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The novel is set in the time before and during the French Revolution. The story revolves around Lucie Manette, a young Frenchwoman living in London and her family and friends. Lucie is loved by a British lawyer Sydney Carton and French expatriate Charles Darney, whom she marries. Darney is of a noble French family and gets in trouble with the French revolutionaries on a trip to France to rescue an old family servant. The novel paints a vivid picture of the French Revolution, the fervor and radicalism of the revolutionaries and the terror and bloodshed spread by the revolutionaries. However A Tale of Two Cities is not a rabidly anti-revolutionary and pro-monarchy sort of work unlike, for example, The Scarlet Pimpernel. Dickens makes the causes of the revolution clear through his vivid portrayal of the corrupt and brutal aristocracy which dominated the monarchical government prior to the revolution. Dickens portrays the corrupt nature of the old order primarily through the various acts of cruelty perpetrated by the Charles Darnay’s father and his uncle the Marquis St. Evrémonde. Due to them Dr. Alexandre Manette, Lucie’s father, is arrested and secretly kept in prison for eighteen years, where he loses his mind (Dickens 54). It is revealed that the Marquis killed a peasant and kidnapped his wife, with whom he had become infatuated. He also killed the wife’s brother and of her family, only one little sister survived. Dr. Manette was imprisoned in order to prevent him from exposing the crime (Dickens 383). The Marquis St. Evrémonde runs over a peasant’s child while driving in his carriage, killing him. The Marquis is not much bothered by what has just occurred a just tosses a gold coin at the child’s father as compensation (Dickens 123). The corrupt state of the old regime can also be seen in the disgust with which Charles Darnay, one of the heroes of the novel, regards his inheritance (Dickens 141). While Dickens seems to agree that the old French order was corrupt and that the ruling class deserved to be removed, he does not agree with the radicalism and extremism of the French revolutionaries. He portrays the revolution as starting from a justified anger; events like the murder of Marquis St. Evrémonde by Gaspard, the father of the child who the Marquis ran over in his carriage provide early signs of the coming violence against the upper class (Dickens 212). However, once the revolution occurs, Dickens’ sympathies with the rebels ends and he portrays them as irrational fanatics out to kill any member of the aristocracy who they can get their hands on, regardless of whether that person has committed any injustice against the peasantry in the past or not. A central character in the depiction of the madness of the revolution is Madame Defarge. The Defarges are old servants of Dr. Manette and seem, in the beginning to recognize their debt to him. They shelter him when he is released from prison. However Madame Defarge’s hatred for the aristocracy is so intense that she has her old benefactor’s son-in-law condemned to be executed and wishes to have his daughter and little granddaughter killed as well, so that the bloodline is completely wiped out (Dickens 313). Looking at the novel from a holistic perspective, it seems right to say that A Tale of Two Cities portrays the French Revolution in an evenhanded manner. The evil and corruption of the old regime is made clear and the fanaticism and extremism that characterize the new order are portrayed as well. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. Clayton, DE: Prestwick House Inc., 2005. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Seamus Heaney and His Poetry Essay (Biography) That art imitates life is oftentimes taken for granted. It seems fairly obvious that an artist’s life shapes his or her work because, without his or her experiences, it would be impossible to create anything in his or her style or voice. A perfect example of such a statement is Seamus Heaney, a poet from Northern Ireland. His experiences and his life directly impacted how he could write poetry and gave him a very unique voice. Growing up in Northern Ireland during a time of great violence shaped Heaney’s poem The Punishment. Without the experience of witnessing the aggression between the British and Irish, Heaney would not have been able to draw parallels between the girl in the poem and the women of Northern Ireland to create a dark metaphor full of conflicting emotions. Like many poets, Seamus Heaney’s life is directly reflected in his work. Heaney grew up in Northern Ireland during the Second World War. He was born in April of 1939 and was the oldest of nine children who lived on a farm. Heaney’s mother was a member of a more industrial family; they worked for mills and factories. Heaney’s father was a cattle dealer. The difference between the two sides of his family, according to Heaney himself, absolutely had an impact on his poetry. He explains that his “father was notably sparing of talk and his mother notably ready to speak out” (“Seamus Heaney – Biography”) and that his poetry reflects that difference. Heaney watched the world delve into a world war when he was still a child and moved many times throughout his childhood. Most of his poetry, however, remained rooted in the rural backdrop of his youth. When Heaney was twelve, he began courses at St. Columb’s College, a Catholic school in Northern Ireland. It was here that Heaney learned classic Latin and Gaelic. The languages and volumes he learned would later manifest themselves in his poetry. He studied classic literature as well and would find influences from classic Anglo-Saxon prose. When Heaney met Marie Devlin, later Marie Heaney, his poems developed yet again. The changes in Heaney’s life are reflected in his work. Though Heaney, as an adult, lived all over the world, his work stayed rooted in the rural county of his childhood. He traveled to America and England, earning a place among Harvard and Oxford professors, but returned home to Northern Ireland to live and write. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1995. Heaney lives and works now in Dublin. In Heaney’s poem The Punishment, he draws heavily from his own life to both find inspiration and truly drives the metaphor home. The Punishment serves as one arching metaphor for the violence in Ireland during Heaney’s childhood and through his early adulthood. If Heaney were not from Northern Ireland, which underwent severe cruelty for decades, he would not have had the experiences to draw upon in the poem. Heaney was “born into a society deeply divided along religious and political lines, one which was doomed moreover to suffer a quarter-century of violence, polarization, and inner distrust” (“Seamus Heaney – Biography”) and it was that society that gave Heaney the backdrop for all his future work. He would not have known to marry the bog body, a long-deceased young woman, with the image of Irish women being murdered for marrying English soldiers. Heaney used “an ancient example of brutality and [linked] it with [a] modern form of brutality…” (“Punishment: Seamus Heaney”). Using this metaphor connects everything within Heaney’s poem — his life, the past, the future, and everything in between. It is only through his life’s experience that he had the insight to draw that parallel. Heaney’s poetry was also incredibly dark, especially the poem The Punishment. This is, of course, a direct result of the violence in which he grew up. In the 1970s, the rising conflict between the IRA and the British “[darkened] the mood of Heaney’s work” (“Seamus Heaney – Biography”) dramatically. The violence and problems of Northern Ireland at that time also caused Heaney to question poetry’s place in the world; he felt socially obligated to express opinions on the issues that faced him every day. Given that these were dark issues, his poetry certainly turned more dreary. One of the most telling and intriguing aspects of Heaney’s poetry is its conflict. Within The Punishment, Heaney’s narrator expresses deeply conflicting emotions; he struggles with himself and the material. This is a mirror of Heaney’s childhood. His mother, the child of an industrial family, and his father, the son of farmers, were two extremely different people. While his mother chattered constantly, his father was silent. Heaney expressed that he always felt torn between the two; he questioned whether it was better to be quiet or talkative. In his poetry, Heaney struggles between whether he would or would not feel pity for the dead girl. In the end, he clearly states that he would probably have cast the first stone, even if he did nearly love the adulteress. This is another example of Heaney’s early life and background rising into his work as a poet. Poets naturally draw from their own life when they create their art and Seamus Heaney is no exception. He writes poems such as The Punishment, which draws directly from his experiences growing up and living in Northern Ireland, a country with much violence in Heaney’s time. Had Heaney not lived in Northern Ireland, his poetry would undoubtedly be completely different. He drew heavily on his childhood on a farm, his mother and father and their differences, the violence of Northern Ireland, and even his wife to create his art. Heaney, like the poets he studied, was shaped by his experiences; The Punishment is a great example of his world views entering his work. Works Cited “Punishment : Seamus Heaney.” Bachelor and Master. Web. “Seamus Heaney – Biography” . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“The Silence of the Palaces” a Film by Moufida Tlatli Essay 1. Which silences are referred to in the title of the movie? Who is silent, and why? What do these silences nonetheless manage to convey? And when are they broken? The film the Silence of the Palaces by Tunisian director Moufida Tlatli is filled with sound, music, and talks, and yet the main things remain unsaid in it. The horrific stories of women objectification, sexual and physical abuse and forced incestuous relationships are not discussed. It is obvious that the women who are abused keep silent, but this silence has another origin: it is also apparent that no one is going to hear the women or help them. Therefore, it is not the women who are silent, but the palaces, the society with its inhumane customs. What is more, the women do not know how to speak about their plight, which is mentioned by Alia, who can sing but cannot express herself. Her voice-overs provide crucial information about her state but are unheard by those around her. Still, these words are heard by the viewers. Ramanathan insists that the “inability to be heard” of the protagonist is eventually used by her to “comment on and deconstruct the notion of male authority” (qtd. in Faucette 75). Her silence allows her to ponder, search for herself, and make conclusions, but it is apparent that these processes would be much easier if she had someone to discuss it with. 2. Women’s bodies play an important role in the film. In your view, are they mainly depicted as “sites of suffering” over which the women lack control? Or can they also be understood as symbols of female power? In my opinion, women bodies are portrayed ambivalently. It cannot be denied that they are depicted as the “sites of suffering” as suggested by Sherzer: they are subjected to assaults, unwanted pregnancies, abortions; they remain unexplored and uncontrolled by the women themselves (55). “I hate my body,” screams Khedija, and Alia seems uncomfortable with hers, which is demonstrated through her panic attacks, during which she may lose consciousness (together with any control). Still, these bodies belong to women who work and live together, who help each other, who know how to support, heal, and create, which gives them power. I would say that neither of images prevails, but I admit that the former, darker one leaves a stronger impression. 3. Who is Moufida Tlatli’s main audience? Arab spectators? Western audiences? Or both? Please explain. It appears that Tlatli’s message is universal. Women victimization, objectification and the silence over sexuality are still issues in modern societies. The process of women liberation is slowed down by the ages of oppression and the difficulties of finding the way to balance out equality and differences while also paying attention to other aspects of diversity (Eagly and Wood 758). In fact, the same can be said about any kind of inequality. Tlatli depicts the consequences of oppression and makes an emphasis on the ongoing struggle against it. Apart from that, as rightfully pointed out by Donadey, Alia is more than just the image of the abused women: she is a metaphor for Tunisia (and its women) that is on the verge of gaining independence and freeing itself from French repression (46). This attempt at rethinking the history of Tunisia is most certainly meant for the world to consider. 4. Foreign funding for the movie might raise questions about its cultural authenticity. Do you think the film is heavily influenced by Orientalist images? Or does the movie rather undermine the stereotypes of Western Orientalist discourse? Do you think Tlatli’s focus on gender inequalities and violence against women is catering mainly to Western audiences’ stereotypes about the situation of women in the Middle East? The West has had an impact on cinema and films, and its technology was imported to the East along with some cultural phenomena (Shafik 4-5). Also, Tlatli studied in France, and Sherzer brings out the similarities of her works with the literary works of Proust. Still, the film does not appear to promote the Western Orientalist discourse. It discusses Tunisia history and women and their historical search for identity, which can be expressed only by authentic imagery. In fact, Tlatli counters the Orientalist discourse, for example, in the form of the Western idea of the harem (Sherzer 56). As pointed out by Sherzer, Tlatli uses her “Arabness” for this film and her other works, not Westernized discourse (58). 5. According to Dina Sherzer, film maker Moufida Tlatli’s movie about gender, class, and history in Tunisia in the 1950s still has an important message for us today. What is this main message, and why is it so relevant in the present? The film is connected to the country’s history, but its strongest message is concerned with inequality, the stubborn struggle for women’s rights, and the ugliness of oppression in its varied forms. This feminist, liberalistic, and humanist message is still relevant nowadays since the humanity still has to work to create a truly inclusive society where gender or any other characteristic is not a reason for inequality (Sherzer 58; Eagly and Wood 758-761). Works Cited Donadey, Anne. “Representing Gender and Sexual Trauma: Moufida Tlatli’s Silences of the Palace.” South Central Review 28.1 (2011): 36,51,133. ProQuest. Web. 16 Apr. 2016. Eagly, Alice H., and Wendy Wood. “Feminism and the Evolution of Sex Differences and Similarities.” Sex Roles 64.9-10 (2011): 758-67. ProQuest. Web. 16 Apr. 2016. Faucette, Michael Brian. “Feminist Auteurs: Reading Women’s Films.” Journal of Film and Video 61.2 (2009): 74-6. ProQuest. Web. 16 Apr. 2016. Shafik, Viola. Arab Cinema . Cairo, Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press, 2007. Print. Sherzer, Dina. “Remembrance Of Things Past: “Les Silences Du Palais” By Moufida Tlatli”. South Central Review 17.3 (2000): 50. Print. The Silence of the Palaces . Dir. Moufida Tlatli. Perf. Amel Hedhili, Hend Sabri, Moufida Tlatli. Capitol Entertainmen, 1994. Film. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Workplace Discrimination Complaints Essay According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), a formal job discrimination complaint can be filed in several cases. First, an employee can file a complaint in case he or she believes to be treated unjustly on the ground of the racial, religion, sexual, national or another identity. The discrimination might likewise take place on the basis of one’s disability or age-related aspects. Another reason why the employee might file a job discrimination complaint is being harassed on the similar grounds. Finally, a complaint might be filed in case the employee experiences discrimination because of his or her previous discrimination complaints or the assistance in the lawsuits associated with workplace discrimination. It is essential to file such a complaint if the employee desires to file a workplace discrimination lawsuit in future (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, n. d.). Therefore, if John experiences any type of discrimination behavior described above, he should necessarily file the relevant complaint to the EEOC. It is important to point out a significant detail related to filing a job discrimination complaint. The EEOC notes that employees should consider the importance of the time limits for setting workplace discrimination complaints. Hence, in some cases, the expected time limit makes six months. Under different conditions, it might be extended up to ten months (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, n. d.). As a result, it might be recommended that John contacts the EEOC as soon as possible and explains the details of the discrimination issue. Thus, the commission will be able to determine the type of discrimination and inform John on the relevant deadlines for his filing the complaint. It might also turn out that the commission will advise John to address another organization to manage his complaint. As soon as the complaint is processed by the EEOC, the employee might file the workplace discrimination lawsuit against the organization he works for. The civil litigation process will be carried out at the U. S. Supreme Court level, and it will imply four stages: case preparation, settling differences, trial process, and closing. The process will begin with filing a job discrimination complaint to the State Court (United State Courts, n. d.). Therefore, John will need to explain the discrimination that caused the harm and the relief he expects to receive. The latter might imply financial compensation or the request to stop the discriminating behavior. At the preparation stage, the litigants are expected to provide the entire scope of the information associated with the case. This information might comprise witnesses’ evidence or other related documentation. The witnesses might likewise be interviewed upon the court’s request (United State Courts, n. d.). Therefore, John will need to collect all the evidence that proves the discrimination activity on the part of his employer. It will be useful to involve his colleagues that will agree to witness in his favor. Additionally, it might turn out that some of the colleagues experience similar discrimination so that they will join the job discrimination complaint. It is essential to point out that judges tend to persuade the parties to reach an agreement without beginning the civil process. Hence, they might employ various types of dispute resolution methods such as mediation and arbitration (United State Courts, n. d.). At this stage, John’s employer might potentially offer some alternative resolutions to avoid the trial. Thus, John will need to decide whether the proposed alternatives satisfy him. In case they fail to do it, he can request a trial. John might choose the jury trial format. Otherwise, the case will be heard by the judge without juries’ participation. In the course of the trial, the judge will, first and foremost, determine the scope of information that might be considered relevant to the case. Otherwise stated, he or she will define which witnesses will be allowed to the courtroom. The witnesses will give testimony that will be recorded by the deputy clerk of court (United State Courts, n. d.). Therefore, it is important to ensure that John’s witnesses are emotionally ready to give testimony in the courtroom. Otherwise stated, it is essential to foresee potential refusals based on the fears of further work-related problems. It is also critical to warrant the veracity of their evidence as the opposing attorney will necessarily use the chance to ask additional questions in case some ambiguity comes up. As long as all the evidence will be heard, each party will receive an opportunity to provide a closing argument (United State Courts, n. d.). At that point, the further course of events will depend on the type of trial that John initially chooses. If he prefers the jury trial, he will have to convince the jury in the culpability of his employer. In case the jury agrees that the employer is responsible for the discrimination, they will decide on the type of compensation that needs to be provided. Under a different scenario, the judge will make the final decision without relying on the juries’ assistance. Therefore, the trial format that John will select determines largely the potential outcomes. If John will be dissatisfied with the State Court’s verdict, he has the right to appeal to Supreme Court to revise the decision. Reference List Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n. d.). Filing a complaint. Web. United States Courts. (n. d.). Civil cases. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Creating Student Engagement in Online Learning Environment Research Paper Abstract To contribute to creating and stimulating student engagement in online learning environments, it is important to focus on such factors as the increase of students’ motivation, focus on independent and inquiry-based learning, the active role of instructors, and the usage of contemporary learning management systems in order to organize online learning environments according to the set standards of learner-centered education. Creating Student Engagement in Online Learning Environment Modern learning environments provide students with a lot of opportunities to develop their potential and contribute to academic performance. Many students who are inclined to improve their education choose online learning courses or distance learning in order to use all the advantages of the online learner-centered education where instructors perform the role of guides. In spite of the fact that distance learning is popular among students, it is important to pay attention to specific aspects of the student engagement in the online learning environment because distance learning based on online technologies is the rather new approach to the study process and students engagement is one of the most influential challenges. To facilitate student engagement in the online learning environment and contribute to increasing students’ motivation and interest in learning, it is necessary to analyze such factors as students’ attitude to distance learning, management of online learning, and position of a teacher in the process. If face-to-face learning is based on measuring student engagement with the help of focusing on class attendance, the engagement of students in online learning can be measured only with references to their academic performance and online activities while posting and participating in online discussions. From this point, the concept of interaction should be also followed in online environments in order to contribute to the student engagement. Duffy and Kirkley state that online learning is the next step to the effective learner-centered education because distance learning provides resources for the inquiry-based learning focused on the students’ achievements and their independent efforts to learn new information and develop new skills (Duffy & Kirkley, 2004). As a result, the idea of student engagement should be discussed in relation to students’ readiness to participate actively in online learning in order to improve their knowledge, skills, and abilities (Beffa-Negrini, Cohen, & Miller, 2002). Student engagement can be facilitated with the help of strategies focused on increasing students’ motivation and confidence. Thus, changes in relation to student engagement in online learning can be influenced by instructors who develop online courses, choose and prepare the materials, and work out effective schedules. According to Sull, a teacher should provide students with all the opportunities to be active in online learning, and these activities include the focus on responsiveness, online discussions, effective online materials, and active use of electronic devices (Sull, 2013). Teachers regulate student engagement within the classroom environments directly that is why any negative changes in students’ attitudes to the course or their academic performance caused by the decreased engagement can be overcome with the help of effective interaction. Student engagement can be affected with instructors’ responsiveness and readiness to assist (Sull, 2013). Distance learning does not provide such opportunities, and teachers should concentrate more on developing successful strategies to evoke students’ interest in the course to stimulate engagement and prevent possible negative outcomes. Academic performance and general success of those students learning online and their engagement in the process depend significantly on the materials used in education to stimulate their motivation, inquiry needs, and critical thinking. It is important to note that rather new learning tools and resources are used within the online learning environments, and instructors can exploit the challenging resources in order to develop effective assignments (Gilbert, 2000). However, students’ confidence depends significantly not only on the approaches to manage online learning but also on students’ enthusiasm and intrinsic motivation. To engage students into online learning, it is necessary to appeal to their inner motives to study because distance learning provides a lot of opportunities for students to learn and do the necessary research independently, while developing critical thinking and other skills (Beffa-Negrini, Cohen, & Miller, 2002). One more factor which influences the level of student engagement in distance learning is the management of the systems used to regulate the technical aspects of online learning. Today, there are many systems which regulate the online learning environments according to instructors’ objectives and expected outcomes. Online learning depends on the effective administration of the associated documentation and materials necessary for courses. Different learning management systems are developed to improve the aspects of administration in order to provide students with the high-quality systems which are convenient to use. Contributing to administration of online learning, these applications are also important to influence student engagement because different programs function as systems to control students’ online activities and engagement (Beffa-Negrini, Cohen, & Miller, 2002; Gilbert, 2000). Moreover, the developed learning management programs can contribute to the online discussions and interactions of instructors and students along with providing the standards to which it is important to orient. Thus, the concept of student engagement is changed with references to the idea of online learning. To create the necessary student engagement, it is important to develop strategies effective for increasing and stimulating students’ motivation and to use contemporary learning management systems in order to organize the process appropriately in relation to the standards of learner-centered education the principles of which are followed in distance learning. References Beffa-Negrini, P. A., Cohen, N. L., & Miller, B. (2002). Strategies to motivate students in online learning environments. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour, 34 (6), 334-340. Duffy, T. M., & Kirkley, J. R. (2004). Learner-centered theory and practice in distance education: Cases from higher education . USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gilbert, S. D. (2000). How to be a successful online student . USA: McGraw Hill Professional. Sull, E. C. (2013). Student engagement in the online classroom . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Civil War Effect on Medicine and Public Health Essay (Critical Writing) Every war has a devastating impact on its participants, and the effects become even more harmful when it comes to a civil war. It is so because citizens of a single country fight against one another, causing numerous problems. As for the American Civil War, it negatively influenced many citizens. Thus, thousands of people were killed, while over six million citizens were injured and suffered from multiple bacterial infections (The Civil War, efficiency, and the sanitary impulse, 1845-1870, 2001, p. 160). The American Civil War led to poor public health, but it also generated a few improvements to the health care system. Firstly, one should mention that the Civil War reshaped the role of nurses. Before that event, they had been considered insignificant members of the medical sector. However, nursing care managed to make a difference for numerous patients, which eliminated any prejudice concerning this profession. The war showed that the nursing profession should be honored for everyone irrespective of their origin (The Civil War, efficiency, and the sanitary impulse, 1845-1870, 2001). Secondly, the Civil War demonstrated that there were two significant causes of why people died, and they included hostilities and worsened living conditions. That is why the officials try to minimize the number of unenforced losses. Consequently, every household became familiar with “the vocabulary of sanitary knowledge and the elementary facts of hygiene” (The Civil War, efficiency, and the sanitary impulse, 1845-1870, 2001, p. 173). Finally, the war indicated the need to transform the hospital from a charity established to a curative institution that is accessible for people of all classes and origins. In conclusion, it is possible to mention that the Civil War has a controversial impact on medicine and public health. On the one hand, millions of people became sick and injured because of hostilities. On the other hand, that state of affairs made officials contribute to the development of the health care system to lead to better outcomes. Consequently, the Civil War resulted in the improvement of American medicine. Reference The Civil War, efficiency, and the sanitary impulse, 1845-1870. (2001). In J. H. Warner & J. A. Tighe (Eds.), Major problems in the history of American medicine and public health: Documents and essays (pp. 159-195). Houghton Mifflin. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Supreme Court’s Internet Sales Tax Decision Essay The internet has diversified the conventional way of doing business. Many companies can now run without having a physical or geographical presence due to technological advancement. The government has attempted to enact legislation on online sales tax to raise extra revenue. Taxation is undeniably important in the functioning of every nation. However, the decision has negatively impacted e-commerce startups in different states. Hence, I am afraid I have to disagree with the supreme court decision to overturn Quill v. North Dakota and argue that startups should be exempted from paying tax even if they exceed transaction levels until they have a competitive advantage. Small businesses face tax burdens, making it hard for them to establish and compete aggressively with well-established online companies. Exposing big corporations such as Amazon to internet sales tax does not affect their operations because they have a competitive advantage. According to Berengian (2018), e-commerce startups often face difficulties, including oligarchy competition and high risks of making losses. While trying to fit into the market, taxing these businesses is unfair because they need more time to adapt to the conditions. The legislation also puts more burden on startups to determine how to levy taxes on their commodities in various jurisdictions. For instance, if internet sales surpass a certain threshold or number of transactions, the business must collect miscellaneous taxes in different states. When making online purchases, companies must now recognize both their online and physical presence. The decision would directly impact small firms because it necessitates the allocation of additional capital. The added input leads to an increase in products’ prices, making it hard for e-commerce startups to compete with other large-scale retailers and wholesalers. I believe that the decision is responsible for creating the big corporations’ status quo while undermining small enterprises. Reference Berengian, A. (2018). Why the Supreme Court’s internet sales tax decision will hurt e-commerce startups. Forbes. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Indentured Servitude and Slavery Case Study The origins of slavery in the American territories and why it came to be From 1526 until 1776, complex pressures shaped the structure of slavery in the United States, and historians have proposed multiple ideas to explain how slave trade evolved. Slavery was strongly related to labor demand in European colonies, particularly in the Caribbean and South America’s labor-intensive sugar plantation industries of Great Britain, Spain, France, and the Dutch Republic. Slave ships transported captives from Africa to the West and indigenous peoples were enslaved in North American colonies on a smaller scale (OpenStax, 2019). However, Indian slavery effectively stopped in the late eighteenth century. How slavery was handled differently in each colonial territory of British North America Enslaved people worked in various sectors, including breweries, shipyards, plantations, and timber yards. In the regions north of Maryland, slavery would gradually give way to free labor. The slave population in the North progressively fell throughout the 1760s and 1770s with slaves in Philadelphia reducing to approximately 700 in 1775 (OpenStax, 2019). Antislavery activism was rife in the city, with nationalist pamphleteers handing out antislavery booklets to blacks and whites. The presence of antislavery groups facilitated the spread of manumissions thus slavery became less viable in the North. New York had a high percentage of slaves who acquired valuable trades such as masonry and goldsmithing working alongside artisan masters. All slaves in New York were freed in 1827 (OpenStax, 2019) despite the liberation sentiment in the North during the Revolutionary battle. The contrasts between indentured servants and slaves Indentured service varied from enslavement in that it was a type of debt servitude where an agreed-upon period of unpaid service that often covered the servant’s costs of immigration to America. Indentured workers were not awarded incomes, although they were housed, clothed, and nourished in most cases. Slaves were deemed property and were only awarded freedom on rare occasions despite several years of strenuous labor (Gabor, 2021). Slaves were sold, exchanged, negotiated for, and even utilized as property in a will. References Gabor, G. (2021). Slavery, servitude and forced labor in international law: should the difference still matter? King’s Law Journal, 32 (2), 228-259. Web. OpenStax. (2019). U.S. History . OpenStax CNX. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
First of all, it is necessary to restate the vision of the company. According to the current state of affairs within the company, its key vision is to provide as diverse services as possible, aiming at the customer’s satisfaction. Therefore, it can be concluded that the vision of the Starlight’s Game on Wheels is developing new concepts instead of reinventing the old ones and provide the clientele with only top-notch services, which can be achieved with the help of focusing on the customers’ demands and the current trends, trying to predict the future tendencies. Defining the company’s mission, one has to admit that it relates directly to the company’s vision. Aiming at providing only high-quality services which no other company can match is the key mission of Starlight’s Game on Wheels . With the help of a careful analysis of the other gaming enterprises’ facilities, the aforementioned goal can be achieved rather easily. The mission can be achieved by improving the existing IT techniques, developing such strategies as advanced analytics, client computing and online security. Consequently, the company’s values are the client’s interest and satisfaction. Once making sure that the services match the customer’s expectations, Starlight’s Game on Wheels can rest assured that it has fulfilled its mission. With the help of surveys and questionnaires, as well as an efficient feedback system, Starlight’s Game on Wheels can handle the situation. For instance, it is reasonable to work on mobile applications, according to the current feedbacks. The fourth issue concerns the supplies. To provide more services, it is necessary to cut the costs for supplies, which means that cheaper sources are needed. Moreover, it will be necessary to redesign business needs, process, and score, as well as localize exploration and provide internal integration of the processes. Speaking of the company’s goals and objectives, one must mention that establishing the latter is the primary issue. The objectives for this goal are to fight the rivals, to introduce new services, and to draw a new plan for pricing policy and discounts. Among the strategies which can help implement the goals and strategies, the following must be adopted: 1) spreading word about the company; 2) stirring people’s emotions; 3) boosting the customers’ confidence. These strategies can be implemented with the help of such tactics as offering free game samples; providing free supplementary equipment for the games, and offering walkthroughs for additional fee, as well as creating a membership club. The advertisement system should also be touched upon as the cornerstone of any company’s development. While Starlight’s Game on Wheels is known among gamers and the representatives of gaming industry, it is still desirable that most people know about it, which an efficient online advertising campaign can help. As for the company’s tracking and assessment, suffice to say, a flexible system of the working process assessment should be developed. It is also required to make sure that the mistakes which have been made in the course of production are taken into consideration. As for the final ingredient for a perfect strategic plan, one must mention the necessity to develop strategies for the next financial or economical moves, as well as for the further production. In other words, Starlight’s Game on Wheels has to learn what planning to plan is. Once the ideas for the further plan are ready, there are no reasons to suspect a failure. It is important to keep in mind certain ethical issues. To avoid ethical problems, it will be necessary to warn the customer about the results of gaming abuse. In addition, it will be necessary to explain that violence in computer games does not affect people’s actions. As for legal concerns, the copyright issues must be handled. Finally, it is crucial to make sure that there are no pirated games among the ones offered. Thus, the company employees will feel confident, knowing that they work for a company with strict moral standards. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Threats to Information Quality and Credibility Coursework The Internet has become a global village and it’s quite easy to collect all information just with a few clicks. On the internet, there are about 10,000 health care websites that give information on different diseases, symptoms and treatments. Health care websites serve consumers in different ways but there are different threats involved with e-service. The Internet is the best source of information and resources proved that on the internet there is plenty of information from both reliable and fake resources. The biggest barrier and threat to e-information is its reliability. Information searched by millions of people on the internet must be reliable and authentic (Maloney et al., 2005). The two important factors are information credibility and information completeness. Internet information has a great impact on nursing as employers face great health care costs for economic viability. Consumers need to be very active and conscious about e-information. Lack of communication causes misunderstanding at the consumer’s end and sometimes just because of misunderstanding of e-information disease becomes critical. Consumers need to evaluate the quality of information through codes system, rating engines and seals of approval (Bran, 2003). The impact on nursing is really worst as wrong treatments done by doctors/paramedical staff on the basis of e-information make cases more critical and the patient has to wait long for recovery. In General, it increases health care costs and nursing has become quite typical of plenty of fake information by e-health care information. Different threats that make nursing useless and harmless are: literacy, cultural differences, education and access to technology problems. Threats to information quality harm patients badly as fake and unreliable treatments always make situations worst. Though there are many advantages of using the internet to access health care information the source used is the most reliable. References Bran, M. and Anderson, J. G. (2003) “E-Medicine and Health Care Consumers: Current Problems and Possible Resolutions for a Safer Environment” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA Online. Web. Maloney, S, Iliac & Green, S. (2005), Associability, nature and quality of health information on the internet, A survey on osteoarthritis, rheumatology, 44(3).382-385. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Are U.S. Companies Adaptive to Local Practices Overseas? Presentation Position statement * One of the main reasons is the notion by American companies to retain local their practices in doing businesses. * This according to Bolman and Deal (2008) come from the belief that their pattern of business is quite unique. * It is an assumption that this notion will work for them overseas. * Besides, another reason why they do not adapt is due to their marketing approach of standardization versus adaptation. * Calvin (2007) cites that standardization as a marketing approach is an international strategy that conform a marketing practice to fit across different cultures. * Particularly, it forms a major baseline and therefore uses the model that businesses use widely to promote products. Eclectic Theory Moreover, based on eclectic theory, mergers with businesses overseas among US companies has been deemed to attract huge challenges. These challenges include political, social and environmental challenges. Astorino (2009) cites that to curb this, many US companies prefer to be self establish thereby underestimating operational costs. Adaptability to local practices No, US companies are not adaptive to local practices. One of the reason why they do not adapt is due to the standardization versus adaptation approach in marketing. Particularly, it forms a major baseline and therefore uses the model that businesses use widely to promote products. Besides, based on eclectic theory, mergers with businesses overseas among US companies are normally faced with huge challenges. Chava and Nachmias (2007)cite that to curb this, many US companies prefer to establish themselves thereby underestimating operational costs. Organizational behaviors Moreover, while evaluating the demands of organizational behaviors and its implications to the expanding to overseas markets, Chava and Nachmias (2007) indicate that there is need to develop holistically acceptable cultures that factor all stakeholders. Globalization has been cited to promote diverse consumerist patterns. This could perhaps be a reason for the US Companies to stick to their business patterns. Organization culture formation constitutes a congregation of key beliefs, perceptions, and particularistic orientation of the different internal systems in the management. Organizational culture Organization’s culture has over the years remained one of the key elements that determine how well American companies adapt local practices overseas. They believe that notion of working through the existing culture to replace the culture ultimately worked wonders in the company. Though this consideration as Calvin (2007) indicates is considered to be vague for lack of clear outline and an emphatic framework, its inclusive nature is seen to have raised the ability of the company in meeting its strategic demands. References Arquilla, J. (2007). Of networks and nations. Fall and Winter , 17 (1),199-113. Astorino, D. (2009). Five roadblocks to successful acquisition integration. Executive Insights, 24 (2), 2-4. Bolman, G. & Deal, T. (2008). Reframing organizations: artistry, choice, and leadership. San FranciscoJossey Bass. Calvin, R. (2007). Sales management demystified: a self-teaching guide . London: McGraw-Hill Professional. Cascio, W. (2006). Managing human resources: productivity, quality of work life, profits . Boston: McGraw Hill. Chava, F. & Nachmias, D. (2007). Research Methods in the Social Sciences . New York: Worth Publishers. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Ethically Revamping a Company Essay Every company must observe a strict ethical code in order to maintain a good reputation. Ethical compliance must be revamped in order to keep the image of the company on track. However, this requires the company to take several steps to offer a solution to ethical compliance. A company must instill a new culture that will advance transparency (Bennet, 2009). A culture of openness and accountability must also be introduced in a company that is committed to revamping its reputation. A company also has to start an evaluation process for all activities and controls. However, this evaluation process must be characterized by objection and independence. Companies that take these measures are assured of ethical code maintenance. A company that has suffered ethical issues in the past must take measures to bring back compliances. Hard decisions have to be made in order to ethically revamp the company. There are sacrifices that also have to be made to restore compliance. The first sacrifice is financial. A company must channel extra finance into ethical restoration. This is through extra training of staff. There also must be regular, independent, and objected evaluation (Pride, 2014). These processes are continuous and may take a long time. Therefore, they require money to be sustained. The company must be prepared and determined to make financial sacrifices in order to instill ethical compliance. The second sacrifice to be made by a company for the sake of ethical restoration is the staff. As stated earlier in the paper, a company must apply a new culture that incorporates ethics. This can happen if disciplinary actions are enforced on those who breach the ethical code of the company. Therefore, the company must be willing to sacrifice some of the staff for breaking the code as part of instilling the new culture. The sacrifice is usually made in the spirit of changing the culture. Sometimes it is hard because the staff might be one of the most useful to the company (Pub, 2008). A marketing mix is a tool of marketing that is crucial in the process of determining the offer of a brand. It merges product, price, place, and promotion. The mix is vulnerable to breach of the code of ethics, but promotion shares the largest part of the vulnerability. The reason for this is the direct interaction between promoters and potential customers. It is also an early stage of the marketing process where marketers try to convince potential customers (Bennet, 2009). Therefore, there are high chances of giving inaccurate information about a product during promotion. This is in the process of attempting to win customers. Promotion’s vulnerability can be reduced by training and educating marketing representatives. They should be given a tutorial on ethical marketing before start promotion. The company should also ensure that they use a policy of openness and honesty to potential customers. This will commit the company to give correct information about the products during the promotion (Pride, 2014). The company will consequently prevent accusations of ethical breach due to inaccurate information. This will offer a solution to the potential ethical breach during the promotion. References Bennet, A. (2009). The Big Book of Marketing . New York, N.Y: McGraw Hill Professional Publishers. Pub, G. (2008). Marketing Ethics . Hoborken, N.J: Blackwell Publishers. Pride, W. (2014). Marketing 2014 . Boston, M.A: Cengage Learning Publishers. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Sugar-Containing Beverages for Children’s Health Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Topic Summary 2. Research Summary 3. Conclusion 4. References Topic Summary The effects of sugar-containing beverages (SCB) on a child’s health status have been debated for quite a long, yet the consensus is still to be reached. However, even the existing studies indicate that changes have to be made in the dieting choices made by parents or legal guardians for children, as well as the nutrition options provided at schools and kindergartens (Berentzen et al., 2015). Studies show that SCB has a detrimental effect on the functioning of several critical organs, thus disrupting the performance of children’s digestive system, in general, and leading to the development of serious health complications (Schwimmer et al., 2019). Thus, the current perception of nutrition for children has to be revisited. The reason for the research to be done is the rapid decline in health rates among children of school age. The current trends in health levels among the identified demographic point to the necessity to research the problem and prove that there is a link between the recent rise in health concerns in children and the changes in their diet that involve an increase in the amount of SCB. Thus, the goal of the study is to explore the connection between the identified variables and determine the strategies that can potentially influence the current situation positively. Research Summary The paper by Berentzen et al. (2015) focuses on the analysis of the effects that SCB has on the development of asthma in children. The total number of children involved in research was 2406. The study represented a statistical analysis and was based on the assessment of the distribution of beverage consumption, with different types of drinks having been included in the research. According to the results of the analysis, there are strong associations between the propensity among children toward asthma and the consumption of SCB. Another study that addresses health concerns in children drinking SCB was performed by Leermakers et al. (2015). The participants of the study were represented by children of school age, with the research question addressing the connection between the intake of SCB and the body index of a child. The research was represented by a population-based prospective cohort study during which 2371 Dutch children were studied. According to the outcomes of the analysis, SCB consumption may affect the body mass index, yet further studies are required to confirm this assumption. Finally, the paper by Schwimmer et al. (2019) indicates that an in-depth analysis of the connection between SCB and children’s health is required. According to the outcomes of a randomized clinical trial involving 40 10-16-year-old boys, the threat of hepatic steatosis and the associated health complications is very high in children drinking SCB. Consequently, it is essential to introduce a healthier dieting strategy and raise awareness among children, parents, and institutions such as schools and kindergartens. Conclusion The recent studies clearly point to the possible link between the increase in SCB consumption among children and the rise in the development of health concerns and complications. Among the ones that can be deemed as the greatest threat, one should mention the propensity among children that drink SCB to develop fatty liver disease, hypertension, and even the probability of asthma (Schwimmer et al., 2019). Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the exact effects that SCB have on children of different age, as well as the extent of the threat to which they are exposed, is required. Thus, additional analysis of the subject matter and the following design of a health management program are needed. The problem of awareness among the target demographic and their family members also seem to be a significant impediment on the way to creating a more healthy environment for children. In addition, the existing nutrition policies for providing children with food in school and kindergarten cafeterias have to be reviewed. Thus, vulnerable groups will be provided with an opportunity to lead a more healthy life. References Berentzen, N. E., Van Stokkom, V. L., Gehring, U., Koppelman, G. H., Schaap, L. A., Smit, H. A., & Wijga, A. H. (2015). Associations of sugar-containing beverages with asthma prevalence in 11-year-old children: The PIAMA birth cohort. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69 (3), 303-308. Web. Leermakers, E. T. M., Felix, J. F., Erler, N. S., Ćerimagić, A., Wijtzes, A. I., Hofman, A.,… Franco, O. H. (2015). Sugar-containing beverage intake in toddlers and body composition up to age 6 years: The Generation R study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69 (3), 314-321. Web. Schwimmer, J. B., Ugalde-Nicalo, P., Welsh, J. A., Angeles, J. E., Cordero, M., Harlow, K. E.,… Cleeton, R. (2019). Effect of a low free sugar diet vs usual diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescent boys: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321 (3), 256-265. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Act and Rule Utilitarianism in Decision Process Essay Act and Rule Utilitarianism Act-utilitarian believes that whenever a decision making process is in progress, an individual should and must take the action that creates the utmost net utility (Barrow 25). According to this view, the principle of utility is angled on the good results of an action in comparison to other alternative deeds. On the other hand, the rule-utilitarian is driven by the moral regulations associated with an action. Rule-utilitarianism has two parts (Mill 33). The first component states that an action can only be morality justifiable if it is conventional to a moral code (Markel 25). The second part states that a moral rule is only justifiable if its integration into the moral code would result in the highest utility (Sher 41). Thus, the rule-utilitarianism suggests that moral rules should be the basis for judging the morality of any action (Lazari-Radek and Singer 51). Therefore, an act-utilitarian directly applies the utility principles in evaluation the actions of an individual while the rule-utilitarian is more interested in how these actions are aligned to moral code that produces the most utility (Patrick and Werkhoven 18). Decision Process Applying Act-Utilitarianism As an act-utilitarian, the decision process will examine the line of action that is likely to generate the greatest good. Although the two patients, genetics researcher and unsuccessfully, deserve similar treatment on equality ground, it is important to examine end results of giving the trial drug. On the basis of the act-utilitarianism, as an oncologist, I would give the trial drug to the genetics researcher since her recovery would benefit many people under the Malaria research. In fact, this action would be a service to the global humanity. I would not give the unsuccessful musician the trial drug because the outcome of this action would only benefit the dependent uncle. Therefore, the greatest good (utility) would be realized if the genetic researcher is given the first priority. Saving lives of a million plus people through the Malaria research cannot be compared to taking care of an uncle and supporting charities. Applying Rule-Utilitarianism As a rule-utilitarian, an action must conform to a moral code. At the same time, the action can only be justified when its alignment to the moral code produces the greatest utility. In applying the rule-utilitarianism, as an oncology, I would give the unsuccessful musician the first priority for the trial drug. This action is informed by the fact that the musician has shown signs of recovery as compared to the researcher, whose fate is unknown. It would be morally diluting to prefer the unknown for the known since the full recovery of the musician would be a breakthrough in the trial of the drug. The potential of this break-through goes beyond recovery of the musician to millions suffering from the same condition. My training as a doctor, with regards to a rule-utilitarianism, demands that I give the first priority to a patient showing the sign of recovery as a moral code of practicing medicine. Apparently, this action is align to the doctors’ practicing code and is laden with a myriad of benefits to the field of cancer research. Therefore, my action would promote the doctors’ code while attracting the greatest potential breakthrough in the cancer research. A full recovery of the musician, who is already showing progress, would lead to the approval of the drug to the benefit of all cancer patients across the globe. Works Cited Barrow, Robin. Utilitarianism: A Contemporary Statement . 1st ed., Routledge, 2015. Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna and Peter Singer. Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press, 2017. Markel, Mike. Technical Communication . 11th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2014. Mill, John. The Greatest Happiness Principle – Utilitarianism, on Liberty & the Subjection of Women: The Principle of the Greatest-Happiness: What is Utilitarianism (Proofs & Principles), Civil & Social Liberty, Liberty of Thought, Individuality & Individual Freedom, Utilitarian Feminism. Madison & Adams, 2017. Patrick, Tom and Sander Werkhoven. Utilitarianism . CRC Press, 2017. Sher, George, editor. Ethics: Essential Readings in Moral Theory . Routledge, 2013. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Trade Groups Identifies Medical Device Makers Passing on Federal Tax Essay (Article Review) Debra Sherman’s article Trade Groups Identifies Medical Device Makers Passing on Federal Tax provides the report that manufacturers of medical devices have resorted to imposing federal tax on hospital medical devices, patients, and taxpayers. The US Congress imposed a tax of 2.3% on manufacturers of medical devices. This tax is a constituent element of the Affordable Care Act (Sherman, 2013, Para.1). The aim of taxing sales for organizations that engage in manufacturing and importation of medical devices is availing about $30billion that is required for providing health care insurance cover to the Americans over the next one decade. This plan implies that the main concern of the US government is to ensure that even the people who cannot afford healthcare insurance can access it through cost-sharing strategies. However, manufacturing organizations have set certain profit margins, which are necessary for them to conduct business normally. The policy for taxing all manufacturers of medical devices whenever they make sales beyond $5 million became a law at the dawn of 2013. The law requires importers of medical devices worth $5 or more to pay a tax that is equal in amount to the US-based manufacturers of such devices. The government insists that organizations should not pass on this cost to hospitals, which would then pass the expenses to patients. However, every indication makes it clear that many organizations have no option other than passing the cost to the hospitals if they have to maintain their current number of employees. For instance, Sherman (2013, Para. 6) reports that Invacare “expects the impact of the tax to be less than $1.5 million since it intends to pass the cost on to the market.” From an economic perspective, such a decision is reasonable. Increased taxation results in increased costs. Organizations must recover these costs through higher pricing of their commodities. If higher pricing is illegal in the context of the new taxation policy for all organizations and importers of medical devices, it implies that they need to look for alternative ways of recovering the costs. For instance, medical device manufacturing organizations may opt to lay off some employees. The wages and salaries of layoffs will go into financing the 2.3 % taxation policy. While this alternative sounds satisfactorily important for the organizations, they must achieve their productivity levels with a lower number of employees. The overall impact of the taxation policy may amount to overworking of employees and/or deteriorating working conditions. In the US, there are labor laws on minimum wages and working hours per week. Consequently, overworking employees may fail to work efficiently. This situation leaves the only option for the medical device manufacturing organizations to compel people to work at unsafe speeds. This strategy ensures higher production rates at minimal labor costs. The alternative is equally bad for employees as layoffs. This case raises the interrogative of whether the 2.3% taxation policy that targets manufacturing organizations and importers of medical devices is appropriate. Posing the above question to medical device manufacturing organizations, legislators, legal and economic experts, and hospitals among other stakeholders may attract mixed reactions. Legislators believe that organizations have an obligation to contribute funds towards financing the Affordable Care Act. Hospitals responded positively to this call by voluntarily making their contributions. Healthcare Supply Chain Association backed this effort. It launched a website to help create awareness “of some manufacturers’ efforts to shift costs of the tax directly to hospital, healthcare providers, patients, and taxpayers” (Sherman, 2013, Para.1). Medical device manufacturing and importing organizations may perhaps largely oppose this policy on the grounds it imposes higher costs, which reduce profits. Organizations manufacturing medical appliances cannot pass the 2.3% taxation cost to the end user of the devices. They have to channel a part of their profits into financing the Affordable Care Act through the taxation policy. This assertion reveals why the policy may not be popular among organizations such as “Allergan Inc, Cerner Corp, Waters Corp, Alere Inc, Invacare Corp, Integra Life science and Staar Surgical Co, Cardica Inc, Iridex Corp, and Misonix Inc” (Sherman, 2013, Para.4). The author identifies these organizations as those cited by Healthcare Supply Chain Association as seeking to shift the taxation policy costs to end users of medical devices. Some organizations are clear on their take on the taxation policy. Sherman (2013) quotes the supply chain administrator of Beverly Slate Memorial Healthcare System who complains that some manufacturers had already incorporated the 2.3% tax as one of the key items while invoicing her organization. This claim implies that the new taxation law is highly unpopular among the manufacturers of medical devices. They continue to look for ways of passing the costs to hospitals and care provider in general. The unpopularity of the law can receive economic scholars’ backing since it subverts the economic principles for operation of business organizations. In conclusion, based on the expositions made in the article, it is clear that manufacturers and importers of medical devices are not willing to embrace the 2.3 % taxation policy. This inference suggests unwillingness to support the Affordable Care Act by sacrificing a part of their sales’ earnings. Any compulsion through a legal framework such as the 2.3% tax on manufactured and imported medical devices worth more than $5 million and above will continue creating friction between various stakeholders in the US healthcare sector. Reference Sherman, D. (2013). Trade Groups Identifies Medical Device Makers Passing on Federal Tax. Chicago Tribune. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Bunzl Cash Flow Statement Report Table of Contents 1. Operating Activities 2. Investing Activities: 3. Financing Activities 4. Others 5. Work Cited The analysis of Consolidated Cash Flow Statement of Bunzl indicates that the company’s overall net cash position has increased by £31.9mn in 2010 as compared to a decline of £14.5mn in 2009. This has resulted in a cash and cash equivalent figures for 2010 and 2009 as £74.9mn and £43mn respectively (Bunzl). These figures are further evaluated based on the changes in the cash position in relation to three set of business activities carried out by the company including operating, investing, and financing activities. Operating Activities The company’s net cash inflow from operating activities has declined by £25.5mn in 2010. This is mainly due to the negative changes in the working capital. Further investigation of components of working capital suggests that the company’s accounts receivables and inventory have risen sharply in 2010 by £52.7mn and £12.9mn respectively. This could suggest that the company has its cash stuck in larger inventory holding and receivables to be realized. The company’s net profit for the year 2010 is up by £9.2mn from £216mn in 2009 which has a positive impact on the company’s cash flow from operating activities. Another element that needs to be discussed is the high levels of finance cost that the company is incurring. Although it has decreased from £54.7mn in 2009 to £50.8mn in 2010 but still it remains at quite high levels. Examination of note 5 accompanying the financial statements clearly reflects reduction in the company’s loans and overdraft obligations but at the same time the company has incurred major loss in foreign exchange. Further, the company has generated a financial gain on foreign exchange intercompany transactions which may need further understanding of the related party transactions comprising on loans and deposits between related companies (Bunzl). Investing Activities: The company’s net cash outflow from investing activities has increased by almost 387% in the year 2010. Currently, it is negative value £124.5mn in 2010 as compared to £25.7mn in 2009. This major change has been the outcome of the company’s capital investment. The company has purchased nine other companies in the year 2010. These companies are producing hygiene, cleaning, and packaging products which are compatible with the company’s own product lines. These acquisitions are accounted for by the company in its financial statements using purchase method of accounting. Out of the total investment £34.5mn is paid for by the company for goodwill which these businesses are expected to bring with them (Bunzl). Financing Activities The company’s net cash outflows from financing activities are £67.7mn in 2010 as compared to £234.6mn in 2009. A major contributor to this position is the interest paid by the company for its debt obligations on both short and long term borrowing. The company has also paid healthy total dividend of 23.35p per share in 2010 as compared to 21.55p in 2009 resulting in an outflow of £66.1mn in 2010 and £62.3mn in 2009.Further analysis indicates that the company has taken a fresh set of loans from financial institutions. This has resulted in a positive inflow of £15.1mn in the company’s cash position despite of payback of borrowed amount by the company that resulted in a negative outflow of £131.5mn in 2009 (Bunzl). Others The company has also made a exchange gain of £1.8mn in 2010 as compared to a loss of £2.0mn in 2009. Work Cited Bunzl. Annual Report 2010. Financial. London: Bunzl Plc., 2010. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Brief Summary 2. Similarities in the Theories 3. Differences between the Theories 4. Advantages of a Better Understanding 5. References Brief Summary A lot of outstanding professionals operated in the sphere of developmental psychology, introducing their unique ideas and contributing to the field with the help of their theories. Among the most influential ones were Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. The ways in which these psychologists approached development, knowledge, and learning tend to have much in common even though a fundamental difference exists in the framework of their context. Presenting his sociocultural theory, Vygotsky faced rejection. His ideas were ignored and even censured for years. In their theories, professionals underlined the fact that people play a critical role in the construction of knowledge. Being active participants in this process, they described the way children learn and pointed out those principles, according to which this process is maintained (Alves, 2014). Piaget state that children obtain information from their physical and social environment and develop in stages through equilibration. Vygotsky claims that kids develop through interactions with adults, especially during the first years of life. They become able to cope with difficult tasks due to the assistance of other people. Similarities in the Theories Discussing developmental psychology and education, Piaget and Vygotsky turn out to have a range of similar views and ideas. Both of them are interested in developmental perspective. Piaget aligns it with the new models of thinking while Vygotsky speaks about the understanding of symbolic operations, etc. In their discussions, professionals resort to complex psychological processes, making them easier to understand. In addition to that, both of them utilize a dialectical approach when addressing distinct functions and processes that are often maintained in the framework of thinking. Even though they discuss different cases (assimilation with accommodation and internalization with externalization), similar general ideas are present. Piaget and Vygotsky have a common view of intelligence and consciousness. According to the non-reductionist ideas, they are treated as a set of reflexes. They claim that having the same manifestation, activities still can differ in their nature greatly. The psychologists discuss individual’s physical and social context, emphasizing the fact that they are independent realities that exist within those polarities that are not dichotomies. This is seen as a support of a non-dualistic thesis, which presupposes the connection between cooperation and individualism. Both Piaget and Vygotsky underline the significance of the action. They believe it to be a tool that develops intelligence and consciousness. The action allows to affect the object, change it and understand. Professionals state that external contents and outcomes of the development are not those elements that should be stressed. Instead, they emphasize the primacy of processes because the internal reasoning has more influence on people and their reactions. Finally, the qualitative (transformational) changes experienced by people are treated as the most crucial ones. In this way, the appearance of a new type of memory is considered to be more important than quantitative alterations. Differences between the Theories The main difference between the theories developed by Piaget and Vygotsky deals with the characteristic of a knower because it affects the way other ideas are represented and treated. It is critical to pay attention to the fact that Piaget believes that a person builds one’s knowledge in the solitude. This individualistic approach neglects the influence of the society on a person, which is emphasized by Vygotsky. The professionals underline that thinking is collective and cannot exist without influences made by other people. However, the individualistic-collectivist divide is rejected by some psychologists. They claim that such alterations are mainly connected with the differences in historical myopia and that sometimes both professionals resorted to relational perspective, discussing cooperation with other individuals. In addition to that, Lourenço (2012) attracts attention to a difference between these two theories that is often left unnoticed: “Piaget’s approach is fundamentally oriented to an autonomous subject when she confronts the physical… he [Vygotsky] appeals almost always to a heteronomous individual for his or her development depends heavily on the existing diverse social structures with which he or she is confronted” (Lourenço, 2012, p. 284). This alteration in the framework of orientation leads to other differences that deal with the way professionals consider the nature of knowledge and development, relations with authorities and peers, the most suitable method for the investigation of developmental changes, the essence of true and necessary knowledge, and influences of transformation and transmission on development and learning. Advantages of a Better Understanding A better understanding of those issues related to developmental psychology can be obtained if one is aware of the major differences and similarities between the theories developed by Piaget and Vygotsky. As a result, the readers gain a possibility base their personal considerations and conclusions on the basis of various authoritative ideas, which makes final decisions more constructive and valuable. Being aware of more current interpretations, professionals receive an opportunity to align them with the ideas revealed by Piaget and Vygotsky so that eventually a mixed approach that overcomes existing gaps in these theories can be obtained. Thus, those who know all details of theories developed by Piaget and Vygotsky can improve their knowledge of human development and learning greatly so that they will operate better in practice. References Alves, P. (2014). Vygotsky and Piaget: Scientific concepts. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 7 (3), 24-34. Web. Lourenço, O. (2012). Piaget and Vygotsky: Many resemblances and a crucial difference. New Ideas in Psychology, 30 , 281-295. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Essay Paul w. Miller in “Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown: Cynicism or Meliorism” states that critics have shared the feeling that Hawthorne’s story intends to express the move from the relationship between God and man that is brokered through faith to the state of evil taking charge resulting to the damnation of the human soul. He is not sure whether they think Hawthorne uses Goodman Brown to represent humanity as a whole or only the men who share the same sentiments as himself (255). Miller says that if Young Goodman Brown represents the whole of humanity, then this should be an indication of the cynicism held by the author Hawthorne during the time he composed this story. He goes on to indicate that if Young Goodman Brown was a representative of a segment of people who share sentiments similar to his, then his creator must have been pessimistic. In analyzing the words of Henry James, Miller says that the picture of Young Goodman Brown created by Hawthorne is not in any way intended to reflect his views about humankind. He says that it should however be viewed as simply work of creativity and nothing more. He however disagrees with James view by stating that unless other critics can analyze any work of art and the hidden meaning extracted, the work never qualifies not for a good art since this is what defines its quality. According to Miller, whether or not the creation of Young Goodman Brown is a representation of humanity depends on whether or not there is human representation in the whole story. This he says would determine if Young Goodman Brown is the representative of humanity or not considering whether Hawthorne has a sample of humanity in the story. Miller argues that if there were a representative sample of humanity in the story, then it is possible that Brown would not be a representative of all humans (258). Miller specifies that if in the story Brown moves from being faithful to be being evil, it is a clear indication strategically the story by Hawthorne targets to represent humanity. On the other hand if Brown is simply deluded by the devil with hallucinations and seeing false figures in the forest, it is then clear that he is not a representative of all humans but of a few who hold suspicions on others as he does. There are critics who view Young Goodman Brown as skeptical according to Miller. These include Richard Forgie, who then based on this concludes that Brown is a representative of the entire humanity. McKeithan’s view is different considering his conclusion brought out by Miller that Brown cannot pass for a representative of all men or the other people in the story. Miller concludes “…the witches that Brown saw in the forest were real” (260). He continues to justify Brown’s misanthropic view of the other people. His devotion to evil bars him to be regarded as a representative of all the other humans. Miller states the need to replace Hawthorne’s explanation of witch trials as containing that puritan “rigorism” by a virtue, which starts with the confession of human weaknesses. Miller concludes by addressing how one need not to consider Brown’s story as based on his view on humanity but what the society can influence on a man such as Brown. Works Cited Miller, Paul. “Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’: Cynicism or Meliorism:” Nineteenth-Century Fiction 14. 3 (1959): 255-264. Print | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
What does it mean to be mentally/emotionally healthy? Essay Being mentally and emotionally healthy implies being happy and leading a carefree life. However, in reality people cannot always remain carefree and happy because life offers challenges and opportunities almost on a daily basis in growing and discovering themselves and their abilities. In order to determine if a person is emotionally and mentally happy, it is required to first ascertain if the person is able to mentally deal with circumstances and situations that confront him in life. This means that people are considered emotionally healthy if they can control their thinking, emotions and behaviors. This feeling of being in control permits them to continue feeling good about their life and they are able to have good and positive relationships. The bottom line in this context is that such people are able to keep problems and difficult situations in perspective (Hansell, 2008). It is true that people can be faced with emotional problems, mental illnesses as well as physical problems and still continue remaining emotionally and mentally healthy. People that are emotionally healthy are able to manage and get by with problems faced in daily life such in school, work and family situations. This becomes possible because they have learnt to effectively handle stress, worries and anger. Such people understand when they need to ask for assistance from a medical professional or counselor. Modern world lifestyles have created imbalance in the emotional health of a large percentage of the population and stress is the main cause for the increasing incidence of mental health problems. Consequently, there is confusion and mental imbalance whereby people are unable to focus on issues that they need to give importance to, thus leading to dissatisfaction in life. The challenges associated with mental and emotional pressures are aptly demonstrated by the character John Merrick, who is the main character in the movie, The Elephant Man . Merrick was a nineteenth century side show artist and was suffering from extreme physical disabilities and deformities. Although most side show artists had the ability to speak and smile and appeared to be reasonably normal human beings, Merrick was deformed to such an extent that he could not be identified by human beings. He did have both arms and legs, but his widespread congenital disorders led to abnormal growth over his entire body because of which he was extensively disfigured. He was not able to lead a normal human life but his mental and emotional state was entirely different because he never appeared to be tense or distraught about his physical condition. His life example is that of a person who was able to reconcile to his extreme deformity despite the pathetic life he led in hiding himself from the glaring eyes of people. By depicting the life of such a man, the movie Elephant Man evokes strong sentiments relating to pity, sorrow, compassion as well as admiration for a man who appeared to be in high spirits despite his extreme hardships. During the nineteenth century, physical and mental impairments were mostly a subject of ridicule and it is evident that with hardly any financial assistance or social support, Merrick must have undergone immense suffering. The true story of Merrick is indeed very inspiring for viewers who are provided with a roller coaster of emotions and acts of cruelty against Merrick, who is depicted as simply struggling to survive. However, despite his hardships Merrick does not get mentally disturbed and his life gradually transforms. He eventually transforms his life, becomes famous and develops friendship with English Royalty. Merrick continued to remain positive and in high spirits as far as possible and is a true example of a person who was able to cope with his extreme hardships and thus remained emotionally healthy. Works Cited Hansell, James., and Lisa Damour. Abnormal Psychology, second edition, Wiley, 2008. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“The new era in world’s policies” Essay The article known as The new era in world’s policies (pp. 19-36) in the book entitled T he Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order by Huntington (1996) portrays a central theme of the events that occurred after the Cold War. Such events included conflicts, disintegrations and patterns of cohesion. These were shaped and influenced by civilization and cultural identities, and were significant in bringing assimilation and order. The corollaries proposed by Huntington are based on five facets. Some of these facets are multi-civilization and multi-polar global politics. The argument is that westernization and modernization are two distinct components which cannot make non-Western societies to be westernized. Another aspect is that there is a shift of powers among civilized nations. The Asian nations unlike those in the West are seen to expand their civilization and this is being witnessed in their political, military and economic strengths. While the West is terribly declining, the current demographic explosion among Muslims and subsequent destabilizing consequences strongly confirm the growth of non-Western civilization. Actually, these nations reflect how much they value their cultures. The pace at which the new world order civilization is emerging is quite evident. Many societies with similar cultural affinities have developed the practice of sharing and cooperating. While this has been lauded by many as a move towards assimilation, growth of strong societies, cohesion and cultural support, there is no doubt that it has negatively impacted civilization. In comparison to Therborn’s (2004) work, this is indicative of the family system in Europe that has been affected by civilization and numerous internal and external changes. Huntington (1996) laments that due to cultural cooperation, introducing civilization or shifting it from one community to another becomes cumbersome. What is seen and experienced as a result of cultural affinities is a separation as countries are grouped around core states, as well as those leading their civilization. In addition, the pretense of Western Universalists that they are the best is a major cause of conflicts among them and other civilizations. This is perhaps the reason why the West has had numerous and seemingly unending conflicts with China and Muslim nations. The kin country rallying has been known to generate incessant conflicts at the local level between non-Muslims and Muslims. It goes without saying that the core strategies applied by states in order to end wars may be futile unless the West stops its hidden agenda. Huntington’s arguments on realism, parsimony and liberalism are in contrast with schools of thought expressed by Therborn (2004) who indicates that developed nations pursue power by penetrating less developed states either through advisors on politics, missionary experts or multinationals. The argument is that they easily foster dependency among weaker nations while strong nations continue clinging to power. Huntington (1996), on the other hand, indicates that liberalism and realism hypocritically created an acceptable form of dependence at different levels for the developed nations. Realism and parsimony created major circles that Western nations use to control and discriminate against developing nations, as well as the Eastern countries. While this view has been strongly criticized and referred to as inapplicable in the modern world, several cases by Western nations reflect this situation. For a long time, West has been culturally disregarding and racially discriminating East nations. This has been attributed to the notion of the West on civilization and its association of the East with terror and extremist movements. The author is very categorical that the perception of the West against the east is defined by mistrust, fear, and molded by long years of crash between civilizations. Their pretense can therefore not be justified at all. To agree with Huntington (1996), mistrust by the West and pretense cannot be justified because world and its societies need to exist harmoniously, but this factor does not allow the large number of Muslims and other groups from East to live and work in the West peacefully. Another factor is the survival of the West which is in a state of balance due to issues of civilization. Currently, the West depends on Americans to affirm and reaffirm their strong identity. As pointed out by Huntington, global politics is not only being reconfigured and tailored along cultural lines, but is also being spurred by modernization. Nations with similar cultures have a way of joining forces while those without drift apart. The call for nations in the West to affirm their identity is a political move aimed at aligning superpower relations and ideologies with culture and civilization. Analytical point for the material by Huntington (1996) Over the years, the debate from different theories on the end of post Cold War conflicts, disintegration, as well as civilization and culture can be well analyzed under the social constructivism theory. Constructivism is based on the tenets that international politics are not shaped by extreme ideologies outlined in other theories such as liberalism or Marxism, but through collective values, ideologies persuasion as well as social identities. The book does not negate the ideologies of Marxism, but combine them with other preexisting theories in deriving the understanding of the assimilation of civilization and culture. References Huntington, S.P. (1996). The clash of civilization and the remaking of world order . New Fetter Lane, London: Routlegde. Therborn, G. (2004). Between sex and power: family in the world, 1900-2000 . New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, Inc. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Skin cancer incidences gradually increased in the last decades, presenting a significant threat to the population’s well-being (Cameron et al., 2019). Skin cancer is characterized by an uncontrollable growth of skin cells, during which they could spread to other human body parts and cause damage. According to Cameron et al. (2019), a higher percentage of risk of developing skin cancer (20% to 30%) is associated with the white population. The review conducted by Kim et al. (2019) suggests that skin cancer prognosis could be connected with light eye color and freckles combined with red or blonde hair color. Family history of skin cancer and continuous exposure to direct sunlight, photosensitizing drugs, or carcinogenic chemicals also contribute to skin cancer development. Millions of people are diagnosed with nonmelanoma skin cancer in a span of one year, and mortality rates are estimated at 0.12 per 100,000 cases (Kim et al., 2019). In general, the main risk of developing skin cancer is UV radiation and exposure to sunlight. Dermatologists or physician assistants could diagnose skin cancer through biopsy, which allows fast and accurate results. Depending on the size and shape of the tumor, the diagnosis could be performed either through a punch biopsy or a shave biopsy, designed for larger areas of skin. Moreover, shave biopsy allows a more accurate result due to the decreased chance of sampling error (Cameron et al., 2019). Non-invasive options for skin cancer diagnosis include optical methods, such as coherence tomography and reflectance confocal microscopy (Cameron et al., 2019). Both methods operate based on infrared light projection and could also be used to provide an accurate result. Treatment of skin cancer is primarily focused on the local excision of tumors. However, the excision does not guarantee the full elimination of disease as recurrences could occur significantly later after the initial treatment. According to Kim et al. (2019), recurrence rates or surgical excision are between 3 to 12 percent of cases, and they mostly take place more than five years post-treatment. Therefore, besides the initial treatment, the necessary measures also include follow-up checkups. Currently, there are many available options for skin cancer treatment. Surgical excision is recommended for tumors located in neck and trunk areas. Incomplete excisions in surgical treatment could result in recurrence in approximately 38 percent of cases (Kim et al., 2019). Mohs surgery is recommended for the treatment of high-risk tumors and recurrent skin cancer. On the other hand, for low-risk tumors, treatment measures could be faster and more cost-effective, with methods such as electrodesiccation and curettage (Kim et al., 2019). One of the treatment procedures developed recently for low-risk skin cancer tumors is cryosurgery, which focuses on freezing the surrounding margin of the tumor. Overall, the choice of treatment is based on the size of the tumor, its location area, and available equipment. As skin cancer is associated with UV radiation, it is recommended that the population, especially those with a higher risk of developing skin cancer, take preventative measures. The preventive methods include reducing time spent in direct sunlight, wearing protective clothing and equipment, and using sunscreen products that reduce the harm from UV radiation. Lastly, it is necessary to educate the population on the importance of regular self-skin examination and prompt turn to professionals for a diagnosis to prevent adverse outcomes. References Cameron, M. C., Lee, E., Hibler, B., Giordano, C. N., Barker, C. A., Mori, S., Cordova, M., Nehal, K. S., & Rossi, A. M. (2019). Basal cell carcinoma: Contemporary approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 80 (2), 321-339. Web. Kim, D. P., Kus, K. J. B., & Ruiz, E. (2019). Basal cell carcinoma review. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 33 (1), 13–24. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Calcium Imaging of Zebrafish Development. Hox Genes and Hindbrain Development in Zebrafish Report (Assessment) The first part of the report related the issues of pectoral motoneurons organization in teleost fish. The fact is that it is closely related to the matter of Hoxb4a mosaicism among ZF HB circuits. Dr. Leung-Hang Ma emphasized that genetic biologists are extremely anxious about the issues of neuron development in zebrafish. Although all the possible researches have been already held, the problem of calcium imaging stays of great importance. Dr. Ma especially highlighted the importance of retrograde labeling in the process of hindbrain development. Retrograde labeling is especially significant for zebrafish females, as it influences further hindbrain development. The development of the hindbrain/ spinal cord boundary was shown in the different stages of development. Photos clearly showed the importance of hox genes in the process of hindbrain development and revealed the necessity of calcium in the environment and nutrition of zebrafish. Consequently, the issues of calcium imaging appear to be relevant as never before, as this imaging helps to observe and research the process of hindbrain development. To study the development process in detail, scientists have studied the Hox code for Pectoral and forelimb. Dr. Ma gave the data which was received in earlier researches, and that form the basis for further researches. It has been offered that during the Blastula Period of zebrafish development, Ca2+ signals could play a role in increasing cell-to-cell adhesion in the enveloping layer (EVL)1 or may contribute to sampling the dorsal-ventral axis2. In this study, Dr. Ma has expanded the investigation of Blastula Period Ca2+ signals using the luminescent Ca2+ reporter, aequorin. Special emphasis in the report was made on Hoxb4a activity in identified HB subgroups. As Dr. Ma reported, general mosaicism applies to neuronal subgroups, and thus it becomes essential for the research of Hoxb4a activity, and, consequently, for the research of hindbrain development processes. Reticular neurons that participate in this process may also be displayed with Ca2 signals. The research of Clonal analysis by single-cell injection is one of the most significant component of the allover study, as it helps to define whether cells are autonomous, and to define the mechanism of decreasing activity in a given circuit. Another essential point that was touched upon is the neurons projecting to the MB and through r4. This part of the study reveals the dynamics of neuronal development. The scientific value of this report is in the further application in medicine, zoology and pharmacy. The fact is that hindbrain is responsible for controlling the most essential body functions. A full-fledged life is impossible without these functions. Consequently, this research may be used to elaborate medical means for overcoming spinal troubles. The pharmaceutical use that may be derived from this research is of high importance in genetics and stem-cell therapy. The study of a hindbrain development process of a zebrafish may be applied for the study of hindbrain development process of a human. The hindbrain is formed out of stem-cells, and the process of its formations is almost similar. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Economy in British Colonies Essay Table of Contents 1. Description and Main Idea 2. Context 3. Analysis 4. Conclusion 5. References 6. Footnotes Extensive British colonization of overseas territories emerged in the 17 th century and became the beginning of a long-lasting dominance of the Empire in the world. The military might and perspectives for economic growth in the colonies through commodities exportation helped the British Empire establish close economic relations with European settled lands. The economy of British colonies on the territory of America and the West Indies gradually changed during the historical period before the United States independence declaration. The paper will examine the development of the economy of these colonies, the context in which the changes emerged, and the influential factors that contributed to the shifts in commodity-related sectors of the economy. The economic well-being of colonial territories differed, but the overall improvement is observed in all of them throughout the period between the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Description and Main Idea The analyzed table shows the average yearly value of commodity exports by different British colonies. The table consists of two parts each depicting the financial data concerning commodity exports during two periods including 1697-1705 and 1768-1772. The data represents such colonial territories as West Indies, Lower South, Upper South, Middle Colonies, and New England. As it is seen in the first period, the highest level of total exports value and value of exports per free capita is characteristic of the West Indies. The rest of the regions, except for Upper South, show much lower indicators. However, the value of exports per capita is the highest in Upper South during this period. As for the 1768-1772 period, the total value of exports increased in all territories, although, the value of exports per capita significantly arose only in the West Indies. Context The developmental changes depicted in the table might be supported by some theoretical explanation of the historical context specific to these territories during the end of the 17 th and 18 th centuries. The British Empire enforced its expansion to overseas territories and established its military control on the conquered lands. All such regions were subject to the Crown, and the indigenous population was deprived of most property rights. 1 Therefore, the economy concentrated on farming and production for exportation to Europe. Since American colonial territories were on the early stages of economic development, they did not succeed to the same extent as the West Indies did. Analysis It is essential to incorporate the data available from the table and the historical context to interpret and analyze the causes and implications of such developmental changes. The rapid growth of exports value in American colonial regions takes its roots in the character of the colonization. Firstly, farming and production were easily fostered due to the lack of indigenous population that the colonists could encounter. 2 Natural resources could be effectively utilized and provide multiple opportunities for the export of goods and commodities that Europe needed. Secondly, the kind of exports specific to these lands contributed to economic growth due to the “European demand for tobacco, rice, and indigo”. 3 Also, favorable geography and “closeness to the coast” were great contributors to the economic growth of the Upper South colonial region. 4 Therefore, the characteristics of natural resources in combination with the demand for the products specific to American lands played a significant role in the economic development of these British colonies. The difference between the West Indies and American colonial territories might be explained by the fact that by the 17 th century, American lands were relatively newly settled by Europeans. That is why production and economy units needed to be developed to the level required for exportation. 5 However, the West Indies already had a lot of commodity types to export. Thus, the West Indies were the leading colonized territory that provided most of the goods imported to Europe. However, in almost a hundred years, the level of economy of American colonies increased. The population also played a role in economic advancement. The number of citizens on the conquered territories grew. The number of slaves brought to North American colonies increased from the end of the 17 th until the end of the 18 th centuries. 6 On the contrary, the import of slaves to the West Indies decreased during the same period. These data explain why the value of exports per capita significantly rose in the West Indies and fell in the Upper South colonial region. The more inhabitants there were on the territory of the American colonies, the less per capita income there was, despite the increase in the total value of exports. Conclusion Summarizing the discussion, the British overseas colonization in the 17 th century was caused by the search for economic influence in the world and the profitable resources for commodities exportation to Europe. The growth in the value of exported commodities was influenced by the fostered advancement in farming and natural resources utilization that later led to the overall economic growth of the conquered territories. The absence of confronting the local population simplified the usage of resources. References “British Colonization of the US.” Presentation, Vancouver School of Economics, n.d. Rosenbloom, Joshua. L. “ The Colonial American Economy. ” Economics Working Papers (2018): 1-32. Web. Footnotes 1. “British Colonization of the US” (presentation, Vancouver School of Economics, n.d.), 27. 2. Joshua. L. Rosenbloom, “The Colonial American Economy,” Economics Working Papers (2018), 6. Web. 3. Ibid., 6. 4. “British Colonization of the US” (presentation, Vancouver School of Economics, n.d.), 30. 5. Ibid., 13-14. 6. Ibid., 20. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Introduction 2. Defining Corruption 3. The Cost of Corruption 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Oil, in today’s world is a blessing in disguise, our insatiable desire for oil has given birth to global warming, wars, and corruption of the highest order. Those who need it most do anything legal and illegal to obtain it, while the countries that produce it benefit little to nothing from it. A walk to the oil producing states will amaze you, while a few get rich, the rest of the masses surfer abject poverty. The next time you drive to the nearest gas station in your neighborhood to refill your tank, stop and think of the number of children on the streets of Niger Delta that are out of school for the gas you need to get to work. Think deeper about the war in Iraq and others wars that have been fought. Countries without oil think the poverty on their streets is as a result of lack of oil. Those with the oil are blaming it for the poverty, wars and corruption on their streets. Thinking life would have been better, if they had no oil. Running through the pages of the violent twilight of oil, my bones were gripped with pains of constriction. As the author continued his narration it downed on me, that of all the prices people are paying for the oil we are enjoying, none is as demanding as corruption. Defining Corruption Corruption is a very broad term that encompasses fraud, which has to do with stealing through deception, embezzlement, and payments in order to evade justice. Reading carefully in between the lines of the chapter on Nigeria, there is a display of all of the above in the system. Corruption in Nigeria is responsible for the poverty, the kidnappings of the expatriates by the militants, and the war between the militants and the government forces. The Cost of Corruption Every individual has a right to fair treatment, and all citizens of a country are to be treated equally. In a situation where government officials in some oil producing countries collect bribes at the expense of development in their communities is an infringement on the rights of the people. On the other hand, those who give the bribes to obtain preferential treatment also infringe on the rights of others, and in this case obtaining oil deals. Secondly, where corruption is prevalent decision making is biased. A company that is not qualified might secure a contract, simply by the willingness of the company to pay. What this entails is that the poor masses will be the ones to pay for this cost through his prices of goods and services. Thirdly, when corruption exists within government circles, the political rights of the people are trampled upon. The leaders of such countries will want to stay in government as long as they can in an attempt to conceal their shady deals. This leads to dictatorship as referenced in Equatorial Guinea (Peter 31). And in some cases when the people get tired of their authoritarian states and revolt, the poor are still the ones that pay the ultimate price. Even at that point some western countries still play roles in such crises that are questionable, the recent crisis in Libya is a case worth of note. Conclusion A few countries have used oil to their advantage, while other tends to regret its presence. The greed of the largest consumers of this “black gold” is the cause of it all. In a bid to meet their oil demands and develop their own countries, they have rendered millions homeless, toppled governments, pitched the people against non co-operating leaders. The most heart aching of all they’ve rendered our world corrupt. Works Cited Peter, Maass. Crude World: The Violent Twilight of Oil . United Kingdom: Penguin Books Ltd, 2009. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Case Study The organization that I am familiar with is “National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)” (NSPCC 2015). It is an organisation that supports children in The United Kingdom through charity. Its child protection activities take place in Channel Islands, Northern Ireland, Wales and England. In addition, NSPCC’s primary activity is lobbying the government about children welfare. Key Strategic Capabilities and Internal Resources of NSPCC The strategic capabilities of NSPCC can be categorised according to its resources and competence. Its internal resources include an approximate of 2500 employees and 17,000 volunteers at every given time. The organisation has several local centres in Wales, Channel Islands, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland. The main office is located in Wales and has a huge carrying capacity that allows for the coordination of the organisation’s activities. In addition, it has computers and telephones used to reach the beneficiaries. The competence of the organization can be seen through its capability to lobby the government. However, the NSPCC’s motto is “Every Child is Worth Fighting For” (NSPCC 2015). The organisation’s staffs are competent hence promoting the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. It gets its funds mainly through donations and has measures to ensure accountability for the funds. It also has both a Child Line and a helpline to ensure that its goals are met. In addition, it also offers virtual counselling services to youths and children. Strategies to Employ as a Manager to Make Use of the Available Strategic Capabilities and Resources VRIO framework summarises the strategy I would employ as a manager to make use of the available strategic capabilities and resources (Johnson et al. 2014, p.76). VRIO is an acronym for “Value, Rarity, Imitability and Organisation.” I would employ the capabilities and resources to ensure that children are protected in The United Kingdom and abroad. I would ensure that NSPCC becomes the leading organisation in child protection. In return, the organisation’s revenue will increase due to increased donations. I would also employ the improvement of rarity, that is ensuring that resources and capability are sustainable and unique services are offered. Since the services are rare, I would employ the imitability strategy to ensure that the capabilities and resources are used in valuable addition to the services. Lastly, I would use the available strategic capabilities and resources to organise the institution. I would use them to enhance the structure of a report, control and compensation system policies. Successful Development and Management of Strategic Capabilities Strategic capabilities can be successfully developed through the use of contingency approach (Bowman & Collier 2006, p.191). The resources to be developed should be non-substitutable, rare, valuable and inimitable so as to ensure a competitive advantage. The resources can be generated through internal development, luck (chance), alliances, and resource picking (astute acquisition). Luck is a situation where an organisation develops and manages a resource without knowing its worth. Resource picking entails developing of resources with the intention to be unique thus competitive. The internal development aims to ensure that the circumstances of the organisation can create unique resources. Finally, organisations can develop and manage their strategic capabilities through alliances. References Bowman, C & Collier, N 2006, ‘A Contingency Approach to Resource-Creation Processes’, International Journal of Management Reviews , vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 191- 211. Johnson, G, Whittington, R, Scholes, K, Angwin, D & Regnér, P 2014, Exploringstrategy text & cases , 10 th ed, Harlow, Pearson. NSPCC 2015, Early Childhood is Worth Fighting For . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Piaget and Vygotsky’s Theories Synthesis Essay Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are one of the most influential scientists in the field of the developmental psychology. Piaget and Vygotsky’s approaches to the cognitive development of children are of extreme significance even nowadays. In the following paper, the theories of both scholars will be evaluated and compared from the perspective of their similarities and differences. The article under analysis entitled “Piaget and Vygotsky: Many resemblances, and a crucial difference” was written by Orlando Lourenco in 2012. The author provides readers with the evaluation of Piaget and Vygotsky’s theories. Lourenco emphasizes the fact that despite many similarities, there are crucial differences between both approaches. The author divides the article into four parts. First, he dwells on the commonly known differences between approaches. Second, Lourenco investigates the resemblances. In the third part, the author introduces previously unnoticed differences between approaches. In the last part of the paper, he summarizes the findings. Lev Vygotsky’s theory is known as the sociocultural theory of the cognitive development. Thus, the scientist supports the idea that society and culture influence child’s development significantly. According to Vygotsky, the individual develops in the social interactions with the help of particular tools and signs (Lourenco, 2012). Jean Piaget’s theory represents the constructivist approach to the acquisition of knowledge and skills. The primary emphasis is laid on the individual. Thus, the child develops knowledge individually through the discovery. Lourenco identifies seven primary similarities between two theories. The first one is the developmental perspective. Thus, both theorists pay attention to the fact that psychological processes should be analyzed from the developmental standpoint. This view is used by Vygotsky in the examination of symbolic operation while Piaget employs it for the evaluation of mental and formal operations. The second similarity refers to the dialectical approach. This approach presupposes that the constant contact between dissimilar but mutually depending processes is necessary for psychological development. Piaget uses the dialectic method for the analysis of processes of assimilation and accommodation. Vygotsky does the same to processes internalization and externalization (Lourenco, 2012). The third resemblance is that both scientists support the idea of non-reductionism of human conscience and cognitive abilities. Piaget and Vygotsky share the opinion that the notion of intelligence cannot be merely explained by reflexes, for instance. The non-dualist view in relation to the social or physical context and the individual is the next common opinion. It means that individual and the particular context are interconnected and should not be treated separately. The next resemblance concerns the role of action. Both Piaget and Vygotsky agree that action is essential for understanding the particular phenomenon. The sixth similarity is the superiority of processes. Scholars share the opinion that the external expression of development is not so important than the processes that comprise its basis. The investigation of the internal processes is essential for the proper evaluation of any phenomenon. The last similarity is the significant role of transformational modifications or qualitative changes. The example of qualitative change can be the occurrence of formal operation after the concrete operations (Lourenco, 2012). The author of the article states that there are noteworthy differences in both theories. Lourenco investigates that core dissimilarity between theories lays in scientists’ understanding of the individual’s development. Piaget’s individual is autonomous, which means that no external aspects, such as society, do not influence the development. Vygotsky supports the idea of the heteronomous individual that relies on the fact that the development is directly connected to external factors. Because of this finding, Lourenco concludes that five differences emerge from the diverse understanding of individual’s nature. The first one refers to dissimilar opinions about the source of the motor of development and knowledge. As far as Vygotsky supports the idea of a heteronomy, he considers that the motor of development and knowledge are influenced by social and cultural context. Piaget’s notion of autonomy is supported by the consideration that the source of knowledge and motor of development is formed due to the instinctive uninfluenced processes (Lourenco, 2012). The second dissimilarity refers to the role of social interactions as sources of learning. Vygotsky believes that authority is significant for the development. The child has to reach the same level of capability demonstrated by parents or other individuals. Piaget’s lays the emphasis on the idea of mutual respect and persuasion that promote the development. The social relations should be peer-based for the efficient development. The methods for studying developmental changes used by scientists also differ. Natural settings were the best option for Piaget’s observations while Vygotsky preferred the situation when adults were involved. The next difference is the type of knowledge that should be acquired. The necessary knowledge is essential for Piaget’s theory as far as it is the direct sign of autonomy. According to Lourenco (2012), the formation of scientific concepts (true knowledge) is significant for Vygotsky because it is obtained in the process of growing in society. Finally, Vygotsky’ ideas are based on guidance and instruction while Piaget’s — on invention and construction. The better understanding of these theories is essential for having an insight into the problems of developmental psychology. Besides, Lourenco presents these ideas from the different perspective, laying particular emphasis on differences rather than on similarities. Such an approach assists in the proper evaluation of the theory and creates the ground for further implications. Reference Lourenco, O. (2012). Piaget and Vygotsky: Many resemblances, and a crucial difference. New Ideas in Psychology, 30 (3), 281-295. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Open Systems and Organizational Structure Essay Introduction A system can be defined as an intentional assemblage of procedures, objects, and people operating together within a given environment. According to the production system’s interdependence, participants rely on others since they cannot produce all the products they require. The interdependence is as a result of labor division and specialization. In the economic system, various parts respond to each other since they are linked. For instance, an increase in the price of a product influences the consumers’ demand. It is worth noting that interdependence is never rigid since countries, people, and organizations may cease producing one set of products and start producing another. Dependence occurs mainly in foreign debt, financial institutions, transnational or multinational corporations, manufactured goods, minerals, energy, and food. Adding value to inputs Inputs are directly linked to their capability of completing transformational activities. It is imperative for a company to ensure that there is a keen selection of inputs so as to ensure production of desirable products. Some inputs such as raw materials can be combined so as to produce unique and valuable outputs. Adequate time should be taken when selecting inputs so as to ensure that irrespective of their quality and time dedicated towards production of outputs, unique results are achieved (Wolak, Kalafatis & Harris, 1998). Characteristics of outputs Basically, services and products are the two forms of outputs that are necessary for any production system. Services Services refer to the anticipations, advantages, or actions that are available for sale or presented so as to promote the sale of particular goods. Services are usually intangible, which implies that the value obtained from using a particular service cannot be assessed. In essence, there is no tangible product that the client can touch, taste, see, or buy. Another attribute associated with services is inseparability, which implies the concurrent utilization and delivery. Inseparability allows the consumers to shape and influence the quality and performance of the offered services (Bateman & Snell, 2011). The third feature is heterogeneity. This indicates that during service delivery, there are high chances of variability. Basically, this is a key concern for services whose labor content is high. This is attributable to the fact that service performance is normally offered by varying individuals and their performance can differ each day. In essence, heterogeneity offers the chance of ensuring some level of service customization and flexibility. Hence, this characteristic can act as a differentiation point or benefit. Finally, services are perishable in that it is impossible to store them and carry their value forward. The perishability of services is closely tied to their ‘time importance and dependence.’ The service producer should have a keen concern for service perishability. The consumer is only informed about the perishability issue in case there is inadequate supply and the service has to be offered later (McNamara, 2013). Products The attributes associated with a particular product usually identify it with the consumer, market, or organization. Every product is as a result of a complicated combination of intangible and tangible features. These features define the product, how it is used, and valued. The characteristics of products are usually categorized into market, consumer, and technological. The market attributes include promotion, price, sales, marketplace, and the kind of market. Consumers’ product characteristics include social, psychological, safety, nutrition, use, sensory features, and convenience. Finally, the technological features include the type of product, method of storage and processing, shape and size, structure, components used during manufacture, and raw materials. It is worth pointing out that using differing characteristics and adding more novel features is essential as it makes the product more appealing to the clients. In fact, it promotes the production of a unique product. Usually, clients compare a product’s characteristics with the features of similar products when defining its market position. Product profile involves the combination of several characteristics. Consumer product benefits refer to the characteristics that customers admire most. Products such as drinks possess features with varying strengths. Familiarity with product features is essential in developing products that are desirable to the company and customers. Product characteristics are basically vital in product positioning and morphology. Why classification of outputs is confusing Usually, intangibility is a feature that is used to define the clear distinction between products and services. Some studies assert that intangibility does not give a clear differentiation between services and products. Meredith and Shafer (2010) argue that the tangible-intangible issue is hard for people to comprehend. Some authors assert that the significance of intangibility is usually overrated. According to them, service providers usually offer the productive capacity as opposed to the tangibility or intangibility of a service. From the foregoing discussion, the key characteristics of services are perishability, heterogeneity, inseparability, and intangibility. The attributes of products are classified into market, consumer, and technology. These characteristics are important for product morphology and positioning. Knowing the features of various products ensures production of products that are desirable to consumers. References Bateman, T. S. & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading and collaborating in the competitive world (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. McNamara, C. (2013). Operations Management . Web. Meredith, J. R. & Shafer, S. M. (2010). Operations management for MBAs (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Wolak, R., Kalafatis, S., & Harris, P. (1998). An Investigation into Four Characteristics of Services. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, 3 (3), 1- 22. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Customers May Expect Using Timeshare Units Benefits Essay Timeshare which is also known as holiday ownership offers numerous opportunities for the customers; especially for those who travel in big groups. Comparing the needs of customers who choose to stay in timeshare units and the customers who prefer hotel rooms, it must be said that they are significantly different. Generally, the visitors of timeshare units seek for the same place to stay in annually, which they may exchange for the other timeshare unit in a different part of the planet in case there arises such necessity. Speaking about the difference between customers’ needs for timeshare units and hotel rooms, it should be mentioned that they are quite significant. A great number of customers all around the world prefer timeshare units to hotel rooms because there they are offered the opportunity to have long-term savings, stay at home-like accommodations, enjoy the benefits of real property ownership, and have an ability to exchange their timeshare units with the other travelers. In addition, such customers may enjoy the flexibility the timeshare units present and feel secure on the reason of the guaranteed opportunity to have an accommodation during particular paid period no matter how overcrowded the resorts are. So, the timeshare customers’ needs are cost-effectiveness, economy, comfort of home-like accommodations, additional space and guaranteed vocation during particular period. The industry of timeshare service is thriving nowadays. An abundance of companies offer the most diversified variants of timeshare units all over the world. These companies tailor their timeshare units in accordance to the needs of their customers. In particular, they offer a special fee scheme for their customers to save their money. For instance, the customers pay a one week fee for a stay in the unit, and instead of renting it they own this unit during this paid period. Secondly, timeshare units are organized in a way that resembles usual accommodations. Thus, the travelers get an opportunity to have more space, and receive additional services they need. No hotel offers a kitchen purposed for cooking; however, this feature is an essential advantage of timeshare units. Further, there is no need for customers to carry big luggage with them as timeshare units are provisioned with towels, kitchen utensils, dishes and many more important everyday objects. People who travel in big groups with their children or friends will find no similar offerings in hotels, and even if they will be offered something similar this will be much more expensive than in timeshare units. Thirdly, guaranteed vocation during the same week in a year offered by timeshare units is a great solution for many customers who have a tendency to postpone their family vocations. Knowing that they have paid significant amount of money for the particular week will help such customers to avoid such unhealthy tendency and thus will benefit their family life. Concluding on the facts mentioned above, it should be stated that timeshare units is a great solution for customers who travel in big groups. Such customers are offered inviting prices, comfort of home-like accommodations featuring more space and the opportunity to minimize the amount of their luggage. Additionally, such customers receive a guarantee for their stay in their timeshare unit no matter how overcrowded the resort will be during a particular period, and may exchange their timeshare units with the other customers to visit different places. Of course, the above mentioned benefits are also inviting for the customers who travel alone or in small groups. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
In order to be prepared against terrorist attacks, it is imperative to put in place some measures that can reduce the possible loss of life. Hence, to be prepared against terrorist attacks entails creating a communication plan that can be used specifically during disasters. Whenever a disaster occurs, there should be a communication system in place whereby family, friends and other acquaintances can contact each other to ascertain if they are well. For instance, an individual who is located at a distant place can be used as the point of contact to inquire about the well being of those suspected to be trapped in a terror attack (Hulnick, 2004). Every family member ought to have that out-of-town contact. Such a sound communication strategy in place can assist in offering help whenever there is need. To be prepared also implies that when terrorists attack, there should be a common meeting point that has been established in advance. This will ensure that time is not wasted as well as alleviating the level of confusion after an attack (U.S. Government Printing Office, 2010). Moreover, a disaster kit is necessary so that those affected by the disaster can remain comfortable. The kits should always be ready and well arranged in a manner that is easy to carry. These disaster kits may also be stocked with special needs such as those needed by invalids and infants. Besides, first aid equipment is equally necessary just in case some first help is needed before a victim can be referred to a hospital. Furthermore, it is imperative to note that being patient and composed when terrorists attack is part of being prepared. This will allow the affected group to stick to the instructions of emergency officials to avoid any secondary casualties. People who remain calm will also be in a position to follow radio or television news on the progress of the attack. The concept of disaster preparedness needs to be revisited with zeal. The traditional or cultural ways of disaster management seem to be out of place and no longer works to the benefit of the vulnerable population. According to the U.S. Government Printing Office (2010) on 9/11 Commission report, the conventional and which is also the current system of responding to disasters entails waiting for the occurrence of a disaster and then taking action. This approach definitely requires a paradigm shift. Besides, the design in which strategies for handling disasters have been conceptualised also take the form of a post disaster approach. It appears like emergency officials are trained to be reactive and not proactive to disasters. The cultural shift should attempt to investigate causes of disasters. This should also entail a thorough environmental impact assessment of disasters. Effecting the disaster preparedness model is part and parcel of driving a cultural shift of managing disasters from a reactive to proactive approach (Hulnick, 2004). Firstly, the survey involves carrying out an environmental impact assessment of disasters and possible causes, planning entails adopting proactive strategies of managing disasters while mitigation can be effected by toning down the likely causes of disasters such as improving the status of foreign relations. At present, I do not feel fully prepared in the event of a disaster because it is difficult to estimate the scale of attack, time of attack and location. Due to this complexity, I do not feel to be protected comprehensively. Further, our current preparedness efforts are lacking a more direct and active government involvement (Hulnick, 2004). Non-governmental organisations and passive government agencies have assumed the responsibility. In addition, the local community still needs to be thoroughly equipped with disaster preparedness skills. References Hulnick, S.A (2004). “Keeping us safe: secret intelligence and homeland security” , Westport: Praeger Publishers. U.S. Government Printing Office (2010). “The 9/11 Commission Report”. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“Handling Customer and Consumer Complaints” by Dosland Report (Assessment) The selected article for this paper is “Handling Customer and Consumer Complaints” by Ole Dosland. The article was found on the Quality Assurance magazine. This discussion presents a detailed summary of the article and personal thoughts about the subject matter. Article Summary The thesis of this article is that proper handling of various complaints presented by customers can address the consequences associated with them (Dosland). According to the author, a complaint usually reveals the presence of a poor customer service delivery. Serious complaints can result in lawsuits, recalls, or product returns. These costly events have the potential to affect a business’ reputation. Companies that offer appropriate services and experiences to their customers will eventually record positive business performance. The author goes further to argue that a company that analyzes different complaints will eventually improve its business operations. Continuous improvement should be embraced in order to increase the loyalty of different consumers. The article goes further to outline a powerful strategy that can be used to address various complaints. The purpose of the strategy is to solve the existing problems and eventually improve the customer’s experience (Dosland). The first step is ensuring that the customers can inform the company about the existing problems. Firms should train and encourage their workers to collect quality information from their customers. The information can then be used to address their concerns. The second approach is ensuring that every business has an effective complaint-handling strategy. The process can be tested using fabricated customer problems (Dosland). This practice will present new improvements that can eventually deliver positive results. The last idea described in the article is the continuous analysis of customers’ problems. Companies that analyze the unique problems affecting their stakeholders will lead to better practices. Such firms can produce superior products to meet their customers’ changing demands. Such products can also compete successfully in the market. Finally, the article presents several trends that should be embraced by companies whenever addressing various consumer problems. For instance, the author indicates that the expectations of customers continue change every day. Modern technologies, social networks, and handheld devices are empowering more customers than ever before (Singh 87). Companies should use powerful strategies to monitor and address their customers’ complaints. Personal Thoughts About the Subject Matter I strongly believe that the author of this article has presented powerful ideas that can make many firms successful. To begin with, the article explains why organizations should differentiate consumers from customers. This approach will ensure evidence-based problem-solving strategies are used to address every grievance. The author goes further to encourage businesses to ensure their customers report their complaints efficiently. The strategy can make it easier for companies to understand the unique challenges affecting the customer service delivery process (Dosland). When the problems are identified and addressed, it will become much easier for the targeted company to realize its goals. This is true because new products fulfilling the needs of the consumer will be developed (Ha et al. 181). Similarly, new service delivery channels will be created and eventually make the firm profitable. The other lesson obtained from the article is that a powerful model should be implemented to deal with various complaints in a timely manner. I will therefore read more articles on this subject in order to acquire new concepts that can be used to address the emerging needs of different customers. Works Cited Dosland, Ole. “Handling Customer and Consumer Complaints.” Quality Assurance Magazine, 2013, Web. Ha, Nguyen, et al. “The relationship between service quality and customer loyalty in specialty supermarkets: Empirical evidence in Vietnam.” International Journal of Business and Economic Research, vol. 3, no. 5, 2014, pp. 178-186. Singh, Ajmer. “Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Organized Retail Outlets.” Developing Country Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, 2013, pp. 84-95. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Time Value of Money – Preparing for Home Ownership Coursework Table of Contents 1. Estimated Purchase Price 2. Down Payment 3. Closing, Moving, and Furniture Cost 4. Saving Per Month 5. Additional Return 6. References Estimated Purchase Price The current value of the house is $178,000 including 2% closing costs, which is equal to $3,490 (178,000-178,000/1.02). The inflation is estimated to be 2.50% per year. The purchase price of the house is determined by using the following formula in Excel. FV(nper, rate, pmt, [pv], type) (Day, 2015) Where nper = 5, rate = 2.50%, pmt = 0, pv = 178,000, type = 0 FV = $201,390.66 Down Payment The down payment is 20% of the future value of the house, i.e., $40,278.13. In order to achieve this amount in the next five years, John and Joan need to have an amount equal to $31,558.97 invested to earn a return of 5% every year. It is calculated by using the present value formula in Excel. PV(nper, rate, pmt, [fv], type) Where nper = 5, rate = 5%, pmt = 0, fv = (201,390.66*20% = 40,278.13), type = 1 (beginning of the period) PV = $31,558.97 Closing, Moving, and Furniture Cost The future value of the house will be $201,390.66, which includes 2% closing cost, i.e., 201,390.66 x 2% = $3,948.84. Moreover, the moving and furniture cost will be 10% of the down payment required, i.e., 30%. Therefore, the future value of the moving and furniture cost will be 201,390.66 x 30% = $60,417.20. To attain these amounts in the next five years, John and Joan need to invest $50,493.72 at 5% per year. It is calculated by using the present value formula in Excel. PV(nper, rate, pmt, [fv], type) (Chandra, 2014) Where nper = 5, rate = 5%, pmt = 0, fv =3,948.84, type = 0 PV (Closing cost) = $3,094.02 Where nper = 5, rate = 5%, pmt = 0, fv = 60,417.20, type = 0 PV (Moving and furniture cost) = $50,432.47 Total amount to be saved = $53,526.49 Saving Per Month John and John require to save for the house value, closing cost, moving, and furniture cost, i.e., $265,757. Both individuals have a saving of $10,000, which will be deducted from the present value of the amount required at the end of the fifth year. The annual rate is adjusted on a monthly basis and the total number of periods is 60 (5 x 12) (Gitman, Joehnk, & Smart, 2015). The present value of the future amount required is determined by using the following formula. PV(nper, rate, pmt, [fv], type) Where nper = 60, rate = 5%/12, pmt = 0, fv = 261,808, type = 1 PV = $204,002.10 Less: Current saving = $10,000 Balance amount required = $194,002.10 Saving per month required = $194,002.10 / 60 = $3,233.37 per month Additional Return If John changes his plan at E-Trade and earns an additional 1.5% risk-free return, then the total return he can earn becomes 6.5% per annum. It will be adjusted on a monthly basis as 6.5%/12 = 0.541%. The present value of the future amount required is determined by using the following formula. PV(nper, rate, pmt, [fv], type) Where nper = 60, rate = 6.5%/12, pmt = 0, fv = 261,808, type = 1 PV = $204,002.10 Less: Current saving = $10,000 Balance amount required = $189,329.32 Saving per month required = $189,329.32 / 60 = $2,988.82 per month It shows that John will have to save less amount every month due to the additional return he earns to achieve his objective of owning a house by the end of the fifth year (Harvey, 2015). References Chandra, P. (2014). Fundamentals of financial management. New Delhi, India: McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd. Day, A. (2015). Mastering financial mathematics in Microsoft Excel. Harlow, UK: Pearson UK. Gitman, L. J., Joehnk, M. D., & Smart, S. J. (2015). Fundamentals of investing (13th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Harvey, G. (2015). Excel 2016 all-in-one for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Family Welfare and Divorce Policies Essay Comparison of well-to-do and financially deprived families Wealth distribution affects the relationships between family members, as well as their interactions with other members of the society (Cohen 117). A family of one of my school friend can be classified as the middle class one, perhaps, being in the upper percentile of the specified group (Cohen 124). The family has two children, including my friend and his older sister. The parents work as a lawyer in a private company and a chief financial officer in a large organization. Their children went to a public school to enroll in a college afterward, and they own a house and two cars. Compared to the family described above, the one to which another friend of mine belongs is on the other side of the wealth distribution scale. The specified family can be regarded as the lower class one (Cohen 125). There are three children in the family, including my friend, his younger brother, and his elder sister. College is not an option for either of them due to the inability to take a student loan. The family rents a flat in a socially and economically unstable neighborhood. The parenting practices are also quite different in each case. The single mother in the low-class family cares for her children, yet she has to work two jobs to support them and thus does not have much time to spend with them. Although the parents from the first family are also very busy, the children receive enough attention and have regular family time in the evening. As a result, the levels of concerted cultivation are much higher in the first family. The social capital is also different in both cases, each family communicating primarily with the people of their class (Cohen 137). Therefore, while the children from both families have enough potential in terms of their skill sets, the life chances of the middle-class family are much higher than the ones of the children from the low-class family. The phenomenon described above corresponds directly to the expectations that the textbook discussion has set. Marriage culture and divorce policies The persistent nature of disposability as it pertains to the modern society might seem as entirely negative, yet there are nuances to the specified discussion. On the one hand, the threat of relationships and marriage being viewed as something insignificant due to loose divorce policies may become rather high. On the other hand, by making divorce policies more rigid, one may create the environment in which the levels of well-being will drop, and the rates of family violence will increase (Cohen 12). Particularly, people may feel desperate and even depressed after realizing that they made a choice that cannot be reversed and will affect them until the end of their life, hence the increased aggression. It seems that the general problem of the specified discussion stems from the poor cause-and-effect connection between the factors under analysis. Current policies allow people to get married and divorce easier than the previous regulations did, yet these regulations do not force people to separate. The choice to separate hinges on the relationships within a family, economic issues, financial concerns, and a range of other factors that affect people’s relationships (Cohen 26). Making divorce harder to obtain will not absolve people from making mistakes when choosing to get married; instead, it will only make their life miserable if their marriage turns out to be unsustainable. Making it harder to get married will not resolve the problem since it will fail to shift the focus to what is important – a careful analysis of essential issues that a married couple will have to confront at some point. Therefore, it is recommended to scrutinize the social and cultural factors that affect people’s marriage-related choices. As a result, a married couple will avoid a range of unexpected problems that will affect their relationships and may ultimately destroy their marriage. The specified change can occur once government- or community-sponsored marriage courses are provided for couples to educate themselves and learn to handle social, economic, and emotional issues together (Cohen 13). Thus, a positive outcome can be expected. Work Cited Cohen, Philip N. The Family Diversity, Inequality, and Social Change . 2nd ed., Norton, 2018. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Essay (Critical Writing) Mathematics is a branch of science that has had far-reaching impacts on many spheres of life. Through mathematics, man has made remarkable advances in technology and other fields of life. Mathematics also provides us with a logical order for describing the various prototypes and structures that comprise nature. Mathematics is also responsible for some of the greatest breakthroughs that have been made by humanity so far. For instance, mathematics has played a hand in humanity’s foray into the cosmos and it has been responsible for the modern internet advancements. Albert Einstein once asked, “How can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality?” (Ernest 9). This question is part of a big debate on whether math is a product of human creation or human discovery. Consequently, if math is part of human discovery what are some of the laws and notions that are subject to this discovery? This paper explores the issues surrounding the debate on whether math is a product of human creation or human discovery. First, it is important to note that math acts like the outline to our universe. Many mathematicians agree that the universe is governed by a singular order that is defined using mathematical principles. Consequently, even if the universe ceased to exist, all mathematical principles would still be true. Therefore, like other aspects of human nature, mathematics is part of human discovery. Furthermore, there are several mathematical principles that are yet to be discovered. When these principles are discovered, they “will then assist us in building models that will give us predictive power and understanding of the physical phenomena we seek to control” (Ernest 10). Therefore, math is a natural concept that is to be discovered and used by humanity. This argument is common among lovers of mathematics. Another viable explanation of the existence of mathematics is that it is merely part of the human creation. The argument about math being part of the intricate web of nature could be easily refuted by the view that human beings invented mathematics as a tool that could aid in the description of the physical world. Therefore, mathematics is only popular among human beings because it suits their needs when they are exploring the world. It is also true that some mathematical concepts have been changed and altered for them to be palatable to human beings. Furthermore, if the universe ceased to exist, there would be no need for mathematics and it would not exist. Mathematics has been made possible by geography, astronomy, and physics among other areas of universal studies. Mathematics exists solely to satisfy the needs of studying and understanding the universe but it is not part of these studies. Therefore, mathematics is not something that is discovered but it is a human creation. These two arguments form the basis of our understanding of the institution of mathematics. However, in my understanding, mathematics is a human creation. The argument for mathematics being part of human discovery is far-fetched and fanatical. For instance, mathematics only describes certain variables of the physical universe. There are several other factors of the universe that cannot be defined or explained by mathematical concepts. Therefore, the argument about mathematics being part of human discovery can be nullified by the idea that there are discoveries that are outside of the mathematical realm. In my view, when discoveries about the physical world are made, man proceeds to create mathematical concepts that can help him analyze and explain these new discoveries. Works Cited Ernest, Paul. “Is mathematics discovered or invented.” Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal 12.1 (2009): 9-13. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Poundland Retailing Company’s Success Factors Essay Table of Contents 1. Secrets of Poundland 2. Haagen Dazs UK 3. The Marketing Plan 4. Comparing the Three Marketing Strategies 5. References Secrets of Poundland Poundland retailing company survived the recent recession despite the economic hardships. The company survived because of its effective marketing strategies. The retailing business used its ‘shrinking strategy’ to market its items to the consumers. For instance, a 600g bread was going for one pound. The same bread weighed 800g and retailed at the same price. The shrinking idea was effective and led to the success of the business. The other strategy was the use of packaging tricks (Wallop, 2012). The packaging tricks used by the company communicated to the consumers effectively. The tricks also informed them about their offers and discounts. Poundland’s marketing strategies helped to market more products without making losses. The company has successfully competed in the retailing industry. According to the study by Dispatches Company, the consumers were getting the best deal from the company. Poundland is growing fast and is planning to open new stores in the coming years. Haagen Dazs UK After purchasing Pillsburry , Grand Metropolitan designed a new brand named Haagen Dazs . This would become the company’s ‘cash cow’ in two years. After the new brand was launched, long queues became a common experience in most of the parlors. This was observed despite the high prices of the ice cream. The marketing strategy for the brand succeeded because of its quality and nature. The advertising process for the product included proper coordination. This made the product competitive in the market (Marcousé & Lines, 2002). The marketers informed the consumers about the pleasure and sweetness of the new ice cream. The adverts where characterized by sensual images and attractive slogans. The marketers also provided the targeted consumer with free samples. The product was available in different stores across the country. The company also adopted an effective distribution and sales team to deliver the products to the consumers. These strategies made it possible for the product to build a strong customer loyalty. This made the product profitable despite its high price compared to the other ice creams offered in the market. The Marketing Plan Brooklyn Bank managed to offer a low interest card thereby making it its new source of income. The bank was offering a credit card that charges an interest rate of 10 per cent per annum. The launch of the Visa Card was a sudden success for the company. The strategy was effective because it made the Visa Card cheaper compared to those offered by the major banks in the country. The successful launch of the low interest Visa Card made it possible for the bank to consider new goals towards business success (Marcousé & Lines, 2002). The most profitable approach was to target more customers for the Visa Cards within a period of two years. This called for proper planning and effective advertising strategy. The success of the Visa Card was due to the reduced annual interest rates. The bank was able to get more customers and eventually increased its revenue from the Visa Card. This made the bank profitable and the reason there was need to promote its future business. Comparing the Three Marketing Strategies The first case explains how Poundland managed to overcome the ongoing recession. The company survived the recession through several strategies aimed at keeping the customers (Wallop, 2012). The company used various strategies such as discounts and new packaging tricks to reduce the quantities of the products. This was done while retailing the prices for the items. The customers continued to purchase from the company despite the economic challenges resulting from the recession. Companies and businesses can use similar strategies to succeed in a similar market situation. In the second case study, the British Company Grand Metropolitan used various strategies to market the ice cream brand. The strategy included the use of proper advertising and proper packaging. This created brand identity and quality thereby attracting more consumers. The strategy made the product successful within two years after it was launched in the market. The price of the ice cream remained high but this did not affect the marketing process (Marcousé & Lines, 2002). The strategies used by the company created a strong brand and developed a reputable customer loyalty. The two cases explain how packaging and brand identity can promote a new product. This process creates a unique identity for a product thereby making it profitable at the market. The third case presents a different approach to marketing. The bank decided to offer a stiff competition by lowering its interest rates. The small Brooklyn Bank decided to offer a new Visa Card at a very low interest rate. Many customers decided to purchase the card because it was offered at a low annual interest rate. The strategy made it possible to compete with the other banks that offered their cards at 20 per cent interest rates. The bank employed an effective advertising strategy to inform more people about the cheap Visa Card in the market. From these cases, it is notable that the marketing strategy adopted by a company should increase profits and create a strong competitive advantage. References Marcousé, I. & Lines, D. (2002). Business Case Studies AS and A Level . Harlow: Longman. Wallop, R. (2012). Secrets of Poundland: Feature. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
These include self-assessment where one has to evaluate themselves to find out what they want with their lives. This includes their interests, values, skills and developmental needs. Secondly one has to assess available options to ensure that they will get opportunities to practice their skills after completing their training. The third process is matching where one may identifies possible occupations and compare various alternatives. This can be done by comparing their short and long term options. Finally, one has to take action whereby they have to put into use the other three steps to make sure that achieve their set goals. Body My career vision is to provide efficient leadership to business people on how to manage their businesses. This means that I will make sure that I apply my knowledge and skills in advising people on how to succeed in their business. My career mission is to be the best business manager in my organization. A strong business manager should develop ethical values in order to earn credibility from their customers. This means that one has to be trustworthy and reasonable enough in order to advise people adequately. In fact, one should develop listening skills in order to allow clients adequate time to present their cases. This will guide them in making a decisive conclusion hence helping them run their businesses best. In order for one to achieve their goals they need to identify their competition. This is extremely significant because people plan on handling competition in order to achieve their goals. In fact, one should be able to carry out research on business operating environment in order to come up with strategies of achieving their goals. One has to balance their internal characteristics and external requirements in order to succeed. This is tremendously beneficial because one has to be tolerance to their competitors by practicing fair competition. This helps organization to run their operations without facing conflicts from other players in the business environment. In addition, one has to listen from customers in order to come up with what they want from the business firm. This means that a talented business manager should be able to prioritize issues brought about by customers and competitors, as well. Competition and cooperation plays key roles in career development. For instance, competition helps business managers to come up with best ideas to counter threats brought about by competitors. This helps them to strengthen their skills hence developing their careers. Cooperation also plays a key role in career development. This is evident because it calls for people with understanding and strong will to come together to do work. In a business management career, stakeholders may be owners of the organization. This means that a business manager should be able to relate well with owners of the organization in order to succeed in their career. In addition, customers may be stakeholders who are hugely powerful in this career. This means that their issues need to be taken carefully since they dictate the success of one’s career. Depending on the current progress, I feel that I am a future strategic leader. This is because I have been involved in planning for future in various organizations throughout my training. In fact, I have led various students’ organizations and together with members we succeeded in achieving our set goals. Conclusion In any career, the concept of sustainability should not be ignored. This means that one has to practice all elements of sustainability which include conserving the environment. This makes sure that the organization works towards ensuring that they conserve what they have and protect the environment. A business manager should align all their business operations with environmental conservation principles. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Parents Influence Sexuality, Based on Two Novels Essay Human sexuality and sexual orientation are some of the most complex and multidimensional factors of development. Homosexuality and sexual differences have been typical for society since ancient times. Thus, these orientations were always considered as unusual and undesirable behavior contrasting with traditional social norms and values. The novel, The Well of Loneliness and Portnoy’s Complaint describe that parents and society, in general, have a great impact on the sexual orientation and sexual development of children. The problems faced by the main characters, Alexander Portnoy and Stephen Gordon, are a part of their early development and family relations. The lesbian inclinations of the main character, Stephen Gordon, can be interpreted as a result of the upbringing and desire of parents to have a boy. The parents expected a boy, but when a mother gave birth to a girl, they were disappointed and gave their daughter a boy’s name. Since childhood, Stephen experienced problems and difficulties caused by her identity and emotional stress. An emphasis of that sort can be explained as misdirected gender orientation. The example of Stephen shows that the proper reinforcement of gender traits means educating boys and girls that they are males and females, similar in feelings and desires and abilities, yet diverse in biological ways and roles. Hall describes that the subject of sexual relations is debated repeatedly, and while the physical differences are quite obvious, the psychological ones, when they exist, are not always. The personal story and life troubles experienced by Stephen vividly portray that people do not live in a neuter world, no matter what some hair stylists, clothing, and other sex-markers would have them believe. For underneath the clothing and the hair is a man or a woman — although sometimes, as people have thought, something goes askew with that sexual identity (Butler 98). Hall portrays that false images and ideals of Stephen’s parents are the main causes of her lesbian behavior and sexual orientation. Hall underlines that lesbian relations are not a disorder or a way of life, but an emotion-filled issue (Bamforth 43). In the novel, Portnoy’s Complaint, Alexander Portnoy tells the story of his life and tries to analyze his problems and causes of sexual indifference and problems. Roth gives some hits that childhood development and growth were the main stages in his life, and parents had a profound impact on his behavior patterns. Reinforcing suitable sexual traits, as suggested earlier, is important for healthy, normal psychological growth. But much of the ill-feeling aimed at erotic acts are grounded in legends and misconceptions, in strong definitions of “normal” and “abnormal,” and in morals that frame back to the days when humans first began keeping records (Butler 76). If insinuations and charges that men are all sinners, they can begin to be ignored, so society can move on to dispelling some of the other stereotypes about this group of men. Roth underlines that Alexander Portnoy is influenced by the ideals of his peanuts but is unable to accept and follow moral and ethical rules. The first one is that males are all painted and perfumed “swishy” ones. The difference in his situation, Roth adds, is not that Alexander Portnoy is homosexual, but that he is willing to openly acknowledge his feelings and his belief that there is nothing in those feelings to be ashamed of. Some men like Alexander Portnoy keep silent about their sexual preference, and few of their girlfriends know about it. More and more, the main character is declaring their choice publicly unacceptable (Bristow 87). In both works, the authors portray that yearly years and parents have a great impact on the desires and values of children and their further life. Their preference, parents believe, is as satisfactory a form of behavior as heterosexuality. After examining each character’s family relationships and sexual growth, the authors conclude that it is difficult to find any noticeable factors that would set female homosexuals apart from normal people (Fuss 66). The erotic man, like Alexander Portnoy, can truly desire more adventures while the woman can desire another woman. Both male and female characters have sex with their partners, want only good for their loved ones, and wish to share their destinies with them. In short, the main characters can honestly feel committed love for another person, the same sort of love that man and woman feel for each other in general, a lust that means involvement to the exclusion of other people, with or without frequent sexual activity (Bristow 88). In sum, sexual orientation and inclinations are a part of upbringing and growth during childhood. In both novels, parents influence the development of children and their sexual orientation. Often, this interpretation means that parents must not interfere overly with a child’s interest in and activities with the opposite sex and that parents should try to strengthen masculine traits in their young boys and feminine ones in their daughters. sexual upbringing and development are crucial for people as it determines their life chances and sexual relations in adult life. On the other side of it, a number of those people have followed laws that specifically support discrimination because of sexual preference. Works Cited Bamforth, N. Sexuality, Morals and Justice , London and Washington: Cassell, 1998. Bristow, J. Sexuality , London and New York: Routledge, 2003. Butler, J. Gender Trouble , London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Hall, R. The Well of Loneliness. Anchor, 1990. Fuss, D. Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference , New York and London: Routledge, 1998. Roth, Ph. Portnoy’s Complaint. Vintage; international edition, 1994. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Haudenosaunee Labor, Family Structure, and Beliefs Essay There is no use denying the fact that some peoples who have their unique history can teach us a lot and be rather interesting for investigation. The Haudenosaunee belongs to these peoples. They reside in the lake region and Mohawk Valley of northern New York state in America. The climate of the area where they live is temperate, with four seasons. Mild winter and long and warm summer suggest ideal conditions for growing crops. There is a great number of different plants here. “Forests of pine, spruce, hemlock, cedar, ash, elm, maple, oak, chestnut, and hickory clothe the hills and fertile valleys” (Murdock 1934:1). Moreover, there are many animals like “bear, deer, moose, wolf, fox, cougar, lynx, raccoon, otter, porcupine, opossum, beaver, skunk, badger, hare, rabbit, and squirrel” (Murdock 1934:1). which promotes the development of hunting. That is why it is possible to say that hunting and fishing are the main sources of food for them. Moreover, they gather and eat mushrooms In autumn they collect different nuts and add them to their ration. Additionally, they eat grapes and various eggs. Additionally, they use different tools like bone hooks and bows. However, the main source for their survival is the cultivation of plants. They use primitive wooden hoe with a sharpened tortoises shell. They also use chipped stone tools. Moreover, they carry all things on their backs. Using the burden strap across their forehead they carry different things. It should also be said that they live in large communal houses which are rather long to provide shelter for many people. Besides, the Haudenosaunee do not make clothes, they just use skins of animals. It should also be mentioned that they have a certain distributional pattern for labor. Representatives of every gender and age group are given a certain task. Men are hunters while women cultivate the land and cook. However, the property is communal and if some family is in need, it will be helped by another one, that is why their society could be called a stratified one. Their family structure is also interesting. The Haudenosaunee live in families where a husband and wife have the same rights. The husband always goes to live with his wife. The woman is not inferior to man and she can do whatever she wants. In case if a man wants to leave the hose he can take only his things with him, no matter how many children or things the family has. Moreover, they have the maternal line of descent which means that there is a woman who traces the descent according to the female line an all children belong to the family of a woman. Several descents, who have the same animal spirit as their guide, are united in a great kin group. The laws of the Haudenosaunee forbid marriages within this large group. Moreover, the partners could divorce at any time. If a woman wants it she just tells her husband to leave and a man goes to his mothers house. With this in mind, it is possible to say that men and women are equal in the Haudenosaunee, however, a woman is taken as the head of the descent. This pattern differs from the American one where a man is the head of the family and has great power over women. Such family structure influences the political life of the Haudenosaunee. There are five political units peculiar for Haudenosaunee. They have their territory and a certain council that represents different kin groups. Thus, being quite autonomous, these political units are united in the League of the Haudenosaunee. The main aim of this council is to protect peace and control the issue of blood revenge. However, five great sachems are responsible for judicial, executive, and legislative authorities. The institution of sachemship is hereditary and it follows the female line. This privilege is given not only to large kin groups, however, the smaller also has it. Thus, within the household this post is elective and people can choose a sachem. The power of these sachems is limited by the federal council which can depose sachems who are taken as not worthy. Moreover, the matron of the household is also able to replace the sachem after two warnings. That is why they do not have absolute power. The Council also has the power to proclaim wars and defend the Hodenosaunee if some other people threaten them. Nevertheless, they also perform the duties of the court and judge people who are blamed for some fault. As a great number of other tribes, the Haudenosaunee believes in the power of spirits which help them in their medicine, religious practices, and rituals, and everyday life. They believe in magic, which is also exercised with the help of spirits. They can cure a sick person both with the help of traditional means, as bleeding and also with the help of magic, especially if the disease is said to appear due to the hostile influence. They create a special ceremony that is said to help a person to get rid of a disease of a curse. Talking about the religion of the Haudenosaunee it is possible to say that it is shamanistic as they believe in spirits that guide people. Reference Cited Murdock, George. 1934. “The Hodenosaunee”. Our Primitive Contemporaries. New York: MacMillan. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Increase in Efficiency Through Economies of Scale Essay At your desire, I have taken a closer look at the problem which our company faces nowadays. I agree with you that efficiency is the primary goal of any business and the economies of scale are one of the ways we can increase it. Before giving you my recommendation on the achievement of the economies of scale, I want to concentrate your attention on the efficiency measures. It is not a secret that the efficiency of the company can be measured by different ratios. The return on assets is one of these ratios. The ratio is calculated as the amount of revenue per each dollar of the assets. I suggest focusing exactly on this measure when determining the efficiency of the company and its strategy. Now I want to turn to the economies of scale as the way of increasing efficiency. The materials on economics define the economies of scale as “the cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product” (“Economies of Scale” n.pag.). However, the increase in output is generally connected with the increase in costs of production. There is one more term we should care about. It is the diseconomies of scale which represent a situation when the company cannot sustain its average costs at a particular level, and they rise at a rate greater than the output rises (“Diseconomies of Scale” n.pag.). That is why it should be stressed that the economies of scale are the benefits, which a company gains when it increases productivity while maintaining the fixed costs at a certain level. The total cost of the company consists of variable and fixed components. Variable costs are the ones that cannot be reduced with the increase in production. So, our goal is to find the maximum level of production, which can be achieved with the same level of the fixed costs. The rent for the manufacturing spaces is one of the major components of the fixed costs according to our budget. If you take a look at the location of our manufacturing factories, you can see that they are situated in substantially different locations. It would be much more efficient if we consolidate our production facilities in the locations with the lowest fixed costs. The disadvantage of this strategy is the relatively high investments that are necessary for reorganization. The next alternative is to redesign the production spaces to maximize the number of machines in each factory. In this case, we will achieve the increase in output per square meter without a simultaneous increase in the fixed costs, including rent, the lighting of the premises, and other utilities. In my view, this alternative seems to be more attractive as it requires fewer investments and less time to be accomplished. Finally, I want to present you with some relevant information about the economies of scale which I found in The Economist. I hope it will be interesting for you. “It’s unusual to find a large corporation that’s efficient. I know about economies of scale and all the other advantages that are supposed to come with size. But when you get an inside look, it’s easy to see how inefficient big business is. Most corporate bureaucracies have more people than they have work” (“Economies of Scale and Scope” n.pag.). In conclusion, I should say that economies of scale can be a real tool for increasing efficiency. However, we need to calculate the necessary amounts of investments required and to compare the cost and benefits of each strategy. I look forward to helping you. Works Cited “ Diseconomies of Scale ”. n.d. Investopedia.com. Web. “ Economies of Scale ”. n.d. Economist.com. Web. “ Economies of Scale and Scope ”. 2008. Economist. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
End-of-Life Care of Dying Loved Ones Annotated Bibliography Research problem and questions The article explicates the factors contributing to satisfaction and dissatisfaction with end-of-life care in the nursing homes, particularly among bereaved family members. It represents part of a larger study conducted to examine the end-of-life care in nursing homes. A qualitative approach was used in the study. The authors framed four questions which were used to solicit a broad range of responses. The questions asked were: * What, in your mind, is “good dying” or a “good death”? * Thinking about your experience now, what were the positive experiences you had? * What could the nursing home have done better? * What advice do you have to share to improve end-of-life care? Methodology In this article, the authors used family member perspectives about the factors contributing to either their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with care accessed by using the focus group methodology. The focus groups were subjected to similar experiences in a safe environment. The members of the focus group were drawn from 12 nursing homes located in an urban center of central Canada. A modified version of the Toolkit of Instruments to Measure End-of Life Care (TIME) instrument was used to measure whether the care provided to the resident met the needs and expectations of family members, as well as an overall measure of their satisfaction with care. This instrument was used on those who wished to participate in the focus group even though they had been surveyed in previous larger studies. Apart from asking the four listed questions, researchers used probing to further discussion as well as asking open-ended questions, “Have we missed anything?” Summary of study findings The analysis of the focus group data resulted in a description of two divergent experiences between those who were satisfied and those who expressed dissatisfaction with the care provided in the nursing homes. The article compares and contrasts the two different experiences. Recognizing Imminent Dying It was found, according to the article, that family satisfaction with end-of-life care is unequivocally linked to nursing home staffs’ ability to recognize that the resident was about to die. Failure by staff members, as shared by the family members, to recognize and acknowledge that the resident was nearing death was the major cause of dissatisfaction. It was revealed that the staff members did not change the plan of care for the resident to match the needs of the dying. This made the family members to doubt the abilities of the care givers to provide quality end-of-life care. On the contrary, those who had expressed satisfaction with the kind of care provided felt that staff members recognized and acknowledged that the resident was on the terminal phase of life. Besides changing the plan of care for the resident, the staff members were reported to have engaged the family members on hat to expect at the end f life. Communication and Information Sharing The article points out the second experience by those who were satisfied and those who felt dissatisfied. Dissatisfied family members reported breakdowns in communication and information sharing with the healthcare team at different levels. According to the article, they were not clearly informed of the resident’s illness and what to expect. However, those who were satisfied reported that the staff members became more attentive to the resident’s needs in the last month of life and provided timely information to the family members concerning the resident’s condition. Inadequate contact and communication with physicians was a common concern expressed by both the satisfied and dissatisfied family members. Consequences of Dissatisfaction The article reveals that the experience of dissatisfaction with the care provided at the end of life has significant emotional consequences. Dissatisfied family members feel immense sense of regret, anger, and frustration over the inadequate care there relative received during the terminal phase of life. Conclusion: In general, this study emphasizes that to respond suitably to the needs of residents and their families, it is important to alter our awareness of when residents enter the terminal phase of life, thus reducing the possibility of undue suffering and dissatisfaction with care in nursing homes. Reference Thompson, G. N., Menec, V. H., Chochinov, H. M. & MacClement, S. E. (2008). Family Satisfaction with care of a dying loved one in nursing homes: What makes the difference? Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 34 (12), 37-44. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Edgar Allan Poe’s Life From Primary Sources Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Edgar Allan Poe: The Death of Virginia (1848) 2. Edgar Allan Poe: Plans of Careeer (1848) 3. Edgar Allan Poe: On Plagiarism of Mr. Longfellow (1845) 4. James Brooks: On Poe’s “The Raven” (1845) Edgar Allan Poe was a significant figure in American literature who formulated the literary theory of horror and established short stories as a genre. Then existing conditions of the publishing industry irritated Poe so that he criticized his colleagues. During his life, he struggled with poverty, death, and lack of appreciation since he decided to pursue a career as a writer; even his renowned poem “The Raven” did not provide sufficient profit. Edgar Allan Poe (Primary Sources) are drawn from his letters and writings of the American journal’s editors and represent three episodes: * Thoughts on the death of his wife and future independent career. * Critique of Mr. Longfellow and the American writing sphere. * Three reviews of Poe’s poem “The Raven.” Edgar Allan Poe: The Death of Virginia (1848) Six years ago, a wife [Virginia Clemm], whom I loved as no man ever loved before, ruptured a blood-vessel in singing [became deceased with tuberculosis]. Her life was despaired of. I took leave of her forever & underwent all the agonies of her death. She recovered partially, and I again hoped. At the end of a year the vessel broke again — I went through precisely the same scene. Again in about a year afterward…. Each time I felt all the agonies of her death — and at each accession of the disorder I loved her more dearly & clung to her life with more desperate pertinacity. But I am constitutionally sensitive — nervous in a very unusual degree. I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity. During these fits of absolute unconsciousness I drank, God only knows how often or how much…. I had indeed, nearly abandoned all hope of a permanent cure when I found one in the death of my wife [in 1847]. This I can & do endure as becomes a man — it was the horrible never-ending oscillation between hope & despair which I could not longer have endured without the total loss of reason. In the death of what was my life, then, I receive a new but — oh God! how melancholy an existence. Poe, E. A. (2009). E. A. Poe to G. W. Eveleth (1848). Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. Web. Edgar Allan Poe: Plans of Careeer (1848) I am resolved to be my own publisher. To be controlled is to be ruined. My ambition is great. If I succeed, I put myself (within 2 years) in possession of a fortune & infinitely more. My plan is to go through the South & West & endeavor to interest my friends so as to commence with a list of at least 500 subscribers. With this list I can take the matter into my own hands. There are some few of my friends who have sufficient confidence in me to advance their subscriptions — but at all events succeed I will. Poe, E. A. (2009). E. A. Poe to G. W. Eveleth (1848). Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. Web. Edgar Allan Poe: On Plagiarism of Mr. Longfellow (1845) It is universally, in private conversation — out of the knot of rogues and madmen aforesaid — admitted that the poetical claims of Mr. Longfellow [a poet and professor of Harvard] have been vastly overrated, and that the individual himself would be esteemed little without the accessaries of wealth and position. It is usually said, that he has a sufficient scholarship, a fine taste, a keen appreciation of the beautiful, a happy memory, a happier tact at imitation or transmutation, felicity of phrase and some fancy. A few insist on his imagination — thus proving the extent of their own — and showing themselves to be utterly unread in the old English and modern German literature, to one or other of which, the author of “Outre Mer” is unquestionably indebted for whatever imagination or traces of invention his works may display. … The simple truth is, that, whatever may be the talents of Professor Longfellow, he is the Great Mogul [a large diamond] of the Imitators. There is, perhaps, no other country than our own, under the sun, in which it would have been possible for him to have attained his present eminence; and no other, certainly, in which, after having attained it by accident or chicanery, he would not have been hurled from it in a very brief period after its attainment. Poe, E. A. (2021). Review of Longfellow’s poems (text-02). Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. Web. James Brooks: On Poe’s “The Raven” (1845) There is a poem in this book, [The American Whig Review,] which far surpasses anything that has been done even by the best poets of the age: — indeed there are none of them who could pretend to enter into competition with it, except, perhaps, Alfred Tennyson [famous British poet]; and he only to be excelled out of measure. Nothing can be conceived move effective than the settled melancholy of the poet bordering upon sullen despair, and the personification of this despair in the Raven settling over the poet’s door, to depart thence “Nevermore.” In power and originality of versification the whole is no less remarkable than it is, psychologically, a wonder. Poe, E. A. (2021). Review of Longfellow’s poems (text-02). Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Introduction 2. Original Architectural design 3. Modern Architectural Design 4. Mary Gates Hall (external View) 5. Conclusion 6. References 7. Footnotes Introduction The Mary Gates Hall is a testament to modern architecture that incorporates or builds on the architecture design of picturesque drawings of prior architects. The research focuses on architectural design. The research zeroes in on the architectural design of Mary Gates Hall. The best of architecture incorporates the environmental influences for future generations to appreciate and understand the heritage of prior architectural designs. Original Architectural design Based on pictures 1 , the new architectural masterpiece is the metamorphosis of a former physics building. The Mary Gates Hall was named after Bill and Mary Gates donated $10 million to aid the students of diverse backgrounds as they learn the rudiments of their trade and crafts needed to succeed in life’s struggles after the students’ graduation. The Mary Gates Hall is an L-shaped building. Bill and Mary Gates donated money for the structural support of the University of Washington’s endeavor to mold the leaders of the United States’ future. The building faces the School’s library location. The exterior walls are the remaining skeletal structure of the former physics area. The historically designed walls are renovated with modern-day trusses. The same hall has new plaster sections that bring the ambiance of a gracious as well as spacious elegantly architecture interior study area space. The architectural design of Mary Gates Hall persuasively entices the students to focus on their studies. The Mary Gates Hall was architecturally intended to present elegant interior designs for students eagerly pursuing their higher learning activities. The Hartman- Cox-inspired building had been designed to showcase relevant and valid exhibitions of priceless and meaningful art collections. The building’s architectural design is to ensure the centrality of a college education within the University of Washington. The centralization is geared towards ensuring the housing and centralization of the educational materials (books and other references) and students of the University of Washington. In addition, the Mary Gates Hall includes the dean’s office, the Gateway Center, the University Honors Program, the University of Washington dream project, and the Center for Experiential Learning, Office of Minority Affairs and Diversity. Further, the Mary Gates Hall had won many prestigious architectural and other related awards for its influential contribution to the United States educational system. The Mary Gates Hall won The 2000 Masonry Institute of Washington Excellence in Masonry Design Awards. The same Mary Gates Hall also won the 2000 International Union of Bricklayer and Allied Craftworkers for being the best in the entire Region 9 area. In addition, the Mary Gates Hall won the Excellence in Masonry Design Honor Awards. The Mary Gates Hall also won the 2001 Architectural Woodwork (Excellence Award). Modern Architectural Design Mary Gates Hall (external View) The picture above 2 clearly shows that the building structure fits the architectural requirements of the discriminating students. Space and learning ambiance is instilled as only two of the ingredient requirements of construction. The above structure houses the excellently architectured (designed) rooms shown below. The classrooms of Mary Gates Hall. The seats are made of cushions The building is grounded on historical value 3 . The new building makeover is a renovation of the historical physics building of the historical past. The building relates to issues examined in class. The building excellently fits the physical condition needed to encourage the diversely populated students to prioritized learning a new or current academic lesson needed to catapult the students into the limelight after their graduation. The current Mary Gates Hall builds on the previously standing physics building by improving and enhancing the original building structure of the Mary Gates Hall. The process surely keeps the traditional American lifestyle or movement going by keeping the traditional structure of the former Physics building. Architectural history states that many architects prefer diverse building styles. The architects of the New Mary Gates Hall building state that they are holding on to the past as the architects incorporate the latest in information technology to make the building sight for sore eyes (beautifully crafted). The architectural design is similar to the designs discussed in the classroom – architectural design to fit the temperament, climate, historical, and other conditions of the community with the end in mind of offering the eager students a suitable place to study. Thus, this writer’s knowledge of architectural design and sentimental process helps the writer to appreciate the beauty of the physics building’s leveling up from its prior ordinary architectural design to its current award-winning architectural masterpiece to keep up with the times. Conclusion Based on the above discussion, the Mary Gates Hall is an architectural legacy to modern architecture that incorporates or builds on the successful architecture design of prior architects. The research focuses on architectural design. The research zeroes in on the architectural design of Mary Gates Hall. Indeed, the best of architecture incorporates the environmental factors for future generations to appreciate and comprehend the heritage of prior architectural achievements. References No author, Mary Gates Hall . Web. Footnotes 1. www.washington.edu 2. www.bassettiarch.com 3. www.css.washington.edu | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Photography and Its History Essay Photography has been understood as both an art and a documentary medium. It has, in other words, been used to provide aesthetic experience and to record information. How did these divergent purposes coexist and conflict in photography’s early history? Photography is a language system that conveys a message; it is portrayed in an appropriate way to allow essay readability. Since photography inventions, its major purpose has been to provide precise representations of objects, record information, and provide aesthetic value. However, modern photography came with more complexity, as it does not only utilize the camera as a means of recording technology but suggests numerous ways in which photography can bear witness in the world. This is termed as documentary photography in which a value of a photograph is measured by its worth of objectivity, which depends on the subject matter, the perception of why it is taken, and the context in which the photograph is taken. These changes were brought by the urge of photographers to seek photographs that document and influence social and political issues. Documentary photography is the most popular form of photography in the world today; its rules are intertwined with ancient photography. Photographers such as Robert Frank are accredited with developing this genre of photography. In the 1990s, Nicholas Nixon documented excessively the American life, in the same line, a South African photographer Pieter Hugo, documented the African traditions in the form of artistic presentation. There are some important aspects that the world photographers focused on, such as the world of art and modern galleries, by showing people their works and obtain a source of income out of that. They embraced this kind of photography because it relates to long term projects that give long term stories, while photojournalism is more concerned with breaking news stories. An example of the modern kind of photography is the famous photo of the migrant mother taken by Dorothea Lange during the Great Depression. Others include Alfred S4eglitz (1864-1946), Equivalents, gela4n silver prints, 1923 and Gertrude Kasebier (1852-1934), The Bat , Odilon Redon (1840-1916), Death , gum pla4num print, 1902 lithograph, 1889 How are the histories of photography and modernity intertwined? How did modernity shape photography, and how did photography shape modernity? Photography is characterized as modern art that supersedes traditional art. The major responsibility of photography is that it should be socially useful and relevant to modern society. The invention of photography was intertwined with modernization, which took place in the industrial revolution. It represents the modern structure of the image. At the beginning of the 20 th century, photography was a source of mass communication. This meant that photojournalism acquired glamour and authority as newspapers and magazines diffused into the market. At this period, photographic artists sought photographs used in the mass culture so as to develop the aesthetic and intrinsic nature of photographic materials. In Europe, Avant-garde artists broke down traditional art formations with a utopian aim to merge art with everyday activities. The modern photographers embraced a technological means in photography production, development of media practices to engage the social, political issue. Modernism did not concentrate on photography in particular, but it implicitly used a simplified way of explaining the worldwide value that erases its ideological meaning. The examples include Jabez Edwin Mayall (1810-1901), carte de visit of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, 3 1⁄4 x 2 inches, 1861 and Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), Napoleon Bonaparte in his Study , oil on canvas, 80 x 50 inches, 1812 People have always been a popular photographic subject. In what ways were individuals and groups of people represented in early photography? What historical factors motivated these representational practices, and how did they affect understandings of identity and society? The rise of photography in the 18th century considers with great American Indian change, a period characterized by wars, disease, and cultural disruption. The studio portrait and neutral ethnographic images of American Indians were made on the daguerreotype template on which they could tell a story of a community, for example, Louis-Jacques-Made Daguerre, Atelier , daguerreotype, 1837. When the Indian cultures bend into the pressure of mainstreaming the American civilization, most photographers captured images which compared a civilized Indian to the traditional bound Indian. The early photographs were visual records that represented important people, their history and culture. The photographers accompanied the government expeditions in the west and Indian delegations in Washington D.C. these photos generated a national legacy the American Indian people that are of great significance of photo representation. The early photographs portrayed peoples’ way of lives, their struggles and their daily activities. The photos sought to give stories of people, showcase their struggle and give insights on how people struggled under colonial rule and how they embraced civilization. Some more examples of photos taken on the early days include: Louis Daguerre, Studio SDll-Life , daguerreotype, 1837 and Henry Peach Robinson (1830-1901), The Lady of Shallot , albumen print from two nega4ves, 1861. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Steel Pan Music History Report (Assessment) The musical traditions hosted by Trinidad often reflect its complex political history. Certain trends in musical styles and types of musical instruments emerged as a reply to the oppressive politics of European colonizers (Manuel, Bilby, & Largey 240). One of the bright examples of such creative and ingenious response to the British cultural repression is the invention of steel drum, or pan (Manuel et al. 240). The tradition of steel pan music embodies the key social trends of Caribbean society aimed at social inclusiveness (Johnson 206). The roots of steel pan bands can be traced back to the colonial past, when slaves of African origin were not allowed to practice their cultural rites and to express their national identity via playing drums (Pilgrim 427). Even after abolition of slavery in 1834, they were forced to shift their traditional celebrations of canboulay [1] to carnival days, and those were the only times when they could practice playing self-made percussion instruments (Pilgrim 427). At first those percussion ensembles consisted of bamboo tubes which were hit by sticks and therefore were called “tamboo-bamboo” after the material of instruments (Manuel et al. 240). Later on, the wooden details were substituted with metal ones and by the early 1940s metal drums took over the traditional “tamboo-bamboo” instruments (Manuel et al. 240). Initially, a steel band ensemble included most primitive objects as its instruments: biscuit or paint tins, kerosene containers, empty oil drums — everything that had a certain pitch would be used for making rhythmical music (Pilgrim 427). Everything connected with steel band activities acquires a prefix ‘pan-‘: the instruments are called pans, the performance places are panyards, the performers are pan-beaters, etc. (Pilgrim 426). According to their range, pans are classified into five categories, ranging from tenor to bass pans (Pilgrim 426). The bass, cello, and tenor pans are used for harmony, while the more sharp-sounding ping-pong drums play the melody (Manuel et al. 242). The repertoire performed by pan bands is extremely diversified: from traditional folk songs to soundtrack tunes to works of classical music (Manuel et al. 242). The social significance of steel bands lays in the fact that they allow inclusion of a wide range of social strata in their performance practice. On the one hand, initially created as a way of music making for the lowest and poorest classes of society, steel bands easily allowed representatives of middle class in their friendly community (Johnson 206). On the other hand, steel bands included amateurs who could read no score, and therefore they promoted the spirit of shared improvisation and cooperation between its members. In addition, as steel bands enjoyed more and more popularity with the people, their competitive nature emerged in the form of so-called revving [2] which emphasized the individual skills and strong points of each band (Johnson 208). In terms of political implications, steel bands revealed their unique quality of promoting amateur culture. Initially frowned upon by the British authorities, steel bands appeared to attract so many tourists that they were gradually recognized as national cultural heritage and accepted as legal. In 1951 Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra, TASPO, brought the art of steel pan performance on a tour around England, and since 1963 a Panorama competition is held among steel bands (Manuel et al. 242). The popularity and the public recognition steel bands have acquired during the last century shows that this initially underground movement has evolved into a full-blood trend in amateur music that not only brings enjoyment but also helps to resolve social and political tensions. Works Cited Johnson, Kim. “Notes on the Pan.” Carnival: Culture in Action: The Trinidad Experience . Ed. Milla Cozart Riggio. New York, NY: Routlege, 2004. 204–212. Print. Manuel, Peter, Kenneth Bilby, and Michael Largey. Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae . Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2006. Print. Pilgrim, Scofield. “Steelband in Trinidad and Tobago, or, Trinidad Steelband.” Music in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Encyclopedic History . Ed. Malena Kuss. Vol. 2. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007. 425–430. Print. Footnotes 1. Canboulay is a traditional slave drum parade that celebrates burning the sugarcane before reaping (Pilgrim 427). 2. In this context revving means increasing the competitive spirit between the musicians by increasing the tempo and virtuosity of performance. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Trade-Offs That Affect Distribution Operations Report (Assessment) Introduction Various trade-offs affect distribution. The first one is the trade-off between distribution and transportation operations. The lack of distribution warehouses increases the operating costs incurred by any organization because huge shipments have to be moved over long distances from the point of manufacture to the market. It is therefore important for organizations to create several warehouses to make it possible for smaller shipments to be transported from the warehouses to the market. The trade-off between distribution and inventory is also important. The increase of storage warehouses to an organization increases the total inventory costs but at a declining rate. This is a result of the duplication of the safety stock by the extra warehouses. The trade-off between distribution operations and customer service should highly be considered. Additional distribution facilities narrow the geographical gap between the customers and the suppliers thus enhancing the quality of customer service rendered by the organization. When distribution facilities are closer to the buyers, the buyers are saved from having to travel long distances to obtain their goods. However, the establishment of additional distribution costs increases the operating costs of the organization. It is therefore important for the organization to conduct a cost-benefit analysis to determine the profitability of increasing the number of distribution facilities. The trade-off between the basic resources needed by the distribution personnel should also be considered. These resources include space, equipment, and human capital. Space enables the organization to store excess goods when supply exceeds demand. The equipment enables the organization to transport and store the goods most efficiently. Human resources are the most important because they perform a multitude of roles including the smooth operation of equipment (Coyle et al., 2008, p.467). The four-step approach to managing the sourcing and procurement process The four steps involved in managing the sourcing and procurement process include: Determination of the kind of purchase to be made There are three types of purchase activities and include the straight rebuy, the modified rebuy, and the new buy activities (Coyle et al., 2008, p.570). The type of purchase to be made affects to a great extent the complexity of the sourcing and procurement process. The straight rebuy type of purchase is the least costly in terms of the number of efforts that have to be made in the procurement process. The other two purchase types are costly. Determination of the level of investment to be made There are two major types of investment that have to be made during the sourcing and procurement process: time and information. Time is spent during the purchase process and the time needed increases with the complexity and importance of the purchase being made. Information needed for the sourcing and procurement process can be classified as internal or external. Internal information concerns the conditions of the buyer and the effects of the purchase on the organization. External information concerns the item to be purchased. Execution of the procurement process This step involves the actual purchase according to the clients’ specifications. The procurement officer records data about the actual time and information that were used in the procurement. Assessment of the effectiveness of the sourcing process This is the last step which seeks to address two issues: satisfaction of the client’s needs and the necessity of the investment. The necessity of the investment is measured by comparing the amount of time and information used in an attempt to satisfy the client’s needs. If ineffectiveness of the process is discovered, the cause should be identified and appropriate remedies are taken to avoid a similar situation in the future. Reference List Coyle, J.J., Langley, C.J., Gibson, B.J., Novack, R.A., and Bardi, E.J. (2008). Supply chain management: A logistics perspective (8 th ed.). Mason, Ohio: South-Western. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Effects of Social Media on Egypt Revolution Proposal Essay Table of Contents 1. Research Topic 2. Research Questions 3. Research Hypothesis 4. Theoretical Perspectives 5. Literature Review 6. Research Methods 7. References Research Topic Egyptians and the rest of the world will remember 2011 as a year when this country experienced major changes in its political arena (Lynch 2013). This proposal will investigate how demonstrators used Facebook and Twitter to communicate with their members, Egyptian leadership, and the international community. This topic is interesting because there is a need to examine how and why social media had significant impacts on the success of the revolution. Research Questions How were the messages coded to influence the behavior of demonstrators? The secondary questions that will be answered by the research include the following. What did the government do to regulate the freedom of speech and expression through social media during the uprising? It will examine the communication strategies employed by social media experts to magnify the evils of the ruling regime to warrant its expulsion from power. It will find out the future of social media in the political future of this country. Research Hypothesis The 2011 Egypt Revolution was a resounding success for demonstrators because they used social media to unite, communicate and plan protests. Governments have little or no control over social media websites like Facebook and Twitter, and this makes them a very powerful tool for influencing human behaviour. Theoretical Perspectives Manuel Castells’s Network Society Theory will be used to explain how demonstrators from different regions used Facebook and Twitter to plan, meet and execute their strategies (Biagi 2012). Byron Hawk’s presentation of the New Media Theory will help this research in analysing the impacts of modern communication in promoting efficiency and urgency of delivering information. The Social Movement Theory advanced by Alberto Bellucci will help the researcher to evaluate the contributions of technology in fostering solidarity amongst members facing similar predicaments (Kadushin 2011). Literature Review The research paper will use theoretical perspectives and review the literature provided by Catherine O’Donnell (New Study Quantifies Use of Social Media in the Arab Spring). This author conducted research and provided information about the effects of social media in influencing the success of Egypt Revolution. Research Methods People that understand Egypt’s history will be interviewed to understand why Egyptians wanted to change their leadership. Information will be obtained from online sources and literature submitted by researchers in this field. Video clips and speeches obtained from various sites and libraries will also be analysed to offer information on this research topic. These methods are appropriate because the information obtained through them was collected from different scenes during the revolution; therefore, the data provided is reliable and accurate. The researcher is planning to collect raw data from different websites. Permission will be obtained from relevant authorities by writing emails to them and requesting to use their data for academic purposes. Data analysis techniques will include selecting an appropriate sample population and examining its use of social media. In addition, it will include comparing information obtained from different websites, books or articles to ensure there are consistency and accuracy of data. Lastly, it will involve using the information obtained to test the hypotheses formulated. References Biagi, S 2012, Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, Cengage Learning, New York. Kadushin, C 2011. Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Lynch, M 2013. The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East, PublicAffairs, New York. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Nonaudit Services and Earnings Management Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Background and hypothesis development 3. Research design and empirical results 4. Conclusions 5. Works Cited Introduction Frankel, Johnson, and Nelson attempted to provide not only the theoretical framework of how the non-audit services can be linked to the practices of corporate earnings management but also the empirical results incorporated in the authors’ study. There is a growing number of concerns about the degree to which practices of earnings management are related to fees auditors receive for the provision of non-audit services. In particular, those concerns relate to the fact that such practices can limit the boundaries of the auditors’ independence and, as a result, increase the amount of earnings management. In the situation, where auditor’s fee depends on the company’s executives to whom an auditor provides his or her services, it is reasonable to assume that financial encouragement and an increase in fee creates an incentive for auditors to assist and participate in earnings management. For that reason, there is several various initiatives from the governments and controlling bodies aimed at discoursing payments to the auditors for non-audit services. The objective of such initiatives is to regain the auditors’ independence and to increase monitoring and control of earnings management. Background and hypothesis development In terms of auditors’ independence, there is a rule issued by the SEC, concerning the requirements of the Commission to auditors and their practice, especially regarding non-audit services. The main requirement of the rule is the necessity of obligatory disclosure of the fees received by the auditors for such services in a form of proxy statements (Frankel, Johnson, and Nelson 73). It is also important to point out that based on such data, it became possible for the Commission to analyze the implications of different categories of auditors’ fees and their potential relation to earnings management practices. As a result of disclosures, the experts’ assessment stated that the highest possibility of linkage to fees related to earnings management is associated with the category ‘All Other Fees’. Naturally, the presence of such a category is not a direct indication of an auditor’s bias. Moreover, considering all the facts, the hypothesis is that the very practice of providing both audit and non-audit services is not linked to earnings management. However, on the other hand, it is important to analyze the reasons why there are correlations between such services and earnings management, and whether the disclosure helped in any way to increase auditors’ independence in regard to these services. Research design and empirical results The results obtained by Frankel, Johnson, and Nelson took into consideration different earnings management variables, “including discretionary total accruals, discretionary working capital accruals, and performance-matched discretionary accruals” (Frankel, Johnson, and Nelson 73). It is imperative to underline that the study demonstrated different results not only in terms of different categories of fees but also in relation to the size of companies. Thus, according to Frankel, Johnson, and Nelson, there is no significant association between non-audit fees from larger companies and earnings management. Small increases in payment to auditors in the majority of cases were coincidental or not related to earnings management. Conclusions From a broader perspective, results obtained by Frankel, Johnson, and Nelson suggest that although companies who pay for non-audit services are more likely to be involved in earnings management practices, there is no direct linkage between non-audit services themselves and managing income. On a larger scale, small increases in auditors’ earnings do not appear to be directly related to managed earnings or limitations of auditors’ independence. Works Cited Frankel, Richard, Marilyn Johnson, and Karen Nelson. “The Relation between Auditors’ Fees for Nonaudit Services and Earnings Management.” The Accounting Review 77.1 (2002): 71-105. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The selected passage 2. A contextualization of the passage 3. An exposition of the meaning of passage 4. The significance of the passage 5. Works Cited The selected passage “Pity has a strange dialectic, at one moment it requires guilt, the next moment it will not have it, and so it is that to be predestinated to pity is more and more dreadful the more the individual’s misfortune is in the direction of the spiritual. But Sarah had no blame attaching to her, she is cast forth as a prey to every suffering and in addition to this has to endure the torture of pity–for even I who admire her more than Tobias loved her, even I cannot mention her name without saying, “Poor girl” (Kierkegaard unpaged). A contextualization of the passage The passage is taken from Problem 3 which is supposed to illustrate the experiences of Abraham who intends to kill his son in order to demonstrate his devotion to God. In this particular section of the book, the writer intends to speak about such a concept as pity from an aesthetic viewpoint. It should be noted that Kierkegaard pays close attention to this notion because he needs to discuss such a character as Sarah who suffered a great number of misfortunes in the course of her life. More importantly, Kierkegaard wants to determine whether this feeling can be applicable to this person and what kind of effects this feeling can produce on an individual, his/her self-esteem, and attitude toward others. Thus, it is important to show how exactly Kierkegaard approaches this question in his discussion and how he applies his arguments toward Biblical and literary characters. The selected passage can throw a new light on the ideas of Kierkegaard, and his attitude toward many ethical issues. An exposition of the meaning of passage First, it should be noted that this passage illustrates the conflicting nature of pity and the reasons the influence of this feeling should be reassessed. To a great extent, the argument of Kierkegaard is supposed to highlight the idea that pity usually requires some feeling of guilt from a person. One of the arguments that the philosopher makes is that this feeling is intolerable to an individual. To a great extent, this feeling belittles a human being, and in the long term, this emotion can only lead to the bitterness of the individual who is a subject of pity. This is one of the reasons why later Kierkegaard wants to speak about the detrimental effects of pity by looking at Richard III who was eloquently described by William Shakespeare. This cruelty of this person can be largely explained by the fact that other people felt only pity for him, but paid no attention to other qualities of this person. This example is vital for understanding the ideas of Kierkegaard and his opinions on ethics and art. The most important element that should be taken into consideration is that the author focuses on the so-called predestination for pity which means that the compassion is the only feeling that some person evokes. This concept is important for describing such a character as Sarah. In his opinion, this predestination can only harm an individual because he/she can be obsessed with the feeling of his/her worthlessness. In the long term, he/she can become even more alienated from other people. As it has been said before, this experience can only embitter a person or make him/her make more miserable. This opinion is important for Kierkegaard who wants to readers to evaluate the impacts of pity on a person. To a great extent, Kierkegaard believes that this feeling only highlights the weaknesses of an individual. This is one of the main conclusions that can be drawn from this particular passage. As it has been said before, Kierkegaard wants the readers to look at various situations describes in the Bible from an aesthetic viewpoint, and such an approach can lead to the re-assessment of various ethical principles and norms that are usually deemed to be conventional by many people. It seems that this discussion is important for explaining the ideas of Kierkegaard who tried to present a re-evaluation of various questions related to philosophy, theology, and literature. The significance of the passage It seems that this passage is important for understanding the many views that Kierkegaard could have held on art, ethics, or religion. It can help readers gain deeper insights into other questions that this philosopher examines in his book. To a great extent, he wishes to show that an individual should first try to display respect for another person, rather than only pity because in this way one can better empower an individual. The ideas of this philosopher contradict the ethical principles according to which a pity is critical for the morality of a person and his/her interactions with other individuals. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that Kierkegaard looks at Biblical characters from an aesthetic perspective. This is one of the reasons why he presents a dramatically different discussion of many ethical norms. This is one of the reasons why this passage should not be disregarded by people who study the works of Kierkegaard, his ethical and aesthetic views. Works Cited Kierkegaard, Soren 1999. Fear and Trembling . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
It has chain solutions that utilize inventory management systems such as fixed order quantity or fixed interval inventory. The company, therefore, uses the economic order quantity model to assist its clients in ascertaining and managing minimum stock levels or re-order points. The company’s distribution focus has shifted to the new time-based inventory replacement techniques. The objectives of the techniques are to eradicate surplus inventories, offer high-quality products with no defects, and dispatch small and regular replenishment quantities (GABLER’s Warehousing and Distribution, 2012). The firm has inventory issues such as re-order costs and stockout costs, among others. The company has to create a balance between the costs of regular re-ordering and outflow of holding stock. It can overcome the challenge by adhering to the principle of EOQ. The principle provides the rationale for centralizing stock holding. The stand-in order of the EOQ is placed when inventory levels drop to a preset re-order level. One of the weaknesses of this system is that variable demand can lead to the creation of an inconsistent pattern of re-ordering. The periodic review method, however, can be utilized to eradicate the setback. The company has combined two inventory management methods to produce a hybrid system that allows a frequent review of order quantities (Couper and Mould, n.d.). The system is appropriate for the business. Gabler Trucking, Inc. has spacious and convenient storage facilities. It has efficient temperature-controlled warehouse amenities. Further, the management and workers of the company have developed positive work ethics that allows them to work together to streamline the flow of products (GABLER’s Warehousing and Distribution, 2012). Additionally, the system enhances the setting of re-order levels such that just sufficient stock is held to cover up the lead-time for delivery. Therefore, it is an effective tool for helping the company to maintain stock in line with demand and sales trends. The system is also effective for improving stock turnover rates and helping to minimize wastage of inventory surplus. Besides, it helps the company to correct inappropriate decisions about disposal or discontinuance of different stock items (Silver and Peterson, 1985). References Couper, A., & Mould, G. (n.d.). The OR Society. The OR Society – Operational Research, at the Heart of Analytics . Web. GABLER’s Warehousing and Distribution.(2012). GABLER TRUCKING, INC, . Web. Silver, E. A., & Peterson, R. (1985). Decision Systems for Inventory Management and Production Planning (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Interestingly, global efforts toward eliminating the disease have paid off in the recent past. For example, “in 2012, there were only 223 cases of the disease, while in 2013, 416 cases were reported” (Global Health Policy, 2014, para. 1). It is worth noting that polio is expected to be eradicated by 2018. In fact, the infection has been wiped out in about 120 nations across the world, while it is endemic in only three nations. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has helped global efforts to eradicate the disease in a significant number of countries (Global Health Policy, 2014). The vaccine is relatively cheap and is easily administered by healthcare givers. If the “efforts will be successful by 2018, then it will be the second time in history to eradicate a disease affecting human beings” (Global Health Policy, 2014, para. 4). Relevance to the Global Health Policy The US government has been at the forefront in fighting polio over the years. Global Health Policy would achieve much if the disease would be eradicated in all nations by 2018. Private-public partnerships would be critical in achieving the goals established for fighting polio. Some of the organizations that play key roles in the eradication efforts are the CDC, the WHO, Rotary International, and UNICEF. Article summary: Innovative Toilet Technology for the 21st Century The “Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation promised to give a grant of about $400,000 to the University of KwaZulu-Natal’s Pollution Research Group (PRG)” (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014, para. 1). The funds are aimed at supporting an innovative program that would result in relatively high levels of technology related to toilets and sanitation. Professor Chris Buckley “would lead a group of local and international experts to design and implement an innovative toilet system, which would culminate in safe waste disposal” (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014, para. 5). Researchers in the project argue that users would not be required to pay utility bills, such as electricity bills. Another advantage of the product is that it would be economically accessible. In order for the project to succeed, the PRG will focus on obtaining crucial assistance from many partners in South Africa. For example, “eThekwini Water and Sanitation Company would be expected to offer logistical support in relation to community ablution blocks” (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014, para. 1). In addition, Hering South Africa would help to design the toilet system due to its high level of expertise in the field. Some students in the university will gain crucial skills through participating in the project. References Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2014). Innovative Toilet Technology for the 21st Century . Web. Global Health Policy. (2014). The U.S. Government and Global Polio Efforts . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Aspects and Principles of Interpersonal Communication Report (Assessment) A journal is a document which sheds light into some of the ways that people or human beings may be thinking at some point in time. It offers insights into what one views a given aspect of life at a given point in time. It may be social, academic, financial or even psychological. In this paper I am going to write my journal based on three areas. These areas include the cognitive area, the affective area and the behavioral aspect. Interpersonal communication is defined as the kind of communication that takes place among persons. It is an important aspect in a human being. During my study I have interacted with several principles of interpersonal communication. The two concepts which have captivated me the most have been as follows. First, interpersonal communication is inescapable this implies that as a person I cannot live on my own. I need to communicate with the others so that I can be able to belong in this society. In addition, for communication to be effective there is interplay of very many factors which include both verbal and non verbal communication. The second principle is the fact that as a communicator I cannot take back that which I have communicated before. This entails the fact that communication is irreversible. So it is my responsibility to ensure that I am keen as to what I communicate with others. This entails responding to the question of self definition and self description. As a person, I am a student, part time employee, tall, light skinned, outgoing, focused and daring. Based on this I defined self concept as the way I view myself as a person. As a person, I can describe myself as vivacious, daring, timid, outgoing, outspoken, focused, motivated, adventurers, funny and peaceful. These words may not create my accurate self concept because some of them are rarely come to the fore in the day to day experiences, and some of them are my ideal admirations. Some of the words which I would like to see removed from my list include outspoken and timid. And the words which I would like to see added to my list include courageous and introspective. This is because at times I have found myself at loggerheads with my colleagues simply because I am both timid and at times outspoken. It is like I oscillate. In my opinion, perception is the world view I hold about issues of life. In my life, I have had experiences where my perception of the world affecting me either positively or negatively. One instance is when I vocalized that politics is a dirty game based on my world view with regard to politics. Eventually, I ended at loggerheads with my colleagues who held a contrary opinion. This led me to realize that the perception which I held previously had a major impact on how I viewed life in entirety. There are various areas of myself which I would like to improve. This is because I feel that I might have undervalued their importance and at the same time I may have not utilized them as I ought to have utilized them. These areas are assertiveness and negotiation skills. Assertiveness as a skill is a very important aspect of our very being. This is because it enables and empowers us to initiate and arrive at conclusions amicably. As a person, I have found that I have struggled with saying no to people thus I feel the need to be able to stand up for what I believe. Secondly, negotiation as a skill enables people who are in the business field to be able to arrive at some conclusions of subjects which are valuable and important in business while maintaining the necessary business networks. There various people who have been effective in this area who I feel I can learn a great deal from, for example the former United Nations Secretary General, Kofi Annan. I believe that I can be able to learn to apply this person’s behavior in a manner that guarantees progress in my spheres of my life. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
A“How Does Prior Word Knowledge Affect Vocabulary Learning Process in an Extensive Reading Program?” Critical Essay The article under discussion is devoted to the experimental study of the prior vocabulary’s influence on the successful enlargement of a linguistic stock via extensive reading. The following research is primarily focused on the second language learners of different levels. The research is aimed at identifying the efficiency of extensive reading in terms of a word stock’s extension. The value of this research is determined by the shortage of experimental studies in the relevant field. The participant base was represented by sixty students at the age of sixteen years. They took part in the same program that implied studying through extensive reading. All of them were asked to pass two tests that were supposed to identify their level. The results of a pretest were compared with the grades in the final test to find out the interconnection between the initial linguistic stock and the volume of the vocabulary after the course. The presence or the absence of such relation was to become either the hypothesis’s validation or its refutation (Webb and Chang 7). The materials’ base used throughout the course was represented by the books from Oxford series along with their audio variants. Thus, the participants did not choose the texts on their own but were offered to read the similar literature (Webb and Chang 8). The targeted word stock was determined with the help of a quasirandom sampling method. The dependent measures were calculated via the two matching tests both at the beginning and at the end of the reading course (Webb and Chang 10). The research course lasted for four months including unexpected cancelations and schedule changes. The experience showed that the participants were likely to experience a lot of difficulties at the first stages of their extensive reading. No particular focus was made on the targeted vocabulary; instead, the instructor encouraged the students to concentrate on the stories’ plot. However, after completing four books, most of the students began showing sincere interest as they were more involved in the process and less embarrassed by the linguistic complexity. Over the period of the course, the participants were offered to complete various post-reading tasks, although they were not presented as obligatory and could be chosen according to one’s interests. The targeted vocabulary was searched through dictionaries or explained in class (Webb and Chang 11). The data analysis was performed with the help of the SPSS and took place in stages. First of all, the pretest results enabled the researchers to classify the students into three groups basing on their knowledge level. Webb and Chang were mostly focused on the analysis of the relative gains rather than the actual gains. In order to obtain the most accurate results, the multiple comparisons were used at this stage of the research. The next step implied the usage of the paired samples aimed at comparing how varied were the results provided by the groups belonging to different knowledge levels. In the end, the researchers applied Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients in the interest of estimating the character of the word stock change (Webb and Chang 12). The thorough examination of the gathered data allowed the researchers to come to several conclusions. First of all, it turned out that the participants with the initially high knowledge level showed better relative gains than the low-level students. The members of the intermediate group provided average results, as it was assumed in the beginning. Therefore, the successful performance of the high-level students served as an evidence of the extensive reading efficiency. The comparison of the gains within a particular group revealed the fact that the amount of the vocabulary acquired via extensive reading depended significantly on the personal peculiarities of a participant. Thus, students were apt to show a considerable shift in the word stock extension irrespective of their knowledge level. Finally, the research proved the existence of an evident correlation between the prior vocabulary and the potentially obtained linguistic stock. It can be logically explained by the students’ stronger intention to read when they understand at least half of the material and their larger potential to learn new words when they know the meaning of the neighboring phrases (Webb and Chang 12). The researchers suggest that the outcomes identify three pedagogical challenges. To begin with, it is crucial that a teacher appropriately selects the group targeted for extensive reading. Moreover, one is to perform a considerable preparatory work to facilitate the reading process for low-level students. Lastly, it is highly necessary to improve the system that would allow students to progress from one level to another in a precise timeframe and on the specific conditions (Webb and Chang 21). In conclusion, one should point out that the discussed research and the gathered results can represent considerable value for pedagogical application and methodology planning. The collected data proves the efficiency of the extensive reading for the second language learning students of all the levels. The data collection methods were chosen in accordance with the type of the research and its design. Nevertheless, one might presume that the research hypothesis was not precise enough and implied several profound questions that would, probably, be better examined if they had been considered separately. Works Cited Webb, Stuart and Anna C.-S. Chang. “How Does Prior Word Knowledge Affect Vocabulary Learning Process in an Extensive Reading Program?” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 36.2 (2015): 1-25. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Metabolic Syndrome Essay Table of Contents 1. The biological basis of energy homeostasis 2. Recent and current research on metabolic syndrome 3. Value and application of research findings 4. References The biological basis of energy homeostasis In humans, homeostasis is regulated by a complex and effective biological system. The system works concisely, regardless of the limits and challenges that affect energy inputs (Johnson, 2009). These systems are responsible for the regulation of the processes of up-taking, storing and spending energy in the body. Humans control their energy homeostasis through a complex method regulated at the organ, cellular as well as molecular levels. Therefore, it is important to understand the genetic and biological basis of energy homeostasis, which is important in providing an opportunity to develop treatments of metabolic syndromes such as obesity. In normal conditions, mammals regulate blood glucose concentration in their bodies through two major factors- insulin and glucagon hormones (Cummings & Overduin, 2010). Insulin is a metabolic hormone involved in transporting glucose into body cells. However, when the glucose level inside the body cells is high, the cells receive signals instructing them to convert it into glycogen. The aim is to prevent the soluble glucose from interfering with metabolism. In this way, the hormone prevents the development of hyperglycemia. On the other hand, glucagon hormone is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. This metabolic hormone acts to produce an effect opposite to the function of insulin. It makes body cells break down glycogen to form glucose by gluconeogenesis process. It protects the body from developing hypoglycemia. Deficiency of this hormones leads to diabetes. In this way, the cells cannot convert glucose into insoluble glycogen, resulting into hyperglycemia. Recent and current research on metabolic syndrome Over the years, a number of studies have attempted to define the cause of obesity, diabetes and other syndromes in human energy homeostasis. Hill (2009) developed a research study that attempted to understand and address obesity epidemic. The aim was to investigate the cause of the rapid and sudden increase in the prevalence of obesity, which occurred between late 1980s and 2005. The study used a quantitative approach to examine the trends and causes of the problem in various populations. According to this study, a number of etiologies are responsible for the phenomenon, including biological, environmental and behavioral factors. In a study, Okosun, Liao, Rotimi, Prewitt and Cooper (2009) aimed at evaluating the relationship between abdominal adiposity with accumulation of multiple metabolic syndromes among white, Hispanic and black communities in the US. The study used an analytical approach, focusing on a quantitative methodology. The results indicate that waist circumference (adiposity) is a marker for multiple metabolic syndromes all ethnic groups in the US. A current study by Kelly, Rayner, Mijovic & Barnett (2013) aims at finding the number of molecular markers and genetic mutations associated with metabolic syndrome. Using an empirical research and a review of current and recent studies, the paper shows that more than 600 genetic markers and a number of chromosomal regions are linked to or associated with obesity. However, no single gene mutation has been found or linked with the development of the condition. Value and application of research findings The recent and current research studies have shown that lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors are responsible for the increasing rates of metabolic syndromes. In addition, the studies indicate the importance of using multiple dimensions to address the problem, which is one of the leading public health problems in the modern world. References Cummings , D. E., & Overduin, J. (2010). Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117 (3), 13-23. Hill, J. O. (2009). Understanding and addressing the epidemic of obesity: An energy balance perspective. Endocrine Reviews, 27 (7), 750-761. Johnson, M. D. (2009). Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues . San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. Okosun, I. S., Liao, Y., Rotimi, C. N., Prewitt, T. E., & Cooper, R. S. (2009). Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic Americans. Annals of epidemiology , 10 (5), 263-270. Kelly, M. A., Rayner, M. L., Mijovic, C. H., & Barnett, A. H. (2013). Molecular aspects of type 1 diabetes. Molecular Pathology, 56 (1), 1-2. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Crisis Pressures U.S. on Gas Exports Essay Table of Contents 1. Economics News Article Analysis 2. Summary of the Article 3. Relationship with Economic Topic 4. Deeper Insights 5. Reference Economics News Article Analysis Harder, A., & Crittende, M. (2014, March 5). Crisis pressures U.S. on gas exports: Lawmakers urge administration to ease barriers to sales that could weaken Russia’s grip on Ukraine. The Wall Street Journal, p. 12. Summary of the Article The production of oil and gas in the US has significantly increased due to the use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies to exploit new oil wells. The US is expected to become the largest oil and gas producer in the world by the end of this year. Congressional Republicans and some Democrats believe that the US can use its oil and natural gas resources as a diplomatic tool while improving its oil export earnings. Thus, they are advocating for increased exportation of oil to Ukraine and other countries that are not free trade partners of the US. Currently, Ukraine imports nearly 70% of its oil and gas from Russia (Harder & Crittende, 2014). Thus, Russia has great influence on Ukraine’s political and economic activities since Ukraine heavily depends on its oil. In this respect, the US intends to eliminate Russia’s influence by exporting its oil directly to Ukraine. Increased exportation is also expected to enable oil companies to earn high prices. Currently, the law prohibits exportation of oil to none free trade partners of the US. Thus, lawmakers are arguing the President and the Department of Energy to loosen the rules on oil exportation. Relationship with Economic Topic The article is related to the economic topic or concept of supply in a free market. The international oil market is not perfectly competitive due to the limited number of oil producers and the use of government policies that restrict oil supply. Conceptually, supply has to match demand to enable the market to determine the equilibrium price of a product. Currently, the supply of oil in the US exceeds the demand in the country. Thus, oil producers/ sellers have to reduce their prices in order to sell all their output. However, the low prices make the supply of oil in the domestic market to be unprofitable. In this respect, eliminating legal restrictions on exports will allow oil companies to sell their products in international markets such as Ukraine where the supply is inadequate. As a result, US oil companies will be able to take advantage of the limited supply to charge premium prices for their products. If the US is able to maintain lower prices than Russia, Ukraine will buy its oil to reduce its cost of production. Consequently, Russia will not be the main supplier of oil and gas in Ukraine and its influence in the country will quickly dissipate. Deeper Insights Increasing US oil exports is likely to boost its economic growth in the short-term. In particular, the country’s export earnings will increase. Moreover, the country’s balance of trade will improve, thereby stabilizing its currency. Generally, increased supply of oil in the US is a competitive advantage since producers can access cheap energy or feedstock to lower their production costs. In this respect, US products will be more competitive in the local and foreign markets. The resulting increase in expenditure on US products will boost economic growth. However, the competitive advantage is likely to be eliminated in the long-term due to increased oil exportation. Specifically, the cost of production will increase as US producers compete with their foreign counterparts for oil. Thus, the Obama Administration should thoroughly evaluate the possible economic impacts of exporting oil before using the country’s oil and natural gas resources to address its diplomatic concerns. Reference Harder, A., & Crittende, M. (2014, March 5). Crisis pressures U.S. on gas exports: Lawmakers urge administration to ease barriers to sales that could weaken Russia’s grip on Ukraine. The Wall Street Journal, p. 12. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
What is plagiarism 2. How to recognize plagiarism 3. How to avoid plagiarism 4. References What is plagiarism Plagiarism involves the use of someone else’s passages, ideas, or even creative work without citations i.e. when students fail to acknowledge their sources. When we refer to other people’s work we should acknowledge that we have borrowed ideas from other people to give them credit. Any writing that has borrowed ideas from other sources and is not acknowledged is plagiarized. How to recognize plagiarism One can recognize plagiarism if for instance a writer has only paraphrased a few words in the original passage or has simply re-ordered the words in the original sentence without acknowledging his/her source. For example, the passage written by the student has been plagiarized. This is because the student has only left out some words from the original passage and has used the same words that were in the source. The two sentences with clear evidence of plagiarism are: “… the information can nevertheless be warped-by ending a study because the results are disappointing; changing rules mid-study, not trying to publish negative results; publicizing preliminary results even with and less positive results in hand; skimming over or even not acknowledging drawbacks; and, especially, casting the results in the light or, as scientists say, buffing them.” This sentence has been plagiarized because the student has only paraphrased a few words and re-ordered others. The same case applies to this sentence, “Although biomedical research incorporates rigorous scientific rules and is often critically scrutinized by peers, the information…” The student has only paraphrased a few words from the original sentence. How to avoid plagiarism Throughout school, we get information from other people and always use it when making notes or use this information to do our assignments. How then can we avoid plagiarism? 1. We should always use quotation marks when we are writing directly from a book/text. This shows that we have acknowledged that we have borrowed those particular sentences from someone else i.e. we have used the information word for word. 2. Always paraphrase but do not just re-order the words or change just a few words from the original documents. We should always use our own words. 3. Always counter-check the paraphrases to make sure that they are not the same as the original text and to ensure that the information is correct. 4. Acknowledge the source of your information by indicating where you got your information from. References John, Santrock. (2006). Your Guide to College Success: Strategies for achieving your goals . New York: Thomson Wadsworth. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The entire world seemed to be seized by the gold rush – or, to be more precise, the rush for new and unique means of self-expression in art and literature. A truly Golden Age of British poetry and its complete rebirth, the Modernist movement in the British poetry offered a number of provocative questions to solve. However, it would be a mistake to think that the entire nature of the Modern poetry was aimed solely at destruction of the existing principles and mocking the downtrodden morals. Though the intent was rather aggressive and had a lot to deal with the World War I, which made the entire world shudder and, therefore, set the whole generation into a very specific mood for the rest of their lives, making them feel the world around them collapsing, the Movement had quite noble aims: “Collectively, they were said to represent English poetry and even the contemporary English soul” (Perkins, 1987, 419). When speaking of Modern Movement, one will necessarily recall the Post-Modern one as well. However, there is a considerable gap between the two. Indeed, if considering the two a bit closer, one can see distinctly that, while Post-Modern poets were trying to find new means of expressing their feelings about the changes in the society, the Modern poets, especially Dadaists, considered the existing reality the lowest common denominator of life and, therefore, deliberately chose the most grotesque and unappealing means to depict the despised and nonsensical universe (Cook, 2008). There can be no possible doubt that the World War I had huge impact on people’s perception of the world and, therefore, on the development of Modernism. One of the cruelest experiences in the history of the humankind, the bloodbath of the WWI added to the misanthropic vision of the Modernist world. Seeing their own inability to act as basic human beings, people were completely desperate and disgusted, which Modernist poetry reflected. However, the world of Modernists did not collapse at once – on the contrary, the process of rotting was quite time-taking, which allowed to feel the essence of human vulgarity. Thus, the loss of hope was the first stage of the Modernist Movement. Then came the loss of faith. Observing incredible cruelty, people were unable to understand how God can allow such awful things to happen, which finally led to the conclusion that there was no God. Forced to be Atheists, Modernist poets had literally nothing to lose. Nevertheless, it was not only the World War that had a great impact on the Modern poetry. Along with the rest of the factors, the rapid development of science also played its part in the way people of the early XX century saw the world. With all the innovations and breakthroughs, especially in the military sphere, science took care of people’s nightmares for the rest of the century. In addition, the development of the economical state of the world’s major countries also contributed to shaping Modernist perception of reality. With the United States facing the threat of the Great Depression, and the rest of the countries being devastated by the results of the World War I, the state of affairs left much to be desired, and poverty was as common as catching a cold. Naturally, these factors shaped Modernist movement a lot. All in all, the world at the threshold of a new century was completely devastated and ruined to the core, which the Modernist poetry reflected quite well. It is quite peculiar that the Modern poetry captures the very idea of the loneliness which people felt during the bloodbath of the WWI, as well as the pessimism about the future and the notorious question on whether there actually is such thing as future of the people who have seen the horrors for the World War. Thus, it is obvious that the Modern British poetry did offer a lot of food for thoughts and was literally a major breakthrough, not only for Britain, but also for the entire world. Allowing poets to create a new universe where the reality seemed even more grotesque and all the vices of the humankind could be crucified. Therefore, Modern British poetry was basically a perfect coping mechanism for the people of the early XX century to put up with the reality. Reading Modern poems, one did not forget about the reality, but was able to laugh it off and shake it off for a little while. A shelter for the ones who tried to escape the brutal reality, Modern British poetry was a short yet great relief – and, though time flies, it still remains one of the most outstanding features of the epoch. Reference List Cook A. S. (2008). Forces in Modern and Postmodern poetry . Bern: Peter Lang. Perkins, D. (1987). A history of Modern poetry: Modernism and after . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
These disruptive changes cause several organizations to make responses in unanticipated ways. This may cause some companies to close down while others may struggle survive yet never regain their marketplace positions. Businesses usually thrive when economic conditions are stable and the business sector performs in predictable patterns. However, when an unanticipated change occurs, the organizations are usually vulnerable as there is no full understanding of changes in the marketplace, as well as the threats that they bring. It may even be very difficult to adapt to these changes even after understanding with (Nierobisch, 2010). The economic collapse and the global recession is one of the disruptive forces that our organization has had to deal with in the recent past. We are a micro financing business enterprise offering financial assistance to small businesses as well as small scale farmers. Our services include; offering banking services, loans and marketing services for our clients. We offer loans to our clients according to their capability, market their products and offer banking services for them as well. The recent global recession which almost led to our economic collapse greatly changed the way we conduct our business so as to survive the crisis. The recession resulted in price deflations and demand contractions. It became difficult to maintain our market share as well as profitability (King, 2008). Most of the goods that we were marketing did not sell as much due to the reduced purchasing power of our customers. Some of the products being perishable resulted to significant losses. We therefore had to reduce the prices hence incurring losses. Given the fact our clients had were expecting higher gains due to our past success records, most of them changed their attitudes and thinking about the business and some opted to withdraw hence jeopardizing our ability to remain viable and competitive as well. To deal with this, as an organization we had to challenge the beliefs of failure and tried to restore the clients trust in us by the assurance that success will resume once the recession is over. Several changes had to be carried out within the organization as well, despite the fact that this met with a lot of resistance. Some of the staff members have had to be laid off. Those with little experience have had to be replaced with those who are highly experienced. Employees with multiple skills were given the first priority as compared to those with a few or one skill. For instance, during recruitment excises the candidate with marketing academic qualifications, computer skills and a driving license had higher chances of being selected as opposed to the candidate who only had academic qualifications. Due to the mentioned disruptive force, as an organization, we had to act on time; we had to think strategically on our business model as well as the growth opportunities. The organization used systems thinking to tackle the recession problem as the organization witnessed an overall overhaul in its operations. For instance the organization adopted appropriate technology and most of the work that was done manually such as record keeping had to be computerized hence reducing the workforce and ensuring efficiency. Through the use of systems thinking, the management looked at the problem wholesomely and looked at the different relationships within the organization and the underlying patterns as well as root-causes of the symptoms and problems occurring daily within the organization (Senge, 2006). From the experience, I learnt that any system is a collection of subsystems or parts which are integrated with the purpose of accomplishing one overall goal. That system has different inputs that undergo certain processes so as to produce given outputs hence accomplishing the desired goal for that system. In the case of an organization, it is usually composed of numerous administrative as well as management functions, groups, individuals, products and services. In the event that one apart of the system is changed, the overall system is affected. In the event of a crisis or disruption therefore, the different subsystems must be looked at in relation to the problem and their contribution to the whole system. The problem has to be tackled by tackling the subsystems. References King, S. (2008). Lessons from the recession: a management and communication perspective. New York: State University of New York Press. Nierobisch, T. (2010). Disruptive Change and Corporate Response to it. Copenhagen: GRIN Verlag. Senge, P. (2006). The fifth discipline: The Art and Practice of Learning Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Karl Marx theory 4. Reasons for chosing the theorist 5. Conclusion 6. References Abstract Sociology is a field of science that has influenced the society to a large extent with the upcoming knowledge developed by modern academic theorists. This paper aims at discussing the significant contribution in sociology made by such a famous theorist as Karl Max. This paper aims at looking and describing the classical theory that he developed and provides evidence supporting my choice of the theorist and his outstanding contribution in the field of sociology. Introduction In sociological context, theories play a pivotal role in trying to understand the society and their behaviors per se. Yvonne Vissing (2011) discusses various leading theorists and their significant contributions in the field of sociology. These theorists include Karl Marx, C. Wright, Howard Becker, W.I. Thomas, Harret Martineau among others. According to Laura Desfor Edles and Scott Appelrouth (2010), to understand one’s contribution in development of the sociology, one ought to read his or her writings to comprehend the ideas behind the theory. Karl’s theory bases on the context that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” (Adorno, 2000). Marx’s work influenced not only the students, but also other scholars who found his work distinct. An outstanding example is Though Veblen who embraced Marxists models of society and social change (Desfor Edles, & Appelrouth, 2010). Karl Marx theory Though Karl Marx never considered himself a sociologist, his work contributed to the promotion of critical thinking, considerably in this field. On critical analysis of Marx’s view, since the emergence of the human society formed its primitive and relatively undifferentiated state, it was and remains fundamentally divided between the classes that fight in pursuit of class interests (Vissing, 2011). Focusing on the world of capitalism, for example, the inner core of the capitalist system, the source, is the main locus of rivalry between classes, buyers and sellers of labor power as well as exploiters and the exploited rather than functional collaboration (Adorno, 2000). The interests and emanating confrontations of struggle for power pave way for self wake and, according to Marx, are the central determinants of social and historical process. It is truly normal in the society to find individuals associating in line with class and positions in the society. Marx argues that the relationships between men become shaped by their relative positions with regard to the means of production (Vissing, 2011). This can be termed as being through their differential access to scarce resources and scarce power. Marx further argues that under all circumstances, unequal access to power ought not lead to vigorous class struggle (Desfor Edles, & Appelrouth, 2010). The important aspect of Marx’s classical theory is in the ways in which specific positions within the structures of the society contribute to determining the social experiences of their incumbents, inclining them to actions geared towards improving their combined fortune (Adorno, 2000). Critically looking at behavior change with regard to development, individuals tend to change relative to the positions they achieve in their lives. This results in differentiation and potent class conflicts of interests within persons and groups in society. Reasons for chosing the theorist The contributions made by classical theories in expounding sociological concepts reflected the uprising and development of the world in the nineteenth century. The theories, to a large extent, brought out the changes experienced in the era. This paper critically looks at Karl Marx’s theory of class due to various reasons discussed below. Contrary to the utilitarians who embrace self-centeredness as a controller of a pleasant society, Marx observes that individual self-interest among capitalists has a destructive impact on their class interest as a whole, as well as influences the eventual self downfall of capitalism (Vissing, 2011). Conditions of work and the role assigned to every person dispose them to cohesion and overcoming their preliminary competitiveness in favor of combined action of the whole class interests. Secondly, the contribution to understanding the economy and political systems with regard to capitalism has been enormous Desfor Edles, & Appelrouth, 2010). The work developed by Marx gave rise to activists who believed that revolutionaries must organize sociological change. Marx argues that capitalism is inherently exploitative (Desfor Edles, & Appelrouth, 2010). His study concerning the rights of the workers contributed substantially to the enhancement of the work of the activists. Therefore, it is critical to state that Marx’s work has considerably influenced the change within the society. With the development of dialectical materialism based on Marx’s work, it has been a fascinating quest to study and understand sociology at a larger context. Conclusion With the fascinating and humanizing foundations laid down by theorists in the field of sociology, Karl Marx has considerably emerged with significant impetus and influence in the field. Classical understanding of the behaviors and social structures is the core of this study. The quest for power and sustenance in the society has affected almost all aspects of life. In the process of accessing power, conflicts connected with economic and political issues also arise and affect directly or indirectly the lives of the subjects in the society. References Adorno, T. W. (2000). Introduction to sociology . Stanford: Stanford University Press. Desfor Edles, L., & Appelrouth, S. (2010). Sociological theory in the classical era: Text and readings . California: Sage Publications, Inc. Vissing, Y. (2011). Introduction to sociology . San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Naturalistic Art Versus Abstract Art Research Paper Naturalistic art pertains to the imagery of real things that are located in their natural conditions. This form of art was highly acclaimed during the 19 th century and it was also known as the Realism movement. Naturalistic art is also considered as the response of a new generation of artists who tried to revolutionize artistry during that time, which was generally dominated by Romanticism. One of the most acclaimed naturalism artists is William Bliss Baker, who was recognized for his paintings of majestic landscapes. Another artist who was recognized for his naturalist approach in painting is Albert Charpin, whose sheep paintings represented almost true-to-life imagery. The naturalist approach to art was strongly influenced by the principles of the evolutionist Charles Darwin, who suggested that human beings should not go against natural processes such as evolution. The history of naturalism dates back to the early years of the Renaissance period and the succeeding years were characterized by further development and enhancement of the artistic form. The Florentine School is one historic institution that is known for teaching the principles of naturalistic art. This art school was established in the 14 th century and has generated some famous artists such as Michelangelo and Donatello. Naturalistic art is commonly observed in old churches which present altars and panel pieces that are filled with dramatic expressions of Jesus and Mary, as well as angels, clouds, and doves. These artworks were generally extravagant and huge, covering massive ceilings and walls of prime establishments of European cities (De Montebello and Burn, 2004). Naturalist art weakened after the 15 th century due to the onset of the bubonic plague. Most of the attention and resources of that time were suddenly reverted to healthcare and the recognition of naturalistic art significantly decreased. Abstract art, on the other hand, is a form of imagery that employs the features of form and lines to create a visual representation of an idea (Anfam, 1990). The emergency of abstract art came about after the weakening of naturalistic art. This period of change in art patronage correlated with the time when society wanted to find some logical reason to erase reality after the sufferings that were experienced during the bubonic plague. In addition, abstract art makes use of illusions, which were then warmly welcomed by a society that was in search of some form of entertainment during difficult times. Abstract art also provided a means for European society to create alternative methods in representing visual concepts (Hess, 2005). The advent of abstract art is also consequential to the revolutionary discoveries in science and technology, hence this novel served as a medium for theoretical discussions. Abstract art has been considered as a timely form of artistry for the intellectual confusion that was rampant during those centuries. Western art incessantly moves from naturalistic art to abstract art through time because the Western world is constantly evolving and trying to find its true identity, even today. The state of Western art today is more of that of naturalistic art because the Western world is currently much more appreciative of nature than it was before the environmental changes have occurred (Andrews, 2000). There is so much deterioration in the natural environment in the Western world and in response, naturalistic art serves as a medium in reminding society and art patrons to remember and realize that nature has to be taken care of and appreciated. In addition, naturalistic art gives importance to the natural beauty of our environment. References 1. Andrews M (2000): Landscape and Western Art. New Jersey: Oxford University Press, 256 pages. 2. Anfam D (1990): Abstract Expressionism. San Francsico: Thames & Hudson, 216 pages. 3. De Montebello P and Burn B (2004): Masterpieces of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 3 rd ed. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 320 pages. 4. Hess B (2005): Abstract Expressionism: Basic Art. Los Angeles: Taschen, 94 pages. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Customer Service Representative Training Evaluation Report (Assessment) Introduction The purpose of the survey was to acquire individuals’ responses who participated in the Customer Service Representative (CSR) training regarding their experiences and learning through such programs. The underlying aim of the survey was to determine the effectiveness of the training session held from November 1, 2012, to November 20, 2012, at Shelton Call Center. The expected outcome of the survey comprises of the strengths and weaknesses of the content of the training session and evaluation of instructors who lead this training session. Methodology The survey questionnaire is designed in a way that its results can be presented quantitatively and discussed to draw important conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the CSR training. The questionnaire contains three demographic questions and five statements addressing different aspects of evaluating the training session, which is based on a Likert Scale model allowing respondents to select their responses based on a ranking from 1 to 5 where 1 stand for Strongly Disagree and 5 stands for Strongly Agree (Proctor, 2003). The questionnaire is attached to this report as Appendix A. The purposive sample selected for this survey consists of 20 individuals who were part of the training program (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2007). The approach adopted for the collection of data involved one-to-one interaction between the researcher and respondent, where the researcher was present at the time of completion of the form by respondents. All questionnaires were completed and received. The data collected from the survey was then analyzed using MS Excel to present them in tables along with their mean and standard deviation values. The mean values of responses are then examined to form a basis for the conclusions presented in this report. Results Demographics The results show that 17 individuals who underwent training sessions and also took part in the survey are female and 3 individuals are male. The age profile of respondents is summarized in the following table which indicates that the majority of respondents belong to the age group of 22-25 years. Age Group Number of Respondents Percentage 18-21 3 15% 22-25 13 65% 26-30 3 15% Above 30 1 5% Total 20 100% Assessment of Training Program In this section, five statements were included to address the assessment of different elements of training. The results from the survey are summarized and presented in the following. Statement Mean Standard Deviation You feel that the training has improved your learning and skills 2.95 1.61 You feel that the duration of training was sufficient 3.00 1.26 You feel that the training content was comprehensive 2.60 1.35 You feel that the training was up to date 3.05 1.56 You feel that the instructor has great knowledge and experience 2.90 1.21 The table above indicates that most of the respondents do not feel high about the training that they received as the mean values of all statements included in the questionnaire are between 2 and 3 or just above 3. This is not a positive sign for the organizers of the training session as it is important for the organization conducting the training session that the respondents can benefit from it and become an important part of the team. In particular, the statement that examines whether the content of the training session is comprehensive got the weakest reply from the respondents. Implications There are clear implications of the survey for the organization conducting the training session and it must address weaknesses in the program to ensure that attendees can feel strong about its positive outcome. Otherwise, this could create problems for the company and it may not be able to serve its customers well, and thus, its services ay yield poor financial results for the company (Yang & Peterson, 2004). This also suggests that the organization must employ trainers who have a strong background, knowledge, and ability to train individuals. Reference List Proctor, T. (2003). Essentials of Marketing Research. New York: Prentice Hall. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. New York: Pearson Education. Yang, Z., & Peterson, R. T. (2004). Customer Perceived Value, Satisfaction, and Loyalty: The Role of Switching Costs. Psychology & Marketing, 21 (10), 799–822. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Juvinlies Should Not Be Treated as Adults Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Opposing view 3. Supporting arguments 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Before delving into the debate concerning whether juveniles should be treated as adults in a criminal cases, it is critical to have a basic understanding of basic themes first. The term juvenile is used to refer to criminal offenders who are below the age of 18. In some states in the US, juvenile age is set a little higher or lower than 18 years (Gardner, 2011). This young age is used as a restraint when prosecuting juveniles in a case that an adult would normally be placed. Indeed, juvenile cases usually attract lesser punishments compared to sentences passed on adults. The question is whether juveniles should undergo similar judicial process as the adults or they should be treated differently. This paper argues that trying juveniles in the same manner as adults is not a deterrent to criminal activities as it might harden the hearts of the children so convicted. Opposing view A crime should be considered as such, no matter who the offender is at that particular time. This understanding is the one that motivates criminologists to suggest that the whole juvenile delinquency system must be overhauled to allow for one judicial process that does not differentiate between an adult and children. According to Gardner, “this pointer overrides the present juvenile system completely” (p. 114).This is because, the law requires the establishment of juvenile courts since children cannot stand trial in the same way that the older people are prosecuted. The following points will show that doing away with the juvenile delinquency system might not be a popular idea. Indeed, even simple logic can prove that a child cannot be treated the same an adult (Crofts, 2002). In most cases, children are found to commit crimes at a very young age, may be at 9 or 10 years (Crofts, 2002). Sociologists argue that for a person of this age, it is not likely for them to know or to have the mental capabilities to act like a normal adult. An adult can sit with another adult, conspire, and arrange how to conduct a criminal activity. Adults can go to greater heights and travel across borders to plan and execute their plans. In addition, they can bribe their ways in order to conceal their criminal activities. On the other hand, it is not possible for children to know how to plan and carry out their schemes. They do not have resources to conceal their ways. Therefore, putting them at par with adults is an injustice and a misunderstanding of a simple concept. Supporting arguments According to Gardner (2011), children become mature after their adolescent period. It is after this period that children are able to understand and appreciate values held by society. Moreover, it is after this period when they have had some education, which enlightens their minds as to what are crimes and the requisite consequences for those who engage in anti-social activities. It takes time for children to overcome peer pressure, lack of direction or purpose in life as well as impulsiveness (Crofts, 2002). During the adolescent stage, children do not have any major responsibilities and can engage in carefree activities. Indeed, some people have big dreams when they are young. Surprisingly, these dreams are set aside after adolescent when reality dawns. Therefore, to equate children with adults in carrying out criminal justice is both improper and unjustifiable. There is a need to evaluate the causes that lead children to criminal activities (Crofts, 2002). Psychologists argue that the main cause of juvenile delinquency can be traced back at home where the main culprits are parents. They argue that it is the responsibility of the parents to teach their children how to live in harmony with one another. The parents should teach their children what they should handle and what they should not. Treating children as criminals might also harm their development, both socially and psychologically. Criminalizing a child at the age of, say 10 is not likely to produce a good result for the child or society (Crofts, 2002). At such an age, children might not be able to comprehend the extent of damage that they have caused society. To them, it might be a small issue, and if they are punished like adults, they might feel mistreated. As a result, it is likely for them to develop bitter feelings towards society. Additionally, children might accept the label of criminal in their minds; yet, the psychological trauma that comes from those around them may prove to be hard to bear. This is because; children who are labeled criminals are likely to be treated worse by those near them, such peers, parents, and even teachers. Worse still, the consequences of putting the children in prisons with hardcore criminals might be counterproductive, as they will be sharpened more into criminal activities Dunkel, 2009). All these endeavors will make the child’s situation worse and more so increase their chances of becoming dangerous criminals. Conclusion In summary, children should not be treated like ordinary criminals. In addition, they should not be punished in the same manner as adults. Society should appreciate that children who commit crimes are victims of circumstances. Indeed, society should address the circumstances that lead to criminal behaviors instead of punishing people who have little knowledge about their actions. References Crofts, T. W. (2002). The Criminal Responsibility of Children and Young Persons: a comparison of English and German Law. New York: Ashgate. Dunkel, F. (2009). Reforming Juvenile Justice. New York: Springer. Gardner, T.J. (2011). Criminal Law. New York: Cengage Learning. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Preventative Approaches for Obesity Essay Table of Contents 1. Summary 2. Effects of Obesity and its Prevention 3. Different Ways People Spend Money on Obesity 4. References Summary A health care approach to developing community interventions to avoid unnecessary weight gain is of considerable significance and has been proposed recently. The creation and enforcement of preventive measures should prioritize factors that contribute to obesity, and address challenges to lifestyle change at the individual, environmental, social, and economic stages. These measures should also engage various kinds of participants and other interested parties. Avoiding disease is always a better option than looking for a cure. In prevention, one has an opportunity to limit or increase things and actions to foster health. Some of the preventative methods are free of charge and readily available at home. However, obesity seems to be a more significant concern globally, with eighteen percent of the United States citizens being obese (Morshed et al., 2019). Obesity is characterized by a high percentage of body fats, with a BMI of 30 and higher being an indicator of obesity (Morshed et al., 2019). Therefore, people should be advised to adhere to a proper and healthy diet to protect against the disorder. Effects of Obesity and its Prevention First, to prevent obesity, one will need to alter the nutritional setting in such a way as to make healthier decisions. Changing and promoting higher physical activity rates and minimizing sedentary behaviors are also central goals of prevention strategies. Moreover, obesity can be avoided and reduced using the most economical ways, such as walking, running, and general exercises, which burn the extra body fats, reducing weight. Secondly, individuals can lessen or avert the condition by eating a small proportion of food and, most importantly, reducing starchy, sugary, and fatty foods (Christensen et al., 2018). Additionally, the government can regulate policies to guide food producers to reduce obesity-causing nutrition aspects before they reach consumers. Obesity affects individuals, communities, and the health care system in various ways. It results in the rise of weight caused by the buildup in the fatty tissue, causing compression on inner body organs, resulting in chronic medical issues such as diabetes which is Type 2, high blood pressure, esophagitis, as well as chronic obstructive respiratory sickness, among others (Morshed et al., 2019). Weight gain also prevents individuals from performing simple tasks at home. Correspondingly, being heavier affects some individuals psychologically, and many develop esteem issues. Communities lose talents and labor when people succumb to chronic health problems resulting from obesity. Families also lose money while taking care of their loved ones who may never recover. Hospitals spent excessively investing in medical equipment to take care of obese patients, and Clinicians have a hard time handling these patients, especially in regard to the movement (Christensen et al., 2018). Mental health departments are also affected by body image, causing pressure and depression in obese persons. Different Ways People Spend Money on Obesity With everyone concerned about weight and looks, the dieting and fitness industries have gained momentum in the US with $70 billion. However, dieters’ percentage has decreased due to growth in body size awareness and body positivity movement (Christensen et al., 2018). Moreover, do-it-yourself initiatives are still plentiful as customers use available diet & fitness applications. Approximately forty-five million Americans die annually, and people spend thirty-three billion dollars a year on weight-loss goods (Christensen et al., 2018). Therefore, many people spent their finances in gyms, hiring exercise instructors, and nutritionists, purchasing healthy foods, and opting for surgical methods. However, the overhead costs can be reduced through simple physical activities like walking, measuring food portions, and avoiding fats and sugars (Christensen et al., 2018). Drinking plenty of water is also a home remedy for reducing calories in the body. References Christensen, L., Roager, H. M., Astrup, A., & Hjorth, M. F. (2018). Microbial enterotypes in personalized nutrition and obesity management . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 108 (4), 645-651. Morshed, A. B., Kasman, M., Heuberger, B., Hammond, R. A., & Hovmand, P. S. (2019). A systematic review of system dynamics and agent-based obesity models: Evaluating obesity as part of the global syndemic. Obesity Reviews , 20 , 161-178. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Moreover, there is no use denying the fact, that very often it turns out to be a very efficient remedy that can help a person to recover. However, it is also a controversial issue. Placebo can be very dangerous as results are unpredictable and no real treatment is given to a patient (Feinberg, 2013). That is why in order to understand the mechanism of functioning of placebo new experiments should be organized. However, participants of any study should be informed about its main stages. That is why some ethical dilemma appears as it is impossible to show people all conditions of experiments connected with the investigation of placebo. With this in mind, it is possible to say, that there should be some restrictions connected with experiments of this kind. First of all, it is impossible to involve people who suffer from serious diseases that can have severe complications. Additionally, there should be strict control from the government for researchers not to be able to add some new conditions to the experiment. Moreover, at the first signs of deterioration of the state of a participant, the experiment should be canceled. It is obvious, that studies of this kind can be very useful and help people, however, no one has the right to risk the health of participants. With this in mind, it is possible to conclude that the issue of placebo should be investigated, however, there also should be some strict rules which will be able to control experiments of this kind and provide serious punishment for researchers in case of different violations… | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Israel Political Attitudes Towards Arab Countries Essay The issue of peacemaking between the Arabs and the Israelites is a major political concern in the Middle East. The Arab regime is trying to adjust to Israel’s policies in order to settle the conflicts between the two states. Israel is a multi-party state with more than twenty registered political parties (Arieff 4). This essay seeks to explain the views and policies of Israel political parties towards Arab countries. Yisrael Beiteinu is one of the political parties with a strong view of promoting peace between the Arabs and the Israelites. The party was formed by Avigdor Lieberman to support the Russian immigrants who support the Palestinian Authority (Aikman 8). During the 2009 elections, the party came up with a slogan ‘No loyalty, no citizenship’ advocating for peace by preaching the integration of Israel and Arabs. The party encourages Jewish immigration as well as supports the idea of socio-economic activities for the immigrants (Arieff 6). The party’s policy aims at drawing a clear demarcation between the two territories in the sense that the Arabian areas like the West Bank which is occupied by the Israelites as a result of the Armistice Agreement of 1949 has to be taken back by the Arab sovereignty as a way of promoting peace between the two states. The party is also pressing for a new rule which aims at changing the rules on conversions to Judaism (Khanin 3). On the other hand, a religious party called Jewish Home, which is led by Naftali Bennett, opposes the view of the independent Palestinian state. Instead, the party proposes that the area which is occupied by the Jews in the West Bank should be extended by fifty-eight percent for the Jews to live there. It suggests that the Palestinians who are living within that territory are compelled to take Israel citizenship or move to the Palestinian territory (Khanin 2). The Labor party, which is led by Ms. Shelly Yachimovich established a policy of establishing peace between the Palestinians and the Israelites by seeking the withdrawal of the Arabs from the Jewish territories (Aikman 10). Likud is another national party in Israel which is led by the Prime Minister Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu. The party is a nationalist, and it opposed the Oslo Accord of 1993 between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel (Arieff 6). Due to external pressures from the United States, the party changed its views towards the Arabs by declaring support for the two-state solution in response to the Israel-Arabs conflict. Mr. Netanyahu supported this issue with the condition that the Palestinians should demilitarize as well as recognize Israel as a Jewish state (Arieff 8). Kadima national party was formed by Ariel Sharon who was by then a Prime Minister after withdrawing from the Likud national party. The party is currently led by Shaul Mofaz, who is pressing for the peace coalition between Palestine and Israel even though the party had failed in the 2009 Gaza war (Khanin 4). Tzipi Livni established the Hatnua party after withdrawing from the Kadima party. The party was formed with the aim of creating a Zionist party to promote liberal secular and democracy. The party formed a policy that is meant to push for a two-state solution to resolve the conflicts between the Israelites and the Palestinians (Aikman 12). During the Arab spring, she proposed that the Israelites should stop their military adventures to the Palestinian territory for the Arabs to change their attitudes towards Israel. She also advocates for military conscription for the ultra-orthodox as well as the creation of more opportunities for the young generation to lead a decent life (Arieff 14). Works Cited Aikman, David. “The Mirage of Peace: Understanding the Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East.” Regal, Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2013. 11-30. Print. Arieff, Irwin. “Middle East Peace Prospects: Is There Any Hope for Long-Term Peace.” Issues in Peace and Conflict Studies: Selections from CQ Researcher 24.6 (2012): 198-217. Print. Khanin, Vladimir. “Israel’s “Russian” Parties.” Contemporary Israel: Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy and Security Challenges , New York: Penguin, 2011. 165-169. print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
American Crow Subspecies and Interesting Facts Essay Corvus brachyrhynchos – American Crow. The American crow resides in much of North America and differs from similar species found in other regions – carrion crow, hooded crow, and fish crow. The American crow and hooded crow are similar in size, structure, and behavior but have different callings. The American crow lets out a loud, short, and quick cry, raising and lowering its head. Sometimes these birds mimic the callings of other birds, such as striped owls. Dimensions of the American crow are 40-50 cm (16-20 inches) from beak to tail, weighing 300-600 g (11-21 oz.). Subspecies There are five subspecies that vary in beak size; Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos eastern crow: the northeastern United States, eastern Canada is the most common. Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus is a northwestern crow endemic to the Pacific Temperate rain forests. Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis is a western crow that inhabits the western part of North America, except for the far south and the Pacific Northwest. Corvus brachyrhynchos pascuus – Florida crow, habituated in Florida, and Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus is a southern crow whose habitat is the southern United States. Interesting Facts I chose the American crow because they are very intelligent and have brain-to-body ratios similar to that of a human. Scientists have found that crows are self-aware, and their complex brain region can be compared to the human neocortex. Crows are long-lived and can live up to 30 years in captivity, although in the wild, their lifespan is usually 7-8 years. Fortunately, this bird is no longer on the verge of extinction, as the population of American crows is estimated at 31 million individuals. References Chomchalow, N. (2001). How to Write Scientific Names of Organisms. AU Journal of Technology , 5(2), 1-2. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Blockchain Instruments and Intellectual Property Essay The given article discussion will primarily focus on the topic of intellectual property in regards to blockchain instruments. The use of blockchain is becoming increasingly common in a wide range of areas of intellectual property, which include intellectual property confirmation, intellectual property transactions, intellectual property protection, and intellectual property incentive mechanism (Wang et al., 2019). Blockchain can be highly useful in making intellectual property, especially digital ones, protected and transferred without fear of replication since the value can be lost. For example, non-fungible tokens or NFTs are prime illustrations of a digital intellectual property being encrypted by a blockchain mechanism, and thus, such digital products or works can hold value and be protected as well as transferred. Although it is intuitive that blockchain can be highly useful in regards to content and entertainment, the applications are also significant in the academic field, such as concept discussion, specific application, or architecture design (Wang et al., 2019). A business owner will find blockchain highly useful and relevant as a key to intellectual property protection since the majority of current products and services have some form of a digital element, such as online brand, logo, marketing strategies, or even innovative concepts. Reference Wang, J., Wang, S., Guo, J., Du, Y., Cheng, S., & Li, X. (2019). A summary of research on blockchain in the field of intellectual property . Procedia Computer Science, 147 , 191–197. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Essay It is always a matter of taste to wear the colour you like. It may be red, yellow, grey, blue, black or white. No one will say anything to you as far as your colour preferences are concerned, but traditionally there are such colours as blue and white that define not the palette colours only, but in combination with the word ‘collar’ start bringing up the socioeconomic characteristics. I mean the traditional century-long devision of workers into blue collars and white collars. First, it is necessary to stress that these notions denote completely different things; people do the jobs that are not similar at all. Moreover, here, I think, one may say that the work of a blue-collar worker is harder. It can be explained by such characteristic features as the type of their work, the money these workers are paid for their job, the preparation needed and the field of applying their knowledge. First of all, the blue collars, who were traditionally considered to wear blue working robes – the fact that gave the nickname to this socioeconomic class – though now one can find this hard working people in grey and red as well, perform the manual work. Who can disagree that digging, constructing something, repairing the trucks is easier than non-manual work? No one, I guess. Second, as the white-collar workers are occupied in the service sphere and in the majority of cases have a calm, permanent office work with documents, the blue-collar class representatives have to fight for their life while working in dangerous construction places, plants. Their work is unexpected, as well as health killing. Though it is the age of technologies and the machines do lots of work, still it is much cheaper to use the work of a blue-collar. This reminds a bit of the medieval times with their slavary, in this case it being the technological slavary. Third, the blue-callar workers who perform the worst and the most complicated work (I mean physically) do not get regular salary. They are like part-time workers, like freelances: if they have work, they get money for it; if there is no job to do, they get nothing, and the majority of blue-collars have big families to feed waiting for their fathers or mothers back home, whereas the white-collars are given a regular salary. If none can provide them with work, the state or the company will still pay to them. Moreover, if they are retired or dismidded from office, they will get a good compensation and service pension. The same can never be applied to the blue collars, as they will never get the same high pension or compensation. The only state help they can “dream of” is the disability pension, quite an often prospect concerning their hard work. One more point to add here is the education. As the white collars are the educated workers, they graduate from colleges and universities and have bright and peaceful perspectives in their life, the blue collars, their social rivals, may be either skilled or unskilled workers, the latter occuring far often. The blue-collar workers seldom graduate from colleges. Technical schools, liceum education is what they usually get, but in the absolute majority of cases they simply apply for the positions where they can get some money to survive, as the office job seems and in fact is too far away from their social class prospects, which causes the demonstrations, strikes and protests. To sum it up, I would like to say that the blue-collars, as the ones who face the necessity to fight for their bread (in comparison to the day-to-day calm life of white-collars) have to work harder than other socioeconomic classes. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Theories of Intelligence and Students’ Achievements Research Paper Summary The article discusses the role played by implicit theories of intelligence in influencing the achievements of adolescents in mathematics. This was done through two research studies that involved different groups of adolescents. The first study involved 373 adolescents in 7 th grade. This study had two variables: students who held the belief that intelligence could be easily influenced, and students who believed that intelligence was fixed and cannot be altered. The researcher tested the efficacy and influence of goals and belief on individual effort. In the second study, a group of 48, 7 th graders was taken through a learning model that focused on improvement of student motivation with regard to their beliefs. A control group of 43 students was also included as part of this study. In the first study, the belief that intelligence can be altered showed an upward trend in grades that students attained within the two years of the study. The belief that intelligence was fixed did not show either an upward or downward trend on student’s grades. The grades remained unchanged for the period of study. In the second study, the experimental group showed an upward trend in grades while the control group showed a downward trend. These results can be attributed to the many developmental changes that adolescents go through. These changes determine their academic achievements depending on how they affect their beliefs. Consequently, beliefs on intelligence affect their grades significantly. For example, students who believed that intelligence was fixed performed poorly in academics because they lacked the motivation to handle challenges. In contrast, students who believed that they could alter their intelligence, were motivated enough to handle challenges without giving up even if they failed. In addition, students in this group worked harder in order to increase their intelligence and attain high grades. According to the findings of the study, intelligence theories can be manipulated in real-life to alter the outcomes of situations. Reaction The study has several strengths that validate the findings. The establishment of control groups helped to authenticate the findings of the experimental groups. In addition, the number of participants eliminated the possibility of bias. The first study involved 337 students while the second study involved 99 students. On the other hand, the first study eliminated any doubt of the finding’s effectiveness in displaying the effects of intelligence theories on achievement because it was conducted for two years. Finally, the study was able to determine the effect of intelligence theories on achievement based on the findings. It successfully showed the relationship between students’ achievements and their different beliefs with regard to intelligence theories. The study had weaknesses too. It involved students from one school only. This could have introduced some bias in the findings. The study should have included more schools to eliminate partiality because each school has different factors that either aid or hinder students’ belief in intelligence theories. In the second study, the experimental group received additional training that could have introduced some bias in the findings. In addition, the length of study was not sufficient to validate the results. This was unlike in the first study where students were followed for two years. Finally, the study was inconclusive because it did not consider the effect of teaching these theories to students, which could alter their beliefs. It only considered the effect of students’ beliefs on the theories. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Organizational Culture in Police Department Essay Culture is an integral part of any company. In relation to police culture, most elements are universal, yet every police department may be characterized by its unique and distinctive organizational culture ( Police Culture par. 4). A Chief may encounter inadequate police behavior. To improve the situation, they should consider changing agency culture as a means of primary importance. First and foremost, there are two possible scenarios when an organizational culture should be changed. Such culture may either tolerate violation of human rights and offenses of law or be limited to less crucial problems that still need to be solved. As the new Chief of Police, I could take several steps in both cases and use some techniques. Being public employees, criminal justice staff should be guaranteed their rights (Stojkovic, Kalinich, and Klofas 239). Constitutional rights regard plenty of issues, for instance, freedom of speech, self-incrimination, searches and seizures, workplace harassment, and sexual abuse (Peak 360). I guesstimate that one of the most frequent forms of culpable conduct is based on race, color, age, gender, sexual orientation, disability, religion, and other criteria of this kind. In order to prevent any crime, I would immediately hold a meeting and indicate to the staff the consequences of misbehavior. I would shed light on major and minor issues at once. At the first misdemeanor or crime, I would punish the guilty persons according to the rules that had been previously established and announced. Naturally, intimidation should not be the only way of treating employees. As the Chief, I would serve as a model for everybody, avoid injustice and brutality in relations with them, and encourage partnership. In a less dramatic context, the employees of the agency may have fostered the culture that I simply do not like. Although it is impossible to change the situation in the blink of an eye and use sanctions against innocent individuals, I would start introducing new norms. It is necessary to remember that culture is in a person’s head (Crank 26). In other words, it is important to work with people and their views. Rather than managing employees to change, it is more effective to lead them: “Practicing the basic leadership tenants of acting with integrity, inspiring confidence, and building trust are always important” (Reynolds par. 8). The concept of leading includes sharing one’s vision and providing meaning to others. As the Chief, I should understand what the organization wants to accomplish and assure that the staff recognizes the goals. If people grasp the idea, they will be more motivated and perform better. As for the techniques I could use, three of them are potentially effective. I could change the artifacts, or signs, of the old culture, for instance, new patrol cars may be purchased. Then, the current beliefs and values may be modified by increasing or decreasing their strength. For example, respect for younger and more hard-working employees may become more significant than honoring senior workers. Finally, I could allocate my time with what I believe to be important (Green, R. G. Lynch, and S. R. Lynch 34). Paying attention to the issues that are regularly discussed will change the culture of the organization. In conclusion, any organizational culture is constituted by many individuals. However, it is possible for a leader to incorporate changes. It is a long process that requires knowledge and skills. One should be aware that the innovations will affect people positively and bring benefit to the organization. Works Cited Crank, John P. Understanding Police Culture . New York: Routledge, 2014. Print. Green, Egan K., Ronald G. Lynch, and Scott R. Lynch. The Police Manager . Waltham: Routledge, 2014. Print. Peake, Kenneth J. Justice Administration, Police, Courts, and Correctional Management . New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. Police Culture 2016. Web. Reynolds, Barry. How to Change Culture in your Police Department 2014. Web. Stojkovic, Stan, David B. Kalinich, and John Klofas. Criminal Justice Organizations . Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Garbology as an Anthropology Study Essay Introduction Garbology represents a new branch of science focusing on the study of garbage. It is closely connected with Anthropology as it uses garbage as the source of information about people’s way of life. The investigation of refuse can provide an insight into the economic status, habits, and hobbies of people. The aim of this essay is to characterize my own way of life on the basis of the records of everything thrown away by me during a week. The Investigation of the Refuses Record The recording of the things by the frequency they were thrown away during the week allowed concluding that the waste of food products took the first place in the list. It goes without saying that the food refuses to describe my preferences and tastes. In addition, they characterize my income and economic status. So, my food refuses to serve as evidence of my frequent consumption of milk products, including creams, sour creams, and yogurts. Besides, my food consumption included cereals, vegetables, fruits, chicken, and a lot of sea products. I think it describes my preferences in food and my intention to live a healthy way of life. A lot of instant coffee pods were thrown away to prove my intense workload and the absence of free time. Probably, it also tells about the expensiveness of a coffee machine for me. A lot of wasted packages of snacks can also be found in my garbage bin. It is not surprising, as I like to spend a couple of hours in the evening watching my favorite TV show and eating snacks. In addition, you can see wasted packages of the fodder for puppies because I have recently bought a puppy. The household chemical and personal hygiene products take second place on my list. The absence of packages of the scented soap makes it clear that I do not like the strong aroma. Moreover, some of the scented soaps cause allergies. The packages of the traditional face soap or the soap of natural ingredients prevailed in the week refuses of the household chemical and personal hygiene products. The remaining part of the garbage consisted of wasted newspapers and magazines. These items in my garbage bin prove that reading is my favorite hobby. In addition, they make it clear that I like reading The New York Times and The Independent . In addition, I like People and Entertainment Weekly . Usually, I do not keep old magazines and throw them away, as soon as I have read the articles interesting for me. The wasted newspapers and magazines indicate my educational level and interest in the world’s political and economic news. Besides, they make obvious the fact that I like different kinds of entertainment too. Conclusion The results of my garbage investigation showed that I am an employed person with a very intense workload, sometimes requiring working at nights; I adhere to the healthy way of life, trying to include more vegetables, fruits, and sea products in my daily food allowance; I have a puppy; I suffer from allergy for certain scented soaps; I am a well-educated person; I like reading and different kinds of entertainment. The investigation of the things thrown away by me during a week helped to define what kind of person I am, to what economic group and social layer I probably, belong to, and my way of life as a whole. Undoubtedly, our garbage can tell a lot about us. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis Research Paper It is obvious that different people have absolutely various perception of the reality and much talk exists concerning this problem. Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis is based on the idea that human perception of the reality is based on the language they talk. Thus, according to this theory depending on the language people talk, they are united in their vision of the reality. Even though this theory has many rejections and it is believed to be the weakest one, there are a lot of supportive arguments which give an opportunity for the idea to deserve attention. Liang (2011) states that culture and the way people think depend on the language they talk greatly. The perception of the world depends on human culture as in most cases cultural and traditional aspects influence people from their birth and it presupposes the formation of their vision of the surrounding reality based on the cultural and traditional aspects which, in their turn, affect language as well. Additionally, Liang (2011) stresses on the idea that language helps express that vision that makes it possible to correct or change the reality, “the theory of linguistic relativity does not claim that linguistic structure constrains what people can think or perceive, only that it tends to influence what they routinely do think, which makes us realize that language reflects cultural preoccupations and that how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language” (p. 570). For example, Indonesian language does not have the past tense, that is why all the actions people did are still considered in the presence tense and it makes the perception of time of Indonesians different from other part of the world. This influences their perception of the world greatly. January & Kako (2007) analyzed the works by Whorf and made a stress on the research when the language of Indian tribes was compared with the English one. The difference was great as the literature translation was useless and the meaning was absolutely wrong. It proved the theory of the connection between the perception of the world and language. Whorf considered language as not the means for expressing ideas, but also as the means of formation of those ideas stating that his is one of the main confirmations of his theory (Koerner, 2002). Grelland (2006) conducted a research on the basis of the Whorf’s theory of linguistic reality trying to confirm that consistent mathematical structure has physical images which are products of a classical language. The author also referred to the idea that it is important how the language is used. Casasanto (2008) also agrees that language influences the shape of the thought as via language people get the image of the surrounding world. Different languages may carry different information and in this case, the perception of the world is going to differ greatly. Rączaszek-Leonardi (2010) is sure that “the interaction between a grammatical feature and cognitive processes involved in making semantic decisions about objects can be viewed on at least three timescales: the online influences, ontogenetic timescale, and the timescale of diachronic language change” (p. 281). This idea supports the understanding of the Whorf’s role of language in the formation of human perception of the surrounding world. The formation of the language is based on the perception of the surrounding world, at the same time the language is changing and the changes are based on the world perception. Reference List Casasanto, D. (2008). Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic Differences in Temporal Language and Thought. Language Learning, 58 , 63-79. Grelland, H. (2006). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and the Meaning of Quantum Mechanics. AIP Conference Proceedings, 810 (1), 325-329. January, D. & Kako, E. (2007). Brief article: Re-evaluating evidence for linguistic relativity: Reply to Boroditsky (2001). In Cognition, 104 (2), 417-426. Koerner, E. K. (2002). Chapter 3: On the sources of the ‘Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.’. Toward A History of American Linguistics , 39-62. Liang, H. (2011). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Foreign Language Teaching and Learning. US-China Foreign Language, 9 (9), 569-574. Rączaszek-Leonardi, J. (2010). Multiple Time-Scales of Language Dynamics: An Example from Psycholinguistics. Ecological Psychology, 22 (4), 269-285. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The authors of the article, “Thomas Green: Power, Office Politics, and a Career in Crisis”, explore how power and office politics can affect the success of junior employees. The paper below discusses the issues Thomas Green is facing as the newly-recruited Senior Market Specialist for Dynamic Displays and how to address them. Frank Davis and Thomas Green: Work Styles, Personalities, and Expectations The studied article reveals that existing office politics are making it impossible for Thomas Green to pursue his career objectives. It is evident that Frank Davis is unhappy with his appointment. The existing rivalry eventually exposes the distinctive personalities, work styles, and expectations of these two leaders (Sasser & Beckham, 2018). A proper understanding of such differences can guide Shannon McDonald to resolve the current stalemate. The first issue to consider is that Green and Davis have different work styles. It is evident that Frank Davis is a leader who focuses on a formal approach whenever doing things. For instance, he advises Green to plan before making any business call. He is also autocratic since he expects his subordinates to report every activity, objective, or strategy to him (Sasser & Beckham, 2018). He guides Green to update his Outlook calendar and learn to remain professional. The article goes further to portray a different work style for Thomas Green. It is notable that he is charismatic and considers a less formal approach whenever dealing with different clients. The two individuals appear to have diverse personalities. According to the studied case study, Green has a sanguine individuality since he is talkative, ambitious, active, and enthusiastic. He remains extroverted and focuses on actions that can deliver positive results within a short time. This is the reason why he is able to complete most of his marketing roles, meet clients, look for a house, and meet his girlfriend within the same period (Sasser & Beckham, 2018). David can be described as a choleric individual. The reason for this is that he appears to be independent and ambitious. He remains introverted and pursues ideas that can make him dominant and results-oriented. From the presented case, the reader realizes that Thomas Green and Frank Davis have different personal and careers expectations. For instance, Green appears to be ambitious and expects to achieve most of his goals within the shortest time people. He always pursues new goals and addresses emerging challenges. However, he remains practical since he knows when he might not realize specific goals or expectations within the specified time. This is the reason why he confronts Davis for proposing a 10 percent annual growth for his segment (Sasser & Beckham, 2018). Green does not expect his boss to monitor or control his initiatives since he understands his roles. The case goes further to indicate that Davis is a leader who demands loyalty from his followers. A good example is when he identifies and requires Green to work on his weaknesses. He also focuses on unrealistic goals or outcomes for the company. Additionally, Davis might be planning to replace Green with a person who possesses his leadership traits. Thomas Green’s Actions and Job Performance: Next Actions The studied case study portrays Thomas Green as a charismatic, hardworking, and ambitious young man whose actions resonate with the targeted objectives and personal goals. He focuses on the most appropriate initiatives and ideas that will make Dynamic Displays successful. He also understands that the Internet is posing a major challenge to this company’s future performance. From his personal perspective, Green appears convinced that his actions are capable of driving the organization to the next level (Sasser & Beckham, 2018). Since he belongs to a different generation, he always remains open to new ideas and does not follow formal approaches to doing business. In terms of job performance, it is acknowledgeable that Green is positive about his roles and goals. He understands that the best trick is to maximize sales by meeting clients and customers who have the potential to purchase the company’s products. The untimely frustration from Davis eventually discourages him from remaining focused and doing what it right (Sasser & Beckham, 2018). He also remains sensible since he understands that the economic meltdown of 2008 is capable of affecting the company’s projected revenues. Consequently, he is no longer excited about his position at this organization. From this analysis, it would be appropriate for Green to inform McDonald that Davis is unhappy with his current position at the company. He should also explain why he believes that the outlined projections for 2008 are unrealistic or inflated. The leader can go further to highlight the trends in the industry that Davis appears to ignore (Sasser & Beckham, 2018). These attributes or approaches will guide the company’s top management to make effective decisions or conclusions. Conclusion The above discussion has indicated that office politics and dynamics are issues that leaders should not take for granted. The case of Thomas Green reveals that some individuals might use their positions to frustrate others. These aspects explain why there is a need for Green to inform his bosses about the existing problems and encourage them to present the most appropriate solution. Reference Sasser, W. E., & Beckham, H. (2018). Thomas Green: Power, office politics, and a career in crisis. HBS No. 2095. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Essay (Critical Writing) These days there is a growing pressure towards companies to alter their operations to make them more environmentally sustainable. Some people even claim that such changes can prove to be beneficial for organizations themselves bringing additional profit and enhancing brand recognition. However, as more and more companies employ greenwashing strategies, many experts start to raise doubts whether full environmental sustainability is accessible, especially, if business goals are prioritized. Businesses have more resources than individuals; therefore, they have more responsibilities. They should care for their customers providing them with products of high quality which are safe to use and for their employees ensuring that they have comfortable working conditions and stable income. In recent decades, there have been growing acknowledgement that companies are also responsible for the impact they have on the environment. However, it is essential to remember that businesses main goal is to be financially profitable. Otherwise, they would not be able to continue their operations for a long time. Therefore, organizations should balance their social responsibilities with seeking financial success. Taking considerable environmental action can, however, be too costly to remain within this framework (Eisenstein, 2014). As Eisenstein puts it, “if your company is going to make a significant step toward sustainability, it probably won’t make business sense, at least not in any way that can be predicted or quantified” (2014, para. 9). Hence, to make such actions, businesses should be guided by other goals rather than profit – it must be about caring, desire to contribute and making a change. For companies, to be 100% sustainable and ethical would mean that each time they are presented with a decision, they would make people or nature their priority. However, it is difficult to imagine that such a company can be financially successful maintaining a considerable market share for a long time. There are many aspects to manufacturing and delivering products, and it is difficult to make all of them entirely eco-friendly. For instance, while some claim that plant-based milks are more sustainable than regular milk some of them require a lot of water to be produced. Research and constant innovations to create eco-friendly products and packaging, altering production processes to make them more sustainable or giving regular donations to offset its impact, this all demands significant investments and is difficult to achieve without substantial revenue. LEGO can be an example of a company that has already established a worldwide reputation and having acquired considerable financial resources successfully engages in environmental-protection activities. For instance, they are putting a lot of efforts into reducing their CO2 impact by installing renewable-energy systems and altering their production processes (LEGO, n.d.a). Moreover, they are also investing into research in sustainable materials aiming to make all their toys fully sustainable by 2030 without sacrificing their quality (LEGO, n.d.b). In 2018, they have introduced a range of elements made from plant-based sources, and the organization claims that although it represents ” just 2% of the 3,600 elements available for designers” it is an important step forward (LEGO, n.d.b, para. 4). However, this figure shows that despite all efforts the company puts into environmental protection, they still have a lot to improve. Moreover, they are not ready to sacrifice their quality and customers satisfaction for sustainability. Their sales continue to increase but it most likely happens due to various growth initiatives (LEGO, 2020). Hence, while they show increasing respect towards nature protection, they also employ practical expansion strategies. Taking actions to support the environment can undoubtfully have a positive effect on LEGOs reputation, but this process will also demand a lot of resources that are not easy to compensate. Hence, making a change requires that companies act not for the profit but out of devotion and sincere care for the environment. Taking steps towards being more environmentally responsible cannot be a fast process and full sustainability does not seem achievable yet. However, what matters is that companies do their best to engage in this process making at least small steps towards a better future for our planet. References Eisenstein, C. (2014). Let’s be honest: real sustainability may not make business sense. The Guardian . Web. LEGO (2020). The LEGO Group Annual Report 2019 . Web. LEGO (n.d.a). Reducing our CO2 impact. Web. LEGO (n.d.b). Sustainable materials . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Quarantellie’s “Converting Disaster Scholarship Into Effective Disaster Planning” Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Critical Remarks 3. Discussion Questions 4. Reference Introduction In his article, Quarantelli (1993) discusses five main themes pertaining to the problem of disaster management. The first claim made by the author is that a considerable amount of social research does not match the classic scientific research model, but can still be of great use (Quarantelli, 1993). For instance, there are numerous studies that do not produce a specific answer to a particular problem but provide general information that can still be utilized, e.g., for policy planning. This information can be employed instrumentally (for action), conceptually (for better comprehension), and symbolically (politically). The second point considered by Quarantelli (1993) is that the implementation of research findings in disaster management depends, to a certain degree, upon the nature of the disaster. The disaster response in the U.S. is usually divided into four areas (prevention, emergency preparedness, disaster response, and, finally, recovery); a variety of people and structures may be involved in each of these areas, and they use different research. According to Quarantelli (1993), it is needed to “feed” all types of studies to each of the groups responsible for these areas, and it is advised to make research more practice-focused (rather than methodology-focused). The third point the author makes is that emergency planning (that is similar to strategy) and emergency management (that is similar to tactics) are very different (Quarantelli, 1993). It is stated that while one area can be believed to have significantly improved, the other one may remain at the same stage of development. According to Quarantelli (1993), studies show that while it is often claimed that emergency planning has been enhanced, emergency management still remains at the same level as before, which poses a problem. The fourth point is that studies too often concentrate on the past when they should focus on forecasting and planning for the future (Quarantelli, 1993). There are two aspects of this: 1) new disasters are always somewhat different from the previous ones; 2) new disasters are usually more threatening for a number of reasons (e.g. because economic growth means that there will be more to impact in the future) (Quarantelli, 1993). Thus, more focus on forecasting is recommended. The fifth point is that there is often a difference in aims and interests between scholars and research users (Quarantelli, 1993). This gap results in difficulties – in communication, for example. Therefore, there is a need for social roles that could bridge this gap. Also, it may be recommended that representatives of each of these two different areas expose themselves to the other area (Quarantelli, 1993). Finally, the author provides the example of the Titanic to show that in some situations, knowledge is present, but it is not used to a full extent, which leads to severe consequences such as deaths of people (Quarantelli, 1993). Critical Remarks Therefore, the author points out and discusses several serious problems that exist (and persist) in the area of disaster response and management, and may have a considerable adverse impact on the efforts made to address natural disasters and reduce their aftermath (Quarantelli, 1993). The problem of the lack of coordination and understanding between researchers and research users is a significant one, and it results in a situation when research evidence is not used in practice and is often presented in a form that is difficult to be used. It appears that the solution that the author proposes – to create social roles that would bridge the gap between scholars and research users (Quarantelli, 1993) – is an optimal one, for it might allow for better communication between the two areas while not disrupting the focus of either of them. Discussion Questions 1. Is it possible to state that in the modern U.S. system of disaster response and management, there exist specialists whose role is to bridge the gap between scholars and research users? 2. Do you believe that in the area of disaster response and management, there is effective communication and exchange between researchers and those who use their results nowadays? Reference Quarantelli, E. L. (1993). Converting disaster scholarship into effective disaster planning and managing: Possibilities and limitations. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 11 (1), 15-39. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Response to Rodrigo Mantica’s Paper Essay Introduction Mention the word bourgeois and thousands of heads will turn with scorn and disdain as if this is an evil name. People have developed a misconstrued perception of wealth to warrant discriminating against rich people. There have been continued efforts to unify the world by developing strategies aimed at promoting social and economic equality. However, these efforts bear no fruits since divisions are created as hatred between the rich and poor intensifies (McCloskey 23). There is no doubt that people must appreciate the advantages of capitalism in advancing the society. This essay is a response to Rodrigo Mantica’s paper ‘Reviewing the Bourgeois Virtues’. There is no doubt that wealth is one of the coveted aspects of human life. People will use all means possible to acquire and keep wealth. However, before discussing wealth it is necessary to mention that all human activities are motivated by the desire to seek happiness. He presents the path to happiness as filled with various social and economic factors. These factors may be moral or immoral depending on an individual’s perceptions of their appropriateness since wealth in itself is not an end but a means to happiness (Smith 11). Richness is not a crime as depicted by many people provided the path followed is right. According to Mantica, business activities offer individuals equal opportunities to explore their talents and skills; therefore, people with extra ordinary skills stand high chances of ruling markets (McCloskey 32). Monopoly is one of the ways of demonstrating individuals’ use of their skills. When people work hard to acquire wealth they seek to make themselves happy by having everything at their disposal. In addition, Mantica proposes that reason should be a moral driving force in acquiring wealth. According to him, McCloskey is right in advocating for solidarity in advancing people’s collective desires. Therefore, reason becomes an inevitable aspect in acquiring wealth. People should strive to acquire wealth and justify their means using moral aspects like prudence and trust. Even though, prudence in itself has weak moral connotations it is vital to consider weighty sides of prudence that guide human activities (McCloskey 56). People interpret self interest as an evil way of acquiring wealth. However, Mantica confirms that self interest brings people of similar interest together and thus becomes an effective tool of advancing their dreams. When people with similar self interests come together, they form formidable forces that will promote their interests. Solidarity enables them identify strategies that will promote these interests. Within these groups, there must be competitions to ensure the best person outruns others. The article identifies the significance of economic and social differences in society. The differences in knowledge, interests, skills and efforts determine how effective individuals use their resources (Smith 21). This explains the differences in wealth of people earning equal salaries and living in same societies. Some people will remain poor due to their experiences, efforts and interests in wealth. Therefore, the bourgeois have a right to own wealth despite the high rate of poverty in the society. The article further notes the need to identify the actual meaning of words like prudence, greed and prudence. Greed is an endless desire to have wealth (physical and emotional) for self interest. Prudence is the process of considering the results of an activity before doing it; therefore, a foundation for other virtues. Mantica considers these definitions as contradictory to claims against the appropriateness of wealth acquisition. There is a close link between other human virtues and self interest. While greed and prudence seem to work in opposite directions, they are nonetheless related to each other. When an individual wants to offer donations to humanitarian organizations, the person is motivated by self interests of fulfilling their social responsibilities and not helping the less fortunate in society. Therefore, philanthropists are not justified to be moral by giving their wealth to the poor (Smith 48). Prudence will subject the society to extreme poverty, jealousy and social evils due to the presence of weak morals. Individuals are justified to be greedy and acquire wealth provided they respect other aspects like trust. Mantica confirms Hobbes’ thoughts of social agreements as essential tools for advancing human virtues and promoting wealth acquisition (Smith 49). He argues that love in itself is not a virtue since it is based on reciprocity. People love others to get social or economic security and not just to express their feelings. He concludes that all human activities are not selfless since thy have strings attached to them (McCloskey 78). Therefore, it is necessary to allow natural forces like greed to shape social, economic and political lives. People must be in their right positions until they identify ways of improving their social and economic status. Governments must not push people to live lives they have not fought for since this will waste resources and time. Conclusion Mantica supports greed as an essential tool that governs human behavior. It motivates people to work hard to acquire wealth. At the same time, others follow suit and evolve towards a rush for a noble society. Works Cited McCloskey, Deirdre N. The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce . Chicago: University of Chicago, 2006. Print. Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1955. Print. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“The Big Short” Comedy Drama Film by Adam McKay Essay (Movie Review) The Big Short is not only an entertaining movie with elements of comedy, drama, and thriller but also a documentary allowing learning more about the crisis of 2008. My top insights from this exciting film are as follows. First, the American mortgage system, with its almost full approval of loans, had long been acting as a financial pyramid and was on the verge of collapse. Second, if market participants massively invest in one asset, it does not mean it is reliable. We do not have to give in to the hype and carefully study the market tools. Third, the reason for the mortgage bonds’ default was in their security by subprime loans. In other words, as Margot Robbie explained talentedly, banks secured those bonds with risky loans to keep on getting superprofits. Also noteworthy is the fact that the content and ideas of the film can be related to the International Political Economy class. This doctrine focuses the attention of its research agenda on the study of how the mutual influence of political structures (states, regions, intergovernmental organizations) and market institutions occurs in a global economy. The financial crisis of 2008 caused substantial shifts in international relations. Thus, the events depicted in the movie are subject to the studies of the mentioned school. An interesting question within the scope of Political economy is how the crisis affected one of the main competitors of the USA – China. The global financial default has not influenced this country much due to another vector of development of the economic system. Chinese banks are by no means mortgage, but mainly state-owned savings institutions. Therefore, the main danger of the global crisis for China was not in the sphere of finance, but in the real economy and foreign trade – in a slowdown of economic growth and a significant drop in exports. For China, with its immense export opportunities, reducing global imports is extremely disadvantageous. In this regard, an important area of economic development of the Chinese government is expanding the domestic market, developing a “knowledge economy,” and increasing household incomes. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Correlation and Validation of Results and Investigations Essay Introduction Al-Rahba hospital pays great attention to the accuracy of test results. Among the procedures dedicated to the attainment of this goal are correlation and validation of results. All Al-Rahba laboratories take care of tests’ consistency and deal with inconsistent outcomes in accordance with the policies. Definition of Correlation and Validation Correlations of results present the most crucial part of laboratory practice. Correlation is the process of comparing the outcomes of two or more laboratory tests with the aim of checking their accuracy. With the help of correlation, laboratory specialists are able to find any inconsistencies or errors (1). Therefore, this process is of utmost importance since any error may be detrimental to patients. Inaccuracy in lab results is unacceptable in Al-Rahba where all measures are taken to provide the highest quality of treatment. Correlation is synonymous with the association: both of these concepts presuppose a measure of comparing two or more variables. Carrying out the correlation of results and investigations is the requirement of the Joint Commission Accreditation Process and is considered a constituent of high-quality laboratory practice (2). Correlation has to be performed between any lab instruments that run the same analysis in the same laboratory. Also, the requirement concerns the assays performed in primary and backup laboratories within the same healthcare facility. It is crucial for lab technologists and assistants to confirm that all results obtained within their laboratory are identical. In another case, there is a threat to the health of the patients using the services of such institutions. The procedure of correlation presupposes calibration and validation of all instruments. Validation is the process of affirming that allows ensuring that the assay system will appropriately “recover the concentration or activity” of the measured substance (2). Validation provides objective evidence by means of a process definition that the test’s performance is kept within the requirements. Validation incorporates the following aspects concerning the critical evaluation of evidence: * systematic errors as an outcome of information bias, selection bias, or confounding; * clinical significance of results; * quantitative features of treatment and diagnosis; * external generalizability or validity; * the effect size and specific features concerning its precision; * application of the obtained outcomes in practice (3). The protocols, algorithms, and recommendations for the selection of procedures that are to be validated are grounded on clinical studies and hospital policies. Recommendations should be adjusted in each particular case, and the responsibility for validation is on lab technicians and physicians. The Procedure of Validation of New Tests and Batches of Reagents Required for Diagnosis Prior to performing any new tests, laboratory technologists need to validate them, as well as batches of reagents. There are three types of validation: analytic validation, clinical validation, and clinical utility (4). Analytic validation presupposes the evaluation of the assay and its performance aspects. Also, this validation type helps to establish the ideal conditions for generating accurate and reliable analyses. Clinical validation is the property of a test to identify or predict a threat of a specific health condition. Clinical utility is the establishment of the net balance between health-related benefits and risks related to the use of the test in practice (4). The procedure of validation of new tests and batches of reagents needed for diagnosis incorporates the following steps: * verification of analytic precision and accuracy; * verification and documentation of any indications of analytic sensitivity; * verification and documentation of analytic interferences; * verification of the reportable range; * verification and establishment of reference intervals; * assessment of the reference intervals’ appropriateness; * taking corrective measures is needed (4). The significance of validation is of utmost importance since neglecting it may lead to serious adverse outcomes. If a new test or reagent batch does not correspond to the standards, it will not produce positive outcomes for patients. Moreover, it may present a threat to their lives. However, with appropriate validation, laboratory technologists can use method comparison data and institute the reference range for new methods and tests. To prevent plausible errors, lab specialists should limit transference to a single change of methods. The “observed total error” may not be larger than the “recommended total error” (4). The laboratory should establish the appropriate analytical measurable range and clinically reportable range. Potential Errors and Policies and Procedures Used to Avoid Them Inaccurately performed or neglected correlation and validation procedures may lead to serious issues. If a test is not validated or if the correlation between various methods has not been performed, there is no reliability of such tests. Unreliable measures undermine the laboratory’s and hospital’s successful operation. Moreover, there is a major negative outcome for the patients. If tests are not reliable, treatment methods will not be helpful or even may be injurious. The policies used to avoid the potential errors are established in the Calibration and Standards section of the Chemistry and Toxicology CAP Accreditation Checklist (4). According to these standards, laboratories are required to perform a correlation a minimum of once in six months. Another policy is the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act that regulates correlation testing. Conclusion The procedures of correlation and validation belong to the most important elements of productive laboratory performance. Without regular correlation and validation of tests, a laboratory cannot ensure the highest quality of results. In Al-Rahba labs, particular attention is paid to these procedures. Every laboratory arranges the validation of tests and correlation of analyses on a regular basis to provide the most beneficial outcomes for the patients. References 1. College of American Pathologists. All common checklist: CAP accreditation program. Northfield: College of American Pathologists; 2015. 2. College of American Pathologists. Commission on laboratory accreditation, laboratory accreditation program; chemistry and toxicology checklist. Northfield: College of American Pathologists; 2012. 3. Radman I, Vodanović M, Radman I. Clinical-laboratory correlations and communication diagnostic process. Informatol. 2013., 46(1): 17-25. 4. Sarewitz S J. CAP accreditation requirements for validation of laboratory tests. Northfield: College of American Pathologists; 2013. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The various types of mental illnesses include depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety and borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2013). This research analyzes the experience and influence of mental illness diagnosis on a patient. (Caplan & Cosgrove, 2004) Mental illness diagnosis is the process of correcting and curing the mental disorders which are experienced by patients. The effects of a mental illness diagnosis are several. The first effect is violence; many patients, when suffering from some condition, do not take it well and often exhibit resistance when diagnosed with mental illness (Brooker & Repper, 2009). Exposure to violence contributes to higher levels of stress. Hence they use tobacco to curb the stress, which in turn leads to heart diseases and cancer, and this may become very detrimental to the patient. The second effect of mental illness diagnosis is psychosis; this refers to the experience of a patient to lose contact with the aspects of reality (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2013). Psychosis may be transient, intermittent, short term, or long term psychiatric condition (Caplan & Cosgrove, 2004). In the event of a patient experiencing psychosis, it becomes a very challenging time for the family of the patient. The third effect is trauma; this is whereby the patient is suffering and as a result, becomes overwhelmed with the situation. Trauma causes a lot of pain to the patient, and it takes the collective efforts of friends and family to address this problem. The last effect of mental illness diagnosis is the borderline personality. Analyzing the mental illness diagnosis, it should be noted that the first experience is a misdiagnosis and inappropriate mental health treatment. This has adverse results on a patient as they cause self-destructive behaviors. The patient can resolve to drug and alcohol abuse, and in turn, this may lead to the patient being violent (Porter, 2012). Secondly, when a doctor diagnoses mental illness properly, the diagnosis must be done since a wrong diagnosis can lead to other long term effects. Physical diagnosis is usually performed through interviews and lab tests. Also, the diagnostic approach that many doctors may use to diagnose mental illness is referred to as MINT, which refers to Metabolic, Infectious, Neurologic, Traumatic model. Considering the four steps, in the metabolic phase, the doctor ascertains if a patient has taken drugs and if a toxicology screen test has been performed. The physician also tries to find out whether the patient has taken steroids or amphetamines or is trying to refrain from taking alcohol (Brooker & Repper, 2009). In the Infectious phase, the doctor tries to find out if there is an infectious process like, for example, Lyme disease or meningitis that could be related to psychosis. The Neurological phase is where it is ascertained if a neurologic condition is present. The doctor tries to find out if it is a neurological condition that is causing the symptoms experienced by the patient (Porter, 2012). An example of a neurological condition is temporal lobe epilepsy; it is a seizure in a part of the brain that involves the wrong perception of reality and hallucinations. Finally, during the traumatic stage, the doctor ascertains if there has been a traumatic brain injury. The history of the patient about head injuries and trauma are analyzed. This experience is very painful for the patient to handle, and it is usually a hard time for the concerned family members. References Brooker, C., & Repper, J. (2009). Mental health: From policy to practice . Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Caplan, P. & Cosgrove, L. (2004). Bias in psychiatric diagnosis . Lanham: Toronto: Jason Aronson. National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2013). Mental illness: What you need to know. Web. Porter, R. (2012). Madness: a brief history . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Conflict Management Styles Applied in Healthcare Essay In a healthcare setting, conflicts can happen between different types of people and be based on a variety of reasons. However, the strategies for disagreement resolution are similar in each situation. Johansen (2012) finds that five main approaches to managing conflict situations exist, including “dominating, obliging, avoiding, compromising, and integrating” (p. 51). Each of these methods has its drawbacks, although integration is considered to be more beneficial than others (Al-Hamdan, Norrie, & Anthony, 2014). Nevertheless, people often approach such stressful situations using their personal experiences and characteristics without evaluating the outcomes of their behavior (Higazee, 2015). Thus, conflicts are not solved effectively each time they arise. In my practice setting, an interpersonal dispute between a patient’s family and a caring nurse occurred once. It quickly escalated because one of the parties failed to exercise an effective resolution strategy and focused on personal needs. In the mentioned above conflict, the patient was a young woman, whose parents wanted to visit her often throughout the day. Moreover, they wanted to actively participate in the decision-making progress without the consent of their daughter, although she was fully capable of making choices. At one point in time, parents came to visit their daughter outside of visiting hours and asked to see her. A nurse who was responsible for the patient at that time stated that she is currently occupied and cannot talk to them. Moreover, the nurse noted that they should come at a suitable time to see their daughter without any problems. The patient’s parents became frustrated and started raising their voice while saying that their daughter could not be busy because they were not aware of any treatment being established. The nurse attempted to respond politely to state that the patient was an adult who was fully capable of agreeing to all types of procedures. Only her consent was necessary for undergoing treatment. The conflict, however, was not resolved, as the family demanded to see a physician, who would be “more knowledgeable and trustworthy.” Upset with their comments, the nurse withdrew from the conversation and said that they had no other choice but to leave immediately. In this conflict, the nurse employed a number of management styles. First, she attempted to interact with the patient’s parents and present a solution – returning at a different time. However, upon being ignored, she utilized her position and used a dominating strategy, asking the family to leave. Here, her behavior can also be interpreted as avoidance of conflict, as she dismissed their negative comments. Nevertheless, another party in the dispute, the parents, did not act effectively in managing this conflict. As a contrast, they failed to be attentive or understanding, trying to dominate the conversation instead (Marquis & Huston, 2017). The dispute could have been resolved more effectively if the patient’s family considered the nurse’s points. In this case, their collaboration would bring the most beneficial results – the parents would understand when and how to visit their daughter and what authority did they have in regards to her treatment. Analyzing the actions of the nurse, I believe that my behavior would be similar to hers. The use of a collaborative strategy, where the nurse was prepared to discuss possible solutions and provide her knowledge is close to my actions in this situation. Similarly, the frustration caused by the failure to follow the required procedure would also make me want to avoid any further discussions. This shows that, as a future leader, I still have to work on my conflict managing skills and develop an approach that would encourage people to participate and not base their responses on emotions. References Al-Hamdan, Z., Norrie, P., & Anthony, D. (2014). Conflict management styles used by nurses in Jordan. Journal of Research in Nursing , 19 (1), 40-53. Higazee, M. Z. A. (2015). Types and levels of conflicts experienced by nurses in the hospital settings. Health Science Journal , 9 (6), 1-7. Johansen, M. L. (2012). Keeping the peace: Conflict management strategies for nurse managers. Nursing Management , 43 (2), 50-54. Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2017). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
“A Whole New Mind” by Daniel Pink Essay (Book Review) The Most Appealing Ideas Expressed by the Author In his book A Whole New Mind , Daniel Pink focuses on a discussion of one of the major changes in the modern society that have occurred under the influence of such professes as industrialization and the rapid development of technologies. To be more precise, discussing the degree to which this shift impacted ordinary people, the author emphasizes a certain change in values in terms of talents and skills. According to the author’s idea, due to the heavy presence of technologies, as well as the overall orientation towards technological progress and innovation in most workplaces, the so-called “right-brainers” are the most valuable human resources today. In this regard, right-brainers are the people whose mentality and ways of thinking and cognition are based on creativity, inventiveness, artistic qualities, the need for unique ways of self-expression, and the ability to see the bigger picture and envision the desired change. In particular, in the introductory section of his book, Pink specifies that computer programmers, MBAs, and lawyers have been the most successful and valuable professionals over the last several decades. However, according to the author, the time of their success is coming to an end, and soon they would be replaced by people with completely different kinds of minds. As explained by the author, crunching numbers, cranking computer codes, and crafting contracts are very mechanical tasks that are suitable for mathematicians who are used to working in fixed conditions and following a precise set of rules. The author emphasizes that the new generation of successful and valuable minds will be different. Specifically, creative and artistic individuals will become more wanted in the flexible business and workplace environments that are about to spread throughout various industries. The Implications of the Ideas in the Book for Me as an Educator This book was written as an informative resource for business professionals and leaders who are building their careers these days. However, reading this book from the perspective of an educator, I was able to gain some valuable insights for my profession as well. For example, I approached the ideas in this book as pieces of advice concerning the needs of future professionals, as well as the environments in which they would have to fit in order to stay relevant. In particular, Pink’s idea that creative and flexible minds will be more wanted implies that modern school teachers have to focus on the provision of the appropriate skill sets for their students. To be more precise, creative problem-solving, free and unlimited self-expression, advanced information delivery, public speaking, and writing maybe some of the most important domains and skills that need to be taught in contemporary schools starting from a very early age. In turn, this idea means that the old-fashioned model of teaching where the students’ roles were based mainly on memorizing the information from textbooks and learning lectures by heart. From the practical point of view, the ideas presented in the book by Pink imply that teachers need to get used to giving more freedom to their students so they could engage in autonomous and independent work, learn how to collaborate and cooperate with their peers, and how to overcome difficulties using a creative approach. Of course, children still need to be guided and their work – supervised by adults; however, the ways in which their instruction and tasks are presented and formulated need to be changed in order to create more space for individuality and creativity. The Ideas That I Challenge I agree with some of the ideas expressed by the author in this book. The social change inflicted by such processes as industrialization, the development of technologies, and globalization is obvious. The contemporary societies of the developed countries are transforming into a more diverse and free-spirited community comprised of multiple groups differing based on their background and a multitude of other factors. In terms of employment, businesses are going to hire the types of candidates who are able to meet the emerging needs and trends in their industries. As a result, it is logical that the new generation of workers may face an environment that is very dissimilar to the ones in which their parents and grandparents used to work. The same tendency would be true for the skills required in the new types of workplaces. However, I disagree with the idea that the people who have been considered as highly valuable workers over the last couple of decades are inflexible. The duties of computer programmers, MBAs, lawyers, and accountants involve a significant portion of creative tasks and issues that require clever and unique approaches. Reading this book, I got the idea that the author had very little knowledge about those professions and the responsibilities and skills they required. In that way, I would like to challenge that the professions that used to be recognized as the most prestigious will lose their popularity. I believe that it is not about the kinds of jobs that will be more and less relevant in the future but about the kinds of people who will fill these jobs. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Cancel Culture Meaning and Role in Modern Society Annotated Bibliography Bakhtiari, Kian. “Why Brands Need to Pay Attention to Cancel Culture.” Forbes , Web. The article focuses on the role ‘canceling’ plays in the modern corporate environment. The author explains how the Internet has become central in business strategy. He makes a case both for and against ‘cancel culture.’ The article explores brands’ need to be reactive to consumer attitudes, which are often dictated by social media. “Cancel Culture, Part 1: Where It Came from.” New York Times , uploaded by The Daily, Web. The podcast features a conversation about ‘cancel culture’ with Jonah Bromwich, a reporter for the New York Times . Jonah discusses the origins of ‘canceling’ and emphasizes the role of Twitter in its development. The podcast episode focuses on the implications of the aforementioned trend on the U.S. politics. Jonah explains why the 2020 election is integral to understand the impact ‘cancel culture’ has. Chotiner, Isaac. “Thomas Chatterton Williams on Race, Identity, and “Cancel Culture”.” The New Yorker , Web. Harper’s Bazaar has published a piece titled ‘Letter on Justice and Open Debate,’ which was signed by almost a hundred academics, authors, and philosophers. Thomas Chatterton Williams, one of the contributors to the letter, discusses its significance in a global conversation surrounding ‘cancel culture.’ In an interview with The New Yorker , Thomas mentions the importance of ideological diversity. The interview concludes with Thomas’ call for a less censorious society. Gerstmann, Evan. “Cancel Culture Is Only Getting Worse.” Forbes , Web. This article defines ‘cancel culture’ and sheds the light on its most prominent victims. The piece discusses the phenomenon’s impact on ordinary people. It includes examples from the academic and corporate field. The author encourages the public to recognize the dangers of ‘canceling.’ Greenhut, Steven. “‘Cancel Culture’ Is a Dangerous, Totalitarian Trend.” Reason , Web. The piece centers around ‘cancel culture’ being an instrument to destroy political opponent. The author argues that the main purpose of the movement is suppression. According to the author, it is undeniable that t is a form of censorship. ‘Canceling’ can therefore be used in an effort to challenge democracy. Greenspan, Rachel E. “How ‘Cancel Culture’ Quickly Became One of the Buzziest and Most Controversial Ideas on the Internet.” Business Insider , Web. The article examines the development of ‘cancel culture.’ It is a social phenomenon, which has been popularized during the #MeToo movement. Since then, it has gained public attention and affected hundreds of celebrities, politicians, and other public figures. The names of those ‘canceled’ include Kanye West, Ellen DeGeneres, Gigi Hadid, and others. Grobar, Matt. “Kevin Hart on Cancel Culture’s “Bad Environment” and Defending Ellen & Nick Cannon: “I Know Who They Are”.” Deadline , Web. The interview with Kevin hart focuses on his Oscar scandal in 2018. Hart explains his thoughts on getting ‘canceled’ over past homophobic tweets. He examines how his worldview has changed since the scandal. In addition, Hart criticizes ‘cancel culture’ and justifies his decision to defend its victims, including Nick Cannon and Ellen DeGeneres. Nossel, Suzanne. “‘Cancel culture’ Censorship Can Be Most Dangerous for Those Who Promote Social Justice.” NBC News , Web. Suzanne Nossel discusses the positive effects of ‘cancel culture.’ This movement created an abundance of opportunities for social changes, according to the author. The article urges people to look at ‘canceling’ as a dangerous tool. It can, in fact, be a threat to social justice if it is used by institutional authorities. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Questions and Answers Discuss and comment on the changes for the years 2006 and 2005 based on the common-size balance sheet and profit and loss statements. The changes for the years 2006 and 2005 based on the common-size balance sheet and profit and loss statement indicate that profitability has been declining from 2004 through 2006 as shown by the Gross Profit margin of 24.43%, 32.76% and33.09% for the years 2006, 2005 and 2004 respectively. This was also confirmed be the declining trend in net profit (loss) margins for the same periods under review which were reflected at 8.99%, 11.74% 17.07%, for the years 2006, 2005 and 2004 respectively. Comment on Glory Ltd’s liquidity, efficiency, leverage, profitability and return on investment ratios for the years 2006 and 2005 and their interrelationship by identifying the influence of each ratio and its implications for each relevant area of Investigation. Glory’ Ltd’s liquidity may be observed to above average the Current ratio 2.84 2.57 for the years 2006 and 2005 respectively. The said ratio means that the company has more than enough current assets to cover it currently maturing obligations. This is supported by that fact of Quick ratios of 2.44 and 2.19 for the years 2006 and 2005 respectively. As to the company’ efficiency the following rates were reflected in terms of inventory turnover of 6.58 and 5.64 for the years 2006 and 2005 respectively while average collection period was 5.85 and 11.12 respectively. It means that company operation is very efficient at it being able to sell is t product with an average of about six times or more for the year. Given the fact the company is principally engaged in the manufacture and retailing of a wide variety of textile and garment products mainly sold to Hong Kong, China and South East Asia countries under its own brand name and branches, said inventory turnover is rally very high (Case facts). More over the average collection period was lower than its normal number of days for its accounts payable to suppliers which ranged from 19% to 20%. As to leverage, the company is also doing well on the basis of the debt to equity ratio of 0.73, 0.69 for the years 2006 and 2005 respectively. The company’s profitability on the other hand is still very high despite the declining trend. This may be proved by net profits margins of 8.99% and 11.74%_ for the years 2006 and 2005 respectively. The company’s return on investment ratios 1 for the years 2006 and 2005 in terms of return on assets may are reflected at 6.72% and 8.77% respectively indicate a strong relationship with financial leverage of the company as well as its liquidity. The positive profitability if they company is the very cause of its liquidity and long term solvency or financial leverage. Give your conclusion of the financial position and operating performance of Glory Ltd It may be concluded that the financial position and operating performance of Glory Ltd. is acceptable and prospective stockholders may be given the chance accordingly to buy the companies stocks if the purpose is to earn from the company’ stocks as a form of investment. The financial position of Glory Ltd. is basically strong given the very low debt to equity ratio and as to what causes it, it was argued and proven that the continued profitability has done its is works in addition to the very liquid situation of the company as measured in terms of current ratio and quick asset ratio. Work Cited Meigs and Meigs (1995) Financial accounting, Mc-Graw Hill , London, UK | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
I wanted to ask this question after reading a section of the 2015 Special report titled A Longer March . The subject of this section was China and its dependence on the dollar coupled with its “inefficient” economic model. The inefficiency was exemplified by the economic crisis that China was undergoing in 2015 and the devaluation of the Chinese Yuan (“The Sticky Superpower”). I was always curious why it was considered that the country with money to buy products was considered more powerful and important than the country that makes products for the entire world. As it stands, China produces everything. If I were to venture to Walmart and start reading the labels, I am confident that almost everything besides food products would be labeled “Made in China.” As it stands, China has the strongest and largest financial sector in the world. At the same time, a good portion of the US debt belongs to China. The article spoke of China as a “wannabe superpower,” which has the potential for being one but is not one yet. However, should China be stricken by any crisis serious enough to stop it from producing our cars, iPhones, shirts, and plastic bags, the entire world would suddenly find itself without its greatest industrial giant, which would be just as catastrophic, if not more catastrophic than the Wall Street Crisis of 2009. This made me question the idea that the USA is an undisputed hegemon of the global economy. Works Cited “The Sticky Superpower.” The Economist . 2015, Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Understanding the Human Cloning Concept Research Paper Science is viewed dually by people. On the one hand, it is a means to improve the technological progress and at the same time to improve the quality of human life. On the other hand, the strength of religious beliefs and traditions makes people rebel against science if it breaks their outlook of the world (Trefil and Hazen, 2007). Accordingly, this paper will discuss the direction of the modern science that is heavily disputed – human cloning. To start with, it is necessary to state that scientists who went ahead of their epochs and discovered the truth about our planet were always discriminated or even executed. Thus, for example, the discoveries of Galileo were perceived hostilely by the society of his epoch. The statements of this scientist about the shape of out planet, as well as about the fact that it rotates around the sun, resulted in his death in prison. This happened because the Christianity was rather conservative at that time, and the discoveries by Galileo contradicted its major dogmas. For example, the central role of Earth in the Universe was undoubted by the Church, but the statements of Galileo dismantled this myth, and made Earth into simply one of the planets turning around the sun (Trefil and Hazen, 2007). However, with the development of the mankind, the ideas by Galileo became universally accepted and proven. Nowadays, there is another phenomenon that causes a lot of controversy – it is human cloning. The major reason to this negative attitude towards cloning is again the religion. All the religions of the world admit that the human beings were created by the God, and it is not in the human power to duplicate God’s creatures. Thus, the conservatism of the mankind stops its progress and does not allow the humanity to treat lethal diseases and prolong the lives of people (Annas et a., 2002). It is proven by the researchers who cloned animals and plants, that human beings can be cloned for the sake of preserving their health. Moreover, the organs of human beings can be cloned separately to make the tasks for transplantation surgery easier and save lives of thousands of people. Nevertheless, there are numerous public organizations that stress the supremacy of the human rights over the needs of science. According to such scholars as Annas, Andrews, Isasi (2002) and others, there is a strong need in prohibiting the cloning research and inheritable alterations of human genes. These scientists stress the immoral and anti-human character of cloning as far as every human being is unique in his or her essence and it is the violation of rights and freedoms to create the copy of any other human being (Annas et a., 2002). Moreover, one more reason for human cloning prohibition is the alleged possibility of dysfunction of the cloned human beings or separate organs. For example, scholars say that cloned organs can be infected with various diseases or be inclined to cancer and other serious illnesses. Having no knowledge about the possible development of these organs, as well as cloned human beings, it is rather dangerous to carry out such experiments (Annas et a., 2002). Thus, the modern science faces serious resistance from the side of church, other scientists and the society. The issue of human cloning is rather controversial as some people see it as a means to save the mankind, while others consider it to be the major threat to the latter. References Trefil J., & Hazen, R. M. (2007). History and methods of science: Custom edition (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Annas, G., Andrews, L., Isasi, R. (2002). Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 28, 151 – 178. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
How the Presence of Cell Phones Affects People’s Brains Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Summary of the Sources 3. Strengths and Weakness of the Sources 4. The Connection Between the Sources 5. Conclusions That Can Be Drawn from the Sources 6. Works Cited Introduction The three sources to be used in this essay focus on how the presence of cell phones affects people’s brains. One of the publications is titled cell phones in the classroom: expected (and unexpected) effects and was written by Andrew Watson. The next article is your smartphone reduces brain power, even if it is just sitting there was written by Robinson Meyer. The last is a journal article called brain drain: the mere presence of one’s smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity which was written by Adrian Ward et al. This essay will provide a summary and comparison of the three articles. Summary of the Sources Cell phones in the classroom: expected (and unexpected) effect is an article that discusses the effects of the location of a smartphone on attention. In the article, the authors base their arguments on the result of the study by Adrian Ward et al. The research showed that a cell phone on the desk reduced the working memory capacity. There is an indication that most people are not aware that the phone is interfering with their cognition (Watson). The source concludes that attention is complex and involves different aspects. Working memory can be viewed as the second piece of attention because people use it to keep out distractions. Your smartphone reduces your brainpower, even if it is just sitting there is an article that highlights the problem of people having their phones close to them every time. Through the author’s own experience, it is evident how the phone affects people’s thinking. The article notes that phones feed the emotions of individuals which can distract them from their real purpose. The review also bases its argument on the study by Adrian Ward et al. The source details the results of the study which confirm that being close to a smartphone interferes with a person’s attention. These findings are backed up by psychologists who affirm that people will be drawn to attractive objects (Meyer). It takes significant mental energy to maintain attention and focus in the face of a desirable distractor. Brain Drain: the mere presence of one’s smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity is a study by Adrian Ward et al. This paper discusses the results of a finding which investigated whether a student’s cognitive ability is affected by the presence of a smartphone. The research was conducted on 548 respondents who are undergraduate students. The results of the study confirmed that the mere presence of smartphones adversely affected working memory capacity and functional fluid intelligence (Ward et al. 149). Not many people are aware of their dependence on smartphones which means they are also not aware of the interference they are causing. Strengths and Weakness of the Sources One of the strengths of the article by Andrew Watson is that it draws on a research study that was done to investigate the issue of cell phones and attention. Also, Robin Meyer’s publication bases its argument on the research by Adrian Ward et al. This means that the two sources provide arguments that are based on scientific data. The third article is the research by Adrian Ward and provides the actual results of a study on brain drain caused by cell phones. Another strength is that the review by Andrew Watson provides two key insights as to the explanation of the results. Additionally, all three sources are written in simple and easy-to-read language. The publications by Andrew Watson and Robin Meyer do not provide the data from the study. The two reviews only highlight some parts of the data which may be a problem for a reader who wants to compare the data. Readers may want to access all information in one reading which makes it important for writers to provide such information. The article by Robin Meyer does not provide insights drawn from the data at the conclusion. The journal article does not provide the limitations of the study. Limitations help future researchers when attempting to investigate similar subjects. Stating the limitations of research is a prerequisite in many academic journals. The Connection Between the Sources The sources are interconnected in that two of the articles apply the results of the journal publication. Robin Meyer and Andrew Watson’s papers draw on the findings of the research conducted by Adrian Ward et al. The conclusion of the study indicates that the presence of smartphones affected the working memory capacity and functional fluid intelligence (Ward et al. 149). Based on these results the two publications provide more insight into the issue of cell phones and cognitive functions. The synthesis of information is important as it creates a new way of understanding information. Conclusions That Can Be Drawn from the Sources Based on the sources, the presence of smartphones can affect people’s attention span which may impact their ability to concentrate. Smartphones have become a common part of life which makes doing away with them a difficult task. Students need sustained attention to grasp the ideas and concepts they are learning. The presence of smartphones in classes can hinder the development of students because they affect their attention span. Students will be pressed to check their phones for notifications from social media platforms. Works Cited Meyer, Robinson. “Your Smartphone Can Reduce Your Brainpower, Even If It’s Just Sitting There.” The Atlantic , 2017. Watson, Andrew. “Cell Phones in the Classroom: Expected (and Unexpected) Effects |Education & Teacher Conferences.” Learning and the Brain , 2017. Ward, Adrian F., et al. “Brain drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity.” Journal of the Association for Consumer Research vol. 2, no. 2, 2017, pp. 140-154. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Real GDP Calculating Approaches Essay Calculating Real GDP of an economy entails a general summation of the total output produced in an economy. The two main approaches for calculating this output are the Expenditure Approach and the Income approach. The Income approach focuses on the incomes which accrue from the totality of economic activities carried out within the economy. The expenditure approach on the other hand focuses on the values of total expenditure in the economy as per the different economic units in the country. This paper gives a mathematical representation of the expenditure approach to calculate the level of GDP and also assesses the effect of changes in some of the variables on the GDP. Generally, GDP=Consumption + Investment + Government Expenditure + Net Exports This can be summarized as Y= C + I + G + NX However C=C0 + c1Yd Where Co is the autonomous level of consumption and C1 is the marginal propensity to consume. Yd is defined as (Y-T) and is called disposable income I=Io+I1Y Where Io is the autonomous level of investment and I1 the marginal propensity to invest. G=Go Where Go is the level of government expenditure determined outside the model. NX = X-M Where X is the level of exports and M the level of imports M=Mo+m1Y where Mo is autonomous level of exports and m1 the marginal propensity to import T=Tp where Tp are taxes as determined by government. Combining the equation gives Y=co+c1(Y-Tp) +Io+i1Y+Go+ (Xo-(mo+m1Y)) Hence Y= co+Io+Go+Xo-mo – c1Tp/ 1-c1-i1=m1 1-c1-i1=m1 Given that Autonomous consumption (Co) = 200 autonomous investment (I0) = 200 government spending = 100 export spending (X0) = 100 autonomous import spending (M0) = 100 taxes (Tp) = 0 marginal propensity to consume (c1) = 0.8 marginal propensity to invest (i1) = 0.1 marginal propensity to import (m1) = 0.15 Then Y= (200+200+100+100-100)/ (1-0.8-0.1+0.15) = 500/0.25=1,600 Exchange rates have significant effects on international trade. This is because they determine how much the local currency is valued in the international markets. Consequently, they affect the levels of imports and exports from the economy. Appreciation of the exchange rate has the effect of making imports cheaper in the domestic market while exports get expensive in the international markets. Depreciation of exchange rates on the other hand makes imports expensive in the local market while exports get cheaper in the international markets. In a case where the exchange rates cause autonomous imports to rise from 100 to 200 the GDP changes as shown below. The new level of Y is Y= (200+200+100+100-200)/ (1-0.8-0.1+0.15) = 400/0.25=1600 In the initial state the GDP level is 2000 a figure which is 400 higher than after the change in exchange rate. As mentioned above, the exchange rate is a conversion factor or a price relating local currency to international currency. This being the case, a rise in the autonomous imports would only result from an appreciation of the exchange rate. This is due to the fact that an appreciation in the exchange rate causes imports to be cheaper hence the same amounts used to purchase the autonomous imports can now purchase much more than before. It should be noted that the change in the GDP occasioned by the change in autonomous imports is much higher than the actual change in autonomous imports. This is due to the multiplier effect on the economy. In conclusion, exchange rate is an important component in the determination of the growth of GDP especially in economies where international trade contributes to a large portion of the GDP. It is always best to achieve stability of the exchange rates to avoid the scenario described above | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
2016, p. 151). KPIs are non-financial, they are frequently measured, decided by the CEO and the higher-level management, require an understanding by the staff, provide responsibility, can significantly impact the organization, and have a positive effect on other measures. This paper will provide a table of functional areas and the KPIs that apply to them (Parmenter, p. 101). Table: functional areas and the KPIs. Functional Area KPIs Human Resources Training hours per employee in a year, percent of employees that participate in career coaching programs, percent of employees that leave the company in a year, differences in performance before and after training. Marketing The number of leads gained over some time, the response time of the sales team, percent of impressions that lead to sales, the performance of online marketing, the size of the potential audience for marketing opportunities. Customer Service Customer support team response time, customer satisfaction score, net promoter score (likelihood of recommendation), customer retention rate, employee engagement level. Finance The number of working days to finish month-end operations, the number of debtor days, the number of days after the terms have passed, percent of expenses in comparison to budget. Information Technology Number of days to deliver a project in comparison to the deadline, percent of expenses in comparison to budget, the number of calls handled by the team, mean time to repair equipment. Operation Percentage of available work hours compared to actual hours spent, percent of schedule variance, percent of complete project delivery on time, the frequency of reworking, the number of complaints. Conclusion A variety of KPIs exists throughout different functional areas. Although KPIs are often misinterpreted, they play a crucial role in any organization. By properly utilizing them, an organization can significantly increase its output. Reference List Parmenter, D 2015, Key performance indicators: developing, implementing, and using winning KPIs , John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. Web. Star, S, Russ-Eft, D, Braverman, M, & Levine, R 2016, ‘Performance measurement and performance indicators’, Human Resource Development Review , vol.15, no. 2, pp. 151-181. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Paradigms About the Nature of Reality and Knowledge Report (Assessment) The aim of this paper is to present a question for the class’ consideration. The paper will also discuss implications of the question in the context of the course and the teacher’s profession. It will be argued that the relationship between qualitative and quantitative research methods, as well as positivistic and phenomenological inquiry paradigms, are of a complementary nature. Discussion Forward-looking educators recognize that all research is informed and shaped by undergirding philosophical assumptions about the nature of reality and knowledge. It follows that the choice of research methodologies and paradigms has a direct impact on the outcomes of a study. A critical examination of ontological and epistemological aspects of research has resulted in the bifurcation of approaches to inquiry, thereby producing polar paradigms and methods (Scotland, 2012; Wang, 2014). However, even though the recognition of a researcher and an object of their inquiry as interdependent entities has helped to advance human understanding of a wide-range of social and natural phenomena, it is necessary to consider whether or not educational research can benefit from the combination of different paradigms in the pursuit of the truth (Guba, 1990). Thus, the question that will be presented before the class is formulated as follows: Should educational researchers amalgamate different methodological approaches and research paradigms in order to add credibility to their conclusions? An alternative paradigm dialog had entered the philosophical stage after intellectual soundness of objectivist ontology and epistemology has been challenged by proponents of the phenomenological tradition (Guba, 1990). Whereas positivists maintain that the adoption of scientific methods is sufficient for uncovering the truth, followers of new research traditions argue that both the social context and recognition of one’s subjectivity should also penetrate the realm of inquiry (Firestone, 1987; Martin, 2013). Even though it is hard to disagree with the latter group of researchers, it is possible to take an issue with the rigidity of their perspective. One can argue that the adherence to a single mode of inquiry and interpretation can muddle scholars’ scientific lenses, thereby preventing them from properly testing a hypothesis or even arriving at one. The findings of a study on different research methodologies conducted by Martin (2013) suggest that even by adopting divergent ontologies, it is possible to draw similar conclusions about an object of inquiry. It means that by underpinning their research with varying ontological perspectives, education scholars can generate different kinds of information. From this vantage point, it is clear that the comparison of studies with polar paradigms and research methodologies can produce new lines of inquiry. Thus, the education community, in general, and attendees of the course, in particular, can benefit from utilizing different ontological platforms when trying to understand certain phenomena. This assertion is reverberated by Firestone (1987) who also posits that different types of inquiry “corroborate each other” (p. 20). In the light of intellectual endeavors of Firestone and Martin, it is essential to consider and discuss in the class the following points: 1. strengths and weaknesses of phenomenological inquiry; 2. strengths and weaknesses of positivistic inquiry; 3. the feasibility of combining the two research traditions. Conclusion The paper has presented the question about different approaches to scientific inquiry that can be discussed in the class. It has been argued that by adopting opposite assumptions about the nature of reality and knowledge, it is possible to better understand an object of scientific inquiry. The class will be encouraged to consider whether or not the amalgamation of different research paradigms and methodologies is beneficial for educational scholars. References Firestone, W. A. (1987). Meaning in method: The rhetoric of quantitative and qualitative research. Educational Researcher, 16 (7), 16-21. Guba, E. G. (Ed.). (1990). The paradigm dialog . London, England: SAGE. Martin, T. J. (2003). Divergent ontologies with converging conclusions: A case study comparison of comparative methodologies. Comparative Education, 39 (1), 105-117. Scotland, J. (2012). Exploring the philosophical underpinnings of research: Relating ontology and epistemology to the methodology and methods of the scientific, interpretive, and critical research paradigms. English Language Teaching, 5 (9), 9-16. Wang, V. (2014). Handbook of research on scholarly publishing and research methods . Hershey, PA: IGI Global. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Near-Miss Marine Reporting Fails Essay In his article on the near-miss marine reporting fails, Hildeburg talks about the need to collect other data types to identify safety problems. The article’s author defines a strategy for creating and developing reports for receiving and processing ship messages. The main idea of such near-miss reporting is that back-office functions can establish reporting systems to learn about what is happening on ships. The purpose of this strategy is to provide organizational training to prevent accidents with severe consequences on ships. Even though the idea of near-miss reporting is well intended, it seems to have minimal effect or sometimes has adverse consequences. The overall effectiveness of the thesis and the article is high, as the author talks in detail about the existing problems in the topic he is covering. First, there is no stable definition of what a “near-miss” is that separates routine work problems from something reported. The lack of a purpose that can be put into effect creates a reporting practice determined by the fact that the vessel is trying to meet reporting requirements. As a result, there are reports of everyday events with little potential for learning. Secondly, the author’s research has shown an apparent underestimation of information about events that can occur in such cases as close collisions and landings, falling asleep on watch, incorrect assembly of engine parts, etc. These events are kept secret due to the lack of accountability management in shipping companies. Thus, the reporting system gives a distorted view of the vessel’s work – hiding structural problems that no one mentions. Thirdly, the idea that near-misses are harbingers of serious accidents can be questioned. The investigation of ship-related accidents is essential to obtain information about specific accidents and gain knowledge about the effectiveness of existing risk reduction strategies at sea. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Realism in American and British Literature Essay Realism refers to the truth perceived in factual happenings of life, especially the gloomy ones. The concept is interested in looking at the daily lives of individuals from both the lower and middle classes, whose character is determined by social factors. In literature, it explains life without forming ideas through the process commonly known as idealization. Although it is not confined to a particular century or certain writers, its close association with the nineteenth century literary movement places it in that historical timeline. Some of the particular individuals associated with this period of time are famous novelists from France, Balzac and Flaubert. The social plays written by Ibsen are associated with realism. Writers later argued that it was only focusing on external reality thus some of them embraced psychological realism that analyzed the intricate functioning of the mind (Realism, 2007). Realism is a common practice among various schools of writing. Although in a strict sense it is considered a technique, it is also representative of certain subject matter, specifically the ones representing middle class life. Its rise was fueled by various factors among them the desire to study methods of science and the effects of rational philosophy. Romanticists search for the ideal by going beyond the immediate while naturalists go beyond the superficial or actual in their quest for the laws of science that influence actions. However, realists concentrate on the immediate, the particular deeds and the consequences that can be verified. A number of critics have pointed out that realism does not clearly differentiate itself from naturalism which emerged towards the end of nineteenth century. The term has different use in American and European contexts. In the context of American literature, it covers the period when the civil war began to the time when other writers such as Rebecca Davis, Mark Twain and William Howells among others wrote fiction aimed at accurately representing the lives of Americans in different contexts. As America recollected itself following the civil war, the improved democracy and formal education, growth of urban centers and industries, population increase as a result of immigration and the increase in the wealth of middle class people gave rise to readers who were interested in the culture changes. Realism was therefore regarded as a mechanism of imagining and dealing with social change threats (Moris, 2003). The movement covered the whole country since it was widespread although most of its critics and writers lived in England. There were different characteristics that were associated with the movement which were the ideas realists believed in. They argued that moralizing was a difficult concept to incorporate in the novel. Their morality was therefore based on a rather paradoxical concept. The ethical beliefs they subscribed to held the view that the moral behavior schemes were associated with fictional characters and their deeds. However, Howells upheld a strong moral purpose in his works. According to him, social life in his familiar world was important and full of morality. He also believed that the health of life depended on the ability to use human reason in dealing with the selfish ambitions of human beings. Realism considers the most mundane and uninteresting events and characters with the aim of deriving meaning from them. It strives to establish the link between the extraordinary and the ordinary and the visible and invisible of the nature of human beings (Campbell, n.d). Reference List Campbell, D n.d., Realism in American Literature , 1860-1890, Web. Moris, P 2003, Realism, Routledge, New York. Realism , 2007. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Identification of a Murder Victim Essay Table of Contents 1. Fingerprints 2. Dental Records 3. Determination of Gender 4. DNA 5. References A medical examiner must identify the victim of murder by conducting a postmortem examination (Crime Museum, 2016). To this end, all physical evidence that can be retrieved should be examined. Numerous methods are being used for identification purposes, but the most important are forensic odontology and anthropology. The best possible outcome of a postmortem examination is either confirmation or identification of a murder victim supported by firm evidence (Crime Museum, 2016). This task can be either simple or difficult and laborious. Their family members recognize the majority of the deceased individuals. In such cases, medical examiners are presented with taking facial photos and making two sets of fingerprints (Crime Museum, 2016). However, various factors, such as massive head trauma, decapitation, mutilation, or prolonged submersion in water, could significantly complicate the process of identifying the deceased individual (Claridge, 2015). It can stop the progress of crime investigation and impede the family of the deceased from settling insurance claims (Crime Museum, 2016). Therefore, it is a medical examiner’s responsibility to use all their knowledge and skills for the purpose of positive identification of the murder victim (Claridge, 2015). Fingerprints One of the essential instruments for determining the victim’s identity is the examination of palm and fingerprints. It is also the most reliable method for identification purposes that has been adopted at the beginning of the twentieth century by the New York City Civil Service Commission (Crime Museum, 2016). The medical examiner searches an Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) for possible matches (Fisher, 2012). Their reports usually contain one of three results: the person made the print, the person did not make the print; it was impossible to evaluate the print (Fisher, 2012). Patterns of skin on the soles of the feet or palms are considered to have the value of evidentiary power that is equal to that of fingerprints (Fisher, 2012). If the body has been substantially deformed due to the influences of external forces, it is necessary to make a comparison of existing prints with the latest ones that could be found in the home of the deceased or at their work (Fisher, 2012). However, even in cases when the subject is significantly decomposed, unconventional methods for taking fingerprints could be utilized. But only specialists with many years of fingerprint classification experience can successfully employ those techniques. In the majority of cases, those methods might result in a positive identification (Fisher, 2012). Dental Records Dental records could also be used for the identification of a murder victim. They rely on antemortem records similar to palm and fingerprints (Crime Museum, 2016). The most effective technique for identification with the use of dental records is antemortem radiography (Crime Museum, 2016). However, if such type of evidence is not available, the dental examination can be utilized for obtaining a positive identification. During the process of teeth examination, the presence of an experienced dentist might be very useful. For example, a trained specialist could help to assess root fillings (Crime Museum, 2016). If there is a possibility to establish the dentist’s identity who has treated the subject, it is necessary to ask them for help. They might confirm the victim’s identity and provide x-ray photographs that could be compared to those made by the medical examiner (Crime Museum, 2016). The data obtained from the dental examination is especially valuable in cases where the body is decomposed or substantially damaged. It could help to establish a victim’s age, unhealthy habits, or even occupation. While conducting the dental examination, forensic odontologist looks for characteristics such as missing teeth, disease marks, fractured or chipped teeth, groves on teeth, and worn surfaces, among others (Fisher, 2012). Even one tooth retrieved from the crime scene could prove highly valuable for identification purposes (Fisher, 2012). Determination of Gender The bones found at the crime scene could be used for the determination of gender. The size and shape of a pelvis and especially preauricular notch, could help to unequivocally establish the gender of the subject. The walls of male craniums are usually thinner than those of females. The frontal nose angle and curve of the eyebrows are different for two sexes; therefore, they could also help in the process of a postmortem examination (Fisher, 2012). The Head of the joint of the upper arm is normally larger in male skeletons than in female ones. The sizes of breastbones, thighbones, and shinbones could also serve as reliable indicators of the victim’s gender (Fisher, 2012). The female skeleton without pelvis has a lighter construction than a male one (Fisher, 2012). The child’s teeth might be used to determine their gender if other indicators are missing. DNA The use of DNA is the most reliable method to identify the victim of murder by conducting a postmortem examination. The forensic examiner has to prepare samples of skin, hair, or bone marrow and compare them with existing antemortem records or samples (Crime Museum, 2016). Therefore, if a body has significantly decomposed, and only bones are left, DNA can be used for positive identification (Crime Museum, 2016). References Claridge, J. (2015). Identifying the Victim . Web. Crime Museum (2016). Postmortem Identification . Web. Fisher, B. J. (2012). Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation (8th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Budgeting for Financial Planning in Organisations Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Value of Budgeting 2. Characteristics of a Budgeting System 3. The Ethical Perspective 4. References Every business needs to plan its activities. Cash has become the main item that keeps organisations running. Therefore, a budget is necessary for its forecasted expenditure and financing. A budget is also needed to ascertain the extent to which the organisation utilised its income and expenses efficiently. Value of Budgeting I do not agree with the statement that running a personal business does not require budgeting. Budgeting is a process that enables any business to keep track of its records. The records can be strategic for the long term or just for a short period (Atrill & McLaney 2013). A business person uses them to forecast the need for the company in future and to gauge the actual past performance. Large corporations have some of the unique methods of budgeting. They have to accommodate all the stakeholders and ensure that the report is satisfactory to their needs. In such organisations, the shareholders need a financial report to know how their investment is faring on and to know the needs of the company (Wiseman, 2010). They are investors. Therefore, they would like to know if the business can pay them dividends. The non-profit organisations will use the budgets to know how they can assist the firm to grow. The fundraisers and financiers will also need to know if the responsible persons put previous funds into fair use. Small and medium businesses need to make records for their activities to establish their growth pattern. Budgets help the enterprises to analyse their performance and set the pace for future developments. They also help the organisations to manage their resources effectively (Keillor, 2011). For instance, a business that does not budget may never accurately know if it is making profit or losses. Therefore, budgets are necessary for planning to provide direction to the firm. They also assist the organisation to establish control mechanisms to measure performance. It also enhances communication between departments. Characteristics of a Budgeting System The budget making process can be detailed or simplified depending on the organisational requirements. A detailed budget is critical because it caters for all areas of the departments in the organisation. It consists of the sales targets, staffing plans, production levels, cash investment and borrowing, and capital expenditure (Keillor, 2011). After forecasting, actual budgets are also suitable for analysing performance. The top-down budgeting process requires that the top leadership makes the budget and then passes it to lower departments for comment, negotiation, and agreement. The bottom-up approach involves setting up key targets and direction and then allowing the lower level managers to complete the first detailed draft of the budgets. The traditional approach requires the setting up of a budget committee or budget manual (Wiseman, 2010). However, today the industry has changed the way things should happen. Instead of taking much time in such methods, the preparation now includes adding guidance notes in the budgetary spreadsheets. It is easy to access them and update accordingly. Depending on the type of budget, the general view is that a budget consists of the determination of sales revenue, purchases, production, distribution, and even marketing. The Ethical Perspective Without a budget, the organisation lacks a plan for development. The government requires the filing of tax returns. A budget helps the firm to accurately determine the filing requirements (Atrill & McLaney 2013). A budget also contributes towards sealing of the loopholes that might otherwise become avenues for wastage of company resources. Budget making is making the organisation ready for market challenges. Profit making and non-profit firms need to plan. Budgets help to sustain the agencies in the long run. References Atrill, P & McLaney, E 2013, Accounting and finance for non-specialists, 8th ed., Pearson Publishing, Harlow, UK, pp.307-433. Keillor, B 2011, International business in the 21st century, 1st ed., Praeger, Santa Barbara, CA. Wiseman, B 2010, Budgeting, 1st ed., Weigl Publishers, New York, NY. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
New Ordering System for Girl Scout Cookies Case Study Before the implementation of a new ordering system, Girl Scout Cookies faced several challenges. In particular, they had to cope with an excessive amount of paperwork (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). For example, the employees had to mark their sales on individual order cards that were later transferred to the troop leaders. In turn, these cards had to be delivered to local headquarters and only then these data had to be provided to manufacturers. Thus, one can say that this process was very time-consuming. Moreover, it involved a great number of steps. Furthermore, such an approach did have any safeguards against the individual mistakes of workers. For instance, one can mention calculation errors (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). Thus, the new ordering system had to address these problems; otherwise the performance of the company could decline. In order to respond to these issues the management of Girl Scout Cookies adopted a computerized system called QuickBase. It is a Web-based software solution that is specifically designed for the needs of small businesses. This program enables companies to create various database applications that are used to transfer various kinds of data between different departments. The main advantage of this solution is that it is very inexpensive and user-friendly (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). It should be noted that other many businesses pay attention to user-friendliness of software solutions, because they do want to spend money on the training of employees (Vaman, 2007, p. 95). These examples indicate that management should pay attention to the skills of their workers and their needs. Overall, the adoption of this system brought several changes to the company. First of all, it reduced the time that company needed to processes each of its orders placed by the clients. As soon as they received a request from the customer, they could start working on the order almost immediately. Moreover, computerized order tracking system enabled the company to reduce the calculation errors of the employees by more 90 percent (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). Finally, the adoption of this software helped them develop shipment schedules (Laudon & Laudon, 2007). Thus, one can argue that the new system greatly increased the efficiency of the company. This is the main benefit brought by the new system. This case illustrates several challenges faced by businesses, especially when they want to implement new software solutions. First of all, the development of an ordering system is a time-consuming and expensive process. Therefore, not every organization can afford such a solution and the management should determine which application best suits the interests of a company. Additionally, companies should remember that their workers may not necessarily know how to use new programs. So, companies should choose such applications that offer a good ratio of efficiency and user-friendliness. This is another issue that should be overlooked. Nevertheless, the case of Girl Scout Cookies shows that these challenges can be overcome. On the whole, businesses are greatly dependent on their ability to incorporate new technologies. These tools are essential for remaining competitive and satisfying the needs of the clients. Businesses should be able to identify their needs and understand the expectations of customers. Only in this way, companies can better implement information technologies. The case of Girl Scout Cookies shows how small businesses can improve their performance. Reference List Laudon, K. & Laudon J. (2007). Essentials of business information systems . Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University. Vaman, J. (2007). ERP in Practice: ERP Strategies for Steering Organizational Competence and Competitive Advantage . New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Walt Disney Company Analysis Report Employment at the company is in strict accordance with the International Labor Standards (ILS) and the company has set up a group of senior executives to implement this program. The group oversees the direction and the assessment of educational and monitoring efforts by the company team. The company is well aware that “effective education and training” of the employees is important and accordingly lays emphasis on “communication and cooperation” through meetings and training sessions. The company has hosted “thousands of training sessions around the world” in groups, large and small and even one a one-to-one basis to ensure that the training and development of employees occurs efficiently and effectively. There is no mention of an explicit mentoring program by the company to its employees, with regard to training and development. An explicit mentoring program enables employees to gain new skills and knowledge and acquire valuable insight regarding the different planning and procedures of the company. It also enables employees to learn through role models so that they can enhance their performances and thereby be additionally productive for the company. Through explicit mentoring programs, employees are also able to increase the status and reputation of their company and are motivated to succeed in their respective fields. These programs enable companies to learn corporate values and gain cultural knowledge, which have become important aspects of global businesses today. Explicit mentoring programs also enhance the communication skills of the employees of an organization which is an important criterion for success. The company does have a management succession policy and the Board of Directors are responsible for the “planning for succession with respect to the position of Chief Executive Officer and monitoring management’s succession planning for other key executives”. The function of management succession is directed by the Chief Executive Officer who is responsible for the “timely and efficient transfer” of potential managers’ succession arrangements. A career at Disney does seem exciting to me since they have a wide ranging variety of professionals required for the efficient running of their global business. The company has a good market reputation and is open to recruiting talented individuals who have a drive for creativity and innovation. The company was initiated in the year 1923 and has become a diversified entertainment and media business. The company has an impressive revenue of more than 27 million USD and is supported by approximately 117000 employees. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Opening a detergent plant in two Asian countries Analytical Essay This paper will provide valuable information on the opportunities of opening a detergent plant in Pakistan and Mongolia which should be considered by Spring Clean Products. It is important that both these countries have rich deposits of the raw materials which are required for the manufacturing processes within the detergent plant, including sodium chloride, phosphate and chlorine. Kogel et al (2006) noted that “In Pakistan, several hundred small lakes contain sodium carbonate, chloride and sulfite” (p. 863). Regarding Mongolia, this country is known for its Quaternary Quagan Nur deposit which contains salt deposits as well (Kogel et al, 2006, p. 863). Taking into account the Pakistani semi-industrialized economy and the recent shift towards the growth of the manufacturing sector, it can be stated that currently there are a lot of skillful factory workers and managers. Regarding Mongolia, the industry accounts approximately for the same rate as the agricultural sector does. It means that skillful factory workers can be found in Mongolia as well. The potential size of the market in Pakistan with the population of nearly 170 million is impressive. Taking into account Afghanistan, Iran, India and China on which the country borders and to which the market can be potentially extended, it can be stated that the hypothetical size of the market is favorable for opening a detergent plant in the area. Regarding Mongolia with the population of about 2 million, the potential sizes of the market are smaller, but can be compensated by extending the market to Russia, People’s Republic of China and Kazakhstan bordering on the country. Regarding the political stability in Pakistan and Mongolia, it should be noted that the situation in both countries is rather stable. It is significant that Pakistan does not support the Taliban regime. Mongolia which is a parliamentary republic maintains positive relations with other countries and supports diplomatic missions. As to the trade and investment policies in Pakistani economy, it can be stated that with the recent shift towards industrialization of the country, the foreign investments have already been made into several sectors. Regarding the Mongolian policies concerning the same issues, it can be stated that the country’s government implements strategies for encouraging the foreign trade and investments. Keegan and Green (2008) noted that “foreign exchange is an aspect of global marketing that involves certain financial risks, decisions, and activities that are completely different than those facing a domestic marketer” (p. 147). The local currency in Pakistan, the Pakistani rupee has been relatively stabilized by the central bank through decreasing the interest rates and buying dollars. The Mongolian local currency tugrik is recognized as one of the best-performing currencies in the world. The relative stability and high performance of the local currencies in these countries create favorable conditions for opening a detergent plant on their territories. Taking into account the availability of the raw materials on the Pakistani territory, it can be stated that the costs of transporting the materials and the finished goods would be minimal. Taking into account the correlation between the area and the population rate in Mongolia, it can be concluded that transportation can be more costly. Still, the developed railroad net of Mongolia would allow transporting the finished products to not only different regions of the country but also the neighboring states. The governments of both these countries encourage the foreign investments. As to the competition of the local and international companies, it can be concluded that it would be stronger in Pakistan because the chemical industry is one of important sectors of Pakistani economy. Analyzing the above-mentioned information on the availability of the raw materials, socio-economical situation and the government policies concerning the foreign investments in Pakistan and Mongolia, it can be stated that the conditions of both countries are favorable for opening a detergent plant. Reference List Keegan, W.J. and Green, M.C. (2008). Global marketing . (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Kogel, J., Trivedi, N., Barker, J., and Krukowski, S. (2006). Industrial minerals and rocks: Commodities, markets and uses. Littleton, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
However, Davis Guggenheim’s movie, An Inconvenient Truth , presents one politician in a quite unusual light. In this documentary, Al Gore, a former Vice President of the United States, is represented not as a politician but as an ardent fighter for nature’s rights. Gore employs each of the pillars of the rhetorical triangle to persuade the audience that climate change is real. The use of ethos, logos, and pathos by Gore is so convincing that, in the end, it seems that no one could remain untouched by the speaker. Probably the brightest and most memorable aspects of Gore’s speech are concerned with pathos. The environmentalist mentions several touching stories from his own life, which creates an immediate emotional response. Personally, I was deeply touched by three things that Gore shared about his family life. The first issue was when the speaker explained how he had become involved in the idea of preserving the environment. His son was injured in an accident, and Gore almost lost him. As he admits, that event turned his world around ( An Inconvenient Truth ). It was then when he asked himself how he should spend his time on Earth. It was also then that he realized that people were taking for granted precious things which were in danger of disappearing. Another appeal to emotion was the description of Gore’s childhood and the warmth with which he spoke of the times he had spent at the farm as a child. In that revelation, it was possible to see the birth of Gore as a nature lover. Finally, there was also a tragic story of his sister’s death, which was a bright example of the appeal to emotion. Gore explained that his sister had died of lung cancer and that his father stopped growing tobacco after her death ( An Inconvenient Truth ). That was also an indication of Gore’s attitude towards nature and climate change since he explained the realization of the major environmental issues through a personal story. Another mode of persuasion employed by Gore is ethos, which accounts for the speaker’s credibility. There are many examples of ethos in the film, the major one being Gore’s past political activity. At the very beginning, he says that he “was in politics for a long time” and adds that he is proud of his service ( An Inconvenient Truth ). This statement is supported by the depiction of various interviews, meetings at the international level, and communication with scientists that Gore has performed. One of the brightest examples of Gore’s ethos is his meeting with Chinese scientists who not only answer his questions but also seem genuinely interested in his ideas of how the environment can be saved. One more appeal to ethics, however ironic it may sound, in the way, George Bush, Gore’s political rival, speaks of him: “This guy is so far off on the environmental extremes! We’ll be up to our necks in owls and out of work for every American” ( An Inconvenient Truth ). Calling him an environmental extremist means that Bush admits that Gore’s activity on protecting the environment is vast and significant. Thus, the credibility and authority of Gore are reflected through his leadership skills, the variety of ways in which his opinions are accepted, and through his opponent’s fear of Gore’s ideas. The last but not least persuasion mode represented by Gore is logos. The appeal to logic is reflected in numerous examples and statistics. Gore does everything possible to explain to the audience that the problem of climate change is highly serious and that devastating outcome of people’s present activity are inevitable. The most impressive illustrations of the threat that the planet faces include the analysis of carbon dioxide levels, effects of global warming, CO 2 concentration, and ocean temperature ( An Inconvenient Truth ). Gore explains that burning forests is not less dangerous than cutting them down and that the phenomenon of “displaced cities” is becoming less and less rare ( An Inconvenient Truth ). It was very sad to learn that the new studies indicate that some polar bears have drowned because they had to swim for too long before they could find ice. The opening and closing remarks of the movie contain compelling reasons to care about the planet. Moreover, Gore offers specific details on how each person can help solve the climate crisis. For instance, he suggests recycling, reducing carbon emissions, using energy-efficient appliances, and riding a bicycle instead of driving a car. Thus, the appeal to logic is reflected not only through offering data on people’s ill-treatment of nature but also by suggesting how they can improve the situation. The movie An Inconvenient Truth is not only an ardent call to stop destroying Earth but also a representation of the three pillars of the rhetorical triangle as used by Al Gore. The speaker employs logos, ethos, and pathos to persuade the audience that the problem of climate change is too serious to neglect it. Gore’s credibility, his ability to create an emotional response, and the use of facts and reason make the film a perfect method of convincing people to stop ruining the world and start thinking of what they will leave to their children. Work Cited An Inconvenient Truth . Directed by Davis Guggenheim, performance by Al Gore, Paramount Classics, 2006. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Knoxville City’s Environmental Pollution Report (Assessment) Nowadays, a rapidly growing human population is one of the most serious threats to the world’s environment. Knoxville, Tennessee is experiencing this problem right now. The City Council worries that population growth may create a number of negative environmental, social, and economic outcomes like infrastructure deterioration or air and water quality decline. Statistics shows that, in 2010, the population was about 179,000 people, and, in 2013, it reaches the mark of 183,270 people (United States Census Bureau, 2014). It is necessary to address some pollution management issues and think about the measures to reduce pollution rates and help people survive any kind of environmental problems. In case the City Council offers financial support in about $20 million, it is possible to create an appropriate solution for Knoxville and improve the rapid population growth problems. The following measures are chosen: pollution control legislation of point sources ($3mln), encouragement of alternative transportation, walking and bicycle use ($5mln), promotion of fuel-efficient cars ($7mln), and establishment of green spaces or some urban forestry ($5mln). Knoxville has one of the best employment forecasts in the USA. It has powerful transportation facilities and low cost of living. Unfortunately, it makes this city taking the leading positions in the “dirty” list (Flory, 2011). Pollution control legislation for point sources can help to maintain appropriate environmental conditions, reduce carbon emission, and avoid the degradation of ecosystems. A legislative framework proves that all pollution control should be dependent upon some engineering and technological facilities. Legislation should work on the two main principles – pollution prevention (to reduce the number of polluting products) and pollution control principles’ integration (to create a team that analyzes pollution impacts). A new pollution control law should provide the society with a kind of environmental duty, civil law enforcement, and penalties for environmental offenses. People should be aware of their responsibilities. Though many technological organizations may be not satisfied with the necessity to install expensive devices, they should take a risk to avoid possible expenses in the future because of penalties. Encouragement of alternative transportation, walking, and bicycle can help to reduce air pollution rates considerably. Employees should have a good stimulus to go to work walking or bicycling. It may be achieved by the creation of beautiful roads, walking through which may influence workers’ mood and behavior, the access to additional vocation days, and cash rewards. Some organizations may refuse the idea to spend more money on their workers; still, legal penalties may be used to make the employers try. The promotion of fuel-efficient cars is another measure that can be taken in Knoxville. The need of appropriate organizations specialized in creating such cars can make many stakeholders invest their money into new attractive ideas and help other organizations find alternative transportation means. It is possible to create special public fuel-efficient buses and offer employees some discounts. Finally, the establishment of special green spaces and urban forestry is a good idea to reduce carbon emission and show the society the beauty of the environment they get a chance to live in. People should have an access to clean and specially-organized places for resting. The implementation of certain behavioral rules and norms is necessary. 24/7 security will gain control over such territories and take responsibilities for all possible violations. Such people should be properly prepared for their work. The City Council should encourage a good educational program where environmental issues, psychological approaches, and management details will be discussed. To achieve this, it is necessary to find out trade-offs with the already developed educational system and offer them a new effective idea for development and promotion of ecosystem health. Considering the above-mentioned measures and their impacts on the environment, the idea of the statement about the balance between the effectiveness of environmental measures and the public reaction towards them becomes clear. It is wrong and useless to improve the environment without an appropriate public support. The way of how people react on the measures defines the quality of all innovations. People have to comprehend their roles in the city they live and understand that their awareness or, vice versa, a kind of apathy will influence their future and the future of their children. So, the balance between measure and reactions should be kept. Reference List Flory, J. (2011). Air pollution lands Knoxville on “dirty” list. Knoxville News Sentinel. Web. United States Census Bureau. (2014). State & Country QuickFacts: Knoxville, Tennessee . Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
Fiscal Policy in an Economic Downturn Since 2008 Essay Table of Contents 1. Economic Stimulus Plan 2. Classical and Keynesian Approaches 3. Conclusion 4. Reference Economic Stimulus Plan The world has been experiencing an economic recession since 2008. As a result, the economies of many countries around the world were affected in a negative way. To respond to this recession, the United States government came up with an economic stimulus plan that aimed at controlling inflation. However, the expectations of this fiscal policy were not realized since the level of unemployment and inflation are relatively high. To resolve this problem, the government in conjunction with the congress has proposed a new stimulus plan worth $200 billion. Just like the predecessor, this fiscal policy will aim at reducing the unemployment rate and maintaining an affordable price level for the goods and services offered within the country. The 2008 recession was characterized by massive employee lay-offs especially in the private sector (Patil, 2012). Firms within the private sector sought to lay-off their employees as a means of cutting down operating costs. Some of these companies filed for bankruptcy due to massive debts. This left millions of US citizens unemployed. Thus, to stabilize this situation, the government should make direct investment to rejuvenate the operations of these companies. This would increase the level of employment and the economic situation as a whole. This plan should also focus on cutting down bank lending rates. Increment of bank lending rates is one of the monetary measures that is use to curb inflation (Patil, 2012). However, this reduces the disposable income available for investments. Thus, by reducing the lending rates, individuals can take loans to start small and medium sized enterprises. This will not only reduce the level of unemployment but it will also improve the status of the economy. Finally, a fair proportion of the money should be used to reduce taxation rates and on tax rebates. This should mainly focus on loans and mortgages offered by public institutions. This will increase the disposable income of individuals encouraging investments and savings. With this economic stimulus plan in operation, the government shall be able to increase the aggregate demand of the US economy. Increase in the employment rates shall be one of the results of this plan. Additionally, the government shall be able to stabilize the prices of goods and services within the nation. This will encourage expenditure thus increasing the amount of money in circulation. In the long run, the economic growth rate shall increase and stabilize at an optimum level. Classical and Keynesian Approaches According to the classical theory, economic imbalance is the main cause of recession. The theory further states that the economy is a self-sustaining unit and in case of an imbalance, it will automatically adjust itself to an equilibrium (Patil, 2012). Thus, according to classical economists, the current high unemployment rate is as a result of a low number of people who are willing to work at the current price level. Thus, to reduce this rate, the government should increase the wage rate that will in turn increase the number of people who are willing to work. This will in turn increase the demand for employees hence reducing unemployment. Keynesian theory on the other hand is slightly different. According to this theory, the best way a government can control inflation is by increasing the level of spending and reducing tax levels (Patil, 2012). This will increase the disposable income of individuals hence increasing the aggregate demand. Conclusion Given the Classical and Keynesian approaches, it is evident that the Keynesian approach is more practical. This is because the price levels of an economy are rigid unlike the Classical approach assumptions of flexibility. Thus, to control the recession, the government needs to come up with measures and policies that will have impact on the entire economy and not specific sectors only. Therefore, this stimulus plan should focus on reducing taxes and encourage of spending. Reference Patil, S. (2012). Classical Economics vs. Keynesian Economics . Retrieved from https://wealthhow.com/classical-economics-vs-keynesian-economics | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
National Association of Social Workers Essay The Skills Lab Prep Checklist is significant because it highlights key points that are necessary to prepare for the Skills Lab Intensive. The resource highlights the schedule of the upcoming events, and specific attention is drawn to finding the time in different time zones (Walden Academic Residencies, 2021b). This information is practical because it can help avoid missing events. The checklist also emphasizes the importance of attending all the events organized during the lab. In addition to that, the given resource is helpful because it offers specific recommendations as to how to organize workspace, maintain professionalism, check devices and software, and many others (Walden Academic Residencies, 2021a). Finally, the checklist is of significance because it reveals what actions are appropriate if any technical challenges arise. It is necessary to know proper steps to be taken to minimize the impact of unexpected issues. All this information makes me understand that significant efforts are necessary to prepare for the Skills Lab Intensive, and I make the required actions. Firstly, I draw sufficient attention to organizing my workspace to minimize background noises, dress business casual, and plan my schedule to ensure that no outside activities will no deflect me. Secondly, I make some efforts to ensure that my computer and Internet connection are in decent condition. This step is required to get insured against various technical issues that can adversely impact my learning experience. Finally, I carefully read the advising requirements and troubleshooting tips. I understand that this information can help me respond adequately to any unexpected issues, which will help me mitigate the challenges and avoid negative consequences. Consequently, I can state that I am prepared for participating in my Skills Lab Intensive. Since the given session aims to provide social workers with development opportunities, it is reasonable to identify what ethical principles are promoted during this activity. On the one hand, the session promotes the principle stipulating that social workers are encouraged to enhance their professional expertise (National Association of Social Workers, 2021). Competence is highly valued in the social work field, and the Skills Lab Intensive provides all the participants with suitable conditions to improve their professional skills. On the other hand, the principle of behaving in a trustworthy manner is preserved because it implies that social workers should care for themselves personally and professionally (National Association of Social Workers, 2021). Thus, the session under consideration addresses this value of integrity because all the participants are required to dress and behave appropriately during the sessions. It is possible to expect that this skill can be beneficial for further practice. There is no doubt that being ready to participate in the Skills Lab Intensive can promote positive social change. The rationale behind this statement is that the activity increases the professionalism of social workers. On the one hand, these individuals learn how to behave professionally, which is significant for their successful work with clients. On the other hand, the session is beneficial because it offers numerous learning opportunities for all the participants. This fact means that individuals obtain a perfect chance to cooperate and adopt experience from colleagues, practicing professionals, and staff members from all over the world. Once this occurs, the level of expertise and competence increases across the social work field, meaning that individual professionals have better skills and knowledge to address patients’ problems and promote positive social change. References National Association of Social Workers. (2021). Code of ethics. Web. Walden Academic Residencies. (2021a). Tips for success – Virtual residencies, labs, & intensives [Video]. YouTube. Web. Walden Academic Residencies. (2021b). Virtual overview [Video]. YouTube. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
The Crime Scene Investigation Effect Theory Essay The CSI Effect is a theory that crime television shows have a certain impact on viewers and the criminal justice system. In particular, crime shows, mass media, and television certainly have some effect on many areas of life. It is believed that in 1975, about 40% of all programs on television were crime and detective series (Cole et al., 2017). In this context, it is important to note that in 2002, US prosecutors considered the possibility of applying the knowledge of CSI as an example for real investigations (Cole et al., 2017). However, around the same time, it became clear that CSI has a detrimental effect on the criminal justice system and the law rather than a positive one. Thus, the public, seeing the romanticized image of police officers, prosecutors, and detectives, acquired somewhat inflated expectations. Among other things, the high expectations of the population are also associated with the image of the working process of criminologists. The public is used to seeing dark laboratories with much modern equipment on TV (Freetheinnocent, 2007). In addition, they saw how criminologists, with the help of the study of a single hair, solved the most complicated cases. However, in practice, the investigation is not always as successful as in the series. Moreover, even the laboratories themselves and the research process look different. In this context, the public has come to expect too much from criminologists and the criminal justice system because of the CSI Effect. Finally, the CSI has had a certain impact not only on justice workers but also on the criminals themselves. Thus, there is a case in which the criminal in 2011, after the murder, returned to the crime scene to remove his DNA prints from all the surfaces of the house (Vicary et al., 2017). In that sense, it was shows like CSI that told him that DNA could lead to finding him. This particular case demonstrates that the effect of CSI is not always good, as criminals can also be viewers of such shows. Thus, it becomes possible to conclude that the CSI Effect is present among the average audience and law enforcement officers and criminals. References Cole, S. A., & Porter, G. (2017). The CSI effect. The Routledge international handbook of forensic intelligence and criminology, 112-124. Freetheinnocent. (2007). Anderson Cooper 360: The CSI Effect [Video]. YouTube. Vicary, A., & Zaikman, Y. (2017). The CSI Effect: An Investigation into the Relationship between Watching Crime Shows and Forensic Knowledge. North American Journal of Psychology, 19(1). | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
ARABTEC Company Successful Changes Case Study The company ARABTEC is one of the leading construction companies in the Middle East and North Africa. The company was founded in 1975, and it focused on constructing various modern buildings (“About Us” n.p.). The company has expanded significantly since then. In 2013, the company started a new wave of change aimed at expansion and diversification. The company is undergoing certain changes which prove to be effective as the company’s revenue is growing steadily, and its shares’ value is increasing (“Arabtec Holding Co” n.p.). The steps undertaken are creating joint ventures, exploring new sectors and markets, assigning high-profile top management. First of all, entering new markets is a conventional strategy in the modern business world. It is a successful strategy due to several factors. Competitiveness of the market is increasing, and companies have to secure their operations by providing new products or services. ARABTEC has successfully utilised this approach diversifying its operations. More so, the markets chosen by ARABTEC are emerging in the area, and it is possible to occupy a significant place in this niche. This can prevent other smaller companies from entering this sector in the middle and long run. Finally, these sectors are highly promising as they help societies ensure their energetic safety. Admittedly, it is crucial to take into account these factors during the change process. Furthermore, the structural policy of the company can be regarded as one of the change variables. The company has started a number of joint ventures with companies operating in new markets (for examples, oil and gas production, airport construction). ARABTEC did not have the necessary experience in this sphere, and it could face numerous issues and make losses. Development of joint ventures with more experienced companies can ensure the proper functioning of the company and the successful implementation of the change. Importantly, this strategy does not lead to significant changes within the company and departments, which is beneficial since lots of people often oppose such changes. Joint ventures can be constituted by people who are ready for the change and understand their roles in it. It is also noteworthy that the company reduce the number of its potential competitors in each sector, making them its partners. Finally, proper human resources management strategy is another important change variable. The company has chosen to recruit high-profile top managers who can ensure proper implementation of the change (Kane n.p.). There are numerous factors affecting this variable. For instance, the company will employ international professionals as well as top domestic managers (Kane n.p.). This can lead to certain cultural issues as top international managers can fail to understand the peculiarities of the region. Employees can be reluctant to work effectively with these professionals, and this can also have certain negative effects. Nonetheless, these issues can be overcome or even avoided if the HR strategies are thoughtful. To sum up, it is possible to note that the change strategy chosen by ARABTEC is successful as the company is characterised by unprecedented growth. The company has entered new, highly promising sectors, which ensures its continuing growth. At that, the company minimised risks by starting joint ventures with companies operating in these sectors. Finally, ARABTEC has also facilitated its growth by recruiting high-profile top managers who have the necessary experience to ensure the company’s proper expansion and development. Works Cited About Us . 2014. Web. Arabtec Holding Co . 2014. Web. Kane, Frank. Arabtec Holding to Build on New Growth Strategy . 2013. Web. | human | 0 | 0 | 0 | human |
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