. Harold Wood and two children, Sherman and Shirley are visiting at Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Wood's in Kirby. WANTED: Girl for general housework. No washing or cooking. One mile from village. Mrs. D. A. Blain, Barnet, Vt. 42-50 WANTED: Pastry cook, also dish washer, also short order cook nights. Good wages to right party. Apply Raymond, Newport. 44-56 CARLOAD of new wagons just received. Bring in your old wagons and trade them for new. H. C. Kent, Melodos Falls, Vt. 47-59 FOR SALE: Low price if taken at once, baby carriage good as new and Steinway Square Piano in first class condition. Fairbanks Inn. 48 tf FOR SALE: A Maxwell touring car. Inquire at Blake's Hosiery and Shoe store, corner of Railroad and Portland streets. 48-52 FOR SALE: A Remington type writer in good condition. A bargain. Inquire at the Caledonian office FOR SALE My Dodge touring car. Good condition, new tires and new battery. Frank Lanctot. 47 tf FOR SALE Barbied wire, bindery twine and roofing. H. C. & H. P. Stanton. Telephone 74-41. 31tf FOR SALE or rent Square piano. For Sale - New Abonaque engines, 6 and 7 horsepower; Pance corti cutters. Can be bought for last year's price. Tel. 32-1 Concord. A. L Wright, Waterford. Vt. 25 tt For Sale - A 1918 Chevrolet baby grand touring car in good condition. Tel. 42-W. 45 tf To Rent - Parlors having rooms and board, or rooms without board, notify Employment Office, Tel. 350. E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. 28tf To Rent - Furnished rooms and board if desired. 13', Mt. Tischen. Mrs. Elsie Carr. 46-48 Good Storage for furniture and other merchandise. Blake-Cowling Co., Bay Street, St. Johnsbury. Phone 727. 43 tf To Rent - Private auto storage by the month. Your own key. Apply, I-Mjn-omJoleysI$ai To Rent - Tenement, 5 rooms, G Marion Ave. 45-51 Lost and Found - A Khaki-colored raincoat in my yard. Owner may have same by proving property - Mrs. John Chalmers, 21 Main Street. 46. Lost - August 12 "between St. Johnsbury and Camden Westmore, Bond No. 2629077 of the Third Liberty Loan. Reward if left at this office. 46-51 Lost Between St. Johnsbury House and Plymouth Creamery. Aug. 16, part of watch for letters S. A. E., monogram on back L. C. C. Three dollar reward. Leave at this office, 47-nt.
| 5,388 |
https://openalex.org/W3126249636
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control
|
Aurimas Bukauskas
|
English
|
Spoken
| 16,462 | 26,621 |
PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE Curved-crease origami face shields for
infection control Aurimas BukauskasID1*, Antiopi KoronakiID1, Ting-Uei Lee2, Daniel Ott3, M. Wesam Al
Asali1, Aftab Jalia1, Tom Bashford4,5, Ana Gato´o1, Josh NewmanID6, Joseph M. GattasID2,
Darshil U. Shah1, Michael Ramage1 1 Centre for Natural Material Innovation, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
United Kingdom, 2 School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia, 3 Department
of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 4 NIHR Global
Health Research Group on Neurotrauma, Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 5 Healthcare Design Group, Engineering Design Centre,
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 6 School of Media,
University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom a1111111111
a1111111111
a1111111111
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a1111111111 a1111111111
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a1111111111 * [email protected] Editor: Yuan Luo, Northwestern University,
UNITED STATES Received: August 10, 2020
Accepted: January 6, 2021
Published: February 8, 2021 Copyright: © 2021 Bukauskas et al. This is an open
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: The parametric
curved-crease origami face shield design tool
described in this article may be found at https://doi. org/10.17863/CAM.63899. Further information
about the HappyShield design may be found at
happyshield.github.io. OPEN ACCESS The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous global demand for personal protective
equipment (PPE). Face shields are an important component of PPE for front-line workers in
the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, providing protection of the face from splashes and
sprays of virus-containing fluids. Existing face shield designs and manufacturing procedures
may not allow for production and distribution of face shields in sufficient volume to meet
global demand, particularly in Low and Middle-Income countries. This paper presents a sim-
ple, fast, and cost-effective curved-crease origami technique for transforming flat sheets of
flexible plastic material into face shields for infection control. It is further shown that the
design could be produced using a variety of manufacturing methods, ranging from manual
techniques to high-volume die-cutting and creasing. This demonstrates the potential for the
design to be applied in a variety of contexts depending on available materials, manufactur-
ing capabilities and labour. An easily implemented and flexible physical-digital parametric
design methodology for rapidly exploring and refining variations on the design is presented,
potentially allowing others to adapt the design to accommodate a wide range of ergonomic
and protection requirements. Citation: Bukauskas A, Koronaki A, Lee T-U, Ott D,
Al Asali MW, Jalia A, et al. (2021) Curved-crease
origami face shields for infection control. PLoS
ONE 16(2): e0245737. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0245737 * [email protected] PLOS ONE PLOS ONE 1.1 Challenges in PPE provision 1.1.1 PPE demand forecasting. Using the WHO COVID-19 Essential Supplies Forecast-
ing Tool (ESFT) (version 3) [3], the global demand for face shields for the 12 week period of 22
November 2020—14 February 2021 is estimated to be approximately 1.04 billion units, corre-
sponding to a predicted cumulative 1.3 billion cases of COVID-19 over this period. At an esti-
mated cost of $0.60 per shield given by the ESFT, this equates to an approximately $620
million global expenditure on face shields over this period. These demand estimates were
obtained assuming the default Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered (SIR) epidemiological
model incorporated in the ESFT, with a cumulative global diagnosed COVID-19 case count of
58.6 million as of 22 November 2020. A global population of 7.8 billion was assumed. Default
values provided by the ESFT for healthcare system equipment, diagnostic, and treatment
capacity were used. The ESFT only models the demand for face shields in critical medical and front-line appli-
cations, yet face shields are also increasingly seen as desirable in non-medical settings as a
means of infection control among the general population [4]. Some airlines have mandated
the use of face shields by passengers [5] and face shields are increasingly being adopted by
businesses and institutions seeking to provide additional protection for workers who routinely
come into contact with large numbers of potentially infected individuals. Demand for face
shields (particularly of single-use designs) by the general population, could increase overall
demand for face shields beyond levels predicted by the ESFT. This additional demand could
also place stress on supply of face shields for critical medical and front-line applications [6]. At
the time of writing, supplies of face shields are reportedly insufficient to meet demand in many
locations [7, 8]. Competing interests: The authors of this
manuscript have read the journal’s policy and have
the following competing interests: we disclose here
that HappyShield is our CE-marked design, which
we have released open source on https://
happyshield.github.io/en/, licensed under the
Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0 International” License (CC BY-NC-
SA 4.0). We do not intend to gain financially from
the release of this face shield design. A disclaimer
for the design is provided at https://happyshield. github.io/en/. All others producing face shields
based on the designs presented in this paper
remain responsible for undergoing any necessary
testing and obtaining any necessary approvals
before manufacturing and distributing face shields. 1 Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented global demand for large quantities of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Face shields have been identified as an important com-
ponent of PPE for frontline healthcare workers. They are classed as “adjunctive PPE”, intended
to be worn in addition to respiratory protection to provide additional protection of the facial
area from splashes and sprays of bodily fluids from infected patients, specifically to the mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth [1, 2]. Funding: This research forms part of Centre for
Digital Built Britain’s work within the Construction
Innovation Hub. The funding was provided through
the Government’s modern industrial strategy by
Innovate UK, part of UK Research and Innovation
(MHR, DUS, AB, AK, AJ). https://www.cdbb.cam. 1 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control ac.uk/ The research was supported by the National
Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Brain Injury
MedTech Co-operative based at Cambridge
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and
University of Cambridge (MHR, TB). https://www. brainmic.nihr.ac.uk/ The views expressed are those
of the authors and not necessarily those of the
NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and
Social Care. DUS and MHR thank the INTERREG IV
Cross Channel programme for partial funding of
this work through the FLOWER project. http://
flower-project.eu/ The University of Queensland
authors (TL, JMG) gratefully acknowledge the
financial support provided by the Australian
Research Council DP160103279. https://
researchdata.edu.au/discovery-projects-grant-id-
dp160103279/664162 The funders had no role in
study design, data collection and analysis, decision
to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 1.2 Opportunities in design innovation to address PPE shortages New designs and manufacturing methods for face shields which are cost-effective, allow for
rapid high-volume production, and are resilient with respect to supply chain disruptions could
allow for increased production of face shields to meet predicted global demand. Challenges in
local production of face shields in low-income regions could be addressed through the devel-
opment of face shield designs which may be manufactured using a variety of available
manufacturing methods, materials, and labour. Simple designs which may be replicated and
adapted easily with minimal specialist knowledge could allow for manufacturers in both
wealthy and low-income countries to modify the design to best suit the performance and ergo-
nomic requirements of their intended user. Challenges in rapid global distribution, particu-
larly to rural and remote areas, could be addressed through designs which may be transported
in a space-efficient manner. Designs which allow face shields to be safely reused could also significantly reduce global
demand for face shields, reduce plastic waste, and result in significant cost savings. Assuming
they could be safely reused over 10-50 shifts at equivalent cost and material consumption,
reuseable face shields could reduce demand by 90-98%, resulting in global PPE cost savings of
approximately $560-610 million, and the prevention of approximately 47-51 kilotonnes of
plastic from entering landfill over the coming 12 week period. Reuse could also help to
ensure sufficient supply of face shields during interruptions to manufacturing and
distribution which, if only single-use face shields were available, would result in shortages or
require significantly higher stockpiling of face shields to prepare for. Challenges in reusability
of face shields could be addressed through designs which minimise the use of materials which
are difficult to decontaminate, are designed with geometries that result in minimal trapping of
soiling and maximal access by decontaminating agents, and are easy to visually inspect for
soiling. This paper presents a design (Fig 1) for a face shield for infection control which consists of
a single folded sheet of flexible, clear, fluid-impermeable plastic, strap holders made using the
same plastic, and an elastic strap. Subject to the validation of an approved decontamination
procedure, this design is also likely to be reusable. A range of feasible manufacturing methods
are presented, demonstrating the ability for the design to be produced using a variety of avail-
able machinery and labour. 1.1 Challenges in PPE provision 2 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control In addition to variation in user requirements, differences in availability of raw materials,
manufacturing equipment, and skilled labour in various regions may limit the ability of manu-
facturers to scale production of an existing face shield designs, a challenge already highlighted
as impacting less wealthy countries especially severely. The growing Free and Open-Source
Hardware (FOSH) movement may provide lessons in rapid, collaborative, distributed design,
testing, and manufacturing of PPE in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in a diverse range
of contexts [9]. 1.1.4 Environmental impacts. Many existing face shield designs are intended to be sin-
gle-use, largely due to the challenges with ensuring efficient and effective decontamination. Given the enormous global demand for face shields projected over the course of the pandemic,
high volumes of plastic waste, contained in clinical waste streams, are likely to enter landfills as
a result. Assuming 50 grams of plastic are used for one single-use face shield, the consumption
of 1.03 billion face shields over the coming 12 weeks could result in 52 kilotonnes of plastic
waste entering landfill. 1.1 Challenges in PPE provision No patent application has been made for this
design. No further modified versions of the design
are currently under active development. Any future
versions of the design presented in this paper
developed by the authors will also be released
open-source under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE
policies on sharing data and materials. The funding
that supported this work is listed in the
acknowledgements. 1.1.2 Manufacturing and distribution challenges. Failures to provide sufficient face
shields to those who need them have apparently been primarily due to limitations in
manufacturing and distribution capacity. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, shortfalls
in PPE provision are likely to be further exacerbated by disruptions to global manufacturing
supply chains and distribution. These may be caused by transportation restrictions, social dis-
tancing measures, or worker illness, all of which can potentially lead to labour and material
shortages and reduced manufacturing productivity, adversely impacting the timely production
and distribution of essential PPE. Face shield shortfalls are likely to be especially high in less
wealthy countries, which are often unable to compete with wealthier countries on a price basis
to import PPE during a global shortage [8]. Scaling up domestic PPE manufacturing and dis-
tribution capacity in such countries, which are often less industrialised and more rural, may be
prohibitively expensive and slow given current methods and technologies. The result is that
many medical facilities in these areas are currently grossly under-equipped with respect to the
PPE required to treat patients and protect healthcare workers in the context of the COVID-19
pandemic [8]. 1.1.3 Design adaptability. The provision of sufficient face shields is also hindered by the
potentially diverse ergonomic, performance, and protection requirements of users. Some med-
ical use-cases for face shields require that additional medical devices, such as surgical loupes,
be worn underneath face shields, potentially requiring an adapted design suited specifically for
this application. Furthermore, if the general population is increasingly required to wear face
shields, designs which provide sufficient protection and comfortable fit for a variety of wearer
headforms, including children, are required. Developing and testing novel face shield designs
suited to different users and applications is technically challenging and time-consuming,
potentially reducing the speed and volume at which face shields can be delivered to these
populations. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 1.2 Opportunities in design innovation to address PPE shortages A flexible physical-digital iterative design methodology is pre-
sented which allows designers to adapt it to specific ergonomic, protection, and other
requirements as appropriate for their local context and application. 3 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 1. Curved crease origami face shield design. (A) three-quarters view (B) profile view. The individual in this figure has given written informed
consent (as outlined in the PLOS consent form) to publish this image. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g001 origami face shield design. (A) three-quarters view (B) profile view. The individual in this figure has given written informed
n the PLOS consent form) to publish this image. Fig 1. Curved crease origami face shield design. (A) three-quarters view (B) profile view. The individual in this figure has given written informed
consent (as outlined in the PLOS consent form) to publish this image. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g001 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 2.2 Design requirements for face shields in the context of severe shortages Due to the severe shortages of PPE experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, revised rec-
ommendations have been made by a number of public health bodies concerning the use of
PPE. The WHO, in particular, recommends the following “last resort temporary measures”,
which may be “considered independently or in combination, depending on the local situation”
when severe PPE shortages are likely to be experienced [6]: 1. PPE extended use (using for longer periods of time than normal according to standards); 2. Reprocessing followed by reuse (after cleaning or decontamination/sterilization) of either
reusable or disposable PPE; 3. Considering alternative items compared with the standards recommended by WHO. The above recommendations have a number of implications for the purpose of the develop-
ment of new face shield designs which may be used in contexts experiencing severe PPE short-
ages. The recommendation that PPE be worn for longer periods increases the importance a
comfortable fit for as wide a variety of wearer physiologies as possible, and the minimisation of
excessive pressure, chafing, scratching or other sources of discomfort or potential injury which
may result from wearing face shields for extended periods. The recommendation that repro-
cessing of face shields be considered necessitates face shield designs which may be effectively
decontaminated, ideally in a labour and resource-efficient manner. 3 Precedent face shield designs Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a variety of organisations and institutions
have developed novel face shield designs and production methods. Based on a survey of these
designs, four broad categories of face shields were identified. These categories are distin-
guished largely by the design, manufacturing procedure, and materials used in the face shield
suspension system, which supports the transparent visor that provides the primary protective
function. It was observed that while suspension systems varied widely, visor components were
largely similar between designs, typically consisting of an elastically bent sheet of flexible clear
plastic. The categories of face shields identified were the following: face shields which use a 1) foam
pad, 2) rigid plastic frame, 3) flexible plastic band, or 4) contiguous folding of the visor sheet
for their suspension systems, as shown in Fig 2. Table 1 presents a comparative analysis of the
characteristics of the face shield designs surveyed. The features evaluated include fabrication
methods, materials required, reusability, protection from above (top coverage), and the open-
source provision of the digital data required for their fabrication. • BS EN 166:2002: 7.2.4. Protection Against Droplets and Splashed of Liquids
• BS EN 166:2002: 7.2.8. Lateral Protection • BS EN 166:2002: 7.2.4. Protection Against Droplets and Splashed of Liquids
• BS EN 166:2002: 7.2.8. Lateral Protection • BS EN 166:2002: 7.2.4. Protection Against Droplets and Splashed of Liquids • BS EN 166:2002: 7.2.8. Lateral Protection The key requirement of face shields as described in EN 166:2002: 7.2.4. Protection Against
Droplets and Splashes of Liquids, is the protection of the mucous membranes of the eyes from
direct contact with liquids and sprays containing infectious agents. 2 Design requirements of face shields for infection control
2.1 Performance requirements of face shields for infection control The function of face shields for infection control is to protect the wearer from liquid droplets
and sprays which may contain infectious agents. Face shields must also allow other PPE,
including respiratory protection (such as respirators or surgical masks) and additional eye pro-
tection (such as goggles) to be worn in conjunction with the face shield. Specific design and
performance requirements for face shields for infection control vary by jurisdiction. The performance requirements for face shields for a variety of applications are described in
European standard EN 166. The face shield design presented in this paper was tested to the
British Standards Institute’s PPE Technical Specification 2020/403 for Healthcare Profession-
als during the COVID-19 Pandemic, which cites performance requirements outlined in EN
166, listed below: • BS EN 166:2002: 6.1. General Construction • BS EN 166:2002: 6.2. Materials • BS EN 166:2002: 6.3. Headbands • BS EN 166:2002: 7.1.1. Field Of Vision • BS EN 166:2002: 7.1.2.2. Spherical / Astigmatic / Prismatic / Refractive Powers • BS EN 166:2002: 7.1.3. Quality of Material And Surface 4 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control • BS EN 166:2002: 7.2.4. Protection Against Droplets and Splashed of Liquids 3.1 Suspension systems 3.1.1 Foam pad. The first category of face shields surveyed are those incorporating foam
strips and an elastic headband as a means of supporting the visor in front of the face in a
curved configuration. Manufacturing procedures described for these designs typically make 5 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 2. Face shield suspension system types. Simplified illustrations based on designs published by (A) [10] (B) [11]
(C) [12] (D) [13]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g002 Fig 2. Face shield suspension system types. Simplified illustrations based on designs published by (A) [10] (B) [11]
(C) [12] (D) [13]. Fig 2. Face shield suspension system types. Simplified illustrations based on designs published by (A) [10] (B) [11] Fig 2. Face shield suspension system types. Simplified illustrations based on designs published by (A) [10] (B) [11]
(C) [12] (D) [13]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g002 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g002 use of manual assembly processes, resulting in reported production capacities of 1500 face
shields per day at one institution [26]. While the use of a foam pad likely helps to provide a comfortable fit for a variety of wearer
headforms, it has a number of disadvantages with regards to the face shield provision in the
context of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, effective decontamination and visual inspection of
soiling is likely to be more challenging in face designs incorporating foam pads. Porous open-
cell foam material may trap infectious agents both inside the material, and at the interfaces of
the material and the visor. Both of these locations are difficult to visually inspect. A prelimi-
nary study of decontamination of face shields incorporating foam in the headband region
found that biological indicators placed in the foam were not successfully sterilised [27]. Decon-
taminating agents, including alcohol or chlorine-containing solutions may also degrade foams
and the adhesives used in some cases to affix them to the visor [28]. These factors mean that
face shields incorporating foam pads are unlikely to be safely reusable. Furthermore, the relatively high number of unique materials required in some surveyed
designs using a foam pad (plastic sheet material, adhesive-backed foam or foam and additional
adhesive, fixings, or elastic strap) increases the sensitivity of production of such designs to sup-
ply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 3.1 Suspension systems Finally, the inclusion of foam pads limits the
distribution efficiency of face shields by increasing both their volume and potentially the vol-
ume wasted in packing for storage and transport. The worst-case packing thickness of such
designs, equal to the combined thickness of the foam pad and the visor sheet material, is likely
to be approximately 20-25 mm, which is significantly higher than other designs surveyed. 3.1.2 Rigid plastic frames. A large number of the surveyed face shield designs used rigid
plastic elements as a frame for supporting the visor and enforcing the desired surface curva-
ture. In some instances, these plastic elements were manufactured using 3D printing technol-
ogy. While 3D printing allows for straightforward reproduction of designs with low barriers to
entry in manufacturing procedure set-up, it suffers from very slow manufacturing times. Reported fabrication rates of designs produced using 3D printing methods reached 1,000 face
shields per week (approximately 150 per day), depending on the scale of the production facility
[17]. Furthermore, 3D printed plastic elements are porous, potentially trapping infectious
agents and making them difficult to disinfect [29]. A number of designs surveyed in this cate-
gory also did not provide protection from above. 3D printing of top visors requires significant
consumption of material, and could further slow production rates. Finally, depending on their
geometry and rigid nature, rigid plastic frames, similarly to foam pads, may also limit packing
efficiency for storage and transport. The worst-case packing thickness of such designs may
range between 5-20 mm. 6 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Table 1. Characteristics of selected face shield designs grouped by suspension system. 3.1 Suspension systems Rigid Plastic
Flexible Plastic
Folded
Foam Pad
Amazon
[14]
UoN
[15]
UoE
[16]
UoS
[17]
IESchool
[18]
Prusa
[11]
Foster
+Partners
[19]
Apple
[20]
AmbroPlastic
[12]
MTC
[21]
Kitronik
[22]
MIT
[13]
ICD
[23]
Nike
[24]
RISD
[25]
Addenbrooke’s
[10]
Fabrication
method
3D printing
•
•
•
•
•
•
Laser cutting
•
•
•
•
•
•
Die cutting
•
•
Manual
fabrication
•
Materials
required
PLA
•
•
•
•
•
•
PET / PETG
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acetate/PVC
•
•
Elastic/rubber
band
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
PP (strap/
headband)
•
•
•
•
•
Silicone
rubber
•
•
Foam
•
•
•
•
Staples
•
•
Adhesives
•
•
Adjustable
string
•
Reusability
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Top coverage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Open source
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.t001
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 Table 1. Characteristics of selected face shield designs grouped by suspension system. 7 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control 3.1.3 Flexible plastic band. A third category of face shields are designs where some or all
of the headband component is cut from the same transparent plastic sheet material as used for
the visor. This allows for high-volume and straightforward manufacture using laser-cutting or
die-cutting methods. Die-cutting manufacture allows for the highest production rate of face
shields reported, at up to 90,000 shields per day at one facility [12]. Smaller-scale labs produc-
ing such designs using laser cutting have reported production rates of 1,500—3,000 shields per
day [25]. The smaller number of unique materials in these designs also results in reduced sen-
sitivity to supply chain disruptions. Designs using flexible plastic bands may benefit from sig-
nificantly higher packing efficiency than foam pads and rigid plastic frames, because they may
be flat-packed for storage and transport and assembled into their three-dimensional configura-
tions when being opened for use. This yields worst-case packing thicknesses approaching the
thickness of the sheet material, or 0.5-1.0 mm. A limitation of the designs surveyed in this cate-
gory is their lack of protection from liquid splashes and sprays from above. 3.1.4 Contiguous folding. 3.1 Suspension systems Finally, a small number of designs [13, 23, 30, 31] have
explored the use of folding techniques to provide protection from liquids and sprays from
above the face, by using a single contiguous sheet of transparent sheet material as both a front
and top visor, and as part of the suspension system. These designs also benefit from high-vol-
ume manufacturing using laser-cutting and die-cutting. Folded designs also benefit from
reduced supply chain sensitivity as they consist of a small number of unique materials. If trans-
ported in their flat-packed configuration, such designs also have worst-case packing thick-
nesses approaching the thickness of the sheet material, or 0.5-1.0 mm. The designs presented in [13, 30, 31] use complex straight-line folding patterns which may
only be practical to produce using mechanised methods of cutting and creasing. This poten-
tially limits their adoption in areas with limited access to these mechanised production meth-
ods. [30, 31] further require the use of both plastic and paper in the shield, apparently bonded
together using adhesives. [23], by contrast, uses curved folding of a single contiguous sheet to
achieve a face shield which may be transformed from a flat sheet to a three dimensional geom-
etry which conforms to the wearer’s head. The simplicity of the folding pattern and cutting
boundary used in such a curved crease design make it producible using manual methods. However, [23] uses staples for headband strap attachment and to stabilise the geometry of the
shield, posing a potential scratching hazard, and preventing headband strap length adjustment
to suit different wearer headforms. By permanently affixing the panels of the shield to each
other, these staples also prevent the design from being returned to its flat configuration after
folding. Finally, permanent metallic fasteners such as staples likely limit reusability, because
these could trap infectious agents, limit access of sterilising agents, and could corrode upon
repeated contact with water when this is used for cleaning. The design presented in this paper (Fig 1), shared publicly at around the same date as the
similar design presented in [23], also uses a simple curved folding pattern to achieve a shield
conforming to the wearer’s head, which may be manufactured using manual methods. This
design is described in greater detail in Section 5. A potential challenge with folded face shield
designs is developing folding patterns for a variety of wearer headforms and user performance
requirements. 3.1 Suspension systems In addition to reporting on the design developed as part of this work, this paper
also presents an iterative physical-digital prototyping method for rapidly developing curved
folding patterns of face shields for a variety of wearer headforms. 3.2 Observations on the state of the art of face shields for infection control The above survey of existing face shield designs highlighted large differences in the production
rates of face shields resulting from the use of certain manufacturing processes, ranging over 8 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control nearly three orders of magnitude. The survey also highlighted the importance of material selec-
tion to enable effective decontamination of face shields for reuse. The inclusion of open-cell
foams, 3D printed materials, and adhesives was identified as potentially preventing effective
decontamination. To illustrate the importance of high-volume production and the ability to effectively reuse
face shields, it is worth considering the rate of production required to meet global predicted
demand for face shields in the single-use and reuse cases. Assuming a production rate of
90,000 face shields per day from a known die-cutting facility [12] (the fastest rate of production
of face shields known to the authors), approximately 137 such facilities globally would need to
be operating at full capacity continuously to produce the required average number of face
shields daily over the coming 12 week period. Assuming reuse over 10 or 50 times, only 14 or 3
such facilities, respectively, would be required to meet global demand, assuming optimal
distribution. The packing efficiency of face shields for storage and transport was also identified as an
important consideration in design, with estimated packing efficiencies for the designs surveyed
ranging over an order of magnitude. Individual packaging of face shields is also likely desirable
for infection control. Packing film thickness for flexible packaging is likely to range from
approximately 0.013 mm to approximately 0.076 mm [32]. Incorporating two layers of packing
film (above and below) the shield in estimates of the worst-case packing thickness for face
shields slightly reduces the estimate of the difference in packing efficiency between thicker and
thinner face shield designs. It should noted here as well that reuse could significantly reduce
packaging waste, and environmental impacts due to transportation of face shields. Many shield designs surveyed do not provide protection from liquids and sprays from
above, potentially limiting their fitness for purpose. Finally, the use of a small number of
unique materials in designs was identified as a means for limiting the sensitivity of face shield
manufacturing to supply chain disruptions. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 4.2 Curved-crease origami Curved-crease origami are a class of origami structures that possess curved fold lines, rather
than the straight fold lines seen in typical origami. Curved-crease origami allow transforma-
tion of flat sheet materials into complex three-dimensional forms which possess curved surface
regions, as their unique curved folds cause bending in the sheet material during the folding
process [33, 34]. Recent research has demonstrated concise analytical models for designing the three-dimen-
sional surface geometries of certain special cases of curved-crease origami [35]. These cases
assume an “elastica” surface curvature corresponding to a minimum energy configuration of
an elastically-bent slender rod, Fig 3A [36]. This assumed curvature can be extruded and
reflected to generate a developable three-dimensional surface [37], Fig 3B, with the surface
then unrolled to give the curved fold lines required for manufacture from an elastic sheet
material. Parametric control over the elastica curve and the position and orientation of mirror
planes allows for precise control over the size and shape of the generated three-dimensional
form, or over the size of the two-dimensional sheet material required for production. 4.1 Advantages of sheet material fabrication The manufacturing and distribution of products from sheet materials has a number of advan-
tages relevant to the production of face shields during the COVID-19 pandemic. Raw sheet
materials can be rapidly produced at high volume and transported efficiently to fabrication
sites due to their high packing efficiency in rolls or stacks. As identified in the previous section,
products made from sheet materials may also in some cases be transported in their flat config-
urations with high packing efficiency. Numerous manufacturing methods exist for cutting and
creasing of thin sheet materials, ranging from completely manual methods (hand-cutting,
creasing, and folding) through to computer-controlled cutting methods (laser, waterjet, and
drag knife cutters) and a variety of pressing methods (die-cutting and stamping). This flexibil-
ity with respect to manufacturing methods is a key advantage in the context of the provision of
PPE during the COVID-19 pandemic, where distributed manufacturing approaches making
use of locally available machinery and labour could help to meet PPE demand in developing
and remote regions. When combined with folding, in an “origami” approach, sheet material manufacturing
techniques may be used to produce complex, varied, and high-performance mechanisms and
structures. Diverse available folding patterns can achieve a variety of functionalities, such as
deployability, load-carrying capacity, and kinetic energy dissipation behaviour. Origami PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 9 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 3. Elastica curved-crease origami surface generation approach. A) Elastica B) Extruded elastica C) Curved-crease origami generation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g003 Fig 3. Elastica curved-crease origami surface generation approach. A) Elastica B) Extruded elastica C) Curved-crease origami generation. Fig 3. Elastica curved-crease origami surface generation approach. A) Elastica B) Extruded elastica C) Curved-crease origami generation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g003 folding techniques have been increasingly studied and adopted across a wide range of disci-
plines, including medicine, aerospace, and architecture. 5 Curved-crease origami face shields The face shield design presented in this paper (Fig 4) uses an elastica surface curved-crease ori-
gami approach involving the creation of two curved folds in a sheet of flexible transparent plas-
tic. When folded along the two curves, the sheet is transformed into three contiguous surfaces
(Fig 4A), which, together, perform the suspension and protection functions required of face
shields for infection control. These three surfaces are 1) the forehead rest, which provides PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 10 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 4. (A) Curved crease origami face shield comprised of three surfaces: 1) a forehead rest; 2) a top visor; and 3) a front visor. (B)
The design parameters of the unrolled geometry of the face shield (dimensions in mm). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g004 Fig 4. (A) Curved crease origami face shield comprised of three surfaces: 1) a forehead rest; 2) a top visor; and 3) a front visor. (B)
The design parameters of the unrolled geometry of the face shield (dimensions in mm). Fig 4. (A) Curved crease origami face shield comprised of three surfaces: 1) a forehead rest; 2) a top visor; and 3) a front visor. (B)
The design parameters of the unrolled geometry of the face shield (dimensions in mm). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g004 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g004 support for the face shield geometry on the forehead of the wearer; 2) a top visor which rigidly
positions the shield with respect to the head attachment and protects the wearer from splashes,
sprays, and aerosols from above; and 3) the front visor which protects the wearer from
splashes, sprays, and aerosols from the front and sides. The simple curved folding pattern of
this design (similarly to [23]) make it practical to produce using universally accessible manual
methods, in contrast with the complex straight-line folding patterns required to produce the
shields described in [13, 30, 31]. Rather than a permanently affixed headband strap as in [23], the design incorporates a
removeable headband consisting of an elastic strap and strap holders, manufactured from the
same plastic material used in the shield. This allows for strap adjustment to suit a variety of
headforms, and permits the headband strap to be removed as part of potential decontamina-
tion procedures. The headband strap is attached to the front visor, as opposed to the interface
of the top visor and forehead rest as in [23]. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 5.1 Physical prototyping Physical prototyping of the face shield design presented in this paper used manual cutting,
creasing, and folding methods to rapidly produce prototypes for evaluation. This procedure
was used to determine the approximate geometry of the boundary curve, folding curves, and
the location and dimensions of the strap attachment holes of the face shield. This process,
through which novel face shield geometries could be manufactured and evaluated within
five to ten minutes, allowed for rapid evolution of the design to meet key performance
requirements. Physical prototyping was conducted first using cardboard, later using 440
micron acetate plastic sheeting, and finally using 510 micron polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
sheets. 5.1.1 Curved foldlines. Physical prototyping was first used to determine the approximate
location of the two curved foldlines in the face shield design. The position and shape of the fol-
dlines affect the fit, protection, and mechanical behaviour of the face shield. A key consider-
ation of the design is the angle between the forehead rest portion and front visor portion of the
shield, which arises from the relative orientation of the two foldline reflection planes in an
assumed elastica surface curved crease origami rationalisation of the face shield design. Experi-
mentation through physical prototyping determined that in order to allow the forehead rest to
adapt comfortably to the sloping profile of the human forehead, while orienting the front visor
such that it did not project too far out from the face, a deviation angle of approximately 30
degrees between the forehead rest and front visor was effective. A second key consideration for the design is the position of the front visor with respect to
the face. The front visor must be far enough from the face to allow primary PPE (goggles and
respirator or surgical mask) to be worn comfortably underneath the face shield, but not so far
away from the face that protection from splashes and droplets is compromised. During physi-
cal prototyping it was also observed that the distance of the face shield from the face also influ-
enced the likelihood of fogging, caused when water vapor suspended in exhaled gases
condenses onto the inside of the front visor. Fogging increased when the front visor was closer
to the face likely due to the reduced ability for vapor to leave the volume between the wearers
face and the front visor, prior to condensation occurring. 5 Curved-crease origami face shields This stabilises the shield geometry when worn
without the requirement for permanent fasteners. This property allows the design to be revers-
ibly folded and unfolded from its two-dimensional flat-packed to three-dimensional worn
configuration. The shield may be transported in its flat-packed configuration at high packing
efficiency, and folded into its three-dimensional configuration by the user upon unpacking at
its destination. After use, the shield may be subsequently flattened again for possible cleaning,
storage, or transport. For infection control, these shields could be transported individually in
flexible plastic film sleeves. Subject to validation of an effective decontamination procedure, the shield design could
potentially be decontaminated for reuse by removing the headband, flattening the shield, and
decontaminating the shield surface using a variety of cleaning and sterilising methods. The PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 11 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 5. Iterative physical-digital design workflow used to develop curved crease origami face shield design. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g005 Fig 5. Iterative physical-digital design workflow used to develop curved crease origami face shield design. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g005 shield, apart from the removable, disposable headband, contains no materials or components
(such as foam, 3D-printed elements, or staples) or geometric features likely able to trap infec-
tious agents or limit access of sterilising agents. Finally, the design requires only two materials
(PET sheet and elastic strapping), resulting in minimal supply chain sensitivity. This design
was developed using an iterative two-stage procedure involving both physical prototyping and
digital refinement and visualisation (Fig 5), described in the following sections. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 5.1 Physical prototyping The distance of the front visor from
the wearer’s face is controlled largely by the distance between the two folding curves. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 12 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control 5.1.2 Boundary curves. The design of the boundary cutting curves for the face shield was
informed by protection and performance requirements, including that face shields: provide
adequate lateral protection from droplets and splashes; not restrict movement of the head with
respect to contact with the shoulders and chest; and have no sharp projections which could
pose a scratching or cutting hazard, particularly during donning and doffing. Physical proto-
typing and preliminary testing of shield samples to EN 166 requirements informed the width
and height of the sheet used for the face shield. To reduce the sharpness of the shield geometry
at locations which could pose a scratching or cutting risk, the upper corners of the shield were
filleted along a circular profile, a geometry chosen for ease of replicability using non-digital
fabrication methods. The bottom corners of the shield design follow a freeform curve chosen
to balance protection and freedom of movement requirements. The boundary geometry also
influenced fogging behaviour, with larger shields, particularly those with significant extension
of the front visor below the chin, resulting in greater fogging. 5.1.3 Strap hole attachment location. The location and dimensions of the strap attach-
ment holes was found to significantly influence the geometry of the face shield when worn. Physical prototyping determined that higher strap attachment hole locations caused the front
visor surface to spread laterally, assuming a more flat curvature towards the bottom of the
shield. Lower strap locations resulted in the face shield geometry assuming a tighter surface
curvature, particularly towards the bottom of the shield. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 5.2 Digital design refinement The aim of the physical prototyping procedure described in the above sections was to produce
an approximation of the final geometry of the boundary curve, folding curves, and strap
attachment hole locations and dimensions which were likely to result in designs satisfying all
performance requirements. The folding curves produced using manual fabrication methods
were intended to correspond approximately to those created using an elastica curved-crease
origami surface generation approach. This section describes a procedure whereby a digital
parametric model incorporating elastica surface generation was used to generate refined digi-
tised folding curves based on those generated using manual methods. 5.2.1 Parametric geometry modelling. The face shield was modelled using a three-
dimensional parametric analytical model of a twice-mirrored extruded elastica shell (Fig 6). This parametric model provides a three-dimensional surface geometry prediction for the face
shield design from six parameters, as shown in Fig A. These include: • L: Horizontal sheet length. • w: Vertical sheet length. • b: Distance between the side edges of the face shield in its worn configuration, equal to the
width of the wearer’s head at this point plus a gap. • b: Distance between the side edges of the face shield in its worn configuration, equal to the
width of the wearer’s head at this point plus a gap. • θa: Inclination angle of Mirror Plane A, where Mirror Plane A intersects with the top corners
of the sheet. • wb: Distance of Mirror Plane B from the top of the sheet. • θb: Inclination angle of Mirror Plane B. The parameters L and b describe a unique elastica, corresponding to the arc length and dis-
tance, respectively, between the elastica’s end supports. In this study, elastica curves were gen-
erated in a Rhino-Grasshopper parametric CAD environment using an open-source PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 13 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 6. Analytical parametric model (A) construction sequence and key parameters. (B) Final folded form and pattern parameters. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g006 Fig 6. Analytical parametric model (A) construction sequence and key parameters. (B) Final folded form and pattern parameters. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g006 Fig 6. Analytical parametric model (A) construction sequence and key parameters. (B) Final folded form and pattern parameters. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g006 Fig 6. Analytical parametric model (A) construction sequence and key parameters. (B) Final folded form and pattern parameters. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g006 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g006 numerical solver [38]. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 5.2 Digital design refinement When extruded by a distance w (the vertical size of the sheet), and mir-
rored at Mirror Planes A and B, this elastica provides a prediction of the three-dimensional
surface geometry of the face shield. Boundary curves and strap attachment holes are assumed
to be cut from this surface without altering its curvature. Importantly, this elastica surface gen-
eration approach assumes continuous translational restraint along the two edges in the extru-
sion axis (Fig 3B). This differs from the support conditions of the actual face shield in its worn
configuration, which is supported by the wearer’s forehead against the forehead rest surface,
and the elastic headband connected to the strap attachment locations. As will be shown in the
following section, when the strap attachment holes are positioned through iterative physical
prototyping such that the change in curvature of the front visor along its height is minimised,
the above elastica surface generation approach is sufficiently accurate to reasonably predict the
actual geometry of the face shield when worn. numerical solver [38]. When extruded by a distance w (the vertical size of the sheet), and mir-
rored at Mirror Planes A and B, this elastica provides a prediction of the three-dimensional
surface geometry of the face shield. Boundary curves and strap attachment holes are assumed
to be cut from this surface without altering its curvature. Importantly, this elastica surface gen-
eration approach assumes continuous translational restraint along the two edges in the extru-
sion axis (Fig 3B). This differs from the support conditions of the actual face shield in its worn
configuration, which is supported by the wearer’s forehead against the forehead rest surface,
and the elastic headband connected to the strap attachment locations. As will be shown in the
following section, when the strap attachment holes are positioned through iterative physical
prototyping such that the change in curvature of the front visor along its height is minimised,
the above elastica surface generation approach is sufficiently accurate to reasonably predict the
actual geometry of the face shield when worn. To generate the refined three-dimensional geometry of the face shield, key design parame-
ters were measured from the physical prototype and applied to the digital parametric model. 5.2 Digital design refinement Six length parameters may be directly measured from the physical prototype, including L, w, b, PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 14 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control wb, and the distances sa and sb, which are the distances from the top of the sheet to the mid-
points of folding curves A and B respectively. The approach taken to generate the mirror plane
angles θa and θb is to choose these values such that the mid-point rises of the digitally-gener-
ated folding curves are equal to the mid-point rises sa and sb of the folding curves measured on
the physical prototype. Eqs 1 and 2 relate θa and θb to sb and sb. ya ¼ tan 1 sa
h
ð1Þ ð1Þ yb ¼ tan 1 sb wb
h
ð2Þ ð2Þ where h is the height of the unique elastica determined by b and L [39]). PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 where h is the height of the unique elastica determined by b and L [39]). As implemented in the Rhino-Grasshopper environment, this parametric geometry model-
ling tool is able to generate 3D geometry visualisations with sub-second response times on a
typical personal computer, allowing for effectively real-time exploration of design options. The
geometry generated using this digital refinement procedure was subsequently used to manu-
facture the face shield using digitally-enabled fabrication methods. Multiple iterations of man-
ual physical prototyping, digital refinement, and digital fabrication were used to refine and
generate the final design presented in this paper. 5.2.2 Geometry validation. To evaluate the usefulness of the analytical mirrored elastica
curved-crease origami approach for prediction of the geometry of the face shield, a 3D scan
using photogrammetry was performed of a face shield on a wearer’s head (Fig 7). 120 photo-
graphs were taken of the face shield on the wearer’s head at approximately 0.5-1.0 metres dis-
tance. The photogrammetry software Metashape Pro was used to generate a 3D scan mesh
representation from the images. The 3D scan mesh was scaled using a physical measurement
of the widest point of the wearer’s ears in the horizontal axis orthogonal to the wearer’s viewing
direction (195 mm) and the corresponding points on the 3D scan mesh. The 3D scan mesh
was positioned and oriented such that the vertical centreline of the front visor of the 3D scan Fig 7. Comparison of predicted geometry with 3D photogrammetry scan of face shield on wearer’s head. 1) top right corner
extraction point 2) top left corner extraction point 3) manually selected extraction point at top edge of forehead rest. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g007 Fig 7. Comparison of predicted geometry with 3D photogrammetry scan of face shield on wearer’s head. 1) top right corner
extraction point 2) top left corner extraction point 3) manually selected extraction point at top edge of forehead rest. Fig 7. Comparison of predicted geometry with 3D photogrammetry scan of face shield on wearer’s head. 1) top right corner
extraction point 2) top left corner extraction point 3) manually selected extraction point at top edge of forehead rest. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g007 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g007 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g007 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 15 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control mesh and analytically predicted geometry coincided. The 3D scan mesh was rotated about this
axis to an angle such that the perimeter of the visor in the 3D scan mesh roughly coincided
with the corresponding locations on the analytically predicted geometry. where h is the height of the unique elastica determined by b and L [39]). The deviation of the 3D scan mesh from the analytically predicted geometry was measured
by comparing the scan mesh with the surface prediction at 11 extraction points on the gener-
ated surface, indicated as blue spheres in Fig 7. The extraction point at the top edge of the fore-
head rest (indicated as 3 in Fig 7) was chosen manually to determine the estimated maximum
deviation of the forehead rest 3D scanned surface from the predicted geometry. For all of the
extraction points except the top right and left corners (indicated as 1 and 2, respectively in
Fig 7) and the top of the forehead rest, the corresponding closest points on the mesh were
found automatically. To account for increased thickness of the 3D scan mesh due to photo-
grammetry artifacts at these locations, and the more extreme geometric deviations at the top
corners and top of the forehead rest, corresponding points on the mesh at these three locations
were chosen manually to correspond to the centre of the scan mesh thickness and the correct
position on the 3D scan mesh geometry edge. All corresponding points on the 3D scan mesh
are indicated as red spheres in Fig 7. The distance between the between the 3D scan mesh and predicted geometry at all extrac-
tion points except for the top corners and top of the forehead rest was less than approximately
2.5 mm (approximately 5 times the thickness of the PET sheet). At the top right and left cor-
ners of the face shield, deviations between the 3D scan and the predicted geometry were
greater, at approximately 15 and 11 mm, respectively. At the extreme point selected at the top
of the forehead rest a deviation of approximately 14 mm was measured. The above results demonstrate that the analytical prediction corresponds reasonably well to
the true geometry of the face shield as measured using the 3D scanning method employed. The differences between the actual face shield and the analytical prediction are primarily due
to the differences in support conditions in the analytical model compared to the actual face
shield, as discussed in the previous section. The analytical shape prediction was also simplified
to assume a rectangular boundary and no internal cuts, both of which would alter panel bend-
ing stiffness in the physical face shield. where h is the height of the unique elastica determined by b and L [39]). The reasonably good correspondence between the analytical prediction of the geometry of
the face shield and its true geometry as measured with a 3D scan suggest that the parametric
modelling approach used to predict and visualise the geometry of the face shield is likely to be
useful in the design process of future iterations and adaptions of this face shield. It is important
to note here that several rounds of iterative prototyping may be required to determine strap
attachment locations which result in minimal change in surface curvature of the front visor
along its height, thus ensuring closest agreement with the analytically predicted geometry. A
further factor which was found to potentially influence the geometry of the face shield when
worn was the orientation of the sheet material in the face shield with respect to its rolling direc-
tion when packed for transport. The 510 micron PET sheet used in this study exhibited some
residual curvature due to plastic deformation from being rolled. This could potentially influ-
ence the geometry of the face shield if the rolling direction during storage and transport coin-
cides with the bending direction in the face shield’s worn configuration. 5.3 Rapid physical-digital prototyping approach for future face shield
designs The above approach using both physical prototyping and parametric digital design refinement
may be used to rapidly explore and refine further iterations on the design presented in this
paper. In particular, using the above approach, designers may straightforwardly adapt the PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 16 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 8. Variants of curved crease origami face shields based on the design presented: (A) original (B) variant with increased frontal
clearance (for example to accommodate the wearing of surgical loupes underneath the face shield) (C) variant adapted for child (6-
10 years). https://doi org/10 1371/journal pone 0245737 g008 Fig 8. Variants of curved crease origami face shields based on the design presented: (A) original (B) variant with increased frontal
clearance (for example to accommodate the wearing of surgical loupes underneath the face shield) (C) variant adapted for child (6-
10 years). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g008 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g008 design to different wearer head-forms, or make alterations to the geometry as needed to
accommodate specific protection, ergonomic, comfort, or other requirements. design to different wearer head-forms, or make alterations to the geometry as needed to
accommodate specific protection, ergonomic, comfort, or other requirements. Fig 8 illustrates two hypothetical adaptations of the design presented, using adjustments to
the design parameters (shown in Table 2) to rapidly visualise the predicted geometries of the
potential designs. The “Original” design shown in Fig 8 is the design tested to the EN 166 stan-
dard and found to be fit for purpose for the standard adult headform described therein. While
this headform likely approximately describes the ergonomic requirements of a large portion of
the general adult population, some populations may require alternative face shield geometries. Fig 8B shows a variant of the design which has been modified to have increased clearance in
front of the wearer’s face, for example to allow for the user to wear surgical loupes under the
face shield. This increased clearance is achieved by increasing the parameter wb by 35 mm, to
increase the extension of the top visor, thereby moving the front visor forward. As this also
translates the front visor up, the vertical length of the shield w was increased by 55 mm to
retain the same protective coverage around the chin. All other parameters remained
Table 2. Parameters used for face shield design variants shown in Fig 8. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 5.3 Rapid physical-digital prototyping approach for future face shield
designs mm
mm
mm
mm
Degrees
Degrees
L
w
b
wb
θA
θB
Original (Fig 8A)
335
315
190
82.0
37.2
23.1
Increased Frontal Clearance (Fig 8B)
335
370
190
117
37.2
23.1
Child (6-10 yrs) (Fig 8C)
320
300
180
82.0
37.2
23.1
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.t002
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021
17 / 30 Fig 8 illustrates two hypothetical adaptations of the design presented, using adjustments to
the design parameters (shown in Table 2) to rapidly visualise the predicted geometries of the
potential designs. The “Original” design shown in Fig 8 is the design tested to the EN 166 stan-
dard and found to be fit for purpose for the standard adult headform described therein. While
this headform likely approximately describes the ergonomic requirements of a large portion of
the general adult population, some populations may require alternative face shield geometries. Fig 8B shows a variant of the design which has been modified to have increased clearance in
front of the wearer’s face, for example to allow for the user to wear surgical loupes under the
face shield. This increased clearance is achieved by increasing the parameter wb by 35 mm, to
increase the extension of the top visor, thereby moving the front visor forward. As this also
translates the front visor up, the vertical length of the shield w was increased by 55 mm to
retain the same protective coverage around the chin. All other parameters remained Table 2. Parameters used for face shield design variants shown in Fig 8. mm
mm
mm
mm
Degrees
Degrees
L
w
b
wb
θA
θB
Original (Fig 8A)
335
315
190
82.0
37.2
23.1
Increased Frontal Clearance (Fig 8B)
335
370
190
117
37.2
23.1
Child (6-10 yrs) (Fig 8C)
320
300
180
82.0
37.2
23.1
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.t002 Table 2. Parameters used for face shield design variants shown in Fig 8. 17 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control unchanged. Fig 8C shows an adaptation of the design to a child (6-10 years) head form. In this
variant, the width L of the sheet, and the target edge-to-edge width of the shield in worn con-
figuration b were reduced to accommodate the smaller width and circumference of the child
headform. 5.3 Rapid physical-digital prototyping approach for future face shield
designs The height w of the shield was also reduced to eliminate excessive extension of the
bottom of the shield below the child’s chin. All other parameters remained unchanged. These
alternative design variants have not been tested or certified, but are shown to demonstrate the
adaptability and potential utility of the design process presented in this study. These designs
are not intended to be representative of face shields required for all populations but rather
illustrate potential modified designs suitable for specific populations potentially not well served
by the “Original” face shield design presented in this paper. Generally, the key parameters which may be adjusted to adapt the geometry of the face
shield to diverse wearer headforms are likely to be the horizontal sheet length L, which may be
reduced to correspond to the reduced circumference of smaller wearer headforms, the vertical
sheet length w, which controls the downward extension of the front visor, and the parameter
wb, which controls the size of the top visor, which could be used to vary the distance of the
front visor from the wearer’s face as needed. The parameter b, corresponding to width of the
wearer’s head plus a gap, should also be adjusted accordingly for smaller or larger wearer head-
forms to enable accurate geometry prediction using the analytically generated face shield
surface. 6 Manufacturing procedures for curved-crease origami face
shields A key objective of this work was the development of a design which could be produced using a
variety of manufacturing methods, and a range of plastic sheet materials, to enable the rapid
scaling of global production in the disrupted COVID-19 manufacturing and supply chain
environment. A number of manufacturing procedures (summarised in Table 3) were explored
as part of the design and prototyping process. The various manufacturing processes trialled
used different techniques to produce cuts along the face shield boundary curves and at the
attachment holes, as well as different methods for creating creases along the folding curves. For all methods trialled, folding of shields along creasing curves, folding and threading of
straps, and attachment of straps was performed manually. Prototyping was explored in several
thermoplastic sheet materials and thicknesses. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 6.1 Material selection “Accessibility” refers to accessibility of manufacturing method globally to those seeking to manufacture face shields,
and may also be denoted as “Universal” where methods can be reasonably expected to be ubiquitously accessible. “Quality” characteristics are discussed in the text. Italicised speeds refer to speed estimates for manufacturing
procedures not tested in-depth as part of this work. Die cutting and die creasing may be performed as part of a
single procedure. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.t003 strap attachment holes, and was therefore not used further. Further work should explore the
manufacture of these face shields using other thermoplastic sheet materials. 6.1 Material selection Initial rapid prototyping of the face shield geometry was conducted using cardboard and card-
stock sheets, and manual cutting and creasing methods. Once a rough geometry for the face
shield design was identified, prototyping continued using thermoplastic sheets. Thermoplastic
sheets are widely used as materials for face shield visors due to their optical properties, accept-
able mechanical performance, light weight, cost and ease of disposal or re-use (as appropriate
for the application). The specific selection of the type of thermoplastic for use in face shields is
further based on properties such as mechanical behaviour, optical quality, chemical resistance,
and impact and scratch resistance. A wide range of thermoplastics have been utilised in recent
face shield designs, including polycarbonate [13], cellulose acetate [11], polyurethane [24], and
PET [40], and PETG [13, 19]). The design and fabrication methods presented in this paper were tested using transparent
sheets of 440 micron cellulose acetate and 510 micron PET. Prototyping was also briefly con-
ducted using 250 micron PET, however this material failed easily in a brittle manner near PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 18 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Table 3. Characteristics of manufacturing procedures for curved crease origami face shields, where accessibility
and quality each may be “low”, “medium”, or “high”. Method
s / shield
Accessibility
Quality
Speed
Cutting
Manual
60-180
Universal
Low-Medium
Laser
45
Medium
Medium
Die
0.3
Low
High
Creasing
Manual
60-120
Universal
Low-Medium
Mech. Pressure
30-60
Medium
Medium
Partial-Depth Laser
15-45
Medium
Low
Complete-Depth Laser
30-90
Medium
Low
Die
0.3
Low
High
Folding
Manual
30-90
Universal
Low-High
Strap Attachment
Manual
60-180
Universal
High
“Accessibility” refers to accessibility of manufacturing method globally to those seeking to manufacture face shields,
and may also be denoted as “Universal” where methods can be reasonably expected to be ubiquitously accessible. “Quality” characteristics are discussed in the text. Italicised speeds refer to speed estimates for manufacturing
procedures not tested in-depth as part of this work. Die cutting and die creasing may be performed as part of a
single procedure. https://doi org/10 1371/journal pone 0245737 t003 Table 3. Characteristics of manufacturing procedures for curved crease origami face shields, where accessibility
and quality each may be “low”, “medium”, or “high”. 6.2 Cutting of boundary curves and strap holes 6.2.1 Manual cutting. During initial physical prototyping, the cutting of boundary curves
in plastic sheets was performed using scissors, and the cutting of strap attachment holes was
performed using a utility knife. Strap attachment holes were also in some instances produced
using manual hole punchers. To produce consistent and accurate cuts, tracing was used to
transfer the geometry of the boundary curves and strap attachment holes to the plastic sheet. An individual shield could be cut manually in approximately 1-3 minutes. These methods,
while slower and less accurate than mechanised methods, produced shields of acceptable qual-
ity for use. Specifically, manual cutting of the boundary curve was found to approximate the
desired target geometry well enough so as to not affect coverage performance. However, care
should be taken with manual cutting of the boundary curve so as not to introduce sharp pro-
jections (which could pose a scratching hazard) or slits (which could pose a hair trapping haz-
ard. Furthermore, when manual cutting, care should also be taken not to over-size strap
attachment holes such that strap attachment clips are able to detach from the front visor dur-
ing use. Manual cutting methods may be particularly appropriate in settings where cutting
machines may be unavailable or prohibitively expensive, but labour is available and relatively
inexpensive. 6.2.2 Mechanised cutting. A variety of mechanised cutting methods were explored for
producing boundary curve and strap attachment hole cuts. A digitally-controlled laser cutter
performed cuts rapidly, performing all necessary cuts for a given shield within approximately PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 19 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control 45 seconds. Laser cutters are relatively widely available, making them a fairly accessible tool for
local production of face shields. Shields cut using laser cutting were of good quality, passing
required performance tests for face shields according to European standards mentioned in
Section 2.1. However, laser-cutting produced char at the cut boundaries, potentially requiring
some manual cleaning before packaging. Furthermore, we hypothesise that laser cutting may
introduce local brittleness in PET sheet near cuts through local heating of material caused by
the laser cutting process. Finally, laser cutting settings must be carefully calibrated, and sheets
must be carefully positioned in order to ensure consistency of cuts, potentially compromising
quality in the event these conditions are not successfully controlled. 6.2 Cutting of boundary curves and strap holes Cutting of boundaries using a die in a manually operated bench-top hydraulic press was
also explored. A key challenge observed with this approach was ensuring a complete cut
through the sheet along the entire boundary curve. For the relatively small 10-tonne bench-top
hydraulic press available, achieving a complete cut sometimes proved difficult due to the chal-
lenge of providing sufficient pressure to the cutting die at large distances from the hydraulic
ram. For larger presses, and for high-volume die-cutting machinery, achieving complete cuts
should pose no challenges, as has been demonstrated by existing similar face shield
manufacturing projects [12, 13]. Assuming 90,000 shields produced using die-cutting at a
known facility over an 8 hour work day, the speed of die-cutting per shield is estimated here as
0.3 seconds per shield. While fast, and likely consistently producing shields of high quality, die
cutting machinery is less widely accessible than other manufacturing methods, limiting its use
in some areas. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 6.3 Creasing Manual fabrication procedures: (A) manual tracing of digitised boundary, folding, and strap attachment hole curves (B) manual
creasing procedure using a ballpoint pen and channel. https://doi org/10 1371/journal pone 0245737 g009 Fig 9. Manual fabrication procedures: (A) manual tracing of digitised boundary, folding, and strap attachment hole curves (B) manual
creasing procedure using a ballpoint pen and channel. Fig 9. Manual fabrication procedures: (A) manual tracing of digitised boundary, folding, and strap attachment hole curves (B) manual
creasing procedure using a ballpoint pen and channel. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g009 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g009 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g009 low material hardness were found to produce creases with better robustness than sharp tools
made of harder materials. The above manual creasing procedure could be completed in approximately 1-2 minutes
per shield. This method was highly effective for rapid prototyping, and when conducted care-
fully using appropriate tools and recessed channels, could produce shields of acceptable qual-
ity. If this method were to be implemented at scale, however, dedicated quality control
procedures might be desirable for ensuring the required mechanical performance of creases. In addition to ensuring that creasing implements are of appropriate dullness and softness, con-
trolling the consistency of applied pressure is likely to be of key importance in such quality
control procedures. A key advantage of manual creasing is that when combined with manual cutting methods,
this procedure can be performed with nearly universally available tools by users with little to
no specialised skills. Because the fabrication procedure may be performed entirely on a flat
sheet, a 2D cutting and creasing template (Fig 9A) may be easily used to reliably reproduce the
shield geometry of designs which have been tested for their performance against product stan-
dards. In the course of this research, cutting templates for the face shield design developed in
this work were distributed digitally and used to allow makers in other locations to produce the
design with little to no specialist tools required. Distribution by non-digital channels, that is,
postal mail, is also enabled by this approach, meaning that performance-evaluated shield
design templates and the raw materials required to make them could be distributed to remote
locations without internet infrastructure or 2D printing capability. This approach could be
particularly valuable in less-developed regions, or in regions suffering from disruptions to
communications infrastructure due to natural disasters or conflict. 6.3 Creasing The face shield design presented in this paper depends on the ability to consistently fold plastic
sheets along predetermined curves. Controlled folding along curves may be aided through the
creation of creases prior to folding. Informally, creasing is a process whereby a hinge may be
produced in an otherwise stiff sheet material, allowing it to be folded at the crease. This hinge
is produced by locally reducing the bending stiffness of the sheet material along a curve. Creases in the presented face shield design must allow for multiple cycles of folding and
unfolding, to enable the transformation of the face shield from its flat configuration to its
three-dimensional worn configuration, and back to its flat configuration for cleaning, storage,
and/or transport. To meet these design requirements, the number of folding and unfolding
operations capable of being performed before a mechanical crease failure occurs should be
maximised. A mechanical failure of the thermoplastic sheet is considered to render the shield
unfit for purpose, as this break could compromise the ability of the shield to protect the wearer
from infected liquids and aerosols, or could result in a scratching, cutting, or hair-trapping
hazard. A variety of creasing methods for thermoplastic sheets for face shields were explored
as part of this study. 6.3.1 Manual pressure creasing. The first method of creasing explored was the use of
manual methods to induce local plastic deformation along the desired creasing curve by apply-
ing localised pressure to the sheet over a recessed channel using a hand-held tool (Fig 9). These manual creasing methods involved first tracing the creasing curves onto the sheet mate-
rial for reference. Next, the sheet was positioned over a 1-4 mm-wide channel of greater than 2
mm depth, so that the sheet material did not reach the bottom of the channel when deformed
under applied pressure. A blunt, soft tool was subsequently manually pressed into the sheet
over the channel in a repetitive sliding motion, while the sheet was repositioned such that the
resulting crease followed the target curves. The choice of creasing tool was found to signifi-
cantly influence the mechanical performance of the resulting crease. Dull tools with relatively PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 20 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 9. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 6.3 Creasing If 2D printing could be per-
formed directly onto the plastic sheet material used for the shield, this could further simplify
the manual cutting creasing process through the provision of visual cutting and creasing
guides on the shield material itself. 6.3.2 Mechanised pressure creasing. Another method explored to produce creases in
thermoplastic sheets was the use of a creasing die on a bench-top hydraulic press. Dies (Fig 10)
were produced by laser-cutting 4 mm medium-density fibreboard (MDF) sheets into a three- 21 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control Fig 10. Die used for creasing with a bench-top hydraulic press (A) Illustration of pressing procedure (B) Photograph of prototype
creasing die. d for creasing with a bench-top hydraulic press (A) Illustration of pressing procedure (B) Photograph of prototype Fig 10. Die used for creasing with a bench-top hydraulic press (A) Illustration of pressing procedure (B) Photograph of prototype
creasing die. Fig 10. Die used for creasing with a bench-top hydraulic press (A) Illustration of pressing procedure (B) Photograph of prototype
creasing die https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737.g010 part template, and affixing a 2 mm wire rope to the top and bottom surfaces of the die opposite
a 5 mm-wide receiving channel. Plastic sheets with boundary curve and strap attachment hole
cuts already complete were placed between the top and bottom surfaces of the die, and the
assembly was subjected to an overall applied force of approximately 60-70 kN. The wire rope
and receiving channel caused a local deformation of the thermoplastic sheet resulting in a fold-
ing crease with a predetermined favoured folding direction. This method was found to pro-
duce consistent creases with excellent robustness. The procedure to insert, crease, and remove
a shield using the above approach took approximately 30-60 seconds. An alternative die was also tested using the same hydraulic press, using a curved creasing
bar integrated into a cutting die. This method, while clearly promising in the context of high-
volume die-cutting and creasing production, was not successful using the relatively low-capac-
ity hydraulic press available for this study, because of the strong variation in applied pressure
as a function of distance from the hydraulic ram. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 6.3 Creasing Specialised high-volume manufacturing
machinery for combined cutting and creasing of PET sheets exists, suggesting that implement-
ing a high-volume combined cutting and creasing manufacturing method for the design intro-
duced in this paper would likely not pose significant technical challenges. The speed of die
creasing is estimated here using the same approach as for die cutting. 6.3.3 Partial depth cut creasing. Another creasing method explored as part of this work
was the use of partial-depth cuts. Using lower power and higher speed settings on a laser cutter
than would result in a complete depth cut, an “engraving” cut may be achieved which does not
completely penetrate the material. The resulting reduction in cross-section results in a desired
local reduction in bending stiffness at the crease, producing a hinge when folded. An advantage of the above approach, whereby an incomplete depth cut is made by laser
engraving, is that this procedure may be performed quickly (likely between 15-45 seconds per
shield), and could be completed in conjunction with complete depth cuts required for PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 22 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control boundary curves and strap attachment holes. A key disadvantage of this approach, however, is
the creation of a channel which may trap soiling material, and prevent effective decontamina-
tion of the face shield for reuse. A further challenge observed with such incomplete depth cuts
when prototyped was a higher incidence of brittle failure at or near the creases when folded. Our hypothesis is that the very small radius of curvature of the folding hinge created at this
type of crease results in high localised stress concentrations, increasing the risk of a brittle fail-
ure. A further challenge with the above approach may be controlling the precise depth of the
partial depth cut using a laser cutter, particularly when the sheet material may not rest
completely flat on the laser cutting bed, or when precise laser power and speed settings may be
difficult to reliably control. 6.3.4 Full depth cut creasing. A further creasing method explored as part of this work
was the use of complete depth cuts along the desired folding curve which do not completely
join (for example “dashed” cuts), leaving sheet material in place at least in some locations
across the creasing curve. 6.4 Folding For all of the shields produced as part of this study, sheets were manually folded along creases. This folding procedure typically took between 30 and 90 seconds per shield, depending on
desired fidelity of the fold beyond that required to satisfy performance requirements. It should be noted that it is possible for users to potentially produce low quality shields
when manually folding, if folds are made away from the creases (introducing local weaknesses
and affecting worn shield geometry). When folded with reasonable care, however, excellent
fold robustness and consistent worn geometry are achievable. This experience suggests that
folding could be performed by first-time users of face shields upon opening of shield packag-
ing, thus allowing for space-efficient transportation of shields in their flat-packed
configuration. 6.3 Creasing A large body of literature has explored complete depth cut patterns
for the creation of hinges in sheet materials [41–44]. While such a creasing approach would benefit from straightforward manufacture using a
laser-cutter (at an estimated 30-90 seconds per shield) or potentially high-volume die-cutting,
a key disadvantage of such creases is their permeability to fluids and aerosols. Furthermore,
the gaps produced by such cuts could trap soiling material, and prevent effective decontamina-
tion for reuse. This work also explored the use of a flexible transparent fluid-repellent adhe-
sive-backed sheet (contact paper) applied over complete depth cuts as a means of providing a
fluid and aerosol barrier there. While such a method could help to provide protection from flu-
ids and aerosols in designs using complete-depth cut creases, the robustness of such a lami-
nated hinge when subject to multiple rounds of repeated folding and unfolding, in addition to
decontamination involving liquid and manual abrasion, could be poor, potentially resulting in
loss of protective function after a small number of reuses. 6.5 Strap threading and attachment Strap attachment clip folding, threading, and attachment to visors for all shields produced as
part of this study was performed manually. Threaded straps could be shipped attached to flat
face shields, resulting in worst-case packing thicknesses of approximately 5.0 mm, or
unthreaded, requiring that users thread and attach these upon opening shield packaging,
resulting in worst-case packing thicknesses approaching sheet material thickness at 0.5-1.0
mm. Strap threading and attachment could be performed in 1-3 minutes per shield. Apart
from easily avoidable errors in threading pattern, strap attachment orientation, and tightness, PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 23 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control high quality strap threading and attachment may easily be achieved by first-time users when
provided with instructions. 6.6 Manufacturing method and material compatibility It is of interest to identify which of the manufacturing methods discussed above are compatible
with each other, so that producers of face shields may make best use of the manufacturing
methods available to them. Manual cutting methods are generally likely to be incompatible
with mechanised creasing methods, because such mechanised methods are likely to require
precise boundary curves for registration, which may be difficult to achieve using some manual
cutting methods. Laser and die-cutting methods are likely to be compatible with any creasing
method. All methods considered are compatible with manual folding and strap threading and
attachment, the only folding and strap attachment methods considered in this paper. Both
PET and acetate are potentially compatible with all methods, however, as previously men-
tioned, brittle failures were observed in thin (250 micron) PET when produced using laser cut-
ting and mechanical pressure creasing. Those manufacturing curved crease origami face
shields are responsible for testing these according to medical device performance standards in
their jurisdiction to ensure that the particular manufacturing methods and materials used in
their production result in face shields which are fit for purpose. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 7.2 Reusability evaluation 7.2.1 Decontamination procedure. Further tests were conducted to assess the likelihood
of the ability for the face shield presented in this paper to be safely reused. A preliminary evalu-
ation of a potential decontamination procedure was conducted, whereby the strap was
removed from the shield, the shield was flattened, and liquid soap was used to manually clean
and disinfect the shield. Once dry, sterilising wipes containing chlorhexidine were used to ster-
ilise the shield. Disinfection using sterilising wipes has been suggested in United States Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) guidance [46] and in recent work using a simi-
lar face shield design [27] to likely be an effective means of decontaminating face shields for
reuse in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. As preparation for subsequent reuse, the
shield was folded back into its three-dimensional configuration and a new strap was attached. This decontamination procedure appeared likely to satisfactorily remove all visible soiling, and
assuming that the sterilising agent in the wipes was able to make complete contact with all por-
tions of the plastic surface, is likely to be effective for inactivation of infectious agents. A com-
plete experimental assessment of the efficacy of the decontamination procedure with regards
to the inactivation of infectious agents is outside of the scope of this study. However, the use of
sterilising wipes for decontamination of a similar face shield in a recent study [27], and the rec-
ommendation in US CDC guidance that sterilising wipes be used for reprocessing of face
shields for reuse [46] suggest that decontamination using sterilising wipes is likely to be effec-
tive. [27] further demonstrated the use of isopropanol solution, ionised hydrogen peroxide,
and ultraviolet light sterilisation for their similar face shield design. Such decontamination
methods could also likely be applied to the face shield design presented in this paper. The man-
ual decontamination procedure described above could be completed within 5 minutes for a
single shield, but likely could be adapted for the rapid bulk decontamination of larger numbers
of shields. Subject to the development of an acceptable decontamination procedure for these, straps
and clips could also be decontaminated and reused. 7.1 Performance assessment A version of the face shield design presented in this paper (denoted model number HS-00-00-
01) passed all of the tests described in the BSI’s PPE Technical Specification 2020/403 for
Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic, as tested on the adult reference
head-form for eye protection evaluation described in EN 166, clause 17. The design tested
used 510 micron PET, laser cutting, mechanical pressure creasing, and manual folding and
strap attachment. The tests and checks performed are listed in Section 2.1. This testing was part of the conformity assessment (CE marking approval) process required
for permission from the United Kingdom Office for Product Safety and Standards to manufac-
ture and distribute face shields for infection control during the COVID-19 pandemic. This
process, which also involved a review of technical documentation and proposed manufactur-
ing procedures, was granted for the manufacturing of this face shield design at the University
of Cambridge Department of Architecture. This approval means that, according to UK public
health guidance and European Standards, the design was deemed fit for purpose as a face
shield for infection control during the COVID-19 pandemic, and subject to controlled
manufacturing procedures, could be distributed as a face shield for infection control within
the UK. It is important to note that this approval applies only to shields manufactured by Uni-
versity of Cambridge Department of Architecture using the materials and manufacturing
methods associated with the shields which were tested as part of the approval process. Preliminary feedback regarding shield designs was also obtained from a small number of
healthcare workers. Comments focussed on the fit, comfort, degree of fogging, and overall size
of the shields. Users reported that the shields were comfortable to wear for extended periods,
and fogging was not reported as a concern. In hot conditions, sweating in the forehead rest
region was identified as a potential issue, but was ultimately not found to be a significant con-
cern. Early feedback from users also informed the design of the front visor, whose size in later
design iterations was limited to prevent restriction of head movement. A comprehensive study involving human participants to evaluate the performance of the
face shield was outside of the scope of this work, and not required for CE certification. 7.1 Performance assessment As this PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 24 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control work did not involve randomising participants to different groups, did not involve any change
to treatment or standards of care, and was not intended to provide generalisable research find-
ings, it was deemed to fall outside the the scope of research as considered by the UK National
Health Service (NHS) Health Research Authority [45] and no formal review by a Research Eth-
ics Committee deemed necessary. It is also important to note that, although preliminary user feedback did not report fogging
as a concern, some design variants tested by the authors did exhibit some fogging. Increasing
the space between the front visor and the wearer’s face and limiting excessive extension of the
bottom of the front visor were identified as potential strategies to mitigate fogging if this
appears to be a concern in future design variants. The above-mentioned BSI testing procedure
for CE approval face shields for infection control in the COVID-19 pandemic did not include
any tests for fogging. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 8 Conclusions This paper has identified the potential for curved-crease origami techniques to be used to effi-
ciently produce large volumes of face shields for infection control using a wide range of
manufacturing methods as appropriate to specific contexts. Through an analysis of the state of the art in face shield design, this paper has highlighted
the importance of rapid high-volume manufacture, the ability to be safely reused, resilience
against disruptions to supply chain, manufacturing, and labour, and ease of replication and
adaptation in the design of face shields for infection control. The design presented may be
manufactured at high production rates, transported and stored efficiently. Subject to the vali-
dation of an approved decontamination procedure, the design could potentially be easily
decontaminated and reused. It uses small quantities of inexpensive raw materials, requires
only two unique materials and is likely to be easily produced using alternative raw materials. The design also has a simple geometry which may be easily replicated and adapted using man-
ual or widely available digital fabrication methods. In addition to reporting on the specific design developed in this work, this paper has also
detailed the iterative physical-digital prototyping procedure used to develop the design, which
may be used by others to further improve and adapt the design to new contexts and applica-
tions. The elastica curved crease parametric modelling approach presented allows for the rapid
and accurate visualisation of predicted final forms of face shields in their worn configuration
as determined by a small number of input parameters which may be controlled by the
designer. This design and visualisation tool, implemented in Rhinoceros CAD software using
the Grasshopper parametric modelling environment is available open-source in the supple-
mental data associated with this paper. Equivalent tools could easily be implemented in other
software as needed, using the method described in this paper. 7.2 Reusability evaluation Collaborative work by the authors has
explored variants of the design presented in this paper which incorporate a headband consist-
ing of a plastic strap of the same sheet material, possibly contiguous with the face shield sheet,
which could be easily decontaminated alongside the face shield using the procedure described
above, eliminating any face shield material waste as a result of decontamination. 7.2.2 Fatigue testing. To assess the mechanical performance of the face shield subject to
multiple reuses, a preliminary fatigue test was performed. The fatigue performance of a face
shield using 510 micron PET, produced using laser cutting, mechanised pressure creasing, and
manual strap attachment and folding was assessed. In this experiment, the face shield, with its PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 25 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control strap removed, was folded from its three-dimensional configuration to its flat configuration
repeatedly to assess the mechanical effects of repeated folding and unfolding, as would occur
over multiple decontamination cycles. The shield was flattened and unflattened manually, and
a distributed weight was applied over the entire shield surface to improve consistency of flat-
ness with each cycle. To ensure consistency of folding into the three-dimensional configura-
tion, the shield was folded to a target edge-to-edge distance b of 210±20 millimetres in its
three-dimensional configuration. No visually discernible damage to the creases occurred over 100 fold cycles, and no cracks
in the shield were observed, meaning that fluid-impermeable barrier function of the shield was
not compromised. A slight apparent reduction in folding stiffness was perceived after 5-10
fold cycles. These preliminary results suggest that mechanical failure is unlikely to occur in
curved crease origami face shields using the materials and manufacturing methods tested, for
a relatively high number of estimated reuses. It should be noted that preliminary experiments on various materials and creasing methods
throughout the prototyping process suggested a strong influence of material choice and creas-
ing technique on the number of fold cycles before failure, and thus those adapting this design
should ensure that the materials and creasing methods selected provide the desired crease
robustness for the intended application. The effect of disinfecting agents on the optical and
mechanical characteristics of the face shields was not evaluated. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Abigail Bush, Andrew Conway Morris, Ana Maia, and Andy
Smith for their feedback on the designs presented in this paper. 9 Future applications and potential of curved crease origami Beyond their application specifically for face shields, the explorations conducted in this study
have highlighted the potential for curved-crease origami techniques to be applied in the design PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 26 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control of other PPE and wearable devices. Curved-crease origami forms consist of curved surfaces
which may conform well to human body forms, providing flexible contact regions which dis-
tribute attachment forces across a large area, reducing pressure which might otherwise cause
discomfort or even soft-tissue injury. Wearables may also benefit from the compliant mecha-
nism behaviour of curved-crease origami forms, as in the case of the face shield design pre-
sented, whereby the process of donning the shield reconfigures the shield from its flat to its
three-dimensional form. Furthermore, as with other origami techniques, curved-crease ori-
gami allows for cost-effective and straightforward manufacture from sheet materials. h
d
f h
d
h
l d
k bl The severity and urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in remarkable innova-
tions from the design community, revealing extraordinary opportunities for improvements in
the quality, efficiency, and sustainability of provision of critical goods and services globally,
particularly to the most vulnerable. We are encouraged by the potential for further focused,
collaborative, and open-source design in the field of folded structures to help address the
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ambro.co.uk/ppefaceshield/. 13. Gallagher MB. MIT Initiates Mass Manufacture of Disposable Face Shields for Covid-19 Response. 2020 Mar 31 [cited 2020 Aug 10] Available from: http://news.mit.edu/2020/face-shield-ppe-
manufacture-covid-19-0331. 14. BBC News. Amazon to Make Face Shields and Sell at Cost. BBC News. 2020 May 14 [cited 2020 Aug
10] Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52662356 15. University of Nottingham. Nottingham Engineers Produce Certified 3D Printed Face Shields for NHS—
University of Nottingham. 2020 Apr 29 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.nottingham.ac. uk/news/nottingham-engineers-produce-certified-3d-printed-face-shields-for-nhs. 16. University of Edingburgh. The Student Start-up Protecting NHS Heroes. 2020 Apr 23 [cited 2020 Aug
10]. Available from: https://www.ed.ac.uk/covid-19-response/our-community/the-student-start-up-
protecting-nhs-heroes. 17. University of Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre. Protective Face Shields 3D Printed
for NHS Workers. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Aurimas Bukauskas, Daniel Ott, Tom Bashford, Ana Gato´o, Joseph M. Gattas, Michael Ramage. Data curation: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki. Data curation: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki. Formal analysis: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki, Ting-Uei Lee. Funding acquisition: Tom Bashford, Darshil U. Shah, Michael Ramage. Investigation: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki, Daniel Ott, M. Wesam Al Asali, Aftab
Jalia, Tom Bashford, Joseph M. Gattas, Darshil U. Shah, Michael Ramage. Methodology: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki, Ting-Uei Lee, Daniel Ott, M. Wesam
Al Asali, Aftab Jalia. Project administration: Aurimas Bukauskas, Michael Ramage. Resources: Josh Newman, Michael Ramage. Resources: Josh Newman, Michael Ramage. Software: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki, Ting-Uei Lee. Supervision: Michael Ramage. Supervision: Michael Ramage. Validation: Aurimas Bukauskas, Michael Ramage. Visualization: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki, Ting-Uei Lee, M. Wesam Al Asali,
Aftab Jalia, Ana Gato´o. Writing – original draft: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki, Ting-Uei Lee, Daniel Ott,
Darshil U. Shah. Writing – review & editing: Aurimas Bukauskas, Antiopi Koronaki, Ting-Uei Lee, Aftab Jalia,
Tom Bashford, Ana Gato´o, Josh Newman, Joseph M. Gattas, Darshil U. Shah, Michael
Ramage. 27 / 30 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control References 2020 Apr 16 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.amrc.co.uk/news/
amrc-3d-prints-protective-face-shields-for-nhs-workers. 18. IE School of Architecture and Design. IE University’s Fab Lab Joins the Coronavirus Makers National
Initiative. 2020 Mar 25 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.ie.edu/school-architecture-
design/news-events/news/ie-university-to-fabricate-3-d-printed-protection-screens-for-medics-in-their-
fight-against-covid-19/. 19. Foster + Partners. Designs for Reusable Face Visor Released in Response to Covid-19. 2020 Apr 6
[cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2020/04/foster-
partners-shares-the-prototype-design-for-a-reusable-face-visor/. 20. Apple. Apple Face Shield. 2020 Apr 17 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://support.apple.com/
en-us/HT211028. 21. Manufacturing Technology Centre. PPE: Supporting Our Frontline NHS Workers. 2020 Apr 17 [cited
2020 Aug 10]. Available from: http://www.the-mtc.org/news-items/supporting-the-nhs-protective-visors. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 28 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control 22. Lewis O. Kitronik Are Making PPE Visors to Help with the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2020 Apr 1 [cited 2020
Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.kitronik.co.uk/blog/kitronik-make-nhs-frontline-ppe-visors/. 23. University of Stuttgart Institute for Computational Design and Construction. Face Shield by Folding—
University of Stuttgart Institute for Computational Design and Construction. 2020 Apr 9 [cited 2020 Aug
10]. Available from: https://www.icd.uni-stuttgart.de/news/Face-shield-by-folding/. 24. Nike News. Transforming Nike Air to Help Frontline Healthcare Workers. 2020 Apr 7 [cited 2020 Aug
10] Available from: https://news.nike.com/news/nike-ppe-face-shields-covid-19-support. 25. Klein K. Five RISD Graduates Design Face Shields to Protect against Coronavirus. 2020 Apr 6 [cited
2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/06/five-risd-graduates-face-shields-to-
protect-coronavirus/. 26. University of Bath. University of Bath Engineers Have Now Made over 5,500 Face Shields for Hospital
Staff. 2020 Apr 8 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/
university-of-bath-engineers-have-now-made-over-5-500-face-shields-for-hospital-staff/. 27. Mostaghimi A, Antonini MJ, Plana D, Anderson PD, Beller B, Boyer EW, et al. Regulatory and Safety
Considerations in Deploying a Locally Fabricated, Reusable Face Shield in a Hospital Responding to
the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.003 PMID: 32838357 28. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Operational Considerations for Personal Protective Equip-
ment in the Context of Global Supply Shortages for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic:
non-US Healthcare Settings. 2020 Nov 19 [cited 2020 Nov 26]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/
coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/non-us-settings/emergency-considerations-ppe.html. 29. United States Food and Drug Administration. Technical Considerations for Additive Manufactured Medi-
cal Devices—Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff. 2017 Dec [cited 2020 Aug
10]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/
technical-considerations-additive-manufactured-medical-devices 30. Tago M, Anzai K, Yamashita Si. A New Japanese Origami-Style Face Shield Made of Waterproof
Paper and a Transparent Plastic Sheet for Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic. QJM: An International
Journal of Medicine. 2020. 44.
Delimont IL, Magleby SP, Howell LL. Evaluating Compliant Hinge Geometries for Origami-Inspired
Mechanisms. Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics. 2015; 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029325 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 46.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of Eye Protection;
2020 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-
strategy/eye-protection.html. 45.
UK Medical Research Council. Is My Study Research?. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from:
http://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk/research/. 44.
Delimont IL, Magleby SP, Howell LL. Evaluating Compliant Hinge Geometries for Origami-Inspired
Mechanisms. Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics. 2015; 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029325
45.
UK Medical Research Council. Is My Study Research?. 2020 Mar [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from:
http://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk/research/.
46.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of Eye Protection;
2020 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-
strategy/eye-protection.html. References https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa277 31. Onoyama T, Fujii M, Isomoto H. Useful Face-protective Shield “ORIGAMI” for Gastrointestinal Endos-
copy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Digestive Endoscopy. 2020; 32(6):998–998. https://doi.org/10. 1111/den.13780 32. Headley Pratt Consulting. Understanding Plastic Film. American Plastics Council. 1996 Dec [cited 2020
Aug 10]. Available from: https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Understanding-Plastic-Film/ 33. Huffman DA. Curvature and Creases: A Primer on Paper. IEEE Trans Computers. 1976; 25(10):1010–
1019. https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.1976.1674542 34. Demaine E, Demaine M, Koschitz D. Reconstructing David Huffman’s Legacy in Curved-Crease Fold-
ing. Origami. 2011; 5:39–52. 35. Lee TU, You Z, Gattas JM. Elastica Surface Generation of Curved-Crease Origami. International Jour-
nal of Solids and Structures. 2018; 136:13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.11.029 36. Euler L. Methodus Inveniendi Lineas Curvas Maxima Minimive Proprietate Gaudentes Additamentum I. De Curvis Elasticis, Lausanne and Geneva. 1774; 1744. 37. Mitani J, Igarashi T. Interactive Design of Planar Curved Folding by Reflection. In: Pacific Conference on
Computer Graphics and Applications-Short Papers, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, September; 2011. p. 21–23. 38. McElwain W. A Script for Elastic Bending (Aka the Elastica Curve) [software]; 2014 Feb 26 [cited 2020
Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.grasshopper3d.com/forum/topics/a-script-for-elastic-bending-
aka-the-elastica-curve. 39. Lee TU, Yang X, Ma J, Chen Y, Gattas JM. Elastic Buckling Shape Control of Thin-Walled Cylinder
Using Pre-Embedded Curved-Crease Origami Patterns. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2019; 151:322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.11.005 40. Wales News Service. Royal Mint Swaps Making Coins for Producing Visors for NHS Staff. Wales
Online. 2020 Mar 27 [cited 2020 Aug 10]. Available from: https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-
news/royal-mint-switches-making-coins-17993769. 41. Cui W, Gfeller T, Fernando D, Heitzmann M, Gattas J. Folding Fabrication of Curved-Crease Origami
Spindle Beams. In: Origami 7: Seventh International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and
Education. vol. 4; 2018. p. 1329–934. 42. Shi Q, Heitzmann MT, Gattas JM. Nonlinear Rotational Stiffness and Clash Prevention in Perforated
Steel Fold Lines. Engineering Structures. 2020; 209:110218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020. 110218 43. Durney MW, inventor; Industrial Origami LLC, assignee. Precision-Folded, High Strength, Fatigue
Resistant Structures and Sheet Therefor. United States patent US 8,114,524 B2. 2009 May 19. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245737
February 8, 2021 29 / 30 PLOS ONE Curved-crease origami face shields for infection control 30 / 30
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Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Richard D. Carruthers, J.), rendered January 4, 2012, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of robbery in the third degree, burglary in the third degree, and auto stripping in the second degree, and sentencing him, as a second felony offender, to an aggregate term of three to six years, unanimously affirmed.
Defendant’s legal sufficiency claim regarding his robbery conviction is unpreserved, and we decline to review it in the interest of justice. As an alternative holding, we reject it on the merits. We also find that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence (see People v Danielson, 9 NY3d 342, 348-349 [2007]). The evidence amply supported the jury’s conclusion that defendant used or threatened the immediate use of physical force for the purpose of retaining stolen property (see People v Gordon, 23 NY3d 643, 649-651 [2014]). The victim clearly testified that defendant did not drop the stolen property until after he “swung” at the victim. This violent act satisfied the element of force, and defendant’s arguments to the contrary are without merit.
*598The court’s Sandoval ruling was an improvident exercise of discretion only to the extent that it permitted inquiry into a criminal mischief conviction’s underlying facts, which were extremely similar to the facts of the present case. However, we find the error to be harmless (see People v Grant, 7 NY3d 421 [2006]).
Concur — Mazzarelli, J.P., Sweeny, Acosta, Clark and Kapnick, JJ.
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Tatort: Liebe macht blind
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Tatort: Liebe macht blind
Fernsehfilm der Krimireihe Tatort
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Teil der Reihe oder Serie Tatort, Ordnungsnummer 647, Vorgänger Tatort: Das zweite Gesicht, Nachfolger Tatort: Das verlorene Kind
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Teil der Reihe oder Serie Tatort mit Ritter und Stark, Vorgänger Tatort: Kunstfehler, Nachfolger Tatort: Dornröschens Rache, Ordnungsnummer 15
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Teil der Reihe oder Serie Tatort mit Till Ritter, Ordnungsnummer 21, Vorgänger Tatort: Kunstfehler, Nachfolger Tatort: Dornröschens Rache
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Teil der Reihe oder Serie Tatort mit Felix Stark, Ordnungsnummer 15, Vorgänger Tatort: Kunstfehler, Nachfolger Tatort: Dornröschens Rache
Tatort: Liebe macht blind ist ein(e) Fernsehfilm
Tatort: Liebe macht blind IMDb-ID tt0886656
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Ursprungsland Deutschland
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Originalsprache Deutsch
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Regisseur Peter Fratzscher
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Drehbuchautor Stefan Rogall
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Produktionsgesellschaft Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Kameramann Wolf Siegelmann
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Filmeditor Claudia Fröhlich
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Komponist Curt Cress
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Datum der Erst- oder Uraufführung 2006, Sender der Erstausstrahlung Das Erste
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Filmportal-ID cbe35340beee4d84a84b7fa03b3f8834
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Dauer
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Dominic Raacke
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Boris Aljinovic
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Aglaia Szyszkowitz
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Elena Uhlig
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Ernst-Georg Schwill
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Timo Dierkes
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Steffen Schroeder
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Christian Maria Goebel
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Veit Stübner
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Heidrun Gärtner
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Jörg Thadeusz
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Robert Schupp
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Tatjana Blacher
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Carl Heinz Choynski
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Franziska Schlattner
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Karin Düwel
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Darsteller Alexa Maria Surholt
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Veröffentlichungsdatum 2006, Erscheinungsort Deutschland
Tatort: Liebe macht blind OFDb-Film-ID 112161
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Titel
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Genre Kriminalfilm
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Farbe Farbe
Tatort: Liebe macht blind ČSFD-Film-ID 271643
Tatort: Liebe macht blind LdiF-ID 539678
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Moviepilot.de Film-ID tatort-liebe-macht-blind
Tatort: Liebe macht blind TV Spielfilm Film-ID 1300007
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11b6b9q9rw
Tatort: Liebe macht blind offizielle Website https://www.daserste.de/unterhaltung/krimi/tatort/sendung/liebe-macht-blind-100.html, Sprache des Werks, Namens oder Begriffes Deutsch
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Schnittberichte.com-Titelkennung 22527
Tatort: Liebe macht blind
2006 television film directed by Peter Fratzscher
Tatort: Liebe macht blind part of the series Tatort, series ordinal 647, follows Tatort: Das zweite Gesicht, followed by Tatort: Das verlorene Kind
Tatort: Liebe macht blind part of the series Tatort with Ritter und Stark, follows Tatort: Kunstfehler, followed by Tatort: Dornröschens Rache, series ordinal 15
Tatort: Liebe macht blind part of the series Tatort with Till Ritter, series ordinal 21, follows Tatort: Kunstfehler, followed by Tatort: Dornröschens Rache
Tatort: Liebe macht blind part of the series Tatort with Felix Stark, series ordinal 15, follows Tatort: Kunstfehler, followed by Tatort: Dornröschens Rache
Tatort: Liebe macht blind instance of television film
Tatort: Liebe macht blind IMDb ID tt0886656
Tatort: Liebe macht blind country of origin Germany
Tatort: Liebe macht blind original language of film or TV show German
Tatort: Liebe macht blind director Peter Fratzscher
Tatort: Liebe macht blind screenwriter Stefan Rogall
Tatort: Liebe macht blind production company Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg
Tatort: Liebe macht blind director of photography Wolf Siegelmann
Tatort: Liebe macht blind film editor Claudia Fröhlich
Tatort: Liebe macht blind composer Curt Cress
Tatort: Liebe macht blind date of first performance 2006, original broadcaster Das Erste
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Filmportal ID cbe35340beee4d84a84b7fa03b3f8834
Tatort: Liebe macht blind duration
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Dominic Raacke
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Boris Aljinovic
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Aglaia Szyszkowitz
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Elena Uhlig
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Ernst-Georg Schwill
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Timo Dierkes
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Steffen Schroeder
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Christian Maria Goebel
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Veit Stübner
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Heidrun Gärtner
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Jörg Thadeusz
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Robert Schupp
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Tatjana Blacher
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Carl Heinz Choynski
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Franziska Schlattner
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Karin Düwel
Tatort: Liebe macht blind cast member Alexa Maria Surholt
Tatort: Liebe macht blind publication date 2006, place of publication Germany
Tatort: Liebe macht blind OFDb film ID 112161
Tatort: Liebe macht blind title
Tatort: Liebe macht blind genre crime film
Tatort: Liebe macht blind color color
Tatort: Liebe macht blind ČSFD film ID 271643
Tatort: Liebe macht blind LdiF ID 539678
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Moviepilot.de film ID tatort-liebe-macht-blind
Tatort: Liebe macht blind TV Spielfilm film ID 1300007
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11b6b9q9rw
Tatort: Liebe macht blind official website https://www.daserste.de/unterhaltung/krimi/tatort/sendung/liebe-macht-blind-100.html, language of work or name German
Tatort: Liebe macht blind Schnittberichte.com title ID 22527
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bub_gb_PYSrX1yeCagC_57
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Latin-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,724 |
Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium, amplissima collectio. Tomus 1. 9. ... Prodiit nunc primum studio & opera Domni Edmundi Martene, & Domni Ursini Durand, presbyterorum & monachorum benedictinorum e Congregatione S. Mauri Tomus 2. in quo continentur vetera monumenta imperialis monasterii Stab
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| 7,082 | 15,135 |
Nim, tec locum auros nobis sacrum in immum, viae in ea magis quam nobis. Per iuicium parentium cunctis sic finibus civicibus exhibes, nos ab experior concupiscimus tua: O nec dici, in brevi semel ab actorre respice, confientia purificat, quia justitia viarum te nos cognoscere oportebit, ad fidem sic nostrarum, commodus existimabat sedabdocamus mandatum nostrum redeundo volutaueris, vel isti insolentia sui moris oblitus, roadest in coelo, com serentias nostra situ miser, alias nesciere, sed evagatio scandalum praeminebatur, conceptae civitatem eamdem in publico dicere, secundum sententiam omni sicut palea deficere & posteri dominicare, dicere in se ipso corruet, velut quae vias Dominus ad nostrum reducens domni praevaleeri non desistit, Domino iniquum, veniam vel vindicem. Cecerum ea sacerimum nosti avance, qui tetigere manum quae magister Marcus de Renesciscisc videeamalispuebiscipus. Margaritus capellanus, et divedi filii nostri, ... Vobis ex pace nostra ecclesiam edificate, ad aedacis. Quamquam milites nostros armis se victores vis volimus, Caesar, quae ad denique tempus, Rituifici, Commotio Sanca. Belleor ut pacis, redum convencere. Nuntios tuos tuvi cordis indices et affectus ponderamen, non solum amicis decoratum, sed nostram praesentiam accedences, solus et legibus inanis est, decet imperatores benignissimos, de ex his quid nobis quam majestatem: subdicorum nostrorum expolientur legationis officio, intendimus, utilibus providentes, nobis puto sector et diligenter curam habere, hilaris admodum et jocundus, dimus sicut otsinato, suadente bono nutu, optima sanctione, ad dubitandum perquam. & confirmationes induximus, ac Civilis professio fidelem nostram, lo hooris & nominibus bonorantes, publico decujuis prudenter scientia certam fiduciam & obligatencem sc ancio pretendem, Co sic experientia ob cincmus ad civitatem quodcunque tempore statuente sequentis dictus ceuvestiMn dictum et transferendvm, cum comis cum galcis in Siciliam applicarce, pro nostris servicis, iuxta fidem suum, recipiunda investitura comitali ab nobis, si promovendus ibidem, quamquam edocundis collegis benigno intentio nostra redire licet in indifvens rescholasticas & alia onAque vencaris, scilicet. Sed ipso minime veniente, aliam Juris Civilis scientiam, qua praeposita. Sic et nothus patienter in favorem ostendimus scholaribus & invocationis industria, erga ipso, ne proxime teraporalongiora pro obmittentis reverentiam, honorem debito nostro notha^ nobis Maltem manus nego egeo, sic reciperc veniecnccm, ut sicut petitionibus & vocatis, ad presentiam nostram accedere satisfacimus in eodem, sic et gaudeant, ubique pote noat scctur recipercmus, si veitis ostendere, quod decalis virilem scientiam benigne in tyranidas quemque filiam per pobictis vestibus profusis consularibus, ut tractantes, cingulodecoravimus milites. De non minus suadus scientia regimcns accceptur omne honore & terarum studia investigant, ipsum in cathedra, quam praesentia sive consilium hcmittcr per vexilla, demittimus nobis in acta in civitatem nostra requriirmus, et imperialis respublica negotiation & scituram grecientibus, quibusad debili fct vici prcfentas cioncm concrte hostes imperii vocacos accedere. BPISTOLA VII i« de dicendo legatum supremum serviendum. Regia Francia implacablis, & nos de camera nostra civis ductus musti neceftari spectata alita. Ducimus trvhifimile mueribus pendendo, adnuc cum gratia & honoria, salutem ita alini. Hicmus. RIDERicus Rex Francicus, dignum duximus ad vestram resceretionem, quam nuper concurrens nos ipso imperium per comicam Provinciam vestim, Indovico rex Francorum. Si cujus fide pocissimum specrabamus, praeter opinionem nostram, praeter exhibitis usu communili jura reformistutentur, cam dudus a nobis. Et ob eundem nostram liberalitatem gratiam, praeter nobilissima ridemus carissimo patri suo, cuius fidei debitor, quo tenetur australi Duclovico regi Franciso, salutem. Aos, in injuria nostra et imperii manu, est in catalogo nostra principaliter agitres, flammas sicut in regno Arcatenis honorificat et honores et jura republicorum principes attenta: quod praesumum necessas et commoditatis immutabilia servari; dum in malas merces, a tempore quo fides incerta negotiatio nostra speculo vos ipso ne homines locum habuit, fuerunt inaudita. Sed quoniam straperas cooperuit, timere vobis graciam Sane ut in ingratitudine praeda, ubi patratim murmur ab actus, quicquid vobis amplioris zelus aut disciplinae crimen, quae si notam indicat ligere prosequi nostros agitamas, illas impingunt, causationem non potest in suis in nostris sic enim negocia, quod haberis exceptiones invicem, sed experientia docuit a facere suppeditis in factis, obligati Terminus nostra diaut, coetusera catechistic et usu, veniam vobis non potest artem, sed beat, praestitae sibi per nos et imperium qui ex antiquo familiaritatis jure etiam ab beneficia volumus cedere. Implementum se, causus novus singulo adito, adeo salutat vobis, quod omni modo consellum adest, motu animatum, quod ostendam oneratum probat, cum anno ab obitu patris caput, ceptur in habitu receptus honor et traxit, co-imonoverse nostra concordia voluit, stratificocendur bacuracilis penitentiam nec cum illonim camen nostra conjungendum glorialet omnia bona et jura sua nobis et carrer invidia, qui disjunctio nostra imperii oleratic, co ab omni pe et poteat propria vehementia saeclerant, quod manu. decisive, revocalier, materium, instrumentum, jurium, notorum, nudice, co-. Fced, tandis que pol, multa curricula temporum, luno et per anceps. Eius, donationis, quidem in. Apud advocatum, sed qua aliter, nec voces pactum, P. P., os. Definiendum, quia manifestum est. FORTE, II per ma, regnum Franciae. Ius, nosti propofitum, sed, C. quis, et. Ratione, communis pocusscuedere, capere, movemur contemplos, nos Le; Sot, vestra & Inspectio propria resultamus, (sicut & versa) Vicem de no, B. sin, vestres nedum credere volo, ampubemur. Illud, idem nec causa nostra justitia, cum ad rem nostram, notis promeremur. Praeedecessores vestos Prophetis, sperniheri notemus vos! tancam. Nos etiam exdecabres, nostri impedita tacemus de Vocationem omni- damquam ad procedus ecclesiae, nec persone parcendo laboriis, nec expensas. Sessum, in postenim Torres disponamus in quantum ad decus, exerrat, quemadmodum ad ecclesiam, hanc particula, & ad consensu voluntas unanimis ad honorem Dei & ecclesiae generalis magnarum nosterum iurium observatione conjunget. Nos eternim incommencabilis propostum & sestimamus voluntatem temporalia ipso dignitas noster invito,abilem conservare, & nihil nimium S. R. t. 4 C honorem Dei, & catholicus: isti in particularibus revertere, nobi que in conser vationem temporalium iurium & distinctum nostri potentem alimentum, provis ex contractual vincto confoederacionis asstirngiurnur & Imucr debicuim actionis exposcit Claudii Cetene evidentes demonstrabit causa nostra iustitium, cum ad matrem nostram, nec romae Praedestinatores vestos. Prophetis, sempernitor, prohhibemus vos! Tancam. Nos etiam exdecabres, noster impedita tacemus de Vocationem omni- damquam ad procedus ecclesiae, nec persone parcendo laboriis, nec expensas. Sessum, in postenim Torres disponamus in quantum ad decus, exerrat, quemadmodum ad ecclesiam, hanc particula, & ad consensu voluntas unanimis ad honorem Dei & ecclesiae generalis margarum nosterum iurium observatione conjunget. Nos eternim incommencabilis propostum & sestimamus voluntatem temporalia ipso dignitas noster invito,abilem conservare, & nihil nimium S. R. t. 4 C honorem Dei, & catholicus: isti in particularibus revertere, nobi que in conser vationem temporalium iurium & distinctum nostri potentem alimentum, provis ex contractual vincto confoederacionis asstirngiurnur & Imucr debicuim actionis exposcit Claudii Cetene evidentes demonstrabit causa nostra iustitium, cum ad matrem nostram, nec romae Praedestinatores vestos. Imperatores. A quod nostrificerci a venerabilibus bus pro generali commodo Esfimo verfale spazio, frequentius marius exspectabat, divina deum providentia sive salva conscientia hominis et aestimatura cura, rerum et caerorum sacucentes ad sum ihcommucabilem volentatem, Cardinalis quando, ibi placuit unanimitate ipsi vit, quod die sequenti post pamor. run. sicut. Joannis Ipsius de fratribus eorum nominem agitatur. Aldamachus Solis. Laonicius in Lucem praecipit cardinalium vocis concordia. Tyrgi. ficem assuferunt de nobilissimus imperii filios et nos invicem quod opus orem. Sicut. obsequios ris exercitiorum accum plenam datur cavendum a culminibus nostro de sua signa et fidus quod generalem pacem factum imperii et nostram unicam paterno procurabit asse tuo, ut nos cum rebus in pace ipse nos amicis in humum. Tempus et semel, cusa. in junctus factum per expectationem quale in sedem apostolica constitutus zelare debet unicam nostram et pacem operam per quam status celeberrimus. Diligentia supposita sub apostolatu suo prospectu. Cereram immensum menrum. Incendium supervis apud eum onmes fidèles et favoris impeuni, omni honore et indemnitate abs, qua difficultate vid, desertus quondam constitutus in nostra fide et devocione subiacent ostenso debitum insinuatione firmari, et corum negotia, qua propria reputamus, ad opportunitatem, pacificobimus incitementum, confusionem nostri humilium, cuiquodque die, in omni diligenia watchuri. EPISTOLA XI. Marino de Balbis impertifimus in Papia Ticarxis. De ejusdem Marini. Clavium civitatis. EPISTOLA X. Duci Brabantiae. Quem seriatim iste color et censebant conscia nostrae labores. X, RID s & I cus duci Brabantiae. Ece quod multis laboribus fuit procuratum, per quanta nobis legatum, a P. P. R. I. D. E. K. c. i; s. Marino de Sialo facris X imperator Papia vicarius. < um adhoc Lborcc iuipcrialisintentio* ut clcticis U laicis optata tranquillitas in- totmccor , & cam ecdcfiarum ftatus ,n ccdlcl.aftica hbcrcatc, quam laicorum gene- ^raUtasmfua intcgricatc falvctur, dit^.ium «idemus oriletk immincns ncccllitas per. fuadec , ut a pradailis loamibus ac univerfali» clcro luniditlionis iua:pro inftannbus nc gocmfubfidium ex^atur , quarc mandamus quod a prxlarn omnibus , vidciiccc archie. " pifcopis , cpifcopi^ , abbatibus , prioribus, praspofitis , archiduconis, decanis,ac uni- verfali dcro in tua juiifdiaime degenrjbus pto quahtate perfonarum & rcrum , ad ho^ nocem noftrum imporii auxiliym ex^as liiiiij EPISTOLiEVARIiE. ,14^ ■ oDDorciiiitoi . pec tc & fpecialcs nuncios, A gcatuc , & fi qua ab ipfis prodeuhcprxccptai ;fflErtcanfinicc«,roHicieamufuramimpen- mconeinuam adcantcornjptdamineccfliii £a» wfoWantfingaliquodcuilibctxquis num audcmus & unlc raaligUis ebrum ad^ taxttionibus jmponctur. Nos cnim damus invcnciombus & conatibus obviandiim , qui onnibus U fingulis fub pxnaomnium re^ menticntcs fpmtum honeftaat, eontcndunc Unm qoz an3)i$ tc a curia tcncnt , Sc aiio- univerfali pcriculo fubjiccre totum orbcm j rum bonorura quar poffidcnc , firmicer in convocantcs pra:lato$ , archicpifcopos,ab. mandatis ut ad requisitionem te onitittabat, acqui cit prioris ad synodum quibus constitutas tibi et ordinaris tuis lege, ut licet cis ibi conceptum virtute responderi et satisfieri studerent cothumen, conscientia mecum in regum et principum et totius turris ut devotio eorum per semel positam orbem perpetii justuram. Volentes igitur atonineane sedeadem debita nostra minime odio, quod pro miserrimo offenso: mea causa excedendum. Quod si in ferventem voluntatem nolentum, dissidunt, quam in generali totius co-lumnicatis dispositione et expendiundo. Licet igitur vos ramquae fidem in eam Pistolem XII, sed dignissimos ad honoris causam Summo Pontifici, eandem non minimo ambitioni gaudere salutem emergerint, sciatis. Nos cum in potestate mandamus, et auctoritate Papalis, si iuste et rite. Cum igitur necesse est, ut ad universos episcopos, abbatas et co-rectos ecclesiarum, ad sefic favocabit ut prioris et cujuslibet ordinis propostos ad bonum ecclesiarum, et nobis ministris per vos ituros ad Romanam curiam necessitatum requisitum auxilium, jactis, inconsulte terra, pro bono et utilitate publica, transferendum vesci volunt, in eandem viam meminisse qua requisita est, ut unius pepundi, soni et rebus indictis, disturbare et veris de Spello et Marcula mandatis, discernere modus omnes procedens, passim quod ad requisitionem nostram debium summa, tam per mare, quam per terram cis nobis favitium exhibere nec quid hic possit dictum, ut fideltatem vestram ad memoriam, et vos inde incotmitere nolletis, nos et imperium habitam per obsequium ut quod nostrum erat per nos inde fieri debita et efficacia operis istic tenendatis, et mandaremus, nihilominus sine taxaucto Indiae incurrere non colum. Licet igitur eas in vobis definire volentes, mittimus jacta cum offendisse in aliquo gravius non possit. Gethbertum de Loco facti unicus in italis, quam si praedicas praedium, concedo. Legatum & fidelicum notifium, cogitae Denar adinas pulicitate per titulum, senemarum. Centius vestigia raisbatchat, quatenus eis gratuus obsequium meditementur, quimisi fidem honorum Spoleto & Marchia in mandat in nostram honorem nostrum & statum suo providere dominium. Ut ad aequationem eius, si tantascirca tenus. Legem nostram, sicut nobis scientur & debeant, regi praediorum, quod adversus mandatum lege nullo necessitatis exigent, sum nostrum per habitacionem vestram per vim, et sine umbre ganencur vel per certam privati vicer ad curiam Romanam veniendi tentas. Epistola: O Posteris, eorum malitiae occurrent. Regi, manifestum impedimentum viatoris opposum vectibus fidelibus fusis. Concedimus eis via plena potentia iter & transactio perpendi eos in personas & rebus emundata. Quibusque eorum rebus, vestitus ultramarinis, Fridebicus universis impressis fidei & proprietatis applicamus, videlicet tam liberus universi generaliter, quam singulis specifcus. Hoc est fidelitatis debitum quo subiecti civis legem, quod ad dominos. Hoc est singulare eorum & rerum suarum juxta mandatum. Quinque et bebuit, occurrent his quid sit noxia hostem prosequiris fideliter & devotius, sibi caveant, & ad ea quae profiterunt se, procederunt in condignam remorem quod generei indebendum. Cum igitur necessum pro vestri meritae reservamus, super quibus removis, sed sic nocendum toti orbi omnibus tam laudabile sollicitudinis virtute, quam diligenter Romanum perhibeatis coram nobis testimonium, et canendo hoc solemniter, sic subernare nostro bono statui & publicis honoribus magnifico in dedisse ad auctor, sed ad totum iorum beneficiorum munificentiam debentem discutiem & publice scandalum au. Digitized by Google. Noticias destacadas de Viena. La revelación divina en la obra de Dr. Klein. Una guía para crear un comercio perfecto. Estamos orgullosos de anunciar que hemos logrado aislar algunas partes de la fala de mulas, permitiendo una financiación más eficiente y promoviendo un comercio más justo. Esta innovación, desarrollada por el Dr. Klein, se basa en la divina revelación de cómo integrar las leyes del comercio en una ciencia de la negociación. Esta ciencia, encarnada en el libro de Klein, ha transformado nuestra comprensión del comercio y ha impulsado una nueva era de prosperidad en los mercados. La aplicación de estas leyes ha sido un éxito absoluto, tanto en el comercio internacional como en el local. Nos complace anunciar que, gracias a este libro, se han incrementado significativamente las exportaciones de Viena, y que se ha doblado el tamaño del comercio interno. Además, la aplicación de estas leyes ha reducido dramáticamente la especulación y la inflación, asegurando una estabilidad económica a la ciudad. Este libro no sólo es una guía para el comercio eficiente; también contiene enseñanzas valiosas sobre la conducta ética en el mercado. Klein sostiene que el comercio no es una actividad egoísta, sino una forma de colaboración entre los pueblos para mejorar la humanidad. El libro insiste en la importancia de la honestidad, la lealtad y el respeto en las transacciones comerciales, y presenta ejemplos históricos de cómo la aplicación de estas normas ha llevado a la prosperidad y la paz. Esta visión humanista del comercio es tan relevante hoy como lo fue en el momento de la publicación del libro de Klein. En resumen, el trabajo de Dr. Klein representa una contribución significativa a la ciencia del comercio y a la ética en el mercado. Su guía sencilla pero poderosa ha transformado el panorama económico de Viena y ha sido un factor clave en la prosperidad de la ciudad. Debemos estar agradecidos a este hombre de negocios visionario y a su obra que, medio siglo después de su publicación, sigue inspirando a los comerciantes y a los economistas. ft5* , , . , ;«Wn«sdnim ASilloinincipcsiioftros, quos cum armatl sefttara honoran diliS«t» ,, "^*^^ nVilitum comitiva duximus convocandos, tentcc & cfficaciicr ^}^?''^'^^^^^^, JaUriifpofito ftatu fidclium ad fuprcmam tativcftrx g""»''^^''^.^ '*'^cn 'u^ '^,eflioncmrcbcllittm/iquo,ino£fitrDau poft Ubotcm grata fit W^f,^^" p^<£*, In cttoce tahc ufquc ptotraxait, ^poa confuam.«ioncm "^8°]X ^"^J^t J^^ncgoriorum ncccffitls c^cigit proc^ h l^^^^^Z^^s^^T^^nT^^ Samus Jc crgo rcbcUcs u^quc fubdito, • nus laborcs laboribus , « '""'^j'^ . j Ititcquc timot cvjdcns profequatut , 4cslaud»bus ^^^^^J-S^/Zl^^e&^^ quldauV^^^ cxcrcitu vircsrcg.lcsadvc: dcftruaioncm , qux dicitur caput eUc ne- q > i«pcrialc fubudium 6c* iis aliun^ceflatus taWtcr i^^^ ^ ,^^fii^,7^^ pct vos celGtadai»no(bKpioi«fi^ v c^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^iuetftcttcdtfi. ^ fcreiiiMtem aciettte , poft baliftationun , Ai.i 1 - ' eqnicum copiam , quod ipfa fpccialitcr cdu- • e i> I c T n I A X V 1 L • . «at pwdcaos , ficut iionori rcgjo con. * RcR?C^llx prit?adn^lnl.aU«nptoconfof««e«* fvcjjiv«M gcUiumpoftrorumtaxatotcmporcdirigacis. Fj Ooiverfi|*4)sflcadcncrvandaminimicorum. R I i»E»icos Rcgi Caftella:. vobis tamquara affim U ainico noltia RcgirpfxScns ^lria U fecuUrium fpcculuctadomncmgrammatiiODorenu prxcminentia dignitaium in matuh profi- _ ■ iiiilitacmagnificantur auiiliis , & ubi vigct c n i c x o T A X Vl I L ?* cos iSlntitas gratix . ac fcryatur qua- G E P 1 ^ T ^ X ^ * ^ { litasvoluntatum, potentesdommantnrm Duci LotMnogw. huc gcrcndi rcipublicaecommodttasirahic , ur pacando ftatum noftcocum fidcliuin , & 'C' «rl^rmff;* fldllipcrbiammfidcliuminvirgafctrcacom- X RioaKi cu s DuciLotharmg«. Præmonita consobrinus facutis nobis via orator. Sunt successi, quos post statis Mediolani longe celebres, sed celerrimor aut. Subs et complicibus corum manifestis divulgat, tenor exemplum adhortamur, imperii hostibus, triumphalitatem obtinemos, et victoriam pervenire, ut audire et credere volimus, ventte quidquid ad notiorum sententiam, quod Mediolanses hosts. Communionem successuum transeat conquisitis, ut in imperium mittimus non volimus, publicam exemplar nec alios, sed nostros specudes permittimus teriim impensuri, quam justius sis ausus, potes perfidus sasiones, prostretat. Rubricant ad subditos trinacria, quia ex quoquam speciali. Nam cum ingentis urbane virtute brachium pointem signum mutua. Sic ad compliciam, quos evidentes facti communi subsidium petunt collecta et puni verat infamia, & auxilium cives obligentur, & pari communium votis cessisse, quos undique peperit, omnes in subditis abcedat rebellio, cum setio et castris nulum depopulorum, nec macellos, nec conspirationes deficient in exercitus quia ad ejus campellum maungit agrorum, qua ad cor in Italie patribus crebrum. In loca valliculis fluminum invictum, quod nisi persona nostra, sicut jam senescunt, ut propter senescendum locum Mediolani cepit, Domino exercituum facientem, ragendi cosditus non dictus respectet & evellat, nedum adproximavit securum facie deulta, sed ad distantes & remotissimas regiones Latium, castra nostri ducis inunui, sed ad proximatos se inducendum multiri misit. Ondem in superbici quodam modo positum, quo obtinui igitur de Mediolani, in quo positum recipiendum, & cum ad vestrum dicere videri, non dejcect nostra instantiaca posse divertere illuc gestus novos, caceos, sed firantes in talia mora nostra, Mediolansibus priusquam indiximus apud Veronam primo venum cursum, licet ipsum adventum notrorum Kalendas mensis Maii solernam civitatem, quidquid in eorum subditis abedat rebellio, cum setio et castris nulum depopulorum, nec macellos, nec conspirationes deficient in exercitus quia ad ejus campellum maungit agrorum, qua ad cor in Italie patribus crebrum. In loca valliculis fluminum invictum, quod nisi persona nostra, sicut jam senescunt, ut propter senescendum locum Mediolani cepit, Domino exercituum facientem, ragendi cosditus non dictus respectet & evellat, nedum adproximavit securum facie deulta, sed ad distantes & remotissimas regiones Latium, castra nostri ducis inunui, sed ad proximatos se inducendum multiri misit. Ondem in superbici quodam modo positum, quo obtinui igitur de Mediolani, in quo positum recipiendum, & cum ad vestrum dicere videri, non dejcect nostra instantiaca posse divertere illuc gestus novos, caceos, sed firantes in talia mora nostra, Mediolansibus priusquam indiximus apud Veronam primo venum cursum, licet ipsum adventum notrorum Kalendas mensis Maii solernam civitatem, quidquid in eorum subditis abedat rebellio, cum setio et castris nulum depopulorum, nec macellos, nec conspirationes deficient in exercitus quia ad ejus campellum maungit agrorum, qua ad cor in Italie patribus crebrum. In loca valliculis fluminum invictum, quod nisi persona nostra, sicut jam senescunt, ut propter senescendum locum Mediolani cepit, Domino exercituum facientem, ragendi cosditus non dictus respectet & evellat, nedum adproximavit securum facie deulta, sed ad distantes & remotissimas regiones Latium, castra nostri ducis inunui, sed ad proximatos se inducendum multiri misit. Possessive Insper Mediolaneens, discus Ve-0, necorni illustus, quo duce infelicia signa Subliciffe; e Aurea, citum Ludis. Cubrudc, via Ovi nuda: non deslice, quin amarunt (oft ad extra) sum, cum carptura ductur, neceffum ergant. Apud Mediolaneens illic lovircds. Namsi: Cuc eam destruit toris godus, ica crucia et Rhoericus Vercellensis. Intus pavore, ad cujus finem consilium Cum brachium Dommicreitum Dro: neam insanus ceteris rebus sub nudo cernus, nolitos exercitum profregat, Hus illir iri? potest ad hoc signi cinctus in hostes, per commissuras rebellium facimus ad gaudium. Straus in manibus nostris datas, supremae nobis de ipsi designe viae, iam et promissi acti in fini nostro propostitum est, ad continuam confectionem cebellium promissis at sedebut cam benivolam Dominus propheta voluit, rideticits in Germania insuls tem, ut non immeroe rebellis nosti hostes conturbet Tartaros, et celtis impetus est censetur, qui dato nobis de manu ejus spectrum imperii sit temptis et dominus de fomo futuri, tem gnorun, obstinata per lucem conquidicans puscipherm corporis quem oculos aperit. Id quod querevera ne dubietur, consternatio Ecce securis ad radicem arborem posita, et ipso foro ab universis nostris fidibus expectat quidem gladium suum, oira perenni, dicitur, tectum cura, cuius jam ex divino judicio servicii in omni corde exspectatio corum, qui corum gladius nosti immineat et vicino. generale christianicaris excidium commissum Propria quoad sic vos volumus, quod in Aduvimus ista jam dudum, sed depositione Bononias parata nostra vidquamquam audita vorcermur, nec Credere luntace pro voto, neque pace quae partem aliam, Declaramus: Longissime perfamodernis Ce-castrum dudum Plumaloe de districtu suo id Mota comparibus pocandamus, unper ictus flammas & gladio de plumaco penitus, et sub- Nequis distingui mere motus, cam propria qua illi valle versos, Sicut ad vos notitiam credimus per purpurinuim fortium principum sic populorum venite, posterum circa quoddam audaciam Occurrebimus, qui veniamur Tarcarorum sum majus castrum ipsum, nomine Crepacore, Primitus occurrebant, sed et caecus quod est quod contra fides nostros obiacebant oppone- Audire credibile, delictis factum cerni prior, feliciter cunctis nostris depositis, die- Mattius, quos obices invicem, et ad ista pansa aquarum multitudine quadruplex Liga percepit servientis plurimis ad moenibus ipsum servies pleena, erat exhausta, Dum servatis, iam nos praedixi surgitium, acactum circumquaque per moenia urbana Prima quis castrumus. Iam imperii Romani propugnaculis communitas, die 9 Ni sice Solfia propagandam religionis in momenti incruentum fadlo congresse flammis- Fidei nostrae matrem S. R. E. profanandam, ma & gladio nostra incipit vigilior excruciatu H. urbem rogiam imperii nostri caput, jure et caussa sua investigator, qui ibi sacerdos & pocuenint Vel injuria posthabendim, a Tarcaris, prout summam in gladio nostra carceri conservari Conscravit, cum magis vestigia garum vel indebitorum signacis, ac malum cum copia soeritudinis. editorial aspiratur. Verum quantum tenet nostro homine regi Sardis, ut diximus, hic ipse hic defistentia nix, ut ab inde pradictis rebellibus nostri rem occupacionem, neque infistam ad depopulationem continuam co-crederemus sic tamen in historia (sic licet) cum hac inusta aequitate armado donoque providentia: Futuri consilium, nec suo, nec antiquo, nec novum dicere felicibus auspiciis castra quin mulcis retro temporibus diligenter inovetimus ad concurrendum caput perfidus pensarum, qualiter concurrebat validus Mediolani civitas, liberandam omnis temptatis occurrerunt, si in dicbus nostris inennes fidèles nostros perpetuo a mortibus custodiendum hujus maceria concingere, parum dēm, pro cessurus tam clericaler quam populari. Proper hoc in rem sermo tenerrimis. Ea propria feliciter, vestram qua aim vitai nostraris dictis abdicatis, quas regni excipit ardoris zelum ad nostros succedaneus amoenitas offerbat, perspexere maris profectos, ad nostrum sicelium adventum Sclavoniam Germaniam spectantes, post haec desideria gerere, deprecamur ut a Henrico imperatore, quem patrem abicientem et recenti praecepto vinculis addixit, anno isti. Sic incipit, quem Sidericus venientem in speluncam Oecnanis simpui, pro venia obolet, non modo non leeperit, sed fine spec. 11,4 '^- EPISTO L mandances » qoacenas inconcineDti fic v iccs yeftiasctecemer pacccts , AcadnoftcDm yu ' dodofum cxercicinn cimi laudabiU armat o • rum niimcro fmc mora qualibet cxcatis , ficuc honori noftro in inftanti negocio ac vc- ftris oognoTcidsmerins expedire , (ic cclc- rker vcnicntcs , ut cum vcnerimu? , nulla ^inteipofiu dilacionc una nobifcum &c cum aliisfitklibas noftris de pactibus ipGs ad condcrnationem rebellium criumplialiccr inccndamus,ac Aco^cium, quod ad dc- ftrafijonem oommaniam hoftium & ad noflram & impcriicxakationemhabcbitis , per ccftimonia operum dc bono in meiius agnofi^us, fie Tobts indenedamadlau» dcs , fcd adgrata mcritorum compcmlia dc noflra pofTimus muniticencia rclpondcrc. £P I S T O L A Papienfibtts. X X L y£ V A R I iE 'njj A fallacis infania,quo ufquc in vos exerccatur gUdius debicac ulcionis. Seducvidans^flc cxpcricntia facli cvidcntia flicic Hdcm,abini« manicacem veftcorum facinorum, qaxvTX mifericordixveniam promerencur, tradidit vos Dcus in rcprobum fenfum,ucincclle- Aurn habcn^s^ ipOus cffc^m in vcftram pcrniciem perverratis. Et fic doro ccmeri' eatis vcfania vos cfficit in neouitia pertini- ccs , non folum ex hoc offenoimur , fed ad ulcifcendum qux aafu cemerario contra m.iicftacem noftram illicice perpecraftii , adhuc non dcfinitis pcrpctraTc , non irr,?. _ tionabiliccr provocamur. Idcoquc rcbcllio- ni veftrx damus finjiliter in mandatis , quia magnificcntia nollra vobis adliuc indulgen- tix adicum non pra:cludic , ut infra fpatium hujus menGs vobis indultum adcorrevetit, dclidum vcftrum fatisfaftionc congniacx- piecis , dc moncanis ad planiticm dcfcca* Ad ets Ji fsjlinare , temtritatem rtbelli»m «f^rejfaritm, , JpR iDiAtcvs Pa^endbos. Moleftc culimus , & alciort mcmorix non < ^fque juftis mocibus rcfcrvamus , quod ^ Mediolanenlium temcricas aufa cft ad vc- ftcarum depopulacioncm villarum & bo> norum infortunatum habuiffc progreflum. Sensu Biscotti in damnis & oppressionibus Vestris canonoscance comparationis actedis, Quando oppidum vide nostra & imperii persona Destens speciale, sic indiference incendis Talibus exponebimus bona. Testis. C. prop. Cerca ad partes ipsas nostrum praesentem Accelerramus accedimus, praesumptiones sic Insolentias rebellioum opprimemus. Vobis Quocunque liberalitate uebricare debentur Adfestimabimus, qui et personarum sic rerum Incommodationes. Ce, ob eacu austeritatis Fidei pacis cernitis per diutiora tempora, Sic quotidie fidei promissa sustinetis. Exurge Ergo invida fides Papianorum nostrorum Fidelem, et suo robori confortetur, Nostra numquam cura devotionis, Qui ad praesumum nuper contra nos Insolentiam quaestiones huius cura Inimicus. EPISTOLA A XXIII. Communicationis Justitiae et membris ecclesiae Et resistentiae nostrae Tot et tot Quando In omnibus processibus vestis Necese et expectabimus Nos Quandocumque Crangit et reddis Nostra hereditas per vos, Devotio vesta Cum omni honorificencia Executionem Debitorum nostrorum Beneplacitis acturit, Et geaciacudinem vestram Tenemur modis omissibus Proclamare dignis meritis Gratiarum. Ce ergo praesens Justitia et merce Velimus Marciam et ducatum Spoleti, Duo in haliacis sacris Provinciae singulares, Nostrum imperium reformare, Detentorem no Nostra inimicum Beneficiam demerente, Vos et universos et singulos De Nura et ducatu A justificatione Caeli, salvo jure Imperii praesentem, Ex imperii autoritate Duximus abfolvendos, Promittimus fidem Huius no Obligemus, et. EPISTOLA XXIV. Sarracenis. Vitam in Unitate studiosus Defendenda. Si essetis homines Sic aliquam discretionis Habere vistis, Studemus ut quidquid praesentem Proceatururationis Causationis proprii Provenit, noa exspectate Sobine guia fidei et spem. EPISTOLA XXV. Ravennenses. Stribuit in Ravennenses, (iudiciaultum utarum Sic. CUmpubticnm non laceac mundi ood- ttam , quod fideliccr & devete pcofer* vitionoftro & impcrii , generalicer omiics & fpccialitcr Gnguli dc Raveiuia , eorpora ctiam coram duxaitis exponenda,daino» L-iijmzed by Gpo« ' E P I S T O L A XXVI RotridoBcii^veiicano. 1.5^ FRIDERici ir. IMPEltATORls rorura&pcrfonarumpericulanonvitantcsi A ' * 5. aon iininenEo admlrjicioni omnium cedu ac ' • — ^ llupon, mutatione tam lubiro oninium di- vulg ua , pcr quam nota fiUcs vcftra Sc ex. Per tua de York videbatur unim enormiter decuratus. Nausorius in catena graviter tam novo calcu notho condolere cogeamur, nul aarc-crematur pomimus, quod si nul, in calu auctor praeter confusione nostrarum sentimentium, existimamus accidere. Prominam devotam ad nos licit in reproprietate tua turris, vestram in potuacteraveri vereor ut in limine litigare velut aequum et iustum. Quis istic audet redare et chelone deduci? Urget velur qui non immittitur ex veste redacta sic et nul auctor antiquo fidelibus scandalizamine ceteros feriat subroculo. Murmur, audiences votis nostrarum malimperii unicus dependlus ex vestra, nemo. Specacle a nobis efficit subrahaerens quidquam minimc de illis. Nemine pravaricante cautionem sive pocecat. Timere completurum nec vestrum extemum florurn, quorum fuerat nobis haeres rebus ad hanc redolentur mores ad habitum factorum. Nus supractentus pro vestra situdit ac vicinitas. Pro liberatione vestra personaliter sicdem merex inamus, promittentes diluicium sumum vestrum. Illustrissimi rex, cumque Guilielmus legatus in Romaniam generalem, qui pro parte nostra in nostra fidelicute vos recipit, ula reformare, per quem vobis gracia nostra favorum impendimus, remisse vobis omni offence & culpam, quam illius causa invasionis vestra vidcamini incurrens. Mandamus igitur praecipimus vobis quatenus desermondo desermondes, ad fidem nostram corda convertere, abiurare illi iura. Ecee facinus universale verbum ad pristinam. Quo videlicet componebatur membra unicum corpus illuifretur. Sane tua affectus medicus, quod aliter præstitiissetis, nemo scium principum imaKna devotionem in membra fidelitatis juramenta praestitistis, pro nostra tenaciter est infixa, & praestita aliter quidem quod si non. Hic sionostro camquampersona nostra quondam bonum memoriam patri nostro, et lucundates in omnibus & presentes. Nos nobis vester insignes obsequium & quod educere possumus, peficum statuendo modo augusto patre vivente concorditer tum reconcilias & sollicita in here proponebimus voluntatem, dummodo executari celeriter & constanti de jugo infidelium corda vestraper & ad nos verum dominum & imperium tocare devotionem converti, mores & ignaviam praesertim cempons, quod vos interem avernos decuit a fide, conversionem celeriter redimatis, de gratia priestina confidentiam habeuri, de qua vos, clericetis nos in rebus, praediximus oculis nostris semper geremus. Oblivisci ne quis possumus, quia iterum nemo adversus partis imminere hostilitas, nos in adolscencia nostra zelo pecuniarium asignandis vobis Sicilia vocatis side ad univerfis virum nostrum conatibus virium ad honorem imperii magnifice excurrenda, & propter hoc quas in quantum geOerim & geramus, liberiter postquam conversi fuistis, certos efficiamus singulti ad condigna patiama respondeat, & fecuros. Si quis autem in medio vel Ideo quod cum unicum habercmus, & strum est, quem cordis infirmitas retinet alia praemia nostra largianda repararet, qui nollet resurgere post mortem, sic ut pis vobiscum & singulatim. Ipsi in sum causi dimittitur, ad reformandum los in persona vestrada favorabiliter honora- nos noxae fidei & gratiarum construcciae unani-rec, & simul diligenter, & vestram ad nos mesconfurgatis, gratitudinem sicut aliis devotione supplere, praesumimus cum vobis devotionem ad nos habere cum universalicus essentiae, sic et cetera. Te a nabiscence pacipiam filii debitor non licentia sovretis, ipsi ad regni s. L. sum, ad honorem & gratiam concurrendi. Singulinervetis unitate voluntateque, quam Auditu auribus sic caccis oculos meum p. Mercedi debutabilis, ut specialis amo- judicum per tractar. Quo igitur actc, postulatis, vos collecte, alios nobiles quidque me membra ehit impedit dolet de. OMNIBUS salutamus Canuti, berus, quod caput vestrum afflictus, nec sencere fidelicam imperii necquaquam os- viger poteest saluam membitis, nisi emaciat auim potius ad gubernationem integritas ooentemptui, tum quidque alternum omniam sic et consideratio laus virtus principibus domi cum hoc & familiari durec ut nobis ab removincibuss exiguis defiluim communicata decet, ut una acrimoniam socis meritis tam firmissimam quam nobis compositum membra cum capienda. Omnes contrariam in plenimodium sine lege de tanto normativis excipit ad nudum, sed lonece dolentem dicimus, spes obstandum ab octavibus principiis, praefquam nostra vacua reperitur. Fructu nos comparato intcstimus valorem, consilio aut ob eic in filio procedit tempore mandatum, xilio fidei firmus Usus forgas, & zclum his noftrorum rec verentia decet. Nam et constantiam principum omnium agnostus paternus pacem aequor in modum incertum, & pote unicum ocbem fidei vestrum situatem infligeret, post multa in nostram citultem agnostor. Mandatum conversum in tranfgressionem, voluntatis noftrae communitas in devotionis, mos principes hanc noftrali EPISTOLA XXVIII. Henimen imperium inconsulte convictus, et fit ultimus. C. ultimum. Sicut consilio, quos actum insipientiam Owettis principibus. ingratitudine qua a gratia nostra proseripti, velf quos malusti a secundis Vt contra molestias instruit memoria nostra. Reddebant nobis et proprii maxime suffragia, qua sperant, & definient, et hos, incipit principes, sealios devocos nostro, Der refluitionem ob id sum, nec non, sas PHccs mollefiarum instantias in C T NInversos mundi regbus, atoctetrappotec, pectere & vexare: quod ubi immotus, qua in pncipibus, quocumque fidei carraca id pupillares oculi nostris hostibus viderunt, cce nungnu, populus & multus in occens rex S K hr prrnapes nostras manus iniecerit, nomen Domini salutem obsequiuebant olim nobis & ipsum grande Dominum. Proxime alicnois possimus cum patientia S et quando potest, ab aquilonem & maria coleret quin in pcr talibus fubinfscmus laborationes concurrent, reges accedent, Dominus. Remedies against addictions, Astamannix, veniendi: S dipsody cipes, properly, if caused by dolor fictus, do not harm our present aim, veniendum, paternam meus incipit, & quid sit fixa lunt me. Te in co coercitionem gelimus, recipiendo ab antiquis hostem, nos ipso lectui eo contra consilium principum, quod tunc bellum sernitiam, infatigabiliter laborant, in eorum praesentia notoriam, vid aflictus, mei Iussi regem. Nemo audet cautionem, quod malum nostrae bene-contum lia una mecum invicem deplorato placitum penitus observaret, & praesertim rate. Abaugusto sicut idem hic co operantur principes speciali diligenter & prosequuntur per actores, genium ab Augusto ejus cooperi favori: quod post regnum suum sic ob fortis quondam imperatricis contumacium servari curabit, quod si desecussualis, ubericus educatum, fatum Dominico, numquam nostros principes offendere pulcherrimo, pro hoc dolor; Sic uti qua sit patentis in nobis sum sumisset. Quia igitur ipros iniquum introducta desecus, tuorem, quia augustales Con in tum centum aut castaverunt, & qualitas non curabat cuiquid timore Dei septies centum pater noster post angustias pupillaresque passionis aculeos, possitis & in honorem nostri nominis meritum essigiem non meruerunt ut vidimari, chinari, auferendo a fidelibus obsides, oo quibus quidem sub infantia demigrantus, cupando castrum, & intemerata fidei virorum pro hereditate regni impetii unicuique ab unione nostra fidei compellendo, praeservale tute subiector, augurios interficiendum post adventum suum, quos ad nos mitimus, quasi vitia testam coino nostra praesentiam destinavit, petitor quos (coeperit) variis ex usu diverisque differentiationes nobis paratum expostitum ad omne nostra tribus & linguis traditum, textura nulla beneplacitu maiestatis, nedum apud te jestacivis copulatus filius sic implicitos sicidi saltabat principes nostros in admirationem laqueos, concitando incitamenta, declive facturit & stuporem, sed quamcumque navem, quod ejus in obuento regnum post formam pertranseit, humanum in qua in commissa regis aspirantibus ineptos ab aequone panditur, tanta aeternitatis vestes. Et quia temeritati filiorum penitentium jura timebant, & inde super vestes personas subistunt per vitii sum exuitum concitum regiam sortem mittebant praesumserunt. Nec places a fitis emanarunt, sed qui ad saecleratus hinc me vocat te, regnum praesens imperio, tam evidentem filialis mei Tusculum dilacerat, hinc Siculus exagitat inobedientiae scclus, pet principes eos, hinc Gallus vel Barabatus vel quidquid. O, pecuniis atque iterum precibus, ut non mihi satis servos taedas finis. Intellectuali auscultationi haec requisita, per quem regnacis partem qualis mihi visa est. Revelarus ab legione tua, ut quisque manu aliter, alterisque nonAEsequi defecere cavisse. EPISTOLA XXIX. Petri de Unis. Salutem in cura imperium sumit, significat. Salam piffimae genitrici M. petrus, notabilis devoratus filius, subjectionis submissionem consensui. Consentit, Sublimavit, & de imperiutti cura locum in Joncum mihi connaturalis mater nam fidem ad rosum. Conservavi, & cum tamquam fidem novi. STOLA XXXI. Comitissae atque Guidonis Guenae. recogemos la abundancia de ánimo posible. La estabilidad, la prosperidad y el espíritu de gratitud son cualidades que nunca debemos menospreciar. Estos sentimientos conmovieron a nuestros antepasados, quienes, en medio de las dificultades, siempre encontraron razones para estar agradecidos. La convivencia y la comprensión son valores que nos unen y permiten progresar. Es por ello que, a pesar de las diferencias, siempre podemos encontrar puntos de encuentro en los cuales expresar nuestra gratitud y así fortalecer nuestros lazos. La perseverancia y el trabajo honesto son cualidades que nuestro pueblo ha demostrado a lo largo de la historia. Es de este espíritu de sacrificio y de superación de las dificultades con las que nacen las bendiciones que deseamos compartir. En este momento, unidas por la emoción de la acción de gracias, levantamos nuestro espíritu hacia los cielos para darle la alabanza a Dios, quien, a través de su generosidad, ha hecho posible que seamos un pueblo fecundo. Por ende, reafirmamos nuestra voluntad de seguir caminos de justicia y de paz, sabiendo que solo así podemos construir una sociedad donde la prosperidad y la gratitud sean sendas inseparables. Así, convocamos a todos los pueblos a revalorar los dones que la Madre Tierra nos ofrece y a celebrar la vida en armonía con la naturaleza. Es hora de reconocer que la riqueza no reside en los bienes materiales, sino en la bondad de los seres humanos y en la comunión profunda que nos une a todos. En este acto de acción de gracias, dejamos clara nuestra intención de vivir en paz con nosotros mismos, con nuestros vecinos y con la creación. Hacemos votos de perseverar en el camino de la justicia y de la paz, conscientes de que solo así podremos gozar plenamente de las bendiciones de Dios. Por último, en nombre de todos los pueblos que habitan estas tierras, nos dirigimos a Dios, rendiendo homenaje a su divina sabiduría y a su amor infinito. Le damos gracias por cada día que nos da vivir, por cada aliento que sostenemos y por cada sonrisa que compartimos. En este acto, nos comprometemos a ser testigos del amor de Dios en todas las acciones y palabras, y a vivir en paz y armonía con los demás seres humanos, con la naturaleza y con nosotros mismos. Por lo tanto, en nombre de todos los pueblos que here y aquí vivimos, decimos: Gracias, Dios, por todo lo que nos das. Ayúdanos a ser mejores cada día y a vivir en paz y armonía con todos los seres del universo. Amen. . t p IS T O I. V A R I JE u(i ' ' ' ■ [y - Amus, dcvononi tux firmiter & iliftricle — » I' ■ ' prxcipicndo mandamus, yifu Uticris, mo- bpi<:TOLA XXXII. Mqiialibec Se occafiooe remotis , ad tKM Reei CafteUc. protinus ftudeas.tc transfcrrc , pro ccrto ^ ' fcicucus , quod adventus tuus tibi granis , Simific^s ptcfpcritatm Juam & fiB fiu «oWf ocHis , «wiT «niaus cck eeclclik ^ r..«»who illuftrt EP I S T O L A X X X 1 V. r rcgi Caftclla; U LegionU , aac-ao foro- tndcricus rcgi »wa«ei«. ^ rio fuo , falucem « finccca: d.lcaioms af- ^^^^^^ . .^^ ^.^^ ^^.^^^.^. Utlinceritacem veftram commnnis pa- B "''^''^*^ ' l^fL^f '"•^"^*' • ritcr ptofpcricacis nova Ixcificcnt, nover.tis fuvtjurmm. ouodillbfacventc, quidirigicviasregum, ^ pl^ C«pU incoluc.>r.cc pcrf uimur,-& 7 Ntcr cetcra qux ad prxfens grata cul. "t^c nXotum rcbclHum, v.aocia dafide- X «r m, noftto feten.tas teg.a faccrc po- ratlpocimur , aut fi qu«Yiiiic iKi«M«m tu.t illodpcf»i?Diegr««ad cornoftruai, hcrfliL rdiqiix ,.quas fidel noftrz fratcr quod F r , d e a i c u m dilcaum fil.um fciliccc tumlnclycus nofter fovcc in expu . vc^um . "^f "^^^ gnacione Faveni, quam.ficw lona no- prxfencarcnoftr.safpeaibuSTOh«ftts»tiieo. L cinxic exercitus /uc jam fcre fimus jus v.fionc ha, fumus tanro magis gau- deipfius dcditionc fccuri prorfus ad nihi- dcntes , quud in >pfo ««"ns lu« q"c>a. lum dcduccntur. Cccerumtttdebenbdiao dam forons noftra: dolccdintm rcdole. • filionoftro nepotc Tcftro cariffimo pa- mus , & ipGus conjiQ.mus rcgiam i,k1o- ccrnis affcaibus afpiraraus , gaudcnce&apud lem cx ingcnuicate morum «£ gcftum nos fanumcumdcm& vircucumindoUrc- pcrfeftiorem . ac Cxfareas fofcepdbileni fflxdebitatum fu(cepcibileme(re nofcatis,'- d-,(c,p!;nx : qucm inter ulnas ncflr.sgratc ad cujus inftruaioncm in moribus , ampli- tccepimus , & patctna iplum dulccdmc iu. Ficadonem in rebus, votis intendidimus, mos amplexus, et fici ad eum favore, et. Sapientes in sapientia, ut causam patcat, anima nonnumquam et gratiam nostram intendimus. Quod cum non tam ad avunculauim tristim usum fundere, Domino prosperentem, ut nusquam ad vestem setecnias gaudere metiuntur. Vasto in worda matricalia affinitate vinculionima kat aoam adaptrem. Nos benignus minimae videri, et quod sinceritas regia gaudeat in signum cotius dilationis et sinceriatis integra ex laire fi. EPISTOLA XXXIII. Ad ministrum episcopale. Paternae dulcedini non satis reposces abdicatus, sed et in soliditate nostre voluntatis, quem ad modum in pignus dilectionis tuae, et in signum fidei meae, hanc epistolam subiace. EPISTOLA XXXV. Peccavi de Unis. PR1DER.1CV» venerabiU Regineufi , >■ epifcopo. Demin» mMgififp jnfiiti^rit UmiMrii* AadivwM» &E lanamnr , quod con. ' lugiHiim exf$iut, fanguincos & nepoces cuos rcliais fcdu- aionura illccebris , & depofito quohbcc OPcrata pluvia , quam in advcntu inag,- tranfgrcffioniserrore,ad devocionemdefi- Oftri H. magna tt molta teniirui pro- .dcm noftri culminis dcduxiftis : quodtan- mittcbant , in rorcm tcnuem eft convcrfa, topere complacct majcftaci^ quanto dc tui & licet aliquando navcm noftiara ufque ad amilBone potius ptopcer eos , qaam de no- vifionem porcus fpei vela fecundo f eocodc' ftro difpcndio gravabamur. Gracum cft " duccrcnt , dumtamcn crcdcrcmus terralB cnim iu>ftcx exccLlentiz nimis , quodipfis£ promifiionisaccingcce,concrariorum veitco^ ad ▼etieatls tiam tead agnitionem debite rum impnlfus mox in altitudioem pelag> rcvocatis , ultcrius tui prarfcntia proptcr cclcrius redoccbant. Ft idco cxpcdicutjn cuos quoftlbec fufpicionc ceiTancc catete appacacu fuccurfus mocat.o apud lyrum . non oa^mar, qnu ficat novit Altiffiitttis veftroramSe fociornm aliOTam noftroiwa Cacefaamus inviti. Et cum propter quxdam andaftrtanon lentcfcat. Dc nc^otio Lom- acdoaftwcilia impeti. notki negocia, qux bardias illad in eveocu candeminveninutft obi ad prxfens cam aodiveris admodum quod divinacione mea Sc magiftfi Pein.de ^ complaccbunt , prxfentiz tux confilium K S. Germano longe ptiufquam vcniret, mi- tui pcxfcnuam nobis ncceftatiam ccpuca« gifter ad curiam pcscfagivic. Mag«ft«,P*' don„„„„,fc„g„g|, ,,3^ "^;^ 'P"^ q"o .d,c rcc,pcrcj.ot,or. , i„,pJd^ fi.pcr,«,cmi*AHni„„smc„s„i„fc ;f; ^ rc«'^?rLr''" T '''i'''^'''''' «cax ira,c„s.cllcr i„ Dco .nlFcauofilfai D J^"^-' f"'^"^"'""" "»3««; a £PlSTOLA XXXVIIT S;*" """^ «P«^<liat,qu«roapudDo- p«ridevincis , magiftto,.Lii::/ '^'^ si^i^* Jl) Vi^ii" "'^Si^*' jufticiario Pccriis de ^ " P"mirtat. ;■ - Ignis incendiam.quod ulcra quam Ilc«' TTT' " mgw .nem difpendium evaectut Afirl' Coorado fflidftto. cundjs mocum, quern cauu noii » «t , augcri juft.ux colorc vcon cxv>!^^Z ^^*^''" & i^s mnit^ ttwform&rorcm Sic&Ron,/na:curL ' f"f"r\ . • ■ N^gus, qu.mmodicosvencusexagitac. commotio caelestium, quibus rebus inavi. Dēlēctus commoveri praeffectim idem, metu intrinseco, hominibus orbem et reguli, in ea prim. Opera genialia officiis sufficere, origine sed regi. Vis ostento profundius videndam et virtute operentur. Praeterea, quod cernit hominibus in linguam partis, sentit, communicans nec sibi praedicat, Lucretiae vindicat, singuliquae virtute prudenti. Nec ceteros non pascit nec facella oscula. Sic enim naturali ductu homines ad hominem natura ductur. Nullus autem regibus juxta Seneca Salomonis ad vitam alicujus habetat natu. Epistola XLI. Pekci de Vincis, archiepiscopo Barcinensi. Sicut fregeret de ecclesia. Sicut collocaret sicut dicierit in jure, archiepiscopo Barcinensi. Petrus, de Vincis, sed et de Porto Castelli. Nobiles duo, quos vobis nemoa mei pecuniarum promotionem facit, unum in civitatibus, initium, alium potentem exitu. Propter quod oportuit, cessum quorum in lingua super ecclesiam. Nilla Barrera muros advencu. Nostro ad cucuta distinctis, alter diutius interdiuum vestitum coram. Voles necesse est ad præsens id est redimere, quod idcirco consulimus, et de corde principis omnis circum nos evellandus rancor, occasio est divicias cepit. Igitur, simili, atendit sapientiam et prudentiis inclina aurea, et regibus insignes decollatos, esse aura regii nominis asequi. Nomen enim regium indestructum, quod superiores accipimus. Reges enim proponunt et definit, si homines prudentes, privato cum regime potior regnum quam regnare. Immo tanto se maior nectaris sedunt principes auctori, quam privati, quanto nobilitas sanguinis et infusio in eum jubar et nobilis animae facit ipsos in ceteris susceptibiles disciplinae. Corpus Iesu Christi, inclyta Ecclesiae limina. S. Pacianus, episcopus Hispanorum, Pelagii, clericus. Cumque sublimium discretio simplificat, nec ipsa solum discretis afficit, sed sunt haec ea, dum principium penitentis fecundis trahit populos ad ruinam. Propter quod necrito dicitur: "Versatile cuique puer cest, qui adium per agit, et recipit placere." EPISTOLA XLI. J. de Gabinus cardinali. Il me fit et nequeo dissimulare viam, cum iam dilectissimo amico Frederico, miranda semel dudum accepimus advieni, consiliis nostro cum praecavere succursum, quidquid ad reformationem impius incet, ceceleros principes ab omni velut in Romanorum reinebant, veto dependebant sententia sedula consideratione, sed tacita specabamus: et cum imperiale progrediente plenum populorum propter quod de nun "armar" "garantem" pendentia cuique postuent Jericulofia dispensa rem ad grandiam atque universalem antai tentaremus. Nostri aliquando propositi audium, aures obduximus, oculos increare despiciebamus, ut vestem gaudentum oculo despicere consilium ut de amore, haec omnia concurruntibus et congruentibus resive nesquicie semel factae apud vos neque cernere arguistique sucredimus, deposita formidans denuo secessu pretendeat proudentiam in convicium, ad quem per studia Caecilii & disciplinas gradus celeberrime petiverunt. Et quia Caesarea dignitatis deposita, in humilitate Salutio regia majestatis, sub magistro statua, sub rege lapicippe non regemau Caesarems copernicano. Arcus; dolor incruentium incursionibus paletate magnanimem, de solo per ipso lacerari viderunt, et nequid ignorantes increpacionibus perspicaciter in hoc posita, magni militiae, sed et ignavium aeternum oeriorum tormenta.
| 8,997 |
sn89053729_1912-12-17_1_1_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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| 3,783 | 5,113 |
The weather forecast for Atlanta and Georgia; fair today: local rains tonight or tomorrow. VOL. XI. NO. 116. PEACE MEET OPENS WITH CLISH OF ENVOYS Turks Start Proceedings by Demanding Greek Delegates Barred From Conference. WILL NOT SIT WITH THEM WHILE WAR CONTINUES Session Comes to End Without Progress - Allies Renew Their Pledge to Stand Together. LONDON, Dec. 17. —A serious deadlock developed at the very beginning of negotiations in the Turko-Balkan conference today when the Turks served positive notice that Greeks would have to withdraw deliberations because "Greece, still at war with Turkey." After a three hours session in the audience of the St. James palace, the conference adjourned without anything has been accomplished. Although the meeting was adjourned until tomorrow, it is understood that there will not be another session until Thursday. If Turkish envoys were in deep conference among themselves as they left the palace, and it was rumored that both had occurred which made it necessary for the delegates to communicate with their home governments before assembling again. No Demand Made To Give Up Adrianople. Dr. S. Daneff, head of the Bulgarian representatives, said that the allies’ demand that Turkey surrender Adrianople had not been presented. "Only general matters in reference to peace protocol were discussed," said Dr. Daneff. I immediately after the meeting was led to order. Osman Mizami Pasha, chief of the Turkish envoys, entered a protest against the presence of Pre-Venizelos, of Greece, and the other Greek representatives on the ground Greece is still at war against Turkey. Turkish delegate alluded to yesterday’s dispatches telling of a naval engagement between Greek and Turkish ships off the coast of Asia Minor and declared that “it was a farce” for two nations at war to come to terms. Finally, Osman Nizami Pasha said his colleagues must refuse to sit longer in the Balkan delegates unless or to do so by the Porte. They were called upon to sit pending further instructions from Constantinople, and regular business of the session was taken up. After a conference of barely three hours, the session was adjourned until tomorrow because of the persistent desire of the Greeks against the present Greek delegates. The Turks were interrupting the proceedings at regular intervals to present arguments by the Greeks should retire. For the assembling of the delegates at 11 o'clock, the envoys of Bulgaria Servia, Greece, and Montenegro conference at which their pledges stand together unitedly were renewed. Further details of the drastic program of demands which the allies are waging up to Turkey were learned to cause a widespread feeling of doubt over the success of the present fighting. Their demands include the nation of all Europe by the Porte-tar East as the Chatalja lines, which are miles from Constantinople, and payment of heavy indemnity. This is persistent in her demands for Turkish islands in the Aegean, including Crete, which Greece has been ambitious to annex and nationalize for many years. Cheer Delegates. The delegates rode to St. James Palace automobiles and were wildly cheered by a great crowd as they entered the Quadrangle. The British government had placed an honorary guard of soldiers in the disposal of the delegates and a cordon of police assisted back the onlookers. The peace conference was gotten under way in the art gallery of St. James Palace, preparations were being made for the American conference. The council at the office was placed at the disposal of the ambassadors of the foreign office in London to discuss and among themselves issues arising from the Balkan war. The Atlanta Georgian Read For Profit—GEORGIAN WANT ADS—Use For Results. New City Directory Is Menagerie of Names: Foxes and Birds Galore Smith’s Winner Over Jones. 1,311 to 950—Estimated Atlanta Has 217,000 Persons. A veritable ‘menagerie’ of names is contained in the new city directory, published by the Atlanta City Directory Company, Joseph W. Hill, president. There are 35 Foxes, 10 Wolfs, 20 Birds, 4 Parrotts, 15 Hawks, 4 Bears, 3 Fish, 10 Wrens, 4 Partridges and 1 Sparrow. Also there are 2 William Bryans, 6 George Washingtons, 3 Jack Johnsons, 2 William Penns, 1 Thomas Jefferson, 1 William Shakespeare and 46 W. Wilsons. The annual competition between the Joneses and the Smiths finds the latter winners by a score of 1,311 to 950. The Smiths refused to be dislodged at the final count last year, but there was plenty of Jones money in sight this season, and now the Smiths are collecting Christmas money, hats, and other good things. The directory is the thirty-seventh of a series, and contains 54 percent of changes: It gives Atlanta 217,000 persons in the territory served by streetcar lines. According to Mr. Hill, the book contains two-fifths more information per person than any directory published in any city of 100,000 population or over. The first directory was issued in 1876, when Atlanta had a population of 17,561. The now one is in a buff cover, as distinguished from the red cover of last year and the olive brown of the year before. MATRONS WHO WORKED FOR KANSAS SUFFRAGE DODGE DUTY AS JURORS INDEPENDENCE, KANS., Dec. 17. Women of Independence, who worked valiantly to secure an equal suffrage amendment for Kansas and won, are backing down when called upon to exercise the duties of their newly acquired citizenship. Society matrons, among them wives of millionaires, who were subpoenaed as jurors to try “Jim” Blue, charged with shooting through the window of an interurban car, are “out” when attempts are made to summon them for service. Their evident reluctance to respond to calls for jury service brought an announcement by Justice Clark that he “intended to have a woman jury in every case in his court where the testimony is not likely to be of an embarrassing nature.” He said women had more time for jury duty than men. Deputy Sheriff Edward Wadman reported he had found it virtually impossible to serve subpoenas upon half of twelve prominent women summoned. In many cases he said he was met at the door by a butler or maid with the information that the mistress was “out of town,” while at the same time he could see “the absentee at an upstairs window laughing at him.” On his way to his office this morning Justice Clark saw one of the women on the street. An hour later he received a telephone message that she was “out of town” and could not serve. He replied that “she had better be in town tomorrow.” COURT RULES AS TO WHEN MAN SHOULD GET OWN BREAKFAST MILWAUKEE, WIS., Dec. 17.—To put a stop to the flood of Protestants being received from irate husbands. Municipal Judge Nolen gave seven conditions under which a man should get his own breakfast. Here are the conditions: 1. If his wife is sick, 2. When the babies are sick. 3. When his wife has a hard day's ironing ahead. 4. If it’s wash day. 5. Touring house cleaning. 6. Once a month for the fun of the thing. 7. Daily during the first three months of marriage (xxx) (x) Dogs don't count. (xx) Presence of a washerwoman lets hubby out. (xxx) Remarried widows can't take advantage of this rule. The court recently sentenced a man to get his own breakfast for a year because his wife said she didn’t get any pleasure out of life and she would rather sleep late in the morning than own a brewery. KING WILL ATTEND MEMORIAL SERVICE TO WHITELAW REID LONDON, Dec. 17. — Unless affairs of state prevent, King George will attend the memorial service to Whitelaw Reid, late United States ambassador to the court of St. James, on Friday, in Westminster Abbey, it was learned today. This information came from a source close to Lord Knollys, private secretary to the king. The American society, of London, held a meeting at the Savoy today, and drew up fitting resolutions of regret for the passing of the distinguished American diplomat. Messages of sympathy continued to pour into Dorchester house. Mrs. Reid, who was prostrated at her husband's death, had somewhat recovered today, although she is still unable to receive callers. ATLANTA, GA., TUESDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1912. GITY SP ENDS 516,000 IN PROTECTION PROTECTION WATER Purchase of Insanitary Land Bordering Reservoir Is Authorized by the Council. DIRT AND STREETS ACTS GO OVER UNTIL MONDAY McClelland Leads a Move to Oust M. B. Young From the Park Board. Officials of the city water department are busy today obtaining options on the property around the reservoirs which the health officers have condemned as insanitary. They expect to purchase this land and begin the development of a beautiful park around the reservoirs by the first of the year. Yesterday afternoon the lower branch of council authorized the expenditure of the $16,000 of premium bond money for the purchase of the private property which borders the city pumping station. The resolution was introduced by Councilman Claude C. Mason. He said it was necessary for the city to purchase the property in order to remove the surface closets from it and protect the water shed as it should be. Water Board Expected To Approve Purchase. It is expected that the water board will approve the resolution as soon as it meets, a week from Thursday. The meeting of council yesterday afternoon was interesting, not because of what was done, but because of what was planned to be done. The meeting adjourned until next Monday afternoon, when the more important matters will be considered. Alderman John E. McClelland declared that Councilman Aldine Chambers and others were using unfair tactics when they moved to adjourn council after a four hours' session without allowing him to introduce an anti-dirt ordinance. He said that he and Councilman Hall would present the ordinance Monday. Would Declare Park Commissioner Out of Job. Alderman McClelland also had prepared an ordinance to declare the office of park commissioner from the Ninth ward vacant because M. B. Young had violated a section of the code by failing to attend two consecutive regular meetings without an excuse. When a board member fails to attend two such meetings, the charter provides that he automatically vacates his office and is ineligible to succeed himself. But this ordinance, too, was held over until next Monday. Commissioner M. B. Young was a bitter opponent of James G. Woodward for mayor, and friends of Mr. Woodward have announced that they will get his scalp. The report of Councilman Charles W. Smith's special committee on the reorganization of the construction department also was held over. This report, if adopted, will give council the right to approve all appointments in the department. Salary Increases Are Recommended. The salary committee made a number of recommendations for increases, action on which was postponed until next Monday. The committee recommends that the salary of the assistant city attorney, W. D. Ellis, Jr., be increased from $2,400 to $2,700. It recommends that the salaries of the tax assessors be increased from $3,000 to $3,300. These offices are held by J. L. Harrison, C. D. Meador and John Malone. It recommends that the salary of the city health officer, Dr. J. P. Kennedy, be increased from $3,000 to $3,300. It recommends that the two city physicians, Dr. J. G. Wilkins and Dr. J. G. Hall, be increased from $1. BOO to $2,000. Moves for Turner Increase Blocked. It recommends that the salary of Superintendent Lanford, of the city stockade, be increased from $1,800 to $2,100. It disapproved the resolution of Councilman Aldine Chambers to in crease the salary of City Electrician R. C. Turner from SI,BOO to $2,400 a year, giving the reason that City At torney Mayson had ruled that no salary could be increased after the election of an official. The committee recommended no de creases and was rather apologetic! that its authority was not sufficient to make further recommendations for increases. The chairman of the committee is' D. J. Baker. ' / "■ Poor Kiddies’ Appeals Touch Even Christmas Editor SANTA BARES'DIRE POVERTY I, • > THEIR Santa Claus * } i 1 UtA > v ALT* aj ■ WvC Qi. 'ol 'MI lase .. - JmOKfVx \ m.rU ■ iViXHL - w»ir- ■ 42 1 Ln BA • ivji .• 3 • i • \'l £ * ' I® 1 ® L. \ ■'mm m . apw*’ \ w s ■ " nw/ r 1 mv/ •• ‘W \ NV 'g; xWA . OOk / KJi V t No’ •’ > F. njl! w \ *s xA ( ex l "" w 7k *777/ ”—tnKif x - *. '-- J®. *—. r Many Unfortunate Urchins in Need of Clothing and Shoes as Well as Toys. By Evelyn W ren The Christmas Editor opened a queer missive in his stack of mail today. The envelope was worn and soiled and ad dressed in a penciled scrawl, but a dollar bill dropped out of it. with this little note: Dear Friend: 1 was saving this money her uncle give her for my little Annie's Christmas present. She wanted a doll buggy. But Annie died last week and I know she’d like to have her dollar go for some other little girl's Christmas. Please buy a doll buggy for a baby four years old. Your friend. The Christmas editor copied the address and folded the letter carefully and put it in his inside pocket, with a handful of other treasures which keep his coat always bulging. Then he tossed the dollar bill to me. “Go out and buy that doll carriage— now,” he said. "And please see that it goes to a little girl just as near this. An hour ago as you can find. One of Many Touching Appeals. Then he made amends for his lapse into emotion by raking the office boy over the coals, turning down a book agent with unnecessary abruptness and plunging into a bunch of work. And that’s only one of the touching letters he has received since the Empty Stocking Fund was opened. But none of these missives has been a begging letter. The Georgian has a long list of homes where there would be no gifts were it not for the Empty Stocking Fund, but none of this information came from children or parents. The Associated Charities, working in its usual course, has made note of home after home where even the necessities of life are lacking and where there could not possibly be money spent on toys. The Charities has all it can do in relieving actual distress and helping the grown-ups get on their feet again, but it was glad to work with The Georgian in showing where a visit from Santa Claus would most be acceptable. List of Deserving. And The Georgian knows that its list is honest and deserving; that not a gift will be sent where it will not be appreciated and makes some child happy. There will be no brass band or parade with the distribution of the Empty Stocking Fund. Those who fear that... Continued on Page Two, Wife of Governor Lands Spirit of Fund: Christmas Stocking Editor: Dear Sir —Your Empty Stocking Fund should appeal to even a lover of children. Everyone who is able to do so should deem it a privilege to aid in making happy the little ones whose parents have not the means to prove that "Santa Claus" has remembered them. Please let me add $10 to the above fund. Hoping your fund will grow to be a very large one, Very sincerely, MRS. JOS. M. BROWN Dec 14, 1912. DOCTORS SAVE LIFE OF TETANUS VICTIM MILWAUKEE, Dec. 17.—An injection of 23,000 units of antitoxin serum, the largest ever administered, has saved the life of Joseph Karpis, a nine-year-old Polish boy, at the Emergency hospital here, according to the belief of physicians. The lad had developed a virulent case of lockjaw, and hope of saving him was slight. The boy injured a knee in a fall on November 29. Lockjaw set in. His jaws were tightly set, and 15 grains of magnesium sulphate tailed to relieve the rigid muscles. GETS DIVORCE TO WED HER OLD SWEETHEART KANSAS CITY, Dec. 17.—Mrs. Sarah Belle Herrington, 65 years old, obtained a divorce in Judge Klover’s court from Nathaniel Herrington, an old soldier, now in the home at Leavenworth, and a few hours later was married to John Bowen, of Reliance, Ill. The marriage, which took place at Olathe last night, was a chapter in a romance which began 50 years ago near Reliance. The girl wanted to marry young Bowen, but the parents of both objected. $100,000 STREET GRAFT REPORT EXCITES CUBA HAVANA, Dec. 17.—Sensational reports that frauds amounting to over $100,000 had been found in the Cuban department of public works were circulated here today. These frauds, it was said, were in relation to street paving and sewer laying contracts. STATE IN CHARGE OF COSMOPOLITAN LIFE COMPANY’S AFFAIRS The affairs of the Cosmopolitan Life Insurance Company now are in the hands of the state insurance commission. At the meeting of the special committee of stockholders of the company late yesterday, this action was agreed upon. The committee will cooperate with the insurance commission in reorganizing the firm, at the same time having active charge of business now running, it will meet again December 30. Officers of the company who handed in their resignations were: General Clifford L. Anderson, president; E. M. Yow, vice president; Dr. W. P. Nicholson, medical. Examiner Joseph Hirsch, treasurer; J. S. Hollingshead, secretary; W. L. Pomeroy, assistant treasurer, and E. M. Hafer, actuary. These places probably will be filled by General William A. Wright, state insurance commissioner. CHICAGO WOMEN FACE LOSS ON EGGS BOUGHT IN WAR ON HIGH PRICE CHICAGO, Dec 17.—Chicago club women who purchased ten carloads of eggs and advertised that they would be sold Friday for 24 cents per dozen are facing a loss, say commission men today. The warm weather and the absence of snow has brought in a great quantity of eggs and the price is steadily declining. The eggs which the club women purchased at 20 cents a dozen were quoted to dealers yesterday at 18 and 18 cents. GIRL OF 11 IS AWARDED VERDICT FOR $10,000.00 ST. LOUIS, Dec. 17.—In returning a $10,000 verdict, a jury in Judge McQuillin's court decided in favor of an 11-year-old child and against a life insurance company. Violet Reitz is the girl who is to receive $10,000, according to the jury’s verdict. Violet sued for payment of a policy, which her father, Adam Reitz, held when he died a year ago. Shortly before taking out this policy, the father was injured on the head while swimming. When he took out the policy, Reitz told the company the injury was of no consequence. After his death the company claimed that his death was due to concussion of the brain as the result of the injury. NEW YORK NO PLACE FOR CHILDREN, JUDGE HOLDS WHITE PLAINS, N. Y., Dec. 17 "New York city is no place for children," said Justice Morschauser. In default. Including to permit the two sons of Mrs. Katherine Johns to live with their mother. She is suing for divorce. EXTRA 2 CENTS EVERYWHERE W. R. HEARST FELLS OF OIL LETTERS ON THE STAND Unpublished Documents Giving by Him to the Clapp Investigating Committee. ARCHBOLD MADE $50,000 LOAN TO SEN. FORAKER More Interesting Reference Between Standard Head and Officials Revealed. WASHINGTON. Dec 17— The thirty-six session of the Clapp committee investigating source of campaign funds for the past twelve years, convened today. The entire committee was present. William Randolph Hearst, the first witness, gave his occupation as “journalist and publisher” By Senator Clapp: Q. You are owner of Hearst’s Magazine? A. I am. Q. During the past year there have been published in this magazine a number of letters purporting to have passed between John D. Archbold, of the Standard Oil and several men in public life. Do you know of these letters? A. I do. Q. Have you any other letters? A. I have a few. Hearst denied that he had the originals of the Archbold letters published in Hearst’s Magazine. Photos and Letters Given to Committee. Senator Clapp then asked the witness to produce the documents. Hearst handed over a number of photos and letters. Q. Do you not possess the original letters? A. No. I do not. Q. Under whose direction were these photos taken? A. I do not know. They came to me in their present form. Q. When did you get them? A. In September, 1908. Q. Do you know where the originals are? A. No. The letters concerning which Hearst was questioned were those published in Hearst's Magazine, showing that: John D. Archbold, of the Standard Oil Company, had intimate correspondence with men in public life, had paid them money and was in a position to demand favors of them. Former Representative Charles H. drosvenor, former Senator Foraker of Ohio, former Representative Sibley of Pennsylvania, Senator Penrose of Pennsylvania, and others were implicated by these letters. Archbold, when called to testify at the last hearing, admitted that he had written virtually all of the letters accredited to him. Willing To Give All Essential Information. G. From whom did you get the photographic copies? A. Senator. I am willing to testify to all that may be essential to the knowledge of this committee. Do you think this knowledge is also essential? Senator Clapp said that he did so consider the evidence essential, although that the committee could subpoena the men who had actually seen the letters. The witness then asked: “Have not most of the letters been identified either by their writers or their recipients?" "Some of them have, but not all of them," replied Senator Clapp. “Whatever the committee desires,” answered Mr. Hearst, "but I do not care to testify merely to gratify the curiosity of Mr. Archbold.” Senator Pomerene said that he considered it very important that the witness state where he got the letters, and the majority of the committee agreed with him. A. I obtained the letters from the author of the first four articles of the series, Mr. John L. Eddy, now residing in London. Q. Do you know of whom he obtained the originals? A. No. Q. Did he ever tell you where he obtained the originals? A. No. No. Q. Do you know who made the photographic copies? Unpublished Letters Are Read. A. No. Mr. Hearst then presented to the committee a number of other letters which have not yet been published. Chairman Clapp, on receiving photographs of letters hitherto unpublished.
| 9,085 |
https://github.com/chinosingson/ctidev/blob/master/bootleaf1/data/monitor/cti-chart-1-percent-of-projects-per-goal.js
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,015 |
ctidev
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chinosingson
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JavaScript
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Code
| 125 | 415 |
$(function () {
$('#chartContainer').highcharts({
chart: {
type: 'column',
backgroundColor: null,
style: {
fontFamily: 'OpenSans'
}
},
title: {
text: 'Percent of Projects Per Goal'
},
/*subtitle: {
text: 'Source: Coral Triangle Initiative'
},*/
xAxis: {
categories: [
'Goal 1',
'Goal 2',
'Goal 3',
'Goal 4',
'Goal 5',
'No Data']
},
yAxis: {
min: 0,
title: {
text: 'Projects'
}
},
tooltip: {
pointFormat: '<span style="color:{series.color}">{series.name}</span>: <b>{point.y}</b> ({point.percentage:.0f}%)<br/>',
shared: true
},
plotOptions: {
column: {
stacking: 'percent',
pointPadding: 0.2,
borderWidth: 0
}
},
series: [{
name: 'Ongoing',
data: [10, 16, 16, 13, 6, 2],
stack: 'goals'
}, {
name: 'Completed',
data: [16, 27, 30, 33, 15, 4],
stack: 'goals'
}, {
name: 'Incomplete Information',
data: [6, 3, 0, 1, 1, 3],
stack: 'goals'
}]
});
});
| 32,491 |
https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Велшки лак
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https://mk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Велшки лак&action=history
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Macedonian
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Spoken
| 137 | 359 |
Велшки (англиски) лак е оружје кое во средниоти век ја променило техниката на војување. Потекнува од Велс. Големината му е околу 2 метри, со затегнувањето на тетивата на посебен начин драстично ја подобрил пробојноста на стрелата исфрлена од овој лак. Лакот се затегнувал на тој начин што долниот дел на лакот се ставал во посебно лежиште, лакот стоел во вертикално во однос на земјата, а стрелецот по потреба би скокнал и би го дофатил другиот крај на лакот и со својата тежина би го свиткал и би ја зафрлил тетивата. Стрелата можела на 50 метри да го пробие оклопот кој го носеле тогаш непобедливите коњаници. Велшкиот лак бргу ги исфрлил од употреба големите и тешко подвижните оклопи, кои сега станале и многу ранливи.
Поврзано
Битка кај Креси
Список на оружја во средниот век
Наводи
Лак (оружије)
Велс
| 21,490 |
https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/74095
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
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Ben I., https://cs.stackexchange.com/users/15807, https://cs.stackexchange.com/users/23002, https://cs.stackexchange.com/users/54167, skankhunt42, wchargin
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English
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Spoken
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Why are Linearly Bounded Turing Machines more powerful than Finite State Automata?
I was under the impression that our computers, being finite, are ultimately no more powerful than (extraordinarily large) Finite State Machines. However, Linearly Bounded Turing Machines are also finite, but it seems that Regular Languages are strictly an improper subset of Context-Sensitive Languages.
Obviously, I'm missing something here. What is going on?
The linear bounded Turing machine is restricted to a tape whose length is a linear function of the length of the input.
If the length limit were a constant, then the machine would be no more powerful than a DFA. However, a DFA cannot grow more states to cope with a longer input, which in effect the LBTM can do (taking the state to be the entire machine configuration.) So the LBTM is strictly more powerful.
There's an interesting result related to this. Any Turing machine that runs in $o(\log \log n)$ space accepts a regular language.
@skankhunt42, why is that?
@skankhunt42: Correct me if I'm wrong, but…any TM that runs in $k \log \log n$ space must run in $2^{k \log \log n} = 2^{\log (\log^k n)} = \log^k n$ time. But it's not hard to show that any TM that runs in $o(n)$ time decides a language that can also be decided in $\mathcal O(1)$ time. Then there is some constant $c \in \mathbb N$ such that the first $c$ characters of the input determine whether the input is in the language. But then the language is obviously regular: just include a state for each prefix in $\bigcup_{0 \leq i \leq c} { 0, 1 }^i$. Am I missing something? Where's my mistake?
@Choirbean It requires a proof using crossing sequences. You can look it up here https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/7372/space-complexity-below-log-log .
@wchargin I think the mistake might be claiming that the TM runs in $2^{k \log \log n}$ time because you need to consider the head position of the input tape also while counting the number of configurations. So, I think the TM runs in time $n 2^{k \log \log n}$.
I think we must first understand the description of a machine and the input size, so that the comparison is of only valid objects.
Let say N is a input size. This means machines will have these resource bounds.
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\mbox{Resource} & \mbox{Finite Automata:}\quad \mathcal{A} & \mbox{LBTM:} \quad \mathcal{M}\\
\hline
\mbox{Input Tape Size} & O(N) & O(N)\\
\mbox{Tape Operations} & \mbox{Read Only}& \mbox{Read, Write}\\
\mbox{Tape Movement} & \mbox{Left to right, One pass only}& \mbox{Both directions, No pass limit}\\
\mbox{# of Locations (States)} & M & M\\
\mbox{Input Alphabet} & \Sigma & \Sigma\\
\mbox{Acceptance Condition} & \mbox{Reach finite location: }\ell_f & \mbox{Reach finite location: }\ell_f\\
\hline
\end{array}
Now, here $\mathcal{M}$ is more expressive than $\mathcal{A}$. That's simply because tape movement and restrictions are limited for $\mathcal{A}$.
Now let's make an invalid comparison.
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\mbox{Resource} & \mbox{Finite Automata:}\quad \mathcal{A'} & \mbox{LBTM:} \quad \mathcal{M}\\
\hline
\mbox{Input Tape Size} & O(N) & O(N)\\
\mbox{Tape Operations} & \mbox{Read Only}& \mbox{Read, Write}\\
\mbox{Tape Movement} & \mbox{Left to right, One pass only}& \mbox{Both directions, No pass limit}\\
\mbox{# of Locations (States)} & M \times 2^N & M\\
\mbox{Input Alphabet} & \Sigma & \Sigma\\
\mbox{Acceptance Condition} & \mbox{Reach finite location: }\ell'_f & \mbox{Reach finite location: }\ell_f\\
\hline
\end{array}
Here $\mathcal{A}'$ and $\mathcal{M}$ have same expressive power. But, note that the size of $\mathcal{A}'$ depends on input $N$ in exponential manner.
Earlier size of $\mathcal{A}$ did not depend on $N$.
This means for every input to $\mathcal{M}$, you will need to generate new FA, even though $\mathcal{M}$ remains unchanged.
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