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The Importance of Communicating a Vision to the followers. Essay A vision can be loosely defined as the detailed mental image of things to come. Possessing a vision is paramount for any organization since it gives a sense of purpose and meaning to the organization members. As such, it is imperative that in any setting there be a leader who comes up with a future plan and then steer his followers towards its achievement. This paper sets out to emphasize the importance of not only having a vision but also effectively communicating the same to the followers for the good of the organization. Visions are often formulated by an individual or a group of people towards a specific purpose. As such, the visions may be highly personalized and may not necessarily conform to the desires of the majority. As a leader, it is important to communicate such visions to the followers and convince them as to the need to embark on the proposals since it is the followers who will determine the success of the vision (Gill, 2006). This will act as a source of motivation and morale in their day to day activities. Communication of a vision is a key step in establishing the character of the leader to the followers. The traits a leader posses determines the level of cooperation they receive from their followers Communicating a vision to the followers gives them a glimpse of what to expect from you as a leader and they judge you by the principles that govern your actions (Cartwright & Baldwin, 2007). Personal character traits such as self confidence, honesty and trust can only be seen through their actions and ability to communicate with others. According to Palmer (2008) sharing a vision of the future reassures the followers of better days ahead. In addition to this, it provides meaning and a sense of belong to the followers and other stakeholders as they deem themselves as part of something greater. A shared vision inspires and motivates them to aim higher and employ extra effort so as to actualize the vision and make a significant difference in their own capacities. This in turn acts as a unifying factor and creates a sense of community between them. In addition to this, communication of visions provides the followers with a theme of change or transformation. This is important especially in cases where a seamless transition is desirable. At the same time, the visions also help followers to understand what is expected of them and this helps them make reform and become more innovative. Sharing the visions also assist in developing and shaping the culture of the organization. This is because a shared vision if embraced by all develops a life of its own and becomes part of the organization. This improves interactivity between members and they develop common values and beliefs as they all set target towards a common goal. Gill (2006), further asserts that sharing of a vision with the followers equips them with referenced framework on how to actualize the same. For a vision to become reality there needs to be rules and regulations which act as guidelines to all members. Communicating these to the followers smoothen the implementation process making it easier to achieve the set goals and objectives because every member receives clear directives on how to go about actualizing a particular vision. This paper set out to highlight the reasons as to why it is important to communicate visions to the followers. From the above discussion, it can be authoritatively asserted that communication of a vision to the followers may mark the difference between a successful and a failed vision. Therefore for any organization’s visions to become a reality, it is imperative that these points be taken into consideration for the benefit of both the leader and the followers in their quest for achieving organizational goals and objectives. References Cartwright, T. & Baldwin, D. (2007). Communicating Your Vision . Center for Creative Leadership. Gill,R.(2006). Theory and practice of leadership. USA: Sage. Palmer,E,R.(2008). Ultimate leadership: winning execution strategies for your situation . USA:Wharton School Publishing.
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The Standard for Program Management Essay Summary The given document delves into the basic peculiarities of program management. It can be defined as the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and multiple methods to a program to meet its requirements with the primary aim to generate benefits that are not available if to manage projects individually or utilizing just a single approach. The paper reveals central components of program management that are needed to accomplish tasks efficiently and attain improved results. At the same time, all these elements are interconnected by the common outcome that is expected and specific goals that should be achieved due to the cooperation between different departments. Moreover, there is a detailed description of program management performance domains that should be considered to attain desired outcomes and ensure that organizations basic elements function in the appropriate way. These domains include program governance, program strategy alignment, program benefits management, program stakeholder engagement, and program lifecycle management. The enhanced understanding of these domains role in companies and the utilization of the most efficient practices related to the organization of their functioning are fundamental aspects of program management. The document also reveals elements of the organizational strategy that are necessary for the final success and the rise of diverse units. Touching upon every domain in detail, the work contributes to the improved understanding of the central peculiarities of the discussed approach and multiple opportunities for its integration with the existing organizations. Finally, relations between all these domains and their components as the most important factors determining the final result of companies functioning and their outcomes are described. For this reason, the document contributes to the improved comprehension of program management and its potential regarding the modern business environment. Five Takeaways First of all, the discussed document contributes to a better understanding of the fact that the modern business environment demands the combined approach that encompasses all possible tools and methods to achieve a particular goal and create the basis for the further evolution of the company. Under these conditions, program management becomes a key to successful decision-making and strategic planning concerning the further growth of the organization and its development. The fact is that the given approach presupposes the use of all available tools, methods, and skills to guarantee that the existing needs are assessed, and all demanded conditions for their fulfillment are created. In such a way, it becomes the most appropriate way to work with organizations. Another important thing that I learned from the document is the interdependence of different fields of knowledge related to the companys management. It means that the program management can be successful only if it is introduced regarding the existing organizational strategy, its portfolio, and projects peculiarities. These elements create a particular entity that should be cultivated with the primary aim to succeed. The discussed work outlines the relations between these aspects and their components that interact creating a certain business environment that should be beneficial for the future evolution of the company and it is becoming a leader in a market segment. This idea is fundamental for successful management and positive outcomes. The third fact is the existence of five program management performance domains that play a fundamental role in the functioning of organizations. First of all, they encompass all vital elements of the company, its activities, functions, goals, and shareholders. Consideration of the state of these domains is critical for the improved outcomes and the ability to facilitate the rise of the organization and create the competitive advantage that will be utilized to win the rivalry and guarantee a leading position in the market. At the same time, working with these domains demands high levels of competence from program managers because of their complex structure and increased sophistication. The next important thing is the ability to focus on the key program stakeholders that contribute to the development of various projects by participating in multiple activities or sponsoring them. These are program sponsors, governance board, managers, team members, and groups responsible for funding and performance. These shareholders efficient and aligned functioning promotes the future development of the company and its becoming a powerful actor. For this reason, it is critical to introduce the efficient shareholders engagement planning to ensure their ability to interact with the primary aim to achieve existing long and short-term goals and create the basis for excellence. Conclusion Finally, the central task of the program manager is to ensure that the functioning of the company is organized in a way that contributes to the realization of programs objectives and benefits. It can be attained by monitoring the shareholders engagement and interaction of the five central domains described above. At the same time, program managers should review the work of organizations regularly to be able to recognize a potentially problematic issue to introduce a timely and efficient solution that will help to eliminate the cause for the emergence of the undesired state. In such a way, program management becomes a key to future successes and achievements.
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Impressionist Paintings for Office Interior Design Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Impressionist Paintings 3. Post-Impressionist Paintings 4. References Introduction To add to the offices’ design and interiors and to create a positive atmosphere and effective working environments in new offices, it is reasonable to choose Impressionist paintings by Claude Monet and Alfred Sisley because they reflect transparency and visible brushwork typical for Impressionism and Post-Impressionist paintings by Vincent van Gogh, Robert Pinchon, and Maximilien Luce. Impressionist Paintings The first work to choose for the office is the replica of Claude Monet’s Impression, Sunrise (1872). The painting is a vivid example of Impressionism because this work demonstrates such elements of the style as transparency and focus on brushwork. Impression, Sunrise presents the sunrise scene at the harbor of Le Havre in France, which is depicted in light blue colors and tones. The rising red sun is reflected in the mild blue waters of the harbor, and it is possible to feel the freshness of the air. This painting can be placed in the offices’ reception halls where interiors are made in dark blue colors. Impression, Sunrise is considered to be historically significant because the whole movement is named after the painting was exhibited. The painting fits the company’s corporate image because it provides the associations with calmness and freshness, and it creates the specific ‘impression’ of the company’s ‘fresh’ approach to work. Claude Monet’s Reflections of Clouds on the Water-Lily Pond (1920) presents the complex play of the natural light while depicting the water-lily pond in white and blue tones. The painting is characterized by avoiding strict forms and by using loose brush strokes. The work is historically significant because it is the part of the artist’s prominent series of paintings depicted water lilies, and these paintings are discussed as vivid examples of Impressionism (Sayre, 2012, p. 92). The painting should be placed in the offices’ reception halls designed in dark blue colors to make necessary accents. The work emphasizes the company’s image as the ‘transparent’ organization with a delicate approach to complex decisions. Alfred Sisley’s Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne (1872) should be selected because the painting provides the strong effect of the bright sunlight. The brushwork is visible, and the play of light is rather impressive to depict such an ordinary object as a bridge and nearby houses. The painting is very light and demonstrates the sunshine weather. This painting can be placed in the large offices’ halls where there are sofas for clients to create a positive atmosphere and warmness. The work is historically significant because it demonstrates how Impressionists used the light effects to present ordinary objects (Walther, 2010, p. 110). Moreover, the painting can add to creating the corporate image because of providing the impression of warmth and openness as the strategy to work with clients. Post-Impressionist Paintings Vincent van Gogh’s A Meadow in the Mountains: Le Mas de Saint-Paul (1889) is painted in vivid colors typical for Post-Impressionism, and it depicts the bright green wheat meadows, woods, and cypress trees with the bright blue background representing mountains. The work can be discussed as historically significant because it was painted while the painter was in the asylum. The painting illustrates the vividness of nature and accentuates the concept of freedom. The painting is relevant to be used in the managers’ offices where the interiors are rather dark to put the necessary accents. The painting celebrates the beauty of life and nature, and it should be presented in the companies’ offices to emphasize the employees’ motivation and orientation to higher, ‘brighter’ achievements. Robert Pinchon’s La Seine à Rouen au crépuscule (1905) is a good example of Post-Impressionist art because the bridge scene is made in vivid tones of blue colors to accentuate the water’s expressiveness and brightness. The painting demonstrates the strong stone bridge in blue and grey tones, and it should be placed in the offices’ halls to make accents on the dark blue and grey walls. The painting is historically significant because it is the work of the artist famous for his magic and bright landscapes. The painting fits the company’s image because it accentuates the strength of the corporate principles and ethics, similar to the strength of the stone bridge. Maximilien Luce’s Montmartre, de la rue Cortot, vue vers saint-denis (1900) is the perfect example of Post-Impressionism because the painting represents the panorama of the town with the help of small visible brush strokes and bright intensive red and green colors. The historical significance of the painting is in the fact that it was made at the culminating stage of the development of Post-Impressionism by the artist who combined the elements of Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Neo-Impressionism (Bolton, 2003, p. 111-115). The painting is rather sunshine, and it can be placed in the rooms for communicating with clients because it reflects the company’s strategy to open horizons and to focus on the large perspective while noticing the smallest details as it is represented with the help of the artist’s prominent brushwork. References Bolton, L. (2003). Post impressionists . Chicago: Heinemann Library. Sayre, H. M. (2012). The humanities: culture, continuity & change . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Walther, I. F. (2010). Impressionist art, 1860-1920 . Köln: Taschen.
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Madam C. J. Walker’s Personality by Jung and Myers–Briggs Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Jung’s Theoretical Approach 3. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Carl Jung’s theory of personality is among the most common approaches to personality studies. The theory argued that there are certain types of personality that affect the way people feel, think, and behave. Jung’s writings became the foundation of later typologies of personality. In particular, Jungian theory appealed to Myers-Briggs, who built on it to develop the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality instrument. This instrument is widely used in modern psychology and sociology. The MBTI, as well as Jungian theory, provides a useful insight into the personality and allows for a better understanding of people’s motivations and behaviors. The present paper will apply Jung’s theory of personality and the MBTI to Madame C. J. Walker, a famous African American entrepreneur, with the goal of discussing both approaches to personality studies. Jung’s Theoretical Approach Jung’s theory is rather broad and encompasses various aspects of psychoanalysis. According to Engler (2013), Jung believed that personality is a network of interacting systems, which include the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The interactions between these systems affected the person’s psychological types. Psychological types, in turn, included three sets of dichotomous attitudes and functions. The two possible attitudes defined by Jung were extraversion and introversion, whereas the functions included sensation and intuition, as well as thinking and feeling (Engler, 2013). Based on this typology, it is possible to examine Madame C. J. Walker from the perspective of Jung’s theoretical approach. First of all, Madame C. J. Walker was extroversive rather than introversive. Extroverts, in Jungian theory, are people whose psyche is oriented outward (Cloninger, 2013). They are usually good at communication and are comfortable in the company of other people. The first set of functions os sensation and intuition. Sensors, by Jung, tend to use facts and rely on their senses, whereas intuitive personalities look for relationships and meanings (Engler, 2013). Here, Madame C. J. Walker appears to be a sensor, as she had to rely on concrete data to be more successful in business. However, it is difficult to assess this function based on historical information alone. The last functions are thinking and feeling. Given Walker’s altruism and experience in social activism, it is most likely that she felt strongly for disadvantaged people and thus had a more developed feeling function. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) The MBTI typology instrument is largely based on Carl Jung’s theory and seeks to place people into one of the 16 personality types based on their attitudes and functions. The MBTI includes the attitudes and functions listed by Jung, while also adding a judging/perceiving domain. Thus, there are 16 combinations of attitudes and functions, representing 16 personality types. The main advantages of the MBTI are that it is easy to use and accessible both to the public and to professionals. It also appears to be rather accurate. For instance, Madame C. J. Walker could probably be described as ESFJ, which reflects an extroversive, sensory, feeling, and judging personality. This personality type is consistent with her professional life, as well as her activism in social and political matters. However, the MBTI has some drawbacks. As noted by Myers (2016), while Jung’s personality types were rather broad and allowed for individuation, the MBTI types are rigid and fail to account for individual differences between people, as well as for changes in certain traits or functions over time. The setting in which Madame C. J. Walker lived presented numerous ethical issues that would have affected the use of MBTI. First of all, racial discrimination and sexism were still prevalent at the time. Thus, using personality typology extensively could have created more difficulties for specific groups of people. Also, the security of information was a significant ethical concern at the time. Today, testing can be done online. In Walker’s time, however, the use of manual testing would create opportunities for misuse of personal information. Based on the information above, the MBTI has certain disadvantages. First of all, it does not allow for sufficient individuation and attempts to place people in rigid personality types rather than act as a guideline for explaining human behavior (Myers, 2016). Moreover, the use of this tool at Walker’s time would be affected by the contemporary ethical issues. Therefore, using it to assess the personality of this historical figure is inefficient. Although Madame C. J. Walker appears to be an ESFJ personality type, this might not be accurate because the MBTI does not take into account the changes to her character and personality that occurred over time, instead of focusing on the general image. Using the instrument for assessing living persons would ensure its reliability and efficacy. Conclusion Overall, Jung’s theory of personality provides useful insight into people’s behaviors and attitudes. This theory is rather broad and allows to view people individually, improving the reliability of the analysis. The MBTI, on the other hand, has many drawbacks and does not help to explain individual differences among people. Therefore, using the instrument for assessing a historical figure is inefficient and unreliable. References Cloninger, S. (2013). Theories of personality: Understanding persons (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Myers, S. (2016). Myers-Briggs typology and Jungian individuation. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 61 (3), 289-308.
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Specimen Preparation for Analysis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Preparation of Specimens for Analysis 3. The Assessment of Test and Sample Appropriateness 4. The Ways of Handling of Unsatisfactory Samples 5. Pathological Conditions and Principles Used for Their Diagnosis 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction One of the major objectives of Al-Rahba hospital’s laboratories is to eliminate the inappropriate specimen collection since it may have an adverse impact on the patients’ wellbeing. If a specimen is not prepared in the correct way, a patient may be prescribed unsuitable treatment, which may lead to health deterioration. Therefore, Al-Rahba laboratories do their best to arrange appropriate specimen collection so as to provide their customers with the best treatment outcomes. Preparation of Specimens for Analysis The initial step of proper preparation of specimens is their correct collection. Further, upon arrival to the laboratory, each sample needs to contain a properly filled request form (1). The suitability of specimens is analyzed according to several factors that may be identified during pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic processes. Based on the following four factors, laboratory specialists decide whether to accept or reject specimens: * issues with specimen labeling; * requisitioning problems; * integrity issues regarding specimens; * result integrity problems. The Assessment of Test and Sample Appropriateness Laboratory workers need to evaluate whether the samples are suitable for analysis based on such factors as patient identification, proper transportation, and, most importantly, the specimens themselves (2). The following factors indicate that specimen should not be accepted: * a sample is not labeled and does not provide appropriate patient identification; * a specimen is mislabeled and provides incorrect identification; * a sample type or container is inappropriate; * the quantity of gathered material is insufficient; * specimens are leaking, clotted, or heavily hemolyzed; * sample transportation is not proper; * a request form is not filled in correctly (time or date of collection is wrong); * there is some inconsistency between the sample and request form labels; * there has been a laboratory accident. The Ways of Handling of Unsatisfactory Samples The first thing that laboratory specialists need to do when they notice an unsatisfactory sample establishes the place where discrepancy occurred. Further, they either confirm or check sample requirements by applying a suitable policy. The next step is contacting the doctor or nurse in charge and informing them that there is a deficiency in the sample. The physician or nurse should tell the laboratory technician what measures should be taken. There may be a request to redraw the sample or submit a request form in an appropriate way. In case if a new sample is needed, the original specimen request has to be annulled. The re-order process has to be registered under a new laboratory accession number. When the second sample of a different kind is needed to carry out a requisition, the technologist should inform the responsible physician or nurse about the missing sample. In such a case, the test is removed from the requisition. In the request form, it is necessary to include data about the notified person as well as the cause of the deletion. The deleted test has to be re-ordered after the arrival of a new sample. If a requisition does not match the sample, it is necessary to contact the nursing station so that its representative would come to the laboratory and make relevant corrections. Pathological Conditions and Principles Used for Their Diagnosis One of the pathological conditions routinely diagnosed in the Al-Rahba hematology laboratory is malaria. The equipment needed for such an analysis includes pre-cleaned slides (for capillary blood) or tubes (for venous blood), methanol for fixing the film, and a microscope for identification of the types of malaria parasites (3). The first thing needed to be done is the preparation of a blood smear. Next, the technologist uses malaria antigen screening. Such antigen test helps to observe antigens released by the parasite in the patient’s blood. There are two common types of antigens: HRP2 (Histidine-rich protein 2) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). To perform an antigen test, a lab worker locates a drop of blood at the end of the test that is covered with a test buffer solvent. When blood moves up the test strip, the parasite antigen is caught by the antibody. When this antigen connects with another antibody joined to colloidal gold, there will be a positive bond indicated on the test. Another pathological condition that is frequently diagnosed in our laboratory is anemia. The equipment used for the analysis of blood on anemia is the same as for malaria tests. A laboratory specialist prepares blood smears and then uses them to identify anemia in the patient’s blood. The most typical way of checking the blood for anemia is a test called a complete blood count (CBC) (4). With the help of this test, a lab technician can check the patient’s hematocrit and hemoglobin, low levels of which signify anemia. Hematocrit is the ratio of red cells in the blood. Hemoglobin is the iron-rich protein molecule carrying oxygen to body tissues. Conclusion Appropriate preparation of specimens for analysis in a laboratory is crucial to any hospital’s work. In Al-Rahba, particular attention is paid to sample preparation measures. If a specimen is not appropriate, there is a list of policies to follow in order to eliminate the possibility of false results. References 1. Health Authority of Abu Dhabi. HAAD clinical laboratory standards. Abu-Dhabi: HAAD; 2011. 2. Hill RH, Finster DC. Laboratory safety for chemistry students. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2016. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory diagnosis of malaria: preparation of blood smears. . Bethesda (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Web. 4. Buttarello M. Laboratory diagnosis of anemia: are the old and new red cell parameters useful in classification and treatment, how? Int J Lab Hem 2016; 38(Suppl S1): 123-132.
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The Purpose and Features of Marketing Channels Analytical Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Distribution 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction A distribution channel is typically perceived as a path in which both goods and services move or flow in one direction, while the payments flows to the other end (from consumer to the seller). Marketing channels refers to diverse activities apposite for moving ownership of products from one point to the point of either production or consumption. The purpose of marketing channels is to link diverse market players such as sellers and buyer. Concerning the distribution aspects of Ralph Lauren it is evident that the distribution channels are intricately correlated to their marketing strategies. This can be linked to the fact that they do employ well developed marketing channels in order to attain their objectives. The manner they advertise and promote their products illustrates that they have a vibrant distribution links. More so, by managing to have their products in other different outlets illustrates that the marketing strategies as well as the distribution are compactly linked. It ought to be noted that Ralph Lauren is distributed in all leading outlets (Stern, 2006). Thus if the marketing strategies are flawed this cannot be effective. Consider that through well developed promotional programs this product is sold across all states. Thus, the core features of the firm’s distribution and marketing policies are connected to selling the brand aggressively and effectively. Distribution Therefore, the organizations objectives are centrally allied to maximizing the current value of their total gains. This objective has been attained by developing a solid and distinctive competency in regard to market evaluation and distribution strategies. Also the financial concept has been considered in order to handle the challenges of competition effectively. Despite that the organization though facing stiff competition has established effective market balance. The purpose of this measure is to ascertain that her essential products are not competing at the similar variables with the rivals (Perreault, 2008). Thus, through well articulated distribution policies the firms has established measures of ascertaining they have new outlets as well as emerging markets. The policy has thus proved to be effective and beneficial to the firm’s objectives in regard to distribution (Lancaster,2000). More so, another essential feature associated with the firm’s distribution strategies concerns the product line objectives. The scope of this measure also plays a central role in enhancing the organizations products as well as market share in regard to distribution. It ought to be noted that the organization core objectives is to have less expenses and a greater income margin. Therefore, the incorporation of product lines have provided the firm with new outlets which are lessening the time and cost of distribution (Kotler,2000). Therefore, the distribution strategies as established by this organization touches on distribution opportunities. This is due to the reason that distribution offers diverse chances which touches on marketing mix. Hence, this has resulted in the organization moving beyond the conventional distribution and logistical approach to enhanced marketing programs. Conclusion Therefore, in regard to the spirit of competition the organization has well developed activities tied to demonstration, promotion and placement objectives. Basically, this has propelled the firm to distribute her products through diverse outlets due to its strategic distribution and marketing agendas. Despite that retailing position has also been exploited in order to make distribution and marketing effective. And this includes establishing diverse distribution channels to handle diverse commodities (Dent, 2008). References Dent,J.(2008) Distribution Channels .NY: Kogan. Kotler,P.(2000) Marketing Management .NY:Prentice-Hall. Lancaster, G.(2000) Essentials of Marketing .NY:McGraw-Hill. Perreault, W. (2008) A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach .NY: McGraw-Hill. Stern, W. (2006) Marketing Channels .NY: Prentice-Hall.
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Death Types in Criminal Investigation Research Paper The four types of death are the four key classes in which death can happen that a pathologist will try to find when he or she is examining the dead. A natural death is a type of death when the body stops to function of its own consensus or if there are justifying health factors such as incurable disease, heart disease or similar, which would result in death. A murder is the taking of one person’s life by another person by way of a pre-considered murder (Adcock & Chancellor, 2013). The term pre-considered means to have intentionally premeditated and performed the murder of another person mercilessly while trying to escape being arrested by the law enforcement. An accidental death is the demise of a person that does not fall under any of the three other categories – homicide, natural death, and suicide. Unintentional demise can sometimes be homicide – a murder but based on an instinctive display of fierceness towards other people (Adcock & Chancellor, 2013). Similarly, accidental death can also be considered a death by mishap. This means that the object has passed away fortuitously either while doing something forbidden or by taking risks that would represent a threat to their lives. A lot of sports contestants have deceased during the life-threatening sports events and their deaths have been characterized as death by mishap because of the risky nature of their activities (Adcock & Chancellor, 2013). Suicide is a cautious taking of an individual’s own life as a result of an unbearable emotional suffering frequently caused by misery and depression. Suicide cannot be classified as an accidental or a natural death merely for the reason that the individual has got down to a strategy that would end with their own certain demise (Adcock & Chancellor, 2013). Typically, this would happen by the means of a medication overdose, the wounding of one’s wrists to encourage an uncontainable act of bleeding, or firmly stepping out to get hit by a moving car. The crucial aspect that law enforcement agency uses to categorize the type of death is evidence, the examination of the body, the proceedings that caused the individual’s demise, and eyewitness reports (Frances, 2012). One supplementary feature that the police should accumulate for a death study are the probable motivations that people may have in wishing a human being deceased. Before the death has been considered a murder, it may complement the evidence concerning the thinkable reasons of why a person may be trying to cover the important information about the demise of the individual. There are two types of homicide – definite and plausible. Speaking of the definite murders, the major part of fierce or apprehensive deaths that can be seen in the historical log can be categorized definitely as murders or non-murders (Frances, 2012). In most examples, the law enforcement agents were certain that a murder had been committed, and the evidence is convincing. There are also plausible murders, where there is a high probability that most of the residual cases of alleged or testified homicides were also murders. The police were certain that a murder had been committed, and the indications are considerable. These cases are characterized as plausible. Cases were also categorized as plausible if a single, unconcealed statement of a murder was shown in a trusted local paper, for the reason that such statements were habitually sustained if supplementary evidence was presented (Frances, 2012). One of the most obvious reasons for examining a death case in contrast to other categories of misconducts is that there might not even be an act of breaking the law connected to the death. It may have been ordinary reasons or misfortune that triggered an individual’s death. It may also be that someone may just arrange it in a specific way to escape with their lawbreaking. One more difference is that the category of decease is not overtly superficial when utmost crimes are really easy to say that it was a theft or the consuming of narcotic substances prohibited by the law (Adcock & Chancellor, 2013). Correspondingly, a case that involves death may necessitate more labor force than the majority of other categories of cases because of the gravity of the crime. The objective and key process of a preliminary death investigation are to find out and specify how the individual really died and if it meets the requirements of a homicide. If it does, it will require being investigated to find the criminal. Unintentional death and natural death both underline that there was no crime involved in death by any other party. Suicide is still illegal in some states and is considered a crime. On the other hand, if it were an assisted suicide, the individual that committed the suicide would not be penalized as they had passed away. All the deaths should be thoroughly investigated (Adcock & Chancellor, 2013). One of the main aspects that may impact the medical inspection and autopsy in death investigations is the environment. Environmental evaluation, together with temperature, wind conditions, central heating or refrigeration systems, and dampness must be performed at a death scene so that the influence of the environment on a deceased can be recognized (Adcock & Chancellor, 2013). The evaluation as well takes into consideration the types of fabric and jewelry. This data may be required to assist in stating the time a person was last seen alive. References Adcock, J. M., & Chancellor, A. S. (2013). Death Investigations . Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Frances, R. (2012). Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Fatality: Comparing the United States with Other High-Income Countries. Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health, 2012 , 180-181. Web.
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Alienation Social Problem Analysis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The term alienation in its broader sense means separating or disassociating a person from his attachments in unfriendly manner. In social perspective, it means eliminating the harmony that a person has with his social being. Alienation according to Karl Marx’s theory means separating the man from his social or human nature brought about by the capitalist nature of labor (Wood. 1987). It is a more political as well as economic and social approach that describes the challenges of man in losing control of his life through capitalism. On religious perspective, Karl Marx describes alienation as God’s seizure of human life such that man has no control of himself, yet man seeks to find happiness from religion which is just illusionary and incapable of solving human suffering. Discussion Contemporary sociologists have expressed alienation as the loss of control in life of the individual, making him becomes powerless, socially isolated and self estranged. In labor context, the person losses control of his work, see his work as meaningless and he fails to understand himself well as a worker. This means that the social aspect of the human nature is violated making an individual view his work as meaningless. Marx’s theory of alienation tends to express division of labor as problem that usurps man control of his human nature. Under this division of labor, Marx notes exploitation of man by the capitalists and identifies four elements that encompass economic alienation namely; alienation of man from product of his labor, alienation of man from production, alienation of man from the species human, and alienation of man from other men (wood, 1987). In alienation of man from product of his labor, the case of objectification comes in with the objects being produced by man being taken away from him by the capitalist, sold and the benefit goes to the capitalist. Thus man has no control on what he produces or application of his labor, which is viewed as a commodity. Alienation of man from production process means that man denounces himself and immerses his whole self into production activity with no fulfillment of his human creativity. In other words, man just works to eke a living and he only feels being himself when not working. The alienation of man from species-being according to wood (1987), is the basis of all other forms of alienation as production of objects/commodities through a production process and in association with other human being proves the man’s human potential. Deprivation of this species-being leaves man working in a robotic form as the only way he can be viewed important by the capitalist and his human nature is ignored. Alienation from other men means that the relationship of man with other social beings is only related to the work but social human part of it is taken away by the capitalist. Conclusion The solution to this problem according to Karl Marx is communism. He suggests removal of the private property ownership and stresses the creation of universal freedom. in this communism, social planning should be enforced whereby all individuals have jointly participate in planning and decision making about production and distribution of products with a more community oriented perspective. He argues that communism brings about humanism, and negation of private property ensures human emancipation and rehabilitation leading to a human society (Lowy, 2003). However, on religion alienation, Karl Marx calls for atheism as a humanism solution that allows man to have more control of his life. References Lowy, M. (2003). The theory of revolution in the young Marx . Bolton: Brill. Wood, J. C. (1987). Karl Marx’s economics: critical assessments . New York: Routledge.
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Social-Cultural Forces in Australia Report According to the data provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012), the population of Australia is 22, 485.300 people. Its average growth rate is 1.5 percent (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012a, unpaged).The following table will describe the age structure of the Australian population. Age group 0-14 years 15-64 years 65 years and older Percentage 18,9% 67.5% 13.6% (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b, unpaged) It should be noted that the percentage of men and women differs depending upon the age group. For instance, if one takes people whose age ranges between 15-19, the percentage of males and females remains equal (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b, unpaged). However, the number of women increases if one looks at older age groups, especially those people who are older than 65 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b, unpaged). In 2010, more than 19 million Australian people lived in family households, and it is 88 percent of the total population (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c, unpaged). In turn, only 2 million people lived alone. So, the fast-food companies should note that the majority of their customers will be people who live in families. This table describes the family structure of Australian population. Type of Family Couple families without children Couple families with dependent children Couple families with non-dependent children One-parent families with dependent children One-parent families with non-dependent children The number of families and number of people 2 553 000 families, 2 289 000 families, 525 000 families, 1 791 000 people 555.000 families, 324 000 families, 5 185 000 people 9 472 000 people 1 636 people 727 000 people (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c, unpaged). Therefore, fast-food delivery companies should focus on couple families having dependent children because this is the largest segment of the population. Furthermore, it should be noted that in 2010 the average disposable income for a single person was $848 a week (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d, unpaged). However, in Australia the income level depends on the location where a person lives. For instance, in Tasmania, the weekly income is significantly below the average. Furthermore, it is important to speak about the changes in education level. For example, in 2011, 57 percent had non-school qualification (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012e, unpaged). In comparison with 2001, their number has increased by 10 percent. There are about 8.4 million people who have more an Advanced Diploma (A.D) or a higher degree (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012e, unpaged). These people can be more aware about the importance of good eating habits. Occupational statistics is also very important for companies. Currently, 45% of Australian workers are women, and this percentage has dramatically increased over the last three decades. In August 2012, approximately, 8,071 people had full-time employment, while 3.425,700 were employed only part of the time (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012f, unpaged). The population of Australia can be divided into three ethnic groups, namely white people who make up 92 percent, Asians (7 percent) and indigenous people who are in the minority (Index Mundi 2012, unpaged). The most populated regions of the country are New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012a, unpaged). In turn, the least populated areas are Tasmania and Northern Territory. The most important social factor is the change of people’s values and attitudes. Many Australian buyers have become more concerned with the quality of food and its effects on health (IBISWorld 2012, p. 6). As a rule, they pay more attention to their eating habits. Australians are more likely to prefer food that is beneficial for their health, even if it is more expensive. These are the most important social trends. References Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012a, 2011 Census Edition — Preliminary. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b, 3201.0 – Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories . Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c, Family Characteristics, Australia, 2009-10 . Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d, Household Income and Income Distribution, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012e, Education and Work: Attainment . Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012f, 6202.0 – Labour Force, Australia. IBISWorld 2012, Health kick: An influx of healthier food options drives industry growth via IBISWorld databse. Index Mundi 2012, Australia Demographics Profile 2012 .
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United States and the Second World War Essay (Critical Writing) The two-volume compilation by Jonson Michael offers a varied collection of voices from the country’s past. Documents 25-1 and 25-3 provide important information regarding the position of the US in the Second World War. The articles accentuate significant issues as regards to social, political, and economic themes of the US during the Second World War. In article 25-1, Johnson claims that the US was forced to join the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Consequently, Germany declared war on the US after four days. The Japanese officials had been taking American officials on a ride by claiming that there was no need of diplomatic relations between the two states. After analysis, it was discovered that the Japanese had planned the attack even before tricking Americans to believe that they were not willing to attack American residents. The head of state, Roosevelt, expressed his disappointments by claiming that the attack would always remain in the American faces. Document 25-3 summarizes some of the tribulations that the Jews experienced under Hitler. The Nazi anti-Semitism was felt in the American public. The Nazi regime had persecuted many Jews since 1930s according to Varian Fry. The articles present a clear understanding of what was happening at the time America was attacked by the Japanese. According to article 25-1, the attack on the Pearl Harbor was one of the reasons that forced the US to join the war. The American constitution stipulates that the congress should approve the budget to provide the government with funds to respond to external aggression. The head of state has powers to declare war as per the prerogative powers granted to him or her by the law. This is according to the John Locke’s theory of emergency powers. Roosevelt had to declare war in order to safeguard the integrity and sovereignty of the American people. Japan could have utilized the chance to interfere with American activities in case the president decided to keep quiet. Furthermore, the US could have lost its position in the international system if it had not responded militarily. The articles explain the interests of any sovereign state in the international system. In the international system, states exist according to the Hobbestian state of nature. In the state of nature, human beings are brutal and nasty. There is no Leviathan in the international system that is charged with the responsibility of ensuring peace. Germany under Hitler advocated for atrocities in order to achieve state interests. Japan decided to attack the US to achieve its national interests that is, greatness. The US on the other hand could not sit back and watch Japan intimidate its citizens. It had to act immediately to restore its glory. The articles can therefore be applied to understand the position of the US during the Second World War. Conversely, article 25-1 suggests that the US attacked Japan mainly because of the Pearl Harbor attack. This is not true since there were other underlying issues that encouraged the US to assault Japan. The main issue was related to ideological difference. Article 25-1 claims that Germany declared war on the US as one way of showing solidarity to its allies. The truth is that Germany was not happy with the way the US related with Britain and France. The US had granted $14,281 to European powers, including Britain and France. Furthermore, President Roosevelt had declared that the US had to attack German ship seen in the eastern Atlantic. Technically, the US had already entered the Atlantic War. As regards to article 25-1, the US could have attacked Japan or any other communist state as one way of showing military and technological strength. The US was against communist ideologies propagated by Japan and its allies.
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Communication and Collaboration During Learning Essay Table of Contents 1. Hypothetical Study Proposal 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Hypothetical Study Proposal Language literacy assessment is undergoing certain changes throughout the decades. The changes occur due to the shifts in the way literacy is defined and understood (Leu et al. 1). In addition to the skills that are seen as conventional (alphabetic recognition, reading skills, and comprehension skills), new competencies gain more attention (Nusche 839). These novel competencies include “ways of thinking” (innovation, metacognition, and learning to learn), “ways of working” (collaboration), “tools for working” (ICT literacy), and “living in the world” (citizenship and social responsibility) (Nusche 839). Students are taught to be fully integrated into society and employ all the instruments and opportunities the world has to offer. Therefore, it is critical to include these aspects in the assessment of children’s learning as this will enhance their further academic experience. The present study will concentrate on the benefits of integration of visual codes and collaborative work to reading and comprehension skills assessment. The primary focus will be on learners’ ability to communicate and collaborate while performing tasks. The questions guiding this study can be formulated as follows: 1. Does the use of visual clues enhance students’ comprehension and collaboration? 2. How effectively does collaboration enhance students’ comprehension skills and overall learning experience? 3. How do collaborative activities affect students’ motivation? Main body The subjects of this study will be second graders, and their reading and comprehension skills will be assessed. The assessment will consist of two phases, individual and collaborative. During the individual phase, learners will receive a passage and a set of visuals depicting the events described in the text. The students will place the visuals in order and cross out an odd picture. As soon as a child is ready, they submit their papers and receive another task (not related to the assessment). When all students have completed individual tasks, that are timed, the collaborative phase starts. The teacher divides students into groups depending on the pace at which they have worked and its correctness. Students complete a similar task they performed individually. Learners receive a text they should read, and they are also given several pictures they should put into the correct order. Students collaborate when placing pictures, and there are some odd cards they need to exclude. The teacher may ask explicit and inferential questions to help students to cope with the task (Dubeck and Gove 320). Lookbacks (looking for some clues in the text) should be encouraged. The students then present their text and retell the story. They are instructed to tell the story together instead of delegating one member of the group to do it. Conclusion This assessment will reveal learners’ reading and comprehension skills, as well as their ability to collaborate. In order to improve the performance of the students, an intervention similar to the one described above will be developed. Learners will receive passages and sets of visuals with two odd pictures. The increased number of misleading visuals will enhance students’ collaborative efforts. Another type of work that can be beneficial is the involvement of parents. Learners will be given similar tasks to complete at home with their parents, which will positively affect the development of the necessary skills and improve parental engagement. Works Cited Dubeck, Margaret M., and Amber Gove. “The Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA): Its Theoretical Foundation, Purpose, and Limitations.” International Journal of Educational Development , vol. 40, 2015, pp. 315-322. Leu, Donald J., et al. “New Literacies: A Dual-Level Theory of the Changing Nature of Literacy, Instruction, and Assessment”. Journal of Education , vol. 197, no. 2, 2017, pp. 1-18. Nusche, Deborah. “Student Assessment and Its Relationship with Curriculum, Teaching and Learning in the Twenty-First Century.” Cultural Theory: An Anthology , edited by Dominic Wyse et al., SAGE, 2015, pp. 838-852.
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Mental Psychology and Motivation Essay Table of Contents 1. Mental Rotation 2. Mental Scanning 3. Findings on Genie 4. Goals and Motivation 5. References The mental rotation is the ability to rotate the two-dimensional mental representations. The state of the mind rotation must be the same as the visual contact. In other words, one can have visual objects and quickly rotate them in the human mind to form a different pattern or image. Mental Rotation The experiment proved that mental images are like pictures. Pictures have the characteristics of three-dimensional objects. Images in the head have the same qualities, even when they are two-dimensional (Reisberg, 2013). Mental rotation is the art of the brain moving objects so that one can understand what they are and classify them according to their origin and location. It is the way the mind recognizes objects in the environment. One has to make a mental image of an object in mind (Reisberg, 2013). The mind rotates that object mentally until one can reach a comparison for the object. Once the comparison is complete, one has to decide if the objects are alike or if they differ. It is then time to report the decision (Reisberg, 2013). Other experiments include the work of Shepard, Chipman, Finke, and Pinker. Smith and Schwartz also concluded their findings. Mental Scanning Mental scanning supports the depictive theory of imagery (Reisberg, 2013. Stephen Kosslyn and others developed the idea of the mind images about the fictional pictures (Reisberg, 2013). People would mentally draw a fictional map, including all the landmarks (Beauvais, 2013). Therefore, it proved that the typical results of the mental scanning experiment supported the idea that mental images are like pictures. Other researchers and analysts got interested in the findings and continued with the experiments. Most of the results proved that the initial findings were correct (Capriotti, 2013). Martha Farah did another research with the agnosia visual patients. Due to their brain damage, they could not answer some questions on image generation. The results illustrated that the patients were good at image rotation and scanning. They supported the same idea. Shepard and Chipman also found out that one could draw a picture from memory (Capriotti, 2013). Findings on Genie Genie’s story is one that gives the best example of learning a language. She heard a few words from her father (Abello-Contesse, 2008). She also could recognize the sound of music from a piano and an airplane’s sound. It shows that experience and environment are critical to a learner’s ability to grasp speech at a young age. Nurture is more important for language acquisition than nature. The fact that she had a family did not make her a good speaker (Du, 2010). Adoption cases prove that children can quickly adapt to the accent of their foster parents because it is the environment they relate to at that time (Du, 2010). Goals and Motivation Goals put realistic expectations on the behavior of individuals because of understanding what one needs to do to achieve them. They improve motivation and morale (Deckers, 2014). Goals also assure a measure of success because of their design. They motivate individuals to work hard towards that success (Deckers, 2014). One can achieve the goals if he or she works on them systematically by simplifying them. If there is no achievement, individuals and groups develop low self-esteem (Deckers, 2014). It is advisable that the costs should produce considerable benefits to organizations and individuals. It encourages people to keep supporting the goal by incurring the cost that leads to the achievement of the goal. References Abello-Contesse, C. (2008). Age and the critical period hypothesis. English Language Teaching Journal , 63 (2), 170-172. doi:10.1093/elt/ccn072. Beauvais, F. (2013). Quantum-like interferences of experimenter’s mental states: Application to “Paradoxical” results in physiology. Neuroquantology , 11 (2), 100-120. doi:10.14704/nq.2013.11.2.656. Capriotti, G. (2013). Visions, mental images, real pictures. The mystical experience and the artistic patronage of sister battista da varano. Interkerkelijke Omroep Nederland , 6 , 213-224. doi:10.1484/j.ikon.5.102950 Deckers, L. (2014). Motivation: Biological, psychological, and environmental (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-61081-5. Du, L. (2010). Assess the critical period hypothesis in second language acquisition. English Language Teaching , 3 (2). doi:10.5539/elt.v3n2p219 Reisberg, D. (2013). Cognition: Exploring the science of the mind (5th ed.). New York, NY: Norton and Company.
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This food borne infection is a major public health concern and a significant amount of government spending is spent as an effort to help contain it. A substantive percentage of population succumbs to the effects of Salmonellosis. Some government institutions have so far been very successful in containing human Salmonellosis whereas others are still grappling with its effects on human population. Presently, there are at least 2500 known serotypes of Salmonella . In the last decade of the 20 th Century, there emerged strains of Salmonella , which exhibited signs of resistance to a range of antibiotics. This has up to date remained a public health concern. The resistance has been attributed to use of the antibiotics in humans and animals where it is principally used in human husbandry. Human Salmonellosis has developed resistance to a variety of antimicrobials (Falkow and Kennedy, 2001). This is a real health scare because antibiotics that were considered as first choice agents can no longer be relied on. Human Salmonellosis is primarily contracted after consumption of contaminated food from animal origin. However, green vegetables that have been contaminated by manure can also aid in its transmission. Serotypes that have specific host spectrum can be very invasive and life threatening when they cause disease in humans. However, most serotypes boast a broad host spectrum. These cause gastroenteritis, a condition that can be very critical to those with weakened immunity. Human Salmonellosis can also cause blood stream infection. Control Strategies Human Salmonellosis can be treated by using a group of antimicrobials known as fluoroquinolones. However, they are only used for optimal treatment purposes. These antimicrobials are fairly inexpensive, are effective and are easily absorbed. Cephalosporin that is administered through injection is used with children having severe human Salmonellosis as opposed to quinolones. As substitutes, ampicillin and chloramphenicol can be used sometimes. Resistance to Drugs Over the years, Salmonella has developed resistance to antimicrobials and this has been caused by mutations in the bacteria’s DNA. This resistance is transferred to other bacterial strains by transfer of bacterial DNA. Multidrug resistance is normally transferred through bacterial plasmid. Resistance was not witnessed when fluoroquinolones were first administered to humans. However, upon administration to animals, resistant was encountered. This subsequently spread to humans (WHO, 1998). Evolution of serotypes Evolution of Salmonella serotypes has been seen for the past 30 years. The most recent epidemic has been caused by Salmonella enteritidis . This caused health scare in many European countries (Ewald, 1994). It has since slightly declined. However, Salmonella typhimurium has re-emerged as the principal serotype of human Salmonellosis. The consequences of resistance in terms of human health Antimicrobial agents that are used to treat human Salmonellosis affect the intestines and expose them to hosts of infections. Antimicrobial agents used in treating upper respiratory tract infections expose users to risk of Salmonella infection. To control drug resistant Salmonella , it is advisable that the use of antimicrobial agents is reduced. This curbs further contamination by drug resistant Salmonella . Steps that can be taken slow down evolution of antibiotic resistance It is advisable that people only use antibiotics when they have to. Antibiotics should not be used in infections that are not bacterial. The course of treatment has to be completed. In essence, all antimicrobials given by the physician must be used as directed. Livestock should not be fed with antibiotics if the war on antibiotic resistance is to be won. Reference List Ewald, P.W. (1994). Evolution of Infectious Disease . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Falkow, S. and Kennedy, D. (2001). Antibiotics, Animals, and People—Again! Science , 291: 397. WHO (World Health Organization). (1998). Use of Quinolones in Food animals and Potential Impact on Human Health . Geneva, Switzerland: W.H.O.
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Stereotypes and Their Adverse Effects on Individuals Essay A stereotype otherwise known as a cliché is particularly a view or a representation of a particular group. It could still be a largely upheld but fixed idea or image of a certain kind of thing or a person. The most rampant types of stereotypes are racial, national, and sexual orientation. Generally, stereotypes are all over the places of work, entertainment, and residence. For instance, upon taking a closer look at the media, it is agreeable that television writers establish their personality or character easily and quickly. In the field of crime dramas regarding criminals and police officers, people have many stereotypes (Heatherton, Kleck, and Hebl, 253). For instance, police officers employ any means necessary legal or illegitimate, in order to detain a criminal. On the other end, criminals do not have regard for life even if it is theirs or that of others and hail from areas with poor social backgrounds. This paper will seek to provide the effects of stereotypes. Of late, it has come understandable that stereotyping an individual brings about very adverse and consequently long lasting effects on the life of that individual. Furthermore, documented evidence reveals that, in students, stereotypes result to severe effects such as poor performance especially in those subjects where they experience negative labels or characterization (Gunter, Oates, and Blades, 58). Female students perform poorly in mathematics mainly because they view this subject as corresponding to male students. A research carried out by the psychology students from the University of Toronto established that those who undergo negative prejudices tend to have lingering adverse effects to an extend that even when they are no longer in a situation where they experienced these negative stereotypes, the impacts of coping with such situation remains (Sadker and Silber, 53). Given the fact that stereotyping an individual or a group end up producing negative effects, it becomes very easy for one to make wrong judgments. With reference to social psychologists, stereotypes lead to adverse psychological impacts. Based on the aspect of an individual’s inner self, stereotypes affect people with a huge margin, which may in turn result to life long effects. Ideally, stereotyping leads to loss of a person’s self-esteem particularly described as emotional damage (Sadker and Silber, 66). In this case, it is very important to note that, a stereotype that causes emotional damage could extend its effects to death depending on the person who does the stereotyping. This is with regard to a new research that found out that loss of self-esteem due to police and judge stereotyping a person for an offence he or she did not commit could trouble the accused to death. Similarly, effects on the person who does the stereotyping can be as severe as well. The person could be wrong and, for instance, employ the wrong person thus causing loss of value for the position allocated. Additionally, stereotyping can make someone lose everything the other has to offer and in the process lock the mind for any new possibilities (Heatherton, Kleck, and Hebl, 260). In conclusion, stereotypes and their threats are indeed pervasive, and they can pose significant challenges. In cases where people evaluation is done according to their gender or race, stereotypes play an immense role on the outcome of their performance. The fact that stereotyping paints women as defenseless and possible victims of crime affects female officers psychologically (Gunter, Oates, and Blades, 76). As such, they may end up quitting their positions, and those not already in the force may never regard law enforcement as a potential job opportunity. Still on the point of women, they are portrayed as less competent in the field of physics hence end up performing poorly due to just stereotypes. In order to put an end to these stereotypes, people must tune their actions, thoughts, and senses away from negative labeling as their effects are of no essence. Works Cited Gunter, Barrie, Oates, Caroline, and Blades, Mark. Advertising to Children on TV: Content, Impact, and Regulation. New York: Routledge, 2004. Print. Heatherton, Todd, Kleck, Robert, and Hebl, Michelle. The Social Psychology of Stigma . New York: Guilford Press, 2003. Print. Sadker, David and Silber, Ellen. Gender in the Classroom: Foundations, Skills, Methods, and Strategies across the Curriculum . New York: Routledge, 2006. Print
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XCEL Study Program’s Impact on Student Success Coursework Student success is defined as high academic performance of the student in the corresponding disciplines and high results in the test provided. Student success will be measured with the help of several instruments: students’ scores and ratings, their satisfaction with their studies and academic outcomes, results of the test. The hypothesis can be formulated as follows: The XCEL study program improves student success. Method Students of the local colleges who have completed and have not had the XCEL program will take part. Junior students and sophomores will participate. The students will be chosen randomly on the basis of the college lists of students. The students will be addressed via emails. The research will also be announced through the colleges’ media and leaflets. Such characteristics as gender or ethnicity will not be taken into account. There are chances that some students may fail to complete the survey correctly and, in that case, the data will not be included into the survey. Materials: The participants will complete questionnaires and complete a short test. At the stage of sampling, electronic databases containing college student lists will be utilized. All the necessary permissions will be obtained. Procedure: The independent variable in this study is participants’ age and participation in the XCEL study program. Dependent variables are participants’ scores and ratings, results of the test, their satisfaction with studies and academic outcomes. The participants will have limited time to do the test after they complete questionnaires that will include around 25 questions of different types. Thus, students first complete questionnaires and after that they get a test. Scientific Method The scientific method consists of six major steps (Trochim, Donnelly & Arora, 2015). First, the researchers formulates the research question. Then, the researcher implements sophisticated research to obtain the necessary background knowledge. The next step involved development of the hypothesis. After that, the researcher tests the hypothesis through the experiment. Then, the data obtained are analyzed and the researcher draws conclusions. Finally, the researcher reports about the research and its results. If the stages were completed in the wrong order, the research would be unreliable. For instance, if the data were collected before formulating the question, they could turn out inappropriate as the researcher could extract irrelevant data and miss the data that are crucial for the research. Starting analysis before completion of data collection is likely to make the results erroneous and statistically irrelevant. Of course, it is impossible to draw conclusions when the data are not collected yet as conclusions need justification and evidence, which is impossible to obtain without analyzing (and, of course, collecting) data. The scientific method enables the researcher to complete the research in a concise manner. Following the steps of the scientific method, the researcher can avoid inconsistencies and errors (Rubin & Babbie, 2015). Any research is prone to bias and researchers have to minimize the risks (Passer, 2014). One possible error can occur in the present research. Students’ diligence is not take into account. Nonetheless, it can have quite a serious affect as it is clear that students could be more hardworking while completing the XCEL study program and can be less diligent when studying at college. Hence, questions identifying students’ motivation should be included in the questionnaires. Students who complete the XCEL study program at a certain level (only high results) will take part in the research. Reference List Passer, M. (2014). Research methods . New York, NY: Worth. Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (2015). Empowerment series: Essential research methods for social work . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Trochim, W., Donnelly, J., & Arora, K. (2015). Research methods: The essential knowledge base . Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
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Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Essay According to the definition provided by Doyle & Keogh (2008), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, but a potentially threatening to life reaction, which occurs as a result of prescribing a neuroleptic medication. In the majority of instances, such an idiosyncratic reaction occurs after the administration of a medication such as Haloperidol, which is a typical antipsychotic. NMS occurs in only 0.2% to 1% of patients, which were prescribed to take either first or second-generation antipsychotics. In 10% of cases, the syndrome can be fatal; furthermore, in some cases, it has been diagnosed in patients after twenty years of medical treatment (Halter, 2014). Symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome include reduced state of consciousness, increased the rigidity of muscles, as well as autonomic dysfunction (drooling, tachypnea, labile hypertension, tremor, elevated white blood cell count, urinary inconsistency, elevated pulse, and other symptoms). Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is multi-dimensional; not only does it include pharmacological interventions, but symptomatic management can also be resolved using symptomatic management, for example, pyrexia is also reduced with a cooling blanket or a fan (Doyle & Keogh, 2008). On the other hand, early diagnosis is one of the most effective methods for dealing with NMS, although it can be limited by the lack of evident muscle rigidity. Therefore, nurses should be aware of the key symptoms and diagnose them as soon as possible. Pharmacological interventions used for treating neuroleptic malignant syndrome are associated with the administration of Bromocriptine (in mild cases) and Dantrolene (intravenous, in severe cases) (Halter, 2014). In cases when the patient has the fever, paracetamol is prescribed. As mentioned by Doyle & Keogh (2008), ECT has also proven to evoke a rapid response and improve the underlying psychiatric condition. Because neuroleptic malignant syndrome is idiosyncratic in nature, it is complicated for nurses to accurately predict its development and implement a timely prevention intervention. Nursing care in cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome consists not only of body temperature management. Nurses also conduct routine observations that are carefully documented; if any abnormalities are observed, a nurse reports them to a responsible practitioner (Doyle & Keogh, 2008). Apart from observations and temperature management, nurses assist NMS patients with their everyday activities and help them regain confidence in reality orientation in cases of confusion and overall altered mental status. Dehydration is also managed by the administration of intravenous fluids while nutritional support is conducted through assistance in eating and drinking if the patient experiences an altered mental status. In typical cases of NMS, the syndrome usually lasts from five to seven days after the administration of the drug has been discontinued. If depot antipsychotics have been used, the syndrome may last longer than seven days. Therefore, patients with a recorded history of neuroleptic malignant syndrome are not recommended to go through an antipsychotic therapy and should rather be prescribed alternative methods of treatment such as the administration of benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, and lithium (Doyle & Keogh, 2008). As nurses, we are responsible for monitoring patients for any signs of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome to prevent the condition from developing and negatively impacting patients’ health. It is crucial to mention that the syndrome calls for a multi-dimensional approach, which includes both pharmacological and symptom management interventions. To conclude, the symptoms of the syndrome should be carefully monitored and, if necessary, addressed. References Halter, M. (2014). Varcarolis’ Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing: A clinical approach (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Inc. Keogh, B., & Doyle, L. (2008). Psychopharmacological adverse effects. Mental Health Practice , 11 (6), 28-30.
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A Nurse Overcoming Challenging Situation Essay Introduction An opportunity to transform personal professional skills for the better due to the experience gained is an important aspect in any profession. Nursing is an area where employees face difficult situations and often face ambiguous choices, which prompts specialists in this field to not only adapt to hard working conditions but also self-develop. Regarding my individual practice, I happened to experience a situation that influenced my further professional priorities significantly and, in many respects, determined the nature of my attitude to emerging problems and the worldview in general. Main Text As a volunteer nurse at Howard University Hospital’s Oncology clinic, I witnessed a conflict that changed my perception of many values and life challenges. During the second week of work, I watched one of the patients waiting for his turn for an infusion inquired from another nurse about the reasons for the delay in the procedure. After receiving an answer that one of the machines was out of order, the man in a wheelchair made a scandal and was extremely dissatisfied with such work of the medical staff. The situation worsened after the nurse heard an alarm in one of the wards and was forced to leave her post, which angered the patient even more. His conviction that the employees of the clinic refused to give him proper attention turned into a rage, and the situation was extremely tense. Despite the patient’s anger, I decided to do my best to smooth out the conflict. When approaching the man, I tried to reason with him and calm him down, which, nevertheless, did not produce the desired effect. I knelt beside his wheelchair and listened attentively to his angry exclamations, nodding and agreeing periodically. Not seeing an aggressive response from me, the patient began to calm down, and in the end, he apologized for his behavior. However, what struck me most was his life situation, which prompted a flash of rage in him. The man was extremely depressed as he was undergoing a 4-stage cancer treatment while his wife was collecting documents for a divorce. When seeing what frustration the patient was in, I apologized to him, but I was also on the verge of a nervous breakdown. The story was extremely sad, but the man gradually came to his senses and thanked me for participating. Conclusion After this incident, I began to relate differently to the problems of other people, and my worldview changed significantly. I realized that one could not judge the behavior and actions of a person without knowing his or her personal life path. Recently, I have understood that no matter how difficult and ambiguous the situation I would be in, I should adhere to my moral principles and prevent aggression since life is a series of difficult choices. Challenges provide an opportunity to gain experiences that, in turn, are accumulated and allow treating problems more neutrally. In addition, nursing as a field of medicine is an area in which self-sacrifice and participation play important roles and form the professionalism of employees. It has become easier for me to work in groups and be involved in collaborative interventions because such projects are less stressful. I have stopped being distracted by minor challenges and concentrated on my individual growth as a specialist in the field that makes it possible for people with health problems to relive their difficulties easier.
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Photography Ethics, Reliability, and Principles Essay When a photographer needs to choose between making a good or striking photo and helping people in danger, it is important to stay a person and a protector of human rights and try to help those people. Following the ideas of Paula Gortazar, it is possible to state that a photographer should not violate the norms of morality in order to make a good or esthetically effective shot (Gortazar par. 6). The article published in The Guardian presents the opinions of photographers who made ethically controversial shots representing violence. According to the photographers’ words, they often feel guilty when they choose to take a picture instead of helping a struggling man (“The Bystanders”). In this context, it is important to state that photographers should always put the man’s life and safety as the priority, and they should avoid taking pictures if a man’s life in danger. Thus, it is important to act ethically in those situations when the esthetical nature of the shot is rather questioned because of the context of the situation. From this point, is a photographer who sees everyone suffering from violence, it is important to take actions in order to help a person because there are many other ways to take striking pictures. However, while referring to a photographer as a reporter of real-life situations, it is significant to determine the border of the professional’s responsibility strictly. Nevertheless, a photographer should act ethically and according to the norms of morality that are followed in the society. Modern technologies in the sphere of photography allow the real-life representations of military conflicts important to be discussed in the news. However, the problem is in the fact that shocking images provided by photographers working for the media agencies and by stringers are not always reliable or true. In his article, Munro focuses on the issues of reliability of the photographs made in the context of military conflicts. The author states that the public has a chance to see reliable photographs in daily newspapers only when the photo editors can do their job effectively, but there are many barriers. Thus, one of the barriers is wartime conditions that prevent photo editors from verifying the photograph’s reliability (Munro par. 10). It is important to check captions for photos, pay attention to photos that seem to be staged, focus on manipulated images, and use of software in order to make the photo more appealing or absolutely untrue. The other problem is the impossibility of sending western photographers to the war zones and the need to work with stringers from locals. There are often two versions of the observed event, and the factor of money is also important to influence the reliability of final received images. Therefore, the images of conflict are often far from reality. Moreover, photographs provided in daily news are often non-reliable because of the active manipulation of colors, tone, and even content elements. Courson notes that the use of photo software tools increases annually, and modern photos proposed to media agencies are often highly manipulated (Courson par. 12). Although the problem of photos’ reliability is acute, not all news photography should be discussed as unreliable because photo editors work to provide the public with the most trustworthy images and to set the border between the artistic vision of the photographer and the provision of faked photographs. As a result, it is often possible to guarantee that the photo provided in the news is not a product of Photoshop. Works Cited Gortazar, Paula. Ethical Limits in Documentary Photography . n.d. Web. The Bystanders: Photographers Who Didn’t Step in to Help – In Pictures . 2012. Web. Courson, Roland de. Photography: Telling Art from Fraud. 2015. Web. Munro, Neil. Real or Fake . 2006. Web.
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Cognitive Dissonance and Self-Perception Theories Essay Cognitive dissonance theory generally produces sensational discomfort, which leads to alterations in a particular behavior, belief, or attitude. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted an intriguing experiment where they requested participants to carry out a run of dull tasks. To tell the waiting participants that the undertaken tasks were actually interesting, each participant was either paid $1 or $20. Nearly all participants decided to go in the antechamber to motivate the confederates that the dull experiment could be fun. The ultimate results showed that when each participant was requested to assess the experiment, every participant who received $1 only rated such boring tasks as more enjoyable and fun than those who got paid just $20 to lie (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2006). In their findings, the dissonance theorists found that paying only $1 to a participant as a motivation for lying is not sufficient. Thus, participants who received $1 only experienced dissonance. In fact, these partakers could simply overcome the dissonance by trusting that the uninteresting tasks were very pleasurable and motivating. In contrast, reasons for turning the pegs were provided by paying some participants $20, and therefore, there was no dissonance. According to self-perception theorists’ findings, the participants decide based on their personal feelings and attitudes. When the participants’ internal cues are confusing or very weak, they could effectively put such persons in similar positions as the external observers. Hence, as an alternate explanation for dissonance theory, self-perception theory assumes the observers’ opinions or views by concluding that participants who received $1 ought to have actually enjoyed it since the paid $1 did not justify their acts. Nevertheless, the participants who received $20 to participate in the experiment just did that to get the paid amount. The findings of the customary cognitive dissonance theory concept postulate the actuality of a drive like an incentive, which aids in maintaining the constancy amongst relevant cognitions. In 1974, Zanna and Cooper developed an attributional context in which the probable dissonance arousal occurrence was investigated and updated. According to their study, the findings indicated that provided an individual is in an induced compliance setting, then arousal posits to occur. The counter attitudinal performance behaviors ensuing from the presumed arousal were found to make an individual experience dissonance while attempting to reduce it, probably through attitudinal change. If the conditional cues offer reasonable alternatives upon which the person could misattribute such arousal, then the occurrence of subsequent attitude change and dissonance will not take place. A study conducted by Kiesler and Pallak in 1976 confirmed the proposition of dissonance theory that when an individual opts to perform a behavior that is attitude discrepant, it will lead to an aversive arousal state. While the underlying posited processes by these theories vary, the prediction drawn from all materializes to be similar. For example, individuals in both observe the external environment and the questionable behavior closely. Each of these theories emphasizes the significance of different situational cues. These include the level of financial inducement and freedom of choice as the probable external justification to ensure discrepant attitude behavior is performed (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2006). Further, these theories possess explanatory and rare predictive power since they represent vast attitude change data. Reference Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D. & Akert, R. M. (2006). Social Psychology . New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.
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A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Analytical Essay Introduction A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is a 1933 short story written by Ernest Hemingway. The main characters in the short story are two waiters and an old deaf man. The story is set at late night in a café where the two waiters are watching the old man who is lingering on his drink. As the two waiters wait for the man to finish his drink, they engage in a conversation that brings out their views on old age and loneliness. Through the conversation, it becomes clear that the two waiters who have a big age gap between them have a differing view on various topics. In the story, the young waiter seems to be pessimistic while the older one is full of optimism. On top of this, the young waiter lacks respect for the aged while the older one treats the aged with pure reverence. As the story opens, both waiters are discussing an occasion where the old deaf man wanted to commit suicide. While both of them do not know the reason why the old man wanted to commit suicide, the young waiter seems to think that he had no reason to do so. Asked how he knew that the man had no reason to do so he replies that, “he has plenty of money”. This tells us that to the young man money is the source of happiness. Later on in their discussion, the older waiter reminds the younger one that work and money alone should not be used as a basis for gauging one’s happiness. He tells him that youth and confidence are also required to bring about happiness. Another difference that comes out between the young and older people is their respect for the elderly. In the discussion between the two waiters, the young one claims that the old man should go home because he, the young waiter, has a wife waiting at home. The young waiter is at loss as to why the old man and the older waiter have to insist on staying at the café until late. When the young waiter is reminded that the old man can also have a wife whom to go home to, he quips that “A wife would be no good to him now.” This shows the level of disrespect that the young have toward old people. As though to drive his point home, the young waiter adds that old age is “a nasty thing.” Due to the respect and regard that the older waiter has for the aged, he explains to him that not all aged people are nasty. Earlier on when the old man asked for a brandy, the older waiter had served it to him even though knew that the man was already drunk. When it is the turn for the young waiter to serve the old man, he dismisses him rather rudely. This shows the difference in character between the two men. (Hemingway) Conclusion The short story A Clean, Well-Lighted Place gives a detailed account of how young and older people behave in a different manner. In the story, the younger generation is seen to value money and disregard the important things, which are supposed to make a person truly happy. The young people are also presented as lacking regard for the older generation. In the story, the author presents an argument about the different mindsets that people acquire as they grow up. While the young people tend to think only of themselves, the older give more thought to the welfare and happiness of other people. Work Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, n.d. Web. Oct 27. 2010. < http://www.mrbauld.com/ >
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Moliere’s Biography in The Norton Anthology of World Literature Essay Moliere must be one of the most recognizable dramatists working in the comedy genre in the Western theatrical tradition. Born into a wealthy family, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, later adopting his famous stage moniker Moliere, began his theatrical career at twenty-five, leaving the stability and security of his previous life behind. Young Moliere traveled with Illustre Theatre for a good portion of his life. It was there that he fell in love with dramatic art and perfected his craft as an actor. His recognizable honest and satirical style developed sometime later – “The High Brow Ladies” was the first play that had great success, soon promoting him to be a king Louis XIV’s patron. That fact did not intervene with his infamous reputation: as “with success came opposition – the Party of the Faithful banded together to protest” (Puncher, 2021, p. 135). Moliere was in an indirect conflict with the Church his whole life for his shameless approach to exposing the hypocrisy of religious leaders and fanatics alike. Later in life, the author finds his purpose in pointing out the flaws in the social system. According to Puncher (2021), “Moliere’s particular talents lay in satirizing an overly sophisticated society”, exhibiting its sins and faults of human behavior: the themes of lust, greed, and religious fanaticism constitute the core of his work (p. 135). In his famous Tartuffe , he instills energy of “the struggle for erotic, psychic, economic power” in which the society often employs the use of various masks – and the ugliness of it all (Puncher, 2021, p. 136). Each of his characters, says Puncher (2021), is “in a grip of a fixed idea” – meaning each one represents a very particular human vice (p. 137). Here lies the genius of Moliere – the way he operates these characters and shows to his view unexpected truths. For instance, “Tartuffe’s monstrous lust, for women, money, power, genuinely endangers the social structure” (Puncher, 2021, p. 137). Moliere’s perception of French society forces one to recognize “the recognizable portraits of the human folly” (Puncher, 2021, p.137). The dramatist also puts a lot of impact on the subject of human rationality being threatened, making the audience realize the absurdity to try to use reason to govern one’s actions in the world. Reference Puncher, M. (2021). The Norton anthology of world literature (Vol. 2). W. W. Norton.
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The Concept of Equivalent Fractions Essay Prerequisite skills to working with fractions with unlike denominators When teaching fourth-grade students the concept of fractions with unlike denominators, it is necessary for them to have some prerequisite skills (Koch, 2010). These skills include an appreciation of the significance of a fraction (a method of computation of elements of groups of things, sections, and or parts). Besides, learners need to have ample skills of not only classifying but also interpreting the elements of fraction in addition to possessing skills in division and multiplication of numbers from 0 through 12. Fortunately, students have these tactics already developed by the time they get to the fourth grade (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin & Smith, 2012) and hence the predicted easiness of understanding the theory of equivalent fractions of fourth graders. Introducing the concept of finding equivalent fractions through manipulatives To introduce the concept of manipulatives, a tutor can deploy the help of an overhead projector. Bars of different fractions are positioned next to one another though with varying colors. One-half and three-sixths are shown adjacent to one another. One-half is shown by a rectangle partitioned twice with one of them painted red. The three-sixth fraction is shown by a rectangle divided into six portions with three portions shown in blue color. Comparing the two, students will appreciate the truth that the two colored portions are equal. This experiment can be repeated for one-fourth, two-eighths, and three-twelfths for students to grasp the fact that equivalent fractions may have different names when they actually represent the same quantity. Steps for finding equivalent fractions To help students to determine equivalent fractions, several steps are taken. The first step is making a key circle from a piece of paper. Secondly, the tutor needs to mark a fraction on it, say one-third with colors on it followed by making other several circles with equal portions making a third, for instance, circles divided into 6 equal portions and 12 equal portions. These circles should be blank and not colored. For each blank circle, students will be required to trace the equivalent fractions on the key circle after which they will paint the portions that match the template (key circle). Students should know that the painted portions are equivalent to the key circle portion despite having unlike names. Helping students transition from concrete manipulatives to more representative paper-and-pencil problems Transitioning from use manipulative to paper-and- pencil solution of equivalent fractions entails determination of the relationship between fractions. Now, the knowledge of division and multiplication is requisite. The first step is to explain to the students that equivalent fractions are arrived at through counting by multiples. The second step is to inform students that, to get equivalent fractions, one multiplies both numerator and denominator by a common number other than zero. The third step is to explain to the students that problems of equivalent fractions would in some times entail finding missing numbers. For instance, in a problem such as 3/10=6/?, the teacher explains that, to get the missing number, the learner needs to ask himself/herself: which number gives 6 when multiplied by 3 or how many 3s make 6. Once the learner is able to get this number, the next task is to inform him/her that he/she is supposed to multiply both the numerator and denominator with the number (in this case-2). The last step is to introduce the concept of cross multiplication so that, if two fractions are depicted as 1/5 and 2/10, multiplying the numerator and denominator of the first fraction by 2 should give an answer similar to the second fraction. Hence, the fractions are equal. Testing whether students have transitioned from concrete manipulatives to representative paper-and-pencil problems To determine whether students have transitioned from manipulative to representative paper-and-pencil problems effectively, students are required to fill missing gaps for equivalent fractions such as the ones shown below: Reference List Koch, J. (2010). Science stories: Science methods for elementary and middle schoolteachers. Wadsworth Cengage Publishing. Reys, R., Lindquist, M., Lambdin, D. & Smith, N. (2012). Helping children learn mathematics . Hobokon, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
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Acquired-Needs Theory in Training Programs Essay Summary of the Acquired-Needs Theory The acquired-needs theory was postulated by David McClelland. The theory provides that the specific needs of each individual are acquired over a period of time and they are influenced by life experiences (Miner, 1994). McClelland proposed that human needs can be grouped into achievement, power, and affiliation needs. In accordance with the acquired-needs theory, the three categories of human needs influence an individual’s motivation to learn and perform well in a job (Daft, Kendrick, & Vershinina, 2010). Therefore, individuals are highly motivated when their needs for achievement, power, and affiliation are adequately met. Achievement needs refer to the desire to excel. Individuals who have an intense desire for achievement often engage in activities that are likely to lead to success and avoid situations that may limit their pursuit of success (Goleman, 2011). The acquired-needs theory also provides that regular feedback is important because it motivates the commitment of individuals towards the achievement of goals (Johnson, 2013). Affiliation is the desire for meaningful relationships with other persons. People often need others to accept them and tend to conform to the norms and values of their work teams (Miner, 1994). The acquired-needs theory suggests that individuals who have a high desire for affiliation prefer to work in environments that support or encourage personal interaction (Daft et al., 2010). The need for power can either be institutional or personal. Institutional power is associated with the need to organize and coordinate the work of others with a view of advancing organizational goals. Personal power is the desire to direct other individuals. Managers who have an intense desire for institutional power are considered effective because they focus their efforts towards the attainment of organizational objectives rather than personal ambitions (Stiehl, Felfe, Elprana, & Gatzka, 2015). Acquired-Needs Theory and Training The acquired-needs theory can be applied in implementing effective training programs within organizations. Employees who have a strong desire for achievement should be trained with a goal of equipping them with adequate skills and competencies that will allow them to implement challenging projects (James, 2014). Feedback is among the main element of the acquired-needs theory. When regular feedback on performance is provided to employees, they are more likely to consider participating in training programs in order to overcome the challenges that limit their ability to attain the desired level of achievement or performance (Goleman, 2011). The design of training programs should be based on an understanding of the needs of each employee. Employees who have a strong need for affiliation should be engaged in training activities that involve interaction and cooperation, such as discussions and seminars. It is through this that such employees will become adequately motivated to participate actively in training programs (Daft et al., 2010). Employees who have a strong need for power should be given management or leadership roles in training programs. For instance, training activities that involve work teams should be led by individuals with a strong need for power in order to motivate their commitment towards the achievement of the goals of training activities. The acquired-needs theory maintains that people who have an intense desire for power often seek to influence others. Therefore, such individuals should be encouraged to influence other employees to participate in training programs. Recognition for participation in training activities and for the acquisition of the desired skills should be part of training programs in order to encourage individuals with a strong desire for power to apply the acquired skills in influencing positive change within the organization (Johnson, 2013). References Daft, R. L., Kendrick, M., & Vershinina, N. (2010). Management . Andover: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Goleman, D. (2011). Motivation. Personal Excellence Essentials , 16 (9), 6. James, D. (2014). How training can help improve staff motivation. Farmers Weekly , 161 (14), 21. Johnson, K. (2013). Employee Motivation. Business People , 26 (5), 52. Miner, J. B. (1994). Role motivation theories . Psychology Press. Stiehl, S. K., Felfe, J., Elprana, G., & Gatzka, M. B. (2015). The role of motivation to lead for leadership training effectiveness. International Journal of Training & Development , 19 (2), 81-97. Web.
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Does Job Satisfaction Affect Job Performance? Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Job Satisfaction 3. Satisfaction and Performance 4. Conclusion Introduction In context, does job satisfaction affect job performance? That is a question that revolves around variables that relates the two components. In this case, job satisfaction and job performance are strongly related as one affects the other in the context of the attitude developed by employees in an organization. Noteworthy is the fact that an employee who is satisfied shows higher levels of productivity than when not satisfied. That makes job satisfaction and job performance to have interdependent relationships. Job Satisfaction Studies show that job satisfaction is an attitude that has direct impact on job performance. In that context, job satisfaction is an attitude that is derived because it is affective or emotional response toward ones job. Job satisfaction revolves around effort and compensation, which in turn is based on the application of skills to improve productivity and work outputs. Effort is what one has input ones into work. The level of satisfaction is related to the kind of attitude a person has towards a job, and it correlates with the impact the attitude has toward influencing the performance of an individual. In this case, employee perceptions underlie job satisfaction which is critical in influencing performance. When an employee gets fulfilled because of the positive impact on their emotions, tendencies, and cognition, there is the likelihood of positively impacting on employee performance. In this case, low job satisfaction leads to low performance while high job satisfaction leads to better performance. Job satisfaction can result from either intrinsic or extrinsic factors or rewards. Intrinsic rewards for organizational employees including managers and other organizational professionals influence the level of satisfaction in an employee. Here, it is possible to create a strong link between performance and job satisfaction. Here, job satisfaction is the direct cause of job performance, where performance correlates positively with satisfaction. Typically, the underlying rewards directly influence job satisfaction and job performance. Satisfaction and Performance Once an employee gets satisfied in their workplace, performance is susceptible to be positive. That is because satisfaction causes an increase in efforts, which leads to commitments and positive intentions. In addition to that, job satisfaction is a direct cause of increased employee productivity, which affects an employee’s effort in their work. The underlying rationale for increased performance is the rewards provided to organizational employees. Core to improved and effective performance is job satisfaction. That shows that job satisfaction and performance are strongly interrelated. In this case, performance has been identified as being crucial to satisfaction in the relationship. Here, a reward system used in an organization and the approach used to reward employees are critical in influencing job satisfaction and job performance. Conclusion In conclusion, a satisfied employee is a better performer, implying a strong relationship between job satisfaction and job performance. Job satisfaction has been shown to be driven by underlying elements of affect toward a job. That is influenced by the degree of pleasure and satisfaction derived from a job which an organization can initiate and put in place to influence job satisfaction. Here, job satisfaction positively impacts on performance because of improved productivity that is evident in an organization. That is in addition to the strength of the relationship that exists between job satisfaction and job performance in the context of employees meeting their expectations. Here, there is an emotional link between job satisfaction and job performance, where the motivation to work is self-fulfilling and innate, influencing attitude and the performance of an individual.
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How to Mark a Book?: Article Analysis Essay The article under analysis called “How to Mark a Book ” reproduces interesting and helpful instructions about how should read the book. While reading the article, I was specifically attracted by a great number of ideas that have been metaphorically represented. The author has provided a fascinating account of reading a book, reasons for marking a book, as well as different approaches to how a book can be read. Being an international student, the techniques represented in the article has provided me be with a new conception of how a book should be read to receive the maximum information. While reading the article, I have come across a variety of interesting comparisons and metaphors that emphasize the usefulness and importance of making notes at the margins of the book. In particular, my attention was focused on the comparisons of bookmarking with eating a beefsteak. Thus, the author writes, “…you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream” (Adler n. p.). Just like consuming food, the book should also “get it…into your bloodstream” in case you need to receive the maximum benefit from the chosen book. Such a metaphor provides me with a greater understanding of why mere reading is not enough for absorbing all the necessary information from the book. Although some of the allegorical comparisons seem to be too sophisticated for understanding, the article still provides simple examples in contrast. For instance, the author introduces persuasive and logical evidence for marking the books. Though they are quite simple and transparent, they cannot be withdrawn. Indeed, reading accompanied by marking is efficient because it activates your mind and uncovers the most striking parts of the book. Not all books should be marked, and the author agrees with it. A reader can skip note-making unless your purpose is to relax and enjoy the book. However, if you need to extract a specific idea or argument, the reading should be slow and “between the lines.” So, before you start reading, you should define first whether this book is important for you in terms of conceptual content. Aside from bookmarking, the author pays attention to the importance of physical writing. Certainly, I know that writing helps arrange ideas more consistently and logically. However, the author introduces another unconventional function of writing, stating, “the physical act of writing, with your hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory.” Indeed, physical writing in combination with reading does not only enhances understanding of book ideas but also develops the necessary learning skills and techniques both in writing and in reading. Interpreting reading is an essential operation that establishes a two-way conversation with the author. Thus, as soon as you start asking the questions at the beginning, reading and marking can help you find the necessary answers. To uncover the essence of this conversations, the author concludes, “understanding is a two-way operation; learning doesn’t’ consist in being an empty receptacle” (Adler n. p.). What is important is that the way a reader makes notes also expresses his/her individuality in interpreting the author’s ideas. Various tools for bookmarking are also signs of learning techniques employed to understand the content. In this respect, Adler underlines, “marking a book is an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author” (n. p.). As soon as all the techniques are conceived, a reader will be able to represent a unique, meaningful angle of the book. While tracing the proposed techniques of marking the book, I have come across the one which appeals to me most – underlining. This approach to marking is probably the best way to highlight the most crucial ideas. However, further analysis of the underlined phrases can be enhanced significantly if these phrases are accompanied by personal thinking. I have realized that personal remarks are highly important because they develop a meaningful thesis. The intercourse of book ideas and personal ones is an important synthesis that can allow a reader to make the book part of his/her part. Although the reading process can become much slower, the understanding of the content can occur much quicker. What is more important is that personal evaluation and interpretation is the primary goal of reading the book. One should not objectively approach the book. On the contrary, the subjective prism is much more crucial for comprehension and learning. In conclusion, the article provides a wider picture of how learning and the educational process can be improved by introducing bookmarking. Therefore, the author’s arguments in favor of making notes are unquestionable due to several reasons. First of all, making notes keep you focused on the main idea and makes you think over the main problem that appeals specifically to you. Second, bookmarking can outline the most remarkable ideas and teach a reader to build up a personal thesis. Finally, reading books should imply thinking through each passage. Works Cited Adler, M. How to Mark a Book . In Modern English Readings . Roger Sherman Loomis and Donald Lemen Clark (Ed). US: Farrar & Rinehart. 1942, Web.
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People vs. Mathews 1979 Case’s Legal Analysis Research Paper Introduction The case under consideration is the example of several highly severe criminal acts as well as it is within the field of criminal psychology and psychology in general. The purpose of this paper is to legally analyze the case, identifying its issue, rule, and application. Additionally, the case will be discussed in the context of psychology so that a comprehensive conclusion could be developed. Legal Analysis Identification of Issues Evidently, there are numerous issues that People v. Mathews (1979) raise; however, it is possible to focus on two primary problems. The first one is the following: should the psychological effect caused by rape (or “rape trauma syndrome”) be considered as the justification for the lack of malice aforethought (Burgess, 1983)? Secondly, and most importantly, the problem of transferred self-defense is raised in this case. As it is evident, the defendant, Anita Mathews, was raped by Darelle Ghormley and two of his friends (“People v. Mathews,” 1979). Some weeks later after the incident, she saw Ghormley in the street and attempted to murder him; however, she unintentionally killed Ghormley’s friend, Donald Silva (“People v. Mathews,” 1979). Accordingly, as the defendant was in a state of severe mental distress caused by the traumatic experience, her actions against Ghormley should be read as self-defense (Hasani, 2018). Moreover, the fact that she unintentionally killed a bystander is the subject of questioning if the self-defense justification could be applied. Rule In the investigation of the case, the defendant cited CALJIC No. 5.13 to exemplify that she was acting against the unlawful aggressor. Thus, the homicide should be justified as self-defense. Moreover, the court, citing CALJIC No. 5.30, stated that the existence of the right of self-defense justifies a complete defense to any crime committed during the exercise of the right (“People v. Mathews,” 1979). Application In general, it is stated in the case that the “common law doctrine of transferred intent is recognized and followed in California” (“People v. Mathews,” 1979, para. 14). Accordingly, since the rape trauma syndrome is the justification for the defendant’s self-defense actions, the fact that she unintentionally shot an innocent third party should also be considered self-defense. Thus, the application of the rules is adequate. The Case in the Context of Psychology The psychological injury caused by rape also referred to as “rape trauma syndrome” is largely recognized in the academic psychological literature. The article by Burgess (1983) is an early example of research in this field. However, it is possible to mention the study by O’Donohue, Carlson, Benuto, and Bennett (2014), in which the authors recommend not to use the “rape trauma syndrome” in courts, as its application is vague and not precise enough to be the evidence in court. Nevertheless, the negative psychological impact of rape is still recognized to have a vast effect on a person (O’Donohue et al., 2014; West, 2016). Conclusion In conclusion, it could be stated with certainty that the People v. Mathews (1979) case is a highly important example of problems of self-defense, the application of rape trauma syndrome as the justification for self-defense, and the problem of transferred intent. It is evident that the case raises problems that are within the field of psychology. Currently, rape trauma syndrome is not recommended to use in courts as the model for justification of the malice aforethought. Nevertheless, the case represents a significant step in the development of criminal law. References Burgess, A. W. (1983). Rape trauma syndrome. Behavioral Sciences & the Law , 1 (3), 97-113. Hasani, F. (2018). The criminal offence of murder committed in a state of severe mental distress. Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica , 14 (1/2018), 87-100. O’Donohue, W., Carlson, G. C., Benuto, L. T., & Bennett, N. M. (2014). Examining the scientific validity of rape trauma syndrome. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law , 21 (6), 858-876. People v. Mathews . (1979). Web. West, K. (2016). Cultural effects on rape trauma syndrome: Evaluating the claims.
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In an attempt to scrutinize these stones for evidence, this essay aims to outline how London looked like during the Roman age, particularly in terms of possible layout, mode of business, size, religious orientation and other variants. Historians are of the opinion that London emerged out of a river crossing, when merchants following the Roman soldiers fighting under Emperor Claudius settled on the Thames northern bank in AD 43 (Hollis 21). It is imperative to note that the Roman age covers the period AD 1-200. In attempting to digest how the city of London looked like during the Roman age, extant literature demonstrate that the “…trail trenches dug in 1985 revealed distinct evidence of timber-built workshops and houses built in the period AD 60-100” (Williams 3). Other accounts demonstrate that London was built as a planned Roman town, with major public buildings, including a substantially large basilica, temples, bath houses, and a large military fortress. Indeed, it has been claimed that the Romans transformed the city from an open commercial meeting place into an administrative centre and a military stronghold (Nicholas 58). However, this description serves to demonstrate the layout of London during the Roman age. As reported by Roman historian Cassius Dio, the section where the merchants settled during the AD 43 war had a bridge even before it had a name (Hollis 21). It was this settlement that later came to be called the town of Londinium, but the bridge that had been constructed prior to the town’s existence, specifically in AD 55, had been build using long poles (piles) made of wood. These piles were hammered into the soft ground until they reached the hard surface underneath to achieve stability, after which more wood was used to strengthen and reinforce the bridge (Morris 45). Historical and archeological accounts of discovered coins demonstrate that the Roman-era merchants conducted business using currency as is normally done in present-day London. However, other accounts demonstrate that barter trade was used during this era for trade and commerce (Morris 64; Hollis 22). The popular view among historians is that the currency trade subsisted hand-in-hand with barter trade, where people of high social standing and soldiers normally traded in currency while people in the lower echelons of society exchanged goods. The Londinium was home to one of the largest basilicas ever to be built by the Romans (Morris 27). The presence of the basilica, along with other buildings of worship such as temples and bath houses, serve as vivid pointers to the presence of religiosity among the inhabitants of the city of London during the Roman age (Hollis 22). Archeologists have discovered tessellated pavements and roman tombs suggestive of the fact that concrete was used to pave the streets of London during the Roman age. The great London wall built by the Romans in the 2nd century is also suggestive that knowledge on the use of concrete to built critical infrastructure was present (Morris 65). Lastly, in size, historical accounts demonstrate that London occupied a smaller but heavily fortified area, roughly equivalent to the size of present day Hyde Park, and with a population of an estimated 60,000 inhabitants in the 2nd century (Morris 42). Works Cited Hollis, Leo. “Spanning Centuries.” History Today 59.7 (2009): 21-23. Print. Morris, John. Londinium-London in the Roman Empire . London: Phoenix Giant, 2005. Print. Nicholas, Dean. “Streetmuseum Londinium.” History Today 61.10 (2011): 58. Print. Williams, Stephen. “New Light on Dark Age London.” History Today 36.2 (1986): 3. Print.
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The Nevada Week in Review Talk-Show Essay Described as one of the most incisive and insightful analyses of Nevada’s important news topics, the Nevada week in review serves as an important one-stop talk show for media experts’ analysis of issues confronting the Nevada community. Coming hot in the heels of South Carolina’s primary and the high political temperatures following the 2012 Republican Presidential calendar, the week’s review can be described as one of the most lively and incisive reviews in the recent past. Hosted by Calvert Collins of 8 News Now, the NWR focused on a range of issues confronting the community at the moment. The topics include South Carolina’s impact of Nevada’s Caucus, analysis of the main reasons why Sandoval threw his support behind Rick Perry, Obama’s visit to Vegas, the analysis of candidates for District attorney to complete David Roger’s term and Las Vegas economy uptick (Vegas PBS, 1). The co-hosts for the review included Patricia Cunningham of David KCEP Power 88, MaryAnn Martinez, and John Huck, both of Fox 5 News. The incisive and insightful discussions revolve around the topics listed above. The hosts examine the impact of South Carolina’s primary results on Nevada’s Caucus and seem to point out that the shock win by Newt Gingrich by about 12 points over Mitt Romney demonstrated that there is still no clear win for Mitt Romney. In fact, the hosts seem to suggest that this win places Mitt Romney in a very uncomfortable position given the decisive nature of the South Carolina Republican primary. It is discerned from the analyses that South Carolina’s primary results may have an immense impact on Nevada’s caucus. In the analysis of the surprise support Sandoval threw behind Rick Perry, the hosts seem to point out at a historical association the two Republican governors developed long ago when Perry offered a cold shoulder to Brian’s GOP primary opponent. The impact of this endorsement cannot be underestimated given the previous results of the primaries in the recent past and a number of factors in Perry’s favor. Sandoval is not only a Hispanic, he is also a very famous Western governor whose support gives Perry a very strong foothold in the race. The analysis of Obama’s Vegas visit and Nevada Democratic caucus is seen as Obama’s attempts to solidify his support in areas where Romney has shown the greatest weaknesses. After awarding Newt Gingrich a double-digit victory over his greatest opponent to the Republican ticket in the South Carolina primary, Obama is set to see the same fate repeat itself in Nevada. The fourth topic was the examination of candidates for District attorney to complete David Roger’s term. Despite recording a rise in his stock, Drew Christensen still has a cloud hanging over his head. The potential case of conflict of interest arises because of the fact that he is the director of the Clark County Office of Appointed Counsel and is directly in charge of appointing private attorneys. Taking a sudden swift to work on the other side may not fully serve the interests of the indigent defendants. The race to the DA attorney’s office is still open between the three candidates: John Hunt, Drew Christensen, and Steve Wolfson. In conclusion, the hosts manage to dissect the current issues confronting the Nevada community. By taking command of these issues and providing deeper insights into these topics, the speakers demonstrate high levels of knowledge with these issues and manage to present them to the viewers in a seamless manner. Works Cited Vegas PBS. Nevada Week in Review . AARP, 2012. Web.
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Starbucks service and relationship marketing Report Starbucks Coffee Company was established in 1971, in Seattle Pike, and over the past thirty five years in existence, Starbucks has established more than over 11,500 outlets located around the world with a clientele of forty million every week. It is a well known brand name globally specializing in gourmet coffee beans, caffeine-free beverages and coffee-brewed products (Opie Percival Read 2008). Starbucks’ rapid growth and brand name recognition can be greatly attributed to the firm’s implementation of the seven elements of services marketing mix in its operations. The seven elements are as follows: First, Product. Starbucks has been introducing new products in the market from time to time and offers wide range of products from 30 types of whole grain coffee to cappuccinos, coffee assortments and equipments, pastries, oatmeal, smoothies. Starbucks has implemented a multi-faceted model of introducing its products in the market. This has helped to helped to keep competition at bay and meet its customer’s demands (Michelli 2007). Second is price. Starbucks goods and services are sold at a higher price as they are seen to be luxury and esteemed products. Starbucks has applied value strategies on its products so as to cater for the low end consumers who cannot afford its products. Third element is place. Starbucks locates its outlets strategically in locations with high human traffic on the move, and where people enjoy listening to music or reading books. Its stores can be found in large chain stores, malls, and hyper marts. The outlets are localized depending with their locality by giving each store its own identity name and local address (The Age 2003). Fourth element is promotion. Starbucks does various promotion activities to capture the intended markets. Its promotions include; Starbuck Card which are used to enhance brand loyalty, and as a form of advertising; doorstep delivery of coffee services; corporate social responsibility activities; and offering international tea and coffee brands to cater for its diverse customer base (Beckwith 1997). Fifth is process. Starbucks handles sales satisfactorily; processes order fast enough and offer after-sale services to customers as an overall marketing strategy. Sixth element is physical evidence. Starbucks utilized its satisfied customers as a mode of advertisement and a source of goodwill. It ensures that it is well in contact with its customers and also potential customers (Koichi 2009). Seventh element is people offering services. Starbucks ensures that its customers’ needs and suggestions are addressed as they offer important information to the contribution of better services. These objectives have been very significant in Starbuck in meeting its marketing objectives and satisfying the demands of the customers. At the moment, Starbucks’ marketing strategy it to position a local store as a third place for people away from home and workplace, to spend hours in and the outlets are built to make it a comfortable environment to stay in. this strategy has really worked for Starbucks over its competitors in the market. Starbuck services are directed to customer value benefit, that is, to enable a coffee consumption experience that people can associate with every day. When Starbucks got into the coffee business the coffee consumption experience was not in demand and businesses had not implemented it (The Age 2003). Starbucks has implemented the Service, Quality, Image, and Price (S-Q-I-P) model to achieve its customer-based objective, of making Starbucks the most established and esteem brand name in the globe. It offers customized service to its clients, with top quality tea and coffee products, goods which represent personal image at a price worthy for the kind of product (Crane 1993). Starbucks has distinguished its operations and services from the other providers in the market by three main ways: first, it has specialized its main coffee experience as its main product; secondly the top quality coffee products and services; and thirdly Starbucks has provided an environment that excites individuals to walk in the stores and mostly come back in the future (Bhaskar 2009). Reference list Beckwith, H., 1997, Selling The Invisible: A field Guide To Modern Marketing , Warner Books, MA. Bhaskar, C., 2009. Starbucks Marketing Mix. Indews Broadcast , Web. Web. Crane, F., 1993, Professional services marketing: strategy and tactics, Routledge Publishers, CT. Koichi S., 2009, Advertising Theory and Strategies , 16th edition, Souseisha Book Company, PA. Michelli, J., 2007, The Starbucks experience: 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary , McGraw-Hill Professional, London. Opie Percival Read, 2008, The Starbucks, BiblioBazaar Publishers, Montreal. The Age, 2003. Ground Control. The Age, Web. Available at: https://www.theage.com.au/ .
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There are multiple ways in which this task can be accomplished. Their choice depends on the peculiarities of the company’s functioning, its supply chain, and the way it works (Bragg, 2018). If to speak about Johnson Company, the elimination of obsolete inventory, along with improved forecast accuracy, can be considered a reasonable approach (Bragg, 2018). At the moment, the organization’s warehouse is full of outdated DVD players. They tie up working capital and decrease development speed (Bragg, 2018). In such a way, Johnson Company should sell these devices at a reduced price. It may have a negative impact on short-term profits; however, in a long-term perspective, it will help to overcome the crisis and align the efficient functioning of the company by providing sources for the development of a new line. Another factor under discussion is the adherence to a JIT system. It can be described as a just-in-time inventory system in a management strategy that presupposes the enhanced alignment of all raw-materials orders from suppliers in accordance with the current production schedules (Silver, Pyke, & Thomas, 2016). The given method as opposed to the just-in-case strategy in which producers prefer to hold large inventories to cover the marketing demand. Johnson Company previously utilized this very strategy; however, now it is an appropriate time to switch to a new model. Several reasons support this decision. First of all, the warehouse is full as there are obsolete DVD players and no place for new products. Second, the time and costs of delivery of new devices will be reduced. For this reason, the company can be recommended to switch to the JIT model. However, the choice of the method to work with the inventory demands reconsideration of relations with suppliers. Previously, the company ordered many devices to fill the warehouse and ensure that customers’ demand will be satisfied. The given approach will not work in the new environment. The firm should engage in continuous cooperation with its suppliers to inform them about the need for a particular product and ensure its on-time delivery (Silver et al., 2016). In such a way, these sorts of relations should be improved to guarantee that the efficient scheme will be created and all actors will benefit from their close cooperation. One more problem arising because of the reconsideration of the company’s functioning is the risks associated with the elimination of safety stock. Thus, if there is no buffer to protect the company against shortages arising because of uncertainties in demand, Johnson Company can lose clients dissatisfied with the lack of needed products or delays in their delivery. To minimize these risks, the company should devote much attention to the continuous increase in the quality of forecasting to avoid shortage and, at the same time, enhanced cooperation with suppliers that provide needed products to the organization (Bragg, 2018). Better collaboration means reduced response and delivery time. For this reason, it can be considered an effective solution to the problem. Finally, there is the problem of choice between recycling, remanufacturing, and refurbishing. The first one is the process of converting waste materials into new objects that can be used (Silver et al., 2016). Refurbishing is the renovation of obsolete things to make them work or look better (Silver et al., 2016). Finally, remanufacturing is the rebuilding of a certain product to the specification of the initial product with the help of reused, repaired, or completely new parts (Silver et al., 2016). Regarding the current focus of the company, recycling can be used as there is no need to repair DVDs or make them look better. The company should eliminate old products by using effective recycling techniques to create a background for its further evolution. References Bragg, S. (2018). Inventory management (3rd ed.). Centennial, CO: AccountingTools, Inc. Silver, E., Pyke, D., & Thomas, D. (2016). Inventory and production management in supply chains (4th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
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The Novel “Passing” by Nella Larsen Literature Analysis Essay The first part of the novel Passing by Larsen explores how the Irene and Clare, who were childhood friends, reunite. It is from their skin color and behaviors that Larsen comes up with the title Passing . The title is symbolic since later in the book the two ladies try to pass as Americans and African Americas depending on the circumstance and benefits it presents. More so, Irene’s friend Clare has perfected the art of “passing” as a white lady. She does this so as to have the things she did not have during her childhood. This lifestyle although dangerous, intrigues Irene who all along wanted a safer and secure life, but after reuniting with Clare she starts to fancy the art of passing. Furthermore, the initial letter that Clare sends to Irene after so many years requesting that they meet is symbolic. The letter evokes strong emotions in Irene prompting her to reveal Clare’s childhood life and how she used to be cold and selfish. Irene recalls all this with contempt and wonders how such a person who was capable of transforming to the now warm, loving and caring Clare. Thus, Larsen uses the letter to reveal Clare’s background as well as their relationship during childhood. Another symbolism used in the novel exploits the desires of Clare when she openly tells Irene that she wished she had the type of life she lived when they were growing up. Thus, it is her lack of that life that made her to live the passing life, and it is correct to argue that Irene’s presence in the novel and her successful lifestyle is used to symbolize the unconscious desires of Clare.
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Data that Don’t Necessarily Fit any of the Themes Report (Assessment) There is a conviction that the more information is collected, the better results are going to be obtained. Still, it is not really so, as in most cases extra information leads to the frustration. The research can omit really useful and necessary information at the expense of the unnecessary one (Case, 2007). Zeiger (2000) offers numerous methods for making the research effective and do not spend much time on collecting unnecessary information which requires not only time, but in most cases money. It is natural that while the research, especially qualitative one, the transcriptional data is collected (Sprenkle, 2005). The transcriptional data usually contains the information which is unnecessary for the current research. Still, if there is a problem and the extra data is collected, it is necessary to do all possible to use the extra information for the further research (Johnson & Christensen, 2007). Using the information we have collected for the research as the example, we are going to identify the one which does not fit any research question and is considered to be unnecessary for this exploration. At the same time, we are going to state some specific variants for the further research where this extra and unnecessary for the current research information is going to be used. Dwelling upon the research we have conducted, it is necessary to point out some specific information which has been collected during the research, but it cannot be used in the current exploration due to the specifics of the themes. Thus, the main purpose of the research was to define the blended model of learning using not only the traditional methods of teaching but also some specific innovative technologies, but also identify the correlation between hybrid learning method which should involves web cameras, the Internet, microphone, projector screens, etc. The themes the research was directed at were as follows, students’ relation to innovation technologies in teaching, students’ evaluation of the classroom setting, the assessment of the techniques the teacher uses while the lesson. It is possible to conclude that in most cases the information and data collected while the research was necessary and fit the themes and research questions identified as the core for the study. Still, as the qualitative method for the research was used and the information was collected by means of the interviewing, it is obvious that some extra facts were collected. Thus, we managed to get the information that some students doubt whether the utilization of too many innovative technologies may be helpful. Moreover, it was considered that students worry about the time teachers should spend on innovative technologies and the time they should use traditional methods. The first use of the gadgets was also mentioned as the problematic issue. Of course it is possible to insert this information in the current research having made it subordinate, still, these data should be considered separately and the further research is necessary. Thus, it is obvious that the number of gadgets for the first lesson and its balance with the traditional methods for teaching is a topic that requires deeper consideration. Moreover, the time for using the innovative technologies and traditional methods should b also researched. The blended method should be used, the combination of qualitative and quantitative research. It is possible to create two groups each of which will be put in different environment. The main purpose of the research should be the effectiveness of the use of the innovative technologies at the classroom, the most appropriate time of its use and the most effective number of the facilities. The first group will use as much innovative technologies as possible, and the second groups will be offered the balanced method. Students’ attention, desire to study and the effectiveness of teaching methods are going to be evaluated. The researchers should use the interview as the method for collecting qualitative and descriptive data. At the same time, the students involved in the experiment should pass the test which is going to check their knowledge obtained for the experiment and made it possible to gather the qualitative data. The grades for the test should be the main information used for the further research connected with the effectiveness of the use of the innovative technologies while the research. In conclusion, it should be mentioned that the research we have conducted contains some specific information which does not fit to the research questions and the hypothesis we have stated. To make this information useful, it is necessary offer the further research which should explore the effectiveness and measure of the innovative technologies used in the classroom. Moreover, there are many cases when the research devoted to one question considered some information which was identified as unnecessary. Thus, each research paper states the recommendations for the further research using the data which is considered unnecessary in this research. Reference List Case, D. O. (2007). Looking for information: a survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior . Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. B. (2007). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches . New York: Sage Publications. Sprenkle, D. H. (2005). Research methods in family therapy . New York: Guilford Press. Zeiger, M. (2000). Essentials of writing biomedical research papers . New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
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Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc Case Study Why do differences exist between the players and owners’ positions regarding the reported earnings of the Zephyrs? It is clear that agency conflicts exist between the owners and players of Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc. The main reason for the contentious issues is the profitability disbursement to between the club operations and players. The owners want to maximize their interest through reduction of taxes yet the players want to get the most of their salaries and benefits. As such, an extensive reference to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Accounting Standards are significant to understand the contentious profitability issues of the major league baseball teams. There are only a few areas we dispute, but these areas can have a significant impact on the overall profitability of the team. The owners have used three techniques to “hide” profits: (1) roster depreciation, (2) overstated player salary expense, and (3) related-party transactions. We feel it gives numbers that are not meaningful. The players’ version of the financial statements showed profits before tax of $24.5 million for 2009 and $23.6 million for 2010 as compared to the losses of $ 4.0 million end $7.4 million on the Owners’ statements. The accrual basis of accounting and the cash basis accounting have presented the major issues in paying for expenses as well as the type of expenses. Again, the period of bonuses payment has raised concern and arguments that have left Bill Ahern in confused state. The depreciation expense arises only when a team is sold, so you can have two identical teams that will show dramatically different results if one had been sold and the other had not. On the other hand, the players argued that their interpretation of skills and competencies was increasing with experience, which would increase goodwill or the value of the club. The owners had categorized the item under depreciation. Much contradiction arose from the thinking of the owners that depreciation is real because most of the players actually improve their skills with experience, so if anything, there should be an increase in roster value over time, not a reduction as the depreciation would lead you to believe. The owners had agreed to defer a portion of their salary for 10 years. That helps save them taxes and provides them with some income after their playing days are over. The players value their payment and feel this is a way of denying them their pay through hiding profits. Players argued that the owners had overstated player expense in several ways. One is that they expense the signing bonuses in the year they are paid. The players take the bonuses as a part of the compensation package, and that for accounting purposes, the bonuses should be spread over the term of the player’s contract. However, the contracts revealed clearly that the player is to receive, say, $1,000,000, of which $200,000 is deferred to the year 2018. In the same line, it indicates that the salary expense is $500,000. Why the owners want to maximize their interest through reduction of taxes The owners want to reduce taxes to increase their share of earnings. Taxes reduce the profits that the company has earned. Therefore, reducing the value through allocation of depreciation will reduce earnings before income tax (EBIT). The percentage charge will effect on a lesser value. The company will have more retained profits, previously allocated to depreciation. This raises the value of the business. As such, the owners’ attain their main objective, which is to increase the wealth of the business. Again, it will reflect on less debt capital, and much equity financing. This raises the value of the firm and maximizes shareholders wealth. How should Bill Ahern resolve the accounting conflict between the owners and players? How much did the Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club earn in 2009 and 2010? Extensive and intensive reference to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Accounting Standards are significant to understand the contentious profitability issues of the major league baseball teams. This will enable Bill Ahern to handle the case under the same level of consideration. As such, the statements may be subject to auditing to ensure that they have met the qualitative and quantitative qualities according to international standards. As such, it will pave a clear way on expenses, depreciation and payment of bonuses. As such, should share in the teams’ profits according to the contracts signed between each other, which are in line with GAAP. Bill approached the accounting unit, depreciation, amortization of intangibles, and related-party transactions through construction of a new financial statement will reveal. This is urgent due to the tight deadline. Again, it was not at all obvious to him how to define “good accounting methods” for the Zephyrs Baseball Club. With the above adjustments, the net income shall change to profits of $11,981 in 2009, and $ 8,560.0 in the year 2010 (see the new income statement). Why did you make the decision? Why was depreciation removed? The decision made was the most adequate to solve the agency conflict. The approach considered the interest of the players and the owners. Depreciation was removed because the players improve in experience and they become better with time. As employees earn goodwill overtime, players also add value to the organization because of acquired experience and skills. Depreciation is normally allocated to fixed assets like equipment and machinery. In fact, players can leave anytime due to better opportunities or injuries. Therefore, depreciation was considered a mechanism of increasing the company owners’ wealth at the expense players’ payments.
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Introduction 2. Gender and Racial Inequalities in Modern America 3. Social Economic Mobility 4. Challenges and Opportunities of White Women and Black Men 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction In the United States, as well as in any nation, much attention is paid to sociology and the quality of the relationships people have to develop. Despite multiple intentions to solve the outcomes of racial or gender inequality, American society is still challenged by racial, ethnic, and gender diversity, meaning that the representatives of different races have different jobs, education, and health opportunities. In addition, in some regions, women are not able to find good working places compared to men. In this paper, special attention will be paid to socioeconomic mobility among American black men and white women. According to Gould et al., black men have not reached evident progress in earnings compared to white women. For example, in 2000, white women earned about $42,500, and black men earned about $42,900, and in 2016, white women earned $46,500, and black men earned $42,000 (Gould et al.). Statistical data, personal preferences, and existing social prejudice in today’s American society prove the presence of racial and gender inequalities in social-economic mobility and privileges of white women compared to black men. Gender and Racial Inequalities in Modern America Racism and sexism are the two anomalies that are inherent to the United States. Although certain progress in employment, education, education, and politics has already been made due to such processes as universalization, globalization, and industrialization, social diversity still creates certain challenges for the population. The investigation of Bloome showed that “demographic trends alone cannot explain the evolution of black-white inequality” and promoted a better understanding of racial differences through the analysis of the labor market (1220). In his research of educational attainment and mobility, Assari underlined that “the effect of racism on social mobility is not the same for males and females”, proving the possibility of various privileges for black men and white women. Regarding recent findings of the Census Bureau, Gould et al. believe that wage gaps and social inequalities may be diminished only if full enforcement of anti-discrimination policies and laws. Racial and gender problems exist in the United States and continue creating invisible but significant gaps in the social development of the country. Many people do not want to pay enough attention to them until they experience negative outcomes of the situation. Social Economic Mobility Socioeconomic mobility includes the possibility of a community to move from one social class to another by means of a job promotion, hard work, marriage, or education. Today’s racism and sexism that are based on stereotypes and prejudice become the major contributors to the problems in social-economic mobility and limited opportunities for certain groups of people (Williams et al. 409). Education, as one of the factors that create privileges for white women, is properly explained in the study by Assari who stated that black people had lower educational attainment compared to white people, and black males were less protected than black females. Differences in family incomes prove racial inequalities in employment and men’s earnings, in particular (Bloome 1201). During the last several decades, women’s penetration into labor-market experiences cannot be ignored (Bloome 1202). Therefore, in addition to the fact that black men have to compete with white men (shared median earnings of white men – 73% and black men – 69%), the presence of white women worsens the situation and creates new reasons for worrying (Gould et al.). The intention to promote gender inequality prevails over the necessity to remove racial gaps. Challenges and Opportunities of White Women and Black Men The discussion of privileges between white women and black men is not easy as it touches upon two critical sociological concepts – race and gender. Socioeconomic status (SES) is another complex factor that influences the quality of life and health of the population (Williams et al. 408). In the United States, many women admit that they are not always able to obtain the required jobs because of the necessity to hire white men in the same positions. Black men, in their turn, may not face gender inequalities in employment but be pressed because of the color of the skin. Black-white male wage gaps have a decades-long history (Bloome 1202). A similar historical gap in education makes black people think about necessary improvements in social-economic mobility (Assari). Taking into consideration the obstacles black men face in their intentions to earn and achieve a high quality of living, this group of people seems to have fewer privileges compared to white women. Conclusion In general, racial and gender inequalities in modern American society remain open today. Both men and women are not always sure of their future: white women because of their gender, and black men because of their race. However, comparing the conditions under which the chosen groups are employed, receive healthcare services or education, and prove their rights, white women have better chances to achieve evident privileges with time. Women have already proved their right to have jobs, vote, and be equally accepted in society, and black people still suffer from inequalities and prejudice. Works Cited Assari, Shervin. “ Parental Education Attainment and Educational Upward Mobility; Role of Race and Gender. ” Behavioral Sciences , vol. 8, no. 11, 2018. Web. Bloome, Deirdre. “Racial Inequality Trends and the Intergenerational Persistence of Income and Family Structure.” American Sociological Review , vol. 79, no. 6, 2014, pp. 1196-1225. Gould, Elise, et al. “ Black Workers Have Made no Progress in Closing Earnings Gaps with White Men Since 2000. ” Economic Policy Institute . 2018. Web. Williams, David R., et al. “Understanding Associations Among Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health: Patterns and Prospects.” Health Psychology , vol. 35, no. 4, 2016, pp. 407-411.
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Operations Management vs Green Building (GB) Report Outline * Introduction * Green Building and Operations Management * Importance and Role of Operations Management * Conclusion Introduction Green building depends upon effective management process and resource allocation. Project managers tell what they do is to create such things as good home environments, provide for leisure and tourism, save buildings, the countryside and landscape, improve the natural and built environments, make sure that developments are well served by transport systems. Coordination is one of the operations management activities essential to the green building. The nature, intricacy, and magnitude of the management task, especially in conglomerate organizations, complicates the problem. These burdens are eased by greater use of renewable resources that include people outside the green building project, the addition of personnel to green building staffs, and the establishment of coordinating responsibilities such as research and development, product planning, and market planning. Green Building and Operations Management Operations management help green builders adjust to changing market situations, marketing organizations are faced with the necessity of developing agreement within the total system while allowing divisional units great autonomy. Operations management functions such as budgeting, planning, resource management, layout design permit speedier decisions and adjustments, authority to act at lower levels, the development of a supply of green building managers, and recognition of both the latitude accorded specialized or independent functions and the diversity of company activities (Johnston 32). Operations management facilitates the performance of specialized units in green building process, welds independent divisions into a total complex, sets goals for the entire project, allots each unit its role and appraises its functioning, strives for organizational balance, and fits all the departments into a system. Operations of green building projects vary, and some companies now want it close to the marketplace. This affords greater autonomy for project managers and an advisory position for central planning staffs. As greater authority passes down the line closer to markets, operations management, including location and inventory management decisions, brings a need for marketing specialists at the branch level, thereby creating problems of coordination (Naylor 76). Importance and Role of Operations Management Operations management is crucial for green building projects as it include sales forecasting, product planning, marketing control, physical distribution, credit, manpower development, planning and analysis, and industry research. Breaking out occurs when functions are separated from each other so that they are performed in more efficient and logical manner. Important project issues arise in the process: when to break out functions, how fast they should be developed, and how they should be organized in multidivisional projects. The operations management places emphasis on adjustment to a dynamic external environment and the subordination of the system to overall objectives of the green building industry. Externally oriented, green building leads to greater decentralization and overlapping of staff responsibilities and authority (Naylor 31). Conclusion In sum, within green building industry and projects, operations management helps companies to determine basic and fundamental corporate values and reflects in the kinds of marketing strategies chosen and decisions made. Project executives can only be effective through other employees, for decisions are valueless until someone does something about them. Good project implementation requires good organization and a sensitivity to internal and external environment. Through good operations management, green building initiatives help human corporate resources reach high levels of accomplishment. Marketing decisions, organizations, and operations posture are intertwined. Organizational effectiveness requires assessment and evaluation of objectives, goals, and policies, together with the implementation of management action. Works Cited Johnston R. Cases in Operations Management , 3rd Edition Pearson Education Limited, 2003. Naylor J. Introduction to Operations Management , 2nd Edition Pearson Education, 2002.
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Despite the fact that the issue has been worn out completely in numerous discussions, and its new reconsideration will add nothing to what has already been learned, the movie directed by Wood may shed more light on the issue. Because of the focus on the violence and despicability of Saddam Hussein’s regime, the movie fails to mention the effects that the U.S. troops’ invasion has had on Iraq, as well as comment on the problems that the U.S. approach towards addressing the issue of Saddam Hussein’s totalitarian regime had. Speaking of the weakest points of the movie, one must mention that there is a certain tendency in it to avoid addressing George W. Bush’s policy. What a range of other sources consider the key to understanding the nature of the confrontation has been omitted by Wood. Thus, the movie fails to tie in the Iraq War and the notorious al-Qaeda attacks: “The post-9/11 terrorist attack on American forces in Iraq has also revealed that al-Qa’ida is really a multinational network” (Abootalebi, 2007, p. 416). Although it is widely considered that George W. Bush’s decision to establish democracy in Iraq was doomed to failure from the start due to culture related issue, it is using invasion as a tool for introducing democracy that worked against the American government, as Yetiv (2007) explains. While there have been a number of Iraq residents, who tried to fight Saddam Hussein’s regime as well (Wood, 2003, 00:02:11), the goals of these people and the American troops were far too different for any of them to succeed. While both the movie and the articles provide different ways of looking at the notorious conflict between Iraq and the USA, they strangely mention the same factor that could have been the reason for the Iraq War to become not only one of the most devastating conflicts of the XX century, but also one of the most exhausting events period. Considered a strategic mistake by a number of political scientists and economists, the war in Iraq was too complicated a process to view it only as a process of changing the Iraqi political regime. The movie has a number of valid points, though. The key problem that the Iraqi economy and politics were facing at the time is outlined rather clearly. Much to Wood’s credit, he mentions a range of details that help understand the problem of the Iraq War better. For instance, Iraq’s priorities, e.g., the Iraqi’s weapon regeneration capability in the state of a complete economic chaos” “we’re not talking about food […], we are talking about industrial machinery” (Wood, 2003, 00:50:58). The information provided in Saddam’s Killing Fields can hardly be called the ultimate truth, since the movie does feature a rather one-sided way of looking at the problem. However, its moments of clarity shine through, and it does help understand the struggle within Iraq, which literally tore its society apart. As the movie shows, the residents of Iraq were not thrilled with the effects of Saddam Hussein’s political choices, either. Wood does not shy away from showing the devastation that the war has brought onto the Iraqi people, most of whom were farmers (Wood, 2003, 00:40:31). A new way to look at the notorious events in Iraq, Wood’s movie is clearly worth watching. Reference List Abootalebi, A. R. (2007). What went wrong in Iraq? In David W. Lesch (ed. ), The Middle East and the United States. A historical and political reassessment (pp. 412–433). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Wood, M. (2003). Saddam’s killing fields . YouTube . 2012, Oct. 31. Yetiv, S. A. (2007). The Iraq War of 2003: Why did the United States decide to invade? In David W. Lesch (ed. ), The Middle East and the United States. A historical and political reassessment (pp. 394–411). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
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Free Speech in the First Amendment Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction The US Constitution is widely considered to be a critical document that establishes individuals’ rights and freedoms. The first amendment of the Constitution states, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances” (“The Bill of Rights”). This means that the laws of the United States shall not contravene people’s rights to exercise their religious beliefs and express themselves through speech freely. The amendment also restricts the control of the press and establishes people’s rights to peaceful protests and assemblies. Main body Personally, I do not think that free speech is a moral imperative. The first amendment prevents the government from punishing people for expressing their views and opinions. However, this does not mean that people should always voice their opinions and disregard other people’s feelings and beliefs while doing so. As a result of globalization and technological progress, we live in a connected environment with people from different generations, cultures, and religious backgrounds. The right to free speech, while supporting personal freedoms, can be used as an excuse for offensive comments that hurt others (Wermiel). Hence, there is a moral limit to free speech that should govern how and when people can exercise their right to free speech. Conclusion The legal limitations upon free speech primarily concern the cases when speech threatens particular individuals or population groups. For example, hate speech that incites violence towards specific religious groups is not protected by the US Constitution. The problems that arise in determining whether an act of speech is protected by the first amendment involve determining the speaker’s intent and possible consequences of a statement. Unfortunately, there is no easy solution to these problems because intent and impact cannot always be evaluated objectively. However, the use of past precedents, jury voting, and linguistic analysis of speech can help to apply the law more accurately. Works Cited “The Bill of Rights & All Amendments.” The Constitution of the United States . N.d. Web. Wermiel, Stephen J. “ The Ongoing Challenge to Define Free Speech. ” Human Rights Magazine . N.d. Web.
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Gresham Behavior Rating Scale and Its Validity Essay Validity is the level of the truthiness of a specific instrument or technique. To determine the validity of a scale, a comparison study is of great significance. If the results of a specific scale resemble the findings of other studies, then it is valid. Therefore, a comparison of the Gresham Behavior Rating Scale to other measurements will take place to determine its validity. Gresham Behavior Rating Scale analyzes and measures behavior according to the perspective of children, parents, and teachers. Thus, it is important in service outcome evaluation as it involves the children, the parent, and the teacher reports (Gresham, 2010). The scale is useful to children of five to eighteen years. It measures intrapersonal as well as interpersonal strengths, family involvement, and school functioning. According to studies done, the scale is psychometrically sound. As a result, it plays an imperative role in schools as well as social agencies. According to McFall (2008), the adequacy of the scale has made it valid. On the other hand, Gresham Behavior Rating Scale does not meet criterion validity. Criterion validity is the ability of a variable to predict an outcome in line with findings from other studies. According to a recent survey, a large sample interferes with the criterion validity of the Gresham Behavior Rating Scale. This is because the scale produced varying results between samples with behavioral disorders and those without. Additionally, researchers have conducted many studies to determine the convergent validity of the Gresham Behavior Rating Scale. According to a study done, a correlation of eighty-eight percent existed between Gresham Behavior Rating Scale and Child Behavior Checklist (Epstein, 2008). This portrays evidence of convergent validity according to statistical significance. In another study that aimed at determining convergent reliability, a portion of the Gresham Behavior Rating Scale portrayed a strong relationship with a section of the Child Behavior Checklist (Merrell, 2010). According to the study, Gresham Behavior Rating Scale involving interpersonal strength, school as well as social functioning showed a strong relationship with the externalizing scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. On the contrary, Gresham Behavior Rating Scale involving intrapersonal strength portrayed a minute relationship with the Child Behavior Checklist (Emerson, 2010). Lastly, Gresham Behavior Rating Scale has a very high correlation with Social Skill Rating System. This is because studies have revealed that Gresham Behavior Rating Scale demonstrates a high to moderate correlation with Scales that measure competence. On the other hand, a low to medium correlation results in its comparison with scales that measure deficit. According to Quinn (2009), Gresham Behavior Rating Scale adequately fulfills the requirements of discriminant validity. This is because Gresham Behavior Rating Scale effectively discriminates children and adolescents with behavior and learning disabilities from those without. For instance, the assessment of intrapersonal and interpersonal strengths helps in the evaluation of learning disabilities (Merrell, 2009). Besides, assessment of family involvement and school functioning is imperative in the assessment of behavioral disorders. The preciseness of the two assessments makes the Gresham Behavior Rating Scale valuable in the test of discriminant validity. Furthermore, a close relationship exists between discriminant and content validity (Reamer, 2009). Thus, Gresham Behavior Rating Scale portrays content validity. In research done, the determination of content validity involves variable development, selection as well as validation. According to Gresham Behavior Rating Scale, parents and teachers developed evaluation criteria that were successful in discrimination of children with behavioral disorders and those without. This shows that Gresham Behavior Rating Scale is valid. Moreover, various studies that determine the external validity of the Gresham Behavior Rating Scale exist. External validity is the magnitude to which one can generalize the results of a study (Cohen, 2010). The generalization involves population, settings as well as conditions. According to studies done, sample characteristic is a threat in the determination of external validity. This is because extraneous factors usually influence the characteristics of the sample. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the external validity of the Gresham Behavior Rating Scale. For instance, in the evaluation of behaviors of children and adolescents, an extraneous factor can interfere with the results. Therefore, the group of children and adolescents that have behavioral disorders could have something that under or controls their activities. Finally, internal validity is the magnitude to which the findings of an intervention related to the sample and not the extraneous factors (Kauffman, 2008). In Gresham Behavior Rating Scale, internal validity is always under a compromise. This is because extraneous factors always interfere with the behaviors of adolescents and children (Rosenthal, 2008). Therefore, the treatment of the sample should take place. This involves controlling all those factors that are likely to influence behavior. References Cohen, J. (2010). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Academic Press. Emerson, E. (2010). Convergent Validity of the School Social Behavior Checklist and Teachers Report Form. Journal of Psychoeducational Assesssment , 453 (78), 372-380. Epstein, M. (2008). The Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale. Behavioral Disorders , 1178 (65), 314-321. Gresham, F. (2010). Behavioral and Functional Assessment. Handbook of Child Behaviortherapy , 217 (9), 13-22. Kauffman, J. (2008). Characteristics of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders of Chiuldren and Youth. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice-Hall. McFall, R. (2008). A Review and Reformulation of the Concept of Social skills. Behavioral Assessment , 265 (89), 1-35. Merrell, K. (2010). Behav ioral, Social and Emotional Assessment of Children and Adolescent. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaun. Merrell, K. (2009). School Social Behavior Scales. New York: Springer. Quinn, M. (2009). A Metaanalysis of Social Skill Interventions for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders , 90 (2), 54-64. Reamer, F. (2009). Social Work Research and Evaluation Skills. New York: Columbia University Press. Rosenthal, R. (2008). Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Celine Dion and Her Voice Essay (Biography) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Celine Dion is, no doubt, one of the brightest artists of the pop culture of all time. She was raised in a large family of poor parents, and after numerous difficulties in life, she became one of the best-selling female artists. Her long list of awards, including Grammys and Oscar, are not the only reasons why she is a great singer. This Quebecoise woman has become a queen of people’s hearts and conquered the world with her mesmerizing vocals and great personality. Main body I was born when Celine Dion was already a popular and critically acclaimed artist. I think I inherited the love for her music from my mother, as she is also a fan of Dion’s talent. I grew up listening to her songs and the older I became the more I understood emotional undertones and the depth of her lyrics. The power of her phenomenon lies: in ability to be liked by such different generations through projecting emotions close and known to everybody’s heart. What caught me most is the power of Dion’s voice and the depth which she uses to guide the listener through the feelings she projects with the song. Celine has the ability to combine her powerful voice with grace and effortless elegance, which always touches the soul. Despite having one the best vocal diapason and technical singing skills, Celine Dion always sings first of all from the bottom of her heart, and that might be a secret to having millions of fans around the world. Even the most meticulous critics recognized Canadian artists’ voices as incredible and driven by a unique style and tone. Her excellent lyrical soprano comes with a wide range of technical skills like sustaining long notes and melismas. The most exciting part of this is that, due to growing up in a low-income family, she did not get musical education. Celine is a self-taught natural talent creating impressive vocal intensity and virtuosity. Another specific trait Celine Dion has is being able to create a majestic voice flow. Compared to other singers with a strong voice who tend to over-emphasize their vibrato and show off singing skills, Quebecoise diva allows power and depth to be seen in a uniquely clear and pure manner. A listener can distinguishably hear it in such songs as “All by Myself” and the forever classic hit “My Heart Will Go On”. However, the best part of Dion’s music is the power behind the voice. It is about her talent to reach people’s hearts and souls. Through her ballads, Celine communicates familiar and relatable topics to her audience, which makes her songs refreshingly naturalistic. She has class and delivery like no other artist, that is why so many people went through falling in love, relationships, heartbreaks, and friendships listening to her songs. Celine Dion has numerous songs that encompass her unique style as an artist. One of the latest examples is the song called “Ashes”, a soundtrack for “Deadpool 2” (Dion). This might be the most powerful song written for Marvel’s multiverse, which showed that even after decades of career, Celine plays in a league of her own. Both melody and depth of lyrics embody the exceptional talent of the Quebecois singer. Conclusion Celine Dion’s voice has become not only the soundtrack of many movies but also a soundtrack of generations. She has crossed every border both in the world and people’s hearts with her authentic electrifying ballads. Her voice that seemingly effortlessly goes from whispers to powerful notes combines grace with skill, has become a classic with millions of fans around the world. References Dion, Celine. “Céline Dion – Ashes (from “Deadpool 2″ Motion Picture Soundtrack)”. YouTube. Web.
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Change Management and Decision-Making Essay The rapidly changing situation in the market of goods and services forces organizations to adapt efficiently and quickly. It results in overly rapid changes within the enterprise without a smooth transition. The fast pace is becoming a problem for both the company and employees. Team members are forced to quickly adapt to new work formats, promptly learn new skills, and take on additional roles. In such conditions, competent and high-quality change management and decision-making are essential. In an age of global transformation, change management has become one of the principal success factors for most companies. The surrounding reality is in a state of constant shift: the demands of internal and external customers are changing, new market barriers and opportunities are emerging, unforeseen risks are occurring. Companies that cannot withstand the pace of development and adapt to new conditions often have to leave the market, giving way to more flexible organizations. The central concern is that for most employees, rapid change causes a feeling of anxiety and discomfort. It often causes longer sick days, days off, constant complaints, and employee turnover. People are distressed about their jobs, an unknown future, and ever-increasing competition (Anastasiou, 2020). The situation can be aggravated by the inability to master new technologies, the lack of high-quality communication, and a sick work environment that negatively affects the overall progress. The decision-making process can be challenging, especially in times of crisis. The crisis is a severe external factor that significantly affects the quality of conclusions. Many people do not have enough personal experience or psycho-emotional strength to make a straightforward decision and accept full responsibility. Inaccurate decisions can be based on numerous internal and external errors. Internal factors are related to the personality of the decision-maker. They may help to overcome the anxiety and conduct effective brainstorming. External factors are related to decision-making conditions and external influences. Such decisions may be limited in time, effectiveness, or sources, depending on other workers or the status of a performer (Anastasiou, 2020). All of the above factors have the potential to interfere with the decision-making process. Reference Anastasiou, S. (2020). The significant effect of leadership and conflict management on job satisfaction. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9 , pp. 9 –17.
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Woody’s Veneer Company Leadership and Performance Essay Woody’s Veneer is a factory, which specialises in the production of Veneer. The factory started recording a decline in veneer production, loss of money, teamwork, poor leadership, and performance, leading to rising costs of recycled materials and garbage fees. The drop in performance compelled the management of the company to hire someone to evaluate and determine the reasons leading to the problems. The problems were traced to the leadership and line managers. For instance, a visit to the factory to meet Mr. Max Brath, the factory superintended, and other line managers revealed instances, which suggested that Mr. Max was experiencing team leadership problems because he never took any disciplinary actions against Ken Howk and Dave Flares who frequently fought with each other to settle personal differences. The traits were adopted from their high school days. More analysis revealed that the factory line managers located at the top of the top floor were in poor communication terms with the workers located below the floor, and the only open communication channel was the bulletin board. The managers were harsh and condescending to the workers. A sense of distrust between the workers and the managers was noted to be persistent because both groups were spying on each other. Workers had started grinding some good veneer with ill motives. The workers could collaborate and work as a team to punish the management and spy on them using their communication styles such as signals to evade being noticed. Team dynamics was lacking here. Analysis of group and concepts Team roles Each member of the organisation has to be assigned clearly defined roles based on their moral worth (Brown, 1988). Roles and responsibilities have to be based on norms established by the team and agreed upon by each team member to make them accountable for their actions. Relationships The relationships between the workers and the managers are poor making, it necessary to clearly define the norms and ethics for the employees. The relationship should be friendly for each member to feel a sense of belonging to the team (Baron, Kerr & Miller, 1992). Culture The company should appoint a formal team leader who defines how communication should occur in an environment of people with different cultural backgrounds to avoid the misunderstanding between the workers and the managers (Brown, 1988). Trust The lack of trust was causing the employees to spy on each other, which was leading to a drastic drop in the company’s performance. Trust should be created between the workers and the management to agree on ideas to work on to avoid incidents of confrontations and to spy on each other (Baron, Kerr & Miller, 1992). Group cohesion The working relationship between the workers and managers is poor and should be avoided by creating group cohesion to make the employees work harmoniously together (Baron, Kerr & Miller, 1992). Group conflicts The superintended should show leadership by addressing the rivalry between the management and workers to avoid the conflicts using open communication channels using a clearly defined conflict resolution mechanism. References Baron, R. S., Kerr, N. L., & Miller, N. (1992). Group process, group decision, group action . New York: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. Brown, R. (1988). Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups . New York: Basil Blackwell.
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View of Supervision in Education Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Supervision is very important in ensuring the improvement of education quality. Research shows that improving quality of is not just a matter of having the necessary resources. How the resources are managed is very essential and plays a big role in the overall success of an education system. It is important that teachers and students maintain good relationships. These good relationships should exist among the teachers and also between teachers and head teachers. (Oliva, 1993) The relationship between supervisors and teachers also plays an important role in enhancing quality education. Once a school lacks professional supervision, and the necessary support structures that teachers can use, then this leads to deterioration of quality of education therein. This paper is dealing with aspects of supervision There are recommendations on how to improve supervision protocols (Oliva, 1993). Discussion Supervisors have got various tasks that they need to look out in schools. They have to ensure that teachers are adhering to the stipulated curriculum. This is because there are instances when teachers just teach students what they feel like teaching. This always leads to poor performance in the school. Supervision in schools is normally good as it helps in ensuring that teachers are teaching the students. This is also one of the aspects of supervision. This is carried out by scrutinizing the students and the teacher’s notes. This helps the supervisor to ascertain whether teachers teach students well or not. This helps in knowing teachers that simply evade classes or those that go to class to chat about other issues (Poole, 1989). Another aspect of supervision in schools is in line with instructional development. Where teachers are guided by the supervisors such that their instructions to the students are in line with the curriculum and they should also be pragmatic. In carrying out supervision, teachers are helped by the supervisor to plan for instruction. This is in terms of developing lesson and teaching plans. The supervisors help teachers to come up with lesson plans that are attainable within the stipulated time. The plans made by teachers have to give room for students to do other co curricular activities. Another aspect of supervision is helping teachers in their classroom management. This involves overall control of students’ participation. Supervisors ensure that teachers in schools know and implement proper classroom management techniques as expected in the curriculum (Sweeney, 2003). Another aspect of supervision in schools normally involves the supervisors helping teachers on a one to one basis. Teachers are helped to plan and also to implement the curriculum. In case any teacher has got problem with evaluation of the curriculum then assistance is given by the supervisors. In supervision, teachers are helped to make good use of teaching materials and teaching aids. Supervisors normally visit the schools occasionally to carry out such responsibilities. Supervision normally includes monitoring the use of school resources like funds. This is because the government normally allocates a certain percentage of funds to each school (Sweeney, 2003). Supervision aspect here is ensuring that school administrators use such funds appropriately. There is also ensuring that schools have important and essential facilities that play a big role in enhancing quality education. I recommend that that supervision climate done in elementary schools should be based on friendly basis. There should be mutual relationship between supervisors and school administrators. This should also be present between teachers and supervisors. This will help supervisors to get vital confidential information that could lead to detriment of education quality in the schools. This is because there are so many issues that affect education in schools and unless supervision is done on a friendly basis then there are chances that problems dealt with could only be the tip of the ice berg (Vacca, 1989). I recommend that to improve school supervision protocols, there need not to be formality in the way supervision is carried out. For instance the supervisors should not just access teachers when the head teacher is present. There should be flexibility in that supervisors can also attend the lessons as the teachers teach the student. The existing protocol is that supervisors visit schools when they see the need to. There should be flexibility in this area such that teachers and head teachers can access the supervisors too. In most cases supervisors normally inform school administration about the dates that they will visit. I recommend that this protocol should not be there and that supervisors should also give impromptu visits to schools. This will help saving time and also getting very correct information at the ground level (Veenman, 2001). Conclusion Supervision plays an important role in the overall success of the education system. There are various aspects of supervision. They include ensuring that teachers teach students topics that are in line with the overall curriculum. The other aspect involves ensuring that school resources are well utilized by school administrators. This includes government funds that are normally allocated to every school. There should be a climate of friendliness between supervisors and the teachers. This helps supervisors to unearth many factors that may be affecting the schools. References 1. Oliva, F. (1993): Developing the Curriculum; Teacher Supervision and Evaluation; Nolan and Hoover. 2. Poole, M. (1989): The effects of teacher efficacy and interactions among educators on curriculum implementation. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision; pp. 146-161. 3. Sweeney, D. (2003): Learning and Supervision in Schools; Portland; ME; Stenhouse. 4. Vacca, J. (1989): Staff development; The administration and supervision of reading programs; pp. 147-161. New York; Teachers College Press. 5. Veenman, S. (2001): Evaluation of a coaching program for cooperating teachers; Educational Studies; 27(3), pp. 317-340.
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Ethical considerations of Executive compensation Expository Essay Many outsiders view the size and form of the salaries that executives take home as a vital critical ethical issue. These considerations have resurfaced in the recent years as observers have become aware of the absolute magnitude and generosity of some pay packages. More so, observers have raised an outcry on the many instances whereby executives have been handsomely rewarded even as the companies they are suppose to steer have floundered. Public dissatisfaction has been aroused at the high pay package accorded to the senior executives when the company in question is experiencing financial difficulties, facilities closures, and workers dissatisfaction due to salary cuts and forced leaves (Matsumura & Shin, 2005; Rodgers & Gago, 2003). The United States has been the center of focus of the executive compensation debate. The criticisms focuses on the practices of the firms in the country to compensate their senior executives highly exceeding the rates offered by other international firms. Many evaluations have indicated that the ratio of executive pay package to that of non-executive employees has been on the rise in the past few years (Bohlander & Snell, 2009, p.468). This means that executive compensation has been on the rise at a faster rate than the employee’s compensation. This is an evidence of a system that is at fault in its practices. Is the huge pay package taken home by executives justified? Some individuals have argued that the top executives always have the last say in making vital investment decisions and that their decisions would either dwarf or make improvements to the firm. According to this school of thought, it seems justified to pay $100 million yearly to a senior executive whose decision can make a firm’s returns to be $100 billion (Kolb, 2006, p. 5). Certainly, such people are not easy to find. The refutation of this argument is in the fact that there are executives who rarely express such unique traits. It is easy to spot very highly paid executives who show no concern in making wrong choices and destroying the integrity of the firm. It is unethical for anyone to deserve such enumeration regardless of his or her brilliance at making decisions. It is not right for one person to have so much to himself or herself, regardless of how much benefits the person can give to others. An argument has it that an executive, like any other worker, wants the best terms of employment as much as possible, and that the company looks for the best-qualified leaders, based on its own ability to meet their remuneration demands. Therefore, both sides of the bargain, firm and manager, use their freedom in a free market to reach a consensus. Hence, the process is justified and leads to an enumeration package that is also justified. This line of argument is not realistic as the model of two independent agents striking an arm’s-length deal is not candid enough to express this situation, so the argument on freedom is misplaced. The remuneration of executives is most of the times set by the compensation committee, which comprises of the company’s board of directors. Nevertheless, the chief executive of the company grants membership to most of the boards directly or indirectly. As a result, the very argument that the compensation of executives is due to interplay of factors in a free market is unethical. The hefty executive compensation is often related to the increase in the stock price of a company due to their exceptional managerial decisions. In as much as leadership ability is important to the success of a company, it is worth noting that many different internal and external factors affect the company and its value of stocks. Internal factors (for example workers), or external factors (for example inflation) can have more weight in increasing a firm’s value of stocks than the leadership offered. However, many executives overseeing companies get hefty allowances. While executives are paying attention on the rise in stock prices, the input of other stakeholders are swept under the carpet (Clementi & Cooley, 2009; Bolton et al., 2006). The remuneration of the senior executives is calculated based on the performance of the firm. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown there is weak association between the high remuneration of an executive and the performance of the firm. These reflections point out that this critical issue must be re-examined in a deeper level to come to terms with the ethical aspects of executives pay package. What good does the society get when a system exists in which some individuals receive so much while others so little? References Bohlander, W. & Snell, A., 2009. Managing Human Resources . South. 15th ed. Natorp Boulevard: Western Publishing. Bolton et al., 2006. Pay for short-term performance: Executive compensation in speculative markets . Web. Clementi, G. & Cooley, F., 2009. Executive Compensation Facts . Web. Kolb, W., 2006. The ethics of executive compensation . Carlton: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Lee, D.,2009. ‘Monsanto CEO gets 2009 Compensation valued at $12.7 million.’ Los Angeles Times . Web. Matsumura, M. & Shin, J., 2005. Corporate Governance Reform and CEO Compensation: Intended and Unintended Consequences. Journal of Business Ethics , (62) 2. pp. 32-45. Rodgers, W. & Gago, S., 2003. A model capturing ethics and executive compensation. Journal of Business Ethics, (48) 2. pp.120-123. Troise, J., 2009. ‘Becton Dickinson CEO gets 2009 compensation boost.’ Associated Press . Web.
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Marital and Parental Subsystems in Family Essay Abstract In a family system, the members interact with each other as they perform their different roles. In a conventional family system, these members include the husband and wife, the siblings, and the relatives who make up the extended family. Each of these members has its characteristics that influence how each member performs his or her family roles. These characteristics represent the inputs in a family system whereas their interactions represent the outputs. However, different families have different styles of interaction. On the other hand, a family system has four subsystems. There is the marital subsystem, the parental subsystem, the sibling subsystem, and the extended family subsystem. Each subsystem has its factors that determine the cohesion and adaptability of the family system as a whole. For this to happen, each subsystem has to understand its members’ characteristics and maintain cohesion within it. Family cohesion represents the level of independence, and emotional attachment felt and shared by each member. Adaptability describes how a family can change its interactions and functions when faced with different circumstances within or outside the system. An example of a unique circumstance is the presence of a disabled family member. Family Characteristics Reflection The stability of the marital and parental subsystems depends on how the partners interact with each other both emotionally and physically. For a married couple who have just gone through the developmental stage of childbearing, a unique circumstance such as a physically challenged child can either strengthen or weaken their marriage depending on how they interact with one another. For instance, a couple that allows their child’s condition to connect them emotionally will be able to adapt and maintain cohesion than a couple that sees the situation as a failure of one of the partners. The former couple will most probably work together to raise the child and in return, strengthen their bond. For couples that are unable to achieve this cohesion, marital counseling or therapy is recommended. In the parental subsystem, a couple can comprise biological, foster, adoptive, or step-parents. Just like the marital subsystem, the impact of a child with a disability varies based on their characteristics and ability to adapt and maintain cohesion. Gay or lesbian parents also fall into this subsystem when they get a child by surrogacy, foster parenting, adoption, or artificial insemination. Studies show that their children are likely to experience societal discrimination and stigma while growing up. To alleviate this, gay parents are advised to be diverse and more open to issues relating to sexuality. They should also adopt lesser emphasis on gender-defined roles within their family. In the extended family subsystem, different factors determine the level of support and availability that relatives have on the siblings as they develop. For instance, there is the role of culture that determines the people that make up the extended family and the contact frequency between them and the nuclear family. For example, in American Indian families, the extended and nuclear families usually live together in one household whereas it is not the case in African American families. In the former also, the grandparents usually take child-rearing roles so that the parents go to work. The above cases show that there are boundaries that determine the people who fall within and outside a family system. Moreover, they show that the roles played by the members of a subsystem define these boundaries. For instance, if a gay couple chooses to adopt a child, they choose to become parents and their family system develops.
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This brings various benefits to the company, which encourages businesspeople to keep the economy thriving and running. To mention a few of these benefits, like generating employment, providing finance to people involved, promoting goods, and giving market information. These are just a few of the many advantages that accrue from distribution. The main aim of these channels is to collect the commodities from various manufacturers and make them ready for consumption by the end-users. With these functions available, information and products move from manufacturer to consumer inefficiently and promptly. In a normal chain, some wholesalers sell the products to retailers and finalize with the consumers. Distribution logistics employ the three parties mentioned earlier, controlling movement, planning, and realization of goods. Physical and online retailing involves direct transactions from wholesalers to retailers and consumers, while online transactions are conducted via the internet. For instance, when a website is used to sell products, it duplicates the feel and looks of the store since the customers do not interact directly with the commodities. These can make more customers since quality information of the products is normally provided on the website. On the other hand, online retailing has its disadvantages, like people who have no access to internet services. When it comes to the advantages of online-only exposure, there is less fatigue since customers access the site with not much movement. Having gone through channels, I would redesign a Coca-Cola distribution channel. For now, they are selling concentrates to bottlers who sell to wholesalers and finally to retailers. I suggest Coca-Cola buy bottlers and put them under one umbrella to allow easy management. Bottling outside the company may create logistics challenges that Coca-Cola can avoid using its vast resources and experience.
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The Buying Decision Making by Individual Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Steps in My Decision-Making Process 3. Interpretation of the Type of My Decision 4. The Decision Rule Used Introduction This essay seeks to discuss the buying decision-making process that individuals go through. Moreover, it will closely discuss the steps of this process, the decision rule used, and a chart showing my decision-making process. Steps in My Decision-Making Process First, one should recognize a problem , which could easily be done when there is a difference between the desired and the actual situation. The difference in the two situations lies in the root of a problem questing for a solution by customers. Speaking about my desired situations, I can remember the one when I wished to have a nice pair of shoes, but the actual condition was the opposite. Therefore, I recognized a problem, the solution of which was to purchase this pair. Considering my strong wish, I initiated an information search on the product. The required information at this stage covered the types of shoes available in stock, their price range, location of the shoe shop, the approximate price per pair, and the point of difference between various brands. I had to rely on external sources like the internet, friends, and magazines for the required information. After obtaining all the data, I had to conduct evaluations on the alternative brands available for purchase. The alternatives I had were Tom and Bata shoe products. It should be mentioned that the basis of alternative evaluation could be the product features, brand preference, and aesthetics. Since I needed a beautiful product that would make me look spectacular, my choice was made in favor of Tom’s shoes. Because all my friends often spoke well of the product, I initiated a purchase decision because I could afford it and that my exact size was available. After-purchase assessment of my situation proved that I was satisfied with the product because the perception I had of the product made me feel very positive. So, after trying them out, I looked better than I thought I would. Due to my expectation and perception conformed to the actual result, I concluded that the buying decision I made was correct. Interpretation of the Type of My Decision I am inclined to believe that my buying decision was habitual because it was made with no long planning. Besides that, this action was not obligatory if one considers this situation more carefully. In other words, the decision was made automatically. I have never purchased Tom’s products before, which does not make me a regular customer. This purchase was the first one of the mentioned companies. For that reason, I do not qualify to be called a loyal customer because loyal customers are those who regularly buy the same product for an extended or infinite period. Therefore, my buying habit should be based on inertia. The Decision Rule Used Furthermore, I made a low involvement decision that relied on the fact that the people around me – my friends – made the same choice of products. Another source of influence was the size of Tom’s shoe store. Consumers believe that large stores have a wide range of good products. Therefore, it could be deducted that my decision rule was lexicographic, i.e., it was less involving and was based on an important product attribute. Decision-Making Process Chart. Thus, the buying decision is made after going through many steps. All decisions are classified into various types, such as extended problem solving, limited problem solving, and habitual ones. In my case, the decision rule exercised was lexicographic.
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Adversary System of Law Necessity to Produce Just Results Essay In criminal law, an adversary system can be defined as the system that primarily relies on opposing sides’ skill to present their position on the issue in question from which the truth is expected to crop up. This system is quite fair since it is not as vulnerable to abuse as other legal systems like the inquisitional approach. Among the reasons why it is necessary for the production of just results is the use of judges who present issues in a meaningful manner, the freedom given to opposing parties to present their issues as well as the strict rules used in the process of determining whether the evidence presented is genuine. According to (Randolph, 2003), an adversary system is a constituent in the larger system of law and is normally practiced in the process of giving just results. In America as well as in several other countries’ legal systems, the adversary system is highly regarded as an important principle of lawyers. In the operations of adversary systems, truth is determined by having opposing sides presenting their arguments in the strongest way possible to authorities that are supposed to be impartial. One of the reasons why the adversary system is considered necessary in coming up with just results is its influential operational structure and constituent rules which are followed during court proceedings. Normally, the adversary system constitutes judges, lawyers who represent sides that are opposing each other, and rules governing procedures taking place in court. Lawyers representing each side make efforts to ensure that, their sides win the case since lawyers are obligated to their clients and in the process, the arguments culminate to just results. In this case, lawyers who are conversant with law help opposing sides to present their cases in a professional manner which assists the judge to derive the truth from both sides, ruling out accordingly. Secondly, the adversary system gives each of the opposing parties, equal time and freedom to isolate issues that they support. This freedom allows each party to use the available time to present all evidence available to bring out the truth of the matter and in the process the evidence that contains “the real truth” may eventually come out bringing just results. The freedom also gives an allowance for respect of individual independence which gives opposing sides power to produce valuable evidence for use in making a judgment (Randolph, 2003). Thirdly, the adversary system is necessary for bringing just results because, the system operates in assumptions that, opposing sides present their evidence to laymen which requires them to be very clear in the issues they bring forth. This makes rules through which opposing sides present evidence to be very strict, which limits cases where evidence may be faked since details are required for the evidence to be used in judgment. However, adjustments are made in cases where one or both sides are not represented by lawyers to allow them present evidence that supports their issues. Another way in which strict rules that are used in adversary systems to assist in bringing just results is the allowance given to the court where it makes implications on a situation where the side that is accused resists subjection to cross-examination. The court may make any conclusion based on its judgment which limits cases where one of the conflicting parties opts to be silent which would hinder truth from being revealed. Also, this limits cases where the judging authority may decide to make negative implications that could not have been arrived at if one had presented issues as they are instead of keeping quiet. Therefore, in the course of presenting issues, the truth is given way through various issues that are realized in the course of arguing. The adversary system is, therefore, very essential in the production of just results because of the ground it presents to conflicting sides to freely present their issues without any hindrances (Janet, 2005). References 1. Janet W. (2005): The civil litigation Process: Emond Montgomery publication pp. 34-36 2. Randolph N. (2003): The American Jury system: Yale University Press pp. 10-14
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The Efforts Tetra Pak International SA Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Major Problem 3. Recommendation 4. Concluding Remarks Introduction The presented case study describes the efforts Tetra Pak International SA (Tetra Pak) undertook to develop an efficient recycling chain. In 2004, the company did not have an existing recycling system. However, it had managed to increase the recycling rate by around 28 percent in 2015. Using its business model, Tetra Pak guided emerging companies and entrepreneurs to pursue a similar idea. Waste pickers were also involved since they could collect and market used cartons. In China alone, this company was recycling around 167,000 tonnes. The established network reveals that this organization could expand the concept without any form of legislation. However, some partners are still unwilling to support the idea of recycling. Major Problem The studied case study reveals that there were some recyclers who remained uninvolved or unwilling to be part of the model. Such partners were making it impossible for this company to record additional goals or outcomes without an established policy or legislation. Tetra Pak did not have any evidence-based plan that could have been implemented to empower more recyclers and ensure that higher rates were recorded. The realization of positive results revolved around the consideration of a superior model that would not trigger additional financial constraints. Recommendation The above problem reveals that Tetra Pak might not be able to extend its recycling rate within the next few years since there are some partners who have been unsupportive or unwilling to deliver positive results. This reality means that there is a need for evidence-based approaches that will make a difference and eventually ensure that Tetra Pak expands its strategy. The first solution or recommendation needs to be short-term in nature. The most appropriate initiative revolves around the provision of training sessions and financial resources to different partners who might be encountering noticeable challenges whenever trying to implement the targeted recycling strategy. Such a move will support the identification and mitigation of potential barriers, thereby making such firms and entrepreneurs more responsible and capable of increasing their current recycling rates. A long-term initiative is essential if Tetra Pak is to become more responsible and attract additional customers. The most appropriate strategy revolves around the adoption and implementation of a powerful policy or standard that all business partners will have to follow. For instance, Tetra Pak can design a model whereby all partners should meet a certain criterion for recycling and show signs of continuous improvement. This model can be implemented within a period of five years in order to offer incentives to companies that might be encountering certain hurdles. The end result is that Tetra Pak will be in a position to record positive results. Concluding Remarks The above discussion has identified Tetra Pak as an ethical organization that continues to set the pace for recycling. The current problem or barrier requires that this company introduces additional resources to firms and partners that might be finding it hard to support the established model. The implementation of a powerful code will ensure that more partners are prepared and willing to be part of the recycling program within a period of five years. This achievement will make Tetra Pak more successful and competitive in the global industry.
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By implication, an experimental design is under a research hypothesis. Thus, a research hypothesis can be evaluated with prediction, deduction, induction, test of predictions and observation. However, a research hypothesis for an experimental design must be testable or falsifiable. To understand hypothesis testing, we must describe the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the accepted fact of a research study. As a result, a statistical test must align with the null hypothesis. The z-test is a statistical method for evaluating a normal distribution. As a result, statistical values with a large population can be evaluated using the z-test. The population variance and large sample size influences support the z-test. Thus, the elements of experimental design include the working mean, population variance or deviation, population normal distribution, and the sample size. By implication a researcher must use the z-test to evaluate proportion studies (Rao, 2007). It is convenient to use the nonparametric test for non-probable assumptions. Thus, research with fewer assumptions must use the non-parametric testing method. Consequently, a study population with ordinal value, clear outliers, and outcome detection must use the nonparametric test. Appropriate measures of t-test, z-test and nonparametric test. Event t-test z-test Nonparametric test Sample above 30 Use z-test Known variance Use z-test Population normally distributed Use z-test Sample below 30 Use t-test Unknown variance and population distribution Use t-test Clear outcome detection Use nonparametric test Ordinal value Use nonparametric test Clear outliers Use nonparametric test Public health researchers utilize differential statistics to evaluate the population size. By implication, two or more variables are computed based on the experimental design. Thus, public health researchers rely on inferential analysis of two or more variables (Rao, 2007). The variables could be nominal, ordinal or interval, thus, comparative analysis improves the research validity. The paper defined research hypothesis as a statement of assumption. However, hypothesis testing process describes the validity of the research statement. The steps for hypothesis testing include a defined null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis, decision set, sample collection, analysis of data, accept or reject regions, and hypothesis validation or conclusion. The null hypothesis describes the reversed version of the researcher’s assumptions. For example, tooth decay among Hispanic black males requires a null hypothesis to validate the study. Consequently, the research provides a working hypothesis and an alternative. However, if the null hypothesis is rejected, the alternative hypothesis will validate the research statement. The set analysis describes the researchers’ decisions. By implication, an assumed significance of 0.05 will establish the researcher’s confidence level for the hypothesis testing. Data collection must be carried out using random or observational methods. For example, the inclusion criterion for data collection in the tooth decay study was age, and ethnicity. Finally, analysis of data depends on the statistical technique. The test is computed using a z-test or the t-test. However, the test method depends on the researcher’s decision, the population, size, nominal distribution, and population variance. The researcher can accept or reject the hypothesis statement based on the threshold value. In accordance with the research rules, the researcher draws the conclusion of the study. An appropriate statistical test for the sample depends on the sample size and nominal distribution. However, statistical testing methods include comparison, confidence interval, and point estimates. With reference to the sample study, the t-test will establish the confidence interval of the sample population. Reference Rao, K. V. (2007). Biostatistics: A manual of statistical methods for use in health, nutrition and anthropology . India, New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Publishers.
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“Effectiveness of Pilates Exercise in Treating People” by Wells Research Paper In the study, the researchers aim to find the effectiveness of Pilates in reducing chronic pain in people suffering from backache. However, the researchers do not use the primary methodology to confirm their thesis. The researchers report quantitative results of the selected reviews and write the review according to the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses’ (PRISMA) guidelines”. The research material for the study was gathered from 10 different scholarly databases using the keywords, ‘Pilates’, ‘low back pain’ and ‘review’. The researcher question of all the selected reviews was the same – The impact of Pilates on chronic low back pain. The researcher and interpretation of the primary studies was conducted their process in four stages. The researchers compared studies with similar research questions, sifted and chose primary studies, calculated the level of evidence used in the systematic review and finally the quality of the methodology used. There were two additional reviewers to assess the level of evidence and methodological quality using the NHMRC evidence hierarchy and the R-AMSTAR which has been found useful in assessing the methodological quality of the systematic reviews. The study of the selected 5 reviews revealed conflicting results about the effectiveness of Pilates in reducing chronic low back pain in people (Wells et. all). In their study, the researchers found inconsistency in methodological design and levels of evidence. They concluded that there is lack of evidence to prove the positive relation between Pilates and reduction of chronic back pain in people. The researchers attribute this inconclusive evidence to the scarcity and low quality of methodology used in primary studies. This study fits into the larger domain of theories which assert the importance of Pilates exercises to reduce chronic back pain in people. This study asserts that the methodology used to conduct such studies may not be of high quality; hence the results may not be authentic. The study challenges all previous studies which use poor methodology to confirm the use of Pilates to cure chronic back pain in people. The study is related to the domain of healthcare. It challenges the fact that Pilates as a form of exercise may not have a considerable impact on chronic back pain. The results will certainly deter many potential aspirants who have used previous scientific data to consider the use of Pilates as an effective therapy for reducing back pain. Within the healthcare domain, the study, due to its scientific methodology, is highly reputable and authentic due to the stringent methods used for assessing the quality of the selected reviews. Personally, this study will not deter me from engaging in alternative therapies for physical health. I do not personally practice Pilates, but I am a regular practitioner of Yoga, which is believed to be the base of Pilates. I have not suffered from chronic back pain, but personally know family and friends who have benefitted immensely from practices such as yoga and Pilates. However, if I had not been a regular practitioner of yoga, I would have believed the results of this study and could have been deterred from engaging in an alternate therapy for physical problems such as pain. This study points to the lack of appropriate evidence and low quality methodology used by researchers to confirm the effect of Pilates on chronic back pain. Works Cited Wells, Cherie, Kolt Gregory, Marshall Paul, Hill Bridget and Bialocerkowski Andrea. “ Effectiveness of Pilates exercise in treating people with chronic low back pain: a systematic review of systematic reviews. ” BMC Medical Research Methodology 13.7 (2013). Web.
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Roads as a Link between Buyers and Sellers Essay Introduction According to the article, street patterns have undergone a rapid evolution. They have moved from the Gridiron in the 1900s to the Lollipops on a Stick that came into use in the 1980s. According to the author, when designing roads, one should consider the efficiency of road users so as to maintain road safety. Roads experience congestion during peak hours of the day, and an easy-flow during off-peak hours. The road should accommodate all users such as pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, and passengers. A decent road should meet the desires of all its users and must be safe for all ages. Both the able-bodied and disabled should be comfortable when using the road. Roads built with little or no disruption to the community add value to the development of society. It enables members of the community to access the market of their products easily. Roads serve as links between buyers and sellers, hence promote trade. Analysis The author suggests that land should be conserved in order to preserve prehistoric and historic archeological sites. These sites are found on land, and when land is not maintained, they are destroyed. Destruction of land may also affect its drainage system. Drainage destruction can be a health hazard to those living around the area destroyed. Therefore, the land is a multipurpose asset that needs to be protected by all means. As such, when designing roads, activities that create beauty on land should be preserved. Roads should have grades to assist trucks to go down the slope slowly. This is to enhance safety among all road users. When constructing the road, one encounters hills and valleys. A trench from a hill can be cut and used to fill and cover a valley so as to get a level ground for a road to be constructed. Some hills and valleys may be dangerous if left in their natural design. There are various types of roads. They include parkways, freeways, highways, and superhighways that allow speeding. Roads should have facilities such as traffic lights to guide road users. Pedestrians and drivers should use these lights to maintain harmony. When erecting traffic lights, the road constructor should use appropriate colors such as red, green, and yellow. Road users will use the color of traffic lights to understand how they should use the road. Construction engineers should consider putting reflection marks on the road for those who use the road at night. These reflections can guide the road user so as to avoid accidents. Signs are useful on the road since they act as guides when using the road. For example, where there is a school and children are crossing, a road sign will be used to communicate to drivers to slow down. There are three types of highway intersections that one should keep in mind. They include diamond, cloverleaf, and directional interchange. Conclusion Roads tend to wear out when they have been for a long time. Cracks and potholes may develop on the road, which may be dangerous. Such cracks can be filled with concrete so as to contain their further deterioration. This indicates that roads should be maintained for safe use after construction. When neglected, such roads can be carnage points where human beings may lose lives. Secondly, poor maintenance of roads may affect the transportation of produce to the market, because they are facilitators of the economy. When using the road, one should be mindful of the welfare of other road users. This will go a long way towards enhancing road safety for all users.
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Public Transport Infrastructure in Australia Expository Essay Facilitating the communication between different elements of the city infrastructure is a crucial task, and the transportation system is what the success of communication hinges on. With the integration of improved transportation system principles into the infrastructure of Melbourne, the environment for purring the growth of local SMEs has been created. Affecting the PPP (public–private partnership) market on an internal level, the changes within the transportation system have incorporated the key principles of the Australian economy and, thus, contribute to the advance of the Australian market. The most obvious changes made to the Australian transportation system so far, the alterations in the process of decision making process must be mentioned. With the incorporation of the key economic principles into the supervision of the transportation processes, a rapid increase in the flexibility of the transportation processes for all parties involved (Australian Government vi). The decision making process, therefore, has been shifted towards the reduction of financial risks and the proper distribution of liabilities among the parties. The recent suggestion of integrating the key economic concepts into the improvement of the city infrastructure has triggered the necessity to reinvent the cost assessment strategies. At present, the traditional CBA approach allows for estimating the approximate revenue that the Australian government and the local SMEs, as well as major entrepreneurships, are going to attain with the incorporation of the new transportation principles into the city infrastructure, is rather viable. The new approach, however, will require a rearrangement of financial resources, since the costs for the issues related to transportation, are expected to be cut: “By reducing the comparative cost of public transport as compared to driving, we will encourage more people to use the public transport that is closest to them” (Department of Transport, Planning and Local Transportation (Planning) 101). Thus, with the integration of the economic principles integrated into the projects related to public transportation, the CBA analysis is most likely to be shaped considerably, with a significant shift of the emphasis onto the economic profitability of the avenues chosen and an impressive benefit acquired from the transportation fees assigned by the new principles of transportation regulation (Department of Treasury and Finance 15). The positive changes, which the inclusion of the key economic principles into the city infrastructure in general and the system of transportation in particular will supposedly be delivered, also concern the transparency of the financial transactions carried out in the course of the transportation process. There is no secret that the incorporation of economic concepts into the public transportation processes may lead to considerable ethical issues, including the possibility of money laundering, bribes, etc. In order to prevent the possibility of compromising the integration of economy and transportation in Australia, it will be necessary to design a system allowing for complete and uncompromising transparency of the financial transactions within the transportation sphere. Particularly, the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) requires especial transparency. More to the point, the key “institutional and governance arrangements” (Australian Government 6) also need to у as transparent as possible so that the tiniest issues could be located immediately and addressed accordingly. The concept of public–private partnership is not new to the Australian government. Allowing for a considerable flexibility, the specified approach was been in use for quite a while in a range of Australian regions, including Victoria, New South Wales, etc. (Regan and Smith 365). Largely defined as toll roads, PPPs have contributed to the evolution of the state economy, as the toll that travellers are supposed to pay makes an impressive chunk of the state budget and is used for the development of the state economy. Therefore, it can be assumed that the implications of applying economic concepts to the projects related to transportation in Australia should be deemed as rather worthy. Naturally, the specified approach is far from being flawless. As much space as it provides for the evolution of the Australian entrepreneurship in general and the development of more elaborate logistics approaches in particular, the Plan Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Strategy has several major flaws as well, and the lack of control over the process of using the revenues from transportation as the means to advance the state economy is the key one. It would be naïve to expect that no money laundering will occur in the process; hence, a more elaborate supervision strategy must be designed. A specific system of reporting can be used as the basis for possible bias prevention. Despite some of the bias related to the overly optimistic expectations, the success of the new transportation system due to its relation to the economic principles that the Australian private entrepreneurship is guided by is obvious. The ostensible inconsistency with the standards that are traditionally applied to the assessment of the transportation efficacy in Europe and the USA does not seem to affect the success of the Australian infrastructure update. More to the point, the changes applied to the Melbourne infrastructure open new opportunities for SMEs and major corporations’ evolution due to a stronger emphasis on the economic aspects of the solutions provided. Works Cited Australian Government. “Productivity Commission Inquiry Report Volume 1.” Commonwealth of Australia . 2014. Web. Department of Transport, Planning and Local Transportation (Planning). “A More Connected Melbourne.” Plan Melbourne . Melbourne, AU: Department of Transportation. 81–109. Print. Department of Treasury and Finance. Economic Evaluation for Business Cases Technical Guidelines . Melbourne, AU: Department of Treasury and Finance. 2013. Web. Regan, Michael and Jim Smith. “Infrastructure Procurement: Learning from Private – Public Partnership Experiences Down Under’.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29 (2011), 363–378. Print.
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Vaccination has indeed become a sensitive topic of the last year, and the trends in this sense, as Wenham pointed out, are indeed dangerous. The societal threat is that people who have not been vaccinated because they are unavailable, delayed, or generally unwilling are exposed to global discrimination. They cannot re-integrate into society, attend public spaces, and, roughly speaking, be normal. The passage offered for reading is a compelling piece reflecting a sensitive maturing social threat. It is not challenging to be convinced by Wenham’s arguments since the author has expressed thoughts resonating with many individuals all the time. Wenham uses Pathos as a tool of rhetorical persuasion, provoking the reader to think about the justice of green passports. For example, the author relates the pandemic to the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis, which are relevant to a large group of people: as a result, this stimulates the reader to emotion through a sense of belonging to the audience for which Wenham is broadcasting. Wenham emphasizes the theme of social injustice through an argument about different levels of medical accessibility and even different recognition of vaccines. Put another way, communities do not have equal access to the vaccine, which means that some categories of citizens will always remain more privileged while others are more vulnerable. This is not hard to agree with, given the objectively perceived differences in the availability of medicine. Although, in reality, most of the vaccines used are equivalent, political lobbying and hidden economic benefits make some of them ineligible for green passports. In addition, Wenham points out that not agreeing to be vaccinated is also a reason for discrimination. It is hard to disagree with this since practice shows that anti-vaccinationists are a vulnerable group. Indeed, some people may consider unvaccinated individuals to be vulnerable, but the author shows that at the heart of this problem is a fundamental choice that is given to everyone. However, it is fair to admit that not all readers may find Wenham’s view correct. The vaccination problem has made society bipolar, so proponents of green passports may see Wenham’s words as impulsive and exaggerated. This is not surprising since the author speaks of discrimination and the victimization of social groups when there is no particular basis for it — it is up to each individual to choose which cohort to belong to. In fact, one of the reasons for introducing certificates is to want to end the pandemic as soon as possible, and advocating against them may seem like the opposite action. In addition, Wenham is irrelevant in his data since vaccines are gradually becoming available to pregnant women and children, which means that social differentiation will be minimal. However, discrimination will remain relevant against those individuals who voluntarily refuse the vaccine, which cannot be ignored. However, discrimination will also remain against people who could not make this choice for reasons of low health care availability or other clinical reasons. In conclusion, vaccination is still an essential social threat to equity and perceived justice. The low availability of health services, poverty, contraindications, and reluctance to get vaccinated set the stage for discrimination against such social groups. The introduction of green passports means that individuals without them will not be able to enjoy the same benefits as those who just got vaccinated. Clare Wenham, in his reasoning, described this problem in terms of the long-lasting social consequences for people without vaccination.
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Introduction 2. Relationship 3. Engagement in Young Children 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Promoting engagement among learners since early childhood is crucial to the further development of the behaviors that will allow the learner to acquire, process, and use information in a manner as efficient and expeditious as possible. The issue is especially important when it comes to managing the learning process of children with special needs since it allows helping the child become an eager learner. As a result, the learners are likely to overcome the problems associated with their specific background faster and acquire the relevant information successfully. Interaction with caregivers should be viewed as the primary tool for encouraging learners to engage in the process of information acquisition Relationship Studies show that there is a direct link between children’s engagement and their further progress in knowledge and skills acquisition (Wankel & Blessinger, 2013). Particularly, as long as students are invested in the academic process, they memorize the essential information and develop the necessary skills much faster than they would otherwise. The identified approach is especially important for children with special needs, who may feel discouraged when having to face the obstacles that other children do not have to handle (Shoulders & Scott, 2016). For example, ESL learners may be disengaged due to the lack of understanding of the information provided by the teacher. Appealing to the concepts and ideas that are associated with ESL students’ culture and, therefore, are relatable to the target audience, is likely to help in promoting engagement among learners and helping them get excited about the process of gaining new knowledge and skills (Moreira et al., 2015). Furthermore, the connection between students’ engagement and the process of cognitive development can be viewed from the social perspective. As stressed above, the target learners may fail due to the feeling of alienation that they experience in the classroom. The focus on mediation and the creation of a learning community, which can be established at the early education stage, may become the foil for the motivation levels among students with special needs to remain stable: “Teachers need to consider more socially based and mediated approaches that support the learning activities they have planned, especially when children with ASD are part of the learning community” (Peters & Forlin, 2013, p. 44). Despite the fact that the study in question researches the means of tending to the needs of students with ASD specifically, its implications are applicable to the setting, including students with any special needs. Finally, there is a direct correlation between the engagement of the child and the number of interactions that the student has with their parents. The outcomes of the observations point to the fact that the students whose parents spend the smallest amount of time communicating and interacting with their children contribute to their development to the least degree. Therefore, there is a need to design the strategies and tools that will help promote communication and interactions between children and their parents or guardians. As an intervention for the identified scenario, one should consider teaching the essentials of responsive parenting to the parents and guardians. Engagement in Young Children Detecting engagement in young children is comparatively easy since they are prone to expressing genuine emotions and, therefore, do not mask their boredom. Among the typical characteristics of an engaged early learner, one should mention the quality, such as active listening. Furthermore, a motivated student does not get easily distracted. Asking relevant questions should also be viewed as the primary signs of learners’ engagement (Fengfeng & Abras, 2013). Conclusion By increasing engagement rates among children with special needs at the earliest stages of their cognitive development, teachers create the premises for the further success of the target audiences’ learning process. Furthermore, it is essential to make sure that the students interact with their parents or guardians. This includes not only academic activities but also knowledge acquisition, in general. Therefore, it is crucial that young learners with special needs should receive the appropriate treatment. Particularly, teachers must develop a framework that will be used to promote engagement among young learners with special needs successfully. References Fengfeng, K., & Abras, T. (2013). Games for engaged learning of middle school children with special learning needs. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44 (2), 225–242. Moreira, P. A. S., Bilimória, H., Pedrosa, C., Pires, M. D. F., Cepa, M. D. J.,… & Serra, N. (2015). Engagement with School in Students with Special Educational Needs. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 15 (3), 361-375. Peters, B., & Forlin, C. (2013). Children with ASD as part of the learning community in three international schools in Hong Kong: Practical implications for class practice. Asian Journal of Inclusive Education, 1 (2), 31-47. Shoulders, T. L., & Scott, M. k. (2016). Rural secondary educators’ perceptions of their efficacy in the inclusive classroom. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 35 (1), 23-30. Wankel, L. A., & Blessinger, P. B. (2013). Increasing student engagement and retention using multimedia technologies: Video annotation, multimedia applications, videoconferencing and transmedia storytelling (part F) . Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
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Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury in the School Curriculum Essay As a citizen of this state and as a parent, who wants my son to receive a good education, I am disappointed by the fact of removal Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury from the school-assigned curriculum. My strong belief is that this work of literature, which is one of my favorite masterpieces, should be included in the school program. Every great author is a prophet, in a way. Reading the masterpieces of Bradbury it is impossible not to agree with this statement. Sometimes he describes his fictitious world in such details, that there is a feeling that he divines what the future will be like, and sees all the technical achievements of the society with his own eyes. The same goes for his novel “Fahrenheit 451”. My strong belief is that this novel is especially important nowadays. The society described by Bradbury is similar to our contemporary life. In the modern world of high technologies, in the world in which a book is replaced by a computer, by television, or by the internet, a person losses his or her individuality. A person does not use his brain. He has a machine instead. In such a way, a person becomes a small screw of a huge mechanism. Practically eighty percent of the world’s population now has mobile phones. More than one billion people have smartphones. People cannot imagine their life without these devices. Our internal clock is now set not by the sun, but by the digits of our phones. According to the last researches, approximately fifty percent of phone users have slept with their phone on or nearby their bed. The dependence of the younger generation upon mobile phones is even higher. Such a statistic is rather frightening. Mobile devices replace books and real-life communication. The same idea, that society would be captivated by big televisions, and other technical devices, controlled by the state, is observed in Bradburys novel. In the modern world, our outlook and political views are determined by means of mass media, which are controlled by the government. In my own opinion, the above-mentioned facts do not mean, that we have to refuse all the contemporary technical achievements. However, at the same time, our children have to realize, that the information given by mass media is not the universal truth. The dependence of our society on television, mobile devices, internet, has to be reduced. This very novel makes a person wonder about his role in society, as well as the protagonist of this book does. The main character of this novel, Montag by name, is a fireman, and his job is to burn the forbidden books, because the society he lives, believes that all the wisdom of these books is nothing in comparison with technical progress. After meeting Clarisse, Montag finds out that he cannot accept the basics of his job. He understands that life is more complicated, and the wisdom hired in books cannot be lost. Having recognized it, Montag fights against ignorance and tries to help others to receive knowledge. We were taught in school, that every person is a unique individual who has never been before and will never again exist. As for me, looking at contemporary society, I have a strong doubt concerning this. Our daily routine transforms us into soulless automatons. I believe that the only way to avoid it is an introduction to the culture, to the masterpieces of art. I hope that I am not single in my opinion, and this very novel will be included in the school curriculum.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 2. Equal Employment Acts 3. Employee Rights and Issues 4. Recruiting Strategies 5. Employee Selection Methods 6. References Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Act is meant to protect the civil rights of minorities from any form of discrimination. After only three months of the Act’s enactment, the case Heart of Atlanta Motel Incorporated versus the United States was filed in the Supreme Court on October 5, 1964, challenging the law. Heart of Atlanta Motel Incorporated, the complainant, insisted that it did not have an obligation to serve African American customers. The Supreme Court affirmed that failing to serve African American customers was tantamount to racial discrimination, which is a violation of Title II of the Act. Equal Employment Acts Equal Employment Acts have been challenged by the case St. Mary’s Honor CTR versus Hicks , filed in the Court of Appeals on April 20, 1993, and decided on June 25, 1993. In the case, Hicks, who was demoted and eventually discharged from the company, alleged that he had been subjected to racial discrimination by its management personnel. The court held that Hicks’ rights were never violated and the actions of the company to demote and discharge him were not racially motivated. Employee Rights and Issues The issues and rights of employees were challenged in 2012 when the case Vance versus Ball State University was filed in the United States Supreme Court. The plaintiff claimed that he was in order, as the supervisor, to take disciplinary actions against defiant employees. The Court held that, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, an employee only becomes a “supervisor” for reasons of vicarious liability if he is authorized by his employer to act that way. Recruiting Strategies Employee referral has both advantages and disadvantages when applied to recruit staff. The main advantages of the employee referral program are a simplification of the recruitment process and the possibility of hiring the most qualified candidates. However, employee referral is quite expensive, and it also compromises the diversity of potential candidates (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). An employer can also rely on job fairs to recruit employees. Hiring employees through live job fairs only requires an employer to attend such events to get suitable candidates; for this reason, it is a cheaper recruiting method. Online channels such as recruiting websites are also another effective recruiting method as they help to cut down the human resources expenses incurred during the process and yet, they still enhance the diversity of the potential candidates (Daft, 2008, p. 391). An example of an employee recruitment process in the real-life situation is the way Price Waterhouse Coopers recruits its employees. The company normally recruits its employees online, through its websites. Whenever there is a vacancy in the company, it is posted on the firm’s websites, where qualified candidates are expected to apply. Employee Selection Methods The most useful employee selection methods are applications, employment tests, and medical or physical examinations. Each of the three selection methods has its reliability and validity. Applications help organizations to identify interested and suitable candidates to fill particular posts. Employment tests enable the recruiting organization to ascertain the suitability of the candidates for a given job (Kumar, 2011). Employment tests are useful in the sense that they help an organization to establish the health condition and physical fitness of the candidates to be recruited. Consequently, an organization can only get the best chance of hiring the most performance-oriented employees by employing all three selection methods (Mathis & Jackson, 2012, p. 90). An example of an excellent employee selection process is used in hiring staff at American Airways. The process begins with applications from interested candidates. The candidates are then subjected to tests to verify their suitability for the position. The candidates who pass the tests are then taken for medical checkups to ascertain their fitness. References Daft, R. L. (2008). New era of management . Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. Gitman, L. J., & McDaniel, C. D. (2008). The future of business: The essentials . Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. Kumar, R. (2011). Human resource management: Strategic analysis text and cases . New Delhi: I.K. International. Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2012). Human resource management: Essential perspectives . Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
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Hormone Replacement Therapy Definition Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Scenario Review 3. Strengths and Limitations 4. Final Recommendations 5. References Introduction The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women and men has been viewed differently over the latest decades. Early studies have stated that HRT had many potential benefits to female health, including the prevention of osteoporosis and the decrease in symptoms of menopause (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017). Later, the standard for prescribing HRT changed, highlighting the potential dangers of the therapy and shifting the focus towards natural herbs and nonpharmacologic solutions (Holloway, 2010). Nonetheless, the use of medications still has to be reviewed, since alternative treatments are not always effective or allowed for patients. The analysis of recent research suggests that HRT should be discouraged in women with suspected or known breast cancer, heart problems, and some other conditions (Arcangelo et al., 2017; Pizot et al., 2016). HRT can be utilized for some patients but should not be viewed as the primary treatment option. Scenario Review The questions posed in the case require significant consideration because the patient’s individual characteristics can affect the way they will respond to the treatment. First of all, the reasons behind the patient’s inquiry should be addressed. If it is a woman with menopause, then the severity of the symptoms may signal the need to initiate HRT. If it is a man with hypogonadism, the late-onset of the disorder and the research on this procedure has to be considered (Mäkinen & Huhtaniemi, 2011). In order to determine whether HRT is an appropriate suggestion, one should also review the patient’s history to locate any contraindications. For example, female patients with a history of breast or estrogen-based cancer should not participate in HRT due to the increased risk of cancer progressing (Holloway, 2010). Thus, if a patient has multiple contraindications and does not have severe symptoms, they may benefit from alternative treatments. Strengths and Limitations As it is noted above, the benefits and drawbacks of HRT are connected to people’s personal health history. The primary strength of HRT lies in its ability to manage severe symptoms of menopause (Holloway, 2010). If a female patient has premature menopause and is otherwise healthy, the use of HRT may provide her with more positive than negative results (Lobo, Pickar, Stevenson, Mack, & Hodis, 2016). Moreover, HRT can decrease the risk of colon cancer and delay the development of comorbidities that often follow early menopause. On the other hand, the start of HRT may lead to alternative treatments becoming ineffective for women. For instance, Pizot et al. (2016) argue that physical exercise can lower the risk of breast cancer only for those women who did not initiate HRT. Other limitations may include old age, the lack of symptoms, and the history of deep vein thrombosis. Final Recommendations The final recommendations to the patient need to be based on specific patient factors. If the woman requesting HRT has premature menopause and has severe symptoms that may affect her future health, then the benefits of HRT may outweigh its risks. However, if the female patient has contraindications such as breast or ovarian cancer, then HRT cannot be administered. Similarly, male patients’ history of alternative treatments, age, and severity of symptoms should be taken into consideration. Some patients may benefit from utilizing alternative treatments such as physical exercise and herbal supplements. Otherwise, if a female patient stops supplemental hormones due to their being ineffective, she may find that other treatments do not have an effect as well. Therefore, HRT should be administered on the basis of thorough investigation and elimination of all possible risks to the patient’s health. References Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Holloway, D. (2010). Clinical update on hormone replacement therapy. British Journal of Nursing, 19 (8), 496–504. Lobo, R. A., Pickar, J. H., Stevenson, J. C., Mack, W. J., & Hodis, H. N. (2016). Back to the future: Hormone replacement therapy as part of a prevention strategy for women at the onset of menopause. Atherosclerosis , 254 , 282-290. Mäkinen, J. I., & Huhtaniemi, I. (2011). Androgen replacement therapy in late-onset hypogonadism: Current concepts and controversies—A mini-review. Gerontology, 57 (3), 193–202. Pizot, C., Boniol, M., Mullie, P., Koechlin, A., Boniol, M., Boyle, P., & Autier, P. (2016). Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Journal of Cancer , 52 , 138-154.
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Lifespan Development and Its Theories Essay Table of Contents 1. Lifespan development 2. Attachment Theory/ Bowlby’s attachment Theory 3. Theory of Perceptual Development/Gibson’s Theory 4. Heredity and the environment 5. References Lifespan development Development is progressive physical, mental/cognitive, social, and emotional growth. Traditionally, development was thought to occur only in childhood. However, changes occur throughout life. This paper will discuss lifespan development perspective, theories of lifespan development, and the interaction between heredity and environment. The lifespan perspective of development states that human development begins shortly after conception and continues throughout life (Boyd & Bee, 2009). The development manifests through physical and cognitive changes. Lifespan development looks at all changes that occur in an individual’s lifetime. Previously, only changes that occur in childhood were emphasized. This view tended to omit social and cognitive changes that occur throughout life. Culture and the context in which the changes occur must be considered when analyzing the changes. Plasticity is a term that is used to describe changes that occur throughout life. People of all ages experience their surroundings and adjust their behaviors accordingly (Boyd & Bee, 2009). People can learn from the environment regardless of age. Therefore, learning is not restricted to childhood only. This implies that growth continues throughout life. Changes occur in several contexts. In turn, groups that an individual belongs to modulate context. Friendship, work, family, culture, and place are some of the settings in which change may occur (Boyd & Bee, 2009). These settings form an important part of lifespan development. Change does not usually occur outside these contexts. The settings act as both the triggers and modulators of development. Development occurs in periods and domains. The periods of development include prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. All humans go through all these stages in their lifetime. Domains group all changes into physical, mental, and social domains. Physical domain describes all the physical changes occurring in an individual. The mental domain is concerned with cognitive development. Social domain covers all social changes an individual experiences. Attachment Theory/ Bowlby’s attachment Theory The attachment theory states that human infants need an adult with whom they feel secure. Attachment provides the infant with emotional, physical, and psychological security. Attachment is an instinct that develops to ensure the safety of the infant. Body contact and familiarity strengthen attachment. Various types of attachment exist; secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant. Secure attachment is a desirable form of attachment. It is founded on trust. Anxious-avoidant and anxious-resistant forms of attachment are characterized by detachment. Healthy emotional and psychological development depends on attachment. If an infant’s ability to attach to parents or caregivers is restricted, the infant may develop feelings of anger and anxiety. These individuals may become overly aggressive during adulthood. Theory of Perceptual Development/Gibson’s Theory The theory of perceptual development states that infants are born with functional perceptual systems (Slater & Lewis, 2006). This implies that touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste sensations are present at birth. The perceptions play an important role in an infant’s survival. For example, infants are born with an innate preference for mother’s milk. The senses undergo age related changes and by the age of two years, most senses have fully developed. However, at birth touch appears to be the most developed. Heredity and the environment Heredity is a term used to describe human characteristics inherited from parents. Heredity also refers to nature. This includes all aspects of a human being controlled by genes. The genetic composition of an individual plays an important role in growth and development. Genes control all the metabolic processes that produce physical development. Genes influence height, weight, and physique. Genes code this predetermined traits. However, the environment undoubtedly influences the expression of these genetic traits. For example, obesity may be common in places where food rich in fats and calories is regularly consumed. An individual may be genetically predisposed to certain cardiovascular diseases but in the absence of environmental modulation, the diseases do not develop. In most cases, some diseases are managed using lifestyle modulation. This indicates that environmental factors play a role in their development. The environment modulates the effects of genes. The environment modifies all the genetically controlled processes. This produces unique traits that are not shared between individuals. However, the genes may also exert a modulating effect on the environment. The interaction between genes and the environment is complex and to some extent, the product is not predictable. Genetic makeup may influence people to prefer some environments. This implies that genes influence the choice of the environment. The effect of the environment on identical twins has been studied and it revealed that some aspects of development are not greatly influenced by the environment. Related individuals share these aspects. Aspects that may be modified by the environment include learning and interests. Some environments facilitate quick acquisition of knowledge while others hinder it. This paper discussed lifespan development perspective, theories of lifespan development, and the interaction between heredity and environment. The lifespan development perspective contends that development is continuous. Development is physical, emotional, or psychological change. The attachment theory states that infants need adults to feel secure. The perceptual theory states that perception plays an important role in developed. References Boyd, D. & Bee, H. (2009). Lifespan Development (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Slater, A. & Lewis, M. (2006). Introduction to Infant Development . Oxford: OUP.
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Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The U.S. healthcare system is one of the most complex and overburdened in the world, making it highly demanding to both its workers and users. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has released a report in 2010 called The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health , which proposed a multi-level solution to the long-standing issues within the system. This essay analyzes the key objectives outlined by the IOM, discusses their current and potential impact, and analyzes their implications for the future. Main body The report begins with an outline of four critical moments that must be resolved in order to achieve substantial progress. The IOM proposed to expand the role of nurses with consideration of emerging social developments, innovative technologies, and treatment methods (Institute of Medicine, 2010). The organization also called for improvements in the education of nursing personnel and the promotion of higher degrees in this field (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Nursing must also be put into focus when developing new treatments (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Overall involvement of nursing personnel in healthcare must be increased via innovative leadership practices to boost the quality of care (Institute of Medicine, 2010). These objectives are essential for the nursing practice since they allow personnel to resolve shortages of staffing or knowledge and be more efficient in general. The report calls for significant changes in the educational processes for the preparation of higher-quality nurses. The statistics reveal that there is an increased percentage of nursing personnel with Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN) degrees (Palatnik, 2016). BSN-prepared nurses can perform more complex tasks, as their knowledge can enable them to assess a situation properly. However, the more important fact is that BSN provides the most optimal amount of time spent on education to prepare an employee with a sufficient level of knowledge to provide a meaningful contribution to treatment (Institute of Medicine, 2010). It also gives a nurse more opportunities in terms of career and specializations, as the knowledge of BSN is broad enough to be applied in varied settings (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Due to this analysis, there is a noticeable increase in the number of nurses with higher degrees, yet the percentage set by the IoM is far from being reached (Palatnik, 2016). There is a need to provide additional incentives, such as monetary benefits and easier access to continuous education for nurses, if the country aims to fulfill the IOM’s vision of the U.S. healthcare system (Rekha, 2020). BSNs can provide a stable foundation for the changes proposed by the IOM. As the population grows older and more diverse, new challenges that were out of the scope of study of nurses in the recent past continue to appear. The expected growth of these groups will put excessive pressure on the healthcare system, which will collapse without the support of nursing personnel (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Moreover, without continuous education, nursing personnel will be left unprepared to deal with age- or ethnicity-specific health complications. There are obstacles on the path towards the IOM’s vision of the nursing profession. To achieve the desired impact of nurses, it is vital to establish a standardized and constantly updating a set of competencies that will be expected from nurses and trained through continuous training courses. The health of each generation is affected by factors that can be specific and require a distinct approach and knowledge, and the relevance of care settings fluctuates with it (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Lifelong learning gives a unique perspective on changes that occur within a population over time, which provides nurses with essential experience that prepares them for challenges ahead (Rekha, 2020). New illnesses will continue to emerge, and well-trained nurses are one of the most valuable tools to alleviate such issues from growing. The progress continues to bring new technologies into the lives of humans. Knowledge regarding their health also continues to accumulate, constantly expanding this field of study. Nurse can bestow the benefits of this progress onto their patients by non-stop training to ensure that the most efficient methods of treatment are implemented in a timely manner. A multitude of factors that affect people’s daily lives impacts the healthcare system as well, drawing a link between lifestyles within a population and its average health. This shifting landscape demands high levels of flexibility from healthcare workers, making their assistance and critical analysis skills invaluable in the treatment of patients across settings. Conclusion In conclusion, this report by the Institute of Medicine served as a long-overdue push towards critical reforms in the U.S. healthcare system. The four key objectives outlined by the document aim to optimize education and expand the scope of practice for nurses in order to become more suitable for the needs of modern society. The need to increase the number of nurses with higher education remains relevant, and the courses must be continuously adjusted to ensure that students gain all the knowledge to become efficient workers. The role of a nurse evolves alongside the healthcare system itself, as the support that these employees provide is invaluable. References Institute of Medicine. (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health . National Academies Press. Palatnik, A. (2016). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health…how are we doing? Nursing Critical Care , 11 (3), 4. Rekha, S. G. (2020). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. IP Journal of Paediatrics and Nursing Science , 3 (3), 60-63.
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The article is about Nebraska’s Partners in Pollution Prevention program and the benefits it has brought to the state in the reduction of pollution caused by small businesses. This program essentially recruits Engineering students who are trained in pollution prevention and work as interns in selected businesses and provide the businesses with technical assistance. Analysis of the key points in the article Nebraska’s Partners in Pollution Prevention (P3) program has had significant positive outcomes not only on environmental preservation in the state but also on the interns. To begin with, the program has enhanced its efforts in recommending cost-effective pollution prevention strategies to its clients. It has also broadened the range of technical assistance provided by the interns to the clients, for instance, through the inclusion of energy conservation strategies (Dvorak et al., 2003). Second, the P3 program has enhanced the level of awareness creation in the communities through public education. The interns educate the public on pollution prevention through workshops, presentations and media channels such as newspapers, television, and the radio. Third, the interns involved in the P3 program have gained valuable knowledge about pollution prevention and business communication through the hands-on experience made possible by the program. Fourth, the P3 program involves graduate students who not only assist the undergraduate interns in complex matters but also conduct their research on pollution issues. The research studies undertaken by graduate students are used as case studies and also help them in creating new modeling tools for life-cycle analysis (Dvorak et al., 2003). Application and comparison of some points in the article that might be applied to the company you work for, or have worked for Several points can be applied to the company I have worked for. The first is conducting a waste evaluation of the company’s operations to determine the chemical components of the waste and whether or not the waste can be utilized in further production. The second is identifying the technological innovations invented by the company and comparing them with the latest technologies in the market and recommending which latest technology the company should implement to minimize waste. Lastly, conducting an economic evaluation of the company’s current operations and the proposed operations to determine the cost-effectiveness of both operations and recommend which operation the company should adopt. Summary of the article’s conclusions Dvorak et al. (2003) conclude by arguing that the success of Nebraska’s P3 program is dependent on many factors which include the stipend provided to the interns, the mentoring opportunity, the technical nature of the tasks given, the logistical support granted. Another important element of the program is the two-week intensive training course which equips interns with knowledge and minimized the need to supervise the interns. Summary of the article using your own opinions The article by Dvorak et al. (2003) has valuable information about how one program can go a long way in preserving the environment by reducing the rate of pollution from small businesses. It also shows that with a little motivation, young people can play a key role in environmental conservation. Involving young people in environmental activities is crucial because they are the future leaders and future business owners. With such knowledge and skills, conserving the environment for the present and future generations will no longer be just an illusion. Reference Dvorak, B. I., Woldt, W. E., Hygnstrom, J., Dahab. M. F., & Schulte, D. (2003). Nebraska Pollution Prevention Project: Engineering Education through Technical Assistance. Environmental Quality Management, 43-57.
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Frans Hals’ “Portrait of Dorothea Berck” Paintings Essay (Critical Writing) Artists have always been in conflict with their societies. Every society uses art to judge its people. Many artworks speak to their audiences. Artists have always used various artworks to communicate something meaningful to their viewers. Art raises many questions within our societies. Artworks give people a reason to think and make the best decisions. Artists “have always worked hard to present new ideas and tackle every ethical issue affecting their societies” (Will 28). Such artists have always inspired thinkers and citizens to embrace new concepts. Such practices are critical towards understanding the aspects defining our societies. One of the outstanding works of art is Frans Hals’ “Portrait of Dorothea Berck”. The artist completed this piece of art in 1644. This is one of the most famous and meaningful piece of work in the Baltimore Museum of Art. “Portrait of Dorothea Berck” by Frans Hals, 1644. Oil on Canvas, Baltimore Museum of Art. I have always admired most of the works from the Renaissance and Post-Renaissance periods. This piece of work examines a unique aspect of human nature. The artwork gives a detailed description of Dorothea Berck. The artwork explains why the society should take human life seriously. The artwork goes further to identify the role of marriage in the society. The viewer learns many things from Dorothea’s glove. The portrayal of this woman gives a meaningful message to the world. The work “informs every person about the importance of women in marriage and the wider society” (Will 43). The white and black colors in the portrait explain why every person should treat women with respect. The practice is necessary because the future of our world depends on women. The portrait is comparable to Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa”. Such great paintings played a major role towards revolutionizing the world of art. The portrait also encourages the society to embrace every good practice. Such good practices will make our lives much better. The piece of work creates a new sensation in the society. This shows how artists can be in conflict with their respective societies. The best thing is embracing every good idea from their artworks. Viewers should use the ideas presented by different artists in order to make their societies much better. This artwork by Frans Hals also highlights the significance of religion in every society. Churches and religious leaders “undertook weddings and marriages throughout the Renaissance Period” (Will 38). The artwork by Frans Hal explains why modern societies should embrace art. This is necessary because art can bring people closer to their creators. The above artwork by Frans Hals communicates to me directly. The painting also encourages viewers to embrace every piece of art. The artwork also explains why artists have always been in conflict with the society. Citizens can also “use art to express their feelings, concepts, ideas, expectations, and concerns about the world” (Cone 17). Prominent artists such as Frans Hals have presented the best ideas to support different societies. The above piece of art gives many lessons to the audience. People can use such works of art to make informed, meaningful, and contextual judgments. The society will benefit a lot from these works of art. I have gained new concepts and feelings from this artwork by Frans Hals. Our societies should embrace different works of art in order to realize their potentials. Every modern development has borrowed many ideas from different works of art. This painting by Frans Hals explains why there is a broader social interaction between artists and their societies. Every society should borrow many ideas from these artworks in order to realize their potentials. Works Cited Cone, Edward. “The Authority of Music Criticism.” The Journal of the American Musicological Society 34.1 (1981): 1-19. Print. Will, Ralf. Role of the Artist in Society . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print.
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Class Inequality and Paternalistic Ethos in “Give Me Liberty!: An American History” by Eric Foner Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Class Inequality and paternalistic ethos 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Paternalistic ethos appeared to be the part of colonial American history influencing the life of various class levels being under the pressure of social instability. The book “Give Me Liberty! An American History” written by Eric Foner, highlights the basic peculiarities of paternalistic ethos interference with social activities and underlines the attitude of social classes to its introduction in the USA through various historical steps of country development. Class Inequality and paternalistic ethos The development of paternalistic ethos was considered to be a try to suffuse the relationships between colonial partners and dependents on the basis of legitimacy through the metropolitan contemporary norms adoption. The introduction of paternalistic ethos appeared to be a significant step in class rule legitimizing. It left a positive print in the international and interclass unity of the colonial period experiencing by the USA. The slaves managed to feel humanity on the part of higher classes due to paternalistic ethos development; it created some space for the slaves giving them an opportunity to release their needs through religious involvement and expression. Slaves and people of Afro-American origin had an opportunity to experience the “sense of family”. “…it created a tendency for the slaves to identify with a particular community through identification with its master…” (Foner, 2005) It should be noted that paternalistic ethos was the slaves’ defense against the threat to their interests and possibilities for self-expression. Being the representative of the Northern culture, the paternalistic ethos could be perceived as the shaper of nationalism. The introduction of this aspect influenced the unity of black and white nations uniting them under common elements of intimacy and affection. The representative of the northern state being under the influence of communist interests experienced pressure because of paternalistic ethos development; it is necessary to underline the fact the individuals were impacted by the interests of the state and experienced strong pressure in the political sphere. The owners of plantations having slaves and enough space for their agricultural business widening were as well influenced by the adoption of paternalistic ethos; it should be noted that emotional distance between them and their slaves could result in slaves’ chattel status. Nevertheless, some changes were observed in the system of agriculture provisions. Some fines and penalties have been introduced for unwillingness to serve people. Slaveholders and employers took advantage of such changes receiving additional profits. Conclusion The characteristics of paternalistic ethos in the book “Give Me Liberty! An American History”, written by Eric Foner, managed to evaluate the pros and cons of its development for all levels of social classes. The period of colonial America appeared to demonstrate the atmosphere that time through the lives of slaves and wealthy people showing the impact of paternalistic ethos upon their activities and ways of self-expression. References Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History. Seagull Edition. W. W. Norton & Co. 2005.
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Corporate Strategy and Management in Business Essay Many directors and managers find their time completely occupied by fire-fighting’, dealing with the crises and problems that are occurring today, rather than considering what is necessary to ensure the survival and eventual success of the business. Corporate strategy is a flexible process which requires the time to think. The concept under analysis is a reality because business professionals have busy schedules and cannot afford the time to think about what can be and what should be. Modern managers and leaders should not accept things as they are but to find effective solutions to improve performance and productivity. Before we can effectively respond to the future, we must anticipate it. For instance, environmental scanning is one of the principal ways to become alert to potential change, both external and internal. The mechanical part of this process is steps and methods used in the analysis, while analysis and evaluation steps require flexible thinking and reasoning. The scanning process involves identifying issues, trends, and events of possible importance through topical literature searches, internal staff meetings, panels of experts, consultants, and a variety of other sources (Clegg et al 2006). Once identified, the issues are classified and ranked in accordance with impact on the organization, timing, and probability of occurrence. Responses to issues range from implementing immediate action programs to simply monitoring the change for future developments. To manage strategically, it is crucial to find alternative state-of-the art solution to anticipate daily problems and business threats (Dobson and Starkey 2004). The highly competitive nature of many markets and the likely future prospect of continued economic turbulence as national and global economic fortunes vary, requires that business managers continue to look for opportunities to improve performance (Dobson and Starkey 2004). This will primarily be achieved by improving effectiveness in the areas of winning/retaining customers, developing organizational competence and financial control. These success drivers are obvious but it is amazing how many businesses ignore their importance. This is particularly true in difficult markets or economic recession where short term financial constraints lead to cost cutting (Clegg et al 2006). Time can be seen as a necessary luxury which helps managers to deal with complex problems and create a ‘strategic plans’. In general, strategy is the process of deciding how to best position the organization in its competitive environment in order to achieve and sustain competitive advantage, profitably. Strategy cannot be seen as a mechanical process because of social and economic complexity of the modern world. Strategy is formed at both corporate level (what industries/markets should we operate in) and business unit level (in what segments should we compete — and how) (Pittengrew et al 2006). The process of strategic analysis is one of focusing down layer by layer’ to develop a clear understanding of the factors which effect the corporate and the market in which it operates. Ironically managers often also reduce the ability of the business to respond to and satisfy customer needs and expectations. In practical terms the business has reduced its capability to win and retain customers at a time when there are fewer customers in the market and it is even more important to win the sale. Strategic management requires time to think crucial for analysis of economic, political, technical, social, and competitive forces which could influence the attainment of desired strategies and objectives. It requires the continuous scanning and monitoring of external conditions to answer the following questions: What are the key environmental issues? Which of these issues are favorable? Which are unfavorable? Should we ignore the issue, adapt to it, or attempt to favorably influence the outcome? What impact will these issues have on our mission, strategy, goals, and objectives? There are no ready made answers for these questions, so a manager needs time to think and evaluate alternative solutions and find a unique strategy for a problem occurred (Thompson 2004). Strategic management should be used flexibly to reflect the nature of the relevant country/market environment. In this case, flexibility can be achieved by thinking and analysis. This means that for a large corporate, with a significant spread of operations, it is appropriate to separately map the different environments in which the various parts of the organization operate. The facts are normally identified by the senior management of the business from their personal knowledge and experience. Naturally this assumes that they have sufficient background in the environment to generate accurate data. If this experience does not exist external information sources would need to be used to supplement the existing knowledge of the business. Even where knowledge is strong’ it is prudent to validate key facts/assumptions and to compare alternative views of the future (Drejer, 2002). Ideally, strategic management must focus individually on each alternative solution to define clearly targeted goals and actions. Strategic management is visionary and futuristic thinking. Strategic thinking requires time to balance between what is desired and what is possible. Organizations need to be aware of what is happening in their environment that might affect them. In other words, they should continually survey and monitor the outside as well as the inside of the organization. Bibliography Clegg, s., Kornberger, M., Pitsis.T. 2005, Managing and Organisations: an introduction to theory and practice, Sage, London. Dobson, P., Starkey, K. 2004, The Strategic Management: Issues and Cases . Blackwell Publishing. Drejer, A. 2002, Strategic Management and Core Competencies: Theory and Application . Quorum Books. Pittengrew, A. M., Thomas, H. Whittington, R. 2006, Handbook of Strategy and Management. Sage Publications. Thompson, A.A., Strickland, A. J., Gamble, J E. 2004, Crafting & Executive Strategy . McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 14 edition.
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V Axes Diagnostic System and Cultural Issues Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Cultural issues affecting the mental health 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Mental health can be defined as how people think, feel, and act when faced with life’s situations. It impacts greatly on how individuals handle stress, make decisions or how they relate to other people or to the society in general. It also influences the ways individuals perceive themselves and others in their lives. “The DSM refers to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and this is a form of reference as to what a mental disorder is” (Boulevard, 1825, p.123). Culturally the exact view of the V Axes diagnostic system is essential in all mental issue because they give a complete picture of the patient and are also used to provide an excellent review of the clinician evaluation on the patient. DSM-V is yet to be published in the year 2012 but effort is being made to go beyond the DSM-IV framework. However, there are six research groups that have managed to shed light on DSM-V. These groups were sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health in conjunction with APA. This group did not include experts that had been involved in the DSM-IV framework. They tackled many issues including Cross-Cultural Issues which was presented in their series of white paper. Cultural issues affecting the mental health One of the major cultural issues is religion. These are a set of spiritual beliefs that act as individual’s codes for conduct. Religion is a powerful force that impact strongly on the individual emotional and mental aspect and one can argue that belief and experience go hand in hand. People who are extremely religious strictly behave according to what their faith subscribes and any opinion including that of the psychiatrist must coincide with what their faith holds. The way you would handle a Muslim for example is different from the way you would deal with a Christian or an atheist. Religion for example may affect the way we understand the mind-body phenomena, our diet, or even how a patient explains his/her sickness and also influence the kind of medication a patient may be willing to take. Depression in non-western countries in a religious sense may be perceived as soul loss (Mezzich, 1996). A psychiatrist, for example, may face a case of a Muslim victim of rape, who happens to be pregnant and is struggling with the issue of abortion, and is torn between the fear of being stoned to death for suspicion of immorality and her value for the sacred life of the unborn baby. The patient might argue that she fears that society might not believe her that she was raped. Such a case poses a dilemma to both the psychiatrist and the patient because whatever the solutions are given they must be in harmony with societal standards and they must also not compromise the patient life. In such a scenario, every fact counts, and a simple misinterpretation can translate to a major setback. If the above case occurred in a non-Islamist country where “sharia” law is not applicable especially where abortion is legal, then the issue can be dealt with at whichever angle. Conclusion The actual diagnostic and assessment need to address the cultural differences as determinants to the patient’s behavior (David, 2002). Right from the time a human being is young, the world imposes itself on the individual and personality is greatly shaped by the various societal forces that are constituted in the cultural set-ups in our society that enable us to interact, such can therefore not be ignored in any therapy. References 1. Boulevard Wilson. (1825). DSM-V: The Future Manual. Boulevard: American Psychiatric Association. 2. Mezzich Juan. (1996). Culture and psychiatric diagnosis . USA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. 3. Kupferv David.(2002).. A definition of DSM-V. USA : Published by American Psychiatric Pub.
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HIV/AIDS Stigma in Tanzania Essay The cases of HIV/AIDS were first reported in all regions within Tanzania by the year 1986. The number of people infected has increased over the years to over one million with so many unreported cases. It is estimated that only two out of ten cases are reported, the reports estimate that it takes an individual over five years to reveal the AIDS related diseases before facing death. Statistics from the ministry of health shows that by 2004 the rate of women infection is at 7.7% while that of men stands at 6.3% (WHO, 2005). The increase in number of AIDS patient in Tanzania has led to over-crowding within hospitals. So much medical services is required to cater for the increasing population of those infected, this has led to increased public spending on treatment. The education sector is also affected due to the rise in the number of orphans who at times are forced to drop out of school owing to lack of parental care. The rural communities are currently experiencing the effect of the disease. This is because the disease has deprived the community of the most productive age group, that’s between age 15 and 45. The force of skilled labour within the communities and industries is undergoing great threat since majority of the people die from AIDS (Kates and Wilson, 2005, pp 1-2). The life expectancy in Tanzania has been lowered to below fifty years due to AIDS infection. The mean age of the working population has been predicted to decline tremendously by the year 2015. The education standards are expected to decline since so much money will be diverted to cater for issues dealing with AIDS epidemic. Lots of resources will be required from the government and affected communities to cater for the needs and wants of the orphaned population. Commitment towards leading preventive initiatives is required from all government sectors and civil society (United Nations Systems in Tanzania, 2007). Basic numbers of people infected with HIV AIDS According to statistics released in 2005, United Republic of Tanzania had approximately 1.6 million people living with HIV/AIDS. However, the prevalence rate of is lower in Tanzania compared to other countries in the sub-Saharan Africa (UNAIDS, 2008). The country is considered a low income country hence the infiltration by the disease is considered to lower the level of productivity. The statistics reveal that women are the majority infected, their number accounting for more than half of the adults diagnosed with HIV/AIDS infection. The number of young women infected is also more than half of all the young men living with HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of the disease is so high within the urban centres as compared to rural areas (Mhalu, Bredberg-Raden and Mbena, 1987). The number of children orphaned with HIV/AIDS increased to over 600,000 by the year 2000. According to Word bank reports the mean working age will also decline to below 30 years of age. Stigma associated with HIV/AIDS has led to a number of individuals losing their jobs, however the government of Tanzania issued some blue cards to PLWHA that enables them to obtain ARV drugs free of charge from the government. However many still shy away from being tested due to the strong stigmatization attached to HIV patients (UNICEF, 2006). Action programs The effects of HIV/AIDS calls for series of actions that includes; preventive measures, caring for the sick, looking after the orphaned families, implementation of programs and policies that caters for socio-economic development within the affected areas. This saw the involvement of community based organizations and various government branches. These groups are used to increase the support to affected families and spearhead awareness and preventive campaigns. The support accorded to the affected communities and families can be realised through financial decentralization. This increases the chances of people’s participation in bringing accepted solutions. It makes it easier also to offer support to small different organizations at different administrative levels. For example llala municipality has been structured to support small committees to act as sources of rapid responses to HIV and AIDS infections; the municipality has been divided into different wards, sub-wards and nine villages including thirty seven hamlets (United Nations Systems in Tanzania, 2007). Annual workshops have been organized to increase the level of participation of all individuals. All the NGOs involved in tackling HIV/AIDS receive financial support from the government. They help in establishment of home based care to individuals infected with the disease. There are also programs that are focused towards training nurses on appropriate treatment and management of HIV/AIDS, and also educating the people on consequent results of some practices that increase chances of HIV infection within communities (World Bank, 2005). The UN report agreed that there is need for communication strategies to be changed in order to address specific target groups. All the messages concerning HIV/AIDS should focus on how to affect people’s behaviour from different perspectives. The contribution of culture towards increase or decrease of HIV infection should be critically addressed. The change in attitude and increase in knowledge concerning HIV/AIDS helps individuals to decide wisely concerning some crooked behaviours that might increase their risks of contracting HIV. References Kates, J. & Wilson A., 2005. HIV/AIDS policy fact sheet . Mhalu, F., Bredberg-Raden, U. & Mbena, E., 1987. Prevalence of HIV Infection in Healthy Subjects and Groups of Patients in Tanzania. AIDS , 4(1), pp. 217-221. UNAIDS. 2008. Report on the global AIDS epidemic . Geneva: UN AIDS. UNICEF. 2006. Africa’s Orphaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS . Geneva. United Nations Systems in Tanzania. 2007. Annual joint UN work plan on HIV and AIDS for Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar Islands . UN, Geneva. WHO. 2005. Tanzania: Summary Country Profile for HIV/AIDS Treatment Scale-Up. World Bank. 2005. Country Classification: Country Groups. Web.
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Migration to the North and Midaq Alley Analysis Essay Nobody can deny the fact we live in the world of inequality. Though many political leaders state that one day everybody will be equal it is not so. We just can’t change the nature, because we all are born different. We come from different social layers and have different state of health. What is more, there has always been inequality between men and women. Some people think that this is true only for a time when man was a hunter and all a woman could do was to give birth to children. But even nowadays the theme of male dominance is extremely topical. It may not seem true for European countries and America, but as for eastern countries it remains crucial. In Season of Migration to the North by Al-Tayeb Salih and in Midaq Alley by Naguib Mahfouz male dominance is one of the main ideas. In these books the tragic destiny of women in Eastern world is considered. The idea that unites both novels is that women are helpless in the world of men’s power, and sexes’ equality is nothing more than a myth created by men. Women […] who wish to live in freedom can only look backward in anger and look forward in despair. Many of these women are so rooted in their confining society that they placidly accept their degraded situation, their being servants of males. Quite a few do not mind their enslavement, perhaps they even cherish it. (Gordon 57). Tayeb Salih is one of the most respected writers in contemporary Arabic world, and may be he is the most widely-known writer from Sudan. Since 1950s he lived mainly in Europe and only sometimes visited Sudan. But all his works are related to Arabic world. In his Season of Migration to the North the protagonist is a man. We can see the women’s life through men’s eyes. Season of Migration to the North is the story of Mustafa Sa’eed, a talented young man from Sudan, who goes to study in Cairo and after that in London. There he hunts women but in the end he falls in love with one. Their marriage wasn’t a success. It was consummated by violence. The reader can see that Mustafa doesn’t feel any pity for the poor woman he killed:” Everything which happened before my meeting her was a premonition; everything I did after I killed her was an apology, not for killing her, but for the lie that was my life” (81). So what he cares of is his life, but not the life of the woman he cruelly broke. He feels that he can decide everything by himself. Why? His power is in his masculinity! “When we were at the climax of the tragedy she cried out weakly, “No. No.” This will be of no help to you now. The critical moment when it was in your power to refrain from taking the first step has been lost” (65). After a prison sentence he goes back to Sudan and moves to a village on the Nile. There he marries again and has children. Eventually he disappears mysteriously. After Mustafa’s death his widow is forced into a new marriage, so mail dominance and violence persist. We can observe the same situation in Midaq Alley by Naguib Mahfouz. What is common for both novels is that woman is unable to change anything about her miserable living. Midaq Alley shows the reader the very heart of Arab society. It presents the story of some neighbours living in the same alley who desperately try to respond to the threat and the promise of Western modernization:” In short order, we are plunged into the reality of Kirsha’s coffeeshop, where antiquity is being assaulted in all directions” (Mahfouz 12). Actually four parallel episodes are described in the story, and none of the characters is successful in try to ascend their status. The mail protagonist of the novel is Hamida. She likes a young barber, Abbas, though she rejects his proposal to marry him. In her try to gain wealth she is tempted by a wealthy businessman. But it brings happiness to neither of them. She attempts to escape the web of impoverished living she is doomed to through prostitution. This is the fate of hundreds thousand women all over the world, especially in the countries of third world. She really tried to choose better of two evils. As for Hamida’s beautiful young daughter many men liked her. So she was engaged to several men. But after that she was flattered by handsome and rich pimp Ibraham Faraj. She becomes an exotic dancer and eventually a prostitute. What is different about the theme of male domination in both novels is the attitude of women to it. In Season of Migration to the North women are depicted merely as victims of male cruelty. But in Midaq Alley women try to change at least anything in their lives. But of course this desperate try isn’t a success. In conclusion I should like to say that it is obvious that the problem of men dominating women still exists. Of course it is much more topical for Orient then for Europe or America. Only some of Oriental women are honoured by men. But honour doesn’t mean respect. Men do not consider women as someone to share one’s thoughts, emotions and plans. They do not treat women as equals. When it comes to honouring a woman, it is only about the role women play in the family. In many countries violence in families persists, and women cannot speak about it aloud. So books like these may help to overcome the problem of male domination all over the world. Works cited Gordon, Haim. Naguib Mahfouz’s Egypt: Existential Themes in His Writings. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. Mahfouz, Naguib. Midaq Alley. United Kingdom: Anchor Books, 1995. Salih, Tayeb. Season of Migration to the North. Penguin Books Ltd, 1997.
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The Philosophical Approaches to Ethics Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The straw men approaches 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction The main point of the argument is that philosophical approaches to business ethics provide guidelines for making ethical business decisions, but some of these approaches are controversial and have no support from most moral scholars. The philosophical approaches to ethics are deontology, consequentalism, and virtue ethics (Hill 148). They help business people to make ethical decisions. Business people may also consider personal ethics, organisational policies, and legal provisions alongside the philosophical approaches to ethics as they make ethical decisions. The straw men approaches to business ethics consist of Friedman doctrine, the righteous moralist, cultural relativism, and naive moralist (Wyld 1-3). Managers do not carefully evaluate these ideas, but they use them to find solutions. Utilitarian approach to ethics posits that the utmost benefits can only come from morally right decisions regardless of the method used like coercion, manipulation, or lies. Kantian approach to ethics values the importance of people who should only be ends and not merely as means to the ends (Rachels 34). The essay covers main points of the straw men approaches to business ethics and their different concepts. The straw men approaches In business, people want to attribute weak points to opposing views. The aim of the straw man is to present weak points in an argument, which the opponent can easily contest and portray the opponent’s whole concept as disapproved (Wyld 1-3). The Friedman doctrine asserts that a business should only have one social responsibility of making profits by using its resources legally in an open and free manner without perpetuating fraud or sham. Hence, social responsibility of any business entity should be to make proceeds without violation of the law. According to this view, any business should not take any responsibility beyond those covered by the law. Social responsibility and business ethics have similar meanings to scholars who consider them as tantamount to ethical behaviours. However, some scholars have claimed that this concept does not support business ethics. Scholars have also focused on cultural relativism under the straw man and business ethics. Cultural relativism claims that ethics is simply a reflection of a given culture. In other words, it is culture, which determines all aspects of ethics. Therefore, a company should only apply or adopt the concept of ethics within its culture. Cultural relativism also shows that there is no advanced culture than other cultures when considered with regard to politics, laws, and morality among others. All cultures are valid and not the truth is a relative concept. However, this depends on a specific cultural environment. Another straw man approach includes a righteous relativism. Home countries of multinational firms have the most suitable ethics for other countries in which they operate. Business managers in emerging countries tend to adopt business practices from the parent countries of firms when making ethical business decisions. Finally, a naive immoralist claims that a manager of a multinational firm in a foreign country should only do what other managers of multinational firms do in their host countries i.e., if other managers do not adhere to ethical practices in foreign countries, then other managers should not adhere to them too. However, this argument does not provide sufficient support because ‘everyone is doing it’ is not too a strong argument in ethical issues. Conclusion The essay covers philosophical approaches in ethical decision-making approaches for business managers in areas in which they operate. While some of these approaches provide best guidelines, others have led managers to make inappropriate decisions for their firms and stakeholders. Overall, there some concepts of philosophical approaches to business ethics which are controversial and do not gain support from many moral scholars. Works Cited Hill, Charles. International Business : Competing in the Global Marketplace 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print. Rachels, James. The Elements of Moral Philosophy 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. Print. Wyld, David C. Top 10 Management on The Straw Man Fallacy to Business Ethics: An Overview and Analysis of Why This Approach is Helpful. 16 Sept. 2011. Web.
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It is the main component of the nervous system. Nervous tissue comprise of neurons and neuralgia which are the support cells. Human brain contain a number of neuron around one hundred billion in number. Neurons are classified into three categories based on their functions. The categories mainly include, motor, sensory and interneurons. Sensory neurons facilitate in transmission of impulses from sensory organs to the central nervous system. On the other hand, motor neurons transfer impulses from the central nervous system to the intended organ in the body. Interneuron is a linkage between the sensory neurons and the motor..Neuralgias are supportive and defensive constitution of the nervous tissue. They are found in groups and surround the neurons. In case of damage, they are capable of regenerating. They supply the neurons with nutrients and offer them immunity (Sandhyarani para. 1-5). Glial cells are responsible for development of myelin sheath and preservation of homeostasis in the neurons. Structure and functions of muscular tissue Muscular tissue is divided into three groups which include cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. Functioning of the tissues basically depends on their type and location in the body. Skeletal muscle is also referred to as striated due to it containing dark and light bands that are observable through the help of a microscope. A unit skeletal muscle cell is cylindrical in shape and long. The cells contain numerous nuclei positioned at their peripheries. Skeletal tissue is responsible for movement of the skeleton (IvyRose Ltd para. 2). It is also responsible for movement of tissues of facial gestures such as frown and smile. The cardiac muscles are joined at their ends to adjoining fibers by solid plasma membrane, and main function o is pumping blood across the heart. Different from cardiac and skeletal tissues, smooth muscle tissues are not striated. They are small and pointed with their edges reducing in size. Smooth muscle tissues are responsible for digestion process in the body. They facilitate in movement of food along the intestines. They help in food breakdown (IvyRose Ltd para. 3-7). They also aid in elimination of waste products from the intestines. Epithelial tissues Structure and functions Epithelia tissue is located on the surface of the body and consists of intimately packed cells which are separated in one or more layers. It is structured in a way that it covers all exterior and interior body surfaces. The interior surface has cells that are tightly packed to an extent that there are limited intercellular substances. Some of the functions of epithelial tissues include protection of interior body tissues from bacteria attack, injuries and excessive water loss. In glands, epithelia tissue is responsible for filtering certain chemical substances like hormones and enzymes. In small intestines, epithelia tissue helps in absorption (Bailey para. 1-5). Other functions of epithelial tissue are excretion, diffusion and friction reduction. Structure and functions of connective tissue Just as its name proposes connective tissue is found between cells and it is the material that facilitate in holding varied tissues together. It consists of non-cellular fibers and proteins. The cellular components of the tissue are comparatively light and estranged from other cells by extracellular medium. Connective tissues are responsible for connecting and holding cells together (Currey para. 2-6). This helps body tissues overcome mechanical stress. They also protect entry of microorganisms into the body. They provide the body with immunity and help in wound healing. Works Cited Bailey, Regina. “Animal Tissues: Epithelial Tissue.” 2009. Web. Currey, Charles. “Connective Tissue.” 2005. Web. IvyRose Ltd. “Structure and Functions of Muscular Tissue.” 2010. Web. Sandhyarani, Ninqthoujam. “Nervous Tissues: Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue.” 2009. Web.
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Aspects of Social Work and Poverty Essay When it comes to poverty, the national debate frequently overlooks systemic issues. Instead, the majority often blame those who are poor for their predicament. Poverty is usually caused by various circumstances, including a lack of desire, self-advocacy, and weak work ethics. Individuals who lack self-advocacy are impoverished because they make poor decisions based on what is necessary for survival, making it difficult for them to care about the future and forcing them to live on their own (Hosken, 2020). Self-advocacy is defined as adopting behaviors that promote long-term goals over short-term incentives, but poverty can drive an individual to live in the here and now. If an individual does not know how to survive through today, worrying about tomorrow can be a luxurious thing to do. Individuals can devise successful strategies to combat poverty in any particular location if they are motivated enough. Motivation strengthens those people, preparing them for any future challenges. In various ways, poor work ethics contributes to poverty. The working poor, of course, has employment, but so do many of the welfare poor. However, there is a slight possibility that work will lift the worker out of poverty in any circumstance (Hosken, 2020). In terms of work principle, both the poor working and the welfare poor have it to varying degrees, but it does not help them much because the only employment available is low paying and leads nowhere. If a working poor or welfare poor person is a woman, she is much worse off; because sexism is pervasive even in the desperate world of the low-wage earner, and women are given the least desired occupations and paid minor salaries. Reference Hosken, N. (2020). Social work, class and the structural violence of poverty. In Doing Critical Social Work (pp. 104-119). Routledge. Web.
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Platonic Literature about the Later Days of the Socrates Essay The essay focuses on Platonic literature about the later days of the Socrates who existed in Athens, Greece during the early centuries. Plato, an Athenian, was born on 427B.C. to an elite family that was greatly involved in the politics of Greece during the rule of Pericles, who was his step-father. Plato studied under the Socrates whom he developed close friendship though when they were executed in 399B.C, he distanced himself from the Athenian politics and ventured into Western philosophy. As a teacher, he extended Socrates inquiries to his students, one of them being Aristotle. He founded an educational institution, the Academy, which focused on philosophical studies. Furthermore, Plato wrote several works including the famous one, “The Republic,” which was edited by two authors, Hugh Tredennick, who was a professor of classics at London University Faculty of Arts, Royal Holloway College, and Harold Tarrant, who was also a professor of classics and head of the School of Liberal Arts at University of Newcastle, Australia. What were some Plato’s ideas concerning the Athenians focusing on Socrates? Plato’s ideas focused on education, poltics, religion and legal systems of the Athenians. Socrates was born between 470-469BC, ten years after the conclusion of the Persian wars, at a time when Athens’ economy, military and education sector were recovering. Born in a family where his father was a stonemason, he was not able to get good education. Socrates made strongly efforts to ensure that the Athenian youths were well educated, his point of focus being the quality of their souls. Most of the education that existed was basically practical skills that were geared towards transformation of the life of the young men. Socrates concern was mostly on the young men of Alcibiades and Charm ides who were most sought-after at that time though his feelings were much erosious leading to an unusual course (Plato 27). Plato, just like Socrates, had a great passion for knowledge, although he lacked finances to fund formal courses, he preferred engaging the professional intellections in conversations. It is the lack of formal education that portrays him as having not acquired wisdom what could lead to him being famed by it (361d-e). Plato vividly points out that it requires philosophical experience in order to be able to arrange the universe and this philosophy is got through the formal education that one gets in school. This is seen when he points out that “Socrates is in charge of a weird school of philosophy” (Plato 28), yet in real sense such school never existed. Most of Socrates guidance was intelligent governing principles that are why he was seen as being very clever. Acknowledging Plato, the Charmides and Protagoras painted an outstanding youthful picture of him having a conversation with Charmides and he is portrayed as being much contentious and headstrong. Plato views the Apology as a struggle between two centers of piety where one overlooks the others religious duty which are fused with ones duty to the traditional values of the city. Thus, for an individual not participating in religious ceremonies but giving respect to the political institutions and social principles, could have a social breakdown if he or she keenly follows it. The dispute between Socrates and Athens is looked at by Euthyphro as the piety that preserves both private household and the cities and that the results of impiety were felt by both families and the cities. Socrates believed that trespasses can cause harm to an individual and that divine law does not permit the better individual to be harmed by the worse (apology 30b-c). He says that laws of justice should not be used to suppress and oppress guilty individuals especially on the Socrates like him. Plato exemplifies this to Georgia’s view 474d-480d, he says that punishment is due for an individual who has broken the law as it relieves him injustice and that it is this justice that determines the individual will act justly (Plato 33). Though he did not like the Athenian laws, he was forced to adhere to them as because higher law calls for obedience to just agreements, and that by one deciding to reside in a given city means that he or she has agreed to abide by the laws stipulated. Apology 37 further points out that the higher authority associated with God and individuals’ perception precedes the derived authority of the city laws. It is this that leads to the Socrates following the Athenians and even supporting them in everything that came about. In conclusion according to Plato, education is a key element in an individual as it invokes ones thought and actions, and this is what that thrives a nation. By being a philosopher one is able to understand the laws and interpret them effectively thus preventing a conflict from the centers of authority. He demonstrates this practically when the people vehemently resisted to follow the Athenians laws due to misconceptions of the law, but they finally accepted to abide and work closely with the authority after being taught about the law. Intelligence is an important tool in a human being as it gives him or her knowledge and experience to act with respect to the law. Works Cited Plato, Tredennick . The last days of Socrates. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Print.
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During the history of mankind, women have been often regarded as inferior to men. Consequently, many women have audaciously strived to liberate themselves from this long-standing prejudice, and highlighted the female ideal of independence. John Steinbeck’s short story, “The Chrysanthemums” reflects the struggles of a stereotyped woman of the time, Elisa Allen to find her own identity in the oppressive world of men. John Steinbeck’s short story, Chrysanthemums, through the protagonist, Elisa Allen illustrates women’s efforts to explore the life beyond the traditional standards. Elisa is desperately searching for appreciation, and goes to great lengths to achieve her aspirations. Regrettably, her desires for equality are not granted due to the discrimination based on her sex. The time has not come yet; and she has to let go of her dreams for liberation. (Hayashi, 1991) At first glance, this is a simple story with an ordinary plotline. But the deeper we understand it, we start to discover that life have its limits and restrictions especially for women which are usually indefinable. Throughout the story, Elisa suffers a failure from the masculine role she sees as equality to the feminine role she sees as passive. Her frustration with the male-dominated society causes her to let go of her dreams for liberation and to become what society expects her to be a passive woman. Her chrysanthemums meant a lot to her. She is very proud of them. When Elisa’s husband Henry comes over and compliments her garden and ability to grow things Elisa is smug with him and very proud of her skill with the flowers. Her “green thumb” makes her an equal in her own eyes. It is safe to say that they were almost like her children and she took care of them like a mother. We see this when she talks about them so passionately with the tinker. Nevertheless, she is depicted as a woman whose strengths are really too much for the tasks at hand. “She was cutting down the old year’s chrysanthemum stalks with a pair of short and powerful scissors.” This not only shows that she is physically strong but symbolize to the readers that she wants more from life than just being a gardener. She has too much energy for the job. (Shillinglaw, 1997) The vibes from Elisa’s infatuation with these flowers are picked up by the old man and there is an unspoken friendship between these two perfect strangers as they have both chosen their own preoccupation in life, his being a passion of pots and hers a love of chrysanthemums. It is this camaraderie that ignites the realization that she longs to break free from the everyday routine she calls life. Elisa’s character undergoes a dramatic change. Her love for the natural beauty of the flowers–for her own feminine side–combines with her natural strength, and a whole woman begins to emerge. She talks about them with enthusiasm and starts to feel that at least someone understands her. Elisa’s feminine side begins to emerge as she takes off her masculine gloves and hat. There are many symbolic references to Elisa Allen as a sexually repressed woman. The chrysanthemums represent Elisa’s passion and eagerness to experience life a content woman. While tending her chrysanthemums “she pulled out the crisp little roots and trimmed of the leaves of each one with her scissors”. This represents Elisa Allen closing off all opportunities to grow as a sexual woman; she has resigned herself to the monotonous life as a farmer’s wife. The figured print dress under the apron shows the readers that Elisa is aware of her sexuality. However, she has chosen to subdue this sexuality rather than act upon it. She keeps her sexuality and passions under control. (Maurice, 1965) Steinbeck’s uses the flower to symbolize his main character’s thoughts and ideas in his novel. In a romantic or sexual context, a woman is often said to be as beautiful as a flower; in John Steinbeck’s short story “The Chrysanthemums”, Elisa Allen never receives this recognition. Elisa Allen is a lonely woman who enjoys growing and nourishing her chrysanthemums. Since her husband is always working in their farm, she never has enough attention or any kind of affection. Although, she discovers an outlet for her frustration in a flower garden where she cultivates beautiful chrysanthemums; she refuges herself in her chrysanthemum, which symbolize her spirit, in other word, herself. Steinbeck uses these elegant flowers as a symbol to represent the tender, inner-self of all women, including Elisa. (Beach, 1996) Because Elisa does not feel appreciated by her husband, she takes care of her chrysanthemums, symbols of how beautiful she really is and how she wants to be seen. Steinbeck uses little symbolic phrases in his story to let the reader know that the chrysanthemums are an extension of Elisa, with a lot of links. Therefore, she doesn’t want her husband come into her garden “He had come near quietly, and he leaned over the wire fence that protected her flower garden from cattle and dogs and chickens.” (Steinbeck p.176) Because she considers her husband Henry like a predator, so she protects her garden/her inner-self from him; she is isolating herself because she doesn’t want to be affected by Henry.
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Acquisitions & Mergers Pros and Cons Analytical Essay Introduction In today’s competitive global business environment, in order to survive companies are required to devise ways to grow (Donald 2008.). The two companies in this case are considered equals. The involved companies in this case are regarded to be of the same size. In principle the stocks of the two companies are usually surrendered rather than issuing. Such instances can be recalled of the case of Glaxo Welcome merging in 1999 with SmithKline Beecham that gave birth to GlaxoSmithKline. Advantages of Acquisition Acquisition enables to penetrate a specific market niche that could otherwise not have been penetrated due to many barriers. Acquiring encourages specialization in that a company is able to enter into other markets which could not have been penetrated before (Jarrod , 2005). Acquiring a company means acquiring its customers as well. The company expands its operations through producing a wide variety of products (Jarrod, 2005). In acquiring another company, the acquiring company increases its economy of scale. The acquisitions may result in the reduction in the fixed costs and thus increasing the resultant profit margin. Acquisition also leads to increased financial leverage- the power gained by a company when more financial assets are acquired of the acquiring company. Earnings per share and the overall profitability of the acquiring company are improved. The improved productivity and increased stock generates more (Jarrod, 2005). Disadvantages of Acquisitions Acquiring of another company may involve high financial implications. These include buying costs legal costs and other associated costs. This may cause the company to take loans which may take long to (Jarrod, 2005). The anticipated profits of acquisition may take long to be realized. It will take the company quite some time before it penetrates the new market. (Jarrod, 2005). Acquisition may not go down well with the customers and shareholders. Acquired company may be placed under management of a new team. The new employees may not be familiar with the company’s operations. This may have negative effects on the clients. Advantages of merging Merging of companies is aimed at improving the financial performance of the companies in question. Merged companies enjoy the same advantages as those acquired company. Merging companies also enjoy Vertical integration. This occurs when an upstream and downstream firm merges. Disadvantages of merging While diversification may hedge a company against a downturn in an individual industry it fails to deliver value (Harwood, 2006). Merging may also lead to Manager’s hubris. This is manager’s overconfidence about expected synergies from merging. Merging requires empire-building. Conclusion Even though acquisitions are found to be advantageous to a company, there face numerous challenges, thus the need for planning that is acceptable. Merging and Acquisitions bring benefits to all stakeholders of a company by generating more profits, expanding the market share, and other benefits. However the two are costly to operate, there is high opportunity costs involved in the short run and other drawbacks which may hinder a company from adopting involved strategies. That notwithstanding, merging and acquisitions are of great benefit to a company and managers should consider taking this as a growth strategy. Reference Donald, DePamphilis (2008). Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities . New York: Elsevier, Academic Press. pp.740. Harwood, I. A. (2006). “Confidentiality constraints within mergers and acquisitions: gaining insights through a ‘bubble’ metaphor”. British Journal of Management 17 (4): 347–359. Jarrod M., Coulhard, M., and Lange, P. (2005). Planning for a successful merger: A lesson form an Australian case study.’ Journal of Global Business and Technology, 1 (2).
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A human being exists in the realms of biology and physics, where the power of determinism is strong, and it is difficult to claim independence from them. On the other hand, humans have the ability to make predictions about themselves and others, some of which will come true, undermining the idea of free will. This paper will argue that the existence of determinism and the prediction argument suggests that people, in fact, do not have free will. Determinism implies that everything in the universe is predetermined, meaning it has a clear course for how future events will unfold. For instance, genes can predetermine one’s behavior, which is true for humans, although the environment also plays a role, adding to the deterministic approach (Willmott 24, 25). Additionally, physics also operates on determinism, which is evident by performing the same experiment and achieving a single result, although particles have a certain degree of uncertainty regarding their position or components (Scardigli et al. 37). It could apply to humans, too, as they might have some freedom to their actions and clothes, but their overall life is predetermined. Furthermore, as in science, people can make predictions about certain events involving themselves and others. Not one all of them tend to come true, but those that consider the circumstances, the personality, and the reoccurrence will probably do. In the end, those factors have a deterministic value, not unlike everything else in the universe, further depriving humans of free will. Thus, determinism is inherent to the universe, which is eventually predicted to die. Humans belong to the complex world and are also subject to predetermined fate, although they may consider certain randomness to their actions as evidence for free will. Determinism has degrees, and some can probably reconcile the fact that it can coexist with free will. However, even those moments of clarity are probably an integral part of a human’s deterministic nature, similarly to particles. Works Cited Scardigli, Fabio, et al. Determinism and Free Will: New Insights from Physics, Philosophy, and Theology . Springer, 2019. Willmott, Chris. Biological Determinism, Free Will and Moral Responsibility: Insights from Genetics and Neuroscience . Springer, 2016.
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History of Disability and Institutionalisation Essay The debate about the oppression of people with disabilities in institutions has been ongoing for many years. Northway (2017) defines disability as a physical condition that makes it difficult for an individual to perform certain activities and limits them from interacting with the general population around them. The legacy of oppression for the disabled still exists in many institutions despite the anti-discrimination legislation supporting their participation in the community’s social and economic life. This discussion elaborates on the legacy of oppression and the challenges the disabled people face. Society does not usually value the disabled as they are mostly oppressed and discriminated against. People living with disabilities survive under demanding living conditions, a challenge that has remained unsolved for many decades (Northway, 2017). Over the years, some strategies have been developed to ensure the inclusion of disability in the economic and social mainstreams, but their success has been minimal. Some of the notable institutional problems include the inaccessibility of various buildings for physically disabled persons. Most facilities do not have ramps for entrance from one floor to the other. Also, a majority of people with disabilities live in low standards; they experience extreme poverty. Therefore, this shows that the society at large discriminates against the disabled. Secondly, there is discrimination from jobs; there is a high unemployment rate among people living with disabilities. This is because many disabled people lack the opportunities to gain an education in various learning centers (Vernon, 2016). These poverty levels are alarming; they have made the disabled have poor access to health facilities. It has also turned a number of them into beggars in the streets to earn a living. In conclusion, the disabled face severe stigmatization and agony in society and particularly in institutions. This leads to increased disability oppression due to a lack of opportunities for this group of people. In some parts of the country, people with disabilities experience discrimination; some are usually locked up indoors while others are confined to objects. Therefore, the history of disability has always been intertwined with a legacy of oppression in many aspects of society. Reference List Northway, R. (2017) ‘Disability and oppression: some implications for nurses and Nursing’, Journal of Advanced Nursing , 26(4), pp.736-743. Vernon, A. (2016) ‘Multiple oppression and the disabled people’s movement’. Understanding care, welfare and community, a reader , 14(6), pp.64-68.
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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Essay Abstract Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the most economically successful urban areas in the United Arab Emirates. These emirates’ economic and social progress directly depends on the development of the oil industry. In spite of the controversial aspects which are associated with the issues of economic and environmental sustainability, the planning and housing in Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the important developed sectors which are promoted by the governments to satisfy the citizens’ needs with the help of the developed housing programmes and projects. Although the housing policies and programmes developed and implemented in Abu Dhabi and Dubai differ in some conditions and aspects, the basic principles and norms on which the policies and programmes are based are similar and work to protect the citizens’ rights. The projects worked out in Abu Dhabi and Dubai respond to the idea of social and environmental sustainability, and the housing programmes are developed to address the citizens’ needs and resolve the housing problems. Introduction The United Arab Emirates (UAE) consist of seven federal emirates, and the paper focuses on the discussion of the development of such emirates as Abu Dhabi and Dubai which economic and social progress is associated with the effective government policies implemented within the economic and social spheres. Several decades ago, the territories of Abu Dhabi and Dubai were deserts, and today they are prosperous urban regions. The main purpose of this report is to examine the functioning of governmental housing policies and programmes, the main trends in the real estate markets of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and the property rights followed in the emirates which can influence the development of the housing policies; it is necessary to analyze the data on the housing programmes’ implementation and to compare the information on the functioning of the policies in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The reason for writing the report is the necessity to examine the factors that shape the growth of Abu Dhabi and Dubai in relation to the accepted planning and housing policies. The results of this report can be used to work out the recommendations that can improve the economic and environmental sustainability of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The report is developed to address several significant assumptions. It is possible to assume that the rapid demographic and economic growth of Dubai and Abu Dhabi is based on the development of the oil industry in the country (Sayigh 2013, p. 131). However, it is also important to pay attention to the fact that there are different visions of the rapid economic development of the UAE in relation to the impact on the environment (Norton 2005). The study is conducted to examine the economic and environmental sustainability of the hosing policies, projects, and programmes used in Dubai and Abu Dhabi (Hawkins 2004; Kazimee 2012, p. 179). These assumptions are helpful for evaluating the development of these two emirates in relation to the efficiency of many housing programs implemented in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. This report contains a literature review in which the history of housing policies in Dubai and Abu Dhabi is discussed, the discussion of the urban development in Dubai and Abu Dhabi, the discussion of property rights and housing policies in the emirates, the discussion of the government housing policies and programmes in Dubai and Abu Dhabi with the focus on their similarities and differences, and the results and discussion sections which provide the comparison and overview of the report findings. Reference List Hawkins, R 2004, The Practical Guide to Waste Management Law: With a List of Abbreviations and Acronyms, Useful Websites and Relevant Legislation, Thomas Telford, London. Kazimee, B 2012, Heritage and Sustainability in the Islamic Built Environment , WIT Press, Ashurst. Norton, B 2005, Sustainability: A Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Sayigh, A 2013, Sustainability, Energy and Architecture: Case Studies in Realizing Green Buildings, Academic Press, New York.
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It is worth pointing out that teaching cooking to students with pervasive developmental disorders is sometimes recommended as an additional post-school activity (Mechling, Ayres, Foster, & Bryant, 2013). Thus, I participated in a number of classes, where I helped the special education teachers to work with the students. The frame of reference through which I perceived these students was comprised of a number of elements such as gender-based and language-based perceptions about the possible behavior of children. It is now clear to me that I had implicitly expected the children to behave in a number of slightly different ways, depending on their gender and their language. For instance, it had been my expectation that the boys would be slightly more active during the class and more willing to engage in communication with their peers regarding the cooking activities. I also had assumed that the kids for whom English was not their first language would prefer engaging in conversations with children who had the same first language and would less actively interact with those classmates whose first language was not English. While I was helping the teacher and providing assistance for the kids regarding the cooking activities, some of my previous perceptions were changed based on what I was able to observe during the classes; however, others of my beliefs remained the same. In particular, I was not able to witness more active behaviors of boys as compared to girls. In fact, all the children had some communications disorders and were, in general, not willing to interact with their peers; the teacher specifically had to prompt them to engage in communication, for instance, by suggesting that one of the children should help another to do a particular task related to cooking. I also attempted to stimulate the communication between kids by showing how to cook not to individual students but to pairs or small groups of kids. On the other hand, my expectation about the students whose first language was not English turned out to be true; the children preferred communicating with those peers who spoke the same first language as they did. It was apparent that such communication was easier for them, for instance, because they did not have to pay additional attention to the choice of words. Therefore, my frame of references changed slightly as I was able to witness that boys and girls suffering from various communications disorders acted similarly regardless of their gender; however, my perceptions regarding the interaction between students with different first languages stayed the same, for I did not witness any examples of different behavior. Because of this, it might also be recommended that educators should additionally prompt communication between the learners whose first languages are different due to the fact that these students might be less willing to engage in interactions with one another. Reference Mechling, L. C., Ayres, K. M., Foster, A. L., & Bryant, K. J. (2013). Comparing the effects of commercially available and custom-made video prompting for teaching cooking skills to high school students with autism. Remedial and Special Education, 34 (6), 371-383. Web.
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Global Currency Markets Future Analysis Essay In the video I have chosen for this assignment, Rebecca H. Patterson gives the speech on the topic of global currency markets. The three central issues she covers are reserve currencies, particularly the dollar, the driving forces of currency markets, and, finally, the way investors should use currency markets and manage various currency regimes. Presently, the United States has the largest economy in the world, and the US dollar is the most traded currency worldwide. As the proof, approximately 44% of all transactions are made in dollars, and central banks have almost two-thirds of their reserves in this currency. Even though China’s economy is probably growing faster than that of the US, investors hardly choose China instead of the United States to preserve their money in the local bond market (at least, today). Nevertheless, the situation in currency markets is not stable, and a lot may change in the following year. What currencies, if any, can compete with the dollar for taking the place of the reserve currency? Evidently, the euro goes first on the list of competitors. However, it can hardly compete with USD since the Euro Area has no deep stable bond market to play in. And it is highly unlikely that Europe will harmonize its market soon. The second place on the list is taken by CNY. Even though China is moving towards the deep and stable bond market, it will not come there during the following year. Perhaps, someday, CNY will become the reserve currency, but that will not happen in the next five or even ten years. Then, SRD is believed to be the dollar’s competitor. Still, it is not: SRDs can not be traded actually, and they are not used in the public domain. Finally, there is Bitcoin, which attracts a lot of public and media attention. Admittedly, it is quite useful for transactions, but there is nothing more: it is not regulated, not stable, and very speculative. As the reserve currency, it is not suitable since people want to put their money in something very safe. The next important issues Rebecca Patterson talks about in her speech are the driving factors of currency markets. The first thing that is influential is currency valuation, a circle of overvaluation and undervaluation of the particular currency. The second thing that makes a difference is the balance of payments. If the global trade flows dominated in the 1980s or the 1990s, now that role passed to global capital flows. This change can be explained partly by the globalization, partly by more information available to investors, and partly by the reduction of regulations and the fact that it is easier now to put money in and out different countries around the world. So, people are more comfortable with having their money overseas, and global capital flows drive currency markets more than trade flows presently. The last thing Rebecca discusses is what investors should do. First of all, she strongly recommends avoiding currency ETFs since that is how a person pays multiples of what he or she pays in currency markets. Then, she states that fixed income is not so good idea either because the currency does not drive the bond as much as the bond drives the currency, so the dollar has not much effect on bond yields. Instead, the focus should mainly be set on the US equities since the US growth benefits equities. Finally, the situation with non-US equities and commodities is much less predictable. At that end of the video, Rebecca Patterson provides some predictions based on the speech she has given. Most importantly, she assumes that the dollar will continue to strengthen during the next year, driven by growing capital flows and the power of the US economy vis-à-vis other markets overseas.
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The Data Concerning School Work and Achievements Essay During the last meeting, the stakeholders gathered to analyze the data concerning school work and achievements, and they found that there was a low performance in math and reading among students. As planned for the following meeting, they will start with the reading area to discuss all the possible reasons for the decrease of the performance level and will work on the finding of possible solutions to improve it. The lack of information for analysis of the section was detected because only four participants of the negotiations were involved in the discussion and answered some of the open-ended questions. In answer to the first question, a teacher stated that they always encouraged the development of positive literacy habits to help students in their homework. For the second question, one participant said that they did not have a plan or ideas for engaging parent instructional decision. Other members of school staff indicated that the institution’s administration does not involve them in the planning process improvement. They need to be included in the process as the stakeholders interested in the development of the change plan. The stakeholders were shown the results of the survey. A team building tool was utilized to deliver the findings and get input from the staff members to develop and explain the Action Plan. The team members identified all the possible causes of such results. This tool helped to identify specific problems the members encountered. It also provided a chance for employees to utter their vision of the issues and discuss the outcomes, thus providing a valuable contribution to the finding and implementation of a solution.
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It seems that teamwork and its enhancement among the staff is an original and ingenious solution of the problem of the staff’s work coordination; in addition, the aspect of competition among the staff is considerably decreased, which creates rather cozy atmosphere. However, without a proper coordination of the teamwork, the team efficiency is highly likely to drop, which means that the quality of the team’s performance depends on the monitoring of the staff’s work. There are various means to improve the team efficiency with the help of a monitoring strategy; according to Losada and Heapy, one of the most promising ideas is to offer the team the corresponding feedback in response to its every single action: “Teams in particular and organizations in general are nonlinear feedback networks that are continuously involved in ongoing processes of positive and negative feedback” (741). Indeed, with the given strategy, one can rest assured that the team will make only the required steps and avoid most mistakes in the process. Another successful idea that can be used to enhance the connectivity within the team and at the same time monitor the working process in the most efficient way possible, the method offered by Snowden and Boone can be considered. According to the authors, another good method that can be used to observe the work of a team and check its quality is the nonlinear dynamic model which is supposed to outline the optimum team dynamics for the given group and help choose the most appropriate team strategy. It is essential that the given model presupposes dealing with three different types of dynamics. As authors portray them, “The most rigid is the fixed-point attractor, followed by the limit cycle or periodic attractor, the torus or quasi-periodic attractor, and finally, the most flexible is the chaotic attractor” (Snowden and Boone 750). Applying the given strategies of team monitoring to my team, I have to admit that these strategies can possibly prove positive, yet they need considerable changes to fit the given group of people. To start with, the model offered by Snowden and Boone might fail because it works “only within a system where positive feedback is stronger than negative feedback” (Snowden and Boone 754), while in my team, the number of negative feedbacks can sometimes exceed the number of positive ones. As for the idea suggested by Losada and Heapy, I suppose that it can be extremely useful, since it allows to adapt a specific approach to each of the participants. However, the given model requires constant supervision of the process, which is practically impossible. Therefore, it will be necessary that each of the team members should be responsible enough to report about every single change within his field of work, which will demand certain changes of the leadership tactics. Thus, it is clear that with efficient team monitoring, numerous problems can be avoided. However, it is also important to keep in mind that the strategy of team monitoring must change according to the environment in which the monitoring is carried out. Mainly because of various factors which affect the team’s productivity, starting with the quality of the equipment and up to the atmosphere within the team, as well as the specifics of the team members’ temperaments, monitoring must be adjusted in accordance with the team and environment specifics; otherwise, the process of controlling is likely to fail. Works Cited Losada, Marcial and Emily Heapy. “The Role of Positivity and Connectivity in the Performance of Business Teams: A Nonlinear Dynamics Model.” American Behavioral Scientist 47(2004): 740. Print. Snowden, David and Mary Boone. “A leader’s Framework for Decision Making.” Harvard Business Review 85.11(2007): 68-76. Print.
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Dyslexia in White Females Ages 5-10 Essay Dyslexia affects children with normal eyesight and intellect in different ways, such as an inability to read or acquire words. Coaching or a specialized educational intervention may help most children with Dyslexia to perform better in school. According to the article, Learning difficulties are one of the many consequences of Dyslexia. A youngster with Dyslexia will have difficulty keeping up with their classmates in most classrooms since reading is such a fundamental ability in so many areas. In the absence of treatment, Dyslexia may lead to poor self-esteem, behavioral issues such as anxiety or anger, as well as detachment from peers and teachers, and parents. When Dyslexia is not diagnosed and addressed throughout the childhood, it may lead to long-term issues in adulthood. The chances of children succeeding in life are reduced if they cannot learn to read and comprehend. The author explains that Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may make Dyslexia more difficult to cure by causing difficulties in maintaining focus, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Children with Dyslexia are more likely to experience learning challenges if their siblings and parents suffer from the same condition. Furthermore, men are more likely than females to suffer from Dyslexia; however, the disorder affects people of all ages, socioeconomic, and ethnic backgrounds. Children born with dyslexia struggle with reading, understanding, and spelling. The article expands my topic understanding in several ways. I learned that Dyslexic children are great empathizers; many people with Dyslexia have a real personality. The writing and reading difficulties might help children empathize with those struggling. The article’s strength is that it has discussed the causes and effects of Dyslexia with the right age bracket consideration, that is, from age 4 to 10. The article’s weakness is that it generalized the genders without being specific; again, it only mentioned that Dyslexia is more often experienced in male children compared to females without explaining the reasons. Concerning race, there is a sparse number of research papers regarding Dyslexia among black children and its consequences. Dyslexia mainly affects white children than black children, and thus the article addresses white children widely. I will use this article as part of my capstone project by generating public health education proposal on Dyslexia to prevent the public from viewing Dyslexia as a curse. Reference Shotola, K. (2019). The portrayal of dyslexia and children in children’s picture books. Linköping University . Web.
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Among the existing variety of authors, it is hard to define which work is the best or the most helpful project. Still, it is always interesting to compare their worth, the authors’ intentions, and their possible impact on readers’ intentions. In this paper, two works from the Age of Romanticism will be discussed: Bournonville’s La Sylphide and Alice’s An Account of the Principles of Our Traditions. On the one hand, it seems that these two writings have nothing in common except the intentions of the authors to make contributions to the field of dance and choose the theme of ballet for discussions. Bournonville’s story is a narrative with several main characters, a setting, and an idea that it is so easy to lose everything in several seconds. On the other hand, a detailed analysis of the articles helps to discover several common and powerful issues about how dance should look like. This paper is developed to describe how the analysis of Bournonville’s and Alice’s articles may improve a personal understanding of the concept of dance and its role in personal experience. I believe that both authors under consideration have the same intentions which are to introduce their visions of ballet, to explain the essence and peculiarities of this form of dance, and to prove that it is wrong to come to a certain conclusion after having one or two definitions only. The peculiar feature of the analysis of these two articles at the same time is the possibility to observe the nature of ballet from different perspectives. Advice explains ballet as a combination of rules which cannot be neglected by those involved in ballet. The goal of Advice is to describe a ballet class that is based on the Blasis’ lesson and explain how to use energy and enthusiasm by every dancer. From the very first lines, several terms and explanations may be observed: petits and grand battements, attitudes, ronds de jambe sur terr and en l’air. The presence of such words and the necessity to comprehend each of them may intimidate the reader and create the image of ballet as something too strict, definite, and full of rules and instructions. Still, this is one of the best approaches for people to understand the basics of ballet. They are crucial in case a person wants to achieve the results, which are perfectly described by Bournonville. In La Sylphide , ballet turns out to be the manner of speaking and acting. Bournonville introduces ballet as a powerful narration with its beginning and ending. There are no complicated terms or rules for people. La Sylphide is the story of life translated with the help of ballet. In those several pages of narration, no character said a word, but the reader is lucky to observe an interesting and educative story. Human actions and movements are what matter, and ballet, like nothing else, discovers the beauty of human decisions and life. In general, Alice’s and Bournonville’s articles influence my understanding of dance and ballet, in particular, considerably. They provide me with a guide on how several rules and too complicated terms turn into a powerful story on stage. These articles show me the way how people should learn dance concepts and forms. It is wrong to believe that dance is a story with a captivating plot and movements. Dance is a whole theory with rules and obligations, and people should not neglect the fact that a person could hardly observe the beauty of dance without grasping certain theories and norms.
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The manufacturing industry in China has unlimited potential for expansion. Within business organization and practice, labour is vital especially in balancing over head cost of doing business. Reflectively, existence of abundant, cheap, and sustainable labour supply gives the Bearing & Boodles business an upper hand in the competitive Chinese market and ensures its sustainability in the long run. China has a skilled pool of cheap labour. This aspect is attractive for the company in doing business within its territories (Deer and Song, 2012). The population of China is ethically aligned and appreciates the essence of commitment and hard work towards achieving optimal output. Professionalism and competitive work ethics have been internalised in the Chinese labour market. There are millions of graduates who are available to offer skills to any business activity. In order to gain from this comparative advantage, doing business in China saves resources that could have been directed towards training workforce since skilled labour is available and relatively affordable, as compared to other nations where living standards are higher and minimum wage bigger (Deer and Song, 2012). In addition, the culture of the Chinese people promotes self discipline and appreciates excellence in service delivery as a means of making the economy better. In the process of achieving this, the self motivating culture will facilitate competence and combine skills with loyalty to give positive results for the Bearing & Boodles Company. Customer base Since the Bearing & Boodles Company operates in the manufacturing industry in China, it has the potential of offering services to all the major companies using ball bearing as a raw material in their production activities. The Bearing & Boodles Company has unlimited opportunity for expansion since companies manufacturing automotives, robots, and other appliances in China are very many (Deer and Song, 2012). These companies have high annual turnover and will maintain the demand for ball bearings produced by the Bearing & Boodles Company. Besides, the company has the potential to attract the highly skilled personnel within China. Basically, the skilled manpower will ensure that the company’s production, creativity, and distribution activities are sustainable in the long run. China has the highest skilled manpower in the entire world (Farrell and Grant, 2005). Recruitment procedure In order to benefit from the above opportunities, the Bearing & Boodles’ graduate recruitment manager should concentrate on graduates with relevant skills through a selective recruitment process (Farrell and Grant, 2005). This should be followed by verification of the qualifications of each candidate against the Chinese government’s standards. It is important to create an environment of practical skills assessment to ensure that those who pass the recruitment procedure can become global business leaders (Farrell and Grant, 2005). The recruitment program should accommodate the Chinese work ethics and culture for it to be inclusive and accommodative to special talents. Reference List Deer, L., & Song, L 2012, “China’s Approach to Rebalancing: A Conceptual and Policy Framework.” China & World Economy, vol. 20 no.1, pp.1-26. Web. Farrell, D & Grant, A 2005 “China’s looming talent shortage”, McKinsey Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 31-54, 2014, via McKinsey database. Web.
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Business Excellence Model Implementation in the UAE Case Study Introduction The researchers have conducted a comprehensive study on the application of the business excellence model and its implementation peculiarities in terms of the public companies operating in the UAE. It should be noted that the chosen public company had mostly Arabic workforce. The purpose of the case study was to dwell upon the administration techniques and methods utilized in the organization and to evaluate whether they were effective or not. The business excellence model is aimed at assessing the efficiency of the implementation of TQM (Total Quality Management) principles in companies to boost their performance, and it was significant to determine which aspects could prevent its successful realization. Summary and Analysis Importantly, this model is one of the most crucial aspects of leadership strategy. It should be applied to all divisions, involving all the employees at various levels and engage suppliers and stakeholders to the development of the enterprise. The key to success, according to this approach, is learning and adapting to continuous change through the consistent application of scientific methods. However, despite the required changes, the corporate philosophy should remain unaltered since, if the organizational culture is based on values, the senior management will be able to emphasize the importance of individual aspirations at the same time making effective use of the collective power. It should be noted that the research investigated the DGEP (Dubai Government Excellence Programme) method for self-assessment. Both managers and employees had to conduct the evaluation and self-reflection. According to the study results, one of the most significant aspects in terms of corporate efficiency is the cultural factor. The authors suggested that the peculiarities of the Arabic culture would influence greatly the performance of a company operating in the public sector. This assumption was validated in the course of the research. Moreover, it was revealed that the insufficient self-assessment (due to the Peculiarities of the Arabic mentality) would not allow outlining the corrective measures. It was evidenced that a strong subordination is characteristic of the company under study, which implied the delineation of the leadership from the workforce. Also, the employees that work on the lower levels had less autonomy, especially in the case of non-indigenous workers. It means that they were not empowered to execute self-management and had to comply strictly with the guidelines provided to them. Moreover, such an attitude towards employees led to the fact that the staff was not able to enhance their performance based on the conducted self-assessment. Even though TQM was utilized by the leadership, it was ineffective due to the ignorance or incomprehension of the existing cultural factor. Therefore, it can be stated that the business excellence model will be effective if it is adapted to the UAE mentality and peculiarities of the Arabic people. Conclusion It can be concluded that the research results have evidenced the need to empower and encourage the employees of all levels to contribute the company performance through effective leadership styles and approaches. Given the importance of the cultural factor in the implementation of business excellence, it can be assumed that it is the role of leadership solely to promote self-assessment and to give more autonomy to the workers. After the accurate evaluation and reflection, the senior management will be able to align the strategy and apply the model effectively to the process of planning. Thus, self-reflection and cooperation with the both native and non-indigenous workforce will enable the company’s leadership to achieve greater organizational commitment and productivity.
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Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Method 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Reference List Abstract The test is aimed at testing the coordination skills of two probationers. Both revealed good results in coordination, while one of them showed a methodical approach towards passing the test, and the other showed perfect learning skills. The Importance of two-arm coordination can not be overestimated, and the key value is the opportunity to assess the patterns of coordination learning. Introduction Two arm coordination test involves the study of brain adaptability towards the changes in casual operations. This test requires the coordinated work of both arms to complete the assignment. The subject is to move the stylus along a pattern without leaving the borders of the pattern. The test is performed both clockwise and counterclockwise to avoid preferred side violations. The test aims to study the coordinated sensorimotor skills of a person. (Bard and Fleury, 2004) The key difficulty for a person is to adapt to the control process, as hands should be moved apart for moving the stylus upwards, moving hands together moves the stylus down, and side to side movements move it left and right correspondingly. Method Subjects are taken randomly (two volunteers), the apparatus is the standard two-arm-coordination test pad with a star pattern. The research was performed with an arm coordination test and a star pattern which defines the tracing route of the stylus. Two probationers perform the test by leading the stylus clockwise and counterclockwise while the time of test is registered and the amount of mistakes is calculated. The analysis is based on the test reports, where the name, age, time, and amount of mistakes are pointed. Results The results will be presented in tables, as they provide an evident opportunity of comparing the test data of two probationers: Randy (age 29 ‑ 38) Eric (age 29 ‑ 38) Time Errors Time Errors Trial 1 0:55 141 1:23 0 Trial 2 0:48 3 1:20 0 Trial 3 0:48 0 1:17 0 Discussion The results of the test may be analyzed from several perspectives. The key angle is the coordination skills, and the ability of the probationers to control their movements for performing the non-standard actions. Hence, probationer Randy revealed the worst result, as the amount of mistakes during the first attempt is enormous. Further attempts are much better, as probationers needed lesser time, and the number of mistakes was essentially lower. Another aspect is the learning skill: Randy is in a better position in comparison with Eric, as Eric had not improved his results significantly, while Randy managed not only to minimize the amount of the mistakes but also improved the test time slightly. The test presupposes providing a training minute for probationers. If both were provided this minute, the amount of the mistakes and the time spent could be improved, hence, the analysis aspects could be wider. (Rodrigues, Vickers and Williams, 2002) The test reveals the possible values of the coordination training and may be used for assessing the professional integrity of workers who need to perform complex tasks associated with coordination and sensorimotor control. This may be used for drug and alcohol tests, or as an endurance test. Hence, the patterns of coordination learning may involve either time or accuracy aspects, and the amount of repetitions is the only way to improve the results. Reference List Rodrigues, S.T., Vickers, J.N., Williams, M. (2002) Head, Eye and Arm Coordination in Table Tennis. Journal of Sports Sciences , 20, 187 – 200. Bard, C. and Fleury, M. (2004). Analysis of Visual Search Activity During Sport Problem Situations. Journal of Human Movement Studies , 3, 214 ‑ 222.
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Contract That Is Legally Enforceable Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Issue 3. Rule of law 4. Application 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Duncan is also concerned about cars parked illegally behind the shop which prevent supplies from being delivered. He offers Susan, a local traffic warden, £20 a week if she makes a particular effort to give parking tickets to anyone who illegally parks behind the shop. For the next month Susan carry out their side of the deals. When she ask Duncan for the money he refuses and says she is only doing her jobs anyway. Issue In regards to the case involving Susan and Duncan, some important issues arise that must be looked at to establish if there was a contract between Susan and Duncan that was legally enforceable and also determine whether Duncan breached this contract or not. The first issue that emerges here is whether there was an intention on Duncan’s part to form a contract that is enforceable? Can Susan claim the amount due from Duncan or she was just in her line of duty? If Duncan actually intended to enter into a contract that is legally enforceable in nature, then has he breached the contract by refusing to pay Susan the amount due? (Mulcahy, 2008, p. 195) Rule of law As seen from the case above, a contract is only valid if it meets the following; it should have an agreement the is arrived at through making an offer and receiving an acceptance, there must be a consideration, which is simply a valuable exchange between the parties involved, there must be capacity, that is the parities involved should have the ability to legally and mentally enter into contracts that are binding, and lastly, the agreement should not violate the law. Once again a duty carried out while some one is in his or her line of duty may not be regarded as good consideration and may dismiss an agreement from being a contract. Contacts are usually classified as “bilateral or unilateral, valid, void, voidable, and unenforceable, formal or informal, express or implied, and executory or executed” (Goldman & Sigismond, 2010, p. 126). A bilateral contract is characterized with both sides making an agreement as opposed to a unilateral contract: “an express contract is just stated in words either in writing or orally” (Chandler & Brown, 2007, p. 20). An implied contract depends on the conduct of the parties to define the agreement. An executed contract is one that has been performed and an executory one is still being performed (Chandler & Brown, 2007, p. 20). Application In this case, Duncan made an offer to Susan who accepted it by performing the task needed. This was a unilateral contract because it was one sided. It was an informal contract because the agreement was not written down. However, the two were in a commercial relationship, and therefore the contract is expected to be legally binding. It was also just implied because acceptance of the agreement depended on Susan carrying out the duty as required by Duncan. It was an executed contract because Duncan refused to honor his promise after Susan had accomplished her side of the deal. There was a consideration made when Duncan promised to pay Susan £20 a week provided she gave those who parked cars behind his shop (Gill, 2005, p. 126). Both Susan and Duncan were legally and mentally capable of entering into a binding contract. Therefore, up to this point, Susan can sue Duncan for breaching the contract. However, we are not told if Susan was in breach of her work contract when she accepted another contract besides her existing one. Furthermore, she entered a contract to carry out a preexisting duty; this is not taken as good consideration under the general rule. However, Duncan has not right to enrich himself unjustly (Abbott et.al, 2007, p. 659). Conclusion We have seen that there was a unilateral contract between Susan and Duncan, but after the performance of the contract, Duncan declined to meet his side of the bargain. On the face of it, this was a commercial relationship, therefore making the contract legally binding. Under such circumstances, Duncan would be liable to compensate Susan her money. However, Susan entered an agreement to carry out a function that she is actually supposed to be doing. This makes the consideration not to be viable enough to make the contract unenforceable. Besides, it was her duty to make sure that people parked in the right place so that she could collect parking fees. This does not mean that Duncan was justified to use her and dump her at the end of the task. Susan should therefore, claim her money from Duncan because all the three elements of a contract were met in this case. It will therefore, depend on Duncan to prove that she was just carrying out her supposed duties. References Abbott et.al. (2007) Business Law . New York, NY: Cengage Learning EMEA. Adams, A. (2008) Law for business students .. UK, London: Pearson Longman. Beatty et.al. (2009) Introduction to business law . New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Chandler & Brown. (2007) Law of contract : 2007 and 2008 . London, UK: Oxford University Press. Gill, J. (2010) Business Law for the Entrepreneur . New York, NY: arima Publishing. Goldman & Sigismond. Business law: Principles and Practice . New York, NY: Cengage learning. Gulshan & Kapoor. (2008) Business Law Including Company Law . New York, NY: New Age International. Koffman & Macdonald. (2007) The law of contract . New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Mulcahy, L. (2008) Contract law in perspective . New York, NY; Taylor & Francis. Stone, R. (2009) The Modern Law of Contract . New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
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Strategic Planning of Whole Foods Market Coursework Whole Foods Market, Inc. is a company selling organic groceries, with a chain of stores located in multiple US locations. The following is the SWOT of the company: * Strengths: highest standards of quality, favorable trends of the food industry, positive public relations image, cooperation with local farmers, the absence of artificial and processed foods. * Weaknesses: high prices, negative perception for overpriced products, dependence on the US market, few locations compared to other stores, profit drops, and controversial labor practices (Sainato, 2018). * Opportunities: new store format with Amazon, the potential to lower prices, expansion of areas in the US, international expansion, reduction of production costs. * Threats: competition from Costco, Sprouts Farmers Market, Wal-Mart, and Kroger; threats from online retailers, the lack of customer support, negative publicity, and overcharging of clients. A SWOT analysis can be a useful tool for strategic planning of businesses through identifying areas for improvement, thus leading to the development of concrete steps that the management can follow to overcome weaknesses and threats (Bull et al., 2016). The strengths and opportunities identified during analysis are helpful for improving the position in the marketplace that other companies may be unable to copy. Innovation is usually the main tool used for capitalizing on opportunities and developing a strategy that leads to success. Four functions of management include the planning of processes, organizing them, leading an organization, and controlling outcomes. The function of planning implies the setting of future goals, while organizing is associated with the coordination of available resources and activities (Griffin, 2017). Leading is the function of influencing people for them to reach a goal while controlling refers to evaluating and monitoring tasks. These four functions play an important role in the strategic decision-making process because they regulate the accomplishment of certain organizational goals. References Bull, J., Jobstvogt, N., Böhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., … Koss, R. (2016). Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework. Ecosystem Services, 17 , 99-111. Griffin, R. (2017). Management (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Sainato, M. (2016). ‘They want us to be robots’: Whole Foods workers fear Amazon’s changes. The Guardian. Web.
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Influence of Health Conditions of the Mothers in Their Early Postpartum Essay The study you analyzed provides critical insight into the attitudes and influence of health conditions of the mothers in their early postpartum. I agree with your statement that self-efficacy is the “essential psychological variable in long-term breastfeeding.” The research results suggested that a stronger desire to feed exclusively develops in women with positive birth experiences. You were right by emphasizing that the differences in samples’ conditions were identified using inferential statistics, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Using these approaches is beneficial for promoting exclusive feeding and expanding the knowledge in further studies. Brockway et al. (2017) claim that “Breastfeeding self-efficacy is a modifiable factor that practitioners can target to improve breastfeeding rates in mothers of full-term infants” (p. 497). However, the alternative perspective can be applied to the study’s results and gathered information if analyzed with other statistical tools. Aside from the benefits of breastfeeding self-efficacy, the research revealed the negative influence of artificial supplements implementation. With the linear regression with predictor variables, the scientists could also try the reverse approach of measuring the results by the response variables. It would eliminate the requirement of t-tests and ANOVA for submitting the outcomes, as their validity is questionable in such studies (Weissgerber et al., 2018). I explored several healthcare and biomedical studies where ANOVA and t-tests were applied only because they were the most common and the simplest to use for results confirmation. Based on the research design you studied, statistical tools implementation, and my experience in analyzing similar scientific works, the suggestion is to look for more complex data gathering and sample selecting strategies. Applying more concrete criteria to the participants and adding response variables would determine the range of breastfeeding self-efficacy and the outcomes. Pre-hypertension measures, such as Swedish massage, are necessary for health as an act of care and profound prevention practice. You were right by mentioning that such procedures are essential for decreasing the risk of heart disease development. The research you analyzed has been designed by selecting women with proper conditions, tracking their blood pressure, and assigning a massage course to a randomized part of the group. You correctly claimed that “the data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as chi-square and t-test through SPSS software.” Such a strategy is beneficial for the studies that contain intervention and dependent variables. It also submits the advantage of Swedish massage appliances related to the prevention of pre-hypertension’s side effects and reducing clients’ blood pressure (Givi et al., 2018). I agree with you that the study aimed to provide a workable non-pharmacological way of managing pre-hypertension for women, and its design shows the profound evidence-based practice for nurses. Although research with intervention and randomizing groups provides beneficial results, it can be conducted from an alternative perspective. Indeed, diversifying the sample group by applying more participants with a history of pre-hypertension and experience in Swedish massage would make the study’s results more reliable. Furthermore, the chi-square test used for the association between two categorical responses would be helpful in evaluating several pairs of sets (Shih & Fay, 2017). The results measured more detailed that just by comparing intervention to the control group would expand the evidence. I have experience participating in a study about an exam structure for the students’ efficiency, and it revealed that the results differ from subject to subject. Consequently, I suggest that more groups of dependant variables need to be included to explore the impact of a Swedish massage. References Brockway, M., Benzies, K., & Hayden, K. A. (2017). Interventions to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and resultant breastfeeding rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Journal of Human Lactation, 33 (3), 486-499. Givi, M., Sadeghi, M., Garakyaraghi, M., Eshghinezhad, A., Moeini, M., & Ghasempour, Z. (2018). Long-term effect of massage therapy on blood pressure in prehypertensive women. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7 , 54. Web. Shih, J. H., & Fay, M. P. (2017). Pearson’s chi‐square test and rank correlation inferences for clustered data. Biometrics, 73 (3), 822-834. Weissgerber, T. L., Garcia-Valencia, O., Garovic, V. D., Milic, N. M., & Winham, S. J. (2018). Meta-Research: Why we need to report more than ‘Data were Analyzed by t-tests or ANOVA .’ Elife, 7 , e36163.
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Almost everyone heard the story about him cutting his ear, and his style is so recognizable that it is hard to make a mistake in art quizzes. I realize why Vincent van Gogh is a household name: his works contain a range of vivid emotions understandable to any generation, and the sharp lines accurately express the psychologism of the moment. The first drawings of van Gogh were the results of the artist’s studies of Realism. Van Gogh admitted he drew his inspiration from working peasants and considered that the nationwide recognition of them and other working-class people is his mission in the art. A series of van Gogh’s pictures of “voices of the wheat” – peasants working in compliance with cycles of nature were created in circumstances of those poor people’s lifestyle because van Gogh preferred full engagement to be as objective as he could. His pictures, such as Crouching Boy with Sickle (1881), Man Stooping with Stick or Spade (1882), Peasant Woman Digging (1885), have a focus on labor and people’s actions while the elements of nature and the peasants’ faces are barely seen. However, van Gogh’s character studies included investigations of typical manual laborer’s facial features. The pictures of working-class men and women, such as Head of a Peasant Woman with White Hood (1885), Head of an Old Peasant Woman with White Cap (1884), Head of a Man with a Pipe (1885), are examples of the artist’s attempts to find the reflection of laborer’s hardships in their harsh lines. I think these pictures are archetypical as we can see how the facial features of peasants reflect their path of life. The famous masterpiece The Potato Eaters (1885) could be considered the result of van Gogh’s artistic experiences. I see coarse worn-out faces of men and women who eat the simplest food of all – baked potatoes with calm expressions on their faces. The color range is modest, the brushwork is rough, but the composition points out the warm relationship of a family – that is the ultimate van Gogh’s understanding of peasants’ spirit. I believe that the picture is outstanding in its metaphorical expression of the psychological image of a working person. Van Gogh also struggled to paint his landscapes in the open air to catch the moment as impressionists did. The main idea was to touch the audience’s senses, to make them feel the same wind blows as the artist experienced himself while painting Beach at Scheveningen in Stormy Weather (1882) and Pollard Willow (1882). Van Gogh shared his emotions from exposure to nature, such as loneliness and recognition of nature’s power in his Dunes with Figures (1882) and Girl in White in the Woods (1882). My favorites among van Gogh’s pictures include a series of flowering trees paintings that is fully immersive: I can almost feel the spring air emanating from them. Van Gogh was fascinated by the view of blossoming plum, apricot, and peach trees and, during a month, had achieved to create 14 paintings. Delicate colors, soft lines, and some decorative simplicity of such pictures as Blossoming Pear Tree (1888), The White Orchard (1888), Flowering Orchard (1888) fill the mind with tranquility and evoke the thoughts of nature’s healing powers. The rebirth of hope and dreams that happen every year with the trees blossoming is perfectly conveyed in these works. Their simplicity and expressiveness are reminiscent of poetry expressed on canvas. I appreciate Van Gogh for loving art like no other: while his art life was rather short, he managed to create more than 2,100 pictures. Nowadays, I often see his masterpieces, such as Sunflowers (1887), The Starry Night (1889), Irises (1889), Wheat Field with Cypresses (1889), Almond Blossom (1890), as fashionable prints on clothing and accessories. These things mean van Gogh captured the people’s minds. I am also a Van Gogh admirer: his pictures inspire, provoke thoughts and emotions, the most valuable things expected from an artwork.
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There are a lot of thoughts in the novel; however, there is no action at all. The novel is considered to be the so-called extension of Modernist literature which appeared at the beginning of the 20 th century. The central idea of the novel is the problem of perception. Generally, the novel consists of three parts namely, the window, time passes and the lighthouse. The major themes are recognized to be complexity of experience and modernism elements. Woolf did not use an omniscient narrator in the novel but instead chose to develop the story line by revealing each individual character’s consciousness stream. On the one hand, it seems that the modernist style of indirect prose which the author uses as well as plot of the novel is difficult to comprehend; however, it is quite obvious that the writer highlights impermanence in adult relations and uses the ability to recall childhood emotion. The window which is the first part of the novel is set in Ramsey’s summer home and begins with Mrs. Ramsey’s reassurance to James on their visit to the lighthouse the following day. Mr. Ramsey opposes her by stating that the weather might not clear, something that builds some tension between the two lovers as well as between James and Mr. Ramsey. Later on, this particular incident becomes a point of reference within the entire chapter, especially when addressing issues concerning the relationship of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey. In the second part, Woolf clearly reveals the sense of death, absence and passing time. This section is divided into ten chapters in which ten years pass. The First World War starts and ends in the fourth year and Prue passes away as result of childbirth complications. Mrs. Ramsey dies while Andrew is murdered in the war. Mr. Ramsey is left as widow who has nobody to comfort him in the course of bouts of fear regarding his philosophical work. In the Light house, the final part of the novel, Ramsey together with the remaining guests travels back to their summer home. Finally, Mr. Ramsey decides to take the long awaited trip to the lighthouse with his son and daughter. The children try to resist accompanying their father to the trip by remaining silent. Ironically, instead of Ramsey giving harsh words to his son as usual he praises him, something that creates some moment of empathy between the two. The novel ends with Lilly making final touches with her paintings. If to touch on various critical responses, there is a need to draw your attention to Joseph Blotner’s. Thus, according to Blother (1956, p. 547, 561-562), ‘the single obvious central symbol, the Lighthouse that in its stability, its essential constancy despite cyclical change which is not really change at all, this symbol refers to Mrs. Ramsay herself…’ Mrs. Ramsay is very interesting character. The idea of perception which is considered to be the central problem of the novel is developing through Mrs. Ramsay thoughts and observations. For this reason, it is evident that the ability to understand people concerns with the emotions which different actions/situations provoke. The problem of the existence of God is recognized to be the basic one. So, Mrs. Ramsey can be considered a representative of Modernist school of thought. References Blotner, Joseph, 1956. Mythic Patterns in To the Lighthouse, PMLA LXXI.
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Selection Procedure and Tests for a Manager Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methods of Selecting Applicants 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction An organization’s success in recruitment activities affects its efficiency significantly, as well as its effectiveness in the selection process. Here, selection entails a process of choosing from many applicants an individual who has the qualifications for a particular job opening. A pool of applicant that is adequate provides the organization with big attitude in selecting the employees and therefore reduces the amount of latitude. This may eventually result in employment of candidates who are marginally qualified. The procedure is a difficult process because it involves making judgments about people. Recruiting of managers involves examining the ability of a person and how well they can fit in the organization to do a particular job. Making these determinations requires skills, efforts and time. Moreover, for a selection process to be effective, such decisions must be made carefully in order to minimize potential negative impacts, financial and otherwise on the organization which might arise as a result of hiring the wrong managers. It is, therefore, important to involve a cognitive ability test, a work sample test, a test on personality and a structured overview in the procedures of selection in order to get a potential manager fit for the job (Ployhart, Schneider & Schmitt, 2006). Methods of Selecting Applicants A cognitive ability test is important to understand the individuals’ mental capability in understanding various issues. This is one ethical method of eliminating from further consideration those individuals whose qualifications, even though they have passed the preliminary inspection, do not measure up to the standards of the job position. Based on the results of a test, applicants may be asked to take some tests on employment. Applicants passing the cognitive test interview may be asked to do the exercise at this stage. In this test, an applicant is given a task to carry out and give the results which are later examined. The results are assumed to reflect the ability of an applicant to perform in the workplace. These are ethical methods where scores are set from the results of real experiment. The scores from the test carried by applicants are then evaluated and if they are favorable, a job offer is made but if unfavorable, no job offer is extended ( Caruth, Caruth & Pane, 2008). A test on personality is another important and ethical exercise in recruiting of managers. This is whereby morals and behaviors of an individual are tested and applied in a real working situation. Good morals will furnish a good reputation for the organization, and therefore managers ought to have these values. The performance of an organization is also reflected by the ethics and moral values of employees and therefore the test is very crucial to be carried out. This is followed by a structured interview whose main focus is an in-depth evaluation of the qualification of applicants. In some organizations, individuals successfully completing their employment are sent to an assessment center where they complete a series of tests, in addition to engaging in various simulations to further assess their capabilities. If they complete these tests, they are employed as potential managers in the organization. While reviewing the generalized model of selecting, the least time consuming and the least expensive activities of selection are performed first. Thereafter, the most time consuming and the most expensive follow later in the process. This sequencing helps to ensure cost effectiveness of selection which could be a major limitation of not taken care of (Bechet, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, these methods of testing are ethical and crucial in recruiting of managers in an organization as they reflect the work that ndividuals are meant to undertake in their day to day activities. The performance of the managers is believed to be based on the results from the test and it’s therefore a good way to improve the performance of the organization. References Bechet, T. P. (2008). Strategic Staffing: A Comprehensive System for Effective Workforce Planning. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Caruth, D. L., Caruth, G. D., & Pane, S. S. (2008). Staffing the Contemporary Organization: A Guide to Planning, Recruiting, and Selecting for Human Resource Professionals Third Edition: A Guide to Planning, Recruiting, and Selecting for Human Resource Professionals Third Edition. California: ABC-CLIO. Ployhart, R. E., Schneider, B., & Schmitt, N. (2006). Staffing Organizations: Contemporary Practice and Theory. United States : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
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Specificity of Work in the Field of Human Services Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Direction of Work of Human Resources 3. Relevance of Work and Employment Opportunities 4. Difficulties Associated with Working with People 5. Interview with a Social Worker 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Human services are a large, fast-growing sector with great potential in the world of work. Modern trends and changes in the world require more competent specialists to work with people and develop the structure of society to improve the quality of life. This area is quite complex and includes many positions depending on the services provided and the severity of working cases. This work certainly brings benefits and fulfillment to the social worker himself but he must be prepared for the possibility of challenging conditions and increased stress. The Direction of Work of Human Resources Human services are focused on working with people at the community, social, and educational levels. The main task of this sector is to help certain categories of people and purposefully work to improve the mechanisms of society following all ethical and cultural norms. Human life and, particularly the importance of mental health, has acquired value over the centuries. Now the physical and psychological wellbeing of people is the most significant goal of any morally developed society (Homer, 2017). Human services workers mainly work with the most vulnerable categories of people. These can be elderly people, people with drug or alcohol addiction, dysfunctional families, homeless people, and so on. A distinctive place is given to people who have survived violence and abuse and need serious help and shelter (Mosley & Smith, 2018). Considering all areas of human services, people in this sector should have not only a sincere altruism, but the basics of psychology, economics, law, and other disciplines. Relevance of Work and Employment Opportunities The demand for social workers and the number of related positions continues to grow steadily. The annual wage of an employee in this area is about $54,000, which makes it quite competitive in the labor market (Homer, 2017). The acute shortage of workers is explained by too influential and rapid changes in the social structure combining with a lack of specialists. Recently, this work has become more in demand due to modern changes in society, including an increase in life expectancy, attention to mental health, the tendency of mass immigration. Personnel of this kind is needed in the health sector, the justice system, community departments, non-profit organizations. They can serve as public advocates, crisis counselors, probation officers, juvenile detention workers (Mosley & Smith, 2018). The field of activity is quite extensive and includes dozens of specialties of different specifics and directions. The choice may depend on personal preference, training characteristics, and professional ability for a particular position. The number of vacancies continues to grow due to population growth, restructuring, and modernization of the social system. Difficulties Associated with Working with People Working with people is always fraught with many challenges and requires good psychological preparation. This area often implies close interaction with people in difficult life situations experiencing pain or deprivation. People with deep empathy can find it very difficult to objectively perceive someone else’s pain and look at it from a purely professional point of view. One of the most common reasons for leaving this industry is constant stress and feelings of regret (Lizano, 2021). It needs to be understood that this work should come from pure motives, and not be oriented towards personal recognition. People can be angry, frustrated, disoriented, and desperate for help. Workers often have to deal with orphans, people with severe addiction or mental illness, aggressive people in distress (Homer, 2017). Not everyone has enough self-control and altruism to do this kind of work. Unfortunately, kindness alone in this matter will not be enough. Interview with a Social Worker For the interview, I chose my neighbor Margaret, who has been working as a social worker for almost 12 years. I wanted to learn about her personal experience and look at the whole sphere from the inside. The main direction of her activity is working with children, checking their living conditions, relationships with their families, accessibility of education, and so on. She calls this occupation unspeakably important and noble but “bloody.” Children are the most vulnerable and dependent part of society, requiring constant protection, help, and control (Lizano et al., 2021). It is impossible to remain indifferent at the sight of their pain and adversity. Margaret, a mother of three, came into the social services industry with a well-meaning to help the rest of the children. It took her a while to understand the profession and come to terms with the inevitability of some aspects. Conclusion Human services are a promising area due to the constant development of society and changing requirements for employees. This specialty is suitable for people who can professionally and objectively assess any situation, regardless of their feelings. It is highly essential to separate all personal experiences from objective rationalism to provide more effective and professional help. This area is much multifaceted and includes many different positions focused on individual cases and categories of people. Career direction and growth are sufficiently dependent on personal preference, characteristics, and training. References Homer, C. (2017). Human services: An essential partner in improving health in the United States. Public Health Reports, 132 (2). Web. Lizano, E. L. (2021). Work engagement and its relationship with personal well-being: A cross-sectional exploratory study of human service workers. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 45 (4), 326–336. Web. Lizano, E. L., He, H. S., & Leake, R. (2021). Caring for our child welfare workforce: A holistic framework of worker well-being. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 45 (4), 281–292. Web. Mosley, J. E., & Smith, S. R. (2018). Human service agencies and the question of impact: Lessons for theory, policy, and practice. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 42 (2), 113–122. Web.
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Lispector’s “The Fifth Story” in Readers’ Interpretation Essay Introduction One of the most important issues about reading stories and writing them, the readers’ responses can vary in numerous ways. By only analyzing the ideas which emerge after reading a novel or a short story, one can feel the value of the reading. Despite the versatility of opinions and the clash of ideas, the readers of Clarice Lispector’s “The Fifth Story” came to the quite logical and original interpretation of the short story. Killing Cockroaches Considering the responses of the readers, one can notice that there were considerable differences in their ideas of the story. Discussing the plot, analyzing the ideas of the author, and trying to interpret them, the group has shown a great divergence of opinions. It is quite peculiar that the group of students considered the Fifth Story from both the viewpoint of a reader and the position of a character. Describing the character in the most different and peculiar ways, the group both focused on the general idea of the story and its interpretation, as well as on their vision of the character and the plot. It seems that some members of the group were focused exclusively on their impressions about the text, not on the novel itself. Considering the main character from different points of view, the group managed to draw a portrait of the leading character in the way they saw it and understood her actions. Speaking of the group’s suggestions concerning the leading character, it would be reasonable to enumerate the most peculiar and outstanding ones. What strikes most when reading the responses to the story is the fact that each reader applied the story and its participant to the real-life, which means that the group perceived the short novel as a piece of reality. Concerning the character of the plot, the readers depicted her in many ways; yet the most impressive interpretation of her actions and motivations was the idea of her intention to kill. Applying the story to the real world with the realities of everyday life, the group managed to create a truly psychological approach; yet it seems that the group focused rather on their impressions concerning the character rather than the text and its specific features. Another idea that is worth mentioning is the fact that the character of the novel does not have a name. It must be noted that such an approach has an additional sense which the group unlocked as well, suspecting that the character is not important – these were rather her actions that mattered. With help of these thorough considerations and well-thought analysis, the members of the group also approached the text itself. With help of their interpretations of the piece, the group suggested that the novel depicted a childish and immature person. It can be considered that the group viewed the lead character as a child and the novel as the attempts to grow up. Speaking of the plot of the story, most of the group members considered it weird and tangled. Some raised the question of whether it was logical to start the novel from the very end. This added a certain air of irreality to the novel, the group concluded. Therefore, it can be suggested that the group considered the novel both from the position of a reader and from the position of the lead character and the writer. It seems that the interpretations suggested produce an effect of a thorough analysis of both the story and their feelings concerning the character, the plot, and the inner sense which the story is filled with. Thus, it can be suggested that the readers managed to keep the balance between the story interpretation and the interpretation of their feelings and ideas. However, analyzing the students’ interpretation of the novel, one might think whether this practice diminishes the value of the novel or helps to discover new ideas in it. Indeed, splitting a book into words and sentences will affect its meaning and idea greatly. Since a novel is a pure art which is designed to raise ideas, not to convey them, excessive discussion of the peculiarities of the plot and the leading character can harm the story to a certain extent. As long as the story remains the whole, it produces the most incredible effect; but when it is split into parts with a careless analysis, only the wrecks of its beauty remain. Conclusion Still, one has to remember that art is something that is filled with sense only as one considers it. Thus, the novel analysis obtains a certain sense and serves to emphasize the key ideas of the novel. Moreover, a thorough consideration of the story can also help to reveal the issues which the author hinted at. To sum up, group evaluation can produce positive results and serve to develop the readers’ critical thinking and imagination. The interpretive community helps to understand the idea of the story better. With help of collective thinking, one can reach the ideas which have never occurred to him/her. In the search for the truth, this is one of the most effective methods.
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Overworking Problem Expository Essay Introduction More often than not, people overwork themselves without noticing. Overworking is a problem that is deeply rooted in many professional fields like education, politics, and business (Swenson, 1984). Overworking can be described as performing duties beyond the recommended time and measure. Many people overwork in pursuit of success or because the nature of their jobs and activities that they engage in demand so. If not controlled, overworking may generate to a major health issue for individuals involved. Besides health, overworking can wreck havoc into ones social life as well as family (Rosenzweig, 1983). It can also affect productivity of workers and performance in students. Most of these individuals normally do not see the need to do anything else outside their scope of work. They willingly or unwilling extend working hours and they are normally the first to report to their stations. Information A number of solutions exist for this problem. However, some in-depth information has to be gathered and analyzed to aid in formulating the solution to overworking. The different kinds of information needed include; causes, industries, or professional fields where it is most prevalent, prevalence, facts about overworking and ways to remedy it. Causes There are many causes of overworking. They range from personal decisions to professional requirements. Overworking can also be because of habit formation. A proper understanding of the causes is critical to finding a solution to the above problem Prevalence It is also important to understand the extent to which the problem is affecting people. Any prevalence rate is an acknowledgement that the problem exists and it needs to be tackled. A high prevalence rate will indicate a troubling trend where people will be dictated by their work hence living like robots. Facts This will largely involve the figures and proven hypotheses about overworking. They will help paint the true picture on prevalence and the extent to which overworking is a problem. Facts will also help identify areas where the problem is pronounced for remedies to be formulated. Fields most affected These professional fields report the most pronounced occurrence of the problem of overworking. Remedies There are many suggested ways of dealing with the problem. These will be analyzed to determine the best way to tackle the problem. The remedies will be formulated from the information that will be gathered and evaluated. Evaluation process The information gathered has to be of high quality. The valuation process will be based on authority of the information, its objectivity, quality, coverage, and its currency. Authority Authors of the information regarding overworking have to be known and credible. They must be backed by credible publishers and they must be well versed to speak authoritatively on the topic. The author must have proven credentials and must have reputation among his peers. The information by this author has to be well researched for it to be credible. Objectivity The information on overworking must be clear on the goals of its publication. The information must be informative, educative and be able to display coherence on the topic of discussion. The information must also display objectivity while the language should be free of emotion generating words. Where there may be bias, the author must acknowledge and give reasons why. Quality The information must be well organized with logical sequence and clear presentation of main points. The main ideas must be unified to for the achievement of the overreaching idea. The flow must be in order with no repetition of the author. Data presented on the topic of overworking must be accurate and clear with references of the sources made. Currency The information must be up to date with the publishing date not more than five years old. This will help in portraying the true picture of the overworking problem as it is presently. It is also imperative to use current books since this problem is dynamic. This therefore calls for the use of materials from authors who regularly publish reports on overworking. Library resources The university library is endowed with resources that will partly help in this evaluation process. Key among them is the National Faculty Directory that will come in hand in verifying the author’s credentials. The university library is also connected to the internet through which students access numerous scholarly databases. The encyclopedia of Associations and the Research Centers Directory accessed through the library net will help in verifying the objectivity of the information collected. The magazines for libraries and other sources like Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory, both accessible through the web will help in evaluating quality and relevance of the information. Other websites like Wildcat and Amazon will also help in determining if the information is up to date. Finding the solution After the information is analyzed, it will be availed in both print and electronic format for all students and professionals to read. The report will identify ways through which one can determine if one is overworking him/herself and the remedies available to them. References Rosenzweig, R. (1983 ). Eight Hours for What We Will . New York: Syndicate Press. Swenson, R. (1984). The Overload Syndrome: Learning to Live Within Your Limits . New York: Oxford University Press.
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Advertising Campaign for Mountain Dew Research Paper Market Segments for Mountain Dew Mountain Dew is a unique drink produced and marketed by Pepsi Company. The advertising campaign for Mountain Dew targets consumers in the right market segment. Pepsi is also using the best campaigns in order to attract more customers. The “current strategy seeks to attract more customers in Nebraska and Dakota” (Stanford, 2012, p. 2). The advertising strategy has identified and targeted the right segment. The decision to attract every racially diverse society in New York will make the company’s marketing strategy efficient. The use of people such as Jason Aldean and Lil Wayne continues to support Mountain Dew’s advertising strategy (Stanford, 2012). This discussion explains how Pepsi directs Mountain Dew’s advertising strategy at the best market segment. Mountain Dew is a successful product in the United States. The product also faces competition from Coca Cola’s leading brands such as Diet Coke and Sprite. Pepsi does not differentiate the product from the increasing level of competition. The company does not communicate the strengths and benefits of the product to every customer. The consumers are unaware of the nutrients or minerals contained in the product. The product is not unique in the American market. A better strategy will attract more customers in different locations (Finch, 2012). The strengths of this advertising campaign have made Mountain Dew a successful brand in the U.S. market. Pepsi fails to inform its consumers about the benefits of Mountain Dew. The buyer is also unaware of the nutrients, minerals, and additives contained in this product. The advertising approach also uses different celebrities to target every Latino or African American youth. The success of the company’s marketing strategy depends on the information availed to these customers (Finch, 2012). The strategy informs these consumers about the availability of the product in the market. The best strategy is to ensure every salesperson communicates the product’s benefits to the customers. Proposed Campaign Strategy to Have a Universal Appeal Pepsi’s campaign strategy will attract more Latino and African American consumers. The use of celebrities and communication channels will support the needs of many customers. Pepsi also needs to redesign its marketing plan in order to achieve its goals. Pepsi should retain these celebrities in order to attract more customers. The campaign should also include “videos, newspapers, and radios in order to achieve the targeted marketing goals” (Finch, 2012, p. 65). The campaign should also target individuals from every racial group. The strategy will ensure more consumers purchase the product. Pepsi needs to use better communication channels to fulfill the expectations of every consumer (Finch, 2012). The proposed marketing campaign should begin by focusing on the benefits of Mountain Dew. Pepsi should use the best strategy in order to attract more consumers. The company should also ensure the product does not cause any health challenge. The company should use new celebrities in order to attract more consumers. Pepsi can use better channels in order to attract a large number of stakeholders. A good example of these channels includes social networks and the internet. Pepsi can Facebook.com and Pinterest.com to attract these young consumers. This practice will ensure the company realizes it business goals. Pepsi can use e-mails and televisions to communicate to more customers. The above marketing strategy “can succeed if the company uses proper pricing practices” (Finch, 2012, p. 64). Pepsi should avail Mountain Dew in every market segment. The advertising campaign should also focus on the level of competition in order to succeed (Finch, 2012). These communication channels will make Pepsi a leading competitor in the soft drink sector. Reference List Finch, J. (2012). Managerial Marketing. New York: Bridgepoint Education. Stanford, D. (2012). Mountain Dew Wants Some Street Cred . Web.
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Taking into account that continuous education is considered one of the most important elements of effective professional development, summer courses should be systematic and comprehensive to address the learning needs and expectations of students. The primary goal of the evaluation is to assess the compliance of the program with the above requirements. This paper will focus on the target organization, the program content, learners’ characteristics, motivational strategies, and a trigger event. The proper evaluation will provide the opportunity to enhance the program and benefit students’ academic performance as well as promote global professional advancement. Organization Background The Nationwide University of the Academic Success specializes in offering a variety of courses, among which summer lessons take a particular place. Every student from all over the world can apply for participating in summer courses, selecting the required discipline: mathematics, physics, sociology, psychology, computer science, et cetera. Upon the completion of the Summer School for Adults program, every student receives a certificate that proves his or her knowledge and skills acquired during both theoretical and practical classes. A typical student of such courses is aged between 18 and 32 years old and highly motivated to research and share the topics of interest. The given program has a successful history of performance for over 20 years. Located in Washington, DC, it consists of five staff members and more than 50 experienced teachers. Program Content The Summer School for Adults program offers a great variety of courses. Among the objects of the program, one may note social sciences, management, languages, physics, and so on. Accordingly, the goals of this program may also be different depending on a certain subject, and the level of previous knowledge and skills. For example, students mat target the advancement of career, contributing to science, or the provision of scholarly studies. This stand-alone program provides stimulating classes and career boost based on the experience of leaders in the field of adult education. One of the most significant elements of the Summer School for Adults program is meetings with professionals in corresponding areas as well as the opportunity of discussing one or another issue with them. Learners’ Needs, Motivational Methods, a Trigger Event, and Expected Benefits Since the potential participants of the given program already have some awareness of their profession, they need a more advanced level of education. The first characteristic is that they expect more engaging and exciting lessons, discussions, and assignments that may help them in climbing their career ladder (Ruiz-Alfonso & León, 2016). It is critical to mention that adult learners applying for this program define their needs as the intention to become the best experts and share global knowledge. The cultural diversity is the second characteristic of students since there are Americans, African-Americans, Asians, and many other ethnicities. The attitude of students towards the training contact may be defined as positive – periodical surveys reveal that 95 percent of students consider it rather beneficial. The diverse age and gender of students also promote greater understanding between them and teachers as well as allows for creating an atmosphere of effective teamwork and collaboration. Speaking of motivational methods applied in the present program, one should focus on enhanced job skills, certification, and grants. While participating in the Summer School for Adults program, students become more aware of their needs and receive relevant skills and information that they may apply in their profession (Ruiz-Alfonso & León, 2016). In addition, they obtain a certificate that proves their skills and knowledge and is approved by many national educational organizations. Before participation, every student is eligible for applying for the grant. It is required to explain the specific needs and the inability to pay for the program. Approximately ten percent of the participants receive grants. The inclusion of the mentioned motivations attracts the most motivated students regardless of their social status, age, and gender. A trigger reason for the confirmative evaluation is the need to promote continuous education and evoke the interest in professional development (Cho, 2013). The global scholarly community also needs discoveries and discussion of the existing theories, strategies, and practices. In this regard, the expected benefits of the identified program are knowledge sharing, the emergence of new ideas, and the increased attention to advancing one’s career. As a result, the evaluation is expected to benefit adult learners in improving their awareness of the recent trends and upcoming innovations (Cho, 2013). The confirmative evaluation will reveal any weaknesses and strengths of the program and serve as the basis for further recommendations on how to enhance it. Conclusion To conclude, the Summer School for Adults program aims at providing summer courses for adult students from different countries and with a diverse background. The pivotal goal of the above program is to assist students in improving their academic knowledge and skills. Grants, certificates, and improved skills act as the key motivational factors, while the need to make education more engaging and comprehensive serves as the triggering reason. It is anticipated that the proposed evaluation will specify any advantages and disadvantages of the program, thus allowing determining recommendations for its enhancement. References Cho, Y. G. (2013). L2 learning motivation and its relationship to proficiency: A causal analysis of university students’ EIL discourses. English Teaching , 68 (1), 37-68. Ruiz-Alfonso, Z., & León, J. (2016). The role of passion in education: A systematic review. Educational Research Review , 19 , 173-188.
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While the material used as a basis for the piece’s layout is fixed, the form of a particular fugue is not set in stone. This gives the composer an opportunity to shape the composition according to their needs and desires. First, in the opening section, called exposition, the main theme of the fugue is introduced in the form of subjects and answers. The subject is the backbone that is often held throughout the composition, with answers in different tones having their own take at the same melody. Answers can be both real, i.e. with an exactly transported subject, or tonal, with changes to their subject for the purpose of a better harmony. The fugue subject is further separated into a head and tail, with the former used to grab attention and the latter to carry the motion in the melody. Episodes are another design feature of some fugues, providing the composition with the downtime between subjects, giving the composition variety and freshness. The composer uses their imagination, tools, and skill to expand on the subject being introduced in the composition, making small changes to its presentation, or changing the arrangement to continue developing the piece. Such techniques as sequencing, augmentation, fragmentation, and stretto, among others, can be used. The first of these can be used to provide both variation and repetition, which are both crucial for the creation of a musical composition. Other techniques can be used to achieve similar effects, to either adhere to the principles of a musical composition or break them to offer a brash and surprising take. Stretto, for example, can be used to make two sections of a fugue overlap, which adds to the excitement and acceleration of the piece.
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International Business Law – The GATT Essay The taxes on alcoholic beverages were increased in Japan due to various reasons. Japan is a small-developed country, which is conscious of its people’s welfare, economy, and social lives. This was a positive step in the country through various perspectives. The increased taxes on alcoholic beverages discouraged the consumption of alcohol, as a way of promoting the health of the citizens. Another important reason for raising the alcoholic beverages taxes was to improve the economic growth of the country (August, Bixby, & Mayer, 2008). A decline in tax revenue, which is directly related to the Gross Domestic Product of the country, leads to weak economic growth. Earlier on, the total public debt of Japan was increasing at an extremely high rate. The ruling of increasing the alcohol taxes was particularly crucial. The government used it to assist in bringing down Japan’s increased level of public debt. The Japanese citizens took the issue of increased taxes negatively, but they later realized the importance. Although most of the citizens considered this ruling being oppressive, it was meant for the goodness and well fare of the entire nation. In the past, Japan’s consumption taxes were among the lowest globally (August, Bixby, & Mayer, 2008). The increased rates of alcoholic beverages acted as a new source of the nation’s revenues. The government had limited sources of their revenues, and the act of raising the taxes was recognized to be an increased source of the government’s money. The revenue from taxes was obtained from the citizens and invested to assist the same citizens. Through this act, it was possible for the government to ensure equal distribution of resources in the whole nation. The GATT principle of every member state to protect its domestic industries by the use of tariffs is applicable. It is a crucial aspect of every member country to make use of open and liberal trade rules. Through such follow-ups, it would be hard for any nation to use quantitative restrictions, except in special incidences. It is a complex way for member states to adhere to, but through the application of a few basic and clear rules, GATT manages to control member states (August, Bixby, & Mayer, 2008). The principle offers some exceptions to the countries that have difficulties in their balance of payment. Such countries are advised to minimize their levels of imports and manage their external financial status. This exception offers greater adjustment allowances in developing nations than in developed nations. The developing nations are offered options and flexibilities of using quantitative restrictions to monitor their import levels. Member countries would manage their monetary reserves, and avoid future serious declines that may arise. Although this principle seems to be applicable, some sectors were not favored. The agricultural sectors in the developed nations could not avoid using the quantitative measures, which went beyond the GATT restrictions (August, Bixby, & Mayer, 2008). The same case applied to some countries that belong to European Unions by using variable levies while importing agricultural products. The variable levies were unavoidable and were used to ensure reasonable earnings to farmers. The same levies were used to differentiate what farmers earned, and what industrial workers earned. Developing nations were also imposing high tariffs and quantitative restrictions in both agricultural and industrial segments. The GATT principles were in line with the legal point of view, and that is why they were favorable to the majority. Reference August, K., Bixby, M., & Mayer, D. (2008). International Business Law. New York: Prentice-Hall.
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The Role of Memories in Humans Life Essay Introduction Being children, people do not always think about their memories as there are many things which happen and at the same time there are not many events which deserve remembering. There is an opinion that children’s memory is better as their mind is clear and opened for new knowledge. Growing older people start thinking more, they get more knowledge and they are to remember a lot of things, therefore, their memory becomes weaker, still some childhood recollections remain. Thinking about personal memories, I understand that most of them are some bright events which impressed me greatly. Most of the events from my childhood have been forgotten. I see how my parents tell some stories from my childhood, but I do not remember such situations. I began to think about the reasons why people remember some episodes from their childhood which seem rather ordinary, but may forget some bright recollections. For example, I do not remember my first day at school, I do not remember most of my birthdays, but I remember the day when I went to the kindergarten for the first time and when I got acquainted with Mary, a girl I never saw after that day. What are the reasons and the process according to which children’s memories remain in human brain? I am inclined to think that we remember not events but emotions, and if an adult remembers an event from his/her childhood, it is obvious that this very situation has impressed him/her greatly. Childhood and memories Human memories are unstable and limited. People may remember something and when this recollection becomes unimportant it is forgotten. Human brain is flexible, the processes which occur there are not studied up to the end. Dwelling upon children and their memories, it is possible to say that most of them are based on emotions. All the recollections I have from my childhood are impressive. Some of the emotions are positive, others are negative, however, they are strong. Trying to remember an ordinary day from my childhood where nothing happened, I understood that it is difficult for me. Moreover, it is hard for me to remember what I ate a couple of week on breakfast. Why? I suppose the reason is because it is unimportant. Children’s memories are based on personal feelings and emotions and it is by no means correct. I remember the day when I was about 4-5 years old. I was playing in the yard, as usual. One girl came to me, she was of my age. She asked whether I would like to play with her. Why would I reject? We shared some toys. I do not remember exactly what they were. She was very serious, however talkative and funny. She told me that playing with children may be a very complicated thing, sometimes impossible. I remember that I was surprised, but I was too small to think about it and we continued playing. When she left that day I never saw her again. When I was a child that day was interesting for me, nothing more. This episode appeared in my mind several years ago when I saw a TV program about children with rare diseases. There was a boy whose skin was covered with hematoma. He had a disease when even a touch made him feel terrible pain and a place of touch was covered with numerous hematomas. This was the moment when I remembered my childhood and that episode with a girl. I remembered that surprise and inability to understand I experienced, that specific feeling of ignorance. Now, I felt the same feeling. I do not know what it means to be unable to play with others, and this was exactly the feeling I experienced in childhood. Recollecting childhood memories in an adult age, we usually do it through emotions. When we hear some songs from cartoons we usually remember the time when we saw these cartoons. A man is able to remember through smell, sound, and touch. I am sure that most people have ever experienced that feeling when some situation in the present helped them return to their childhood. All these recollections appear through emotional condition. First, we remember the emotion and then the surrounding environment appears in memory. The importance of memories Memories are very important in the life of people as they help adults know that all the actions leave imprint. No matter how much time passes, all what we do, feel, and think today will leave its recollection. The situation with that girl was very important in my life. I did not realize it up to the time I saw that TV program and understood that the feeling of fear to be unable to play with others followed me the whole my life. When I got acquainted with people I tied to spend as much time with them as possible. I always spend my free time with my family and friends I am really afraid of the situations when I will be limited in dealing with them. I have never understood why I felt in such a way, and now I see what the reasons is. All our actions and situations in childhood impress us greater than we may think.
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Clinical Practice Leadership Theories Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Transformational Leadership Style 3. Transformational Leadership Style in UAE Nursing: Strengths 4. Transformational Leadership Style in UAE Nursing: Limitations 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction There is a number of various leadership theories and practices that may be applied in clinical practice. One of them is the transactional leadership style in which leaders use rewards and punishments to promote compliance by workers and keep them motivated for the short term. Opposed to this style is transformational leadership theory, which is rather relevant in current stressful and turbulent health care work. Giddens (3) notes that precisely this theory “has become a predominant leadership style practiced by leaders across many industries and disciplines, including nursing.” Transformational style is characterized by the leaders’ ability to motivate, inspire and stimulate their followers. Such leaders typically focus on creating changes by emphasizing different values and on building relationships with other people. The transformational leadership style has its special strengths and limitations in relation to the development of nursing leadership in the UAE. Transformational Leadership Style Transformational leadership theory is a particular style that is notable for leaders motivating, inspiring and encouraging their employees in order to create changes and innovations and help to shape and grow the company’s future success. Transformational leadership style consists of four key components: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration (6, 7). All these components are positively and closely related to organizational and individual performance. Transformational Leadership Style in UAE Nursing: Strengths One of the strengths of transformational leadership theory in UAE nursing is that it leads to visitors’ high satisfaction with the quality of services they get. Moreover, since employees are constantly motivated, inspired and encouraged by their leaders, they always remember that they are cared about, their work matters, and the provided support is more powerful than any stress (4). This strength has a positive influence on the UAE healthcare system and improves its quality. Another advantage is most evident precisely in UAE nursing development. Since medical workers communicate with sick people, they need to share good vibes and energy in order to provide patients with additional help (5). The more positive feelings the employees get from their leaders, the more vibes they pass to the visitors. Transformational Leadership Style in UAE Nursing: Limitations Unfortunately, though this theory suits nursing leadership in the UAE, it has some significant limitations. First of all, the transformational leadership style does not let medical staff act correctly in situations or emergencies that require prompt problem-solving or quick decision-making, and it slows down the development of the UAE healthcare system (2). Another limitation flows from the previous one: transformational leadership is rather conceptual (1). Medical workers cannot focus on some tasks while performing their duties without the support of their leader. If medical workers are not independent, the development of nursing leadership in the UAE becomes rather challenging. Conclusion To draw a conclusion, one can say that most of the various theories and practices, even the best ones, have their own strengths and limitations. However, it is hard to disagree that the transformational style is the right choice for the development of nursing leadership in the UAE. It lets medical staff be even more interested in performing their job correctly and communicating with the patients and visitors ethically. However, for this theory to work successfully in the UAE nursing leadership, it is of vital importance to consider and try to avoid all limitations. References Al‐Yateem N, Almarzouqi A, Dias J, Saifan A, Timmins F. Nursing in the United Arab Emirates: current challenges and opportunities. Journal of Nursing Management. 2020. Anderson HJ, Baur JE, Griffith JA, Buckley MR. What works for you may not work for (Gen)Me: limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation. The Leadership Quarterly. 2016;28(1): 245–260. Giddens J. Transformational leadership: what every nursing dean should know. Journal of Professional Nursing. 2018;34(2): 117-121. Hadabi AA, Khan M, Hussain M. Personality of leaders in the context of transformational leadership in the UAE. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management. 2019;19(4): 355-366. Ncube E. Influence of leadership styles on expatriate nurses’ professional integration in the UAE. Walden University. 2017. Northouse PG. Leadership: theory and practice. New York: SAGE Publications; 2018. Sahu S, Pathardikar A, Kumar A. Transformational leadership and turnover. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 2018.
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Medical Decisions and State Regulations Essay The importance of government policies cannot be underestimated since they shape different nations’ attitudes to various problems and concerns closely related to everyday life. However, at the same time, using official policies as the key references in any situations that involve ethical concerns cannot be called the best option. For instance, in her award-winning essay about abortion, Mendoza (2004) demonstrates that some abortion laws in the United States place pregnant women who find out that the fetus is dead in a difficult position. This example proves that in some cases, state policies do not support patients’ interests and therefore, should not play the primary role in decision-making. The role of state policies in decisions made by healthcare providers to help their patients may need to become less important in some instances. For example, speaking about the case of Mendoza (2004) and similar situations involving intrauterine fetal death, healthcare specialists should be able to use decision-making practices that maximize positive outcomes for their patients. In the mentioned case, even though there were some legal opportunities to remove the dead fetus, it was difficult for the woman to find a qualified specialist nearby. To avoid health complications, it is necessary to make all government policies referring to doctors’ decisions health-oriented and evidence-based (see Fig. 2). Nowadays, however, there are countries that use abortion policies informed by quasi-religious arguments. In general, the rules and limitations concerning the use of government policies in doctor-patient decisions should be centered on the well-being of a person receiving treatment. Concerning late-term abortions and other sensitive topics, such policies can facilitate decision-making if they are supported with high-quality evidence and minimize the risks of complications. To put it in other words, the use of state policies in health decisions should depend on the extent to which they protect patients’ health. Fig. 2. Evidence-based medicine (SafeMinds, n.d.) References Health care issues. (2018). In Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection . Detroit, MI: Gale. Web. Mendoza, M. (2004). Between a woman and her doctor: A story about abortion you will never forget. Ms Magazine . Web. SafeMinds. (n.d.). Evidence-based medicine . Web. WHO. (2017). Health for all . Web.
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