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Cross-Cultural Communication Barriers in Business Essay Globalisation is one of the most significant determinants of the twenty-first century that affects individuals and firms significantly. In today’s world, many companies extend their businesses abroad and are challenged by communication with their international partners encountering cultural differences (Jenifer & Raman, 2015). It is necessary to address this issue to outline possible solutions to problematic aspects of cross-cultural communication and enhance organisations’ performance. It is vital to acknowledge that culture has diverse dimensions, which should be considered while establishing international communication. They include normative, symbolic, behavioural and historical aspects (Browaeys & Price, 2011). Possible barriers to cross-cultural communication may be verbal, such as language and non-verbal (Nickolayev, Svintorzhitskaja, Bondar, & Ermakova, 2015). The second category may include differences in societal norms, roles, beliefs and values. In addition, emotional, motivational and phonetic barriers may interfere with successful intercultural interaction too (Akhmetshin, Makulov, Talysheva, Fedorova, & Gubarkov, 2017). Thus, companies should implement internal and external strategies to eliminate culture-related challenges to communication. First, organisations should ensure that their employees are ready to interact with diverse populations. It is necessary for them to support diversity in the workplace and establish a welcoming environment for personnel of various cultural backgrounds. Companies may implement training sessions aimed to enhance workers’ awareness of other cultures, their rules and languages. When a company extends its business to a new country, it is necessary to introduce personnel to its norms and aspects, as well as eliminate possible stereotypes related to it. Second, organisations should ensure that employees use effective conversational strategies. Firms may establish workshops that can help individuals to practice vital techniques, such as active listening, as well as use various forms of communication, including verbal and written ones (Duggan, 2019). Such an approach can eliminate conflicts arising because of misunderstandings or poor conversational skills. Third, it is vital for businesses to minimise potential ethnocentrism among their employees. Individuals should be aware that their culture is not superior to others and respect differences between various populations. To address the problem of ethnocentrism, employers can establish educational training discussing the aspects of cultural diversity. Another strategy firms can use to eliminate cross-cultural barriers is to ensure that employees are aware of the adverse consequences of poor communication. It is vital to address the problems of misunderstanding, unmet expectations, decreased performance and dissatisfaction among stakeholders and clients. Personnel should understand the necessity of effective intercultural communication and strive to improve their skills to eliminate possible negative outcomes. It is also vital to ensure that individuals are aware of the benefits of successful international cooperation and are motivated to implement effective techniques to achieve the firm’s goals. Employees should analyse their personal contribution to the company’s success and receive rewards for it. In summary, businesses should consider and eliminate various verbal and non-verbal barriers to communication to ensure a high level of performance. Possible strategies include supporting diversity in the workplace, implementing culture-related training sessions, minimising ethnocentrism among employees and addressing the potential outcomes of poor communication. References Akhmetshin, E. M., Makulov, S. I., Talysheva, I. A., Fedorova, S. Y., & Gubarkov, S. (2017). Overcoming of intercultural barriers in the educational environment. Man in India , 97 (15), 281-288. Browaeys, M. J., & Price, R. (2011). Understanding cross-cultural management (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Duggan, T. (2019). How to overcome cross cultural communication in business. Web. Jenifer, R. D., & Raman, G. P. (2015). Cross-cultural communication barriers in the workplace. International Journal of Management , 6 (1), 348-351. Nickolayev, V. P., Svintorzhitskaja, I. A., Bondar, I. A., & Ermakova, L. I. (2015). On subtle distinctions between lingual communication and interlingual miscommunication. European Journal of Science and Theology , 11 (4), 159-168.
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Organization’s Liability During an Emergence Essay Introduction Chain of events is a phrase used to refer to stages of an event. It also refers to actions or steps taken by an individual(s) in a given procedure. In this case it is important to know the initial and the final events as well as the relationship between events. These actions should yield certain effects. Incase a patient incident occurs there should be liability follow up put in place to address the issue. However, this is not normally the case in many organizations. The management always starts shifting the blame and responsibility (National Audit Office, 2008). Organization’s Liability Follows When an Incident Occurs with Staff, the Organization, and the Patient Incase an incident occurs; the organization should prepare the necessary documents to be used to defend and maintain the organization’s image. Since the incident has occurred the legal department should work on the issue of liability. Prior to publication, the legal department should go through the documents to make certain that the necessary evaluations have been made (Flanagan, 1954). An organization in such a case starts by analyzing capabilities and hazard. People are then assigned roles and responsibilities in order to work on the situation. Assessment should be performed. This is to ensure that the standards outlined in the organization’s policies are still in place. Policies and procedures are analyzed to investigate whether the incident is as a result of under employing the organization’s policies. Remedial and mitigation strategies are employed to address the situation. It is important to consider the set standards in line with the organization’s policies. At this point the management should come up with procedures and measurements that would prevent such incident from recurring. This includes training the members of staff. When the incident occurs with staff or patient in an organization reporting them is very crucial. This improves the patient or staff safety. Organization should not fear any punitive action as a result of the incident. They should publicly report. Reporting may be external or internal. The organization reports to regulatory, governmental or voluntary agencies (Rubin, 1990). Relationship between the Quality Assurance Department and the Legal Department It is important to note that if the information is not well handled legally it can result to liability. In addition, if the quality assurance team fails, the products or services are termed as having improper standards. This in return creates liability. The two departments should work hand in hand in an organization when a patient incident occurs. The legal department should ensure that it has taken all necessary due diligence covering all areas just in case the legal action is taken against the organization as a result of the patient incident. It also ensures that no other incident occurs that may cause liability as a result of trying to address the existing situation. Quality assurance department on the other hand ensures that the implemented remediation and mitigation employed meet the required standards (Thomas and Schumann, 1997). Conclusion Organization’s liability follow when an incident occurs is a clear indication of establishing the underlying causes of the incident. With this kind of process, protection measures against such incidences in future are employed. A well planned action during an emergence not only saves life but also reduces organization’s potential liability. References Flanagan, J. (1954). The Critical Incident Technique . Psychology Journal, 51: 327–58. National Audit Office. (2008). Patient Safety . London: The Stationery Office. Rubin, J. (1990). Critical Incident Stress Debriefing . Emergency Nurse , 16:255-258. Thomas, D. & Schumann, M. (1997). Legal Liability: A Guide for Safety and Loss Prevention Professionals . New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
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Credibility of the Sources and Claims Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Source Credibility 3. Claim Credibility 4. Reservations and Conclusions 5. Works Cited Introduction The analysis of literary devices that different authors use in their works to add to their credibility, the credibility of the sources they use and the argument and claims they make is a rather challenging task. To carry it out successfully, one must consider how the author presents the argument of his/her and the supporting details that can be observed in this or that work. This paper focuses on the comparative analysis of the source and claim credibility of the works titled Ask Barbara: The 100 Most Asked Questions About Love, Sex, and Relationships by Barbara De Angelis and Romantic Relationships. Fighting for Your Marriage: Positive Steps for Preventing Divorce and Preserving a Lasting Love by Howard Markman. Source Credibility To begin with, the credibility of the sources chosen for the comparative analysis in this work is asses in different ways by scholars and the ordinary readers. Ask Barbara: The 100 Most Asked Questions About Love, Sex, and Relationships by Barbara De Angelis is mainly high-assessed by the customers and specialists. For example, the editorial and customer reviews presented at Amazon.com evidence that the book considered has helped many people in the real-life situations. The practical use of the book is more valuable for the author and her readers than the theoretical or formal frame (Moore, 2009). The essence of the book lies in combining the thoughts of Barbara De Angelis with the question-answer talk between the author and her readers. Barbara De Angelis answers the questions that concern the family life and intimate relationships in the simple way understandable for people with various educational levels (De Angelis, 2009). As for Romantic Relationships. Fighting for Your Marriage: Positive Steps for Preventing Divorce and Preserving a Lasting Love by Howard Markman, this work has raised a number of various assessments. On the one hand, the book operates with non-supported data, like for example the statement about the 70% of women behaving in a certain way in the modern society. Such statements accompanied by the lack of bibliography to the book decrease its credibility as a source of the psychological information. On the other hand, however, the practical use of the book is stressed by numerous readers who bought, read and tried to implement the advice the book gives in their family lives. The results impressed them and led to the considerable public popularity of the book by Markman (Markman, 2001). Claim Credibility Further on, the credibility of the claims made by Barbara De Angelis and Howard Markman can also be treated differently. On the one hand, the works under analysis lack the theoretical base and display not enough scholarly support for their claims. On the other hand, the feedback provided by the book readers evidences the opposite – the works by Barbara De Angelis and Howard Markman contain useful information and the claims made by these authors are credible as far as they turn out to be effective. For example, the claims by Barbara De Angelis look more like the private talk with the readers than a scientific literary work (Moore, 2009). The author receives numerous questions from people experiencing hardships in their lives and tries to help them by her claims. For example, Mrs. De Angelis’s advice on intimate relations improvement, family life revival, etc. and the ways she recommends are proved to be effective by many people who used them (De Angelis, 2009). The same is true about Howard Markman’s claims that prove to be true as the numerous readers report in their reviews and letters to the author. Although making some sweeping generalizations that might irritate people who disagree with them, the book is helpful for ordinary couples whose family lives started worsening after several years of being together. Howard Markman, although not trying to present his ideas as the only correct ones, manages to advise people on how to avoid quarrels in household, how to revive the affection between long-time spouses, etc. Thus, both books under analysis can be viewed as effective sources of information on the most common issues of family life (Markman, 2001). Reservations and Conclusions Nevertheless, some reservations as to the credibility of the sources and claims made in them still can be observed. For example, in the work by Barbara De Angelis the names of the readers whose questions are answered are not stated (De Angelis, 2009). Understanding that this is done for the purpose of privacy, I still feel that the provision of exact names and ages would add credibility to the book’s claims. Moreover, the sweeping statements about the offered solutions being effective for every single situation are not very credible (Moore, 2009). Different people have different circumstances in their lives and it is impossible to solve the diverse issues with a single template of actions. The same reservations are observed in respect of Markman’s work (Markman, 2001), but the overall impression both works under analysis make is positive. Their source credibility is rather high, while the credibility of claims is also considerable with the exception of the several points concerning the sweeping statements and anonymity of readers whose problems are solved. Works Cited De Angelis, B. Ask Barbara: The 100 Most Asked Questions About Love, Sex, and Relationships. New York: McGraw Hill, 2009. Web. Markman, H. et al. Romantic Relationships. Fighting for Your Marriage: Positive Steps for Preventing Divorce and Preserving a Lasting Love. Jossey-Bass; New and Revised edition, 2001. Web. Moore, B.N., & Parker, R. Critical thinking (9th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill, 2009.
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Psychological Complications of Illnesses Essay Table of Contents 1. Patient Encounter and Article Summary 2. Strategies 3. Advocacy and Implications 4. References Patient Encounter and Article Summary People with illnesses that have a long-lasting effect on their physical health can develop psychological issues as well. In some cases, such delicate problems severely affect individuals’ mental health and lead to them developing such conditions as depression or anxiety. One such encounter in my practice involved a female patient who survived head cancer. Before therapy, cancer caused some facial disfigurement that was visible. The woman stated that while her post-treatment was rather successful, her mood and emotional stability did not improve. She also commented that her interaction with relatives, friends, and even other medical professionals has changed after she developed cancer. Taylor (2016) finds that many causes of distress exist for patients who have survived head and neck cancer. First of all, individuals with the HPV-positive type of cancer can face stigma associated with their behavior, leading them to feel shame and embarrassment. Second, facial disfigurement becomes a cause of low self-esteem, body image issues, and social anxiety. Surgery that is sometimes needed to treat cancer also may alter people’s appearance, change their communicative abilities and limit their independence. Taylor (2016) points out that holistic care which includes education, emotional support, and social training is crucial for helping such patients. Strategies The strategies that I employed followed the guidelines expressed by Taylor. It is imperative to make the patient feel comfortable to let them speak about past and present experiences. The subject of facial disfigurement is often viewed as unpleasant by people, thus making individuals with some changes in appearance self-conscious. By educating the patient, her family, and loved ones about the existing stigma, one can make them more aware of the problems that the individual with cancer can encounter. Thus, I utilized my resources to talk to the patient’s relatives to ensure that they understood the significance of being supportive and open. Furthermore, interaction with the patient and encouragement of self-care are also essential in providing her with the tools to become more confident in her appearance. Looking at oneself can help come into terms with one’s changes. Other strategies that could have been used include additional support to socialize and effective management of the patient’s distress. Interaction with other people, especially strangers, may help cancer survivors to learn that their appearance does not change their personality and mental abilities. These aspects may be relevant to some patients who are afraid of being perceived as less qualified or capable individuals. Advocacy and Implications Advocacy for head and neck cancer survivors lies in communication with other people and the removal of the negative stigma associated with the condition. As Moubayed et al. (2015) state, depression is prevalent in cancer survivors, and it can be predicted based on people’s social surroundings and behavior. Thus, it is necessary to raise awareness about the issues that individuals with cancer face on a daily basis. People should recognize that facial disfigurement is a factor that should not change one’s opinion of a person. Moreover, they should not use one’s insecurity to establish social norms, suggesting corrective facial surgery as the only way to deal with mental health problems (Rifkin et al., 2018). While the patient should be made aware of this option, it should not be distinguished or described as more reliable than others. One of the main ethical implications for nurses who care for patients with head and neck cancer lies in the ability to provide not only medical but also social support. Encouragement and respectful behavior positively affects mental well-being which can be considered as a part of nurses’ duty to preserve patients’ health. References Moubayed, S. P., Sampalis, J. S., Ayad, T., Guertin, L., Bissada, E., Gologan, O. E.,… Christopoulos, A. (2015). Predicting depression and quality of life among long-term head and neck cancer survivors. Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery , 152 (1), 91-97. Rifkin, W. J., Kantar, R. S., Ali-Khan, S., Plana, N. M., Diaz-Siso, J. R., Tsakiris, M., & Rodriguez, E. D. (2018). Facial disfigurement and identity: A review of the literature and implications for facial transplantation. AMA Journal of Ethics , 20 (4), 309-323. Taylor, S. (2016). The psychological and psychosocial effects of head and neck cancer. Cancer Nursing Practice , 15 (9), 33-37.
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Depending on the experiences that people have had regarding beaches, the definition of the term takes various forms. In its most basic interpretation, the term ‘beach’ refers to a land area that is adjacent to a sea or ocean. To other people, the term ‘beach’ may denote an expanse of land covered with natural particles such as sand, shingle, gravel, cobblestones, or gravel. A beach may also signify a land area that has various biological elements such as coral algae and shell particles. All in all, the mention of the term ‘beach’ invokes images of serenity and exquisite joy in the minds of people. For example, by referring to a land area that lies next to a sea or an ocean, a beach signifies serenity. This feeling comes as people contemplate on the excellent surroundings of such scenery. For example, thoughts of the cool breeze that emanates from the sea are thrilling. On a personal note, I regard a beach as a truly enjoyable phenomenon owing to the experience I had when I visited Rio de Janeiro’s Ipanema Beach last July. I experienced exquisitely cool breezes as I lay on the beach in the evenings. In addition, a beach may suggest a coastal expanse of land covered with abiotic elements such as gravel, pebbles, shingle, cobblestones, and sand. This definition also suggests joy and undisturbed serenity because it indicates that humanity has not had a great negative impact on such an environment. Personally, the term ‘beach’ also makes me create mental images of a coastal land area that has shingle and sand. This reaction emanates from a visit I had to the Man O’War Cove in England in 2007. I enjoyed walking barefoot on the soft sand of this quiet landscape. Again, ‘beach’ suggests joy and serenity. Finally, beach may refer to a coastal land area that has great amount of biotic elements such as seashells as well as coral algae. The presence of these biological entities signifies an untouched and exquisite area for relaxation. Regarding this concept, I once made a tour to the east African coastal town of Mombasa. As I walked on the vast sandy beaches during low tide, I collected a great variety of beautiful seashells. Once more, a beach denotes enjoyment and serenity. In conclusion, the term ‘beach’ has quite varied definitions depending on the interpretations of the various people based on their experiences. For instance, a beach may denote a vast expanse of coastal landscape covered with various abiotic elements such as sand and shingle. More basically, beaches refer to land masses located adjacent to seas or oceans. Further, a beach could indicate a coastal region with variety of biotic elements such as seashells and algae. What the three definitions have is the fact that they all denote joy and serenity.
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Art Appreciation on Renaissance Paintings Compare & Contrast Essay Renaissance Paintings In the middle age period between thirteenth and sixteenth century, Renaissance paintings dominated the art scene. These paintings reflected themes of religious inspiration and quest to understand God. The environment, saints, and heaven were visualized in religious, law, and medicine themes. Generally, the interest of these artists was to paint astronomy, biology, natural world and science in the most captivating ways possible. Thus, this research paper attempts to evaluate symbolism, styles, material used, meaning, and aesthetic values of two outstanding paintings as a comparison and contrast of another. In addition, the treatise classifies these paintings into their respective classes, dimensionality, nature, message, and traditional functions. The paintings identified for this analysis are the Madonna and Child in Glory by Jacopa di Cione in the period between 1360 and 1365, and the Adoration of the Shepherds by Giovanni Agostino da Lori in 1510. The Madonna and child in Glory panting is a landscape painting. Jacopa has successfully painted this picture of the mother in a three dimensional form. Within its frame, it is clear that the saints are standing before Madonna, and the angels behind her. With the available mathematical formulas, Jacopa uses this tool to represent a convincing three dimensional space giving an impression of the painting frame being a window frame. Interestingly, the first impression on looking into the painting is the same as that of gazing through a window (Catholic Museum, 2009). Since Madonna and Child in Glory painting was done in the 13 th century when egg tempera was the most common material, Jacopa’s painting consists of egg tempera on a golden panel (The Guardian, 2009). The egg tempera is casted on golden panel. The colors used include blue, yellow, gold, orange, cream, grey, and red mixed. The central image is that of Madonna holding her baby and is larger than the saints standing at Madonna’s feet or the angels on the upper edges. Specifically, Jacopa made Madonna and her child the centre of attraction to enable viewers understand her significance and importance above others. The rough texture is properly merged with an array of soft and vibrant colors to make the final product look very real. The rough texture is as a result of the quick drying nature of egg tempera. The subject matter of this painting is revelation of the religious significance of Madonna giving birth of Messiah. Madonna is surrounded by gold background symbolizing atmospheric value of heaven and beauty. This art is representational of religious beliefs of the Catholic community who lived in this period. The hieratic painting conforms to Catholics ways of representing heavenly beings as larger than the ordinary men. Madonna’s rank is higher than that of the saints and angels (Sammuel, 2000). This painting displays the heavenly beauty in a rich atmosphere. On the other hand, Adoration of the Shepherds painting by Giovanni Agostino da Lodi is also a three dimensional realistic painting done with more skills than the Madonna. The material used in this painting is oil spread on panel. Unlike Jacopa’s piece of art, Agostina manages to present finer details of the images in his painting. The images are clear and the characters similar in size apart from the little baby. The technique of brush painting with a mixture of colors reveals an active aspect of imagery and inartistic realism. A blend of soft and vibrant colors gives this painting a soft texture and refined composition. The translucent oil paint often dries slowly. This gave Agostina ample time to work on each layer of colors. In the end, the product appears deep and of greater dimension. A blend of green, yellow, grey, red, violet, and creamy colors makes the picture very attractive (Robin, 2007). With the emergence of humanist ideology, Agostina is influenced to adopt the earthy theme of a green natural background as opposed to Jacopa’s heavenly golden background. The landscape and background of this painting presents an impression of forest, green gardens, and dwelling places of ordinary men (Michael, 2010). This piece of art depicts two shepherds and an angel together with baby Jesus and his parents, Mary and Joseph. The angel is busy playing a lute in a natural green environment. The green landscape is symbolic of these figures in the physical being and not heavenly world. The mood of this painting is happiness. Thus, this symbolizes the possibilities of living happy and full life on earth before transitional link to heaven. The perspective used in creating this painting presents a chronological sequence of color pigmentation on a specific landscape. Agostina and Jacopa lived in the renaissance era. Their painting styles are more or less the same. This was later adopted by the modern academic arts (Adrian, 2000). These paintings present the relationship between humanity, universe and God. Simultaneously, classical precedent architecture has facilitated acceptance of these masterpieces and study. These paintings are of extra ordinary quality representing the Catholic Church’s doctrines and beliefs. In conclusion, these paintings intrinsically influence views and nature of life in the world and heaven. Besides, posterity and simple oil and tempera on panel paintings communicates different artistic impressions within the same theme. a.1 Madonna and Child in Glory by Jacopa di Cione (1360-1365). a.2 Adoration of the Shepherds by Giovanni Agostino da Lori (1510). References Adrian, F. (2000). Artist of the Italian Renaissance. In Chronology part one(500-1350). Web. Michael, D. (2010). Madonna and Child. In Artlex art dictionary modules. Web. Robin, N. (2007). Key Innovations and Artists of the Italian Renaissance. In Eyecon Art. Web. Sammuel, K. (2000). Humanism in the Renaissance. In the Renaissnce Connection . Web. The Guardian. (2009). Why can’t scientists date the Portland Vase? In The Guardian(newspaper). Web. Vatican Museum. (2009). Borghase Gallary. In Vatican Museum. Web.
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Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship Essay A primary goal of the article Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship by Porter and Linde displays the fact that the compliance with environmental regulations is a primary driver for success and innovation (Porter and Linde 97). In this case, it is necessary to pay vehement attention to the environmental policies since they contribute to the efficient utilization and minimization of waste, sufficient distribution of the company’s resources, the motivation of the progress and innovation, necessary additional information, higher revenues, and sustainability on the market. In other words, it is evident that the environmental regulations should focus on all the possible outcomes, which are described above, and not only on the technological improvement. I completely agree with the statement, which is presented in this article, as its central claim is coherent and clear. It could be said that the article is interesting and logical and is worth to be profoundly analyzed, as the authors present the clear arguments and counterarguments to support their position. Moreover, the authors actively employ the case studies to present the arguments. For example, the recycling regulation boosted Robbins’ Company’s revenues (Porter and Linde 103). I completely agree that the elimination of waste is beneficial from environmental and economic perspectives. Nowadays, recycling economy is understood as the primary contributor to achieving the sustainable development not only on the micro and macro-levels but also in the global arena (Lia 95). Additionally, Porter and Linde state that pollution is a sign of insufficient distribution of the resources (105). I entirely agree with this statement since the contamination is a cause of inability to eliminate waste from the production. Moreover, the waste reduction and green policies are the drivers for company’s success, as more customer niches are generated (“Green Economy Drives” A31). Moreover, Porter and Linde present “Green Lights Program” and emphasize that the primary outcome is the fact that the companies received a return on investment in less than two years (99). It is apparent that the attention has to be paid not only to the technological development but also to the other outcomes of the environmental regulations. In this case, the environmental policies also influence the sustainability of the company, its mission, vision and managerial style (Jing, Ann and Ofori 89). Lastly, the significance of the topic discussed above cannot be underestimated since the environmental regulations control the ability of the sufficient functioning of the world economy in general (Hufbauer, Charnovitz and Kim 31). It could be said that the article changed my perception of the environmental regulations and their ability to affect the environment and global economy. The arguments presented in the points of view and criticized it from the economic perspective. In my opinion, it is evident that the environmental regulations have to pay vehement attention to the vast range of outcomes, as they can control the speed of innovation, sustainability, and the revenues of the companies. In conclusion, it could be said that the article helped reveal the complexity of the environmental regulations and necessity not only focus on the technological improvement but also on the other outcomes. The authors were able to persuade me that the environmental policies can be actively utilized as the instruments to encourage innovation and increase the competitiveness of the companies. The arguments were convincing, and the evidence was actively supported by the facts and case studies. Moreover, the authors present the opposing views to prove the relevance of their assumptions. The text is logical and easy to understand. In the end, the findings can be implemented by the policymakers to encourage the innovation and development in the country. References “Green Economy Drives Business Success; B.C. Company Converts Waste Vegetable Oils into Sustainable Biofuels.” The Province 2013: A31. Print. Hufbauer, Gary, Steve, Charnovitz and Jisun Kim. Global Warming and the World Trading System. Arlington: Kirby Lithographic Company, 2009. Print. Jing, Teo, Jasmine Ann and George Ofori. “The Challenge of Environmental Sustainability in Wafer Fabrication Plants: A Framework for Implementation.” Sustainability Matters: Environmental Management in Asia . Ed. Lye Lin-Heng, George Ofori, Malone-Lee Choo, Victor Savage and Ting Yen-Peng. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2010. 83-99. Print. Lia, Hua. “Recycling Economy and Sustainable Development.” Journal of Sustainable Development 2.1 (2009): 95-102. Print. Porter, Michael, and Claas Linde. “Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 9.4 (1995): 97-118. Print.
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Sino-American Trade War in 2018 Essay The USA-China Trade War The premise for the United States-China trade war first occurred when the US Commerce Department recommended a 24% tariff on steel and 7.7% on Aluminum import on February 16, 2018. The given act was treated by the Chinese government as a direct assault against their economy. China currently represents the world’s largest market of steel and trade with the USA arrives as one of the major constituents of the country’s stable economic growth. The response measures from March 22, 2018, resulted in tariffs on American products being worth $3 billion. In its turn, it served as a stimulus for President Donald Trump to go ahead with his initial plan and to resort to even stricter policy in the matters of Chinese goods’ import. On July 6, 2018, the US government imposed $34 billion in duties against China and this decision immediately came into effect after midnight Eastern Standard Time. China’s intentions to impose duties on agricultural and energy products from the USA in retaliation for the implemented Trump’s policy is viewed by analysts as one of the key measures to impact the U.S. economy. The country is already searching for alternative sources of soybeans that previously brought $14 billion for American suppliers annually. Many experts admit that such products as pork, chicken, nuts, and electric vehicles are soon to be targeted with extra tariffs and Chinese business owners will be forced to buy them for higher prices. Meanwhile, America threatens its opponent to raise duties on high-tech appliances, trains, medications, aircraft, and radio equipment. A predicted 25% fee increase on electronics will cost the U.S. companies an additional $12.5 billion. The situation becomes worsened by the fact that the country has few alternatives in purchasing the needed amount of high-tech devices. Thoughts About the Trade War Considering the seriousness of the economic conflict, both countries will suffer financial losses, although the latter may differ in amount. The occurring trade war will significantly cut China’s exports to the USA. Chinese corporations will look for new markets and will start producing new goods to undo the damage dealt by the U.S. government. However, the disruption to manufacturers will be enormous and the next two-three years will be marked by a decline in production and annual revenues for enterprises. One might suggest that many inland firms will go out of business due to a heavy impact on their operation. Nevertheless, the country will continue searching for alternative ways of establishing mutually beneficial interstate relations until the political and economic collapse is diffused. Regarding the situation in the United States, Donald Trump’s policy course can potentially affect trade relations with other countries. The data from the U.S. Census Bureau demonstrate that the USA economy is dependent on imports, especially of that of electronic equipment. China played the most relevant part of resolving the given issue. Now that the economic war has been sparked, there is a considerable risk for the country to lose up to $50 billion of annual revenues from export. By analogy with China, many workers will be laid off and multiple companies will seize their operation. Mass media sources will be doing a particular accent on firms and people who have suffered from the economic situation most. The further events’ development will provide a severe impact on Trump’s figure and will subject his policy to serious criticism.
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Zac Posen’s Career and Life Report Born on October 24,1980 into lower Manhattan society, Zac Posen was born with the gift of artistry from his father Stephen. His mother Susan, was a corporate lawyer at the time. Being interested in fashion design from an early age, he worked towards and was awarded an internship with Nicole Miller while a high school Sophomore. After which he further pursued academics in the field of fashion design by attending the The New School for Design at Parsons. As beginners luck would have it, he was even mentored by The Costume Institute’s Richard Martin. With an internship and an impressive mentor name under his belt, Posen was given a student slot in the Womenswear program of the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (University of London). Zac Posen’s career actually got its start in London when in 2000, according to the Fashion Model Directory (2011) he: …received a big break after a dress he made for Naomi Campbell (who had heard about him from Lola Schnabel, the daughter of American artist Julian Schnabel) changed hands several times among several fashion insiders, including actress Paz de la Huerta. (Fashion Directory, 2011.) One year later, he made fashion headlines in London once again because of a one of a kind gown he created and made from leather strips and dress-maker hooks and eyes which was acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum for their “Curvaceous” exhibit. Even though London gave Mr. Posen his headstart in the fashion industry, he could not legally work in the country so he packed his things up and in 2001, returned to New York where he found himself designing clothes from his parents living room and living on a $15 a week allowance. Little did this highly talented, openly gay, soon to be fashion icon know that lady luck was about to smile upon him. October 2001 saw him presenting a small portion of his fashion collection at GenArt’s Fresh Faces where he was granted a $20,000 to help him mount his first runway presentation and build his fashion house. Though he was courted to join th ealready big name fashion houses like Christian Dior and Gucci, he opted to open his own design studio in Tribeca instead where he imaginatively designs 1940’s inspired gowns and suits. Just like all fresh faced fashion designers struggling to get noticed in the alresady congested fashion world of New York, Posen hit the jackpot when he partnered with Hollywood glam girl Natalie Portman in 2002, dressing her for a series of promotional appearances and red carpet events. Slowly becoming known as a designer with a feel for the younger generation, his star slowly rose as he began to dress not only Hollywood fashion trendsetters like Ms. Portman, but also the likes of Rihanna, Kate Winslet, Cameron Diaz, Jennifer Lopez, Mischa Barton, and Beyoncé Knowles. The icing on the Zac Posen cake? An award bestowed upon him in 2004 known as the, Swarovski’s Perry Ellis Award for Womenswear and elite award that is bestowed upon only the most impressive new designers by the Council of Fashion Designers of America. He normally holds his fashion shows twice a year during the New York Fashion Week. Normally using floral or animal prints for his clothes, Zac never hesitates to experiment with fabrics. At the Paris Fashion Week, he told MacPherson (2011) that he dresses a specific type of woman. Normally embodying four attributes : Voracious, sexy, intelligent, chic (AFP. 2011.) Which is why he makes sure that each show calls attention to his taste for what Fashion Directory (2011) calls: Draped, anatomically seamed construction. Sweeping strapless evening dresses, ruffled fishtail mermaid gowns and bias cut cocktail dresses in shades of taupe, bronze, and teal. (Fashion Directory. 2011.) Just like all fashion houses though, he began to feel the financial pinch of mounting such highly intricate and expensive shows. Looking for other ways to continue to keep his fashion house afloat, he began looking into lower cost design collaborations with the likes of Sean Combs infusing money into his company with the lauch in 2004 of the Sean John fashion line. He also partnered up with Target in 2008 for the “Target Australia” and “Zac Posen For Target” in 2010. Not one to worry about diminishing the high-end value of his brand name by partnering up with commercial institutions or celebrities for off the rack versions or original off the rack designs of his work, Posen explained to Dykes (2008) that: True luxury is always in the make and fabrication… about the idea of the dress. (Dykes, Fashionising.com. 2008.) Although traditional fashion houses such as Valentino will always be on the fashion map for decades to come. Zac Posen is the face of 21st century cutting edge fashion. It is quite obvious that with the dawn of the new century, there has also been a new dawn within the fashion world. Classic, eternal, standard design templates will always be a strong influence while designing new avant garde clothes. The designers of today have an overactive imagination. They can see beauty and elegance where the traditional fashion designers and houses may tend to overlook it. It is that weakness of the traditional that designers like Zac Posen tend to overcome. With his flair for the experimental and successful fashion collaborations, this designer from a small yet formidable house of fashion is sure to become one of the fashion titans of the future. References Dykes, Daniel P. “Zac Posen: For Target And On Target”. Fashionising.com. 7 April 2008. Web. MacPherson, Robert. “Zac Posen Woos The ‘Voracious’ Woman At Paris Shows “. AFP. 3 March 2011. Web. “Zac Posen”. Encyclopedia of World Biographies. n.d. Web. “Zac Posen”. Fashion Model Directory.2011. Web.
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Relational Overview of America and Chinese Economies Research Paper Introduction Market economy is characterized by free movement of goods and services. The market involves price determination by laws of supply and demand without interference from the government. In contrast, a socialist market does not allow the market to dictate prices. Prices in a socialist market are set by external forces, such as government. For example, through monopolization of factors of production by the Chinese government, the prices of commodities are centrally determined. The current essay is an attempt to look at the relationships between the US and China regarding their trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The essay will also contrast their types of markets and look at quality control issues China is facing in exporting commodities to the US. Trade Relationship Between US and China The United States has a low saving rate that has resulted in frequent deficits in federal budgets and shortage of domestic investment funds. To bridge these gaps, the United States has to borrow from countries with high saving rates such as China. In 2009, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranked US as the global leader in foreign capital importation with a global total of 38.2 percent. China was also ranked first among foreign capital exporters with a global total of 24.2 percent. The difference in saving rates has encouraged trade between US and China as the former tries to reduce domestic deficit, and the latter tries to invest the surplus. However, balance of trade is tilted to the favour of China (Morrison and Labonte 1; Schnabil and McKinnon 1). Difference Between US Market Economy and China’s Socialist Market The People’s Republic of China (PRC) practises a type of market known as “Market Socialism”. This type of market is characterized by ownership of means of production by the communist party or the state. The United States, on the other hand, practices a democratic market or what has come to be known as “free market”. Although the PRC has been trying to decentralize its economy and move towards capitalistic economy, much of its assets are still under the control of the state. The PRC has a strong influence on the currency as it still maintains total control of Commercial Banks. Huang (118) asserts that in 1995 China forced private companies like Urban Credit Cooperatives (UCC) to surrender a bulk of shares to the municipal governments. Although both the United States and China have invested heavily in each other’s economies, the balance of trade favours China. Between 2003 and 2009, the US capital provided 29.0 percent of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. However, the investment of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the United States has been substantially smaller. For example, during the same period (2003-2009), PRC contributed to less than one percent of US inflows. Comparatively, the average total foreign investment between the two countries has been $ 84 billion per year in the United States and $ 91 billion per year in China indicating a US trade deficit (Hufbauer and Woollacott 3). China has adopted an economic policy that enables it to intervene in currency markets and limit its appreciation against the dollar (and other currencies). This has made it not only the world largest holder of foreign exchange, but also the fastest growing holder. As of June 2011, China was holding $ 3.2 trillion. China recycles some of this money back to the U.S. through investing in U.S. shares and long-term treasury bills (T-Bills). Why China Is Keeping the US Dollar in its reserves The major reasons as to why China is keeping the US dollar in its reserves is to prevent the China’s currency (renminbi) from appreciating against the dollar, and thus they have to purchase more and more dollars. Consequently, China’s foreign exchange reserve as of June 2011 grew to a staggering amount of $ 3.2 trillion (Morrison and Labonte 4). Quality control issues faced by China in exporting materials to the US: Corporation or Chinese problem? The US has adopted stringent quality control measures against goods imported from China because it believes that China could be exporting some inferior goods to the US market, and thus turning the US market into a dumping site for low quality products. Conclusion The saving rate differences between the US and China has spurred trade between the two nations. Because of the low saving rate in US, its economy is dependent on nations like China, which has high saving rates. However, the balance of trade is tilted towards China. China has a trade surplus and thus exports this surplus to US in form of foreign direct investments (FDI). The Chinese government has amassed large US dollar in its reserves so as to prevent the currency (renminbi) from appreciating against the dollar. Although China and United States are trading partners, their markets are quite different. The use practises a market economy while China’s market is socialistic. The latter dictates prices while the former is a free market where prices are determined through laws of demand and supply. Despite their cooperation in trade, the United States and China are engaged in occasional trade in regards to quality of goods. The United States accuses China of turning its market into a dumping site of low quality goods. Works cited Huang, Yasheng. Selling China: Foreign Direct Investment during the Reform Era , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print. Hufbauer, Gary, and Jared Woollacott 2010, Trade Disputes Between China and the United States: Growing Pains so Far, Worse Ahead? PDF file. 6 Dec. 2012. < https://piie.com/publications/wp/wp10-17.pdf >. Morrison, Wayne, and Marc Labonte. China’s Holdings of U.S. Securities: Implications for the U.S. Economy, Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011. Print. Schnabl, Gunther, and Ronald McKinnon. “China and Its Dollar Exchange Rate: A Worldwide Stabilising Influence?” The World Economy 35.1 (2012): 1-27. Print.
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Depression and Diabetes Association in Adults Essay (Critical Writing) Six doctors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, USA, came together to form a research group. The primary goal of their research was to study the association of depression and diabetes with some risk factors, including smoking and obesity in adults in the following racial and ethnic groups: American Indians and Alaskan Natives, Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic African Americans, in Arizona. The research was based on the 2014-2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data and analyzed the connection between provider-diagnosed depression and diabetes, as well as several risk factors in each racial and ethnic group. The analysis of the data showed the association between depression and diabetes in all Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, and American Indians and Alaskan Native adults in Arizona. Also, the modification of the association of depression with diabetes for all the study participants influenced by their smoking status and overweight status was demonstrated in the research. The limitations of this study include: * Lack of depression and diabetes diagnoses verification, as the diagnosed diabetes and depression status was self-reported. Thus, some participants may have misreported their diagnosis or its current status. * Indetermined causality, since the designed study was cross-sectional, and the temporal association between depression, diabetes, and associated risk factors remains unclear. * The small sample size in certain groups, causing some limitation of statistical power and the probability of falsely accepting the null hypothesis. Researching the topic of association between diabetes and depression, it seems that there may be a certain gap concerning this association in children and adolescents. The majority of the studies on the topic is based on adult participants’ sample groups. In addition, the existing research papers have some limitations, as methods for treating diabetes and depression have been continuously developing and improving, therefore, the research on the topic requires constant updating accordingly. What is more, there is no comparative research analyzing the correlation between diabetes and depression in children and teenagers, and it remains unclear whether children’s psychological reactions differ significantly from those of adolescents. Therefore, the research question is the following: What is the association between diabetes and depression in children, compared to teenagers? In order to answer the question, it would be necessary to consider some independent and dependent variables. As far as the independent variables are concerned, they would include a number of factors, such as age, gender, the type of diabetes, and time since diagnosis. Also, the level of metabolic control may present an important variable for the research. These factors in combination can potentially influence the outcome, that is, the psychological well-being of a young patient. The response which is examined in this study would concern the psychological state of the young diabetes patients. Thus, the dependent variable, in this case, would be the level of psychological well-being or distress, including anxiety, general psychological distress, or depression. It is essential to take a number of confounding variables into account. The factors which might affect the psychological well-being of study participants would probably include their socioeconomic status and family background. Besides, teenagers may experience psychological distress when entering the puberty, which should also be regarded as a confounding variable. All in all, many important factors are to be carefully considered and analyzed when conducting research. Reference Sandoval-Rosario, M., Contreras, O. A., Mercado, C., Barbour, K. E., Cunningham, T. J., & Rosales, C. B. (2019). The association between depression and diabetes and associated risk factors by racial/ethnic status among adults in Arizona: Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014-2017. Diversity and Equality in Health and Care , 16 (2), 22-29.
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For instance, the emergence of the use of the internet in communication has led to the development of social networks, has brought about online dating, online shopping, blogging, use of text-messaging among others that have facilitated communication among human beings. All these have brought in improvement in people’s lives. The use of modern technology in communication has made people’s lives better by making it possible for them to gain from each other socially and economically in the case where the technology has been used in the right way. Human Communication and modern technology Modern technology has led to development of social networks which have played a major role in improving the way people interact and communicate with each other. For instance, social networks such as facebook have enabled people to reconnect. There have been cases where people may have been, sometime back, classmates, neighbors, or workmates and may have stayed for long without knowing each other’s whereabouts. Modern technology has made it possible for these people to communicate and interact once again and this would otherwise have not been possible in the absence of modern technology. More so, such networks have enabled people to make new friends who might have turned out to be important people in their lives. It is not surprising that those people who were once strangers end up marrying and having children after interacting with one another, initially, through the social networks and online dating. I can personally relate this to the case of my sister where she met her husband online. Initially, they were strangers but through communication and interaction on social networks, they were able to get married and they now have a boy who is three years old. In the absence of modern technology, it would be very hard for people who may be strangers to effectively communicate with one another and engage in dating and eventually getting married. Improvement in communication among people has also been facilitated by use of such technologies as e-mail and text-messaging. Communication has been made possible between people who are far apart across the globe. This has enabled people to improve their social lives through interaction without moving from one region to the other. For instance, currently I do engage in communicating with my friends who are in Russia through e-mail while I am here. Modern technology has led to economic gains among people. From the advent of online shopping, people who engage in carrying out purchases as well as those who engage in selling have realized economic improvement in their lives. For instance, the costs involved in moving around to do shopping, especially from one country to the other or from one region to the other, have been cut and one is able to shop on the internet. Personally, I do engage in online shopping and have greatly gained from this. On the side of the one selling, there has been an increase in the total sales as compared to the time when the modern technology was not developed. This technology has enabled sellers to access customers all over the world. There has been easy communication between the concerned parties in carrying out transactions. When modern technology is used in the right way, it can play a very great role in bridging the generation gap and thus improving communication and social interactions between the young people and the old people. Through social networks, the old people and the young people have been able to interact. Through this interaction, the two generations have been able to understand each other and where advice has been needed to the young people, this has been given more easily and in a most convenient way. Where the young people have had some concerns, these have been made aware to the old generation more freely and a consensus has always been reached. Conclusion The use of modern technology in communication has made people’s lives better by making it possible for them to gain from each other socially and economically in the case where the technology has been used in the right way. For instance, the development of social networks has improved people’s interactions in that some people have been able to reconnect, others have been able to meet new friends and even gone to an extent of marrying. More so, there have been economic gains, both to sellers and buyers, through engaging in the online shopping. The buyers have accessed goods and services easily and the sellers have been able to access a large number of customers worldwide. Modern technology has played a role in narrowing the gap between the young and old generation. Through social networking, the young and the old people have interacted and they have been able to understand each other. It can therefore be concluded that the development of modern technology is of much gain and has played a very big role in making human beings to be better communicators and this has enabled them to improve their social lives as well as their economic lives.
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Characterisation of Large Disturbance Rotor Angle and Voltage Stability in Interconnected Power Networks with Distributed Wind Generation Essay What the Paper Adds to the Subject Area as Compared to Past Literature Multiple studies have analyzed wind resources distribution and its significance in characterising the stability of interconnected power networks. The article focuses on an area with limited literature. It examines large disturbance stability issues: rotor angle and voltage stability in power networks. The study is specifically based on geographically distributed wind resources in the context of dispatch situations based on profiles of historical and geographical wind generation. The authors’ focus adds to the existing literature about the characterisation of these networks interconnected with distributed wind generation. For example, the study findings indicate that network regions with increased penetration rates for wind and conventional generation consist of detrimental stability concerns based on their old-fashioned features. Other studies illustrate that the dominance of either conventional or wind generation can advance or progress the transit and voltage stability of the network. The study proposes the use of equipped enhanced FRT strategies in farms to intervene DC-link transients as well as ease activation of the crowbar and advance stability. Hence, the study adds to the subject area as compared to other published research journals. Current Research Gaps Based on this Study Currently, there are many areas pertaining to the characterisation of large disturbances rotor angle and voltage stability that are integrated with power networks within wind generators. This study focuses on a specific area to address research gaps regarding wind generation. For example, multiple studies have examined interconnections between networks and how they create local as well as centralized stability concerns founded on their proximity or regional capacity of conventional or traditional generators. However, few have scrutinized the large disturbance stability issues relating to voltage and rotor angel stability and how they influence power networks based on the distribution of resources geographically. The study notes that stability surveys based on variable-speed wind generation systems (DFIGs) are limited in regards to simplified network structures and issues relating to fault concerns, which underscores a potential area of study for future researchers. Hence, there are many areas in which upcoming researchers can concentrate on including investigating steadiness regarding stability issues based on the regional capacity of conventional generators. The focus of Future Studies This area of study is widely researched and documented; however, multiple areas can still be explored in the future. The research study outlines key areas relating to the subject that many studies, including this one, have failed to examine. For example, future surveys should focus on equipping DFIG wind farms with advanced FRT techniques to mitigate DV link transients; as a result, they would improve crowbar activation and advance firmness. Current DFIGs consist of all necessary conventional FRT methods, but their efficiency can be improved by the incorporation of modern technologies. The penetration levels of these conventional FRT techniques can essentially improve the capacity of certain network regions resulting instability concerns in the event of network failures in the future. This underscores the significance of control strategy as it influences stability; however, steadiness features within these systems can remain unaffected regardless of the region or the control technique of the wind generator. Therefore, future studies can focus on many areas, as mentioned above to improve the functionality of wind generator and their functions.
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Saudi Arabia and Women in Business Essay Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Women and Business 3. The negotiation 4. The negotiator 5. Adjustments to the delegation 6. The implication of the composition of the delegation 7. Conclusion 8. References Abstract Cultural and religious factors have come in the way of assimilation of modernization in the Saudi Arabian country. Nobility and shame are appended to the chastity and faithfulness of the female counterparts in a family. As a result, foreigners wishing to engage in business with Saudi counterparts have to adhere to customer expectations to create an impression of sensitivity to their beliefs and practices. However, in addition to the foreigner bending their rules, they should also communicate their culture as a sign of loyalty to their way of life. Women and Business Modernizations and globalization have had their toll on cultures and customers on a global scale. The significant divide between men women in some countries has greatly dissolved owing to certain factors. Saudi Arabia is no exception. Despite the custom that women hide behind a veil and remain indoors, recent times have seen a migration towards a woman who is more business conscious and career-motivated. This emanates from the fact that women are not allowed to have face-to-face contact with other men except their husbands. However, as postulated by Ambika (1998), the dwindling GDP and per capita income originating from fluctuating oil prices has pushed women o take matters into their own hands. Nowadays, the number of women who have taken up careers and businesses continues to rise. Women are able to do business through a medium: either a male sponsor or the telephone. The negotiation Saudis prefer to do business with people who they have trust in. thus, before any engagements can be arrived at, the negotiator has to develop a business relationship with the Saudi counterparts as a sign of goodwill and friendship (Ali, 2009). Saudis prefer to do business with individuals who add value to their ventures as well as benefit friends and family. As a result, the negotiator should be someone who is well versed with the cultures of the Saudis and conscious of the customs. He or she should knowledgeable of the characteristics of their offer as well as be in a position to negotiate on behalf of the company as postulated by Kline (2005). The negotiator The head of the team need not be the best negotiator. However, the skills of the negotiator are necessary throughout the process. Therefore, the delegation should include the negotiator and a male counterpart who will act as the head of the delegation and work in consultation with the proficient female (Shoult, 2006). The male counterpart will balance the composition of the delegation since Saudis prefer doing business with men only. Since women are allowed to employ the services of male sponsors, the mission will not be jeopardized. Adjustments to the delegation As outlined by Ali (2009), Saudis are very selective regarding whom they enter into agreements with. As a result, the conduct and characteristics of the individual should match up to an acceptable standard. Because of the inclusion of the female negotiator, the hosts have to be informed early in advance to avoid any surprises. This acts as a gesture of sincerity and respect for the dignity of the hosts. Similarly, the female counterpart should only act on advisory roles and avoid contact with the Saudi counterparts. The dress code for the delegation has to be modest, especially, for the female negotiator (Baumann, 2007). As postulated by Morrison & Conaway (2006), Saudi men are receptive to western women despite being reserved. The implication of the composition of the delegation The empowerment of women in business and careers is a significant gesture despite the reception accorded (Jeurissen, 2007). The ability to trust women with business presents a strong message of equality among all genders (Kline, 2005). By so doing, it will portray the fervor with which the organization carries its business. It is a clear sign that the success of the business is paramount and culture and only comes second to success. However, since the female counterpart is accompanied, the element of sensitivity to customs is presented clearly, thus the hosts are bound to feel comfortable. Conclusion Culture affects the way we conduct business and other functions in our lives. However, intercultural relations should not be a hindrance to the progression of the business. Since both parties stand to gain, each side should be willing and able to give and take on the cultural limits. Therefore, in addition to converging to the hosts’ culture, foreigners should also uphold their dignity to avoid communicating submission. References Ali, A. (2009). Business and Management Environment in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Opportunities for Multinational Corporations . New York: Taylor & Francis. Ambika, P. (1998). Behind the veil: Saudi women and business. Harvard international Review. All for business. Baumann, A. (2007). Influences of Culture on the Style of Business Behavior between Western and Arab Managers. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Jeurissen, R. (2007) Ethics & Business Management in Society . Netherlands: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum, Kline, J. M. (2005). Ethics for International Business: Decision Making In a Global Political Economy. New York: Routledge, Morrison, T. & Conaway, W. A. (2006). Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide To Doing Business In More Than 60 Countries. Massachusetts: Adams Media. Shoult, A. (2006). Doing business with Saudi Arabia Global Market Briefings . London: GMB Publishing Ltd.
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A risk can be defined as the choice influenced by the uncertainty, which can have both negative and positive results and as the threat of negative consequences. Makos and Alexander describe many risky and dramatic situations connected with the book’s characters, and they should be analyzed in detail. (1) The main risk faced by Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler is associated with the situation when the German pilot avoided destroying the American bomber in December of 1943. Stigler chose the technique of accepting the risk while reducing the minor secondary effects. On December 20, 1943, Brown piloted the bomber in the skies of Germany. The members of Brown’s crew were wounded, and the bomber was partially destroyed because of the fight’s effects. The pilot had no resources to combat in the skies of Germany, and he was responsible for the crew. Thus, “Charlie knew that when he pulled back on the yoke, the lives of nine men would be in his hands” (Makos and Alexander 171). From this point, during the first stage of the fight, Brown followed the strategy of avoiding the risk in order to save the lives of the crew members, but then he accepted the risk. Franz Stigler, the German Lieutenant, was the ace in flying, and his task was to destroy the bomber of the enemy. Observing the American bomber and making decisions about further actions, Stigler had to make a decision about fighting the enemy’s bomber as the officer of the German army. However, Stigler focused on accepting the risk of being punished by the Gestapo, and he chose not to destroy the enemy’s forces (Makos and Alexander 171). Furthermore, Stigler chose to reduce the possible risks for the American pilot, and he flew with the American bomber to the North Sea coast. Thus, Stigler’s techniques in handling the risk are based on accepting all the positive and negative consequences of the situation without avoiding it. (2) Lieutenant Roedel faced a risk of inflating the victories in Africa because of Voegl and Bendert’s false claims. The spread of information about the aspects of the “Voegl Flight” became threatening for the reputation of Roedel. To handle the risk, Roedel chose the technique of transferring the risk and its consequences to Voegl and Bendert while confronting them privately. The authors provide the cues that Roedel understood the controversy of the situation, and he took action while using the camera-equipped planes in order to verify Voegl and Bender’s words about the victories. To transfer the necessity of risk handling, Roedel chose to confront Voegl and Bendert in order to state the need for repairing the caused damage. It is also stated in the book that “as punishment, Roedel kept both men in the desert as long as he could” (Makos and Alexander 101). Thus, Roedel coped with the risk for his reputation while focusing on the technique of transferring the risk to the persons responsible for its consequences. (3) The next important risk situation discussed in the book is associated with the mission of Roedel, Neumann, Luetzow, Steinhoff, and Hannes Trautloft, who had to meet Goering and inform him about the seriousness of their actions in relation to his removal. Makos and Alexander state that the men “had all gathered for the most dangerous mission of their lives” (Makos and Alexander 273). The men understood the risk of being punished for their mission, and they handled the risk while accepting its consequences. The men are described as understanding all the negative consequences, but they could not ignore the risk because of the necessity to change the situation. The authors of the book note that “they knew there was no turning back” (Makos and Alexander 273). This statement supports the idea that the risk of meeting with Goering was handled by accepting it instead of avoiding the situation. (4) One more important risk to be discussed was the situation when Franz Stigler risked the other person’s life while supporting Pirchan in relation to the idea about his final flight. Pirchan planned to leave the unit, and Stigler persuaded the young man to fly because he discussed the German skies as safer than usual. However, the young man’s plane crashed. From this point, it is possible to conclude that Stigler chose the approach of ignoring the risk because of focusing on his personal considerations. The next stage was to take an emotional risk of meeting with Pirchan’s family in order to inform them about Pirchan’s death and to say ‘good-buy’ (Makos and Alexander 336-337). At this stage, Stigler can be discussed as handling the risk while accepting the situation and its consequences. The risk as the situation based on the principle of the uncertainty about the further consequences can be handled with the focus on different approaches. In the book, A Higher Call: An Incredible True Story of Combat and Chivalry in the War-Torn Skies of World War II written by Adam Makos and Larry Alexander, the characters demonstrate different approaches to handling the risk while making a choice. Works Cited Makos, Adam, and Larry Alexander. A Higher Call: An Incredible True Story of Combat and Chivalry in the War-Torn Skies of World War II . USA: Penguin, 2012. Print.
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The role leaders play in an organization – Organizational Behavior on the Pacific Rim Focus Report In chapter 12, of the book Organizational Behavior on the Pacific Rim Focus, called “Leadership in Organizational Settings” , the writers discuss on the role leaders play in an organization. Leaders have the role of managing and controlling issues within an organization for an effective utilization of human, physical, and information resources that an organization have; with an efficient leadership, organizations are able to attain their corporate goals, objective, and target. The decisions made by leaders determine the success of an organization; they have the role of mentoring and creating a learning environment to enhance the performance of their teams. The main difference between a leader and a manager is that leaders lead people while managers manage tasks; with this role, leaders must develop appropriate mechanisms of enhancing learning and staff participation in an organization. To have an environment favorable for learning, leaders must create a positive organizational culture that rewards success and efforts of an employee. When employees have invented or innovated something, the management should recognize them; this will motivate them learn more and innovate others. Within teams, it is area that employees learn a lot amongst and from each other, leaders have the role of developing an orchestrate team that embraces team spirit. This will enhance knowledge and experience sharing that leads to learning of new traits and tactics by employees. The leader should be delegating duties and power effectively to create an urge in his team members to learn and improve their skills. To have an orchestrate team, leaders have the role and mandate of ensuring they well understand their human resources and note the areas that they can intervene to make them more productive and benefit the company more. They should aim at having the company as a unit with common destination and objective. Leadership styles Tom Saunders uses autocratic form of leadership, this is a leadership approach where the leader is the main decision maker, he is the one who controls and makes things move in the way he want them done. The leadership traits has the leader has the center of knowledge and assumes to know precisely the direction that the organization should take for success. The approach has made Martin to be under his control and serves at his pleasure. Martin uses the democratic leadership approach, this is where he involves his staff members when making decisions and ensures things are done by the staffs through their involvement in the decision making process. When the above leadership styles are weighed together, then the superiority of diplomatic leadership style can be seen; with this style employee are hardworking, highly motivated and can communicate effectively with the management. It is a type that is likely to produce high results to the company and ensure that employees become and remain loyal to their employer. On the other hand, autocratic leadership has some elements of dictatorship thus the employees are forced to perform their duties. Conflicting leader’s solutions In the differences of leadership styles adopted, the main solution that the organization have for its conflicts include taking conflict resolution classes and the two managers undergoing leadership trainings. When they are trained on the best approach to leadership, then the company will have fewer conflicts among themselves; the best method of solving recurring conflicts is effective and successful communication among the human capital in the organization. When communication is enhanced, it will be able to point at problems before they erupt. Elements of a leader There are different elements of an effective leader which include, the power to effectively communicate, the power to create a favorable working environment, the power to develop orchestrate teams and manage change within the organization. An effective leader should well understand how to manage and utilize the resources that a company has and create high motivation among employees. In my views, Saunders is not an effective leader; he seems to be short tempered and solves issues with high tone and screaming at his employees. His style of leadership is likely to bring the moods and motivation of employees down a factor that is likely to influence on their performance. Martin is an effective leader who has managed to create a winning team, he does this through the involvement of his department staffs in decision making and ensuring they are highly motivated; he is the type of leader that commands respect from employees as well as making them loyal and willing to use their intellectualism for the good of the company. Does Martin have any way out of his current situation? What would you do if you were? Josh Martin? All is not lost for Martin, there are still some strategies that he can adopt to make the company more favorable working environment. If I was martin, I would consider enacting effective communication between me and Mr. Saunders, I would not allow the situations go the way they are without mentioning them and stating what I feel about the situation correctly. Adopting an effective communication method is the surest way that can make the environment favorable for working to both Martin and other employees. Reference MeShane, S. Olekalns, M. and Travaglione, T., 2020. Organizational Behavior on the Pacific Rim Focus. Sydney: McGraw Hill Irwin
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Charles Chocolates Company Product Marketing Essay Table of Contents 1. Location and Layout 2. Purchasing and Inventory 3. Production 4. Reference List Location and Layout It should be mentioned that the stores of this company are located mostly in tourist destinations such as Boston’s Back Bay and Bar Harbor. Moreover, the products of this organization can be purchased through various retailers and ship terminal locations. The main limitation of this approach is that it makes Charles Chocolates too dependent on the trends of the tourist industry. This problem influences many businesses that serve mostly the needs of tourists (Lubbe, 2000). Therefore, the company should re-consider their current policy. In particular, they should open their stores in large urban areas located in New England; for instance, one can mention Boston, New Haven, or Worcester. In this way, the management will be able to attract new customers who may buy the company’s products on a regular basis. In addition to that, the company should promote the opening of franchise shops because this strategy can increase the number of sales outlets. This is one of the issues should be taken into account. Additionally, much attention should be paid to the layout of their stores. The main task is to make sure that clients enjoy spending time at these places. As a result, they are more attached to this brand. One should mention that store design can become a source of completive advantage for many businesses such as Apple, Inc (Ebster, 2011). These sales outlets of Charles Chocolates should exhibit the diverse range of products offered by Charles Chocolates. By increasing the number of such stores, the company can promote their brand (Mesher, 2010). Furthermore, the visitors of such stores can have a positive perception of the company’s products. These are some of the suggestions that can be offered. Purchasing and Inventory At present, the company faces problems related to the inventory control because many of its stores are often out-of-stock. As a result, many clients become dissatisfied with the services of this organization. In contrast, other stores often have the surplus of goods that are not required by customers. This is one of the points that should be considered. This difficulty indicates that the company is not able to gather information from its stores. Furthermore, this organization has to keep high levels of inventory. As a result, the company is forced to incur additional expenses that weaken its financial performance. Overall, these problems can be partly addressed by implementing data management systems which can demonstrate whether a particular store currently has the necessary products. These information technologies will use the sales data which can show how the level of inventory changes with time passing (Choi & Kim, 2001, p. 5). Furthermore, the sales data are also critical for determining the level of supplies that the company should have in order to meet the demand of various clients. Production Much attention should be paid to various issues related to production. Overall, one can say the company determines the volume of output by relying on historical sales data, but this information does not reflect the variations in demand. The management should adopt the production system which can be adjusted to the changes in demand level (Feld, 2000). This goal can be achieved by adopting the principles of lean manufacturing (Feld, 2000). Finally, the company should identify distinct criteria according to which the performance of workers should be evaluated and rewarded. This policy can increase their productivity. These are the main recommendations that can be advanced. Reference List Choi, W., & Kim, Y. (2001). Has Inventory Investment Been Liquidity-Constrained? Evidence from U.S. Panel Data . New York, NY: International Monetary Fund. Ebster, C. (2011). Store Design and Visual Merchandising: Creating Store Space That Encourages Buying . New York, NY: Business Expert Press. Feld, W. (2000). Lean Manufacturing: Tools, Techniques, and How to Use Them . New York, NY: CRC Press. Lubbe, Berendian. (2000). Tourism Distribution: Managing the Travel Intermediary . New York, NY: Juta and Company Ltd. Mesher, L.(2010). Basics Interior Design 01: Retail Design . New York, NY: AVA Publishing.
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Communication Skills Essence for Service Workers Essay Human service workers require a wide range of communication skills in order to properly establish social worker and client relationships (France & Weikel, 2014). It is important to be able to correctly utilize these skills because it leads to an increase in overall understanding and free information flow. The latter is paramount for cooperation and cohesiveness of the interactions, which are critical for fostering positive relationships. The given sets of communication skills can also be used in my personal life, where such intricacies arise and need an effective approach. In the course of social work, influence and change are realized, which is also prevalent in my own personal interactions. In this regard, there is a need to form potential employees’ skills for effective communication with potential clients. One of the conditions for such effective interaction is the establishment of a positive relationship between the social worker and the client. Knowledge about the mechanism for identifying a social worker with a client and ways to form the skills to establish the development of professionals is of particular importance. Self-efficacy, as a socio-psychological phenomenon, is a necessary component of professionalism in the activities of social interactions (France & Weikel, 2014). Utilizing self-efficacy can be useful in my interactions with my peers because it will reduce the overall dependency. Thus, this goal is realized through the ability to establish the optimal level of helping skills. The interaction occurs between social workers with clients, and it is necessary to form these skills during the period of professional training. Communication is a combination of three major components and interconnected elements, such as cognitive, emotional, and behavioral ones (France & Weikel, 2014). Proper communicativeness does not solely depend on the characteristics of temperament, because it also has a strong physiological basis. This is true in my own personal life, where I seek to build relationships in order to both help others and acquire such assistance during a time of crisis. Social work as a practical activity is realized through the interaction of a social worker with an individual or a certain community of people. It is obvious that the main tasks of a social worker in the process of providing assistance are directly determined by the need to organize and structure the situation of interaction with the client in such a way as to achieve mutually agreed goals and effective results of social assistance. The professional activities of social workers can include many aspects of socio-legal and psychological plans, which can arise in my professional area. In conclusion, the well-being of society, first of all, is the well-being of its members. Social and psychological problems that arise in the process of human development in a modern complex structured society cannot be resolved only based on mutual assistance. These problems should be the subject of the activity of specially trained professionals, such as social workers. All these conceptual paradigms are applicable in my daily life, where such interactions occur to establish a positive and productive relationship. Reference France, K. & Weikel, K. (2014). Helping skills for human service workers: Building relationships and encouraging productive change (3 rd ed.). Charles C. Thomas Publisher Inc.
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Planning as the Most Important Function of Management Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction According to a common identification, there are currently four functions of management that are accepted by the majority of professionals: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. All four of these functions are essential and highly valued in management (Raduški, 2017). This essay argues that, although these elements are interconnected, planning can be considered to play the most significant role because it sets the main goals and strategies for further actions. Main body Several factors contributed to this conclusion. First of all, planning is the stage where managers set the goals and outline the steps that need to be taken to achieve desirable results (Kerzner, 2017). Dowson and Bassett (2018) claim that this is when all possible problems can be predicted and eliminated before they even arise. Having carefully planned the measures and their implementation, a manager can make a great contribution to the company’s efforts in achieving the goal. As much as it is important, the task can certainly be challenging. Good planning skills include prioritizing, managing time and schedules, analytical and strategic thinking, possible risk assessment, as well as the ability to make quick decisions. According to Gaiya and Mkponkeabasi (2018), these skills tend to interact, so the lack of some of them can lead to serious setbacks in the work of the whole organization (Papke-Shields & Boyer-Wright, 2017). For example, if risks are not appropriately assessed, the costs may greatly exceed the expected figures. If priorities are not described concisely and reasonably, the team can spend too much time working on minor, secondary goals, getting distracted from the main objective. Thus, good managers should be able to plan all these stages with great consideration and responsibility; this is how they can prevent many problems. Conclusion In conclusion, it needs to be mentioned that the element of planning is not going to work correctly unless the rest of the functions are also performed by skilled and knowledgeable managers. However, considering their roles in an organization’s work, planning seems to stand out the most due to its highly important impact. Given that three other functions work synergistically, planning can become a key element to success. References Dowson, R., & Bassett, D. (2018). Event planning and management: Principles, planning and practice . Kogan Page Publishers. Gaiya, A., & Mkponkeabasi, E. I. (2018). Managing quality improvement through concepts under the functions of management . GRIN Verlag. Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling . John Wiley & Sons. Papke-Shields, K. E., & Boyer-Wright, K. M. (2017). Strategic planning characteristics applied to project management. International Journal of Project Management , 35 (2), 169-179. Raduški, D. (2017). Basic management functions in culture and arts organisations. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies , 21 (81), 59-66.
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Aspects of Ministry of African Sports Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Christianity Trends in African Sports 3. Role of Christianity Trends in African Sports 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction African sports are compared to the African culture and are as ancient as the beginning of humankind. Since the dawn of time, several cultural and native sports have existed in Africa as an aspect of culture or way of life. Wrestling, racing, fighting with sticks, hunting with spears and arrows. Bullfights, dances, and board games are just a few of the indigenous sports activities that have been in Africa since antiquity and are still popular today. On the other hand, modern sports have grown in popularity and are now practiced for both recreational and professional purposes. Football, also referred to as soccer is the most popular sport in majority of African countries. This essay will focus on African sports and the role of Christianity in their development. Christianity Trends in African Sports While history roots the relationship between religion and sports, it continues to play a profound role in shaping present-day society. The article of makes a significant addition to the religious, social scientific, and theological study of sport by providing an inter-disciplinary analysis of this connection from a worldwide viewpoint. It examines the dialectical relationship between sport and Christianity in various civilizations, ranging from Africa to South America to Asia, as well as Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It focuses on significant subjects such as race, gender, and sexuality and includes comments from prominent experts in the area. It also examines violent sports such as boxing and reflects on disability sports theology and sporting celebrity as a cult. Overall, worldwide Perspectives on Christianity and sports is exciting reading everyone interested in sport study, religion, and sociology. Role of Christianity Trends in African Sports Religion has always been a component of sports, but its presence in the modern day is difficult to deny. ‘Global Perspectives on Sports and Christianity’ journal argues that the emergence of conservative Christianity in politics has empowered sportspeople and coaches to speak out, as it has become commonplace to debate religious ideas (Parker & Watson, 2017). Both sides of the preaching and not preaching debate compete for attention in sports. The more we observe players’ vulnerability and sports corruption, the more each side feels compelled to speak out in favor of or against religion in sports. Due to the Popularity of conservative Christianity in politics, discussion holdings on religious opinions concerning sports have become common. Football programs in most African colleges and universities have chaplains in their teams who assist in helping counseling players (Weir, 2016). Additionally, the Bible also speaks about sports by noting that athletes cannot win unless they abide by the rules of their sport. (King James Bible, Tim.2.2.5). The general emphasis of this verse is on rewarding the winner in sports, particularly racing. Conclusion In conclusion, Sports are a crucial source of knowledge of life. In addition, it has been discovered that human beings support a shared interest in both sports and religion. Through sports and religion, a community is built, relationships are formed, and everyone’s behaviors are changed as a result of their religious or team’s beliefs. Athletes and supporters may become united and identified by having the same ideas and ideals, all while adhering to traditions that have been passed down through the decades. Whether a person has played a sport or practiced religion for a long time, the sport or religion has become an essential part of their lives. References Parker, A., & Watson, N. J. (2017). Sport, celebrity and religion. Global Perspectives on Sports and Christianity , 195-208. Web. King James Version Bible. (2017). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1611) Weir, J.S. (2016). Sports chaplaincy: A global overview (1 st ed.). Routledge.
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Societal Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Essay (Critical Writing) Homosexuality is defined as a sexual attraction among two or more people of the same sex. For a long period, homosexuality has been taken negatively by some individuals and groups like churches. However, some have been supporting it. I have a positive attitude about homosexuality due to some reasons which I am going to discuss in this paper. The people who are homophobic are like that because they do not understand the issues and reasons about homosexuals; just because they are ignorant. Homosexuals should not be singled out in society because everyone is different due to different backgrounds, traditions, customs, likes, and dislikes. If one was raised in an environment whereby it’s normal to love any person despite sex, ethnicity or beliefs then his/her decision should be respected. For anyone still who has a different perspective about loving such that, its only people of different sex who should love each other, they as well need to be respected. Therefore, people should not be homophobic but should try as much as possible to learn and understand the reasons as they interact with these people. Heteronormativity claims that there is only one normal sexual orientation only between a man and a woman, thus encouraging only a love relationship between a man and a woman. In some countries like Greece several cases of gays wedding have been witnessed, this country has been considered as a homosexual native country. Homosexuality has always existed in many countries the problem is only that it has not been legalized. Several cases of heterosexual divorces have been reported implying that there are some shortcomings and challenges in the so-called normal heterosexual relationships. The same case applies to homosexuality and still with some people living together for a lifetime. Homosexuals should by all chance be given their rights and not discriminated against from anything due to their love status. Being gay is trying to do the best which their lives can offer to them. In some cases, young people who are homosexuals are mostly related to self-destructive behaviors such as high rates of suicide and alcohol abuse but on the other hand, these behaviors are also observed with other youths. Most people consider homosexuals as abnormal, dirty, and disgusting because of their behaviors, but even the other heterosexuals’ youth are in some cases involved with other disgusting and dirty behaviors. This gives a clear reason why homosexuals should not be eyed as dirty people. An LGBT therapist is a network of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social service and mental health workers and their friends. They specialize in providing an opportunity for professional and social support, exchanging resources and ideas, offering continuing education, as well as establishing the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender society. It also provides expert evidence for transgender civil rights cases and wide training on transgender old and new issues. Therapists are licensed and legalized to work with gay, lesbian singles and couples, and their families, they have a very positive attitude as they enjoy very much working with them. Therapists are gay-friendly as they take time to understand them from all perspectives and backgrounds.
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The Negative Effects of the Rapid Increase in Human Population in the World Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Effects on Resources 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction The world population has increased to over six billion people in the last century. This rapid increase is attributed to improvements in social and economic development in the last five decades, which led to improved standards of living. However, the rapid increase in human population has had several negative effects on the world’s resources. In this paper, the negative effects of the rapid increase in human population on the world’s resources will be discussed. Effects on Resources To begin with, increase in human population has negatively affected natural resources in various parts of the world. Natural resources such as forests, wetlands, and wildlife have been destroyed in order to create land for human settlement (Easton 67). Additionally, there has been overexploitation of natural resources such as minerals, especially, in countries with poor regulation of the use of natural resources. This has led to land degradation. For instance, abandoned minefields in most parts of Africa have huge trenches and holes, which make it difficult to use the land for other activities (Aggrawal 32). Moreover, increased mining activities have resulted into destruction of wildlife habitats. The rapid increase in human population has led to increased industrial production in nearly all countries. Despite its positive contributions to economic development, industrial production has had severe effects on the environment. In particular, toxic industrial wastes are often discharged into the ambient environment. This has resulted into extinction of several plant and animal species in various ecosystems (Aggrawal 45). Furthermore, industrial production has led to increased emission of greenhouse gases due to the use of fossil fuel in factories and transportation. Consequently, the rate of global warming has increased significantly in the last three decades. Increased industrial production has also resulted into a reduction in the availability of energy. In most countries, the available non-renewable sources of energy such as oil and natural gas cannot meet the energy needs of the ever-increasing population. Food production has also been affected negatively by the expansion of the human population. The amount of fertile land that is available for farming or food production has reduced greatly due to changes in land use. Rapid urbanization has caused a shift in land use from food production to real estate and commercial developments (Easton 71). Additionally, land fertility in most countries has reduced due to the pollution caused by industrial production. Global warming continuous to cause adverse climatic changes, which include draughts, floods, strong wind, and high temperatures. These changes not only endanger the survival of food crops, but also promote the multiplication of pathogens and weeds that destroy crops in the fields. In response to the declining food production, modern agricultural technologies such as the use of fertilizers and irrigation have been introduced. However, these technologies negatively affect the environment, thereby reducing food production in the long-run. For instance, irrigation leads to overexploitation of natural water sources such as rivers and lakes. On the other hand, scientific research has shown that the use of fertilizers reduces soil quality (Easton 97). Conclusion The rapid increase in human population has severely affected the world’s resources in several ways. These include reduction in food production, overexploitation of minerals, and destruction of various species of animals. In addition, environmental degradation has increased. Consequently, the growth rate of the world population should be controlled. Works Cited Aggrawal, Vijay. Environmental Studies . London: Butterworth-Heinneman , 2010. Print. Easton, Thomas. Environmental Studies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print.
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History of the Multiculturalism Movement in 1980 Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Multicultural movement refers to a coalition of university students formed 1980s that included students from diverse groups. These groups were against oppressive trends of governance and running of affairs by the university administration (Pedersen 45). This was mainly to address the need for fairness and justice to all regardless of their gender, color or race. The urge to form these groups came because; the white discriminated against other colors and females. For example, teaching in universities was for the white while administration dues were given to females. Body In 1960sthere were a series of cases of discrimination where people from different cultural backgrounds were treated in an inhumane manner. This led to increased number of protests from the youth and other positive minded in the society. In 1980s, university students staged several protests aimed at holding accountable their institutions for past incidences of discrimination and racism. The multicultural movement involved diverse group of students, some university faculties and communities within their locality. They formed a coalition that understood the need to have academic resources and programs to study racial and social histories from particular societies. Their objectives were achieved because they saw the creation of black American, Asian and women studies programs and centers in their campuses. These centers had an aim of ensuring the fundamental aspects of cultural diversity are addressed in the world (Pedersen 45). This means that people from anywhere in the world will be valued and respected hence eliminating chances of discrimination. Despite students having formed several other organizations and movements, the multicultural movement attained credibility in a very short time hence extending to other parts of the world. This means that many people in the world were not happy with the manner in which racial discrimination was carried out. This movement was supported by many students because they felt that everyone has a right to be in this world regardless of their cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, no one chooses where to be born or their cultural backgrounds. They felt that it was important for universities to study various cultures in order to understand how people behave. Although the movement achieved most of its goals, which included fighting discrimination on grounds of sex or color, the movement came with several negatives. For example, there have been cases where students want to change aspects in their universities by claiming that they can form better workers (Ladd 87). In fact, such thoughts are politically motivated, and they can lead to collapse of learning institutions. If students are trusted with the mandate to run an institution, they may end up waving fees in their favor hence leaving the institution unable to sustain its operations. Opposition has risen recently trying to oppose specific aspects of multicultural movements, such arguments does not address the needs of students or the university but greed of some movement officials. For example, transforming universities into a war field where students keep demonstrating without genuine reason (Krishnaswamy and Hawley 234). These counterattacks of the multicultural movements aimed at controlling their unreasonable demands in order to save the universities. For example, multicultural movements may decide to protests demanding that they want fees reduced in favor of the poor in the society. Conclusion Therefore, every learning institution needs funds to sustain its operations hence having to collect some fees from students. This is vital and further reduction of fees may leave institutions unable to equip their resource centers. This may lead institutions to a state where they lack credibility since they cannot give to the students the right information they may require. Works Cited Krishnaswamy, Revathi. and Hawley, John C. The postcolonial and the global . Minnesota: U of Minnesota Press. 2008. Print. Ladd, Paddy. Understanding deaf culture: in search of deafhood . New York: Multilingual Matters.2003. Print. Pedersen, Paul. Multiculturalism as a fourth force . London: Psychology Press. 2000. Print.
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The Team Leadership Growth Plan Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Evaluation Skills 3. Delegation of Responsibilities 4. Interpersonal Relationships 5. Conclusion 6. Reference Introduction Leadership suggests not only the natural capacity to guide other people but the recognition that efficient headship needs constant practice. Hence, it is necessary for people desiring to be team leaders to develop a growth program. The most productive way to organize this program is, to begin with, a plan which would include goals and objectives for enhancing leadership skills. As such, my plan aims at eliminating the existing gaps in my skills. Evaluation Skills Since my experience demonstrated that I am average in people’s ranking, I want to improve this part of my personality. Therefore, my goal is to enhance my evaluation skills this year. To reach this goal, I need to find books on leadership that include sections about ranking; also, I could use some scholarly articles for this purpose. Precisely, I need to acquire the skills of observing other people, assessing their work, and commenting on their success. Thus, I should gain knowledge of evaluation methodologies and techniques for feedback-giving communication. In this way, my objective is to read 2-3 books or articles on evaluation practices and choose the most effective methodologies and techniques for further use by March. Delegation of Responsibilities Next, after acquiring the ranking skills, I need to be able to apply them when distributing tasks among my team members. Moreover, I am used to performing too many tasks by myself, so it would be helpful to learn to trust others more. Then, my second goal is to develop the ability to manage task distribution and delegate responsibilities. For this, I should also find helpful literature and examine existing lectures. So, it is valuable to gain knowledge in the management of human resources and work with a psychotherapist to relieve the feeling that no task can be done by someone else. Thus, the objective is to read 1-2 articles on the topic of delegation, watch 1-2 lectures, and visit a psychotherapist to formulate my guidelines for the issue by May. Interpersonal Relationships The other burdening issue of mine is the lack of knowledge in interpersonal relationships; still, it is highly valuable for a leader, so the problem needs to be addressed. I plan to improve my interpersonal relationships skills by completing several actions. Namely, I need to know the basis or theory of the concept; books on leadership are again helpful for this matter. Furthermore, I should gain information from experts in interpersonal skills; EMERGE online course suits this task since it provides experience and feedback (Poulsen, 2021). Moreover, my interpersonal skills need to be assessed by other people often, so I might ask several colleagues to comment on my behavior and communication. Finally, I might need to establish a strong stress tolerance to deal with my mistakes: I can consult a psychotherapist on this topic. Hence, I set the following objective: to read 1 book on interpersonal relationship theory, complete EMERGE online course, visit a psychotherapist, and start filling a journal with the analyses of my interactions with people by June. Conclusion To conclude, I have several important goals to achieve for enhancing my leadership skills. The first goal concerns the evaluation of my team members; next, I need to learn how to delegate responsibilities; finally, my interpersonal skills are to be improved. To guarantee the completion of these goals, I established realistic objectives that include actions, required resources, and deadlines for the tasks so that I would be aware of the priorities of the goals. Reference Poulsen, S. (2021). Why interpersonal leadership skills matter & how to improve . THNK. Web.
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Case Conceptualization and Genogram Essay The XYZ is a nuclear family consisting of four members. The family comprises a husband, a wife, and three children. Two out of the three children are males. The head of the family is called Mr. W and he is 55 years old. He is the main provider for the family. His wife is called Mrs. W and she is 50 years old. The eldest son is called Mr. J and he is 27 years old followed by Mr. K who is 24 years old. The last born in the family is a daughter called L and she is 22 years old. Mr. W and Mrs. W are of Hispanic descent and currently reside within the region of Saddle Lake. The family is in the adulthood development stage since all the children are now adults. The parents are united in marriage and have raised another generation of adults, who are almost transitioning to their marriages. The family has been successful in introducing Mrs. Was a member of the family through marriage in the previous stage. From the union of Mr. W and Mrs. W, it has led to the formation of three more members. From the assessment, Mrs. W confessed that her father had a cancer condition when he was aged. This condition was also present in her grandfather who died of the ailment at the age of 50 years. Currently, it is a serious health concern in the life of Mrs. W, Mr. W, and their daughter. Besides, the hypertension and cancer state of Mr. W and Mrs. W is causing a lot of o stress to their daughter who has the sole responsibility of ensuring that the parents get the best home-based therapy, despite suffering from cancer herself. Using Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy Model, the following genogram was generated. Analysis In analyzing the health concerns of this family, the intervention and diagnosis were done through the DSM-5 model (Akin, Mendi, Ozturk, Cinper, & Durna, 2012). About the XYZ family’s health concerns on cancer and hypertension, the diagnosis involved classifying the type of illness a patient is suffering from through the use of the predetermined diagnostic information that had a range of effects, that is, from mild to acute. The diagnosis was followed by tests that were measured against predetermined results for each stage of the disease to ensure that it had good reliability as indicated in the DSM-5 model (Akin et al., 2012). The clinical benefit of having very good reliability was to guarantee accurate diagnosis and proper recording of the diagnosis information. The DSM-5 model dwelt on three main building blocks. These building blocks are preventive care, home-based care, and treatment based care (Lewis, 2011). Through these elements, the intervention nurse was allowed to implement the triangular intervention mechanism. As indicated in Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy Model, the XYZ family community has both normative and comparative needs. For instance, each individual in the community assessment group has unique medical and psychological needs that are not accommodated by the health and social support centers within the community. Direct nursing intervention as proposed by the change theory will ensure that the normative and comparative needs are addressed sustainably within the acceptable ethics of nursing ( Casey & Wallis , 2011). Reflection As a therapist, I need to be aware of my ethic, gender, and cultural heritage to successfully execute the proposed therapy. Understanding the values and beliefs of individuals are important for therapists. I need to be aware of my negative and positive reaction to the values and traditions of the clients ( Casey & Wallis , 2011). Indeed, this attitude will be a great contribution to the counseling session since the XYZ family fall in the category of high vulnerability. My beliefs that religion and meditation give people a framework within which to deal with the limitations in life will also be a contribution and something I will think about using in therapy in the XYZ family, especially in promoting holistic management of hypertension through minimizing stressful environment and healthy lifestyle. I will be able to evaluate my values and goals as influenced by the family XYZ family genogram. For instance, the need to think about others and support each other will improve my sense of self-awareness, when promoting inclusivity as part of the treatment. As a family therapist, I should be aware of my cultural and ethnic heritage to ensure that the beliefs and values of every individual in the family are accommodated. Besides, I should be aware of my positive and negative perceptions toward the heritage and values of clients as represented by diversity within the XYZ family genogram. Besides, my understanding of religion and other stress relief strategies by relating to the XYZ family tree is necessary towards facilitating crisis management with the clients (Lewis, 2011). Since the ultimate success of family therapy is dependent on how different counseling techniques are applied, I will recognize different views and perspectives to improve on the understanding of clients, their behave, and view of different aspects of life, which are the basic tenets of best practices in clinical therapy work. References Akin, S., Mendi, B., Ozturk, B., Cinper, C., & Durna, Z. (2012). Assessment of relationship between self-care and fatigue and loneliness in haemodialysis patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23 (5-6), 856–864. Casey , A., & Wallis , A. (2011). Effective communication : principle of nursing practice . Nursing Standard , 25 (32), 35-37. Lewis, L. M. (2011). Medication adherence and spiritual perspectives among African American older women with hypertension. Journal of Gerontological Nursing , 37 (6), 34-41.
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The Global Warming in the Future Problem Report The scientific community agrees that global temperatures are rising due to the burning of fossil fuels which are damaging the protective atmospheric Ozone layer by changing its composition. Human pollution is changing the climate of our earth and has increased global warming in the past half century. Scientists predict that in 50 years, annual temperatures in the south east of England could be at least three degrees warmer, on average, than they are now. Studies in the UK have found that warming could increase rainfall by more than 20 percent during the winter by the 2080’s and decrease it by the same amount during summer months in the southern half of that country. This would cause severe droughts in some regions but areas such as East Anglia, a very low-lying region on the east coast of England, could very well be under water altogether. (Climate Crisis 2000). The effects of melting snow caps and the resulting rise of sea levels have been well documented. A reduction of snow cover in addition to lake and sea ice will have dire consequences for locations at higher latitudes and lower elevations, especially in the winter and spring months. Shifting vegetation patterns, types and regional variations, will cause major human adaptations, the degree to which is open to speculation. The elevated evaporation rate will hasten the drying effect of soil subsequent to rainfall which will result in drier conditions in many regions. (Wunderlich & Kohler, 2001). Most scientists worldwide accept the sufficient evidence that suggests global warming is already well underway and cannot be reversed anytime soon. They and reasonable people of all backgrounds and nationalities agree that if CO 2 emissions are not greatly reduced and soon, the resulting greenhouse effect will alter the climate and possibly the sustainability of humankind. Works Cited 1. “ Climate Crisis: All Change in the UK? ” BBC News. (2000). Web. 2. Wunderlich, Gooloo S.; Kohler, Peter O. “Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care.” The National Academies Press. p.18. (2001).
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Everyday Language as a Social Practice Essay Social theorist and linguistics use discoursers to investigate language as a social practice. Language has been found to be both socially sharping and socially shaped. Through its social identity, relations, and technique, language brings about complex discourses and conventions that influence social life (Hill, 2009). This complexity of discourse and functions of language, phenomena of the worlds are reduced. Language and its role in social life and social power are phenomena that lie on ethnicity. The complexity can be established when speakers either raise or lower the linguistic display that points out their identity aspects in relation to the context of their utterance and the goal they aimed to achieve. This kind of language use indicates that a speaker can use the language as a tool of power in relation to the identity the language gives him/her. Linguistics and Anthropologists define the primary use of language to speak, joke, sing, write and read. Through these functions, human beings form socialization and give it meaning. Besides the core uses of language, it has also been used as a tool of power to justify oppression and subordination, both knowingly and unknowingly (Hill, 2009). By promoting negative stereotyping, the language had been used to shape political and economic views. Different languages based on ethnicity have been used to discriminate against groups of people. The language used by a specific group of people is considered superior and prestigious to the other language. Groups using the prestigious language consider themselves superior to the others who they presume it right to oppress. The Monoglot Standard is explicit of how language has been used to establish power through normalization and othering. The Monoglot standard is implicated in the United States as part of White racism. This explains the emergence of standard languages and their preservation ideologies. These ideologies have also made the languages objects of laws and political influence. The doctrines implied that there is more than one language and only one is correct (Grasso, 2021). This belief contrasted the linguistic perspective that all languages are equal and rule-governed. Monoglot Standard also ranks language in order of its prestige and correctness. It makes other people more powerful and superior in because they speak a prestigious language, unlike the others. The oppressed who could not learn to speak the prestigious language were considered moral failures who lack proper ambition. Language has also been used as ethnic identities. Individuals define themselves with respect to ethnicity, and it is expressed in their languages. In terms of their phonology, an African-American will prefer using phonological characteristics of his or her African American vernacular English language such as “aj” for “a” in pronouncing the word climbing (Grasso, 2021). European-Americans will also associate themselves with their languages by use of a specific dialect. If he or she is situated in New York, she/he will probably adapt the New York City dialect. In the current society, language is being used in othering people into lesser or diminutive categories. In today’s social life, language is used to mark people based on gender, race, and sexual orientation. Society has set a type of language that men and women should use. The men language has been associated with power and authority, while the female language is a sign of softness and weakness. Also, language is being used as a show of power and knowledge. The learned and highly knowledgeable in society adapt a language with a different set of vocabulary used as an identity of their education levels. On the contrary unlearned people have been associated with simple language with the basic vocabulary. References Grasso, J. F. (2021). Language, Race and Ethnicity. Class lecture pdf. Hill, J. H. (2009). The everyday language of white racism . John Wiley & Sons.
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Why People Are Interested in Business Studying? Essay Studying Business Every person wants to have a successful life. This fact explains why a great number of people have decided to embrace the power of education. Many people have been interested in studying business. Business courses encourage more individuals to redefine their personal and career objectives. This knowledge makes it easier for more individuals to achieve their goals. Every individual can start his or her own firm after finishing school. Such a business will achieve its goals and eventually make the individual successful. A business degree can also widen a person’s skills and capabilities. The individual can also analyze every problem from different perspectives. The person also becomes a critical thinker. A person who has studied different aspects of business will always engage in reflective thinking. A business course also equips a student with new concepts such as data analysis. The learner can also become a good decision-maker and problem-solver. The learner will also understand how to execute various researches. Individuals who have studied business can use such researches to promote their businesses. A person who has completed a course in business will also become creative. The individual will examine the trends and changes encountered in different business environments. This knowledge will encourage the individual to identify every business opportunity. The above skills will eventually result in personal development. Many individuals have succeeded after completing their business courses. Finally, a person who has completed a business course will become useful in the society. The individual will acquire new business ideas and concepts. Such concepts are applicable in other fields. For example, someone who has completed a business course can become a competent leader. The individual can also become a mentor. Many farmers and motivational speakers have also completed courses in business. This practice has made it easier for many people to realize their potentials. A business degree equips a person with valuable ideas that can make him or her successful. This discussion explains why a large number of individuals have completed various business courses. This discussion explains why more people should undertake similar courses in order to become successful. Internship Experiences Internships make it easier for individuals to get the relevant skills and competencies. Such skills will make them successful. Students can acquire new skills from their internships. To begin with, individuals can gather useful on-the-job ideas and strategies. Such ideas can support their career goals and objectives. The individual will also become a competent provider of quality services to the targeted clients. The student will also acquire new technological skills depending on the targeted industry. This fact explains why many learning institutions take such internships seriously. A student can acquire new skills in order to achieve his or her career goals. Internships also equip learners with various organizational competencies. The learner also becomes a team player. These internships also encourage individuals to improve their decision-making and problem-solving skills. These skills can make every person a successful entrepreneur. Many students work hard in order to achieve these skills. Finally, internships make it easier for individuals to see the world from different dimensions. The students will understand how various internal and external forces affect different business firms. The students will gain new managerial strategies in order to succeed. This discussion explains why students and employees should embrace such internships.
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Essay Thousands of people in Canada demonstrate low levels of literacy skills. The Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey creates a gloomy picture of literacy in Canada. 14.6 percent of respondents from Canada score as low as Level 1 and 27.3 percent are at Level 2 in prose literacy (Literacy Foundation, 2005a). Level 1 covers individuals with extremely poor literacy skills; these people lack knowledge and abilities needed to perform even the simplest tasks (Literacy Foundation, 2005a). Individuals at Level 2 can read but face considerable difficulties, when working with materials that require comprehension; they cannot always develop new learning skills (Literacy Foundation, 2005a). It goes without saying that the level of population literacy affects countries’ economic and social wellbeing (Literacy Foundation, 2005b). Unfortunately, the reasons behind low literacy rates and their implications for job performance remain poorly understood. This paper tries to explain the reasons of low literacy in Canada and offers recommendations to improve the quality of workplace performance in the country. Surprisingly or not, Canada demonstrates remarkably low levels of literacy and workplace proficiency. In 2005, almost 48% of Canadians were at Literacy Levels 1 and 2 (Literacy Foundation, 2005b). Simply stated, almost every second Canadian could not cope with the simplest tasks and had few chances to develop better job skills (Literacy Foundation, 2005b). Individuals with medium to high literacy skills and high levels of computer proficiency earned the highest incomes, whereas their low literacy counterparts failed to achieve even the modest level of income (Literacy Foundation, 2005b). It would be fair to assume that literacy is an essential factor of sustained economic disparities in the developed world (Literacy Foundation, 2005b). The question is in what causes low literacy levels and what can be done to improve the situation. I believe that the lack of understanding of what counts as literacy is one of the most serious causes of continued illiteracy: entrepreneurs, business owners, and state officials simply fail to define what literacy is. Furthermore, the boundary between social and practice-based literacy is increasingly blurred (Jackson, 2004). As a result, when individuals demonstrate low levels of literacy, does that mean that they cannot cope with the simplest life issues, or does that mean that the level of literacy is just enough for their survival? There is no answer to this question. Another problem, in my opinion, is that no one can definitely say what literacy work is and how to integrate literacy with the key labor trends. I cannot but agree to Levine (2005) in that literacy has a potential to reduce social disparities and foster participation and inclusion. However, it is high time the meaning and significance of literacy were redefined. I am convinced that, in order to raise literacy levels, new approaches for literacy need to be developed. Literacy is no longer a shallow combination of theoretical principles, which have little or nothing to do with the real-life conditions of workplace performance. Literacy cannot be project-based; nor can it be grant-dependent (Levine, 2005). Instead, literacy must become an inevitable component and the key prerequisite of success in everything we do (Levine, 2005). Certainly, this approach is not without controversy. At the basic level, literacy is unique, and individuals hold entirely different perceptions about its role in the workplace. The lack of funding is another problem, which Canadian businesses and organizations must solve. Eventually, integrating literacy with workplace realities is impossible without producing a profound cultural shift, which is neither easy nor painless (Levine, 2005). However, and I am sure of it, there is no way for Canadians to improve their literacy skills other than making literacy practical and available to the low-skilled workers. Every business owner and trade union must define the scope and boundaries of literacy needed to attain the necessary level of workplace proficiency. The success of literacy training will depend upon unions and businesses’ ability to integrate literacy requirements with the real-life conditions of their workplace performance. References Jackson, N. (2004). What counts as literacy work? Literacies, 3, 9-10. Levine, T. (2005). Part of everything we do: Integrating literacy into the Canadian labor movement. Literacies, 6. Literacy Foundation. (2005a). Learning a living: First results of the Adult Literacy and Life Skills (ALL) Survey. ABC Canada, May, 1-4. Literacy Foundation. (2005b). International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (IALSS). ABC Canada, November, 1-4.
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E-Commerce and Online Advertising Development Essay (Critical Writing) Online advertising market provides broad opportunities for the companies running online business; nevertheless the interests of the consumers are not centralized. The paper is concentrated on analytical study of Internet business and its main aspects. Global internet companies point out the disadvantages of advertising campaign carried out through online recourses. It should be stressed that internet advertisements are usually aimed at particular consumers; thus, the online advertising campaign can not be considered effective in all the cases. Besides companies usually face certain difficulties in the process of marketing plan development; it is connected with sophisticated aspect of consumers’ demand investigation. The development of internet technologies allows finding some ways of advertising which can meet the requirements both of sellers and buyers. The effectiveness of advertising campaigns lies in professional research of consumers’ demand and interests. Internet sites are to be developed in accordance with marketing rules. Such great companies as Yandex and Google are aimed at providing some free content and perfect privacy policy earning users’ trust and business efficiency. The principle policy of such companies concerns clients’ information safeguard and providing broad opportunities for business partners such as free content and effective digital advertising. The sphere of e-commerce is considered to be centralized even in third countries. The models of e-business are merely concentrated on strategic and conceptual thrusts, marketing approaches and e-business management. The basic strategies lie in development of innovative strategies of product promotions through the internet basic models. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the principle of e-commerce approaches and functioning aspects of business management. Highlighting the basic marketing strategies of advertising sphere gives an opportunity to discipline and organize the most effective business approaches. In order to enhance and ensure customer retention it is necessary to work out effective marketing models offering challenges of clientele bases. The basic element is to establish relationship between behavioral marketing and customer retention. Providing competitiveness in advertising strategies influence business effectiveness, sales growth and profit improvements. Internet campaigns are to establish professional link between the consumers’ perception of the goods and service presentation. Marketing strategies are used for the purpose of consumers’ intention identification and their involvement into e-commerce activities.
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While state has political powers, the religion has divine powers, which makes it command billions of believers across the world. During the dark ages, there was union of Roman Empire and Christian religion that led to the persecution of many people. The church usurped political powers and compelled people to comply with the Christian beliefs. Since the church had both political and divine powers, it issued decrees that demanded all people to comply with Christian beliefs and teachings or risk persecution for being heretics. Then, there was no freedom of worship as it is today because religion exercised excess powers that enabled it to reward believers and punish heretics. Experience of the dark ages prompted the Congress to establish laws that ensured that there was a complete separation of religion and state. The first amendment to the United States constitution prohibits the congress from making laws that favor or restrict establishment of any religion. Current political climate provides freedom of worship and exercise of diverse religious beliefs that are present in the world. Freedom of worship and exercise of any religion has been possible due to legislations like the first amendment that recognizes the distinction of state and religion. The state plays a critical role in ensuring that every person has inalienable right to worship freely and exercise religion of choice without infringing into the rights of others. Moreover, since there are diverse religions in the world, it is impossible for the state to provide legislations that will cater for their unique beliefs, hence, the first amendment prohibits the congress from making any laws that favor or restrict establishment of any religion. In spite of legislations that provide freedom of worship and separation of religion and state, the state is in a great danger due to the usurping influence of the religion. Critical analysis of the current political climate shows that there is impending union of state and religion as shown in Christian states and Islamic states. The religion is growing tremendously in various states of the world, and has infiltrated into powerful levels of government in order to influence laws and policies that favor its establishment. Furthermore, major religions like Christian and Muslim command billions of people that make them have a say in political arenas. Politicians in the current world must identify with certain religions in order to gain more votes. As a result, religious leaders have seized such opportunities to widen their political roots in a bid to usurp political powers. Therefore, religious leaders are gradually gaining political powers and recognition thereby threatening the freedom of worship and state-religion separation. In order to avoid the union of state and religion, the state should enact more laws that emphasize the separation of state and religion. There should be distinction between political and religious responsibilities since religion is slowly usurping political responsibility by influencing legislations, policies and decision making in various levels of government. Even though legislations restrict the government from making laws that favor or restrict exercise of any religion, religions have earned political goodwill that may influence future legislations or amendments. Existence of blurred difference between religion and state in the modern world provides a platform where religions triumph in political and spiritual arenas. Thus, stringent legislations are the only sure way of preventing religions from usurping political powers and restricting freedom of worship.
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Effects of PTSD and Correlation between Diagnosis and Violence Research Paper Post-traumatic stress disorder commonly referred to as PTSD, is a mental trauma that mostly affects people who have witnessed horrible events in their lifetime. Events such events as sexual harassment, sudden deaths, accidents, wars and harmful natural catastrophes have led to post-traumatic stress disorder over time. These events distort the biological mechanisms of a normally functioning human being. PTSD affects both children and adults and may become complicated with time. Victims who have been diagnosed with PTSD are associated with lack of sleep, frightening dreams during sleep, and tend to avoid various things. It is also worth noting that there is a correlation between PTSD and violence, though this has been cited to be of minimal significance. This paper will discuss the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder to victims. It will also examine the existence of a correlation between post-traumatic stress disorder and violence. Effects of post-traumatic stress disorder Victims of post-traumatic stress disorders are likely to develop sleep disorders associated with high risk of mortality, weight gain, depression, and coronary heart diseases (Kobayashi, Cowdin, & Mellman, 2012). Kobayashi et al. (2012) note that sleep disorders are more prevalent for women than men. Adult women are more likely to record nightmares than their male counterparts. In general, PTSD leads to insomnia which has far reaching consequences to the wellbeing of an individual. Avoidance is another effect of PTSD. Victims tend to debar themselves from talking about the abuses they have undergone. They show total unwillingness and always avoid such things that would trigger their emotions (Entringer et al., 2012). For this reason, they avoid such sounds, sights, scents, and people who can make them remember the respective past incidences. In some instances, these individuals will try much to distract themselves when they are with people talking about the ordeals. The victims experience arousal problems. These people are alert most of the times. A small traumatic happening is enough to cause arousal and keep them on guard to danger signals. This may result in irritability, anger, lack of concentration, and sleep difficulties. Children suffering from PTSD are normally inattentive, and seem to be daydreaming most of the time. Arousal problems can sometimes make individuals develop aggression and hypersensitive personalities. Another effect of PTSD is that of re-experiencing. Events connected to the respective horrible events trigger a sense to the victim as if they are happening again. A car accident victim may come across an accident, a terrorism survivor may hear a loud bang, and a sexually assaulted woman may see the news being shown on a TV screen and so on. These traumatic memories are so real that they make them feel as if the events are happening again. Depression is another common phenomenon among PTSD victims. PTSD survivors have constantly suffered depression (Zaetta, Santonastaso,& Favaro, 2011). Research conducted by the University of Padua in Italy showed that six out of twenty-five survivors suffered from depression. Though it is a small number, it shows that there is a correlation between depression and PTSD. In fact, insomnia and other resultant effects of PTSD are critical as far as depression is concerned. Correlation between diagnosis and violence After the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, it is critical to pay attention to various contributors. Various things like disaster, violence, trauma, barbarism, and catastrophes are reflected upon in clarifying post-traumatic stress disorder clinically. It, therefore, calls for understanding of violence in order to establish correlation between it and PTSD. Violence can be defined as an act of aggression when, for example, a perpetrator uses physical force against the opponent. It is intentional and has a probability of causing physical injury, death, deprivation, or psychological torture. Violence can also be sexual or a result of total or partial neglect or deprivation. Thus, It is worth noting that events that lead to post-traumatic stress disorder are violent. These events have social, political, natural, economic origins that are beyond psychiatric scope boundaries (Braga, Fiks, Mari, & Mello, 2008). Defining violence in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder remains equally important. A high number of violent prisoners have been diagnosed with PTSD. It is likely to be a result of abuse in childhood. Ex-prisoners are also affected by PTSD ( Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Violence, 2001, para. 2). It should be mentioned that sex offenders, who have suffered similar ordeals in the past, have a high likelihood of suffering PTSD as well. It is, therefore, apparent that violent acts lead to most cases of post-traumatic stress disorder. In conclusion, post-traumatic stress disorders have far reaching consequences for survivors. Second, it is important to note that the word ‘violence’ might be abusive in definition, but in this context it will bring terminological clarity for better understanding of PTSD. Third, though it is complicated to make clear identification of violence, apparently there is a correlation between PTSD and violence. Finally, one should clearly understand that early diagnosing of PTSD will have positive effects on achieving good results in its treatment. References Braga, L.L., Fikis, J.P., Mari, J.J., & Mello, M.F. (2008). The importance of the concepts of disaster, catastrophe, violence, trauma and barbarism in defining posttraumatic stress disorder in clinical practice . BMC Psychiatry. Web. Entringer, S., Epel, E.S., Lin, J., Buss, C., Blackburn, E.H., Simhan, H.N., Wadhwa, P.D. (2012). Prenatal programming of newborn and infant telomere length. European Journal of Psychotraumatology Supplement, 3 (1): 1-37. Kobayashi, I., Cowdin, N., & Mellman, T.A. (2012). One’s sex, sleep, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biology of Sex Differences, 3 (1), 29. doi: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-29. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Violence . (2011). Web. Zaetta, C., Santonastaso, P., & Favaro, A. (2011). Long-term physical and psychological effects of the vajont disaster. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2 (1) 1-5. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.8454.
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The proposal can vary in magnitude, or price schedule, to several pages of detailed specifications. In the business selling process, the written proposal is the documents that carry the terms and conditions of an accord linking the purchaser and trader and form the root for a successive business agreement. A proposal becomes a legal and binding document created between the buyer and the seller when a planned offer is acknowledged by the buyer. In a sales situation that is complex, the process of selling would take several weeks, or even years, to be finished. In some instances, offers and counteroffers will go back. The proposals provide an official way for mutually sides to converse in writing during this negotiation. Sometimes Prospective buyers issue a Request for Proposals, or an Invitation for Bids, to guide the sellers and give exact information regarding what products or services they desire. A Request for Proposal is a written document that summarizes specific information about an organization, the services, and products you need, and the specific requirements suppliers must meet to qualify for the business. A written order for a proposal increases the market responsiveness of an organization’s needs, thus increasing the competition to give out those needs and increasing the procedure of the relationship connecting an organization and the supplier. A Request for Proposal A Request for Proposal places the buyer to have power over the desired service levels and associated requirements and tells prospective vendors upfront that the most important concern is the level of customer service you will receive. Requests for Proposal can be a lot of work, but they’re worth it. If someone was planning on purchasing an education management system that one hoped to use for ten years, it makes sense to locate the vendor whose product matches your requests as closely as possible. Project risk management seeks to foresee and address suspicions that make threats to the goals and timetables of a project. The suspicions may comprise questions of objects and parts value; delay in delivery of adequate materials to meet up project needs; budgetary and personnel change; and, incomplete awareness or research. These risks lead quickly to delays in delivery date and budget overages that can be able to severely undermine assurance in the project and the project manager. Given the fact to facilitate project risk management is procedure-oriented, it remains possible to have a flourishing project and an unsuccessful product (for instance, an office building project that meets or beats all points in time, budgetary, and quality requirements yet opens in a miserable real estate market.) While any project accepts a definite level of risk, normal and thorough risk analysis and risk management techniques give out defuse problems before they occur. Risk management The doctrine of project risk management can be affirmed very simply. Any project organization is a subject matter to risks. One which finds itself in a status of continuous crisis is fading to manage risks appropriately. Failure to manage risks is characterized by failure to decide what to do when to do it, and whether enough has been done. Procurement refers to the aspect of project management associated with obtaining commodities and services from exterior companies. Some of the roles of procurement agents include planning purchases, acquisitions, contracting, requesting sellers’ responses and selecting sellers, contracting administration, and closure. A project manager is a specialist in the turf of project management. They comprise the responsibility of the scheduling and executing of any project, especially involving construction business, structural design, or software improvement. A project manager’s simple duty is to make sure the accomplishment of a project minimizes risk through the life span of the project. This is completed through a range of methods, both official and unofficial. A project manager usually has to ask inquisitive questions, to find unspecified assumptions, and decide the interpersonal conflict, as well as use more organized management skills.
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Crime Theories Differentiating Criminal Behavior Essay Table of Contents 1. Biological Theory 2. Sociological Theory 3. Psychological Theory 4. Social-Psychological Theory 5. Interrelationship of the Theories 6. Most Accurate Theory 7. References Biological Theory This theory takes a close look at the human biological features that predispose a person to a crime. This is done through various studies comparing twins. One study compared 274 adult twins. It looks at different areas of a person’s behavior. This includes nervous systems, personality and temperament, neuropsychological abnormalities, and physiological factors. Based on all these parameters, a person can commit a crime because of many things. For example, some people have irritability levels that are hard to control when hurt. This way, they commit crimes in the name of seeking revenge or responding to a previous hurt. Other people may have judgment levels that make them react poorly in cases of hurt feelings. It is also possible that the general body physique of a person contributes significantly to his interactions. People with big bodies feel indispensable and may be irrational and violent at times (Greene et al. 2006). Sociological Theory This theory argues that the social set up of a person may contribute to crime affiliations. The approach divides the basis from which this can happen into two: structural and subcultural. In a society where people are not fully economically empowered, cases of violence are rampant. This is because this breeds frustration emanating from too much idle time. According to the subcultural explanation, the theory says that people may have specific values and traditions that fall in the minority. This means that there is a dominant cultural affiliation, which seems to demean the minor one. The people may have sentiments that emanate from the fact that they feel like second after the rest. This way, they may want to show that they exist. This typically comes out violent. This is the case in many Christian nations with a minority Muslim population. It is also the breeding cause of violence in tribal fights experienced in Africa and the world (Frankel, 2003). Psychological Theory This theory cites individual differences as the main cause of violence and potentially criminal behavior. Sometimes these differences can be so minimal, and others are insurmountable gaps, which separate individuals. As relates to this theory, the root of the problem is that people will never be the same, enjoy the same comforts or love from other people. Hence, because of the guilt and sentiments that come, people behave irrationally. This is in a bid to balance nature. This is what breeds psychopaths. These are people considered to be absolutely antisocial and psychologically irrational (Greene et al. 2006). In today’s lives of people, they wish they can outsmart, make more, receive more, and attract more from people and the world at large. Because of the psychological setup, many people may behave differently if such desires are not met. While others try harder to be seen, others want to impose themselves and get them. This is what makes the whole difference. This is a character that is grown from the age of a kid. A perfect example is a 1946 born Ted Bundy. He was a serial killer with a personality that said that he would be successful and great in life (Solms and Turnbull, 2002). Social-Psychological Theory This theory closely combines both psychological and sociological theories. This theory says that it is possible to develop some behavior, which may not initially exist, due to the social set a person is. The process of making a criminal is learned. This is a simple conclusion that the theory puts forth. When people live in violent prone areas, the propensity to commit a crime is way too high. It is also possible to be violent to be in a position to defend yourself in frequently occurring violent situations. The theory says that it is even worse when a person that is preconditioned to be violent lives in such a case as to allow violence (Greene et al. 2006). Interrelationship of the Theories The theories are closely interrelated. The biological theory says that a person’s physiques and neurological set up may contribute to violent behaviors. This set up may have emanated from the social set up and or the psychological affiliations. Although many may commit criminal acts to feel the thrill and happiness of hurting people as the psychological theories suggest, others may learn that process as a matter of survival. This closely intertwines the sociological and social psychological theories. Most Accurate Theory The sociological theory accurately defines the reasons that lead to criminal behavior. The social set up majorly contributes to people’s violent acts and the temperaments that may lead to it. A perfect example is the tribal situations that African countries find them into. Another closely related example is the violence that is experienced in developing countries. Criminologists argue that it is because of the poor conditions that people find themselves into. They act irrationally to either get what they don’t have or to disrupt what others are doing. This is mostly an expression of fear and an innocuous lack of something. Social setups hence breed most criminals (Henriques, 2003). References Frankel, R. (2003). The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present, Future . New York: Boydell & Brewer. Greene, E. et al. (2006). Psychology and the Legal System. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning. Henriques, G.R. (2003). The Tree of Knowledge System and the Theoretical Unification of Psychology . Review of General Psychology, 2: 150–182. Solms, M. & Turnbull, O. (2002). The Brain and the Inner World: An Introduction to the Neuroscience of Subjective Experience. New York: Other Press.
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The Reasons Why People Take Drugs Essay Introduction People take drugs for different reasons. The drugs are different and have different strength in effect on the user. As the person continues using the drug or alcohol they develop dependency and hence they develop a problem. The society as a result has to deal with the people who develop the problematic use of drugs and alcohol to help them. This essay will discuss the reasons why people take drugs and also recommend ways the society can deal with those who develop problematic use with drugs and alcohol. Reasons why people take drugs According to Health Canada (2009, p. 4) People do not start taking drugs as an accident. Usually, they have little information about a drug and then they choose to pursue tasting it. People may learn about using drugs and alcohol from the media advertisements. They are portrayed as good products that enhance feelings and that when used one is gain certain positive qualities. Additionally, a lot of information about specific drugs is available from the web pages. There are benefits that are attached to drug use by the users. Drugs are taken so that one can relieve tension form stressful situations. Others take drugs to stay awake while others take so that they can get sleep. Enjoyment that one gets from use of drugs encourage the users to get the contentment it brings after using the drug. The use alcohol is widely used across many societies and is often used in many occasions. When there are festivities alcohol is used. Other drugs that are smoked are used by peers whenever they want to celebrate and during a social gathering. Drugs have been used to modify one feelings and mood. Drugs are used to improve low self esteem and nervousness. Others use drugs to divert their emotions from reality. People take drugs in order to fit in their surrounding society. Parent may introduce use of drugs alcohol to children especially during parties and holidays. Peers encourage one another to use drugs and when one refuses they are rejected from the group. Drug users become vulnerable to use other drugs. After tying the simple drugs they move to the more powerful drugs with time and end up being addict. Once one becomes addicted, they need to use the drug to get satisfaction. How the society can deal with those who develop problematic use with drugs and alcohol People who develop problematic use of the drug and alcohol may need health because their health and social life is affected. They can be encouraged through negotiate dialogues to accept treatment. They should not be forced to go for treatment (Health Canada, 2009, p. 8). The society through the government can use the legislative laws to deal with people with the drug problem. Instead of being taken to correctional institutions by the government, they can be taken to organizations where they will receive treatment. The society should be accommodative and avoid segregating the social groups. They can show concern and love for the addicts. Being gentle and listening to them can help in that they can admit the use of drugs and accept to get help. They can be assisted to overcome the behavior by engaging them in activities that engage them. They can also be supported in getting counseling for individual problem that led to the drug use. They get help to boost their confidence and self esteem and learn ways of dealing with nervousness and other challenges like stress. The society can form support groups where the people with problematic use of drugs and alcohol can get support. This support groups can be composed of those who have had similar problems and were able to overcome who can give encouragement. Conclusion Reasons that make people take drugs include availability of information, culture practice of celebration, peer groups, enjoyment and to deal with emotional needs. When they develop the problem of drug use and alcohol, the society should support them to get treatment and enable them get the treatment. Reference List Health Canada. (2009). Straight Facts about Drugs and Drug abuse . Web.
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Andrew Rogers’ “Rhythms of Life” Land Art Project Research Paper Andrew Rogers is known for his inimitable sculptures. He is an outstanding artist. His collections are known all over the world and are exhibited in Europe, the United States of America, Australia, South East Asia and other countries. His largest land art “Rhythms of Life” is the most popular among his works. This collection consists of 48 massive stone sculptures around the world. Nearly 6,700 people participated in this project in 13 countries (Rhythms of Life, 2012). Andrew Rogers is amazed with his great sculptures taking into account the fact that he does not have any special art education and he is a self-taught sculptor. He has decided to devote all his life to sculpture. Art unites people from different countries and different continents despite the differences in their culture, religion and traditions. More than that, Andrew Rogers has based his sculptures on the creativity of nature. The great power of nature and human skills in collaboration may create a real masterpiece as Rogers’ project “Rhythms of Life” demonstrates it. The first piece of land art was created in Israel’s Arava Desert in 1999 (Scarlett, 2004). This work was so amazing that Rogers decided to continue his project. His third geoglyph Slice constructed in 2001 in Araba Desert is the sculpture of slice through a sea shell which is the symbol of Arava Desert as far as it is the sea bed of the ocean ( 10 Amazing Land art Pieces by Andrew Rogers, 2010). Andrew Rogers has traveled around the Earth since that time and created a great number of monuments that is known as “Rhythms of Life”. These sculptures express his thoughts about such eternal questions as destiny, time, spirituality, the sense of life, connection and synchronicity. All these sculptures were inspired by the land. As Rogers says: “Listen to the silence of the land” (Vaucher, 2011). The land is like the muse for Andrew Rogers. The project “Rhythms of Life” consists of symbols specific to the places where they are constructed and they are known as geoglyphs. These symbols are created with the help of grand stones of different sizes and columns of different thicknesses and heights. For example, a Cappadocian horse in Turkey and the Chai in Israel. A Cappadocian horse constructed in 2007 amazes with its beauty and grandness. When you observe it on the land you just see the pile of stones but from the height, you will be astonished to observe a beautiful stone horse. Each project is the result of Rogers’ collaboration with the local community. Rogers hired men and women to search for the necessary stones which has been found by him with the help of GPS and construct them according to the project created by Rogers. Local communities helped not only to construct such projects but they helped to find the symbol that was the peculiar feature of their land or that played an important role for them. The building of such symbols was blessed by the elders from the community and its ending was celebrated by all citizens. The symbols constructed by Andrew Rogers unite all the citizens not only from different countries but factually this project unites all people from eight continents. Roger’s works of this project may be viewed in two ways. People may observe its globalist on the one hand and simplicity, on the other hand, walking through the constructions made from huge and small stones. The idea and the picture that the sculptor wants to pass to the people may be observed only from the height. People are amazed when they realize how such simple constructions create such a beautiful image that astonishes with its grandness. Rogers used a viewing platform that helped him to control the construction of his works. His primary idea was to observe these sculptures from the flying height. For example, an amphitheater was used in Turkey to control the construction of sculptures. According to Lilly Wei, “Rogers believes that accelerating environmental changes with their potentially catastrophic consequences are much less avoidable these days and therefore much more heeded. Hopefully, he is right. Since the inception of his geoglyphs, it has been one of the artist’s purposes to point to the irreplaceable beauties of the earth, both existent and man-made. By creating contemporary megaliths as markers, Rogers insists on the need to preserve this natural and artistic heritage for ourselves and for the future” ( Andrew Rogers: Time and Space, 2011). Factually, all beautiful and amazing things are created by nature and Rogers just used the imagination of nature to preserve its beauty to other generations. Rogers’ project amazes me with its globalist. Rogers is the first sculptor who has used art to unite people around the whole Earth. “Rhythms of Life” helps me to understand that miracles are near us and even a pile of stones carelessly constructed by the nature may be observed from another point of view. Rogers’ sculptures have overturned the understanding of art. Everything that surrounds us is the art produced by the nature. Rogers just uses the beauty and creativity of nature to create such amazing sculptures. Reference List 10 Amazing Land art Pieces by Andrew Rogers 2010, Web. Andrew Rogers: Time and Space 2011, Web. Rhythms of Life 2012, Web. Scarlett, K 2004, Andrew Rogers and the Rhythm of Life , Web. Vaucher, A 2011, Andrew Rogers: Rhythms of Life on Seven Continents , Web.
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Researching of Crisis in Afghanistan Essay After the Taliban seized power in Afghanistan, the U.S. evacuated the Americans by Aug. 31. The mission was complicated by difficulties at the airport, caused by a sizeable local population wanting to escape from the new government’s control. Although the Taliban regime had already been overthrown 20 years earlier with U.S. military support, the collapse of the government happened quickly. It is important to note that the Biden administration claims an international agreement with Taliban representatives to allow the United States to remove its citizens from Afghanistan safely. Nevertheless, there are reports of Americans being delayed at the airport, which Biden is prepared to deal with. More than 30,000 Americans have already been evacuated when this article was published, and 11,000 more in the last 24 hours. Several large commercial aircraft and civilian aircraft have been mobilized on a mission to transport citizens from temporary shelters to their home countries. The rapid change in power in Afghanistan came as a surprise event. Many politicians were not prepared for it, so Washington is skeptical of what the new authorities are saying despite the Taliban promising to leave civilians alone and protect rights. Sullivan stated that the U.S. does not plan to trust the Taliban but will closely monitor and review the new government’s actions to ensure they do not violate human rights. The reason for this tragedy was the disorganization of the Afghan military. It was caused by the desertion of many soldiers, the lack of motivation, and the lack of morale in the army. In addition, the support of the Taliban by some states such as China, Iran, and Russia also weakened the effectiveness of the Afghan military. Biden believes the decision to withdraw American troops from Afghanistan is correct because he does not understand the rationale for keeping soldiers in another country. The president says that the United States accomplished its task 20 years ago by bringing bin Laden to trial and protecting Afghanistan from a terrorist takeover. Biden has also explained that he believes it is necessary to shift the U.S. course to fighting terrorist groups worldwide rather than leaving it to the war in Afghanistan. Even though the president’s rating has fallen due to the chaotic withdrawal of troops, Biden argues that criticism is appropriate after the end of the operation, and now it is necessary to focus on the work.
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A Critique of Walmart’s Branding Evaluation Essay Walmart is an American retail corporation founded by Sam Walton in 1962. It operates in many countries that include the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Brazil. It is among the largest corporations in the world that employ a large number of employees. Walmart has come under attack in past years for offering employees low wages, sexual discrimination at the workplace, and unfair treatment of employees. Despite criticism and attacks, the corporation has maintained its position as one of the leading retailers in America and the world. Walmart is a relevant brand in the market because of several reasons that include its impact on economy of the U.S., influence on labor markets, and its sustainability efforts. Walmart is one of the leading employers in the world with over 2 million employees spread across its branches around the world. Research has revealed that its economic impact is immense. First, it provides wages to many people thus improving quality of people’s lives. Second, it offers low prices that make merchandise affordable to low income earners. As such, it alleviates poverty and improves lives of many Americans. Low-income households benefit greatly from low prices, which have led to improved consumer well-being. On the other hand, Walmart has immense influence on labor markets. Research has found out that presence of Walmart in the market increases employment opportunities even though it offers low wages. Its relevance regarding labor markets bases on menial treatment of employees. It offers low wages, inadequate health cover, poor working conditions, and prevents employees from joining or forming unions. However, this is obscured by the fact that it offers employment opportunities to many people. Brand positioning refers to a company’s or organization’s perception by customers. Effective brand positioning is one of the most effective ways used by businesses to create customer loyalty and increase customer satisfaction. Walmart has positioned its brand as a low-price retailer that cares for the welfare of customers. As such, Walmart’s brand positioning as the low-price retailer promises customers that the corporation offers the lowest prices for goods in the market. The focus of the corporation’s brand positioning is low prices. It does not offer any promises on quality of shopping experiences or customer affiliation. Therefore, Walmart’s customer base is sensitive to prices of goods compared to customers of its competitors in the market. The main reason Walmart is a leader in the retail sector is because of its brand positioning. However, analysts have criticized Walmart’s brand positioning by attributing it to brand devaluation. This has led to Walmart establishing itself as a brand of low-priced goods for low-income earners. They further argue that Walmart could improve its brand positioning by incorporating aspects such as customer affiliation and customer experience in its brand positioning strategy. As a brand, Walmart is characterized by creativity, focus on customer needs, high turnover, low cost of production, and market dominance. Walmart’s high turnover and positive impact on economy could be attributed to its creativity. It focuses on middle class and low-income earners who form the larger part of the population. As such, it offers low prices for its products. It is able to provide low prices because of its low cost of production and low wages. However, the brand is losing its market dominance because of emergence of online shopping stores such as Amazon.com that have improved convenience of shopping. In addition, development of stores such as Dollar General is affecting the positioning of the brand. Walmart is famous for its effective advertising that attracts more customers to its stores. In past years, it has used slogans such as we sell for less, and satisfaction guaranteed to reiterate its commitment to fulfilling needs of customers by offering affordable prices. In addition, it uses different registered trademarks that include the spark, live better, and save money to represent the Walmart brand. Walmart also offers store brands that present low prices as alternatives to name brand products. It offers numerous store brands such as Sam’s Choice, Dr Thunder, White Stag, George, Mainstays, great Value, and Equate. Additional brands include Apparel and Homeliness. These store brands are offered under the Walmart brand and have played a pivotal role in Walmart’s brand positioning. To improve its brand, Walmart has created a campaign to reinvent its brand to counter criticisms by labor unions and media. The campaign is aimed at cleaning its tainted image and negative publicity. Objectives of the campaign include digitization, reinvention of brand, development of solutions to existing problems, and restructuring retail store formats. The reinvention campaign aims to advance Walmart’s philosophy of offering low prices to customers while maintaining its brand position as a low-price retailer. The value of Walmart’s brand was evident from nomination as one of the most valuable brands in the world in 2012. This was attributed to its focus on fulfilling needs of digitally connected customers, improving operations to include online services, and offering customers a chance to order merchandise even without money when placing orders. Its brand is worth $34.4 billion and is the most valued brand in the world.
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American Social Program Evaluation Essay Social programs have been an essential part of national prosperity, and it significantly improved standards of living. Although numerous programs aim to solve difficult problems and assist citizens with their issues, the social program’s success is not guaranteed. Evaluation types and methodologies are necessary instruments to categorize and analyze the effectiveness of social programs (Rossi, Lipsey, & Freeman, 2003). Historically, the United States did not actively implement social programs into governmental practices until 1960 due to the unpopularity of it. However, during Kennedy and Johnson presidencies, there was a rapid rise of social programs because those presidents advocated for policies and acts that encouraged an active use of the given programs, such as War on Poverty (Rossi et al., 2003). The boom period in the 1960s happened due to a significant increase in social program initiatives and implementations. Subsequently, it led to a high need for policy analysis and evaluation methodologies, which are crucial in measuring and determining the social program’s effectiveness. Program evaluation is a tool to systematically apply the techniques and concepts of social science disciplines in order to investigate the efficiency of social intervention programs. Numerous professionals and experts emerged in the field of program evaluation after an increase of social policy and public administration movements. The evaluation methodologies aim to accurately describe the social program’s performance and assess it according to the main five domains: need, design, delivery, outcome, and effectiveness (Rossi et al., 2003). Each domain strictly follows the social intervention program from the beginning to the results. The given process accompanied by interested parties or stakeholders, who might fund, supervise, and evaluate the program. Stakeholders can be represented as individuals, groups, or organizations with a great deal of involvement in the performance of the social intervention program. For example, they can be decision-making authority, sponsor, administrator, and personnel (Rossi et al., 2003). All social programs have a target unit, who can be an individual, family, or community. The program directly focuses on solving and assisting the target population, therefore, every social intervention program requires an assessment and process evaluation from both service providing and receiving parties. Finally, there are a number of approaches for social program evaluation, including cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, empowerment evaluation, and program monitoring (Rossi et al., 2003). Each evaluation method assesses the effectiveness of the program from various angles, thus making the program monitoring process strategically precise and clear. On the other hand, program theory is a tactical approach in making a set of calculated assumptions and predictions, which can propel and induce goal achievement. The given theory includes the impact theory that focuses on studying and analyzing social condition changes due to the program. In addition, process theory is a crucial evaluation instrument, which serves as a representation of utilization and organizational plans (Rossi et al., 2003). All of the mentioned methodologies are used for creating a precise picture in order to monitor and assess the social intervention program efficiency. Reference Rossi, P. H., Lipsey, M. W., & Freeman, H. E. (2003). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
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Independent and Dependent Variables in Evidence-Based Practice Projects Essay When it comes to variables and their implications to find a correct answer, it is important to understand that they are interconnected. As a result, the right choice of the first parameter will help to experimentally determine the balanced measure of the dependent one and illustrate the result of working with uncertainty and unintentional confusion. Due to this fact, evidence-based practice projects need a logical and reliable explanation of independent and dependent variables choosing, which will directly influence the experiment outcome. To begin with, any professional experiment requires cause-and-effect interconnection, which leads its author to the specific result. When it comes to cause the creation, it is possible to put some word-interpreted data at the beginning of the process. However, when the experiment ends and the outcome analysis must be made, the numerical data is indispensable due to the further analysis needs. More specifically, providing word data that cannot be written numerically is impossible for the qualitative evidence-based project due to the structuring obstacle (Nevile et al., 2020). Most of the data should be categorized by some specific criteria so that if independent variables could be easily changed into another type of data, the outcome of the experiment must be written numerically owing to the further qualitative analysis needed. In addition, every practice that requires evidence must be provided multiple times for the “clarity” of data. As a result, independent and dependent variables are needed to provide a qualitative analysis. However, there is a significant dependent variable issue since the combination of factors that could be implemented in the same experiment might influence the outcome. To find the solution, it is crucial to provide clear experiments and double-check the independent variable factor singularity (Candel et al., 2019). Consequently, dependent variables will become more interesting for the evidence-based project due to their credibility. References Candel, J., & Daugbjerg, C. (2019). Overcoming the dependent variable problem in studying food policy. Food Security , 12 (1), 169–178. Nevile, A., & Biddle, N. (2020). The “Dependent Variable Problem”: How Do We Know What Caused Desired Change? The Palgrave Handbook of the Public Servant , 1 (1), 1–16.
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Water resources in economic Report Introduction According to Addams, Boccaletti, Kerlin & Stuchtey (2009), there are more than enough water resources to meet and sustain the competing demands for scarce the resources. But the escalating water shortages and scarcity is seen as an industrial hazard, a main financial risk that can not be disregarded, and a universal precedence that influences human well-being. Looking at the management of water resources, monetary statistics is inadequate, administration is not transparent and the stakeholders are unsatisfactorily connected. Because of this, majority of the states put more effort to outline and put into practice fact rooted water policies. Water resources experience inadequate allotments and reduced investment arrangements due to the fact that investors do not have reliable support for financially realistically decision making. With no action taken in the direction of recovering water resource management, it will not be easy to encounter connected resource difficulties, such as supplying enough food or maintaining producing energy for the global populace. Discussion on the economics’ of water Despite water being a precious commodity, its value is hardly ever shown in numerical figures or categorized as an economic resource. Hermans, Halsema & Renault (2005) state that by employing financial figures in water management, as a way of portraying significant values in money flows and permitting financial trade to be the basis of distributing water resources and related costs and advantages among stake holders. Hence, the stakeholders pay only for the amount of water that they use at a particular time. By putting into practice the financial payments for water usage in the market will result in a more utilized way of using the scarce water commodity. This will limit the wastage of water as people will feel the pinch in the pocket as they have to pay more for each drop of water wasted (Briscoe, 1996). Know how or advancements recognize that financial preparations can be a factor to an additional cost-effective utilization of water resources but if simply precise requirements are met, correlated to a properly performing institutional structure and system that makes certain that use of monetary provisions is well adjusted through wide communal objectives. Proposals on the economics’ of water resources FAO (2005) states, the escalating responsiveness that water shortage has brought forth the acceptance of the opinion that “water is an economic good” as one of the four Dublin principles in 1992, which are broadly acknowledged as the foundation for integrated water resources management (IWRM). Economics purely focuses on the division of scant commodities over several contending demands hence then the aspect of scarcity of water reserves as economic commodities makes perfect sense. (FAO/ Netherlands, 2005) Contrary, Perry et al (1997) argues that water is not an ordinary economic good, and that one should be familiar with possessions and consumer privileges may be multifaceted, in that the physical attribute of water makes it difficult to transport large quantities of water from one location to another and that water is a resource that cannot be replaced, once its used, its gone. Conclusion Water is a scarce resource and the situation continues to escalate day-in-day-out. Just like other scarce resources which are categorized as economic resources, so should be water resources. By giving water resources a price tag and placing market regulations, the commodity will be more valued and the resources protected. Reference List Addams, L. Boccaletti, G. Kerlin, M. & Stuchtey, M. (2009). Charting Our Water Future Economic frameworks to inform decision making. McKinsey & Company . Retrieved from: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/charting-our-water-future Briscoe, J. (1996). Paper presented at the ICID World Congress in Egypt: Treating Water as an Economic Good. The idea and what it means in practice. Cairo: Elsevier. FAO, (2005). Project Report FAO and Sokoine University of Agriculture: Water Productivity and Vulnerable Groups in the Mkoji Sub Catchment. Morogoro: Kasele, S. Hermans, L. Halsema, V. G. & Renault, D. (2005). Paper presented at OECD Workshop on Agriculture and Water: Sustainability, Markets and Policies. 14 th – 18 th November 2005: Developing economic arrangements for water resources management-the potential of stakeholder-oriented water valuation . Adelaide: Sydney. Perry. C.J., Rock, M. and Seckler, D. (1997). Research Report14: Water as an Economic Good: A Solution or a Problem? Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute.
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Edgar Poe’s “The Cask of Amontillado” Literature Analysis Essay From the onset, an author lets the readers know which characters are important. This is the norm in any literary medium, including novels, plays, poems, and short stories. Other characters in works of literature are given a considerably less face time compared to the main character. In long works of literature such as novels and plays, minor characters take up a substantial space of the literary medium. However, in short, literary works such as poems and short stories, the main characters end up taking most of the space with minor characters contending with very little coverage. In short stories, the author mostly focuses on the protagonist’s details. Therefore, only very few and relevant details about the non-protagonist characters are supplied to the readers. Nevertheless, those few details and subtle, indirect hints often help the reader to infer some helpful insights and understandings about the non-protagonist characters in a short story. This paper defends this notion using details about the character of Fortunato in Edgar Poe’s “The Cask of Amontillado.” The main character in “The Cask of Amontillado” is Montresor with Fortunato being a minor character in the short story. Also, Montresor is the story’s narrator, and a lot of details about his character are revealed in the story. On the other hand, the readers only learn about Fortunato’s character by gathering few and scanty details about him through his actions, words, and Montresor, the story’s narrator. At the beginning of the story, it is revealed that Fortunato is the victim of Montessori’s revenge plan. However, Montresor, the narrator does not reveal much about his prey, including the details about how Fortunato insulted him. After learning that Fortunato is the victim, the readers can sympathize and relate with his character. The fact that Fortunato’s accuser does not back his accusations against him makes the readers suspicious. I t is also possible to know that Fortunato is addicted to wine. Montresor’s revenge plan is modeled around Fortunato’s wine addiction. Montresor is almost certain that Fortunato cannot resist the temptation of wine. On the other hand, Fortunato falls into Montresor’s trap quite easily. Even when Fortunato starts to cough, and Montresor offers him the chance to back off from his quest, he does not give up on the chance of tasting good wine. Fortunato is already drunk by the time he and Montresor get to the catacombs. Fortunato’s addiction seems to be his main undoing and eventually leads to his defeat. Even though the short story does not dwell on Fortunato’s character, readers can decipher that he is insensitive. First, it does not look like he realizes that he hurt Fortunato. Second, when Montresor comes to carry out his revenge on him (Fortunato), he does not notice that Montresor is angry with him. Fortunato’s insensitivity also makes him a poor judge of character. Halfway through his execution, he still thinks that Montresor is playing a joke on him. Another Fortunato’s trait that can be deduced from the few details in the short story is his greed and pride. When Montresor offers the wine tasting chance to someone else, Fortunato opposes this idea vehemently. Moreover, it is revealed that Fortunato is naïve. Fortunato follows Montresor sheepishly without considering the suspicious environment they are going past when going to fetch the wine. This naivety ends up being Fortunato’s main undoing.
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Introduction 2. Neanderthal Species 3. Behavioral Traits of Neanderthals 4. The Social Structure of Neanderthals 5. The End of the Species 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Introduction The Neanderthal skull was firstly found in 1848 in Gibraltar. Future studies showed that, in the beginning, Homo sapiens and Neanderthals had the same group of ancestors in Africa. Then a part of this group moved to the European region and became Neanderthals. The rest of the group stayed in Africa and created the beginning of the modern human. Therefore, Neanderthals developed separately from the modern species, primarily in Europe and Western Asia regions. Neanderthal Species Neanderthals had to adapt to the new environmental conditions, including climate changes, natural resources, such as food, and geographical characteristics of the new territory. Crossland mentions the confrontations between Darwin’s publications and researches conducted by Henri Bergson (82). Despite the unclearness in the past historical data, there is still some evidence that may describe the way of living and behavioral characteristics of Neanderthals. Neanderthals, as well as other species, had their social structure. Genetic says that this species lived mainly in the small subpopulations (Rogers 9859). Neanderthals had a short and muscular body that was adapted to low temperatures. It shows that this species was flexible and adaptable to the external environment. Geographical separation and the DNA comparison results outline the clear difference between the modern human and the Neandertal. However, it is not enough to deny the possibility of any interbreeding between the Neanderthal and the Homo sapience. Behavioral Traits of Neanderthals Neanderthals buried their dead. They used a variety of natural resources. For instance, according to Crossland, this type of species used plants for medical purposes (95). This fact outlines their advanced intelligence and complex adaptability system. However, archaeologists mention that Neanderthals may have a different way of thinking. On the one hand, the archaeological evidence shows no or a few symbolic objects used in their day-to-day lives. Scientists suggest that this type of species did not have any symbolic thoughts. On the other hand, researchers state that they had a possible adaption for speech. In addition, Neanderthals were able to identify speech or language. According to Banks, the studies of the inner and outer ear outline the similarity in characteristics with Homo sapience (5346). Moreover, the following investigation showed that Neanderthals used hunting as the primary source of food. They also used ambush techniques to hunt large types of animals, especially in their migration routes. Then they took the meat to the settling to share it with the rest of the group. Places for hunting were not far from the settling and covered a limited geographical location. The Social Structure of Neanderthals Neanderthals had close social structure and demographic characteristics to Homo sapiens due to the similarity between species and their mutual ancestors. Hayden states that Neanderthals lived in small groups of 10 to 20 adults (qtd. in Crossland 98). The childhood period was shorter than Homo sapience’s due to the brain’s size and its development processes. Scientists suggest that because of the earlier growing up, they had a better opportunity to reproduction. Therefore, the population had to increase. However, Neanderthals had a shorter life period as well, which, at the same time, decreased the size of the population. Males and females had a variety of responsibilities that were differentiated from each other and were shared depending on the gender. Rogers mentions that the bottleneck of Neanderthals could be caused by environmental factors, such as challenging Northern climate, lack of plants and animals in the surrounding environment (9862). These conditions created a difficult external criterion to survive, especially in the isolated geographical location. The End of the Species Researchers show the last dated artifacts that are about 40,000 years old. Scientists and archaeologists suggest that Neanderthals lived in challenging conditions that decreased their population size and did not allow them to develop further or increase birth rate. For instance, significantly low temperature affected the fauna, natural disasters in the region of habitation and other predators, which lived in the exact location, could create several problems for local species. Churchill said that Neanderthals have disappeared right at the same time when the modern people have come to that location (qtd. in Crossland 98). Scientists also suggest a theory with an illness that could kill the whole population. However, there is no clear evidence why exactly Neanderthals disappeared. Conclusion To conclude, there are still some debates regarding the history of Neanderthals. Even by having the same ancestors as Homo sapiens, Neanderthals were not able to develop in any other species. Their type of living, social structure, habits, and physical identification had their unique appearance. The responsibilities were divided between the group members. Archaeological evidences show their high intelligence that resulted in the structured hunting methods, the proper usage of plants, and increased physical abilities among group members. However, external environmental conditions, including climate changes, in their place of living decreased the number of males and females, which resulted in disappearance of this species. Works Cited Banks, William E., et al. “An ecological Niche Shift for Neanderthal Populations in Western Europe 70,000 years Ago”. Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, 2021, p. 5346. Crossland, Zoe. “Unknown and Indeterminacy: Neanderthal Histories”. Social Research , vol. 87, no. 1, 2020, pp. 75-100. Project MUSE. Rogers, Alan, et al. “Early History of Neanderthals and Denisovans”. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science , vol. 114, no. 37, 2017, pp. 9859-9863.
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Drug Addiction and Drug Legalization Essay (Critical Writing) Gore Vidal indicates that the United States can stop most drug addictions within a short time by creating awareness of the effects to the people taking them. Information containing warning on drug addiction and how it feels to be an addict should be made public. This will empower each citizen to know what they are getting into and the long-term side effects of these substances. As much as this will require a mountain of honesty, it will save the state crime scenes, loss of family members precious lives and jail terms; freedom. Since everyone is not reasonably sane, forbidding people from what they like, want, or think, makes them want more of it. Everyone has a choice to make regarding being an addict or not as long as they have access to the publicly available information. Past prohibitions have caused persisting derision and thousands of deaths in the United States. At the time, the ban was in Washington from alcohol by a congressman who was under the illusion that drinking had a celestial mission. Thus, the lifting of the Mexican marijuana ban by the Feds resulted in increased deaths in New York. Rosenthal views drug addiction as slavery and the idea for drug legalization is revolting because most of the victims of addiction are adolescents and children. Drug addiction is passed from one generation to another, destroying the social resources such as family values, traditions and family life available for the victims to better their lives. The argument that legalizing drugs would make them cheap is not satisfactory because the pushers would make more profit from their market by cutting prices, increasing potency and variety at any approved narcotic counters. Easy availability would cause damage that will last almost forever in the brains of Americans who are already drug slaves. It is challenging to reverse the damages caused by such cracks. Consequently, legalizing drugs would see brain damage among millions of Americans. Legalizing drugs is a means of killing most of the citizens. Over the years, people have been educated on the effects of drugs. However, such insights have not stopped them from using or selling the substances. Generations have been lost in slums infested with violence, which has resulted in the deaths of talented youths who would have made future leaders of the states. The proponents of the legalization of drugs have not witnessed the direct effect of drugs, since the effects of substance addiction have not affected their homes. Americans are not responsible enough to moderate substance use, and the government is not bold enough to give honest information on them. Therefore legalizing drugs will do more harm than good to the American people. From the views fronted by Rosenthal and Vidal, one can effortlessly believe that legalizing drugs needs honesty from the government and responsibility from the American citizens. For the legalization of substances to be fruitful to the citizen, they must be responsible for their actions, take drugs in moderation and make better choices when making their decisions. The country’s leadership should prosecute drug cartels to help reduce the spread of these substances. Moreover, the government should avail public information regarding all the positive and negative effects of each drug legalized within the nation’s borders. The information provided on the drugs should help people make their choices based on the impacts. Everyone must be responsible for their choices, which affect their generations and personal life. Without honesty and responsibility, legalization of drugs is just a means of killing most of the citizens.
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Center for Audit Quality Essay Conducting an audit on a company’s financial statements is not an entirely popular idea. Many managers still hold the belief that conducting external financial audit is too intrusive. Thus, there are those managers who believe that conducting an audit, despite the assured benefits is counter productive. For instance, the cost of hiring auditors is too prohibitive to most companies. Thus doing annual external audit requires extra funds which have to be accounted for in the company’s annual budget. This is likely to lower the company’s profit margins. Additionally, as mentioned earlier, some managers feel that auditing can be too intrusive. According to the Center for Audit Quality, audit involves “examining available evidence in support of a company’s financial statements” (CAQ 2011). Thus, access, by external auditors, to company’s sensitive financial information is risky since such information is likely to be leaked to competitors, who are likely to use such information against the company. These assumptions seem to be precipitated by the fact that external auditors’ overarching aim is to provide a reasonable assessment of a company’s financials performance. External audit reports fail to indicate absolute truths about a company’s financial position. The assertions made above are likely to be perceived as demonizing external audit. However, external audit involves a number of practices beneficial to a company. According to Bragg (2011), one of the preliminary stages of financial auditing involves establishing the terms of engagement. During this process an audit firm conducts its own evaluation of the reputation of the company to be audited. Audit firms normally desist from engaging with company’s whose reputation is questionable. Thus, shareholders in a publicly listed company are likely to establish the company’s reputation from the caliber of the company’s auditors. Besides establishing the terms of engagement, auditing also involves establishing standards for quality control. In doing this, audit firms largely depend on the willingness of the auditee’s top management to collaborate with the external auditor in setting the tone for quality assurance. As such, external audits are stern tests on willingness of the company’s top management to establish high standards of quality control. Additionally, establishing standards for quality control involves a number of activities. These include establishing policies within which professional auditing is to be conducted. Thus, by conducting audits, external auditors help a company improve its internal quality control systems. This implies that by engaging external auditors, firms are able to enhance quality management. This enhances accuracy in financial reporting which translates to improved performance by the company. According to Center for Audit Quality, no two companies are the same. Each company is unique, in terms of financial reporting. Each company also has its own unique auditing challenges which require customized auditing standards (CAQ 2011). Nevertheless, this does not imply that external auditors develop completely new sets of auditing standards for each firm. According to Craswell (1990) internal auditors rely in international accounting standards. Thus, CAQ’s (2011) assertion that external auditors customize auditing standards depending on the uniqueness of the company’s auditing challenges ought to be taken in light of the fact that customization of auditing standards is based on the international financial reporting standards. It is imperative to note that the international financial reporting standards form the core of globally recognized financial reporting standards. Thus, by engaging external auditors, publicly listed companies in Australian test their financial reporting against internationally accepted standards. This gives shareholders an idea of how the company is likely to perform in the global market. According to Nicoll (2005) conducting external audits amounts to opening a company’s financial records to public scrutiny. Based on assertions made by CAQ (2011), this seems to be unpopular with managers. However, external audit reports are valuable tools with which shareholders establish the authenticity of a company’s financial position. Additionally, by opening the financial books to public scrutiny, external audits assist company’s management as well as shareholders in comparing the company’ performance against other companies whose accounts are also open to public scrutiny. This helps to identify a company’s position with regards to competition. Thus, external audit of a company’s financial record helps in identifying its market position. This also assists the company’s management in making accurate decisions for the future. Additionally, despite CAQ (2011) assertions that external audit reports are unlikely to portray the absolute truth about a company’s financial position, these reports are nevertheless very reliable in portraying a company’s financial position. Thus, shareholders are likely to use these reports in making decisions their investment. Conducting external audit on a company’s financial performance has it merits and demerits. For instance, engaging reputable external auditors is very costly. Thus for a company struggling to meet profit targets, such cost seems unnecessary. Nevertheless, external audits are beneficial than they are disadvantageous. Not only is the company able to measure its performance against competitions but also able to establish its market position locally and globally. Such reports indicate an almost near truth regarding a company’s position. Thus, they are valuable tools with which shareholders measure the true status of the company’s performance. From a shareholders point of view, external audit is necessary. List of References Bragg, S. 2011. The new CFO financial leadership manual. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. CAQ. 2011. In-depth guide to public company auditing: The financial statement audit . [online] Web. Craswell, A.1990. Who audits Australia ? Sydney: University of Sydney Press. Nicoll, P. 2005. Audit in a democracy: the Australian model of public sector audit . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Burlington, VT.
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The Benefits of a Protection Dog Research Paper Introduction People all over the world have different pets because their preferences, needs, and conditions are not the same. However, everyone knows the saying that “dogs are man’s best friend” (Bababusuyi par. 1). Dogs are the animals that tend to become members of the family. Their devotion and will to protect their owners lead to a long-lasting relationship, similar to relationships that can be observed between relatives. Moreover, when they are properly trained, dogs serve as a substitute for alarm and security home systems as well. Unfortunately, some people tend to be afraid of dogs or just do not realize how much benefit they can provide. This paper will discuss the main advantages of protection dogs—including psychological, physical, and security-related benefits—to ensure that guard dogs are not scary even though they may attack people to keep their owners and property safe. Main Point Regardless of the fact that protection dogs are animals that can hurt people, they are loving and supportive family members that provide their owners with a wide range of benefits. Psychological Benefits Just like all other dogs, protection dogs help people cope with depression and loneliness. They improve individuals’ self-esteem and make them happier (McConnell et al. 1241). Dogs are very sympathetic animals, so they are always near whenever their owners feel upset or sad. They try to please people and interact with them. Because they are submissive and dependent on their owners, dogs make people believe in their own strength. They also make vulnerable people feel protected. Physical Benefits Dogs require much attention; they need to be trained and walked at least twice a day, and they enjoy playing active games, which helps their owners stay fit and healthy (McConnell et al. 1239). Additionally, protection dogs often have lots of energy, a trait that is peculiar to their breeds. As a result, they turn out to be more active and are always ready to “ask” people to interact. Very often, owners take their dogs with them whenever they go somewhere, which also prevents them from being passive all day long. Security Benefits Guard dogs can protect people and their property. They not only bark to inform their owners if something strange occurs, but they also frighten or attack the offender. Dogs’ superhuman senses allow them to see more than people do and to differentiate various smells as well as sounds at a distance (Bababusuyi par. 21). As a result, these animals not only identify their owner and their owner’s friends and relatives but also a stranger who is trespassing on private property. While a regular alarm system would just notify the owner or agency of the situation, a dog is more likely to actually attack the offender and thus prevent a crime. Additional Benefits Protection dogs can also help people cope with livestock. They can be trained to gather all animals together and to attack wild animals that threaten both herds and owners (Urbigkit and Urbigkit 1). Of course, the breed plays a crucial role in this situation because the size and strength of the dog matters. However, people can select the most appropriate breed beforehand depending on their unique needs. Conclusion Guard dogs are not scary animals that attack people; they are loving, helping, and protective members of the family. Being properly trained, they can provide their owners with numerous advantages, giving them the opportunity to feel better both physically and emotionally. Depending on their breed, protection dogs can cope with tasks of different levels of difficulty to keep people and their property safe, but their general characteristics are the same. Works Cited Bababusuyi, Kemi. Why It’s Very RISKY Not To Own A Dog In Your Home! 2012. Web. McConnell, Allen, Christina Brown, Tonya Shoda, Laura Stayton and Colleen Martin. “Friends with Benefits: On the Positive Consequences of Pet Ownership.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101.6 (2011): 1239-1252. Print. Urbigkit, Cat, and John Urbigkit. “A Review: The Use of Livestock Protection Dogs in Association with Large Carnivores in the Rocky Mountains.” Sheep & Goat Research Journal 25.1 (2010): 1-8. Print.
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Police Support for Community Problem-Solving and Broken Windows Policing Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical/ Conceptual Development 3. Methodological/ Statistical Approach 4. Explanation/ Substance of the Findings and Discussion 5. Other Approaches or Viewpoints 6. References Introduction The basic strategies of police workers are inherently connected with local citizens and have a diverse nature. This study examines the issue of police officers’ general acceptance of tactics and principles of broken windows and community problem-solving policing. It is crucial for evaluating diverse support for each police officer’s characteristics, including ethnical, gender, educational, and assignment factors. The analysis of this study contributes to assessing the critical concepts of the broken windows perspective, as well as the essential community problem-solving linkage to the police and citizens. Theoretical/ Conceptual Development The theoretical approach requires the gradual passage from the definition of the issue to the detailed examination of its core points. According to Jenkins (2015), the researchers unevenly distinguish between community policing, broken windows policing (BWP), and problem-solving, although these concepts tend to be implemented coupled with each other. Thus, community policing and problem-solving policing form the essence of community problem-solving policing with the BWP as the crucial factor. After the rapid growth of crime and reassessment of the police profession in the 1960s, the community problem-solving aspects were progressively enacted. Three mentioned concepts are regarded as “three main movements characterizing this era” (Jenkins, 2015, p. 222). Based on Welsh, Braga, and Bruinsma’s (2015) research, there is little evidence that handling the disorder decreases fear of crime or increases community controls. Despite the theoretical mechanisms, the overall idea of arranging disorderly conditions to control crime is maintained by the available evaluation evidence. Besides, the available empirical evidence on the linkage between disorder and subsequent crime is extensive. Methodological/ Statistical Approach The methodological approach of this study implies data collection, analyses, and results. An electronic survey instrument was used to “227 sworn officers in two urban police departments” (Jenkins, 2015, p. 225). With that said, univariate analyses disclose the support levels that police need for specific police tactics and theoretical principles of BWP. Regression analyses, on the other hand, trace the correlation between support for these tactics and principles and respondent race and ethnicity based on the other characteristics, such as “gender, education, rank, years of service, and assignment” (Jenkins, 2015, p. 227). As described by Weisburd, Hinkle, Braga, and Wooditch (2015), to enhance the ability of the community to exercise informal social controls, the police should follow certain methods. Those include responding to minor disturbances and crimes and immediately fighting against physical dilapidation. Explanation/ Substance of the Findings and Discussion Jenkins’ exploratory analysis of the community problem-solving tactics connected with the broken windows theory discloses critical findings regarding the current state of policing. Three significant findings include unambiguous support of the respondents for community problem-solving; however, with further focus on some traditional methods of policing. The second finding implies a delay in detectives’ and investigators’ approval of tactics part of community problem-solving. Ultimately, the third finding includes differences by officers’ characteristics at a certain rate concerning broken windows policing tactics and principles, as well as an important reform strategy tactic. Other Approaches or Viewpoints Considering different viewpoints, Skogan, Hartnett, Comey, Dubois, and Kaiser (2019) examines the police and problem-solving issue. They suggest that the police play a pivotal role based on the unique trust of society. Hence, implementing a problem-solving strategy increases the responsibilities held by police that reflect the broader conception of policing. Referring to the broken windows policing, Kohler-Hausmann (2018) explores the case of the New York City experiment in the BWP regime, which resulted in a “higher number of arrests and lower number of convictions” (p. 172). With that said, the central approach implies forming a strong partnership between the police and the community. To sum up, the exploratory findings, together with other researches, revealed that Latino police officers are more prone to accept those elements that force the police to take an active role in forming relationships with society. Therefore, it is possible to sustain orderly communities, as well as recognition of communities’ capacity to deal with disorder and their definition of uncivil behavior. Altogether, it is a significant approach for future research and policy development. References Jenkins, M. (2015). Police support for community problem-solving and broken windows policing. American Journal of Criminal Justice , 41 (2), 220-235. Web. Kohler-Hausmann, I. (2018). Misdemeanorland: Criminal courts and social control in an age of broken windows policing . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Skogan, W., Hartnett, S., Comey, J., Dubois, J., & Kaiser, M. (2019). On the beat: Police and community problem solving . New York, NY: Routledge. Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J., Braga, A., & Wooditch, A. (2015). Understanding the mechanisms underlying broken windows policing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 52 (4), 589-608. Web. Welsh, B., Braga, A., & Bruinsma, G. (2015). Reimagining broken windows. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 52 (4), 447-463. Web.
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Civil Rights in America From the Civil War to 1974 Essay The Civil Rights Movement was an important chapter in American history which led to the establishment of human rights around the world. This high-profile and historic quest for human rights achieved world notice thanks to its unusual approach and also brought to light America’s racist segregation of non-white immigrants. Energized and encouraged by the successes of the civil rights movement, activists worked to reverse the discriminatory laws restricting the influx of darker-skinned peoples into the U.S. Through these actions, the Civil Rights Movement became a ‘stencil’ for human rights worldwide and revolution worldwide. It was nearly 90 years after Lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation that, on May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously decided that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. This decision overturned the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling that legitimized the ‘separate but equal’ practice of segregation according to race, deciding that ‘separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.’ The ruling was the impetus for across-the-board desegregation in the U.S. When Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955 for refusing the driver’s request to give up her seat to the white man, this act of civil disobedience became the spark that ignited the masses during the 1950s and 1960s in protesting the racial inequalities. “She was fed up, Parks’ friend Elaine Steele said, “There comes a point where you say, ‘No, I’m a full citizen, too. This is not the way I should be treated” (Shipp, 2005). Because of this event, a group of local ministers created the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and coordinated a 382-day boycott of the bus company. The ministers took this non-violent action to avoid the possible rioting that was widely rumored to soon ensue and to organize their collective congregations into one, larger and stronger common voice. “After discussion amongst the MIA leadership, twenty-six-year-old Martin Luther King Jr., a minister who had moved to town but a year earlier, was unanimously selected to head the MIA.” (Garrow, 1987, pp. 45-6). The now famous first sit-in occurred at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina when four black students sat down at a ‘whites only’ establishment and requested service. These activists that braved the threat of being beaten and jailed in order to advance their cause of racial justice were inspired by the illustration of courage by those who participated in the Montgomery bus boycott. Soon after beginning the walk, Meredith was shot and wounded by a white sniper. Upon hearing the news that James Meredith was shot by a sniper while on a well-publicized walk, ‘March Against Fear,’ to Jackson, Mississippi from Memphis, Tennessee, King joined with Stokely Carmichael in Greenwood, Mississippi where Carmichael gave his famous ‘Black Power’ speech (Carmichael, 1966). Malcolm X (Little) became a powerful speaker in the movement and became more important to the cause of his death than he was in life. As King had secured the character of the Southern black, Malcolm had become the messiah of city slums in the North, Midwest and West. The semi-militant organization he headed, the Nation, grew quickly under his leadership. (Hollaway, 1998). Later generations should be taught the history of the Civil Rights Movement along with the suffering endured by the many generations of blacks from the times of slavery through the mid 1960s. Unless these lessons are learned by future societies, the mistakes of the past could also be the mistakes of the future. This is a horrific prospect when one examines the miserable effects of racial bias and its human toll. Works Cited Carmichael, Stokely. “Black Power.” American Rhetoric. (1966). Web. Garrow, David J. “The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It.” Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. (1987). Hollaway, Kevin. “The Legacy of Malcolm.” Documents for the Study of American History. (1998). Web. Shipp, E.R. “Rosa Parks, 92, Founding Symbol of Civil Rights Movement, Dies.” New York Times. (2005). Web.
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Producing Model by Using Root Cause Analysis Essay In order for a model like this to succeed, it needs to be based on a concept or method that fulfils the research objectives by understanding the underlying causes of the issue of decline as a starting point. The identification of root causes (i.e. the most basic reasons) serves planners to start determining the spectrum of potential solutions (Sustainable Fright 2000). Root causes have been described by Fantin (2014, p. 85) as “the deepest causes of the problem, responsible for the problematic situation.” If any real improvement is to be expected, the root causes of problems must be identified (by examining the complete event or situation), and corrected properly (see Fig. 1) (Wilson 1993). With this in mind, the model needs to apply a method assisting in identifying and analysing the causes of decline issue. While reviewing the relevant literature, it has been found that Root Cause Analysis (RCA) could be an effective method to produce this model. Figure 1: Apparent and Root Causes. Note: From add the name of the book (Wilson 1993, p. 11) RCA was initially used in high-reliability industries in order to identify the underlying factors of variation in performance (Lee et al. 2011, p. 305). It combines elements from engineering, psychology, and the ‘human factors’ tradition (Reason 1990; Vincent, Taylor-Adams & Stanhope 1998). As an improvement technique and a governance tool, this approach is based on the assumption that it is possible to prevent the reoccurrence of adverse events and the necessary lessons drawn by determining the underlying causes (Nicolini et al. 2011, p. 217). Instead of continuing to deal with symptoms, this procedure seeks to describe causal chains as well as to identify and correct the root cause factors (i.e. the most rudimentary cause) of the problem occurred (Flott 2011; Huston 2014; Reason 1990). RCA “can be a powerful tool to help determine current obstacles to improvement, as well as identify those particular areas in which operation/process improvements might produce the greatest benefit” (Wilson 1993, p. 3). Therefore, RCA is not only a problem-solving method; it can also be a proactive analysis tackling issues that are likely to occur due to a preventive action. According to Cerniglia-Lowensen (2015), the effective RCA covers three types of causes: physical causes (tangible material), human causes and organisational causes (policy or procedure). Performing effective RCA has several advantages that are pointed out by Wilson (1993, p. 11) as follows: * “Ensuring objective problem solving; * Facilitating development of a comprehensive set of solutions; * Predicting other problems; * Identifying, assembling, and integrating contributory circumstances; * Focusing on preventing recurrence, as well as providing immediate corrective action; * Identifying improvement opportunities”. As a process, RCA can be conducted through the following steps (Cerniglia-Lowensen 2015). The first step is the identification of the issue that should be investigated. The next step is the understanding of that issue that can be reached by collecting the required data. In this stage, collecting data through consulting key stakeholders has been recommended “to develop a solid idea” about the potential causes of the issue (CoE-SUFS 2016). The third step is the identification of the possible causal factors. By analysing contributing factors, the identification of root causes would be possible (QAPI 2005). Identifying root causes can provide a better understanding of what happened, how it happened and why it happened. This identification makes it possible to determine the cost of the root cause remove (Flott 2011). The fourth step focuses on the recommendations and changes that should be implemented to eliminate the root causes. It covers both corrective and preventive actions. Stakeholders can also participate in the determination of corrective and/or preventive actions (remedial actions) needed to prevent reoccurrence (Nicolini et al. 2011). The next step is to confirm the solution. In order to determine the implemented actions that resulted in positive change, there is a need to develop measures for each action as part of RCA process (Lee et al. 2011, p. 306). According to Wilson (1993, p. 3), there is a need for qualitative and/or quantitative measures to ensure that needed improvements/changes meet and maintain the target objectives. Therefore, several recommended indicators/criteria should be considered to do this measurement. In summary, RCA approach can serve this research to measure/find the corrective action(s) through understanding the issue itself, analysing several causes to find out the root ones and other contributed factors. Then this classification can be used to determine the corrective action. It can also assist planners to determine whether this action can be implemented in short-/long-term or not. Therefore, RCA method seems to be useful for the fulfilment of research objectives.
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Military Strategy in the Afghan War Essay (Critical Writing) The US war in Afghanistan has lasted more than a decade. The war has cost American taxpayer hundreds of billions of dollars. When the US army invaded Afghanistan in 2001, nobody foresaw that the war would last as long as it has. Failure of the US army to achieve its objective is due to a combination of wrong strategic approach and underestimating the insurgents. In military warfare, the military may use attrition or maneuver minded strategy to subdue the enemy. In attrition strategy, the military usually attempts to subdue the enemy by wearing down the enemy through a continuous attack on the enemy’s personnel and resources. Attrition leads to a contracted war, which leads to huge losses of lives and property. This is because the military makes use of its sheer numbers to win the war. In the maneuver-minded strategy, the military attempts to subdue the enemy by incapacitating their decision-making and movement. Maneuver minded strategy requires the military to make use of its intelligence and military capabilities (Luttwak, 2001). In the Afghan war, the US army initially used the maneuver-minded strategy. The military strived to incapacitate the decision-making skills of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda by bombing their command and control centers, logistical bases, and assets. Attack of the command and control centers of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda made the leadership of the terrorist group retreat to the Tora Bora Mountains near the border with Pakistan. The military pursued the terrorist group into the mountains and bombed the mountains for days. This strategy would have resulted in the death of the leadership of the terrorist group (Keravuori, 2011). This would have incapacitated their decision-making abilities leading to their defeat and capture. Effective application of the maneuver-minded strategy requires the military to have a clear understanding of the inner workings of the enemy. This necessitates the military to make use of intelligence (Luttwak, 2001). The American Army used information from its intelligence network to attack key centers of the Taliban using speed, flexibility, and surprise in order to bring an end to end the war with minimal casualties. However, use of this strategy did not bring the desired results. However, this strategy did not bring the expected results. The insurgents dispersed into remote areas and operated in small groups. The insurgents carried out attacks on the military and returned to the remote areas. The ability of the insurgents to redeploy quickly and discretely was one of the major factors that limited the success of the US military in using the maneuver-minded strategy to subdue the enemy. Military intelligence was unable to determine correctly the activities of the insurgents. In addition, dispersion of the military in the remote location made it difficult for the military to pursue the insurgents (Keravuori, 2011). This is because the insurgents had better knowledge of the terrain and could blend in with civilians. The above problems limited the efficiency of the strategy of the US Army in decimating the Taliban. The military thought they would take very little time to decimate the Taliban and start the process of peace building. However, failure to decimate the Taliban led to a protracted war that resulted in huge losses in lives on both sides (Keravuori, 2011). The Afghan war highlights the importance of using the right strategy in decimating the enemy. Using the right strategy would have led to a swift defeat of the enemy and saved hundreds of billions of dollars that the American taxpayer has lost due to the war. Reference Keravuori, R.L. (2011). Lost in translation: The American way of war. Small Wars Journal . Web. Luttwak, E. (2001). Strategy: The logic of war and peace . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Safety of oral contraceptives Essay Oral contraceptives have been used by women worldwide since they were introduced as birth control pills in 1961. There are two types of oral contraceptives depending on their synthetic hormone components. The first type is the combined pill which is an oral contraceptive that has both oestrogen and progestin. The second type is the progestin-only pill which incorporates one hormone, the progestin or progesterone. The use and safety of oral contraceptives have been eliciting hot debates within and outside medical circles. The article ‘Oral Contraceptives Use and Mortality During 12 years of Follow-Up: The Nurses’ Health Study ’ scientifically proved that oral contraceptives are safe to use by women to prevent unwanted pregnancies (Colditz, 1994). I agree with the author’s assertions that oral contraceptives are not a risk of mortality. The study was aimed at comparing the risk of mortality between two groups of study participants. The first group was composed of women who had never used oral contraceptives. The second group was composed of women who had used oral contraceptives. It was a prospective cohort study that incorporated 166,755 women. The ages of the study participants were 30 to 55 years, and the follow-up period was between 1976 and 1988. The study did not find any significant relationship between the 2,879 deaths among the study participants and oral contraceptive use (Colditz, 1994). The cohort study was designed prospectively, and nurses mailed questionnaires to study participants. The nurses sought to know the risk factors for mortality and cardiovascular disease. The factors were recognized as oral contraceptives, smoking, past use of hormones after reaching menopause, diabetes and cancer, among others (Colditz, 1994). The cohort study could have been biased in accuracy of data that were entered by the respondents. This is because they could have felt that they were not obliged to be accurate. An epidemiologist would choose to use a cohort study design because it is a powerful design that is used to test the hypothesis of a study. The prospective cohort study was used to show the relationship between the exposure (risk factors) and the outcome (mortality). As demonstrated in the study, cohort design was used to estimate the occurrence of mortality in groups of cohorts used in the study (Colditz, 1994). The calculation was necessary in understanding the risk difference and relative risk. The disadvantages for cohort studies are the introduction of bias in follow-up time and huge costs. Cohort studies are useful for studying effects of rare exposures over time. The results from such studies can be used to infer to the population because the participants are the representatives of the population. A study like this has potential public health implications. For example, because this study did not associate mortality with oral contraceptives it could have motivated many women to continue and/or start using oral contraceptives. The findings from this study have implications on standards of care because if to associate the contraceptives with an adverse outcome, then contraception needs of many women could be in jeopardy. This could also imply that many women keep away from using oral contraceptives. The author’s conclusion is justified because the cohort study did not find any association between the risk (oral contraceptives) and outcome (mortality). The cohort was well designed, and confounding factors were minimized. However, future research needs to be done using both retrospective and prospective cohort designs. Reference Colditz, G. A. (1994). Oral contraceptive use and mortality during 12 years of follow-up: the Nurses’ Health Study. Annals of internal medicine, 120 (10), 821-826.
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Introduction 2. Marketing Plan 3. Strategy Implementation 4. Reference List Introduction Marketing plan is the key strategy required for a company’s penetration into existing market. It involves all the necessary expenses and actions planned, required for the effective confirmation of a company on a market. The aim of this paper is to analyze the marketing plan of the Microsoft Windows Company in several financial dimensions. Marketing Plan The new production of Microsoft Windows company needs to be promoted, and the promo campaigns are required. Hence, the company allocated $ 500 million for promoting Windows Vista, however, this campaign has not achieved its aims, as the market penetration of Vista was estimated as 32.42% against 62.85% of Windows XP. Hence, the aim of the marketing plan for Windows 7 is to achieve at least 75% sales level. The estimated sales volumes are lower than 1 800 000 copies, which is 45% lower in comparison with Windows XP Sales. Hence the sales volumes reached $ 540 000 000. The number of upgrades is unknown, however, the estimated incomes offered by Zarowin (2010) analysis are close to $ 250 000. The estimated sales of Windows 7 are $ 6.2 billion. In fact, up to 2.5 million downloaders were registered for the first week after its release. In general, the total amount of Windows software users is estimated as 90% of the OS market. However, some researchers (Zarowin, 2009) claim that this number is overestimated, as increasingly wider audience prefers free and open source OS with free software (Linux, Android and some Unix based OS). Moreover, the European market is constantly penetrated by Apple Mac OS, and the market share of Windows may decrease to 75% y the end of 2010. Though, most agree that the times of Windows’ monopoly have ended, Windows is aiming to stay the leader of the market, as Open Source projects. Strategy Implementation As the company is aiming to save the leading position on the market of Operation Systems, the implementation strategy should be reliable and properly based. The market demand for OS products is high, and it is increasing constantly. The planned market share is 91%, however the company will not be able to preserve these values without essential promotional expenses. Hence, the estimated market share ranges from 82 to 88% in accordance with the most optimistic estimations. The expected revenues per customer are lower in comparison with Windows Vista product, however, it is expected that Windows 7 will be more trusted, and more customers will wish to update their systems through internet. Hence, the expected revenues are ranging from $ 100 to $ 274, and $ 50 per internet update. Windows Vista users have an opportunity to upgrade to Windows 7 for $ 50. The expected costs are closely linked with promo; however, the company needs to arrange proper and reliable promo in order to restore the reputation of a reliable OS developer after Vista failure. The expenses expected are close to $ 400 000 for promo, however, Microsoft Windows Corporation does not disclose the detailed data associated with promo expenses, as the financial management team clearly realizes the growing competition from the side of open source OS, and Apple as one of the largest and the most powerful competitors on the market of paid OS. Being a monopolist costs high, and Microsoft will have to bear these expenses in order to stay on a leading position. Reference List Zarowin, S. (2009). Update on Windows. Journal of Accountancy, 180 (2), 65. Zarowin, S. (2010). Software 2009: The Market Narrows, but Products Improve. Journal of Accountancy, 202 (4), 34.
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Realized Values of Maslow’s Basic Needs Essay (Critical Writing) Priority of Values Using the being values (B-values) according to Maslow as a reference, below is my list of these values in order of priority 1 . Accomplished Values By Maslow’s ideology, I grew up lacking much and this motivated me to want more out of life. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs stipulates that when the deficiency needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) are not met, individuals become motivated unlike when the converse is the case 2 . When I was growing up, I didn’t have much. I desired to have more and be like the other people who owned most of the things I lacked. I managed to make it through life, and I have accomplished the following as I progress on to self-actualization: Wholeness I have my own family; a husband and two children. I was also brought up in a family and the need for wholeness and togetherness has been fully achieved about this. Initially, I was not able to fit within my peer’s cycle due to my poor social status. But now, I can relate well with others without the feeling of deprivation. Playfulness I never had the chance to watch television while growing up, and I never got the chance to celebrate a birthday party. These I achieved much later in life, during and after my teenage-hood. Perfection I am currently advancing in my career to the highest level I desire. My family and I do not lack anything because my husband has a nice job and is a good provider and protector. Uniqueness Even though getting the basic needs was a hustle when I was growing up, I managed to go to school. I wanted to be like the other kids despite my shortcomings, and gladly, I was able to graduate from high school. My self-esteem is higher than it has ever been since I have achieved a lot of things in life. Now, I cannot even compare myself to anyone. Yet to Accomplish I have achieved most of my lower level basic needs as I proceed on to self-actualization. My ultimate goal is to help my family get the best out of life. I am currently aiming for higher-level needs which include: Richness I have led a simple life all along and a little touch of complexity will not harm. Advancing my career and aiming for better career opportunities will help me reach my ultimate goal. I want to get a good job to help my husband in providing for my nuclear family. I also intend to support my extended family back in the Philippines. Completion I want my family and me to have the best. I grew up lacking so many things, even food, which is a necessity. Once I have gotten a good job, I will help my husband in providing the best for our children. Self-sufficiency I do not want to become a burden to my husband; hence, the reason why I am working equally hard to ensure that I supplement my family’s income. Also, I wish to help my family back in the Philippines to improve their lives by providing them with financial support. This will help them meet some of their needs concerning Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 3 . Bibliography Maslow, Abraham. Toward a Psychology of Being . New York: Van Nostrand Rienhold, 1999. 2 nd edition. McLeod, Saul A. “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.” SimplyPsychology . Web. Footnotes 1. Abraham Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being , 3 rd ed (Canada: John Wiley & Sons, 1999), 163-197, 2 nd edition. 2. Saul A. McLeod, “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs,” SimplyPsychology, Web. 3. Saul McLeod, “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.”
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Issues of the First Interview Between Social Worker and Family Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Situation 1 2. Situation 2 3. Conclusion 4. References Undertaking any new venture is a strenuous activity because the person faces unpredicted situations they may not handle. It is even more challenging for family social workers who are waiting for their first interview with a family, as the list of potential adverse outcomes includes stress, pressure, and unsatisfied family members. This paper presents several possible situations that may occur during the first interview and ways of alleviating the adverse effects. Situation 1 One of the common barriers that may arise between a social worker and the family is the unintentional adverse effects of family problems. Members may share their issues too actively and chaotically with the professional that it becomes almost impossible to identify the potential causes and distinct communication patterns. Failure to treat the problems is only one of the unfavorable outcomes for the social worker. The specialist may even face burnout if he or she is continuously found in such shambolic situations. There are two possible ways this issue may be mitigated. The family social worker should develop a concrete treatment plan for each family member prior to the first meeting. Studying family files and learning about the family’s specific problem through relevant literature is beneficial, as suggested by Collins, Jordan, and Coleman (2013). The second approach to dealing with potential chaos is to take an active position from the beginning. The social worker should ask specific questions so that the interview is focused and manageable. As with the previous solution, preparation plays a crucial role because it is not easy to develop appropriate and precise questions. Situation 2 It is natural for any individual to doubt the expertise of another person if they do not have much experience in the field. The same principle applies to family social workers that are preparing for their first interview. The family may be reluctant to share their issues because they have questions about the specialist’s level of knowledge. Some workers, when faced with mistrust and doubt on the interviewee’s behalf, may show a decrease in their performance, and some may even quit. The relevant evidence is given by Lanaj, Kim, Koopman and Matta (2018), who claim that frequent mistrust at the workplace leads to emotional exhaustion, conflicts with co-workers, and even harsh disagreements at home. These are serious consequences, and the family social workers should always be ready to tackle mistrust. The specialists should always behave professionally and proceed with the treatment plan. Being professional also means not taking clients’ words too emotionally and personally. They should also refrain from having arguments with the family members, and instead, facilitate effective communication. The second solution is to plan well before the interview to make a favorable first impression. When a social worker evinces a high level of preparedness, clients are more likely to consider the specialist seriously. Conclusion First interviews have a high level of importance in terms of the probability of future success with the family and motivation for further development and growth. It is not possible to predict every situation, but general principles may help mitigate some adverse consequences. Social workers should always prepare before the interviews and obtain as much information as possible on the family before meeting them for the first time. Professionalism and a desire to commit to continuous learning are also critical. The specialists should not be too emotional about clients’ attitudes toward them and should always be objective in their decisions. References Collins, D., Jordan, C., & Coleman, H. (2013). An introduction to family social work (4th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Lanaj, K., Kim, P. H., Koopman, J., & Matta, F. K. (2018). Daily mistrust: A resource perspective and its implications for work and home. Personnel Psychology , 71 (4), 545-570.
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Self Concept and Self Esteem in Interpersonal Communication Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Self-perception and communication apprehension 3. Self-concept and communication 4. Self-disclosure in communication 5. List of References Consider how ‘self concept’ and ‘self esteem’ influence interpersonal communication. Incorporate appropriate theory from the unit materials to support your discussion. Introduction An individual’s perception of self has been studied under various labels. The concepts such as; self-concept, self-esteem and self-image has been widely discussed. One’s self-perception has a significant effect on their behaviour, evaluations, attitudes and cognitive processes. This essay discusses how an individual’s perception of self-influence, communication apprehension, self-disclosure and interactions with others in the society influence communication. Self-perception and communication apprehension Self-esteem designates one’s assessment, while self-image is the perception that one has about him/herself at a given time. Self-concept is the perception that one hold in regard to him/her overtime. According to De Vito (2001) the way a person feels, primarily fixes his/her attitudes, mannerisms, evaluations and judgment. Individuals develop and attempt to vindicate their self-esteem based on the interaction with others. An individual’s perception is largely determined by how others respond to him/her. People tend to adjust their self-perception overtime, so that they can fit into the category of what others think of them. Self-concept is also influenced by interactions with intimate grouping such as the family, which dictate a lot about how one views him/herself (Johnson, 2000). Self-concept is influenced by the perception a person has in regard to his/her real self in comparison to their preferred potential self. Low self-esteem is associated with a person’s emotional response to self-perception and social expectation. Hence if, an individual perceives that he/she does not match up to preferred potential self or society’s standard, it raises feelings of dissatisfaction, disappointment and sadness. This eventually translates to depression, lack of self-confidence and low self-esteem. Communication apprehension is the fear associated with expected communication with other people. Individuals who have communication apprehension are known to have a slippery personality in social interactions. Communication is a vital part of life hence; it is an inevitable everyday occurrence. However, for communication apprehensive individuals, the process of communication is often dreaded, and they avoid situations that may need communication. An individual’s extent of communication apprehension has shown to influence one’s decisions on choice of occupation, seating preferences, interactions in small group and even avoidance of competitive circumstances. People with low self-esteem have high oral communication apprehension tendencies (De Vito, 2001). People with low esteem are fearful, anti-social, apprehensive, shy, tight-lipped and withdrawn. These individuals also have a higher tendency to worry and show withdrawal symptoms from other individuals. These traits make them avoid instances of communication hence, missing opportunities that come with social interactions. Similarly, people with low self-esteem act in a manner that is less socially acceptable, they are viewed negatively by others. According to Johnson self-esteem can be improved and strengthened by positive self-talk, to encourage and boost one’s self-confidence (2000, p. 114). Self-concept and communication An individual’s self-concept is a combination of self-image and society expectation. The perception that one performs satisfactorily in the society significantly increases self-esteem. Low-self esteem is associated with the feeling of failure to meet social expectation. Thus, how an individual identifies his/her role in the society dictate his/her level of communication apprehension. Social experiences help to shape a person self-perception, value and behaviour. Hence, it is critical that humans be interactive with the society as a feedback. The affirmation from the society allows a person to develop his/her notion of self. According to Burgoon and Le Poire (1999, p. 115) social identity is fundamental to social interactions and influences how one communicates with others. Previous negative communication experiences may contribute to introvert tendencies and low esteem. People with low esteem may be apprehensive to communicate. Hence, they expect others to reject them or be critical of their efforts based on previous social interactions. Self-disclosure in communication Self-disclosure is what individuals reveal about themselves to others in communication. This includes; personal thoughts feelings and experiences. Self-disclosure usually progresses gradually as an individual acquires more trust from others, starting to share personal information less level to more intimate level. The content a person discloses is dependent on the level of relationship. Individuals should consider the appropriateness of information they disclose depending on the time, place and the listener. It is important to restrict sharing sensitive information with intimate friends and trusted family members. Also, it is crucial for people not to disclose much on the first encounter. Helping others disclose by being supportive and giving a listening ear is of mutual benefit to both parties. Self-disclosure is indispensable for the psychological well-being of humans (Burgoon and Le Poire, 1999). People who have low self-esteem are less likely to disclose personal information to others, this leads to build up of stress, loneliness and emotional deprivation because of lack of emotional support. List of References Burgoon, JK & Le Poire, BA 1999, ‘Nonverbal cues and interpersonal judgements: participant and observer perceptions of intimacy, dominance, composure and formality’, Communication Monographs , vol. 66, pp. 105–124 De Vito, JA 2001, The Interpersonal Communication Book , 9th edn, Longman, New York Johnson, DW 2000, Reaching Out: Interpersonal Effectiveness and Self-actualization , 8th edn, Allyn and Bacon, Boston
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A recent endeavor of Elizabeth Warnock-Fehrea to marry the two cultures, however, maybe the foot forward that the two opponents have been waiting for to finally reconcile. In her book Guests of the Sheik , Warnock-Fehrea describes her life in the Muslim setting. Thesis statement Though the author of the novel focuses on the description of everyday life in Iraq, the novel makes a very strong statement about the key socio-cultural issues that the state is currently undergoing due to the urbanization and globalization process, particularly, the image of a woman in the Iraqi culture. Guests of Sheik in a Nutshell: What the Novel Is about As it has been stressed above, the novel has very little of a plot and mostly contains descriptive passages that make the reader dwell on the subject of the Asian culture, women’s place in it, and the urbanization process, which seems to have been slackened by the supremacy of the Asian traditions in the rural areas of the state. The book, therefore, represents a blend between Warnock-Fehrea’s personal diary and traveler’s notes. The anthropologist tells about her life in the heart of El Nahra and describes the cultural and social differences between the Western and the Eastern worlds. Starting with the difference in clothing (Warnock-Fehrea had to change her clothes to abaya: “Trying to be as dignified as possible with two menservants, Hamza and his teenage son standing by googling, I took off my abaya” (Warnock-Fehrea, 2000, p. 87)) up to the process of learning the Arabian language, the book provides a subtle social commentary on the strength of the Asian traditions and the difference between the Eastern and the Western philosophies. Women in the Arabic World: The Ultimate Power of a Different Kind One of the book’s most obvious advantages is that it busts the traditional myth about women being discriminated against in the Muslim culture. True, the author acknowledges that it took her time to get used to the image of a woman that the Islamic culture has created; however, Warnock-Fehrea makes it obvious that there is not a single derogatory detail about it. Quite on the contrary, a woman in the Asian culture is considered the epitome of purity and beauty: “It is better for a woman if she does not smoke” (Warnock-Fehrea, 2000, p. 97). Therefore, in Asian culture, women derive power from family traditions and their image as nurturers. The security of women, in their turn, comes from being law-abiding, obedient, and respectful to the traditions of the community. In other words, Warnock-Fehrea busts the myth concerning the Arabic women being intimidated and unhappy. Instead, the author makes it obvious that the Arabic women are perfectly satisfied with the roles and responsibilities that society assigns them; moreover, these women seem to take pride in their role in the community, considering it as their major contribution to the prosperity of the nation and the development of the Arabic culture. Summary: Warnock-Fehrea’s Key Argument Warnock-Fehrea proves that, though obviously needed, the changes that the western world imposes on Asia may have an adverse effect on the Arabic culture. Despite the common myth about Asian women being oppressed, most women in Arabic states are satisfied with their lives and do not want their lives to be changed drastically. A new way of looking at the Islamic culture, Warnock-Fehrea’s novel definitely changes the current perspective of Asia and the role of women in Asian society. Reference List Fehrea, E. W. (2000). Guests of the Sheik: An ethnography of an Iraqi village . New York City, NY: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
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Theoretical Examination of Social Stratification Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Comparison of functionalism and social conflict theory 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The essay is a critical examination of an article written by Mark Thomas, titled “Economic Security for Middle Class Families”. Through the reading, two theories are compared; social conflict and functionalism. This is done by comparing the characteristics of their approaches and how they will analyze the problems brought forth in the article. Lastly, one of the two theories is chosen based on how best in my view interprets the issues. It is then used to come up with possible resolutions to the issues raised. The article provides some worrying statistics with regards to well being of middle-class American families. Most families 2 out of 3 experience unstable financial grounds. Others are in borderline or at risk of falling back to lower class. It is worth noting that the findings were backed by participants of a press conference that launched the report (Thomas, 2007). Comparison of functionalism and social conflict theory Functionalism theory is coined to the findings and arguments of Durkheim. This theory holds that a society is made up of interdependent sections which work in harmony to meet the needs of a given society. It mainly focuses on how people come together, join forces and a form a society. The fundamental of the theory rests on how good or bad actions being taken are to the equilibrium. Additionally, it sees individuals as occupying fixed roles in the society, consensus is build on common values, there is need to disorganize and adjust in order to attain equilibrium and society is viewed as an entity that is bigger than the sum of its parts. With regards to functionalism, the problem facing middle class American rests on the failure of the government and the relevant authorities to develop plans that meet the needs of a given society. When individuals are not given equal opportunity to access education, health and political positions then there is bound to be a serious problem (Thomas, 2007). On the other hand, social conflict theory developed by Marx centers mainly on power, equality and exploitation. According to the theory groups or persons are subjected the conditions they are faced with by those in power since distribution of material as well as non-material resources are skewed. The rich in the society oppress the poor due to the power the former holds. According to Thio, 2008 political culture and economics play a major role in explaining the imbalance in distribution of resources. For this reason, conflict social theory if used to explain the problems being experienced by middle class families holds that those individuals in upper classes subject middle class families to work hard making huge profits that are channeled back to the rich. This leaves the middle class at risk since policies are put in place to ensure that their lives remain the same or even become worse. Having in mind that majority of middle class families cannot afford to acquire material and non material resources, and then they are at risk of losing a grip on them due to the exploitations they are subjected to. It is worth noting that although the two theories are distinct from one another, they share a common thing; that of seeing the society at a macro-level analysis. Structures such as education, wages, education, politics, culture among others and how they impact on the well being of individuals are tackled in both theories (Thio, 2008). In my opinion, the social conflict theory seems to best explain the problem being faced by the middle class families. It is worth noting that the majority of individuals in this class are African American (Macionis, 2009). This thus rests on the injustices the groups were subjected to in the past which seem to haunt them upto date. Although efforts have been made to provide them with equal opportunities in education, employment and health, they still suffer from exploitation in terms of salaries and wages. Based on the selected theory, it is necessary to bridge the imbalance or inequality of distribution of resources. It is not only important to strengthen and make education, health services and debt reduction a priority but ensure that employment opportunities are equal and wages discrepancies are minimal. This will provide the affected individual with an opportunity to thrive in such a class and even struggle to climb the ladder of social stratification (Thio, 2008). In my opinion, I believe that the statistics presented here are objective, valid and factual. From the information presented by the author it is evident that middle class American families are experiencing economic, political and cultural instability. My view rests on the fact that the presented information come from a primary research and was backed by reputable individuals who were present during the launch of the report. Conclusion From the review of the article by Mark Thomas, the problems being faced by middle class American families have been differently interpreted by functionalism and conflict social theory. Both are distinct but share a common characteristic; that of being capable of analyzing society in a macro-level. Social conflict theory seems to be one theory that best interprets the problems. Based on this, there is need to come up with policies that will uplift individuals in middle class. References Macionis, J. (2009). Society: The Basics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Thomas, M. (2007). “Economic Security for Middle Class Families” Web. Thio, A. (2008). Sociology: A Brief Introduction. New York: Pearson.
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Health Information System for a Small Hospital and the Present Day Healthcare Environment Essay In the present day information-based healthcare environment, it is vitally important that the information requirements of a healthcare organization are understood carefully and a health information system is developed. This paper explains the basics of a health information system developed for a small hospital. Entities, attributes and relationships are the most fundamental concepts associated with the conceptual data model. An entity in this case is a patient. Attributes of the entity are name, gender, date of birth and medical record number. In a database environment field, record and file are the critical concepts. A character or a collection of characters make up a field and a record is made up of a collection of fields. Records represent a collection of records. All the three elements constitute a database (Chai & Chen). The following picture presents a typical database. A typical Health Information System consists of Clinical file for storing clinical data, pharmacy file having drug records, laboratory file for lab test records, administration file for keeping administrative records, financial file for keeping financial information relating to the patients and many other files depending on the information needs (Aduroja). Data retrieval can be accomplished across the several fields by establishing relationships among the entities. This is made possible using key identifiers and foreign keys. Using the query method, the database management system would locate and access the relevant files, fields and records to find the information relating to the query (Databasics). There is no need for the user to know the name of the file, which contains the required information. It is possible to sort and quickly retrieve the information from a database by selecting one or more fields to act as keys. The above picture illustrates a network database model in which all the patient related information are recorded for storing and immediate retrieval For instance, from a database shown in the illustration, it is possible to use weight or age as a key to get information of all patients above certain age/weight. Index is a summary table, which enables the quick location of a particular record or group of records in a table. The database index works in a similar way as the index in a book works. For instance, the information on all patients having number from 1000 to 1999 can be retrieved. One of the major limitations of the database system based on files is that there will be too many dependencies on application programs for changing a single file to a number of application programs. The other limitation is that there may be duplication of data occupying too much space. Sometimes there may be problems caused by incompatible files. Lack of the facilities for sharing data would lead to difficulties in accessing files especially to particular portions of the files. When there are separated and isolated data stored in a database, coordinating, assimilating and representing the data would become impossible which would defeat the purpose of the health information system (Prof.Holowcak). Without standardization of data, it may not be possible to access the patient related information for drugs or treatment by different healthcare entities. For improving ease of analysis, it is essential that data be translated in to a single coding system. Hospitals can use diagnose codes and procedures from the standardized format (Sanderson, Adams, Budden, & Hoare, 2004). This would promote the linkage of records from different systems and enhance the clinical use of the patient related information. References Aduroja, O. (n.d.). Health Information System for Healthcare . Web. Chai, S.-G., & Chen, Y.-F. (n.d.). Introducing Database . Web. Databasics. (n.d.). Databasics I: Records and Queries and Keys, Oh my! Web. Prof.Holowcak. (n.d.). Database Management Systems . Web. Sanderson, H., Adams, T., Budden, M., & Hoare, C. (2004). Lessons from the central Hampshire electronic health record pilot project: evaluation of the electronic health record for supporting patient care and secondary analysis. BMJ Journal , 328 , 875-878.
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Race and Gender as Social Constructs Essay The issues of race and gender inequality have been topical for centuries, and they caused a large number of conflicts throughout history. These issues were the focus of attention in numerous studies, attempting to determine whether there are scientific grounds for such disputes. The purpose of this paper is to analyze race and gender as social constructs that are not justified by any scientific evidence. Nowadays, genetics has become a discipline of vital importance for science. Ever since the beginning of DNA research, humanity has hoped to find the answers to fundamental questions. Race and gender identity have been the issues that were at the center of the debate around whether there is a genetic component to it. The views on that matter have shifted significantly across history, as science evolved, and more profound research was conducted. As recently as two centuries ago, the scientific society was divided into two large groups. According to Tallbear (2013), polygenists believed that each race had a separate origin, while monogenists saw all races as one human species. The first point of view had more support, but the science of that period was entangled with popular stereotypes, which is reflected in the work of Louis Agassiz and Samuel Morton, prominent polygenists. The former described Native Americans as exclusively proud and courageous people, while the latter described people of African origin as submissive (Tallbear, 2013). However, the science at that time was not sufficiently advanced to conduct research that would be profound enough to present evidence for such statements. According to Tallbear (2013), it was a widespread belief at the time that the brains of different species were different, those of Europeans being larger, “without adjusting for age, sex, body size, or nutritional status” (p. 35). The existence of genes was unknown at that time, so blood served as the main symbol of cultural and racial differences. Tallbear (2013) writes that, when the blood types were discovered in 1900, they were first seen as indicative of race, but this theory was quickly debunked, once it was confirmed that all races possessed all three blood types. The research shows that there are no inherent genetic features of a particular race. Similar to race, gender identity issues have also been researched within the framework of nature-society opposition. It is often claimed that men and women are inherently different. According to evolutionary psychologists, they are driven by different factors when considering a potential marriage. For example, women “place more value than men on good financial prospects” of a future partner (McKinnon & Silverman, 2005, p. 118). McKinnon and Silverman (2005) argue that this tendency comes not from inherent natural factors but from a gendered division of labor, in which, in all societies, men and women are embedded (p. 118). In other words, each gender is assigned a predetermined role from a social tradition, which, in turn, shapes the minds of men and women and their preferences. Therefore, this influence comes from the outside rather than from within. All in all, the issue of “nature-versus-nurture” has been discussed for centuries. As science became more advanced, the role of the social framework was regarded as more important. At the same time, there has been little to no evidence to support the idea that racial and gender differences are embedded in human DNA. So, race and gender can be considered social constructs to a large extent, meaning that genetics-wise, all humans are the same and equal. References McKinnon, S. & Silverman, S. (Eds.). (2005). Complexities. Beyond nature and nurture. The University of Chicago Press. Tallbear, K. (2013). Native American DNA: Tribal belonging and the false promise of genetic Science . The University of Minnesota Press.
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Answering the Complaint of the Criminal Case Report This case falls under the jurisdiction of Indiana Code, Article 23, Death from the wrongful act or omission . According to the law, the representative of the deceased person is entitled to request compensation for the damages, which have been afflicted upon him or her. As the defendant I should first answer the following questions: 1) First, it is necessary to identify the members of the Valparaiso Safety Board. This body consists of four members: Mayor Jon Costas, the chairman, and his assistants, Chuck Williams, Sharon Emerson-Swihart, John Hardwick. This organization is responsible for the safety of people, living in this town. 2) During the course of pretrial litigation, the attorneys for the plaintiff and defendant have interviewed the sales representative of Taser International , the company which provides this electrical weapon to law enforcement departments. Being in the position of the accused, I also need to describe the procedures of hiring a police officer in the Porter County Police Department. First, each applicant has to pass oral interviews, psychological examination, agility and written test. The application committee must test the level of his or her integrity, and most importantly, fitness for this position. Apart from that, every candidate is required to take a polygraph test in order to ensure that he is fully suitable for the job. These procedures are aimed at selecting those people, who possess the skills and personal qualities, obligatory for the police force. As regards the use of tasers, I would like to point out that each police officer in the Depart Department has to take compulsory training courses at least once a year. They last approximately eight hours. During these courses, the instructors explain the cases, when they have a right to use this weapon. Furthermore, the Department often conducts risk management seminars, which focus on risk management. Finally, in the course of training, policemen simulate arrests or situations requiring the use of tasers, normally, each person has to take an electric shot. Besides, I would like to mention the liability insurance, a person, who has been suffered an injury, must receive indemnity. In case, this injury has to lead to death, his or her representative (the closest relatives) may demand compensation from the Insurance. In the case of a fatal outcome, the compensation, which must be paid, equals $ 1000000, unless, the decease has not been the result of suicide. Taser-related death has already attracted the keen attention of the public, it is quite possible to mention similar cases. On the whole, the company Taser International has faced more than six hundred lawsuits. There are a great number of examples; however, the most eloquent one is the arrest of Chuck Cheese. It has been classified as death due to the wrongful act, as police officers evidently exceeded their authority. The spokesmen of Taser International that even this electric weapon cannot be absolutely safe, and much depends upon the person or persons, who use it. We need to determine whether the behavior of Samuel Blackstone has been within legal limits. Secondly, the court has to ascertain whether the Safety Board and Porter County Police Department have provided the guidelines for the usage of these devices. As the defendant Taser International has to give evidence, showing that the weapons, which they give to the police, are safe.
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Workplace Conflicts and Resolution in Nursing Essay The problem of conflicts between nurses and patients is very urgent. A conflict arises due to mutual rudeness, poor-quality treatment, and overestimated patient requirements. There are different systems of medical care and other types of medical practice through which any general principles can be expressed in complex and simple forms (Jacob et al., 2017). The solution to emerging problems leads to the fact that conflicts between the nurse and the patient arise more and more often. A conflict arose between a newly admitted patient in the emergency room and me. The patient was seventy-five years old and believed she should be given more attention than other patients. I firmly said that I treat all patients equally, and I will not devote more time to her at the expense of others. In response, the woman began to scream and promised to complain to the authorities. I allowed the patient to express her opinion, and then I promised the woman that I would be attentive to her. I assured the patient I would help her, but other patients also needed my help. My calm reaction to criticism allowed me to smooth out the conflict and bring the peaceful outcome of the dispute closer (Roy et al., 2019). The woman’s desire to make a scandal had disappeared when she began to trust me. A nurse needs to be not just a specialist in his field but a widely educated person to have a kind of professional flexibility. This implies the need for communicative interaction skills to anticipate a sick person’s psychological state (Hahne et al., 2020). Because of this, it is safe to say that the nurse should have developed a socio-psychological readiness for communication, which will help resolve the workplace conflict. References Hahne, J., Liang, T., Khoshnood, K., Wang, X., & Li, X. (2020). Breaking bad news about cancer in China: Concerns and conflicts faced by doctors deciding whether to inform patients. Patient Education and Counseling, 103 (2), 286-291. Jacob, L., & Kostev, K. (2017). Conflicts at work are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. German Medical Science, 15 (8), 229-235. Roy, M. C., Ganache, I., Pomey, M. P., Olivier, D. P., & Denis, J. (2019). Management of patients’ conflicts of interest and of commitment in health technology assessment. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 35 (7), 59-64.
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Water Quality Importance Essay Having accessibility to high-quality water is essential for the survival of humans. We all use water, not only for drinking but for other purposes such as cleaning, cooking, bathing, and so forth. We are constantly in contact with water, hence one must ensure that the water does not contain substances harmful to one’s health. Quality of water and public health The human body is 70% water. Water in other words is an essential component of all processes that take place within our system. Therefore, a component that is so significant must be safe, such that it does not harm one’s health. However, this is not the case. In a lot of areas, the water available to the public is contaminated; that is it has substances that can be of great harm to public health. Health risks due to the quality of water may include Water-contact diseases, Water Borne diseases, Vector-Borne diseases, and Poisoning. (water quality and health) Dirty water when accumulates in an area, is the start of numerous harmful diseases. This is usually what happens in slums, and the reason behind the death of many innocent people. For instance, due to the immense increase in industrialization, most of the waste products are dumped into the seas and oceans for their convenience. This waste contains heavy metals, which can be fatal for the human body. If they make their way into the public drinking or cooking water supply, our health is immediately at great risk. Metals such as mercury and lead can destroy one’s immune system, making one vulnerable to any diseases. Metals such as arsenic and cadmium can cause human poisoning. Not only this, if these metals are dumped into the sea, and go into the bodies of the fish we eat, we too will be indirect victims of the harmful effects. Already the quantity of water available in the world is decreasing as it is, polluting it just leaves us with no options. (water quality information). Water-Borne diseases can be fatal for human health. If our drinking water or say the water we normally go swim in, is contaminated with pathogenic organisms, we can acquire certain diseases which may include: diarrhea, malaria, polio, dengue, typhoid, and many others. These can destroy human lives, and examples can be seen in areas with low water maintenance. (Water Borne Diseases). Water quality and quantity concerns in the US Water quality concerns can be found all over the world. In some areas, they are on a larger scale as compared to others. In the United States, let us look at a report from 2002. In that year 695, 540 miles of rivers and streams, or 19% of the nation’s approximately 3.7 million stream miles were assessed for their quality by the state. It was identified that 45% of it was contaminated, that is not suitable for its appropriate use, 55% was suitable for usage and 5% was heavily contaminated. In 2000 99% of all fish advisories were affected by toxic substances such as mercury lead and so on. Now, whoever had those fish had been at risk, hence, stating that there are quality concerns in the US. (water quality report 2002) (water quality facts) As far as water quantity is concerned, the United States never really faced such a serious problem. However, more recently, with the increase in industrialization and urbanization, water shortage problems in certain areas have been identified. The state has established rights given to each area regarding their quantity limits; which is a good thing. (Water Quantity and policy) If one compares these concerns with the developing countries, one will find stark differences. Since these countries have an increasing population, their resources are limited. Not only do they have a shortage of quality water, but even the contaminated water for cleaning and reuse is scarcely available. This is mainly because of industrialization and the race to develop their industries to fit into the world market. Then again there are natural causes such and drought which unfortunately strike some areas more than others. Works Cited Findings. Web. Water Borne Diseases . Web. Water quality and health. Web. Water quality facts. Web. Water quality information. Web. Water quality report 2002. Web. Water Quantity and policy. Web.
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“Crash” (2004) Crime Drama by Paul Haggis Essay (Movie Review) There are several interwoven storylines in Crash , the majority of which concerns interracial conflicts. The film opens with a scene with detectives Waters and Ria getting into a car accident. There is racial tension between Waters and Kim Lee, the other car’s driver. The next scene shows the Persia show owner, Fahrad, and his daughter, Dorri, who are trying to buy a gun but cannot decide what bullets to get. There is a conflict between Fahrad and the gun shop owner who refers to the man as “Osama” ( Crash ). Other characters in the movie are African American men, Peter and Anthony, the Hispanic locksmith, Daniel Ruiz, the district attorney, Rick Cabot and his wife, Jean, and LAPD officers, Ryan, Hanson, and Dixon. Also, there is a family of Thayers: the movie director, Cameron, his wife, Christine, and their daughter, Lara. The events of the movie revolve around these characters who find themselves in different situations, the majority of which involve racial issues. To make the theme clear, the director uses such approaches as plot and character development and not numerous but impressive special effects. The majority of the latter is concerned with mechanical effects (practical and physical) such as pyrotechnics. There are several scenes involving shooting and car accidents ( Crash ). However, there are no photographic or digital illusions. The development of the plot and characters is more pronounced in the film than the effects are. For instance, the director demonstrates the evolution of Anthony’s character through a variety of events. In the beginning, Anthony complains about having been treated unjustly by restaurant staff. Together with his friend, he commits carjacking. However, at the end of the film, Anthony helps out several illegal Asian immigrants, which demonstrates how his character developed from being cruel and brutal to being sympathetic and supportive. This is only one of many examples showing character and plot development in the film. Critics have accepted the movie rather well. The Crash has several important awards, and its reviews are highly positive. According to Bradshaw, the best word to describe the film is “edgy.” The critic remarks that the movie is so “super-edgy” that almost no character in it can appear in the scene without “pranging” others belonging to different races (Bradshaw). Bradshaw remarks that stereotypes and characters depicted by Haggis are “destined” to be connected in “implausible interlocking” accidents of coincidence and irony. The high appraisal of the film continues with such remarks as “no character is too alienated, too barricaded, too ghettoized” (Bradshaw). The director has created a “cosmic family” for his characters, and Bradshaw, among other critics, highly recommends observing and analyze the life of this family. Personally, I find the main point of the film in the attempt to show the life of people as it is, to demonstrate conflicts and suggest solutions to them. The movie shows that there are positive and negative sides to every person’s character, and it depicts the development of these attributes in different individuals. The variety of links between parts of the plot and personalities makes the story rather dynamic and exciting to follow. Having watched this film, I learned that humans’ behavior could be dictated not only by their origin but also by the circumstances in which they find themselves. I would recommend Crash to everyone who appreciates an unusual plot and wants to develop analytical skills. Works Cited Bradshaw, Peter. “ Crash. ” The Guardian . 2005. Web. Crash . Directed by Paul Haggis, performances by Don Cheadle, Sandra Bullock, and Thandie Newton, Lionsgate Films, 2004.
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Three-Skills Approach to Student Leadership Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Three-Skills Leadership Approach 3. Implementation in Practice 4. Conclusions 5. References Introduction The situation described in this prompt occurred roughly three years ago with a friend of mine, who studied in a university of Architecture and Engineering. During summer practice, he and his fellow students attended a geodesy class. For the group project, the professor told the students to divide themselves into groups of four and elected four of them to serve as leaders for every respective group. These leaders, called “brigadiers” for every student brigade, were to assume responsibility for the group, coordinate group efforts, and do everything in their power to ensure the success of their group project. My friend was elected to be a leader of one such group. In this paper, we are going to analyze the reasons why the professor elected him to be a brigadier, through the prism of Three-Skill Leadership approach. The Three-Skills Leadership Approach The Three-Skill Leadership approach was first conceptualized by Robert Katz in 1955 and outlined in his article titled “Skills of an Effective Administrator,” published in Harvard Business Review in the following year. This approach was later expanded on by M.D Mumford in his article titled “Leadership Skills for a Changing World: Solving Complex Problems” (Mumford, 2000). This approach identifies three essential skills that a leader must possess in order to be effective – technical skills in the field required for performing the task and grading performance of the subordinates, human skills necessary for facilitating communication and leadership, and conceptual skills necessary for setting greater vision and goals for the future (Northouse, 2016). Implementation in Practice While it is unlikely that the university professor knew of this model or consciously implemented in when making decisions about appointing brigadiers for the student groups, his approach mirrored at least two of three tenets of the Three-skill leadership approach. All four leaders, including my friend, were picked among the better students in the class. At the same time, it must be noted that the students with the highest scores were largely denied leadership positions on the grounds of them having poor people’s skills – the majority of high-scoring students in the class were antisocial and reclusive in nature. Their work was always excellent, but they did not know how to reach out to other students. All four leaders possessed a modicum of social competence and had a good reputation among their peers. Thus, it is possible to see that the professor accounted for two out of three skills mentioned in the Skill Leadership Approach. The third part about conceptual skills was largely neglected. However, in his work, Mumford (2016) did state that conceptual skills were the prerogative of high-end managers and leaders and were largely unnecessary for hands-on leaders, who required stronger technical skills in their duties. My friend, however, demonstrated a firm use of conceptual skills when he assembled his group. He purposefully neglected personal attachments and friendships. Instead, he picked the most competent members to join his team. In so doing, he ensured efficiency, as every member of the group actively contributed to the project, and nobody acted as dead weight. His technical skills were enough to understand the goals of the project, explain it to other members of the team, and outline a course of action, while his people skills ensured unit cohesion. Conclusions The situation presented above demonstrates the implementation of the Three-skill approach by the university professor in appointing leaders for the student groups, and the successful results of such an approach. While there are many potential theories that leaders can rely on, the Three-skills approach is, perhaps, the most intuitive one, as it can be subconsciously implemented by people who do not explicitly study leadership theories in their practice. While the Three-skills approach bears a resemblance to several other theories and does not offer explanations for how and why said skills affect leadership, it is still an effective practical tool that can be used without much or any theoretical preparation. References Mumford, M.D. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. The Leadership Quarterly, 11 (1), 11-35. Northouse, P.G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. (7th ed.). New York, NY: Sage Publications.
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Effective Counter Insurgency Strategies Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Rational of a Useful Counterinsurgent Strategy 3. Steps for Creating a Useful Counterinsurgent Strategy 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Counterinsurgency entails a set of approaches and practices proposed to minimize insurgency. It is noteworthy that insurgency entails a robust set of approaches and applications planned to demolish or change an existing authority organization. Contextually, counterinsurgency’s main concern is how to develop a prearranged authority structure. Deviation in existing organizational structures over time creates differences in both the selection and usefulness of counterinsurgency approaches. The creation of a useful counterinsurgent strategy is crucial for the practitioners involved in the counterinsurgency actions. This paper discusses the steps, which are necessary for the creation of an effective counterinsurgent strategy. Rational of a Useful Counterinsurgent Strategy Presently, insurgent groups have diffused and developed into competing organizations. This has changed their approach to undertaking their insurgency activities. Therefore, the planning for counterinsurgency strategies should recognize the changing insurgent environment and behavior. The counterinsurgency strategy should adapt to the alterations in the insurgent community it seeks to counteract. The strategy must also recognize the ideal that counterinsurgent practices are fundamentally political and not essentially military in nature (US Government Interagency Counterinsurgency Initiative, 2009). The created strategies aim to protect the country’s residents against insurgent aggression, reinforce relevant government departments, and marginalize the rebels politically, collectively, and economically. Steps for Creating a Useful Counterinsurgent Strategy Firstly, the team implementing a counterinsurgency strategy should put in place adequate equipped military officers to devastate and eject the organization of prepared insurgents. This is a crucial step in creating a useful counterinsurgency strategy and it builds from understanding the insurgent group’s environment and behavior (Galula & Nagl, 2006). Ensuring the successful implementation of this important step determines the subsequent counterinsurgency practices. Secondly, a useful counterinsurgency approach entails adding adequate military officers to the area where an insurgent group has successfully retreated to counter the insurgents from making a comeback. This is a critical counterinsurgency strategy because the additional force can further destroy the insurgent group whenever they attempt to make a comeback with reinforcement (Galula & Nagl, 2006). The strategy also works through placing the armed military men into the regions occupied by local residents such as in the villages and towns. Furthermore, the installed troops can conduct pacification within these villages or towns to expel insurgent elements from their hiding (Marston & Malkasian, 2010). Thirdly, the counterinsurgent team should create contact with the residents of the area and manage their movement in order to eliminate their chances of associating with insurgents. The fourth counterinsurgency approach would include the demolition of the insurgent group’s political union (Galula & Nagl, 2006). Fifthly, the counterinsurgent team should establish fresh temporary leadership in the region through democratic processes. The sixth strategy should include the assessment of people providing temporary leadership. The team should substitute incompetent leaders and provide adequate support to those performing well (Galula & Nagl, 2006). The seventh counterinsurgency approach should include gathering and providing education to the temporary leaders. Finally, the counterinsurgent group should win over the remaining remnants of the insurgent elements. However, it is notable that they can be suppressed further. Conclusion In summary, this paper has presented the discussions on the steps for creating a useful counterinsurgent strategy. The team implementing the counterinsurgency approach may leave out some of the depending on the area controlled by an insurgent group. For example, areas that are already under the control of the administration may not require the application of all the approaches. References Galula, D., & Nagl, J. A. (2006). Counterinsurgency warfare: Theory and practice . Westport, CT: Praeger Security International. Marston, D., & Malkasian, C. (2010). Counterinsurgency in modern warfare . Oxford: Osprey. US Government Interagency Counterinsurgency Initiative. (2009). United States Counterinsurgency Guide . Web.
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Analysis of Pig Feed Formulations Essay Pig feed at the present contains an amalgam of ingredients that focuses on developing a sufficiently plump and heavy specimen as opposed to creating one that is of moderate size yet is far healthier in comparison. Modern-day pig feeds contain ingredients such as ground corn, ground oats, animal fat, dried whey, soybean meal, animal by-products such as fish meal and bone meal as well as various ingredients such as Menadione Dimethylpyrimidinol Bisulfite, and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride. Various synthetic amino acids are also utilized as a more economically viable option to provide the necessary proteins for growth as compared to the use of various types of fish meal and bone meal in order to meet the amino acid needs of your average swine. While pig feed is generally cheaper as compared to other types of feeds utilized for animals, it is generally inferior in overall nutritional content. For example, an examination of the feeds utilized on fish, domesticated cats and dogs as well as chickens reveals a higher percentage of vitamins, minerals, as well as better sources of protein as compared to those utilized within pig feed. Not only that, such feeds often do not derive their carbohydrate content exclusively from inferior sources such as soybean husks, ground corn, or ground oats but rather focus on deriving it from better wheat-based sources. All of this equates to a meal product that is nutritionally better for such animals as compared to the amalgam of ingredients that are fed to pigs. On the other hand, what you have to understand about pig feed is that not only is it cheaper, easily digestible and can be fed to pigs at almost any point during their development stages, its main purpose is to bulk up pigs at an incredibly fast rate (Emiola and Gous, 79-86). This means that many of its active ingredients have synthetic amino acids and growth formulas that have been specifically engineered to increase growth and development. The inherent problem though with such ingredients being included in pig feed is that this actually creates the potential for a certain level of toxicity to build up within pigs if they are overfed. Also, specific types of pig feeds cannot be fed to pigs that are 10 weeks away from slaughter in order to prevent the addition of potentially toxic or harmful chemicals and hormones from being present within the pig prior to being killed. Overall, it is my opinion that the current ingredients that go into creating pig feed can only be described as creating the potential for spillover effects to occur in human consumers. It is still relatively unknown if the hormones and chemicals that go into encouraging the growth and development of pigs are actually effectively removed prior to them being butchered. Not only that, there are numerous health concerns as well with the quality of the meat that is produced by feeding pigs from nutritionally inferior sources. Various advocates of alternative methods of feeding swine populations have indicated that feeding pigs alternative and more natural feeds such as those derived from whole wheat, corn kernels, soybeans and not soy husks as well as a variety of other nutritionally better staples used for other species would result in meat that is healthier and free from any risky additives (Emiola and Gous, 79-86). From my point of view, such an alternative should be pursued given the potential harm the current types of feed pose to human consumers. Works Cited Emiola, I.A., and R.M. Gous. “Nutritional Evaluation Of Dehulled Faba Bean (Vicia Faba Cv. Fiord) In Feeds For Weaner Pigs.” South African Journal Of Animal Science 41.2 (2011): 79-86. Academic Search Premier . Web.
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The Fight Against Terrorism by Christian and Islam Leaders Argumentative Essay Religion is a powerful tool in restoring, as well as maintaining peace in the society. Many people perceive the Muslim community as dangerous thus capable of enhancing terrorist attacks. It is imperative to note that a synergistic effort from Muslim religion can immensely tame the spread of terror attacks. Apparently, leaders from Islamic community have exuded interest in reducing the killings of innocent individuals. Additionally, several organizations champion for elimination of terrorism and related issues. Following the article from Earth Times, Pope Benedict XVI engaged Muslim principals in an effort to diminish terrorism. He was speaking to German Muslim leaders; however, the information was targeting the entire world. It is remarkable that during the summit in Cologne, Pope urged the Muslim leaders to intensify the war shunning terrorism. This was to reduce the incidences, which endangered the lives of innocent individuals. There is a need to inculcate optimism, as well as hope amidst all people instead of panic and pessimism. This is factual since it encourages peaceful coexistence, as well as calling all the leaders to take action against terrorism interrelated attacks. According to Pope, he was echoing his own reflections as a spiritual leader, and did not have any political attachment. Although Muslims commit most terrorist attacks, Pope’s speech did not touch on Islam. This was a show of respect, as well as setting a harmonious path for solving the problem. Most opinionated leaders have been at the forefront in blaming Muslim leaders for the recurring terrorist activities across the globe. It is imperative to declare that the Muslim leaders who were in the meeting responded positively to curtail the act. Not only does terrorism occur in Christian world, but it also prevalent in Islamic communities. This shows that it is a problem that he whole world share, and thus requires a synergistic effort from every fragment of the population. This is why Pope who is a faith leader urges the Islamic leaders to take action to reduce terrorism. “Interfaith dialogue is a necessity at every level: international, regional, and local; working groups on different levels should be established with emphasis on issues such as education, peace building and the promotion of solidarity and understanding among different communities and cultures” (Smock & Huda 3). This quote is significant since it supports the reading; furthermore, it suggests means of curbing terrorism. Ending terrorism is possible through dialogue amid concerned parties. It is notable that another solution to this vice is through comprehending each other’s religion and culture. This move will reduce hostility, as well as clearing blame amongst people, while amplifying cordial coexistence. Confirmation from the Turkish Islam Union, that studying religion and customs is critical in the reduction of terrorism incidences. This shows that the leader was positive towards Pope’s utterances. This shows the importance of the article since it relates with the reading, as well as depicting out the theme of the topic. “Islam, as a religion of peace, rejects terror and promotes peace and harmony. We urge Muslim organizations and institutions to exercise their Islamic duty to correct and dispel misinterpretations of our faith” (Smock & Huda 2). This quote is significant since it shows willingness of all Muslim leaders in curtailing ungodly deeds like the killing of innocent citizens. In conclusion, both Christian and Islam leaders have devised several means of controlling terrorism. The late developments, especially interfaith movement against bombing activities have played critical role in shunning terrorism. It is noteworthy that the article concerning Pope’s call on Muslim leaders to join the fight against terrorism is relevant to the reading. Work Cited Smock, David, & Huda, Qamar-ul. Islamic Peacemaking since 9- 11. New York, NY: United states Institute of peace. 2009. Web.
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Leveraging Intellectual Capital in Innovation Networks Essay The increasing role of industries centered on the knowledge economy has changed the way companies view their hired talent. Innovative businesses now focus on mindshare and the ability of workers to participate in mindshare practices. Mindshare is a scope of employees’ knowledge, skills, personal characteristics, and opportunities for future growth. Human resource management has developed new strategies for talent acquisition. Networker innovators are the companies that implemented this new approach and succeeded in hiring elite knowledge talent. They can create and use the mindshare of their working talent to move forward. Mindshare differs from intellectual capital which encompasses human and organizational capital. Human capital is the combination of all qualifications and knowledge possessed by employees. Organizational capital includes all assets of a company. Mindshare incorporates these two elements and adds social capital – relationships between employees, branches, companies, and stakeholders that improve innovation, knowledge gathering, and collaboration. External relationship capital is a part of this element. It includes external relationships between companies and their employees. Mindshare is focused on unparalleled talent finding and development. Here, employees are not replaceable. They are unique, as they possess individual skills, beliefs, and capabilities that can be utilized by the company. Elite talent is more efficient and can bring more value to the firm than an ordinary worker. The location of knowledge is shifting towards emerging markets and decentralized systems of operation. Offshoring and outsourcing are more useful than they were before, being valued not for lower prices but better talent and higher networking possibilities. Offshoring provides access to location-specific knowledge and new talent, while outsourcing allows one to employ companies with special education and expertise. Networked research and development strategies drive innovation forward at a higher speed. While home-based research and development facilities give companies more control over the processes, they do not foster innovation at the same rate. Networked and decentralized systems are risky because they are more complex in nature. They have employees with different values and come with hidden costs such as reluctant knowledge sharing, cultural differences, and the lack of proper communication. Nevertheless, the success of these systems is usually more prominent. China and India are the key places for finding and recruiting knowledge workers. Talent-centric human resource activities include a number of strategies. Talent retention is a significant aspect of mindshare because turnover lowers companies’ innovative processes and disrupts shared knowledge development. Thus, innovators value practices for talent retention such as the adaptation of the working process to local traditions. Hiring global talent also increases talent quality. Employers value ambition and desire to grow professionally along with a global mindset, extraordinary thinking, interpersonal skills, social networking, and creativity. Employees are expected to know other professionals, be ready to work on big problems, continuously improve their personal and professional skills, and have strong beliefs corresponding with the company’s values. Sustainability and ethical principles are now valued more by companies, and empowerment culture is the basis of talent retention. Mindshare can be supported by the robust social network of the company. Interpersonal trust is imperative for information sharing and training. Active collaboration also improves employees’ readiness to contribute. The introduction to cross-cultural experiences for employees helps them develop a more open outlook on innovation. Special technologies breach the gap of communication on long distances. Mindshare is based on a tiered system that values creativity, extraordinariness, and desire for personal improvement.
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Ethical Violations of Health Care Technologies Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Examination of the Ethical Dilemma 2. Alternatives 3. Ethical Arguments 4. Evaluation of Alternatives 5. The Best Alternative 6. Implementation Plan 7. Outcomes 8. Reference Examination of the Ethical Dilemma The accessibility of electronic health record data leads to an ethical dilemma related to the responsibility of medical staff to protect patients from possible violations of their confidentiality. Many patients are very concerned about the insecurity of the system. The main question is whether a secondary use of personal information is acceptable or not, and which protective measures have to be applied. The plan of action that will satisfy patients should include additional services which can guarantee their confidentiality. On the other hand, medical organizations do not have resources to maintain such services, and they assure patients that the current system is secure. Alternatives First, it is necessary to explain to patients the importance of the current system and demonstrate its security mechanisms. Second, the expenditure on additional services should be divided among all parties. The third alternative is to engage governmental agencies to facilitate this process. The best-case scenario is the improvement of the current system. The worst-case scenario is unnecessary costs and the overloading of the system. However, advantages of such solutions outweigh their drawbacks. In addition, the system could continue performing even in case of the worst consequences. Under such circumstances, no one will be significantly harmed, but the system could become a bit unstable. However, if these solutions work out, there will be no risk to anyone. Ethical Arguments The utilitarian approach should be applied in this case as it allows determining potential benefits and harms of each course of action. This approach generates converging conclusions regarding what has to be done. There are several moral principles that can be brought into play to guide the implementation of the plan. These are honesty, trustworthiness, and loyalty. Evaluation of Alternatives The first alternative might be very effective and the least expensive. However, it implies certain ambiguity as patients could not comprehend the practical value of the existing system and trust its security mechanisms. Hence, it might lead to some debatable issues, for example, the reliability of the current system. The reasoning for the first alternative might be rated 3 (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2014). The second alternative requires much more additional resources, and it makes the existing system more complex. However, it does not imply any questionable issues. Therefore, it might be rated 4. The third alternative is the least effective as it involves a third party. The confidentiality of patients is exposed to additional risks in this case. Therefore, it might be rated 1. These alternatives correspond to values of the key players as patients require safety and medical organizations – additional resources. Therefore, each alternative considers interests all of the key players. However, the second alternative is more likely to be the most successful. Also, these alternatives are supported by the main principles of my professional code of ethical conduct: integrity and concerns for others. The Best Alternative In my opinion, the best alternative is to establish additional services that will guarantee the patients’ confidentiality, but split expenses among all parties equally. This decision takes into account interests and concerns of all of the key players and minimizes potential risks for them. My opponents might argue the unfairness of such a decision as patients need to pay additionally for their confidentiality. However, I believe that it is worth it because in the most effective solution in the long run. Therefore, I would feel secure if my ethical decision-making process was sent out globally, and the closest people in my life will observe it. Implementation Plan The plan should be implemented in several stages. First, it is necessary to assess financially the design and maintenance of additional systems that ensure the confidentiality of patients. Second, representatives of medical organizations should negotiate these expenses with the key players. Third, the plan should be corrected according to the results of negotiations. The final stage is the implementation of the plan. Outcomes It is necessary to monitor the implementation of the plan at all stages. Also, outcomes should be prudently evaluated. Conclusions based on the evaluation should be used to revise the plan if necessary. Reference McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. (2014). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (3 rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
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“Who Owns Fraud?” by Dan Torpey Essay The article “Who Owns Fraud?” by Dan Torpey discusses practically applicable methods of making a company’s system of fraud management roles clear. The author reports that organizations tend to fail in defining the roles clearly enough and do not ensure appropriate communication on the matter, which is not only confusing and inefficient but also decreases employees’ trust and belief in the programs. The author suggests that it would be better to ensure shared responsibilities for a team of individuals that all have a part in anti-fraud programs. Each person should be assigned a particular goal and is supposed to report and be accountable to the team and the chairperson. The latter is to be appointed by the team and performs managerial and leadership functions and, when applicable, determines the general direction of the program. Torpey points out that for some organizations, the authoritative guidance of the chairperson is not the best choice; in this case, the team conjointly discusses as the necessary aspects of the program and makes decisions together. Finally, the team needs to be representative of all the departments that are likely to be involved in the program, which is supposed to be developed and implemented by the team. The program is to include the “tone-setting” aspects (code of ethics, training, preventive measures) as well as proactive and reactive activities, which should allow it to succeed in achieving multiple aims: determine a company’s needs, detect fraud, provide the tools for analysis, prioritization, and mitigation, provide the instructions for fraud-related activities, and develop the means for monitoring them. Also, a good program uses and shares the best practices in the field but remains customized to the needs of the company. The program needs to be implemented and embedded into the organizational practice; in particular, the setting tone elements need to be integrated into the culture of the organization through regular and extensive training, proactive methods should take into account the psychology of fraud, and reactive methods must focus on a timely response. The final element of Torpey’s model that is likely to demand particular attention is the communication, and the solution of this issue for the anti-fraud program is also likely to improve organizational communication in general. According to Torpey, this system of measures will improve the effectiveness of a company’s anti-fraud program, which will make it more trustworthy and believable and help it to live up to the company’s expectations (par. 12, 60). Works Cited Torpey, Dan. “Who Owns Fraud?” Fraud Magazine 26.1 (2011): n.pag. Fraud Magazine Archive . Web.
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The Scientific Method 2. Molecules in Food 3. Understanding Osmosis 4. Useful Enzymes 5. Photosynthesis 6. My Favorite Organism 7. My Favorite Scientist 8. References The Scientific Method I looked at the emotion of anger as an example. I was led to use the method by observing that the degree and duration of anger can vary depending on various factors. This observation coincides with the hypothesis that feeling angry depends on external, internal factors. I was the controlling research subject. It is necessary to gather facts to study this emotion: when I get mad when anger increases, it decreases, how long it lasts. Then I identify the patterns of my anger. The dependent variable is anger; the independent variables are external factors (learning, communication, weather) and internal factors (experiences, thoughts). Anger will also be the controlled variable. As a result, I have learned the causes of anger and can control it, and I have found out how real reasons for anger differ from contrived ones. Molecules in Food I have taken a product such as lemon for my research; it is nutritious because it contains many nutrients. A study of the actual nutrient content showed that this product contains vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and electrolytes. The citric acid molecule is shown below. A citric acid molecule consists of 6 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms, 7 oxygen atoms. An anionic chemical bond holds the atoms together. This molecule, which is found in both lemon and citric acid, has beneficial properties for the human body: it improves digestion and enhances immunity. Consumption of high concentrations of citric acid can cause burns to the mucous membranes of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Thus, the study supports the hypothesis, given that the product will be used in moderation. Understanding Osmosis The example under consideration is contact lens-induced dry eye. A type of this process is exosmosis – osmosis directed outward from a limited volume of liquid. Physiological contact lens solution contains the same concentration of saline water as the human eye. Without keeping the lenses inside the solution, they will begin to absorb moisture from the eye through osmosis, as they lose water during wear. Useful Enzymes The enzymes found in my detergent were amylase and proteinase – enzyme soil removers; I took amylase for the study. The saliva of humans and some mammals contains amylase: the enzyme that begins the chemical process of food digestion (Des Gachons & Breslin, 2016). The substrate of salivary amylase is protein, starch, sucrose, glucose, and amino acid. Without this enzyme, there would be no digestion of starchy foods in the mouth ( Action of Salivary Amylase , 2017). Photosynthesis I took the pollution of the environment with heavy metals and the effect on photosynthesis ( What Is Photosynthesis , 2020). Pollution by heavy metals disturbs naturally established phytocenoses, accumulating in plant organs and tissues; heavy metals harm the physiological processes of plants (Rai et al., 2016). It is essential to know that atmospheric air pollution is a significant problem because heavy metals can enter the human body directly from the air. It is also dangerous because, from the atmosphere, they can be transported to a considerable distance, deposited on the earth’s surface. My Favorite Organism I chose the infusoria Paramecium caudatum as my favorite organism because infusoria are a group of protozoans with a more complex structure. The infusoria feeds on bacteria ( What is INFUSORIA , 2018). The Paramecium caudatum itself is consumed by other predatory infusoria and many species of fish. The habitat of the infusoria is any freshwater body with standing water and the presence of decomposing organic matter in the water. Infusoria is a fantastic organism with unique features, such as sexual reproduction without reproduction. My Favorite Scientist I chose Gregor Mendel as my favorite scientist because genetics is close and exciting to me, and I would also like to study it and make discoveries. Johann Mendel was born on 20 July 1822 in the small Austrian town of Heinzendorf into a simple peasant family. He showed an interest in nature at an early age when he worked as a part-time gardener. The biologist is best known for his laws of heredity. His research laid the foundation for a new scientific discipline in biology – genetics. References Amritacreate. (2017). Action of Salivary Amylase on Starch – MeitY OLabs [Video]. YouTube. Web. Des Gachons, C. P., & Breslin, P. A. (2016). Salivary amylase: digestion and metabolic syndrome. Current diabetes reports, 16 (10), 1-7. FuseSchool – Global Education. (2020). What Is Photosynthesis? | Biology | FuseSchool [Video]. YouTube. Web. Rai, R., Agrawal, M., & Agrawal, S. B. (2016). Impact of heavy metals on physiological processes of plants: with special reference to photosynthetic system. In Plant responses to Xenobiotics (pp. 127-140). Springer, Singapore. The Audiopedia. (2018). What is INFUSORIA? What does INFUSORIA mean? INFUSORIA meaning, definition & explanation [Video]. YouTube. Web.
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UK/UAE Corporate Social Responsibility Regulation Report It is necessary to note that both countries do not have a particular set of laws and codes that focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Thus, the UK Corporate Governance Code regulates various processes, but it does not directly refer to CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 1). At the same time, the code’s provisions include various regulations that are consistent with CSR. For instance, the Turnbull Guidance (which is a part of the UK Corporate Governance Code) holds it that companies should strive for the reduction of risks associated with “health, safety and environmental, reputation, and business probity issues” (qt. in Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 3). Another regulation concerned with SCR is the Companies Act 2006 where it is stated that companies should address environmental issues. When it comes to the UAE, CSR regulations are mainly inserted in various acts. It is important to note that Emirati companies follow the Sharia law alongside with particular governmental regulations (Hawa 25). The Sharia law is deeply rooted in the Islamic religious culture. The Shariah principles involve the facilitation of moral practices consistent with societal values, the focus on socially responsible activities in the financial sphere, the development, and compliance with “responsible values based management practices and products” (Hawa 25). One of the examples of practices inspired by the religion and accepted in the business world is the commitment to Zakat. Zakat is a practice of donating 2.5% of the income to those in need. This practice is widely used by Emirati companies. When it comes to particular regulations, one of the ways to maintain corporate social responsibility in the business world as seen by the governments of many countries is reporting. The UK and the UAE have a similar position in this respect. Thus, under the Company Act 2006, UK organizations are required to provide relevant information concerning financial performances as well as practices related to CSR (Grayson 433). Reporting in the Emirati business law is not one of the highest priorities. However, companies use the provisions of such initiatives and guidelines as ISO14001, UN Global Compact, and the Global Reporting Initiative (Mahajan 426). It is necessary to add that the UAE still has quite a low rate (22%) of CSR reporting ( The KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 12). One of the spheres that have considerable attention in both countries is environmental protection. As far as the UK is concerned, the Climate Change Act 2008 is one of the regulations related to the environment. This Act imposes the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by 80% compared to the 1990 baseline (Grayson 433). The Company Act 2006 also has provisions related to environmental protection. According to the Act, organizations should make sure they pursue their organizational goals that are consistent with major regulations and values associated with the environmental responsibility ( Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 4). Thus, organizations are encouraged to act responsibly and strive for environmental protection and sustainability. The UAE business law also implies a significant focus on environmental protection. Thus, the Ministry of Environment and Water has introduced several regulations concerning the impact on the environment. One of the examples of similar regulations is the Green Building Code that implies strict compliance with building plans developed by the authorities (Mahajan 426). Emirati companies are also rated following the US Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design that was modified to fit the peculiarities of the country’s environment. It is also necessary to add that Sharia also involves quite significant attention to environmental issues and organizations are encouraged to act responsibly and sustainably (Hawa 24). Finally, ethical conduct is seen as an important background for the development of the business sphere as well as the entire nation. As has been mentioned above, Sharia is the central legal background for Emirati companies. Organizations in the UAE follow major principles of ethical conduct as outlined in Sharia law. These principles include transparency, fairness, accountability, respect for others, commitment, and so on (Hawa 24). Apart from these provisions, it is possible to note that the Emirati government, as well as non-governmental entities, encourage organizations to comply with the values of SCR through various awards. For instance, in Dubai, authorities provide the Corporate Social responsibility or Sustainability Award (SajadiFar 117). The Business Ethics Excellence Award is another meaningful distinction valued among Emirati organizations. As for the UK, the Turnbull Guidance includes numerous provisions concerning ethical conduct. Thus, organizations are encouraged to focus on the health and safety of people as well as the organizational reputation ( Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code par. 3). Such situations as the scandal concerning Enron is also a reminder for companies and authorities as well as the background for the development of particular regulations (Grayson 432). UK companies try to adhere to the principles of sustainability, commitment, and accountability. Works Cited Corporate Social Responsibility – the UK Corporate Governance Code . 2010. Web. Grayson, David. “United Kingdom.” The World Guide to CSR: A Country-By-Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility . Ed. Wayne Visser and Nick Tolhurst. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2010. 430-437. Print. Hawa, Nadine. Factors Shaping the Definition and Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility at Local Banks in the United Arab Emirates . 2012. Web. Mahajan, Aparna. “United Arab Emirates.” The World Guide to CSR: A Country-By-Country Analysis of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility . Ed. Wayne Visser and Nick Tolhurst. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing, 2010. 423-430. Print. SajadiFar, Vajiheh. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the United Arab Emirates . 2013. The KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting . 2013. Web.
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20+ Social Media Post Ideas to Radically Simplify Your Marketing Essay Social Media Examiner’s (2021) video on social media initiatives was most useful to me since it provides more than twenty social media post ideas to improve the marketing of any business. This source demonstrates that social media, namely Facebook Business and Instagram, have great power and enhance marketing, promoting organizations through posts, stories, hashtags, and user-generated content. The most useful information to me was about trends, pros and cons, comparison, direct offer, and long-form content. Effective change leadership is important when an organization wants to adopt social media initiatives. A good leader is associated with effective communication, for example, written content on social media. For example, a leader may encourage customers to generate content by creating a hashtag, like #MyInstagramLogo, and inquiring them to share their views on the logo or any other product or service the company offers (They Ask, You Answer, 2018). Leaders should clarify their vision and ensure that everyone understands them. They should lead their employees in the right direction, inspiring them to change. I may encounter the following ethical issues: over-promising, under-delivering, and overstated statements. I would try to provide my customers with honest information about the business and stop making everyone happy to address the first issue. Over-promising can make clients disappointed and lead to their negative feedback. Therefore, it is better to follow ethical principles and make promises only if they can be 100% fulfilled. To address the second issue, I would try to be transparent and honest about the content. If the company claims to deliver products from one country to another in three days, it will need to fulfill it. Otherwise, it will be lying to the clients, thus losing its credibility. These strategies will help me address the above-mentioned ethical issues because honesty and transparency are always valued, and they help attract new customers and make the old customers stay with the company they trust. References Social Media Examiner. (2021). 20+ social media post ideas to radically simplify your marketing [Video]. YouTube. Web. They Ask, You Answer taught by IMPACT. (2018). 5 social media campaign examples from big brands you want to be [Video]. YouTube. Web.
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Countertrade in the International Business Essay Many firms are turning to international trade in a move to not only increase the market for their products but to also take advantage of cheap labor in other countries. In this regard, agreements have been made between different countries to ensure that goods from each country receive relatively equal treatment. When the issues about the inequality of products prevailed, the concepts of free and fair trade were introduced into international business. Because countries sometimes lack hard cash, the idea of countertrade has also been introduced (Onkivist & Shaw, 2004). Countertrade refers to the process by which payment for some goods or services is done either in part or whole by other goods or services. It is, however, crucial to note that in some instances, a monetary value is attached to the goods and services for the sake of book keeping. Countertrade as a form of conducting business is fast gaining ground, especially in international business. Countertrade has prospered contrary to the belief of many that it is difficult to conduct due to the need for double coincidence of wants (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). Initially, countertrade was practiced among a few neighboring countries. However, nowadays, countertrade accounts for more than 20% of world trade. It is important to note that countertrade usually takes place in the world daily, and it is part and parcel of the international business. Though some governments are skeptical about countertrade, many multinational companies are usually involved in the process. Countertrade has proved beneficial mitigating the problem of transactional costs, moral hazard-agency problems, and other market imperfections (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). One of the most recent examples of countertrade is the agreement between Iraq and India. Iraq is known to be well endowed with oil while at the same time, India has a competitive advantage in the production of rice. However, citizens from the two countries do not have the economic power to pay for their transactions in cash. Consequently, the two countries agreed on a barter deal in the year 2000, known as the oil-for-food program. Under this program, India can get oil at a reduced price, while Iraq is assured of rice from India (Siddaiah, 2009). On the same note, citizens of the two countries who would not have the ability and the money to pay cash can get the products they need. Unfortunately, the program has not met its expectations since most Iraqis’ nutrition has not improved as was expected. Also, India is compelled to offer very large quantities of rice compared to the quantity of the oil that it receives from Iraq. Similarly, the two countries lose because their products are undervalued as compared to the price they could have received if the products were sold on cash terms (Onkivist & Shaw, 2004). The emergency of the internet has highly enhanced sharing of information between countries. In this regard, feedback from various ventures is easily available to people at any time. As a result, firms engaging in countertrade can easily contact each other and finalize their deals. On the other hand, the internet has led to the emergency of other methods of payment other than the use of hard cash (Siddaiah, 2009). Subsequently, this has led to a decrease in the number of firms ready to use countertrade. However, it should be noted that countertrade continues to play a significant role in international trade. Given the volume of trade that takes place through countertrade, it is high time governments accorded countertrade the required support to foster it. References Gitman, L. J. & McDaniel, C. (2008). The Future of Business: The Essentials (with Builiding Your Career Booklet) (Book Only) . Stanford: Cengage Learning. Onkivist, S. & Shaw, J. J. (2004). International Marketing: Analysis and Strategy . London: Routledge. Siddaiah, T. (2009). Financial Services . New Delhi: Pearson Education India.
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To Make Money or Serve The Society? Essay Corporations, like any other business is driven by goals and objectives, most of which revolve around maximizing profits by reducing costs. This is currently a common scenario in many corporations especially after the global recession that has taken a hold on the financial stability of corporations. In order to tackle this challenge, most organizations have opted to downsize their team of workers by laying off their employees with the aim of making more money in spite of the financial constraints. This is clear evidence that the primary duty and concern of any corporation is to make money. However, when the issue of the corporation to serve the society arises, then it kind of compromises the main focus of the corporation, which is to make money. Therefore, this essay will support the fact that conflicts are inevitable when a corporation decides to acknowledge the duty to serve the society. The importance of social responsibility of corporations is “to create wealth, to provide good jobs, and to offer products and services that serve genuine human needs” (Kennedy par.2). This acts as an obligation to corporations in that apart from creating wealth, they also need to go back to the societal requirements to provide employment and services that provide human needs. However, the fact that corporations need to offer support to the community in implies that the efforts of the corporations to contribute towards economic benefits is not enough. Conflicts that arise are about corporations arguing that they pay taxes and thus any further demands shift their focus from making profits to serving the society suggests that they “unfairly take something away from the community” ( Shiely 4). The social responsibility placed on corporations requiring them to share their resources, such as cash, physical property and time, to address the requirements of the society seem to be outside the goals of the corporation’s operations. Furthermore, the duties to corporations to chip in their money during fund drives or to run the drives are a major cause for conflict. This means that the money of shareholders will be used for the purposes of the public which is neither lawful nor consensual. The conflicts that will arise therefore will revolve around the unlawful utilization of the corporation’s resources and unsatisfied shareholders. Such fund drives or donations are the source of extra costs that seem to be act as an impediment towards achieving the goal of making money and cost reduction. It can be argued that as corporations sacrifice much to attain economic benefits, the society gives very little and wants much in return. Such contributions are not a moral requirement of corporations and therefore, these duties imposed on organizations should not act as controlling factors to corporations since they give rise to conflicts. The introduction of social responsibility has resulted in the introduction of many issues like giving back to the society and involving in the activities of the society such as fund drives and offering good employment opportunities. These have been the major causes of conflicts in corporations that seem to be driven towards making money. Such conflicts emanate from the most important organs of the corporation such as the shareholders and the management. Therefore, conflicts are inevitable when corporations acknowledge the duty to serve the society. Works Cited Kennedy, Robert. Does a Business Corporation Have a Responsibility to Society. Action Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty, 2009. Web. Shiely, John. “Economic Value Added: A conscience For Business.” Religion and Liberty 13.6 (2003): 4. Web. 2010.
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The George Zimmerman Criminal Case Analysis Essay In 2012, George Zimmerman fatally shot an African-American student; however, this case quickly gained controversy because of many circumstances. During interrogation at the Sanford Police Station, Zimmerman stated that Martin had attacked him and that is why he had to shoot him in self-defence. In other words, the gunman used the “State Your Ground” law. However, the victim was unarmed, which created a number of heated discussions relating to police brutality. This issue is deeply connected with racist stereotypes and biases that are still present in police work. For instance, this case can be related to the Broken Windows theory because Zimmerman was a policeman who claimed that the victim was dangerous to him. According to the researchers, “at the community level, disorder and crime are usually inextricably linked, in a kind of developmental sequence” (Wilson & Kelling, 1982, p. 2). In other words, in a neighborhood where a broken window has not been repaired, all windows will be broken soon. Therefore, the overall crime rate will grow very quickly. At the sight of even the slightest violation of generally accepted norms, people cease to behave in a civilized manner and also tend to violate rules. It is possible that the factor about the victim’s skin color as well as his gender was “a broken window” for Zimmerman because he chose to harm without any reasonable explanation. As for other controversial police practices, “Stop, Question and Frisk” also relates to this case. Even if a citizen abides the law, in the case where he or she falls under the suspicion of an officer, the citizen will be stopped, interrogated and searched. This law allows the police to conduct such acts without any warrants, witnesses, and even without providing an intelligible explanation. It can be safely assumed that the feeling of impunity that this practice provides also tempted Zimmerman to commit his crime. Reference Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety . The Atlantic . Web.
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Endocrine Disruptors and Their Effects on Health Research Paper Endocrine disruptors are natural or man-made compounds, which tend to interfere with the normal functioning of the body hormones; hence, hampering various body systems such as reproductive, neurological and immune systems in both animals and humans. This may result to obstructing regular functionality of tissues and organs in the body. Some of the substances that may cause endocrine disruption are dioxin, pharmaceuticals, and polychlorinated compounds, which are contained in products that people use everyday such as detergents, flame retardants, plastic bottles, food cans, and cosmetics (Schug, Janesick, Blumberg & Heinde 1). Endocrine disruptors lower fertility; hence, it poses a high risk when organs and neural systems are being formed in the body. Dioxins are produced when chlorine-based compounds are combusted or catalyzed in the presence of hydrocarbons. TCDD (2, 3, 7, 8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) is widely known as a type of dioxin carcinogen. Even though production of dioxin is not intentional, chemical processing that apply chlorine to make products such as PVC plastics and smelting operations leads to emission of dioxins into the air. Ah receptors, which are found in the cell, mediate TCDD reactions acting as transcription factor to those of steroid hormone (Perdew 1). Dioxin and Ah receptor can combine with DNA; in fact, this affects the regulation of genes and m-RNA together with protein synthesis, thereby altering the endocrine systems. Epidemiological results and animal test have revealed dioxin’s toxic effect. Experiments that have been done on animals and human epidemiological studies indicated the Ah receptor presents a lesser binding affinity in humans than in animals. TCDD concentration required in production of corresponding CYP1A1 in lymphocytes and thymocyte proliferation is almost similar for both animals and human tissues (Birnbaum, 90). Airborne dioxin can have a wide coverage of distance, which may ultimately settle in soil, plants, and water. Dioxin is only soluble in compounds such as fats, oils, and organic solvents that evaporate rarely. Dioxin affects human health in many ways depending on how long one has been exposed to it. When exposed for a shorter time it may lead to skin lesions, which include patchy darkening of the skin and alteration of the liver functions. Contrary, when exposed for a longer time, the immune system, nervous and the endocrine gets impaired. Cancer being one of the killer diseases in the world today can result when animals’ gets chronically exposed to dioxins. Some of the foods that contain dioxin in less concentration are daily products and beef. The dioxin accumulates in fatty tissues of the body for a period of not less than 7 to 12 years. Afterwards the liver metabolizes the dioxin, but in other animals it is eliminated slowly. Most of the countries in the world watch through their supply of food substances that may contain dioxin. This has led to detection of dioxin; hence, preventing its impact on large scale, which has implications in many countries. Dioxin has been said to be ‘a persistent organic pollutant’ since it’s not reactive with oxygen and cannot be broken down. Release of dioxins from man-made and natural sources exist in the environment and roughly every living creature has been exposed to it. As mention earlier, Cancer includes one of the major adverse health effects that are caused by dioxins. These effects depend on mainly three factors; the level of exposure to the dioxin, extent of exposure and occurrence of getting exposed. Works Cited Birnbaum Linda. “Developmental Effects of Dioxins”. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1995 October, 103(7): 89-94, Web. Perdew, Gary. “Ah receptor binding to its cognate response element is required for dioxin-mediated toxicity”. Toxicol Sci 106 (2008 December): 301–303, Web. Schug Thaddeus, Janesick Amanda, Blumberg Bruce, and Heindel Jerrold. “Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Disease Susceptibility”. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 126 . (2011 November):204-15, Web.
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Cultural Assimilation in the “Spanglish” Movie Essay Spanglish (2004) is a romantic comedy starring Adam Sandler, Téa Leoni, and Paz Vega. This film is worth seeing not for an outstanding plot or a beautiful love story, but for portraying the process of assimilation of a young Mexican woman, Flor, who came to the United States to seek a better life for her little daughter, Christina after her husband left them. Flor gets a job as a nanny in the family of John and Deborah, even though she does not know a single word in English. It is the starting point of her journey that will turn her family’s life upside down (Monson). This film raises some significant issues concerning the lives of immigrants from Mexico. For example, the movie starts with Christina’s words that her mother wanted her to embrace the Mexican culture to the maximum possible extent. That is why they stayed in Mexico as long as Flor could make their living. Even when they move to the United States, they live in a Mexican district of the city and speak only Spanish at home. Christina has learned English, but Flor does not have time to follow her daughter’s example or maybe she is too stubborn to assimilate and wants to preserve her Mexican roots. It can be said that Flor believes that “the Spanish language is part of [Mexican] culture which should not be tampered with” (Salazar 138). If it were not for her feelings to John, I doubt that she would have decided to learn English. Unlike Flor, her daughter desires to assimilate. As Flor and Christina started living with Clasky’s family during summer, Christina uses English in everyday life more frequently and demonstrates the desire to embrace the American culture. She even wants to attend the school Clasky’s daughter goes to. Flor becomes involved in an intercultural conflict (Paredes 145), which can be familiar not only to those living along the state borders but also to people sharing home with the representatives of other cultures. Moreover, it does not necessarily have to spiral into violence. As Deborah caters Christina taking her for walks, dying her hair, and winning her to a scholarship at a private school, Flor does not like it. I believe that if Deborah spoke Spanish or took Christina to eat tacos, this problem would not emerge. What bothered Flor was that her daughter was forgetting her roots that turned into the emotional conflict between two women. Recollect the scene where Flor races Deborah. Christina, on the other hand, experiences problems of identity (Paredes 143). She is shown the new world that she likes and wants to become a part of and forgets about her mother and culture. Think of the evening when Christina chooses to stay with her American friends and watch TV instead of spending it with her mother’s friends from Mexico. Moreover, recall the final scene when she acknowledges that she uses the American type of fighting with her mom in front of people in the street and American set phrases such as the need for personal space. Finally, think of the way both Flor and Christina are portrayed. There is a stereotype that Mexicans are “hardworking people who come to the United States to better their lives” (Thompson 153). First of all, it was the initial idea of the moviemakers, who made the stress on the search for a better life. Second, they both are hardworking. The portrayal of Flor can be ignored because it was her job. However, recollect the scene at the beach when Christina and Clasky’s kids gathered pebbles for money. Does not the fact that she found more that one hundred pebbles and earned more than $600 characterize her as hardworking? What I want to say in the conclusion is that sometimes watching movies can bring more than just emotions. Seeing Spanglish was not only a pleasure to me but also a source of new knowledge, as I understood the essence and emotional concerns related to immigration from the perspective of immigrants. Works Cited Monson, John. “Spanglish.” Online video clip. YouTube . YouTube, 2016. Web. Paredes, Américo. “The Problems of Identity in a Changing Culture: Popular Expressions of Culture Conflict Along the Lower Rio Grande Border.” Borders. Ed. Isabel Baca. Southlake, Texas: Fountainhead Press, 2011. 143-150. Print. Salazar, Ruben. “Militants Fight to Retain Spanish as Their Language.” Borders. Ed. Isabel Baca. Southlake, Texas: Fountainhead Press, 2011. 137-141. Print. Thompson, Gabriel. “Introduction to There Is No José Here: Following the Hidden Lives of Mexican Immigrants.” Borders. Ed. Isabel Baca. Southlake, Texas: Fountainhead Press, 2011. 151-156. Print.
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Racial Wealth Gap and the American Dream Essay The reading investigates the growing pay gap between Blacks and Whites and the US, as well as possible explanation for this financial inequality. Shapiro (2007) proves that being Black in the US accumulates in societal costs of around $140. I find this evidence convincing since race has a literal price that oppressed minorities have to pay, and this discrimination indicates oppression in the modern capitalistic society. Wealth of a Nation The research assesses the financial inequality that is present among African American families. The authors argue that even when a Black and White person earn the same salary, their wealth is different due to racial implications (Oliver & Shapiro, 1990). These findings highlight the previously proven social and cultural oppression and show that racism is a structural problem that is extremely hard to address. Wealth Gap Between Minorities and White Americans Doubles After Housing Crisis, Recession The speaker evaluates the accumulative wealth of Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites in America and arrives to the conclusion that race plays a role in financial burdens that many people of color experience. Harrison (2011) appeals to the research that discovered that unlike Whites, marginalized Blacks and Hispanics rely more on housing, which makes them more vulnerable to economic discrimination. I find this evidence valuable in the fight for equality as people of color are often perceived as responsible for their economic despair, while the White dominant system is to blame. Twenty-to-One The report examines the pay gap between races and provides some statistical evidence for the socioeconomic inequality. Pew Research (2011) reviews cross-racial wealth and income throughout the 20-year period and claims that since people of color base their wealth on housing, recession of 2006 caused the socioeconomic gap to double. The case of the crisis affecting marginalized people more than others shows that current social support and government protection fail to address the reality of latent discrimination. Groundings with My Brothers: Commentaries The commentaries of the book overview its contents and the author’s influence on the Black Power movement today. The personal story of Austin reflects how Rodney (2020) inspired Blacks worldwide to explore their history, culture, and rediscover their power. I find this commentary and the book overall extremely influential in terms of addressing one’s heritage and reviving the nation’s pride in the fight for freedom. References Harrison, R. (2011). Wealth gap between minorities and white Americans doubles after housing crisis, recession . The War and Peace Report. Oliver, M. L. & Shapiro, T. M. (1990). Wealth of a nation: A reassessment of asset inequality in america shows at least one third of households are asset-poor. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 49(2). Pew Research. (2011). Twenty-to-one: Wealth gaps rise to record highs between whites, blacks and hispanics . Pew Research Center . Rodney, W. (2019). Groundings with My Brothers . Verso Books. Shapiro, T. (2007). Transformative Assets, the Racial Wealth Gap and the American Dream. McGraw Hill.
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Children’s Ability and Their Attention Span in Class Dissertation There is growing evidence that the amount of attention paid plays a key role in the processing of information. Such evidence suggests that there is a relationship between the attention span of children in class and the abilities demonstrated by the children. Literature Review Children’s attention span in classrooms is being negatively affected by the pervasive nature of the television into homes and the increasing time spent by children watching television. In a study done to evaluate the impact of watch television on the attention span of fourth and fifth grade children, it was found that Irrespective of the type of program watched, the ability of these children to pay attention in class dropped with the increase in the amount of time spent watching television (Levin & Waite, 2000). The link between children’s ability and their attention span is indicated in studies into children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Studies into the cognitive skills and verbal and spatial working memory of children with ADHD and normal children shows that children with ADHD are poorer at comprehending inferences, monitoring comprehension of instructions, verbal working memory, spatial span and spatial working memory (McInnes, Humphries, Hogg-Johnson & Tannock, 2003). The lower cognitive and academic skills as a result of inattention and hyperactivity start at a very early age, but lose their significance when inattention and hyper activity in children are controlled (Friedman-Weieneth, Harvey, Youngwirth & Goldstein, 2007). Commodari and Guarnera, 2005, conducted a study on a public junior high school on children in the age group 11-14 years, to investigate the interaction between reading skills and overall scholastic performance as rated by teachers and the components of attention, visual reaction time, simple immediate span and selectivity. Based on their findings they concluded that there was a strong link between reading speed and accuracy and scholastic assessment as rated by teachers with simple immediate span of attention in class and visual reaction time. Methodology and Planning The study plans to investigate the reading skill and overall scholastic performance as rated by teachers in the age group 8-10 in relation to their attention span in class, as a means to evaluate the correlation between children’s ability and attention span in class. For this purpose one hundred students in a public school in the age group 8-10 would be randomly selected as participants and their class teachers requested to participate in the study. Administrative sanction of the school authorities would be sough and received before the start of the study. Parent consent of the participants would be received before inclusion in the study. Reading skill would be evaluated using Comprehension, Accuracy and Speed tests. Overall scholastic performance would be evaluated based on ratings of the class teacher. Computerized multi-task test consisting of Simple Reaction Time, Digit Span and Colour-Word Interference would be employed to assess attention span in class. The data received would be collected and suitably compiled for statistical analysis of the data. Multivariate logistic regression analyses would be the statistical means used to analyse the data to arrive at the findings of the study in relation to the correlation between children’s ability and attention span of children in class. The conclusion of the study would be drawn from the findings of the data analysis. Literary References Commadari, E. & Guarnera, M. 2005, ‘Attention and reading skills’, Perceptual and motor skills , vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 375-386. Friedman-Weieneth, J. L., Harvey, E. A., Youngwirth, S. D. & Goldstein, L. H. 2007, ‘The Relation between 3-Year-Old Children’s Skills and Their Hyperactivity, Inattention, and Aggression’, Journal of Educational Psychology , vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 671-681. Levin, L. E. & Waite, B. M. 2000, ‘Television Viewing and Attentional Abilities in Fourth and Fifth Grade Children’, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 667-679. McInnes, A., Humphries, T., Hogg-Johnson, S. & Tannock, R. 2003, ‘Listening comprehension and working memory are impaired in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder irrespective of language impairment’, Journal of abnormal child psychology , vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 427-443.
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Earnings Management and Potential Benefits Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Hypothesis development, data, and variables definition 3. Results 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction The phenomenon of earnings management includes the factor of the companies’ ability to surpass the earnings threshold. The main issue is that a prevailing number of firms just meets or merely exceeds the benchmark of having positive profit compared to the very small number of extreme cases when the companies either do not meet the threshold or exceed substantially it (DeFond and Park 121). Such a phenomenon can be interpreted as a result of earnings management. Therefore, it is important to analyze the correlation between the income management and the benefits of the executives, as well as managerial stock sales. Moreover, the variations of financial reporting and the acts of earnings management can be explained by the factor of the availability of different potential benefits. Hypothesis development, data, and variables definition The important aspect of the incentives of the earnings management is that the substantial part of the managerial compensation depends on the stock sales factor. Therefore, in the situation, where the compensation and benefits are stock-based, and the forecasts of the analysts also focus on the short-run performance of the company, there is all the more motivation for the earnings management among the companies’ executives. Another major motivation for applying earnings management is the necessity to represent the company’s performance in the right light. The study conducted by McVay, Nagar, and Tang (2006) analyzed the data collected from the 21,952 companies that, according to their financial reporting, just met the benchmark of the positive earnings, not exceeding it for more than 1%. The main variables that differ the firms that have just met or insignificantly exceed the threshold from the companies that deviate from the forecasts are their “performance, equity issuances, long-term growth prospects, and lagged insider sales” (McVay, Nagar and Tang 576). Therefore, the main hypothesis is that the companies that are just meeting the benchmark of the short-run performance forecasts are more likely to have managerial insider sales and equity rates than those companies that largely deviated from the forecasts. Furthermore, the probability of boosting the stock sales after the reported meeting of benchmarks is also relatively high in the companies not deviating from the forecasts. It leads to the assumption that insider stock sales can be associated with the lack of control over the performance by the directors and the poor overall governance (Klein 398). Results The determination among the executives to meet earnings benchmarks is the result of the generally accepted assumption that the success and performance of the company can be linked to a certain set of expectations (Penman and Zhang 257). This factor is not only important in presenting information to the outside audiences but also relevant concerning the analysts’ forecasts. There are two ways of acting for meeting those standards. The first one is for the company to undergo real economic actions that would influence the cash flow (Hand 599). The second one is the earnings management that only takes place in accruals, such as delaying the reporting of the payment in the financial documents or oppositely reporting the future profits. The objectives of such earnings management are information symmetry, corporate control contests, stock compensation (Healy and Palepu 410). Conclusion In conclusion, the major driver of earnings management is the motivations of the executives. The majority of their incentives relate to the attempts to meet the analysts’ forecasts. One of the most significant indicators of managerial efforts to benefit from earnings management is high rates of insider stock sales. Works Cited DeFond, Mark, and Chul Park. “Smoothing Income in Anticipation of Future Earnings.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 23.2 (1997): 115-139. Print. Hand, John. “1988 Competitive Manuscript Award: Did Firms Undertake Debt-Equity Swaps for an Accounting Paper Profit or True Financial Gain?” Accounting Review 1.1 (1989): 587-623. Print. Healy, Paul, and Krishna Palepu. “Information Asymmetry, Corporate Disclosure, and the Capital Markets: A Review of the Empirical Disclosure Literature.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 31.1 (2001): 405-440. Print. Klein, April. “Audit Committee, Board of Director Characteristics, and Earnings Management.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 33.3 (2002): 375-400. Print. McVay, Sarah, Venky Nagar, and Vicki Wei Tang. “Trading Incentives to Meet the Analyst Forecast.” Review of Accounting Studies 11.4 (2006): 575-598. Print. Penman, Stephen, and Xiao-Jun Zhang. “Accounting Conservatism, the Quality of Earnings, and Stock Returns.” The Accounting Review 77.2 (2002): 237-264. Print.
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“Refuge Fragile as a Snowflake by John Balzar Essay The article “Refuge fragile as a snowflake” written by John Balzar is a reflection of the author’s account of personal experience. My analysis of the work will centralize on Balzar’s descriptive and compare and contrast techniques. I will emphasize how Balzar’s craft makes his article interesting, thought-provoking, and involving at the same time. The author discloses his personal experience in Alaska’s National Refuge; descriptive epithets are used to underscore the emotions he experienced while he was acting as a wilderness guide. Balzar’s selection of descriptive epithets underlines the extremity of Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Consider for example Balzar’s word choice: “wild sounds and voices,” “shocking landscapes,” “epic flatness and coastal plain and onward,” “ugly grizzlies with wild eyes,” “funnel clouds of mosquitoes.” The author wants the reader to feel the wild beauty of the land. Balzar is making an argument through his description. His visualization of the Far North is deliberately epic because he wants to transport the reader along his journey. By painting the landscape with such grandeur, he makes his argument more persuasive rather than if he uses dry facts. The central problem highlighted by the author is that the House of Representatives passed a vote authorizing drilling oil in Alaska. The author argues that oil drilling will diminish the greatness of the wild landscape. He suggests that the House of Representatives regards the Alaska landscape as a source of income, while he stresses the fragility of this environment. Of his individual exploration, he says, “to enter this land is to intrude.” He compares the wilderness with the snowflake, “it is as fragile as a snowflake.” By contrasting his own vivid depiction of the landscape with the lawmaker’s concerns, he makes the drilling bill seams small and petty. Even worse, he suggests that drilling is an act of murder, saying, “Now the House of Representatives has voted to kill it.” It is interesting to underline the connection between the sentence “There is nothing like Nothing for imagining everything” and the article’s subtitle “Beholding last of Nothing is so profoundly Humbling”. The author managed to compare nothing with nothing, underlining his experience of being in such a place as Alaska, his feelings, and the inner world of the whole population living there. He strived to stress that one cannot imagine this situation without experiencing it personally; otherwise, he has nothing to imagine. One more idea is dedicated to the House of Representatives; he shows their resistance to the author, who, in accordance with their view, was not aware of the condition of nature in Alaska. The author uses the contrast technique to make the most vivid argument. He states that with the advent of civilization in Alaska, with the drilling of oil wells, and using them as a source of income for America, all the nature will be harmed by the trucks and field engines. The author of the article uses the technique of contrast to underline the contradiction between, firstly, the House of Representatives, its intentions to disturb nature, and the author himself, as the representative of those people, who had the opportunity to enjoy the wild nature. Secondly, he underlined the contrast between wild nature and the coming civilization. Balzar also admits that if the House of Representatives passes its vote, our future generation will just look at the poorness of nature and not only this. They will hear that jingle of pennies except for the image of nature. Making the conclusion of the essay it is important to admit that the author contradicts the image of people in present-day situations and image within the feelings in the situation described in the article. The sensibility, the author uses in the descriptive technique, shows the greatness of the wild nature, animals, and vivid images of Pristine Alaska. And at the same time the author compares and contrasts the wild nature of Alaska and with what will happen after the House of Representatives passes the vote. References Balzar, John. “Refuge fragile as a snowflake”. Los Angeles Times 2001:1.
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Female Submission in Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart” Essay We live in an age where the subject of equality has become a major concern. The subject of gender has been gaining momentum gradually in almost all circles. Authors have also played a key role in trying to portray the role the women have played in society. In this paper we are going to look at Chinua Achebe’s work, that is, Things fall Apart. This book portrays Africans in the Ibo society before the coming of the white man. Through this book, the reader is brought to the realization of the role that the white man played in the destruction of the bonds which existed in the African culture. In this book, the author, Achebe, gives an analysis of the role that women played in the Ibo society. In this context, women are regarded as the weaker sex, when compared to men. In this case, women are portrayed as vulnerable beings that need assistance from the male counterparts. In essence, women are depicted as human beings who play a major supporting role in society. They are the ones who are supposed to take care of the children and play a supporting role to their husbands. Despite this depiction, there are other roles that some women play. For instance, Chielo the priestess is a spiritual leader who wields immense and unquestionable authority (Chinua). Upon reading this book, I realized that the issues which Achebe is bringing to the fore are issues that I have witnessed and grappled with. This is because the way women are treated in the society where I come from is not something which I agree with. First and foremost is the fact that the role of women in society is depicted as that of lower-class citizens. In this society, women do not have a say in matters that are considered to be important. What should hold value is the fact that they are supposed to be subservient to men. Essentially, this view does not hold value as it was used in the past. In the current age, things have changed about the position of women in society. In essence, women have become more vocal regarding their rights and position in society. It is worth mentioning, that the recent trends have led to realignment and adjustment of the roles that women play in society. Wife beating is still taking place in some places in the world. For instance, in Africa, there are rampant cases where men beat up their women. Though there are institutions that have been set up to fight this, these habits are still taking place. I do not agree with these acts. I believe that women and men should have an equal platform upon which they should address issues of this nature instead of engaging in fighting. Beating up women is naturally degrading and it is an infringement upon someone’s rights. Thus, this habit should be highly condemned. I have witnessed such experiences in the village where I come from. It was not a nice experience when I witnessed one of my uncles beating up his wife. In this case, the children were the ones who were hurt the most. What Achebe has brought to the fore does not just display what happens in Ibo, rather it gives a glimpse of what happens in many cultures across the globe. It is important to note that in general women have been viewed in a manner that suggests that they are persons who cannot exist on their own without seeking support from their better halves (Chinua). However, this should not be the case. This is because the society in which we live has demonstrated the fact that women have got what it takes to make it in their endeavors without necessarily having to rely on their male counterparts. Thus, they should both seek these avenues and available opportunities to show what they have to offer in society. In conclusion, society cannot progress based on competition. Rather, society will only succeed and progressed based on mutual understanding and trust. In this case, women and men in the society will achieve much better results if they are in a position of bringing their differing views about issues on the table with the common goal. As portrayed in normal traditional African society, women and men performed different tasks. The problem arose when the attitudes of the industrialized countries are brought to bear upon these separate activities, and some are judged superior and others as inferior, with women normally performing what is seen as inferior tasks. In the current society what is important is trying to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the different genders and seeking a common ground of working together. Submission should not be used as a weapon to demean humanity; rather it should be used as a tool to appreciate the roles that society is playing. When Okonkwo is abandoned by his Chi and is exiled by his people, he flees to his motherland, where, from the land of the spirits, his mother offers him protection and makes him prosper again (Chinua). Thus, the greatness of motherhood lies in its permanence and reliability. It is the only force that can be considered to be steadfast in its love and cooperativeness which marks one of the unique and great roles that women play in the lives of many people in society. Works Cited Chinua, Achebe. Things Fall Apart, London: Heinemann, 1996. Print.
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Breakdown of the Periodic Table Essay Definition The Periodic Table is the tool for arranging elements based on the correlation between the periodic function of their atomic numbers and the properties of the elements in question (i.e., physical and chemical ones). Groups are the eight horizontal columns in the table. In every group, the atomic size and electropositivity levels drop, whereas the nuclear charge, ionization potential, and electronegativity rise, when viewed in descending order. Long Form Although the Periodic Table is typically represented by its short form, the long one is sometimes used to demonstrate the correlations mentioned above in a more graphic manner. Groups Group 1 The first group consists of seven elements, which are defined as alkali metals and include Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr). The electrons in the identified group are arranged on orbital 1s-7s. The elements in the group are typically labelled as metals. Although Hydrogen (H) is often attributed to the group, it is not viewed as a metal. Picture 1. Group 1 (Lithium n.d.). Group 2 The second group contains the same number of elements as the first one. It incorporates (Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra). The 6d orbital is filled by the electrons of the elements belonging to the second group, which includes alkaline earth metals. Picture 2. Group 2 (Beryllium n.d.) Groups 3-10 The third group, in its turn, contains electrons located at the 6d orbital. Unlike the first two groups, this one incorporates the so-called transition metals, also known as semi-metals, or metalloids. The electrons in the atoms of the elements located in the specified group. There are three electrons on the orbital of the elements correspondingly. Furthermore, groups 3-10 do not have specific names based on their properties and, therefore, are labelled based on the elements that they contain (e.g., the scandium family, the titanium family, etc.). Picture 3. Groups 3-10 (Titanium n.d.) Group 11 The eleventh group includes coinage metals. The orbital that corresponds to the group is 3d and 4s. The name of the group can be explained by the fact that the metals in it were used to make coins. Picture 4. Group 11 (Copper n.d.) Group 12 The group, including volatile metals, incorporates Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg). Among the essential properties of the metals, the fact that they are soft needs to be brought up. Picture 5. Group 12 (Cadmium n.d.) Group 13 Also known as the Boron group, it includes Boron (B), Aluminium (Al), Gallium (Ga), Indium (In), and Thallium (Tl), as the title shows. The number of electrons per shell ranges from 2 to 32. The elements fill the full s orbital and partially the p one (with an electron on it). Picture 6. Group 13 (Boron n.d.) Group 14 Including crystallogens, the group in question belongs to the carbon family. The electrons fill the 2p orbital. Picture 7. Group 14 (Carbon n.d.) Group 15 The Pnictogen family, or Group 15, is also referred to as the nitrogen family. The elements in the identified groups can form very strong covalent bonds. The elements have five electrons, in general (specifically, the electrons are located in the 2s and the 3p orbital). Picture 8. Group 15 (Nitrogen n.d.) Group 16 Also labeled as the Oxygen family, the specified group includes Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), and Polonium (Po). It should be noted that Polonium is the only radioactive element in the group. Picture 10. Group 16 (Sulfur n.d.) Group 17 Group 17, or Halogens, is known for the unique property of its elements, which is creating compounds with any other element. Picture 11. Group 17 (Chlorine n.d.) Group 18 Last but not least, the group includes the so-called noble gases. The term was coined to indicate their low ability to produce a reaction with any other element under standard conditions. Picture 12. Group 18 (Argon n.d.) Reference List Argon n.d., 2016, Web. Beryllium n.d., 2016, Web. Boron n.d., 2016, Web. Cadmium n.d., 2016, Web. Carbon n.d., 2016, Web. Chlorine n.d., 2016, Web. Copper n.d., 2016, Web. Lithium n.d., 2016, Web. Nitrogen n.d., 2016, Web. Sulfur n.d., 2016, Web. Titanium n.d., 2016, Web.
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The Benefits of Lowering Taxes Essay Every citizen has some responsibility or the other living in a country. For instance paying taxes on time is a very important responsibility which must be fulfilled by every citizen irrespective of the country that the individual is residing in. The tax collected by the government is used for the development of the country. The money is usually spent in construction of roads, hospitals and other useful buildings. A large part of the money is also spent on research so as to ensure progress and growth in the country. Hence it becomes imperative to pay tax in time. This paper will throw light upon the benefits of reducing the tax, a comprehensive analysis of how it can impact the lives of individuals will be presented in this paper. The Impact of Low Tax on the Family Life of an Individual Lowering the tax will benefit the lives of hundreds of thousands of people all across the globe. Some people are very bad at financial planning and hefty tax can break them down within no time. Lowering the tax will provide a lot of relief to such people. People with majuscule family find it really hard to pay tax and lowering the tax will help such people immensely. The needs of human beings are constantly on the rise and it is high time to reduce the tax, even a small reduction will be much appreciated by people all across the globe. The money saved can be spent of countless things, for instance that money can be used to buy a small automobile, a family that has 4 members but have no proper means of conveyance will surely benefit from the reduction of tax. This will also make several people who have two wheelers less vulnerable to accidents. When they buy a small automobile, they will become much safer than earlier. Investment Reducing the tax will encourage the practice of investing among the people. Money saved by the people can be invested in thousand things. Stock market is a very good area to invest in. This is a very good time to invest because recession has brought down the value of several companies that are ought to bounce back. Money invested in stock market will stimulate the economy of a country, lowering the taxes will have several other benefits too. Real estate is another glorious prospect, money saved can be out into real estate and the value of land has depreciated a lot because of recession, it is ought to rise in the near future. Mutual funds are another lucrative option and there are several other options that an individual can invest in and make a fortune. Once the practice of investing is inculcated among the individuals then there is no stopping the economy of that particular country. The economy will inevitably witness higher growth than ever. Lowering the tax will significantly improve the standard of living of the people; they will no longer have to sit calculating what fits in their budget and what doesn’t. The demand for luxury goods will go up and so will the prices, this whole scenario will improve the lifestyle of the people and it will also promote the habit of saving and investing in them, what more can a government ask of its citizens. There will be prosperity in the country and the same will motivate the people to work very hard, this will again work in the benefit of the economy. For instance the people in Japan are believed to work the hardest when compared to the people in any other country, this is the only reason why Japan is way ahead when it comes to innovation, similarly lowering the tax will motivate the people to work really hard for the government and most importantly for their comfortable survival. Conclusion Lowering the tax certainly makes sense and any government looking to transform the lives of the people in a county must lower the taxes. The paper has already thrown light upon several advantages of the same. This change will also help in eliminating poverty in a country to some extent, when people will have enough to take care of their needs, they will surely start thinking about the other people and this will inculcate a very good feeling among the people. This will make a nation prosper and this will eliminate the suffering of the people to a large extent. People will start making good decisions like investing in stock market; mutual funds, real estate etc and many people will end up becoming millionaires, the more rich people in a country, the better. The rich people will do something or the other for the government and this gratitude will transform the fortune of that particular country. After looking at several positives, it is highly advisable to lower the taxes and to enable the people to have a very good life.
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Taking Care of the Uninsured in the United States Essay It is surprising to note that in the United States, there are still many people who do not have health insurance. According to statistics, this figure amounts to 44 million. Taking care of them is one of the major problems faced by the healthcare industry today. This is an important issue that needs to be addressed because a large number of uninsured people adversely affect the well-being not just those who are uninsured, but also the rest of the country (Hadley & Holahan, 2004). Who are the Uninsured? Less than 15% of the uninsured are children. Majority of the uninsured come from working families who cannot afford to pay for health insurance. These include households with full-time and part-time workers, the elderly, the African Americans and the Hispanics. Extent of the problem As mentioned earlier, 44 million Americans are currently uninsured and 60 million are uninsured for either all or part of the year. This number is still increasing. This has serious consequences for them in terms of health and finances. Those who are uninsured are usually unable to pay their hospital bills. In many cases this leads to bankruptcy (Hadley & Holahan, 2004). The greater the number of the uninsured, the more the concerned nation suffers. This is because much of the healthcare provided to the uninsured is not fully paid for. About one third of all the expenditure incurred on the uninsured is of this nature. Annual expenditure on the uninsured was calculated to be $125 billion according to Hadley & Holahan in the article “The Cost of Care for the Uninsured: What Do We Spend, Who Pays, and What Would Full Coverage Add to Medical Spending?”. Older people are more likely to be uninsured than younger people. The former have higher medical bills and hence prove to be a financial burden on society. Impact of the problem Those who are not insured incur medical bills that they cannot afford to pay for. Most of the time, the hospitals have to pay for such patients, unless they are state owned hospitals in which case the government pays for them. This worsens the financial challenges already faced by hospitals and their management. It reduces liquidity and money left for reinvestment to improve services. When the government is required to pay for the uninsured, it can only do so to a certain extent because it has a limit to the subsidy it can allot to healthcare expenditures (Hadley & Holahan, 2004). Even with all the compensation received from the government and hospitals, the uninsured only get just above half of the benefits enjoyed by those who have full insurance. Therefore not having healthcare insurance is detrimental to the uninsured too. Research has shown that those having medical insurance are healthier and live longer due to easy access to medical and healthcare than those not having insurance (Hadley & Holahan, 2004). Those who are not insured delay treatment and hence by the time they approach help, it is usually too late. Hence they have shorter lives and worse health conditions (Johnson, 2009). There are many organizations that pay for those who are uninsured or living on Medicaid. Such organizations include emergency centers, charitable organizations, government departments and so on. How can this problem be solved? Providing medical insurance to all those who are without it currently is a long process and will take a few years to overcome. It requires the support of the government, local hospitals, and organizations that do not provide insurance to their employees to name a few. Works Cited A Book 1. Byrd, W. & Clayton, L. An American Health Dilemma: Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000. Published by Routledge. (2002). 2. Johnson, N. & Johnson, L. The Care of the Uninsured in America. Published by Tucson. (2009). A Web Page 1. ACHE. “ Top Issues Confronting Hospitals: 2008 ” The American College of Health Care Executives. Web. 2. Hadley, J. & Holahan, J. “The Cost of Care for the Uninsured: What Do We Spend, Who Pays, and What Would Full Coverage Add to Medical Spending?” Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. 3. Zieger, A. “Study: 60 percent of personal bankruptcies fueled by medical bills”. Fierce Healthcare.
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B. F. Skinner’s Development Theory Essay Introduction Development theories and principles are a set of interrelated concepts or integrated statements of principles used to make predictions or explain the phenomenon in a fairly arranged series. B.F. Skinner’s theory of development argues that people can acquire new experiences through conditioning. However, it is to some extent that conditioning is a learning experience, as it is chiefly about motivating the learner. In the case of children, skinner tried to condition them by putting them under a certain environment in order to make them adopt certain behavior and characters but there were no emotions acquired. The theory is more of a trial and error learning experience as it is not always that the children would connect that whatever was happening to them was meant for their own benefit rather, the explanation offered to them would have mattered a lot. Inspiring a person involves the use of a motive; at the same time, there must be behavior or character to be inspired. Analysis The excerpt of Walden Two written by skinner attempts to express the operant conditioning theory of the skinner. It talks about a leader of the society called Frazier, who ends one thousand people who are described as being joyful, talented, and industrious in their life. The children are enclosed in their rooms that are conditioned to a certain temperature and surroundings in order to adopt certain intended characters. Hence the children are encouraged to be affectionate and relate to each other freely. The visiting learned professor becomes very suspicious of the utopian community because of its engineering of human character and behavior that, in many cases, is adopted freely without conditioning. The conditioning involves training children and society to be godly. However, the elements of the community adopt a culture and way of life as dictated by scientific knowledge and conduct similar to skinner’s theory of development. The main conditioning involves that making people adopt Christianity modesty and values in order to make them humble and generous. In addition, the excerpt criticizes or discourages professional skills and experience, schooling, and working throughout the day. More so, it promotes and supports jealousness and meanness in the community by making people revenge or beat their fellow human beings. The family units encourage the extended type of families as children are required to be devoted to society more than to their families or parents. In addition, the members are encouraged to be jealousy and based on ethnic grounds. The members appraise the dictatorial acquisition of power in order to rule the other people. The excerpt described by the skinner would be problematic and dangerous not only to the members but also to the world as a whole. This is because of its features and ideologies that it tends to promote and encourage its members. For instance, the promotion of dictatorship and denunciation of justice and democracy would lead to the suffering of the majority, who would tend to go against the ruling body even when fighting for their rights. On the other hand, the discouragement of expressing one’s emotions freely and openly would tend to create a society filled with hypocrites and liars. Many people would suffer in their various situations and challenges they would encounter in fear of talking with others and expressing themselves. Hence many would suffer from extreme depression and strain that would have been curable if detected earlier through counseling and self-expression. Therefore, the majority would become unstable emotionally and adopt a particular way of life that would make them unproductive, unhappy, and lazy as many would tend to concentrate on recreational activities other than creative and productive jobs that would achieve high economic growth and development. References: Skinner, B.F. Walden Two, Macmillan Publishers, New York, 1948. Skinner, B.F. Alternative Psychology, Macmillan publishers, New York, 1953.
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The key underlying difference lies in the fact that Christians believe in Jesus embodying both divine and human forms, which makes him both God and human. However, Muslims believe that Jesus is not a God but rather chosen Allah’s prophet, similar to Muhammad. The first key point of the debate is centered around explaining the key difference and reasoning behind it, where James White argues that Christ has distinct and intertwined natures, such as divine and human. Whereas Abdullah Kunde begins his argument by identifying what god or Allah is and substantiates the point on Christ being a prophet and mere human with no godly properties, which makes him a separate entity from God (Sola Church). In other words, both sides have similar definitions of God, but Christians also attribute these divine properties to Jesus Christ, whereas Muslims separate these two beings. The second argument begins with White pointing out that both religions and their theological perspectives have similar definitions of the Creator of the universe. Both sides believe in the virgin birth, but Muslims deny the notion of incarnation. White argues that God chose to incarnate himself in Jesus Christ in order to experience and manifest in human existence and experience, which is why he was tired and need to eat, sleep, and drink (Sola Church). However, Kunde argues that incarnation did not take place and that it is incompatible with the idea and properties of God. Moreover, there were major disagreements on the idea of the Holy Trinity, which is rejected by Islam, whereas Christianity believes that each actor of the Trinity can act separately and at the same time work in unison to manifest the entirety of God. In addition, according to White, the notion of miracles performed by Christ is evidence of his divine nature, whereas Kunde states that Moses and other prophets also performed miracles, sometimes more impressive than of Jesus, which is why he claims that it does not prove Christ’s godhood (Sola Church). The third key point revolves around argumentations on whether or not God can become a human. White argues that Kunde God is all-mighty and all-capable, which is why it is in his grasp to manifest himself in human form and live human life while also preserving his divine nature, which is Jesus Christ (Sola Church). Kunde’s counterargument is centered around the essential properties of God outlines in Islam, where Allah’s manifestation in human form would contradict or eliminate some of his divine and unique properties, which is why he claims that there are major logical fallacies involved in such thinking (Sola Church). In other words, as soon as God becomes a human, he loses his properties, which no longer makes him as such, which makes Jesus Christ a mere human being. In conclusion, Christianity and Islam share a wide range of similarities in terms of the definition of godhood and understanding the unique role of Jesus Christ. However, Muslims reject the ideas of incarnation, the Holy Trinity, and Jesus having diving properties, whereas Christians uphold these concepts. Questions to White: 1. Why the concept of Trinity is not directly mentioned in the Testaments but rather based on conclusions of these two documents? 2. What makes Jesus different from other prophets, such as Moses, without accepting statements in the scriptures at their face value? Questions to Kunde: 1. If God cannot manifest Himself in a human being, does not it contradict his all-mighty and all capable nature? 2. If Jesus is a prophet, why are his teachings not as important as the teaching of Muhammad? Work Cited “James White vs Abdullah Kunde – Can God Become a Man?” YouTube , uploaded by Sola Church. 2011. Web.
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The tenure system is mainly applied to the senior level teachers such as professors and associate professors who reach such a position by publishing research materials, teachings and providing administrative services. Why do other Occupations not have Tenure In the case of occupations other than teaching, the employees are hired based on their education and knowledge of what they have learned in their college and universities and whether that knowledge and skills would be sufficient to perform that job. The employer is not sure whether the employee will further learn and move ahead in the organization and benefit the organization as the organization improves dynamically. Universities are not factories where machines are updated and changed along with the technology and hence the employees need to enhance their skills along the way, if they do not then the company will hire a competent person in their place to work. Hence the tenure does not apply to other occupations. (George, pg 14) In the case of other occupations like a manager or a coach, the employee receives a good compensation along with the package which has benefits like medical and educational benefits, which are not provided to the teachers. The employers know that the employee will not stay in the organization long if they have to move ahead in their careers. Hence tenure is not a good option where both the organization and the employees are looking for advancement monetarily. Why is there so much Opposition to Teachers Tenure The main reason for the opposition behind teachers’ tenure is a long time, almost like a lifetime job security which no other organization offers to its employees other the universities and college to its teachers. It is mainly because they want to retain the top level of educationalists in their institute as due to them the institution has name and fame. But since the process of pass for tenure is so simple that many teachers are granted tenure and make it possible for the unqualified teacher to be elected. Due to this reason, the students have to suffer as it is a tough thing to expel a tenured teacher, and the teacher can keep his or her job unless the fault is proven and the teacher is guilty. (A. Hermitt, 2007) Other than this the teacher can be biased or ruthless to the students. They may physically or verbally abuse students, which is not a behavior normally expected from parents and especially teachers. These teachers can like a student and dislike another and for this reason, they may grant extra and unjust marks to the well-liked student no matter how hard the other student works. These unjust behaviors from the teachers are the cause of opposition towards teachers’ tenure. Conclusion Teacher tenure is a way of protecting good teachers but it violates student’s rights alongside if the wrong teacher is selected. The solution for this could be to hire teachers on a fixed contract and offer them good pay and package; as low pay and package could be a reason for such misconduct towards students. The contract for good teachers can be renewed which will benefit both teachers and students. References 1. A.Hermitt. Is Teacher Tenure Fair to Students? (2007). 2. George, Richard T. De. Academic Freedom and Tenure – Ethical Issues . [Internet] Web.
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Introduction 2. Ebola Virus Disease as a Threat to Global Health 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Despite a broad system of developmental achievements in the field of healthcare, the modern world encounters severe health threats that impact various populations across the globe. The quality and security of people’s lives are measured by their health status and the ability to access high-quality care on demand. The disparity of populations and countries with different developmental statuses implies the varying levels of exposure to health threats, one of the most dangerous of which is infectious diseases. Global health depends on the contribution of all the countries of the world. Therefore, it is crucial to collect and analyze data concerning the most important global health issues to protect people and prevent adverse outcomes. In this paper, the populations impacted by Ebola and the measures to eliminate this disease are discussed. Ebola Virus Disease as a Threat to Global Health The modern world is exposed to a variety of viruses that develop and mutate endangering lives of millions of people. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most dangerous infectious illnesses, as recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Christian et al., 2017). This illness was discovered in 1976 when the first outbreaks of EVD emerged in African countries. The symptomatology of the disease is characterized by high body temperature, diarrhea, significant loss of fluid, and vomiting. The largest global outbreak of the disease occurred in 2013 and started in a Guinean village where a two-year-old child got ill and died (Varkey & Ribner, 2016). The disease rapidly spread among relatives and healthcare workers who interacted with the infected individuals and caused multiple deaths in West Africa, the United Kingdom, and Italy (Christian et al., 2017). This case has provided a basis for the global community of health care professionals and organizations to research the factors accompany EVD and the possible ways of treatment and prevention. As it is seen from the sources of EVD outbreaks, the populations that are most impacted by the disease are of lower socioeconomic status. The inhabitants of rural villages of West African countries, such as Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Congo, Uganda, Gabon, and others, were vastly impacted by the virus and were identified as the initial points of outbreaks (Varkey & Ribner, 2016). However, people who traveled to these countries and returned to the USA or Europe were also infected. This data implies that any individual of any population that establishes contact with those infected by the virus might be affected. People of various ages might suffer from serious symptoms of EVD. The illness is severe because it impacts the human immune system, spreads quickly, and causes multiple fatal cases. Although the information available to the healthcare workers and scientists about the Ebola virus is not sufficient, it has been possible to develop a system of preventative and treatment measures to address the issue of EVD on a global scale. The experience of treatment of patients who were hospitalized in Europe and the USA was much more successful than in West Africa. Eighty percent of all patients treated outside of West Africa survived (Trad et al., 2017). These facts show that the level of therapeutic and clinical preparedness of underdeveloped countries must be improved. Therefore, professional training and evidence-based practice should be fostered and vastly implemented in the countries that are most significantly exposed to the outbreak of the virus. Overall, globalization trends impose more frequent travels that endanger the global population in terms of infectious diseases. Apart from hospital preparedness, such measures as vaccination, infection control, and the improvement of patient care are implemented globally to enhance the prevention of EVD and ensure timely detection of separate cases of the illness (Varkey & Ribner, 2016). Nonetheless, more research and better safety measures are needed to be developed to recognize the inception of EVD better. As for the population to which I belong, the issue of EVD is researched and prevented by vaccination and a high level of safety and care of patients. Such measures allow for early recognition of any infectious disease. Also, informational strategies that provide public education on the topic of EVD and the sources of its threat help raise awareness of the problem. Lastly, healthcare professionals are always at a higher risk to be affected by a health problem than other people due to direct contact with infected people. Therefore, my professional field might be more impacted by the virus. However, practical clinical training is initiated across the country to address this threat. Conclusion In summation, global health is the issue of concern of all nations in the contemporary world of multinational and migrating societies. The problems of infectious disease which tend to be transmitted from an infected person to anyone contacting him or her are of great concern. EVD is one of the most dangerous illnesses since its outbreaks are unpredictable, and the symptoms damage the immune system and, in most cases, cause high mortality. The world healthcare community works to ensure global health safety by initiating vaccination, training of hospital staff, and improving patient care. References Christian, K. A., Iuliano, A. D., Uyeki, T. M., Mintz, E. D., Nichol, S. T., Rollin, P., … Arthur, R. R. (2017). What we are watching—Top global infectious disease threats, 2013-2016: An update from CDC’s Global Disease Detection Operations Center. Health Security, 15 (5), 453-462. Trad, M. A., Naughton, W., Yeung, A., Mazlin, L., O’Sullivan, M., Gilroy, N.,… & Stuart, R. L. (2017). Ebola virus disease: An update on current prevention and management strategies. Journal of Clinical Virology , 86 , 5-13. Varkey, J. B., & Ribner, B. S. (2016). Preparing for serious communicable diseases in the United States: What the Ebola virus epidemic has taught us. Microbiology Spectrum, 4 (3), 1-18.
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SmallBizMaster Classes you never thought would help in an online business Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Classes you never thought would help you in an online business 2. The three Rs: 3. Lies, Damn Lies, And … 4. Art: 5. Social Studies: Classes you never thought would help you in an online business Did you wonder why you had to suffer through most of the courses you took from kindergarten to the completion of your education? Do you remember the sense of joy with which you emptied your locker on the last day of school? Were you one of those kids who abandoned books, papers, pencils, extra clothes, and any recollection of the content of your classes the moment the semester was completed? Did you vow never to crack a book again, once you had your mortarboard? You are not alone. However, there were sound reasons for most if not all of your courses and you may find them remarkably useful when trying to start or grow a small business, even if you missed the memo back in school. Writing, reading, manipulating numbers, all should seem like rather obvious skills for a small independent businessperson. However, understanding statistics, using artistic principles, and grasping the import of current events are just a few of the additional competencies you will need as an entrepreneur. Let’s look at some of the classes that you never imagined would enter your consciousness again after you closed the textbook for the last time. The three Rs: It may seem so boring to hear this again, but everyone needs to know how to read. You need to be able to read analytically and critically. This means being able to summarize what is said, identify and articulate how the writer made their point or achieved their effect, and assess the quality of their arguments. These skills from literature and rhetoric class are the best defense against propaganda or scams, and allow you to identify where a speaker or writer is making an unsupportable assertion, rather than merely feeling uncomfortable with what is being contended without knowing why. Furthermore, you need to be able to persuade and influence others. Don’t you want them to purchase your product or servc9e? If anyone is going to have an impact using words, shouldn’t it be you? Whether mathematics was fun or terrifying to you, you will need it in business. Until you can hire someone to do all your quantitative thinking for you, you will need to be able to do the calculations involved in setting up and managing your enterprise. Figuring taxes involves math, but even deciding whether you owe taxes and how much involves calculating your income minus your expenses. If you took business math, you are ahead of the game. Lies, Damn Lies, And … The complexities of determining how successful you are and how to be more so may require a bit more than just math. You need to understand some basic statistics as well. Perhaps you have heard the humorist Evan Esar’s definition of statistics, “The science of producing unreliable facts from reliable figures. As a businessperson, you need to be able to understand what the data you observe imply. These days, as well, with Big Data as a hot commodity, you need to be able to assess whether a particular statistical measure is worth purchasing. Art: You may have wondered where you would ever use what you learned in History of Art, if you were lucky enough to take it. However, every time you update your business web page, you will need to use the principles of design. The same design ideas that make a classical painting pleasing and effective: balance, emphasis, movement, and so forth, make your web site and your marketing effective. Social Studies: Remember all that emphasis on current events? A businessperson has to keep current and spot trends in the news in order to anticipate and respond to the marketplace. Your ability to track and analyze news and trends could mean the difference between your capturing, or missing out on, important opportunities. Those fusty musty courses were doubtless a pain at the time. However, you will be pleased to have those skills under your belt and in your portfolio when you are trying to establish and grow your business.
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Why Should Books Not Be Censored Essay The written word has been an integral part of our lives almost from the very day we are born. As children yet to learn our ABC’s, parents read books to us as we lie tucked in bed. Taking us on wonderous journeys that feed our developing imagination. Even at these ages, picture books serve as highly important literacy tools for the developing brain. Later on, we learn the alphabet and the meaning of reading takes on a whole new meaning for us. Books are the tools by which we learn about the world around us and the world imagined by those with vivid storytelling powers. It serves as a portal to a world that, to others, seem unreachable for one reason or another. We can go all the way back to the beginning of time through the written word. Learning about the dinosaurs and their demise, the ice age and the development of man. As our comprehension skills develop over time, so do our reading abilities. We then veer away from the most basic of books and slowly develop and interest in a specific genre of writing. One that serves to feed our mind with information that we crave. It is this craving for knowledge and learning that is the main reason why I believe that books should never be censored for content nor topic. Books are a continuing part of a person’s lifetime quest for education. We all seek answers to our questions through books which then offer us a deeper understanding and insight into various topics that may or may not be taboo for our current society. The reality of the situation is that if a topic is considered taboo, the only reason it is so is because there is very understanding or a lack of knowledge about certain topics. In my opinion, those are not reason enough to censor books. Just because we may not agree with a certain writer’s views or method of writing does not mean that the story or educational content of a book is bad. Instead, books should be freely read by one and all. If there is truly a list of banned books, these lists should be burned and forgotten. For it is only by reading about the unknown and little understood that we shall become enlightened and better educated in the end. It is my belief that book censorship is a dictatorial way of controlling the way a person thinks, feels, and is educated. By telling us that we cannot read certain books, the message being delivered is that I am too stupid to judge written words for myself and therefore should only be allowed to read books within my level of understanding. That is why book censorship should be seen for what it actually is, a personal insult to the high intellect of mankind. Let us never forget that the First Amendment of our constitution guarantees that the written word shall never be censored as this is part of our right to freedom of speech as a people. If anything, book censorship should only be a personal choice, just everything else in this world. Nobody should have the power to infringe on my authority over myself. Only I have the option to choose to read a book or not. Self censorship of books? That I would support.
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Introduction 2. Changes That Slavery Brought 3. Crucial Role of Slavery 4. Positive Effects 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Slavery had a profound effect on people living in various parts of the USA, but some of the most important events and movements associated with it occurred in New York City. The essence of the slavery system was grounded in African American’s deficiency in comparison to white people. However, the analysis of slavery in New York allows doubting such an opinion. Blacks’ significance in the development of the city’s most critical systems, such as labor, race, and class divisions, makes it possible to conclude that the influence of slavery in New York was substantial. What is more, the effect was felt not only in white communities of New Yorkers but also in those of blacks. Changes That Slavery Brought The most important change that slavery brought about in New York was the establishment of the new economic system. The role of black labor in the city in 1626-1827 was considerable (Harris, 2003). The point was that slave labor played a pivotal role in the survival of the city. Manhattan relied on such labor more than any other part of the colonial North (Harris, 2003). The dependence became most prominent in the 18 th century, with the intention of the British to turn Manhattan into the main North American “slave port and economic center” (Harris, 2003, p. 11). As a result of such attempts, slave labor allowed increasing the city’s economy, as well as that of its suburbs. In rural regions adjacent to New York, slaves performed important agricultural duties, hence developing this dimension of economy. At the end of the 17 th century, the number of black inhabitants in New York was much larger than that in any other city of North America (Harris, 2003). In the 18 th century, as little as two cities – New Orleans and Charleston – outnumbered New York in the slave quantity. Crucial Role of Slavery Therefore, it is evident that the growing number of blacks in New York City played a crucial role in the development of industry and trade. However, there was another crucial aspect of slavery in New York, which fund its reflection in the evolution of such terms as ‘class’ and ‘race.’ The system of slavery in New York was the basis of these definitions. The notion of race as thIf people by categories established on physical differences appeared in the slavery period. Europeans, who attempted to classify various groups of people they colonized in different parts of the world, were the initiators of racial division (SenGupta, 2009). The primary purpose of slavery as such was to “secure” a labor force by making classes (Harris, 2003, p. 12). Thus, New Yorkers founded their working class on African slaves. The Dutch and the British, who brought African Americans to New York, inspired the citizens to consider that blacks were the only community fit to be slaves out of a variety of social groups inhabiting New York at the time. The application of racial ideologies that designated African Americans as secondary in importance compared to other groups led to the establishment of inequality among social groups of people in New York. Such an ideology has had a profound effect in the city both at the time of slavery and several centuries after it (Harris, 2003). Since Europeans spread the idea that blacks were the only ones deserving to be slaves, these people were doomed to worse treatment. Due to such opinions, even upon gaining freedom in 1827, New York African Americans did not gain equality. Positive Effects Still, there was also a positive effect of slavery on blacks living in New York. Due to constant pressure, unfair treatment, and bias, these individuals developed community institutions and initiated the emergence of indigenous leaders (Singer, 2008). Through their relentless hard work, resistance to subjugation, and establishment of communities and families, African Americans of New York City showed that Europeans’ claims of blacks’ racial inferiority had no ground (Harris, 2003). The institution that played a major role in the anti-slavery struggle was the black church. Attending black churches made African American slaves closer as a community and promoted literacy among people (Singer, 2008). Enslavement affected every sphere of blacks’ lives, but, as it appeared, it did not undermine African Americans’ opinion of themselves as a worthy race (Harris, 2003). Therefore, one can say that slavery in New York City served as a motive not only for racial division but also for people’s realization of their significance as a social group. Conclusion The effect of slavery in New York was multidimensional. First of all, slave labor allowed developing the economy of the city as well as areas surrounding it. Secondly, it became possible for New York to establish enhanced trade relations with various parts of the world. Thirdly, the institution of slavery gave a start to the definition of such essential notions as race and class. Although Europeans aimed at suppressing African Americans’ worthiness, they gained the opposite result. Under the circumstances of continuous pressure, black people united and formed as a spiritually and ethnically close group. References Harris, L. M. (2003) . In the shadow of slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863 . Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. SenGupta, G. (2009). From slavery to poverty: The racial origins of welfare in New York, 1840-1918 . New York, NY: New York University Press. Singer, A. J. (2008). New York and slavery: Time to teach the truth . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
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Variables Differentiation of the United States Army Thesis Every research work should be properly structured and have clearly stated objectives and research questions. In the formulation of the latter, it is also vital to consider the possible variables with which the research will operate to state the testable hypotheses to answer the research questions. Thus, in the current research on the processes in the development of the United States Army, it is also necessary to establish the classification of the variables observed in this organization and see their role in considering the testable hypotheses presented further. Variables Differentiation Dependant Variables (DV) Dependent variables are the factors that can only be assumed and depend upon the development o0f other factors, i. e. independent variables. Dependant variables have measured outcomes and can be easily traced by the change of independent variables (Roanoke, 2009). In respect to the US Army, the dependant variables include the desire to quit the service and the service satisfaction of the soldiers (US Military, 2009). The desire to quit is positively correlated with the independent variable of tenure that might be rather stressful. It is negatively correlated with the independent variable of payment. On the other hand, service satisfaction can be positively and negatively correlated with both payment and tenure. Independent Variables (IV) Independent variables are the factors that determine the dependant variables and do not rely on any other factor in their development. Independent variables help manipulate the dependant ones and serve as the stimuli for the latter (Roanoke, 2009). For the US Army, the independent variables include tenure and payment. They both can be positively correlated with the mentioned dependant variables if they offer either the improvement or worsening of service conditions, and can be negatively correlated if they offer the diverse perspectives for the dependant variables development (US Military, 2009). Moderating Variables (MV) The moderating variables are the exceptional or specific groups of factors that can display other results in respect of the influence of independent variables on the dependant ones. Thus, moderating variables can be called the intermediate link between the dependant and independent ones (Roanoke, 2009). In the US Army, the moderating variables can be the desire to quit or service satisfaction levels given the tenure and payment conditions, not for all soldiers but the married ones especially (US Military, 2009). Thus, specificity of the category of the MV might cause the slightly different dependant variable development for the category of soldiers taken as the moderating variable. Extraneous Variables (EV) Extraneous variables are used to represent the outside factors that might change the relations between the dependant and independent variables (Roanoke, 2009). For example, in the US Army, the desire to quit and service satisfaction levels can be differently affected by the independent variables of payment and tenure quality given the especially difficult economic conditions in the world on the whole and in the US in particular. In the situation when numbers of people lose their jobs over the bankruptcies of their companies, people might choose to stay in service even if they are somewhat dissatisfied with its conditions. In this case, economic conditions will be the extraneous variables for the US Army (US Military, 2009). Research Hypotheses Explanation Theory Accordingly, the testable hypotheses for the research will be formulated as follows: H1: Payment levels are positively correlated with service satisfaction in the US Army; H2: Tenure is positively correlated with service satisfaction in the US Army; H3: Tenure is negatively correlated with the desire to quit the service. From the theoretical point of view, all three hypotheses can be either confirmed or rejected by the research findings (Roanoke, 2009). However, the practical examples from the British Army (British Army, 2009), the organization similar in its principles to the US Army, prove that the hypotheses offered are correct. Examples To exemplify this point, the surveys carried out by the official site of the British Army report the majority of opinions (over 70%) to positively assess the correlation between the payment levels and service satisfaction (British Army, 2009). The tenure conditions are also reported to be rather positive and involving, which increases service satisfaction for 60% of the respondents and negatively correlates with the desire to quit for the same number of respondents (British Army, 2009). Therefore, if the hypotheses prove to be true for similarly structured British Army, the US Army research might also confirm the above-presented hypotheses. To conclude, the relations between the dependant and independent variables, and between both and the moderating and extraneous variables in the US Army allows making the hypotheses of the positive correlation between payment levels and positive tenure conditions and the service satisfaction, and about the negative correlation of the latter factors with the desire to quit the service. References 1. British Army. (2009). Official Web Site. 2. Roanoke. (2009). Thinking Like a Researcher. 3. US Military. (2009). Official Web Site.
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Study of the Concept of Thermoregulation Essay Thermoregulation is a self-sufficient process that allows animals to maintain their body temperature regardless of environmental conditions. It is a form of homeostasis that ensures the consistent temperature is maintained within an organism, ensuring the organ systems may operate normally. Organisms may be classified into endotherms and ectotherms, based on the ways in which they regulate internal body temperature. Endotherms utilize thermoregulation to keep a stable internal temperature regardless of their surroundings, whereas ectotherms depend on the environment for body heat (Morrison, 2016). Humans are endothermic organisms, which allows us to function throughout the year without major variations. Additionally, thermoregulation is part of the adaptation and resistance process that occurs within the human body in response to infections and other pathogens. The hypothalamus, in particular, is in charge of thermoregulation in the brain, alongside other crucial functions, despite constituting only around 1% of the total brain weight. The hypothalamus automatically transmits signals to the skin, glands, muscles, and organs if the temperature inside sufficiently exceeds or falls below 37 degrees Celsius. The body’s response to such signals often results in sweating, one of the most visible manifestations of the thermoregulation in the human body. Sweating allows the organism to cool itself, reducing heat through the process of liquid evaporation. When thermoregulation is disrupted, it affects a variety of organs and bodily systems on the level of essential physical well-being. The heart rhythm and blood circulation are often the first to be affected, as greater pressure is put on them in cases of accelerated internal body temperature. Intravascular volume depletion can occur in the circulatory system, and blood pressure is likely to increase (Hsu et al., 2017). The opposite scenarios of hypothermia are no less damaging for the organism, with ventricular fibrillation occurring in the cardiovascular system and reduced blood flow leading to nervous system failure. It is evident that proper thermoregulation is essential for the proper and healthy functioning of the human body on all levels. Severe variations of internal temperature from the norm, regardless of whether increased or decreased, might be extremely damaging to the condition of various organs. Furthermore, they tend to be a disease symptom, and may therefore be viewed as a signal with which one’s body demands urgent intervention. References Hsu, P., Liu, C., Song, A., Zhang, Z., Peng, Y., & Xie, J. et al. (2017). A dual-mode textile for human body radiative heating and cooling . Science Advances , 3 (11), e1700895. Web. Li, L., Wu, W., Chen, S., Gu, J., Li, X., & Song, H. et al. (2020). Digestive system involvement of novel coronavirus infection: Prevention and control infection from a gastroenterology perspective . Journal Of Digestive Diseases , 21 (4), 199-204. Web. Morrison, S. (2016). Central control of body temperature. F1000research , 5 , 880. Web. Rehfeld, A., Nylander, M., & Karnov, K. (2017). The Digestive System II: The Associated Organs. Compendium Of Histology , 475-493. Web.
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It left a print on the territory of Europe and USA and influenced social life of the whole Russian Empire. This event covered two revolutions rooted in Russia: the February Revolution and the October Revolution of 1917. Both of them appeared to be influential and global covering almost all the spheres of life and activities. The February Revolution a spontaneous movement concentrated around Petrograd. The effects of this event were suppressive though not so unbearable as those caused by the Bolshevik Revolution happened in October 1917. It gave a start to the communism spread fulfilled by the Bolsheviks or the Bolshevik Party. They represented the interests of the working class. The leader of the Revolution was Lenin whose actions were directed against Provisional Government which appeared to be ineffective. This revolution influenced social, political and economic relations in the society. In order to define the methods of revolution prevention it is important to stress its main causes: * Political insufficiency and backwardness covering weak position of the leadership; * Economic instability covering the whole Empire at that period; * Warlike relationships of the country with other lands and national participation in the war events. It can be seen that all the reasons for the revolutionary events are too global to solve them simultaneously. Nevertheless the weak position of the Provisional Government is considered to be one of the main causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The representatives of the Government could prevent the events of the revolution. They worked out wrong program to follow which was aimed against the interests of the society, to be more exact against the working class which contained the majority of the population. The first step was to improve the economical position of the Empire. Poor working conditions for people were followed by little salary. The government should have taken under control all the aspects of social life and invested more means into the working and living conditions of people to satisfy their needs and provide better general norms. The second step aimed at the revolution prevention concerns constant international conflicts of Russia Empire which made people live in the conditions of warrior atmosphere. Czar’s politics was aimed at personal interests’ satisfaction. The conditions for life were terrible because people had to live and work in constant fear of global war. The government should have worked out political strategies which could help to establish piece and stability in the country. Further on, Provisional Government had to take a row of labor reforms in order to avoid global conflict. It was necessary to find a half way with the leader of the Bolshevik Party and meet all possible requirements of the rebellions. Such position could help to avoid suffering losses caused by the Russian Revolution. The Government was to sign an agreement which would satisfy both parties. Thus, it was possible to prevent the events of the Russian Revolution which changed all the aspects of social life of that time. Bolshevik Revolution became the important event in the life of Russian Empire.
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Essay One of the things that make human life intriguing and to some extent captivating is the diversity and variation exhibited by various people as a result of their differing cultures, personalities and physical appearance. However, there are areas in life where being different may lead to some form of discrimination and therefore, disguising yourself to fit in with the rest presents the best chance for coexisting harmoniously with other community members. I have at various times in my life been forced to disguise myself so as to fit into a group. In this essay, I shall examine one such instance and articulate the advantages and disadvantages that spring from disguising myself. This will help me identify if a disguise does indeed reveal more than in hides. I have always viewed myself as a fashion conscious person and my taste in clothes and music attests to this. However, I am afraid of revealing my true personality; afraid to appear special by dressing up in a manner that is different from the other girls. I therefore wear the trendiest t-shirt and jeans or slacks and loafers in conformity with what my peers do. If I were to be true to my nature, I would dress up in fashionable dresses and shoes. However, dressing up like this would definitely make me stand out from the crowd hence having me labeled as a snob or even worse, being shunned by my classmates and friends. Therefore, if only for these reasons, I conform to the dress code of my peers. My disguise presents me with a number of advantages. The most significant benefit to me is that I avoid being stigmatized or bullied by my peers. This saves me from the rude remarks that I could be subjected to as a result of being different. As such, my emotional well being is guaranteed as I do not spend time defending who I am or dealing with the verbal insults from my peers. While this conditional acceptance by my friends is not ideal, I appreciate it as I have witnessed the effects that outright rejection by one’s peers can have on a girl. Despite the advantages that my disguise presents, I sometimes feel like a fraud for conforming to the standards of others. Having being brought up in a family where standing up for my beliefs is important, I feel like a failure for not being able do stand up for what I believe in. The effort that I have to put in as I pretend to actually enjoy the dressing code of my friends is also a lot and sometimes not worth the compensation that I receive in the form of my peer’s acceptance and association While my disguise does serve the primary objective of making me appear to fit in with the other girls, I sometimes get the feeling that my peers are not taken in by my pretense. While I can change my clothes, I can never get to change my attitude to the clothes that I am forced to wear. As such I end up despising the clothes and I cannot bring myself to show the enthusiasm that my peers have when we go for shopping. This has resulted in my peers viewing me with suspicion as they suspect that this is not who I am. My disguise therefore does not fully work since a close look will reveal clearly that I am not what I pretend to be. In this essay, I set out to give a scenario where I disguise whom I am so as to fit in with other society member. I have outlined the advantages that my attempts at fitting in present me with and the disadvantages from the same. From the discussion presented, it is clear that the disguise works but only to some extent. In my case, my disguise does hide more than it reveals but only to the casual observer. A keen observer will see more about me than if I did not bother to disguise myself in the first place.
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In the contemporary business world, the market is characterized by a very high level of competition. For any organization to succeed in such an environment, it must have effective inventory management systems. This ensures that the business is organized and that the customers are not faced with any shortage. As already noted, inventory control plays a pivotal role in determining the success of any business. The most successful businesses are usually characterized by an effective inventory control practices. This makes the business to be more organized hence promoting efficiency in business operations. One of the main advantages of inventory control in an organization is to ensure that there is an adequate inventory level, which maximizes the level of consumer satisfaction. Through inventory, an organization can avoid any shortages that may arise from inadequate inventory levels. Improved customer satisfaction leads to increased profitability in a business. In other words, inventory plays a pivotal role in determining the level of profits in an organization. This is because it significantly determines customer service levels in an organization. Through inventory control, it is easier for the management in making critical decisions. For instance, the long term inventory records will help the management in making some critical decisions in the areas of business expansion. The ABC inventory control system enables organizations to give individual stock keeping units different levels of inventory control depending on the level of importance (Hamlett 2011). Through the Pareto analysis, an organization can use the ABC system in classifying various items. There are several advantages of using the ABC system of inventory control. The ABC system of inventory control offers an organization more control over the inventories that are in the store. For the companies that apply the annual costs of goods sold in their ADC, classification tends to store less of the A-class items and more of the B and C class items that have a relatively lower annual cost of goods sold (Hamlett 2011). Through the application of the Pareto law, an organization can cut down on its costs. For instance, an organization can be able to reduce the level of security stocks with time and also negotiate with its suppliers for reduced prices. This helps in reducing the overall operational costs hence increasing the profit margins. ABC system helps an organization to keep the right mix of the inventory at the best levels. For instance, an organization can use customer demand as its basis for its analysis. This helps in determining the most feasible item mix that will satisfy the customers. This promotes the level of customer satisfaction hence promoting the success of an organization. In some cases, an organization may face periods of shortages. This may arise from an unpredictable increase in demand. Since it is not possible to just produce instantly, when this happens it leads to shortages. To overcome such problems, an organization needs to have security or buffer stock. Security stock helps an organization to mitigate any shortage that may arise due to uncertainties in demand and supply. Just-in-time is one of the methods which have been recently applied intensively by several organizations in their effort to minimize costs. The concept of just-in-time ensures that the supplies reach the firm at the exact time when they are needed (Broyles 2005). By reducing wastage, an organization can enhance value in its operations. Just-in-time system has significantly helped many organizations in improving their competitive advantages, especially in the contemporary competitive business world. Reference List Broyles, D. (2005). Just-In-Time Inventory Management Strategy & Lean Manufacturing. Web. Hamlett, K. (2011). The Advantages of the ABC System of Inventory Control. Web.
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The Teachings of Sikh Report Sikhism began way back in the 16th century in India by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. It was responsible for establishing the religion. Guru Nanak advanced the ideology of devotion, and put an emphasis on the importance of giving priority to God. In this respect, Sikh refers to a ‘disciple.’ Additionally, it also refers to people who subscribe to the teachings of Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of Sikh. Today, 2% of all the Indians in the world practice Sikhism. Sikhs teachings about the four Gurus include the teachings about Guru Nanak. He is explained as the founder of the religion who lived in the period of 1469-1539. He had mastered Punjabi, Persian and Sanskrit. Additionally, he has revolted against caste, hypocrisy, ritualism and the practice of idolatry. He moved throughout India and spoke against the sacrifice of widows, empty rituals of religion, and the caste system. The second teaching of Guru is about Guru Angad who lived in the period 1539-1552. He is said to have introduced the Gurumukhi, which is the written equivalent of Punjabi. He is taught as a model of self-less service to other Sikhs. They say, he had also emphasized on devoted prayers (Willard, Oxtoby & Amore 45). The other teaching in Gurus is the teaching of Guru Amar Das. As it is known, he lived from 1479, and played a big role in fighting against the restrictions of the caste system. He developed a system where people of different economic levels could share meals together. He pushed for social equality amongst the people. The forth teachings were those of Guru Ram Das. He is the founder of the city of Amritsar. He also initiated a myriad of activities that resulted in the construction of the famous Golden Temple at Amritsar. The Golden temple is famously referred to as Sikh’s holy city of the Sikhs (Owen & Sambhi 44). All in all, the teachings of the four Gurus points out that the Sikhs faith was much against the caste system, and social inequality. The Gurus established their principles of an equal society. The religion is established on the need for equality in the society. Works Cited Owen, Sambhi. The Sikhs: their religious beliefs and practices , New York: Sussex Academic Press, 1995. Print. Willard, Oxtoby. World Religions: Eastern Traditions . London: Oxford, 2010. Print.
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I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The poem interpretation and the place of nature 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Emily Dickinson is the outstanding American poet of the XIX century. Her poems represent the invaluable part of the world literature heritage. Although the most part of her compositions are devoted to the themes of death and immorality, the theme of nature also takes an important part in her poems. The aim of this essay is to analyze the poem I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed and to define the place of Nature in its plot. The poem interpretation and the place of nature The poem I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed is one of the most beautiful compositions of Emily Dickinson. Undoubtedly, the poem has a symbolic meaning. The poet describes her spiritual stance associating it with the stance of alcohol intoxication. The poem is about the soul stance. Dickinson expresses how the nature gets her lift. “Inebriate of air am I, And debauchee of dew, Reeling, through endless summer days, From inns of molten blue” (Dickinson n.pag.). These words show that not about actual alcohol intoxication she says but rather about the “intoxication” from nature, the fresh air and the blue sky. Every line of the poem gives you a perception of what a beautiful day the poet describes. You imagine the fine weather, the bright sun rays and a blue sky. The poem eulogizes the nature. Its life-asserting lines make you feel inspired. The role of nature in the poem is also obvious in the third stanza. “When the landlord turn the drunken bee Out of the foxglove’s door, When butterflies renounce their drams, I shall but drink the more!” (Dickinson n.pag.). She revealed in nature and the summer day. She gets emotionally involved with nature and its beauty. The bees and butterflies inspire her and she feels “drunk” because of them. In the last stanza, we get to know that she experiences these emotions while looking out of the window. And she tells that she will continue “drinking” the nature until seraphim and saints do not interrupt her (Dickinson n.pag.). The scholars argue that Emily Dickinson created her own unique style which is characterized by its elliptical language and symbolism (“Emily Dickinson” n.pag.). “But it is possible that Emily being drunk on summer is a metaphor for her being intoxicated by the realisation of her poetic genius, so that the poem would be more properly titled ‘ The Wine of Poetry .’(“Emily Dickinson” n.pag.). Overall, the Nature takes the central place in the poem I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed . The main theme of the poem is the influence of nature on the poet feelings and spiritual stance. Conclusion In order to sum up all above mentioned, it should be said that the Nature plays an important role in the poem I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed by Emily Dickinson. The poem has a symbolic meaning and a lot of metaphors can be found in its lines. The poet describes her spiritual and emotional stance when she looks out of the window in a beautiful summer day. Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. “I taste a Liquor Never Brewed”. 15 May 2001. Poemhunter.com. Web. https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/i-taste-a-liquor-never-brewed/ “Emily Dickinson Poems”. n.d. Poetryfoundation.org. Web. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emily-dickinson “Emily Dickinson was twenty on 10 December 1850. There are 5 of her poems surviving from 1850-4” n.d. PDF file. 25 October 2013. http://www.emilydickinsonpoems.org/Emily_Dickinson_commentary.pdf
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