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“Doctor Faustus” by Christopher Marlowe Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The British literature of the epoch of Enlightenment is characterized by the prevalence of the poetry and drama as well as by the focus on the themes of morality and Christian values. The play Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe can be referred to the modified genre of the Morality Play, which was popular at that time. The Discussion The play Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe can be referred to the genre of the Morality Play because it uncovers the theme of the Seven Deadly Sins. The genre of Morality Play was widely spread in the British literature of the Middle Ages. The focus on the moral qualities of the characters was the main distinctive feature of this genre ( Morality play n.d.). In particular, we know from the play that Faustus, the main character, sold his soul to devil. He encountered with the Seven Deadly Sins, each of which warned him about the consequences of his choice. “BEEL. Faustus, we are come from hell in person to show thee some pastime. Sit down, and thou shalt behold the Seven Deadly Sins appear to thee in their own proper shapes and likeness” (Marlowe, 1965, p.70). Although the play by Christopher Marlowe is not typical for this genre, it has a lot of its features. We can say that the author modified the genre a little bit and, essentially, made a breakthrough in the literature of that period. His literary innovations are considered to be the steps on the path from the traditional literature of the Middle Ages to the literature of the epoch of Enlightenment. Being inspired by the Medieval play Everyman , Marlowe wrote his own work by using the major themes of the play. However, Doctor Faustus is much more complicated work. The author tried to show that not the external circumstances determine human destiny but rather the inner world of the person does. His play uncovers his ideas and does this in the progressive manner. In particular, Marlowe uses the new literary techniques such as the blank verse. We can see that many lines of the play do not rhyme. In particular, “ROB. What, Dick, look to the horses there till I come again. I have gotten one of Doctor Faustus’ conjuring books, and now we’ll have such knavery as’t passes” (Marlowe, 1965, p.72). It should be noted that the character of Faustus revealed his complex and contradictory nature. He was tempted by the devil and did not pass the test. Seven Deadly Sins were stronger than his morality. The author of the play tried to show the tragedy of Faustus in his strong ambition and the low morality at the same time. He ruined his soul by himself because he lacked the right moral fiber to withstand the temptation. Faustus was the victim of his own desires. Conclusion In order to sum up all above mentioned, it should be said that the play Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe represents the genre of the Morality Play in the British literature. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the author modified the traditions of the genre and introduced his own approach to the Morality Play. The belonging of Doctor Faustus to exactly this genre is proved by the main theme of the work, the spiritual struggle of the man with the Seven Deadly Sins. References Marlowe, Ch. (1965). Doctor Faustus . New York, USA: Routledge. Morality Play ? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/
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Physical and Psychological Trauma in Women Proposal Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Research question 3. Research Methodology 4. Justification 5. Findings 6. Mary Shelley’s thoughts 7. Conclusion 8. Recommendations 9. References Introduction Cases of women suffering from the lack of control over their reproductive organs are increasing every day in most parts of the world, especially in the African nations. Research indicates that such women go through psychological and physical torture because of the experiences they go through while growing up. The findings also indicate that this situation causes psychological problems to infants, girls, and women who have gone through the operation (Mirza, Devine, & Gaddipati, 2010). Other complications depend on the nature of the operation, instruments, the environment, the people who carry out the operation, and the response of the victim after the operation. Therefore, this work discusses this topic with the view of reminding future research to investigate and reduce this physical and psychological trauma among women. Most women face psychological and physical traumas because they do not have control over their reproductive organs. Therefore, giving these women the power to control their reproductive organs and stopping barbaric cultural practices will greatly reduce the rate of physical and psychological trauma among women. Research question What are the psychological and physical traumas that women who have no control over their reproductive organs face? Research Methodology This paper uses the information published in works that previous researchers published after carrying out detailed field researches in countries where women suffer traumas due to the lack of control over their reproductive organs. Justification It was important to carry out this study to save many women from psychological and physical traumas that their male counterparts take them through. Research shows that about 20% of women in Africa and some parts of Asia cannot make any decision about their reproductive organs and their sex lives. This research is, therefore, a very crucial step towards liberating such women. Findings . Participants reported that the traumas they undergo result from the lack of control over their reproductive organs. The literature collected during the study shows that Cultural values and customs cause most of these traumas in many parts of the world. Most young women and girls go through female genital mutilation, especially in African and Asian countries (Brown, 2009). Most of these nations carry out FGM on very young girls, mostly between seven to ten years. Other communities in some parts of the world go to the extent of performing it on married women. Scholars have done extensive research on this problem, and their findings indicate that such practices can cause mental problems and trauma (Mirza et al., 2010). Clinical studies show that some of these individuals exhibit severe signs of psychological suffering, which lead to long-term problems such as stress and depression. In some communities, women do not have control over their sex life. Men rape them, or their parents marry them off to anybody whenever they want. Women who go through such experiences are likely to go through psychological and physical difficulties (Dailey, Humphreys, Rankin, & Lee, 2011). Instant problems that result from such cruelty against women include shock, anxiety, social discrimination, insecurity, confusion, and fear. Others experience emotional detachment, lack of sleep, nightmares, and flashbacks (Brown, 2009). Most of these women show a decline in psychological problems after a few months, while others experience them for a long time. Most doctors disregard some psychological signs when diagnosing victims (Brown, 2009). Such symptoms include depression, uncontrollable physical signs, and sexual dysfunction. Mary Shelley’s thoughts Mary Shelley, in her novel, terms pregnancy and giving birth as a death sentence. This attitude comes about because of her experience. She lost her two children, and could not imagine going through all that pain again, or losing another child (Brown, 2009). She expresses her deep fear of giving birth to a deformed child or a dead one, who could kill her while giving birth. This fear results from the death of her firstborn child and her mother’s death while giving birth to her. Conclusion Denying women control over their reproductive organs results in the elimination of their basic biological function and cultural powers. Most of these women also become genophobic. Such cases lead to mistrust among the victims, which may lead to loss of self-esteem. They may also feel ashamed to face medical practitioners. Some victims go through the healing process successfully while others develop complications such as shock, over bleeding, pain, fear, and loss of other organs. There are long-term symptoms that experts associate with such victims. They include gynecological obstetrics, urinary tract infections, HIV, extreme menstrual pain, scar formation, pain during sex, fear, and difficulty when giving birth. Most women find it hard to bear children due to obstruction labor that eventually leads to death. Researchers, should, therefore, concentrate on this problem, and find a long-term solution for it. Recommendations * People should stop practicing FGM because it is against human rights. * Governments should create institutions that will protect the rights of young girls and women. * The states should participate and monitor the fight against FGM. * Communities should allow women to choose their marriage partners. * There should be strict laws against rape. * All nations should educate the public on the need to stop such practices and embrace gender equality. References Brown, H. (2009). Trauma in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology , 114 (1), 147-160. Dailey, D., Humphreys, J., Rankin, S., & Lee, K. (2011). An exploration of lifetime trauma exposure in pregnant low-income African American women. Maternal And Child Health Journal , 15 (3), 410-418. Mirza, F., Devine, P., & Gaddipati, S. (2010). Trauma in pregnancy: a systematic approach. American Journal of Perinatology , 27 (7), 579-586.
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Evolutionary Time Lag and Good Genes Selection Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Analysis 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Behavioral patterns of humans, as well as other species, are not accidental. Cognition is dependent on various aspects, including one’s genetic material and the surrounding environment. For example, some behaviors and actions are so deeply rooted in one’s primal instincts that they are hard to alter in any way. The concept of the “time lag” explains this. According to Dawkins, bodies can be viewed as survival machines where genes, while slowly changing one’s habits, do not affect behavior very quickly (68). Thus, the disruption of an individuals’ cognition and the surrounding environment occurs. Humans still have behaviors that contributed to their survival many centuries ago. According to Nairne and Pandeirada, one’s memory has some “‘footprints of ancestral selection pressures,” which reflect the information that was the most relevant for survival before (239). This information remained in people’s systems because it was needed over a long period of time. However, the speed of progress is constantly increasing, while the process of evolutionary change remains slow. The assessment of genes, with the intention to distinguish bad genes from good ones, not only takes time but also consistent pressure from certain aspects of the environment. Thus, a lag in time affects people’s cognition. Analysis Although the selection of the so-called “good genes” does affect one’s behavior to adapt to current surroundings, the speed at which these alterations happen does not allow humans to adapt concurrently on the genetic level. Some genetic changes deal with the problem of the time lag and help with adjustment to the environment. However, other choices do not reflect modern living conditions and lead to various problems. For example, one’s hunter-gatherer instincts can be viewed as a result of genetic selection as they are based on one’s need to survive in harsh environments. Modern living conditions, on the other hand, are not harsh for most people. Thus, one’s instincts to prefer fatty and sugary foods, which were scarce during the time when the hunter instinct was most prevalent, are negatively affecting people’s health in modern society (Buss 18). Other examples include aggressive behavior and separation of groups into insiders and outsiders. The need for group survival was necessary at some point. However, now these behaviors have a limited function. Genetically induced attitudes are hard to unlearn. Therefore, the behaviors described above are likely to stay imprinted in people’s minds for a long time. It is plausible that at some point new good genes will replace the existing ones to reflect the changes in one’s way of living. The slow process of genetic change is complemented by one’s adaptive flexibility. Humans can adapt due to the ability of the brain to participate in one’s learning process (Buss 18). However, people cannot be considered fully adapted to every existing condition because they need to go through this learning process during their lives. People’s genes do not secure the results of this education because of the time lag. Therefore, each individual has to rely on his or her surrounding environment and their own cognitive abilities to comprehend the current situation and adapt to it. That is why humans are flexible in their behaviors and actions. To adjust to a new way of living, they have to reevaluate new and old information constantly. For instance, the instincts to find sugary foods are replaced by conscious choices to opt for healthy products. Thus, the concept of adapted cognition affects future planning and prediction of any future actions or choices. Conclusion All in all, the lag in time can be explained by the slow speed of evolutionary change. This influences the way people understand core concepts and creates the need for flexible learning. The process of choosing good genes in order to pick the best traits for one’s behavior, however, is too slow to completely eradicate this problem. Works Cited Buss, David. Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind . 5th ed., Psychology Press, 2015. Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene . 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2016. Nairne, James S., and Josefa N.S. Pandeirada. “Adaptive Memory: Remembering With a Stone-Age Brain.” Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol. 17, no. 4, 2008, pp. 239-243.
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The Importance of Mitochondria and Their Purpose Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Function 3. How we got mitochondria and what they were (about their own DNA) 4. Importance of mitochondria 5. Works cited Introduction In our body the muscles lury has multitude structure that is known as mitochondria. Mitochondria multiply itself several times as much like bacterial cells. When they get too large, they undergo fission. This involves a furrowing of the inner and then the outer membrane as if someone was pinching the mitochondria. Then the two daughter mitochondria split. Of course, the mitochondria must first multiply itself several times as their DNA. The size range is from 1 to 10 micrometers (μm). Mitochondria is said “ power house”because of their energy generation for cells. This energy is called ATP (adenosine triphosphatw) which is used as a source of chemical energy. Mitochondria perform some other process like * Cell signaling * Cellular differantiation * Apoptosis * Controll of cell cycle * Cell growth The number of Mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organisms and tissue type. Many cells have single Mitochondria while some cells have thousands of them. In a man , Mitochondria may have around 615 distinct proteins depending on the tissue of origin. Cell nucleus mainly contained with the DNA cell. Finally, mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases and may play a role in being older. Function Mitochondria convert organic materials into cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria gives an important appearance in many metabolic tasks. Which are as follows: * Regulation of the membrane potential. * Apoptosis-programmed cell death. * Glutamate-mediated excitotoxic neuronal injury. * Cellular proliferation. * Regulation of the cellular redox state. * Heme synthesis. * Steroid synthesis. Some of the function of the mitochondria is done in only special types of cells.. For example, mitochondria in liver cells contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify amonia, a waste product of protien metabolism. A mutation in the genes regulating any of these functions can result in mitochondrial disease. How we got mitochondria and what they were (about their own DNA) Mitochondria contain their own DNA ,ribosom’s and can produce many of their own protiens. The DNA is circular and lies in the matrix. In punctuate structures called “nucleoids”. Each nucleoid has 4 or 5 copies of Mitochondrial DNA. In some cells and situation, it is normal to have areas with many mitochondria. If Mitochondria could not undergo fission it would continue to grow and grow and eventually become a huge organelle. The replication and production of cristae in response to defective mitochondria and low ATP will be as if ATP is low, the cell is stimulated to make more mitochondria. But, if they are defective as in the lower photograph, ATP cannot be produced. The food we eat is oxidized to produce high-energy electrons that are converted to stored energy. This energy is stored in high energy phosphate bonds in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is converted from adenosine diphosphate by adding the phosphate group with the high-energy bond. Various reactions in the cell can either use energy (whereby the ATP is converted back to ADP, releasing the high energy bond) or produce it (whereby the ATP is produced from ADP. Importance of mitochondria The significance of the working of the mitochondria is to get as much ATP out of glucose as possible. If we do not inhale oxygen ,we get only 4 molecules of ATP energy packets for each glucose molecule. However, if we have oxygen, then we get to run the Kreb’s cycle to produce many more hydrogen ions that can run those ATP pumps. From the Kreb’s cycle we get 24-28 ATP molecules out of one molecule of glucose converted to pyruvate (plus the 4 molecules we got out of glycolysis). So, you can see how much more energy we can get out of a molecule of glucose if our mitochondria are working and if we have oxygen. Works cited Henze K, Martin W (2003). “Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria”. Nature 426 (6963): 127-8. Herrmann JM, Neupert W (2000). “Protein transport into mitochondria”. Curr Op Micro. 3 (2): 210-214. McBride HM, Neuspiel M, Wasiak S (2006). “Mitochondria: more than just a powerhouse”. Curr. Biol. 16 (14): R551–60. PMID 16860735.
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The First Wave of Globalization Coursework Globalization is a process of international linkages between countries in the world in terms of cultural, political, and economic networks. Various parts of the world find themselves not only affected by events happening many miles away, but they also tend to intervene in those events where they can, to avoid such negative effects. Globalization of the international economy is the linking of international markets through social and infrastructural networks that make it operate as one big market. The process involves the cutback and elimination of controls between national and regional borders to simplify the movement of goods, capital, services, and labor. This enables mutual trade between countries in diverse regions to go on in increased intensity and higher volumes being traded. Globalization during 1800-1914 involved the search for raw materials for industries in Europe and other parts of the world. This leads to the transfer of capital, knowledge, people in form of migration and slave trade, and transfer of commodities. During this period, the flow of goods, services people and capital moved from continent to continent and lead to integration. In 1914, the First World War broke out undermining globalization. Trade- The main utilities of this international trade enhancement are improved physical infrastructure and transport systems such as shipping, air transport, and road and rail networks. Between 1800 and 1914, trades among continent, s grew and was supported by the construction of Suez Canal and the successful usage of steam ship. The steam ships helped to reduce the transportation costs. There was a construction of railway especially in Europe and their colonies. Capital flow – Europe was a source of capital during these periods. Most regions, which had access with a Europe capitals developed quickly. Countries like Australia, Japan, Canada, USA, Argentina and Brazil had great development because capital from Europe. Continents like Africa experienced capital inflow from Europe especially in the construction of communication and transport networks. Britain was the largest exporter of capital followed by German respectively. It is estimated that the three countries had 75% of total capital outflow. Britain exported 42% of the total capital (Maddison 1995: 65). Migration – During this period people migrated between continents and this period there was no restriction of movement of from various continents. Movement took place as slave trade immigration. People from Africa were taken to Americas as slaves while people from Europe, Americas, and Asia moved to other parts of the world to settle, look for raw materials, and offer labour. Those who moved were looking for a greener pastures. Though colonialism and slavery have long since been abandoned as social systems, Christianity continued to play a role in driving forward mostly western capitalist ideals despite the fact that it was originally a Middle East religion. Trade in knowledge- In the United kingdom there was a law for forbidding the emigration of skilled people. However, this was to repealed and skilled people moved to different parts of the world. Though it is not necessarily a new phenomenon, Globalization has been intensified with the improvement in technology. Currently it is very difficult to live in one part of the world without gaining access to goods, services, and information from other parts of the world. This is mainly due to the cultural load of advertisements than influence people to accept cultural items such as foodstuffs, medicines, and dressing as the best or the most modern. A desire is created for such items, which results in a vacuum calling for satisfaction. In this way the wheels of international trade grind on without inhibition. Christianity has become a primary component of both globalization and capitalism. The spread of Christianity during the 18 th century and 19 th centuries by various missionaries was in many cases a precursor of colonial occupation mainly driven capitalist ideals. The spread was christened the bible on one hand and the gun on the other. This clearly depicts the manner in which the gun was used to lure new converts while the colonists using guns soon enough coerced those who did not adapt to the new religion. Though colonialism and slavery have long since been abandoned as social systems, Christianity continued to play a role in driving forward mostly western capitalist ideals despite the fact that it was originally a Middle East religion. Reference Maddison, A., (1995). Monitoring the World Economy 1820 – 1992 . Paris : OECD.
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Similarities and Differences in the Cultures of Germany, France, and the Netherlands Essay The modern tendencies in the world’s progress and social development also influence the cultural interactions between the representatives of different nations and ethnicities. In spite of the fact the process of globalization with its orientation to multiculturalism is in a progress, various European cultures are characterized not only by many similarities but also by significant differences. From this point, it is necessary to concentrate on such criteria as the religion and beliefs, language, values, art, philosophy, lifestyle, customs, and traditions. The European cultures are traditionally discussed as the part of the Western civilization that is why it is important to determine similarities in the cultures of Germany, the Netherlands, and France, paying attention to the fact the cultures’ of these countries also have a lot of differences. The visions of many cultures are based on the developed stereotypes and the definite historical processes. Thus, focusing on the similarities between the cultures of such European countries as Germany, the Netherlands, and France, it is significant to note that the issues of religion are similar for these countries. The majority of the population in these countries is the Christians (Roman Catholics and Protestants). The percentage of Muslims in the countries is rather low, but the problem of correlation between Christians and Muslims is typical for France. The next point for comparison is the question of language. The citizens of Germany, the Netherlands, and France speak different languages, but the German and Dutch languages have the similar roots when French is of the Roman origin (“Countries and Their Cultures”). The geographical location of the Netherlands and Germany and their political and social relations affected the development of many similarities in the culture. In its turn, the French culture can be characterized by more differences than similarities in comparison with the cultures of the Netherlands and Germany. The cultures of three countries depend on the oral traditions and folktales. However, the further focus on science and technology is typical for the German and Dutch cultures when the concentration on art is characteristic for the French culture. According to the lifestyle, the representatives of three cultures have different food habits, but the same vision of sport activities. In spite of the fact all three nations pay much attention to their food, the French cuisine is discussed as elegant, and the German and Dutch cuisines have their origin in the meal habits of rural people. It is necessary to mention that the representatives of the German, Dutch, and French cultures prefer to spend their leisure time playing soccer. The most obvious cultural differences are observed when these people celebrate their holidays and follow definite traditions. Thus, the Germans traditionally celebrate St. Martin’s Day, and the Dutch pay much attention to celebrating the feast of Sint Nicolaas. Certain customs, traditions, and holidays are the factors which always help people to accentuate their cultural identity (“Countries and Their Cultures”). To conclude, it is necessary to concentrate on the relationships of the German, Dutch, and French people which are influenced by the cultural peculiarities. Therefore, Germans focus on distinction between business and personal relations, the concept of formality is significant for them, and they concentrate on the aspect gender equality. The Dutch people are similar to Germans in their orientation to tasks’ resolving, but women are traditionally perceived as housewives. The French people follow modern tendencies in attitude to gender roles, but the family traditions are extremely significant for them. Work Cited Countries and Their Cultures . n.d. Web. < https://www.everyculture.com/ >.
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Anglo-American Folk Music Revival Report Table of Contents 1. Music Event Description 2. Course Perception 3. Recording Description 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Music Event Description Recently, I was able to attend the event that I had been waiting for for a long time – the concert of the band performing Anglo-American music. To be more precise, the members of the ensemble played in the genre of Urban Folk Revival and presented many unusual compositions based on the works of North America’s indigenous peoples. The musicians were dressed in bright outfits, emphasizing the coloring of the event and corresponding to the images that were typical for that style. The audience was also dressed the same, but the age group was not homogeneous since both young people and the representatives of the older generation were present. The music itself reflected folk motives mixed with unconventional rock elements. In its sound, it resembled the forgotten melodies of the past decades, but new instruments revived them and made it possible to hear old compositions in a new way. The band managed to keep the public in joyful excitement until the very end of the concert, which testifies to the professionalism of musicians and vocalists. Some compositions were familiar to me, and most were unknown but beautiful and melodic. The style of folk music is traditional, and it is difficult to say when it originated. However, in the second half of the 20th century, in the USA, there were musicians who decided to revive the forgotten genre and, as Petrus and Cohen note, to introduce “urban audiences to traditional folk music” (181). In the era of the emergence of this style, the progress and growth of city life were observed, which, nevertheless, did not stop the urban folklore from introducing a share of romanticism and sentimentality (Petrus and Cohen 21). The cultural environment was favorable for the becoming of this genre, which allowed developing this trend and turning it into a subtype of music. Course Perception Due to the material we have covered, I have a number of new ideas concerning those genres of music I have never met before. Considering different cultures and their characteristics, the ethnic theme seems to be the most attractive. Among the variety of musical styles, this direction is distinguished by individuality and originality of sounding, which makes it distinctive from other genres. Therefore, the value of the knowledge gained allows me to expand my horizons and have many new pleasant impressions. Recording Description The genre presented in the recording refers to Latin American music and, in particular, Mexican folk music. The melody has the typical shades of this culture and is demonstrates traditional tunes that have developed for many centuries. The song is well suited for active dance, which is also a characteristic feature of Latin American music. The style resembles a rural genre rather than an urban direction. The recording was probably made not long ago, but the song itself seems to be old enough. Its name is La Bruja , which means The Witch , and it is a popular melody based on the legend that may be compared with the story about Dracula. This genre has evolved over centuries and, according to Sturman, “folk musicians have adopted and adapted music from outside the community, including formally composed or classical works” (114). In this regard, the direction is rich in borrowings and is a mixture of compositions from different eras. Conclusion The performer of this composition is most likely a young woman, which is a typical feature of such a song and a dance dedicated to it. The Witch tells the story of the victim of witchcraft, and the image of the fatal beauty is suitable for it. The scene with dancing and singing young women and playing musicians in many ways forms the idea of Mexican folk music as a whole, and this example may confirm such an assumption. Works Cited Petrus, Stephen, and Ronald D. Cohen. Folk City: New York and the American Folk Music Revival . Oxford University Press, 2015. Sturman, Janet. The Course of Mexican Music . Routledge, 2016.
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Writing Tools of “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Things Fall Apart is a story about the artistic effect on Okonkwo’s village. Chinua Achebe, the author of the book, uses Okonkwo as the main character to aid in telling the story. The writer put forward themes as well as a prediction to bring out the kind of community the village was. The village was in a way brought together by the social structure. Okonkwo was brought out as a character with strong terror as well as with much annoyance, he, in no time, wanted to be like his father. He longed to have a different personality and that was one of the reasons why he behaved in different ways to maintain the character as well as the good judgment the village had bestowed on him. Due to the fact that the conventional structure of the village was growing weaker with time, this resulted in Okonkwo shifting his center of interest as his personality was consequently weakening (Achebe 1994). That was one of the reasons why things were emotionally falling apart. This was mostly brought about by the fact that the village was being intruded by the whites who were aiming at abolishing the kind of practices going on in the village by introducing new customs that some of the members in the community started adopting. This was because the whites regarded the practices as inhuman and, thus, they came up with different customs that people were expected to learn and go by them. To Okonkwo, this was against their traditions and, therefore, had deeply rejected this and spent a lot of time-fighting the whites who tried to invade the village. Body Achebe, in the story, advocated the significance of one the social order from the other. The book was written during the pre-colonial time and the author portrayed the western practices as of value to the people in the village. This is seen when he tries to bring out the main character as one who is weak in fighting the colonizers since the character died at the end. This indicated that Okonkwo died with the traditions and from the time of his death, the author shows us how the traditions died with him, and, from that time, people started interacting with the whites as well as changing their way of Christianity (Achebe 1994). For instance, the son of Okonkwo is revealed as one who had accepted the western way of life by the fact that he eventually became a priest something that was against the traditions. The people in the village are also portrayed as having changed to Christian life and, as well, leaving behind their beliefs from superstition to believing in God. As well, the people did away with such practices as the killing of twins and people from other communities. Via this, Achebe greatly supported western society by illustrating the death of Okonkwo as the end of traditions. Achebe brought out Okonkwo’s village as one that had a lot of cultural practices that ought to be replaced by western cultures. This due to the reason that the western cultures were brought out to be more valuable to the people in the village. Some of the villagers had changed their religion a sign that they had accepted the changes that came along with the whites. In his story, Achebe utilized various tools to put across the profound picture of the community. Some of the tools used by the author included death, foreshadowing as well as themes. The death of the main character is used to show the end of the tradition and introduction of western cultures (Achebe 1994). The theme of foreshadowing is also brought out when the village was invaded by locusts indicating the coming of a more hazardous situation in the region where the place turned bare and the people suffered hunger. This indicated that the missionaries were coming introducing their cultures and the traditions would fade away, thus, replaced by the new customs. This was experienced when the people started converting to the missionary’s faith. The thing fell apart for the main character when he was sent into exile after accidentally killing a son of one of the elders during a burial. Thing changed from a smooth life when Okonkwo was freely doing anything in the community to where he had to vacate the village leaving behind his properties being destroyed as a way of purification. In reference to the poem on the white man’s burden, Achebe brings into view suggestions that the whites had pressure to decree as well as heartening cultural modernism of individuals from their cultural settings to the world both socially as well as economically. This portrays the themes that Achebe brought out in the book (Achebe 1994). This was a clear indication of the perception by the people in the areas that were colonized since they adopted the colonizer’s way of living. This diminished most of the traditions that the various communities practiced. Conclusion In conclusion, Things Fall Apart introduces the western linguistic structure as well as traditions via proverbs, tale, and storytelling ethnicity in order to conserve the oral traditions from Africa and as well to undermine the cultures and the language of the colonists. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart . 1 st ed. New York: Anchor Press, 1994.
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Regional Sales and Marketing in Chicago Report The USA population tends to have a lot of common characteristics, which allows thinking of it as a single unit with similar demands. However, in order to make Company W able to obtain the most profit from its sales and gain a competitive advantage, it is critical to pay attention to individual differences that define its targeted population located in Chicago, IL. The company offers snack foods, so its Marketing, Sales, and Production Departments are likely to be interested in various dimensions, including employment, income, family type, and preferred means of transport. Considering changes between the US and Chicago populations, Company W can have an opportunity to adapt its strategies so that clients become more loyal, and the company obtains more significant benefits. For instance, it is critical to pay attention to the fact that almost everyday employees spend more than 10 minutes driving to their workplaces and have an opportunity to eat some snacks (“Reports for the USA,” n.d.; “Reports for zip code 60614”, n.d.). A lot of individuals work at home, but the majority is occupied in offices so that they do not have enough time for lunch. However, regardless of the US tendencies, the number of families with children in Chicago reduces so that it may be more advantageous to think of males as one of the main groups of the targeted market. Thinking about Chicago, it is also important to remember that many people have high earnings, which is not peculiar for the USA. Unfortunately, they tend to be not very interested in the products offered by Company W. Thus, it is significant to reconsider the ways the targeted market is approached. References Reports for the USA . (n.d.). Web. Reports for zip code 60614 . (n.d.). Web.
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Western World Transformation Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Mass Societies 3. Alliance Systems 4. Realpolitik 5. Kulturkampf 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Historically, the western world has been under revolution in social, political, and industrial sectors. The transformation of the Western society led to the formation of mass societies, alliance systems and the emergence of concepts like realpolitik or Kulturkampf as discussed in the following article. Mass Societies The roots of mass society go back to the nineteenth century where the elite individuals ruled the Western world; actually, industrial revolution led to the emergence of mass society, subsequently dividing the society into three social classes, the elite class (wealthy), the middle class (professionals), and the lower class (Macionis, 2009, p.497). Regrettably, the lower class consisted of about 80% of the population while the elites, who controlled the politics and the wealth of the society, were only 5% (Macionis, 2009, p.498); consequently, the society deprived women education, political and property ownership rights, which led to movements to call for equality in the society. The growth of political awareness or alliances and eventual call for political democracy by socialists including Marxism forced the political elites in the Western world to back off and the political wave or change in the western countries in the 20 th century ended the prosperity of mass societies. Alliance Systems The Western society adapted to the formation of alliance systems immediately after the fall of the mass societies with the aim of preventing emergence of wars and disagreement among different states in the western world. The ideology of the alliances in the western countries goes back to 1870s where the system was meant to ensure existence of peace thus reducing tension between the superpowers; a country like German adapted the system to keep her enemies (France) at bay by isolating them. In addition, alliance systems were to promote neutrality in the western world, which ensured peace prevailed and the system lasted for three decades as the First World War and Second World War broke out in Western world due to rivalry among the states. Although the United States maintained neutrality by establishing friendship with all states, the break of alliances or peace forced her to engage in the wars. Realpolitik In the 19 th century, a politician, Ludwig von Rochau, came up with the phrase realpolitik to mean practical politics, which differed from moral politics (Robertson, 2004, p.420); actually, realpolitiks became common in European states such as German for instance, through manipulation of Bismarck, a German ruler who took over the control of the Prussia. Hitler also used realpolitiks while attempting to take control of Czechoslovakia in 1938. Similarly, in the US, Henry Kissinger adapted the ideology of realpolitiks in 1973 when he stopped the war between Arabs and Israel through diplomacy or negotiations but his main goal was to end the oil crisis in the world at that time. In the United States, the term realpolitiks meant the use of political negotiations rather than a philosophical system to attain their goal; therefore, realpolitik was for peaceful acquisition of power in the Western world especially among powerful states like the United States and German. Kulturkampf The word Kulturkampf emerged after a disagreement between the German government and the Catholic Church between 1872 and 1886 as the imperial government fought over the control of catholic appointees and education system. Otto van Bismarck was the perpetrator of Kulturkampf, mainly to enable him to contain the power of the Catholic Church by redefining the catholic laws; consequently, Bismarck imprisoned the priests, monks, nuns, and bishops who defied his sanction orders closing down monasteries, seminaries, or churches especially in the Prussian state. Bismarck’s aim was to curb or cut-down the political impact and social influence of the Prussians. Unfortunately, his doctrine failed because the Catholic Church became more powerful than before by forming its own political party, which forced him to resort to another system of rule. Furthermore, the term Kulturkampf also applied in the United States especially in conflicts between the religious leaders and the social liberalists. Conclusion In summary, the Western revolution led to the transformation of politics, religious and other social issues in both Europe and United States of America. Through political ideology and manipulation, the western society was able to maintain peace while controlling other societies in the world. References Macionis, J. (2009). Culture, society: The basics . New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publishers. Robertson, D. (2004). The Routledge Dictionary of Politics . New York. Routledge
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Studies have found that different cultures have distinct culturally-acceptable techniques for non-verbal communication, including the use of body language in terms of using gestures, glances, slight alterations of voice, and other supplementary communication techniques (O’Neil, 2009). In addition to reviewing three cultures and their use of body language, this paper also purposes to describe how a care provider in the medical practice could bridge the gap between American body language and other cultures’ use of body language. In North America, individuals usually employ “…arms and hands to say good-bye, point, count, express excitement, beckon, warn away, threaten, insult etc” (O’Neil, 2009, para. 3). Slight movements of the head are used to gesture acknowledgement or decline something, and changes in facial characteristics are employed to smile, frown, and wink acknowledgement or flirtation. A combined movement of the head and shoulders is used to indicate that an individual do not actually understand something. It is important to note that these highly culture-bound methods are learnt over the years, not in the school environment, but by observing and imitating others (O’Neil, 2009). The intensity of the message being communicated is evaluated in terms of whether the individual is using a high, low, quick, slow, whispering or yelling voice. In the U.S., the interaction distance is also critical in communication, and usually demonstrates the confidentiality, sensuality, or secrecy of the message. Still, culture normally dejects touching by adults except in situations of great familiarity or formal greetings, and men run the risk of being labeled homosexuals or individuals of questionable character if they are seen holding hands. Lastly, clothes are used to communicate different messages, especially in women The Latin American culture stresses very close interaction distance between two individuals, not mentioning that much more physical contact between individuals is expected and desired (O’Neil, 2009). In the Japanese culture, focus is largely placed on the eyes of the communicating individuals to interpret emotions since culture does not allow open expression of emotions as is the case in the U.S. (Hogan, n.d.). A staff member working in a medical practice can bridge the cultural gap between American body language and other cultures’ body language by first and foremost understanding the symbolic significance and meaning of different body language cues employed within the cultural-specific context (Hall, 1987). For instance, the staff member needs to understand that while most Americans express their joy or sadness by varying the direction of the mouth, the Japanese express the same feelings by eye depiction (Hogan, n.d.). Understanding how the Japanese vary their eye depiction will give the medical practitioner much more information about whether a particular patient is happy or sad, the same way an American or a Latin American patient may be understood by the way they vary their mouth. Understanding the communication distance is important in bridging the gap between Americans and Latin Americans since both employ varying levels of distance while communicating. A proper understanding of these variations will assist the practitioner to discern appropriate adjustments in giving assistance. Clothes in the Japanese cultural context do not carry the same meaning as the do in the American culture. In bridging the cultural gap, the staff member also needs to be aware of the implications of distinct gestures and postures demonstrated by various cultures. For instance, while bowing is highly criticized in North America for displaying dominance over others, it is highly respected in Japan as a means to display rank (Hall, 1987). In the same vein, while an American may point at something using his/her index finger to emphasize a point, the same is considered highly rude and disgraceful in the Japanese culture. In addition, the staff member needs to be aware of the fact that people from different cultures suppress or reveal their facial expressions divergently. While the Japanese culture repress facial expression as much as possible, the Latin American culture is known to amplify sorrow or unhappiness using facial expressions, while most American men hide anguish or sadness. Understanding these differences is paramount for effective communication Reference List Chen, P.W. (2009, July 16). Bridging the culture gap. The New York Times . Retrieved from < https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/health/16chen.html > Hall, E.T. & Hall, M. (1987). Hidden Differences, Doing Business with the Japanese , New York: Doubleday. Hogan, K. (n.d.). Reading body language: Japanese vs. American . Retrieved from < https://kevinhogan.com/ > O’Neil, D. (2009). Hidden aspects of communication . Retrieved from < https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/language/language_6.htm >
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Aristotle’s Philosophy and Views on Ethics Essay Philosophy as a scholastic field is known for its versatility, vague boundaries of application and flexibility of the majority of concepts’ interpretations. Fluidity of thought and reasoning process within the philosophical thought can be identified as some of its main characteristics. Nevertheless, it remains a sophisticated science with its own established traditions, schools and major actors, who have solidified a significant part of the field’s canon. Aristotle is undoubtedly one of such scholars, whose views on ethics, conceptualized in the work Nicomachean Ethics , has on multiple levels affected the ways ethics is seen today. This paper aims to discuss the application of Aristotle’s view on ethics onto the tendency of modern digitalization and its relationship with the experience-centric understanding of knowledge. It also aims to comment on one of the most prevalent philosophical questions of whether a man is inherently good. Popular sources have been referring to Aristotle as the patron saint of the digital age, singling him out as the classical scholar whose framework supports the modern technocentric way of life the most. Although peculiar at the first glance, this claim is rooted in Aristotle’s perception of good and his concepts of ethics and morality. In his magnum opus, Nicomachean Ethics , Aristotle introduces the idea of every impulse of science and innovation being fundamentally aimed towards good purpose (Aristotle et al, 2009). In his worldview it is not the results of the innovative pursuits that are positive and moral, but the impulses that drive them. According to Aristotle, the human drive to perfect, develop and create is ethical and aimed at the general prosperity of society. In terms of knowledge, Aristotle belonged to the empirical school of thought as opposed to rational, claiming that knowledge is fundamentally experience-focused. His ethics, however, is largely separated from this line of reasoning and argument, since it is not centred around knowledge. In contrast, Aristotle believed that the purpose of ethics lies beyond the knowledge of what is good or evil, but rather focuses on the application and practice of the theory. Thus originates the function argument that concerns the practical, rational purpose of the human soul. He asserts that the general good of the world lies in the pursue and dominance of reason, and hence the practical pursuit and actions are superior to the theoretical concepts (Hansson, 2017). In this he famously rejects Plato’s framework of morality being reliant on the personal detailed knowledge of mathematics and other sciences, debating their importance in the ethical debate. In his stanza on the eternal question of whether a man is good or evil by nature, Aristotle takes an arguably neutral stanza. He claims that every man on the Earth possesses and internal combination of vice, a negative element, and virtue, a positive element, in different proportions (Leunissen, 2017). The existence and the intensity of vice, which in later works he extends to include continence and incontinence in his view is dependant on the degree of internal disharmony. He applauds the human ability to do good but cautions against the vulnerability in the face of evil even among the best of the best. In conclusion, Aristotle’s view on ethics is notable for its balanced arguments and positive sentiment exhibited towards the human soul. It explains the attractiveness his particular worldview on the subject is still known for many years after the original publication of Nicomachean Ethics . In the end, the debate on the nature and traits of good and evil in the world will forever concern the human society, as one of the questions that cannot be answered, but must be discussed. References Aristotle, Ross, W. D., & Brown, L. (2009). The Nicomachean ethics . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hansson, S. (2017). The Ethics of Technology: Methods and Approaches . Rowman & Littlefield. Leunissen, M. (2017). From Natural Character to Moral Virtue in Aristotle . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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The authors draw parallels between many world events, from the protests in Paris in 1968 to the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt and youth unemployment (Tapscott & Williams, 2012). According to them, the lack of working prospects repeatedly led to large-scale protests and revolutions. At the moment, there is a danger of repeating movements that already took place in the 60s in the United States, when a new generation began to question the current authority and tend to radicalize. However, according to Tapscott and Williams, the current outlook could be much more damaging. First of all, the authors attribute this to the scale of unemployment, which reaches 40 percent even in such developed countries as Spain, not to mention the Middle East and Africa (Tapscott & Williams, 2012). Second, the scale violates an unspoken rule in society that guarantees work for diligent students. Many structures formed in the last century do not meet modern requirements and cannot provide young people with the necessary opportunities. Finally, today’s youth have a new means of receiving and exchanging information on the Internet. It allows one to expose society’s injustices and enables coordinating a massive number of people. That is why the authors conclude their article with the statement that in the current economic environment, the most important priority should be creating new jobs to avoid a new frightening spiral of radical sentiments. Reference Tapscott, O., & Williams, A. O. (2012). Macrowikinomics: New solutions for a connected planet. Portfolio Penguin.
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Teacher’s Communication With Families Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main Body 3. Conclusion 4. Reference Introduction The speech of the teacher demonstrates sensitivities to the parents include a teacher’s desire to help parents understand the class and its tasks; sensitivity, in this case, is that a teacher cares about students and wants them to receive assistance from their parents as well. As such, parents should understand the tasks and the system of grading. Besides, a teacher invited translators knowing that the families of his/her students can lack language skills. Finally, a teacher demonstrated understanding of their schedule and his/her ability to cooperate by staying late at school so that parents could come and ask about their concerns. Main Body The first instance of sensitivity includes a desire of a teacher to cooperate and parents should treat it positively. At the same time, a teacher invited translators which should positively affect parents as well because they should clearly understand what is required. As Mendoza (2003) claims, “language differences may cut parents off from important information” (par. 3). The teacher indicates that he/she realizes the difficulties with parents’ schedule and offers some extra hours when it would be convenient for those who work till night. This can bring a great relief to those parents who want to participate in their children’s school life but are not able to do that. At the same time, a teacher also demonstrates insensitivity while offering “a written disclosure document” which can be difficult to comprehend for parents that have poor reading skills as suggested by Mendoza (2003, par. 2). The second instance of insensitivity is when a teacher mentions computers at home and suggests that “E-mail is one of the best ways for us to communicate!”. Low-income families may not afford a computer and they may lack computer literacy skills if they have a computer at home. The two instances of insensitivity could affect parents in the most harmful way for potential further partnership. As suggested in the study by Epstein (2001), “schools in more economically depressed communities make more contacts with families about the problems and difficulties” of children (p. 407). The school under discussion should use every opportunity to build bridges between the educators, students, and families. In this respect, a teacher should understand that insensitivity might discourage parents from coming to class and asking questions even if their child experiences difficulties in learning. Though Mendoza (2003) believes that “Internet access becomes more common among low-income families” (par. 13), greater sensitivity could have been demonstrated by a teacher while offering the ways to communicate. It is important that all parents are willing to take part in partnership between a school and a family. At the same time, a teacher could have demonstrated more sensitivity while outlining the information given in the disclosure document. For instance, tasks and assignments as well as national standards may be discussed while a teacher have only mentioned those. Conclusion The role of parents in education is great though “teachers control the flow of information to parents” (Epstein, 2001, p. 34) by outlining only the problems they believe to be important and affecting students and cooperation between school and family. I think that a teacher can include such two specific things as 1. suggestions of parents concerning scheduling of hours for communication; 2. phone calls by a teacher, if required by parents that have poor reading skills, to inform parents about some events, difficulties, or necessary interventions to facilitate parental input in the classroom. Access to information is important though Mendoza (2003) emphasizes difficulties in physical and intellectual access to information by parents. Reference Epstein, J. L. (2001). School, family, and community partnerships . Boulder, Co: Westview Press. Mendoza, J. (2003). Communicating with parents. Clearinghouse on early education and parenting. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . Web.
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A goal is what a teacher intends to achieve after a certain period of time. The achievement of the teacher is defined in terms of the achievement that the students have achieved. This implies that if the students have achieved what the teacher intended them to achieve within a certain period of time, he has achieved his goals. Goals can be short term to be covered in a week or a month or they can be long term to cover a longer period of time like one year. Setting goals is an important endeavor since it helps the teacher to remain focused in his teaching and have a picture of what should be achieved at the end of a certain period of time. As a new teacher of NYC school teaching English in grade 7, the principal of the school has just supplied me with the performance record of the students. The performance record indicates that the percentage of students who are above the grade level is only 20%, a percentage that can be raised further. The principal has directed me to come up with an end year academic goal. Below is the goal I want to set as the teacher of English in grade 7. The goal that I want to set is that by the end of the year, more than eighty percent of the students in grade 7 should be above the grade level in English. English is a critical subject that forms the basis of all other subjects. As a medium of communication, every other subject requires good understanding of English. If my students in grade 7 are not doing well in English, the implication is that they will perform poorly in other subjects and this is likely to have an adverse effect on their overall performance. By selecting this goal of ensuring that my students perform well in English, this will enable me and the students to come up with strategies of ensuring that we accomplish our goals. This goal will make me as a teacher shift more energy and commitment towards achieving it. Strategies of Achieving the Goal For this goal to be achieved, certain strategies must be put in place to ensure that it does not just remain an unfulfilled goal. The first strategy that I will put into practice to achieve this goal is the use of group discussions. It is imperative for me as a teacher to divide my students into small groups and assign the groups specific work. I will allow the students time to discuss various topics during their own time. Groups are advantageous in that it is possible to identify the weaknesses of individual students and assist them maximally. The groups should consist of a fair distribution of students with mixed abilities. For example, each group should consist of a student from the above grade level. This strategy ensures that the talented students pull their friends who are at the grade level and those below the grade level. Another strategy that I will use is to introduce frequent continuous assessment exams to the learners. This strategy ensures that the students do not relax because they want to pass every single exam administered. Keeping them on their toes will ensure that they improve on their performance to achieve our set goal by the end of the year. Continuous exams also give the students a chance to identify their areas of weaknesses. As a result, they will be able to focus on the areas they are weak in to achieve end of year goal. A reward system could also increase the level of competition among students which will consequently work tremendously towards ensuring that by the end of the year more than 80% of the students are above the grade level. When students are aware of the fact that they will be awarded for their sterling performance in a subject, they will commit themselves to score the best they can score in the subject. In my quest to realize the set end of year goal, it might be possible that some of the students will not be on track early in the year. For instance, I might realize that a quarter of the students are not in track with regard towards achieving my desired goal. The best way to deal with this group is to offer it special treatment. I will dedicate remedial lessons for this particular group and give it special coaching. I will try to identify their areas of weaknesses and offer them personalized coaching. This will ensure that this group of students does not prevent us from achieving our set goal.
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Introduction 2. Packaging and the shelf-life of Chocolate ice cream 3. Uses and Sale of Chocolate Ice-cream 4. Relationship to ISO 9001 5. Reference List Introduction Ice cream is a type of frozen dessert that can either be factory manufactured or home-made. Ice cream can be made of several ingredients but the core ingredients are cream, sugar and additives such as flavouring. In the case of Chocolate ice-cream, the flavouring added is normally chocolate. Chocolate ice cream is the second most common type of ice cream in the world after vanilla. As a matter of fact, chocolate flavoured ice creams have been in existence for the past one hundred years becoming very popular among the citizens of the United States of America. Chocolate ice cream is made by whipping a mixture of cream, cocoa powder, eggs, sugar and vanilla and then having the blend frozen (Brown, 2005, p.1). The end product is usually a chocolate looking frozen cream as shown in the fig. 1 below. Most of the ingredients and additives used to make chocolate ice cream are not known to have any allergenic characteristics thus making the product consumable by many. Fig.1 (Elinor, 2007, p.1). Packaging and the shelf-life of Chocolate ice cream There are several ways of packaging chocolate ice cream which include: plastic cups, plastic containers and jars, glasses and cones just to mention a few. The packaging of chocolate ice cream, depends on the time of use for instance if it is to be eaten immediately, it could be served in cones, cups or glasses. For future use, it is kept in closely fitted containers. During shipping or transportation, the chocolate ice cream is normally frozen and stored in refrigerators or carbonated ice containers. Given its composition, chocolate ice cream is self-preserving thus preservatives are only added in limited cases. This is because the presence of sugar in the mixture increases the osmotic pressure thus making it difficult for microorganisms to survive in there. The second preservation method is the low temperatures in which the ice cream is manufactured and kept thus hindering the activity of most microorganisms. Consumers are always advised to store chocolate ice cream in frozen conditions if they are not using it at that time (Boyer and McKinney, 2009, p.1). This is meant to preserve it in addition to maintaining its frozen shape and condition. It goes without saying that for the chocolate ice cream to have its desired taste and mouth feel, it should be in frozen condition. Uses and Sale of Chocolate Ice-cream Chocolate ice cream has many uses ranging from it being just eaten in its original form as a desert. It could also be used to make chocolate icing in cakes, chocolate chips, cream pies and bonbons among other uses (Brantley, 2007, p.1). Given its different uses, chocolate ice cream could fall as a ready to eat product, heated before consumption for instance in cream pies or further processed to make other products such as the bonbons. Chocolate ice-cream can be sold in several places for instance in ice-cream parlours, supermarkets, candy shops and milk bars just to mention but a few. Relationship to ISO 9001 ISO 9001 is a food safety management system which is essentially concerned with the production of quality goods and services. It is a quality management system in which an organization puts in place control measures and ways through which quality goods and services are produced to satisfy customers’ expectation (New Life, 2010, p.1). The fact that chocolate ice-cream is a food product; it should be produced under conditions that are ISO 9001 compliant. Clause 7 of the ISO 9001 is on product realization requirements whereby a manufacturer of a food product is concerned with giving the best to its customers. A chocolate ice cream manufacturer could ensure that this clause is realized by having their employees well conversant with the ISO 9001, considering customer feedbacks as well as suggestions from the customers on product improvement. Reference List Boyer, R. and McKinney, J. (2009). Food Storage Guidelines for Consumers. Web. Brantley, A. (2007). Eight Uses for Ice cream. Web. Brown, A. (2005). Chocolate Ice cream. Web. Elinor, D. (2007). Chocolate Ice cream. Web. New Life. (2010). ISO 9000. Web.
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The Rise and Prevention of Staph Infection in Hospitals Essay Any infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria gets described as staph infection. 1 These infections are communicable, and they trigger abscesses. Although infections caused by Staphylococcus bacteria are common and may not always need treatment, they pose serious problems when they occur in open wounds. Most infections that occur in the United States’ hospitals originate from Staphylococcus bacteria. Signs and Symptoms Various signs and symptoms characterize staph infections. Some of these signs and symptoms include skin abscess, boils, fever, as well as swollen lymph nodes at the groin and armpits. 2 Swellings may also occur in areas that have open wounds, or cuts. The most common symptoms in infants are wearing out and blistering of the skin. The skin appears swollen, red and full of pus. The infected part of the skin is usually painful and warm. Fever, accompanied by sweat, develops only after the infection spreads. Causes Although Staphylococcus bacteria are airborne, most staph infections occur when a person comes into direct contact with body fluids, or open wounds that have the bacteria. Sore hair follicles and oil glands act as points of entry for the bacteria into the body. These bacteria may also penetrate the body through skin that has cuts, wounds, or infections. The bacterium develops under the skin and destroys all surrounding tissues. Staphylococcus bacteria cause infection of the blood when it permeates through the blood and lymph fluid. These infections get described as Staphylococcal bacteremia. Intravenous apparatus and contaminated catheters are the main causes of these infections. Doctors and physicians must handle every Staphylococcal bacteremia case with care as it can easily cause death. Explain the Procedure an X-ray Technician would do if a Patient had Staph Infection in the Radiology Department Technicians may carry out x-rays to trace internal abscesses and assess the level of an infection. Most patients get referred to the radiology department after they get suspected to have Staphylococcal bacteremia. The symptoms of Staphylococcal bacteremia resemble those of acute endocarditis, which occurs when Staphylococcus bacteria penetrate through the blood to the heart valves. However, acute endocarditis is more severe than Staphylococcal bacteremia. Also, the time of antibiotic therapy between the two conditions differ. Hence, it is necessary to conduct x-ray to differentiate uncomplicated bacteremias from infective endocarditis. This will make sure that antibiotic therapy gets administered in a more cost-effective and precise way. The form of x-ray that is most suitable for this situation is transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). TEE is efficient in detecting problems like abscesses and valve perforations since it visualizes even small infections. 3 TEE makes use of sound waves to draw the makeup of the heart, valves as well as chambers. A technician can search for any abscesses within the heart as well as any markers of destruction to the heart valves, through echocardiography. 4 He or she can also check the heart for any abnormal growths that have infecting organisms. TEE involves inserting a tube through the mouth. This allows hearts images to form at the back of the tube. TEE allows earlier identification and commencement of therapy. Procedure The technician will first explain to the patients all the risks involved and then ask him or her to consent to the process. The technician will then connect the patient to a device that monitors the patient’s vital signs. This device has a blood pressure cuff, an ECG and a finger probe. The ECG measures the heart rate and rhythm while a finger probe monitors the level of oxygen. The technician will give oxygen and suction when need occurs. He will also place an intravenous line on the arm of the patient, from where the patient will get fluids and medications. Next, the technician will use an anesthetic spray to numb the patient’s throat as well as a sedation to help him, or her relax. He will place a small piece of plastic, with a hole, between the teeth to make the mouth stay open in the process. The technician will then order the patient to lie on his left side and put his chin on the chest. The technician will then insert a tube through the hole in the plastic piece and instruct the patient to swallow. The entire process will take half an hour after which the technician will follow the patient. For inpatient, the technicians will instruct a nurse to return him or her to the unit. Conversely, the technician will follow an outpatient client for a whole hour, after the test. The technician will only allow the patient to return home when he or she is in the company of a responsible person. References Higley, Connie. Reference Guide for Essential Oils . Spanish Fork, Utah: Abundant Health, 2005. Print. Kim, Alice, Karin Adal and Steven Schmitt. “Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia: Using Echocardiography to Guide Length of Therapy.” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 70.6 (2003): 517-533. Print. Singh, Nadia. Nursing: The Ultimate Study Guide . New York: Springer, 2012. Print. Footnotes 1. Connie Higley, Reference Guide for Essential Oils (Spanish Fork, Utah: Abundant Health, 2005) 551. 2. Nadia Singh, Nursing: The Ultimate Study Guide (New York: Springer, 2012) 84. 3. Alice Kim, Karin Adal and Steven Schmitt, “Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia: Using Echocardiography to Guide Length of Therapy,” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 70.6 (2003): 526. 4. Ibid.
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Marriage systems of the Gikuyu and San Communities Essay Family starts with by two consenting adults who chose to live under one roof for the rest of their lives in marriage. In ages past marriages were not necessarily about two consenting adults but as guided by customs and traditions of a community. Marriage is one of the most prestigious cultural events for girls in the San (!Kung) community as noted by Marjorie Shostak (147 – 150). This cultural tradition compares to the passage of ritual by boys such as the ceremonial first animal killing and initiation in this community. The decision to marry belonged to the parents and not the girls. The new couple moved into a hut prepared for them upon completion of the parents’ negotiation. The young husband came to stay close to the girl’s parents for as long he wants, a call he must fulfill in the early years of marriage. This way, the girl’s parents can prove his treatment of their daughter and appreciate his ability to provide for and support both his young family and theirs too. Payment of dowry is not a significant factor during marriage except the exchange of gifts and other pleasantries. When a girl marries while still young, the husband would wait long before having sex with her. An aggravated girl could show strong emotions against her marriage and raise the end of the same. The separation had to be confirmed by the community. She can marry several men in trial until she finally matures and settles with one long term partner. Among the Gikuyu, marriages began when an aspiring husband visited his suitors homestead to have a conversation with her parents. The girl’s consent was the most critical factor for the union to take off. Bride price was a must as families sired girls for wealth creation (everyculture.com). The families had to be large with the girl child a crucial aspect of each family because they guaranteed continuity of the community by child bearing and growth of wealth for the clan. Several families stayed together in one large compound unlike in the San community where families stayed alone. The girls made their homestead. Discussion The main differences between the Gikuyu and San marriages included the payment of bridal price. Bridal price could be recalled back when marriage is terminated. In the San community, there was no bride price and the gifts given were not to be returned unless at will by the girl’s parents. The girl’s consent had to be sought of in the Gikuyu marriages unlike among the San clans. There were no trial marriages among the Gikuyu and women would not end their marriages. The couple once married would move to the husband’s family compound and not live in a hut at the girl’s family compound. The girls in Gikuyu made their homesteads while in San community, the parent’s of the girl constructed the hut in which the new couple lived. Conclusion In both the Gikuyu and San communities, marriage plays the crucial role in the community propagation and forms an integral part of the community’s cultural life. Works Cited Shostak, Marjorie. Nisa: The Words and Life of a !Kung Woman . Great Britain: Biddles Ltd., 2000. Web. https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Japan-to-Mali/Gikuyu.html
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It reflects on methods used in driving individuals into problems as a way of justifying wrong acts. It also expounds on the theme of betrayal in the line of duty. Negotiator is a suspenseful action movie directed by F. Gray reflecting the life situation of the police in St. Louis. The movie is all about an accused man who takes parts in many crimes as ways of proving his innocence. After taking police normal routines in Chicago, the police hostage negotiator Danny succeeds in rescuing a little girl at gun point by his menacing father. The act of saving the girl leads to the praising of Danny by his seniors, police departments and even media. After completion of the mission he returns to his normal line of duty after promising his wife Karen of making it home every night for supper. On his way to the department after being summoned to meet Nathan, he finds Nathan, one of his best friends, and a partner in police department killed in a police car. The dead fellow had enough evidence of embezzlement that used to take place within the police department. Due to his first arrival at the crime scene, Danny ends up being the main suspect. Unfortunately, the gun used in the killing was one of the guns Roman had used in the past, also, a search in his house led to the collection of enough documents against him. The Chief Travis requests him to hand back his badge and gun as a way of paving way for investigation. The suspension from the office, rejection by the friends and colleagues such as Nathan’s wife hardens Roman’s life. As a way of trying to find out the truth about false allegation against him, Danny holds two assistants and a Commander by name Frost as hostages. While in International Affairs Division Headquarters, Danny receives many challenges from top officials in the department who want to bring him down before collecting any information. As a way of lack of trust on officials within his department, and lack of trust on betraying friends Danny ends up trusting only a stranger. Danny calls for an outsider to help him in solving his problem. He engages Chris Sabian, a hostage negotiator from a different precinct. The arrival of Sabian brings more challenge, the two take part in competing for control, as Danny makes many attempts to prove to him his innocent of the allegation made against him. Sabian tries as much as possible in having peaceful resolution to the problem within the hands of the police department in vain. Due to the impatience of the police and their quest for doing away with Roman’s life Sabian became suspicious of the department acts, he ends up being convinced of the importance of Roman’s madness. As a way of saving Roman’s life, Sabian joins Roman in the building. This decision makes the police take more time in dealing with the two of them. While in the building, Roman manages to take control by letting Commander Frost have his freedom. In the process of speaking with Niebaum about the hatched plan, Niebaum ends up being shot as way of doing away with the witness. The killing of Niebaum makes Sabian think of the way of letting Roman out of the building. He eventually manages to take Roman to his home with a diskette thought to contain information about the hatched plan. The demand of elimination of Roman makes the police follow Roman to Sabian house, where eventually the real story about the death of fellow police and illegal acts of Commander Frost. The director of Negotiator film imposes many suspensions in the movie as a way of capturing the concentration of the viewer. He starts by letting the viewer wanting to know what will happen to the little kid the ends in one building in which the viewer concentrates on the events that leads to the success of Roman the negotiator.
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Urban Society and Humanism in Renaissance Art Essay Table of Contents 1. Renaissance Art, Education, and Politics 2. Renaissance Humanism, Music, and Support of the Arts 3. The Concepts of Utopia 4. Works Cited Renaissance Art, Education, and Politics Renaissance is considered to be a transitional period between medieval and modern times. Renaissance artists and thinkers believed that their art was superior because it took the best qualities of the classic art and enhanced them. According to Wiesner-Hanks, many of the contemporary creators considered their creations to be improved versions of classical masterpieces (127). Therefore, the art of Renaissance was deemed more beautiful than before. In my opinion, such a self-assessment was also caused by the works of contemporary historians and artists themselves. The role of education and literacy was significant as well because many people were able to spread the opinions of these individuals and make everyone believe that the art of Renaissance was the best. Learning and literacy became more available than before as boys and girls were taught to read and write. However, while boys were able to learn these skills to a level that allowed them to continue their education and pursue different careers and aspirations, girls were restricted in their studies. Schools were separated by sex in the major cities, which created a significant discrepancy in learned skills for boys and girls. Moreover, young men were given an opportunity to learn more about academic matters, while girls were exposed to such subjects as sewing and embroidery. Therefore, men were able to participate in further learning. Women were not allowed to do anything more than teaching younger girls the same set of skills. Political theorists of the Renaissance period argued about the best political approach to ruling the country. They mostly considered their rulers as people with the power invested in them by God. Therefore, multiple arguments discussed the leaders’ sanctity and untouchability. Moreover, many theorists were perplexed by the roles of women in power. The negative connotations connected to one’s gender were brought up against people’s respect for education and upbringing. Religious concerns also significantly impacted people’s opinions as women were mostly disregarded as capable leaders. Contemporary politics were portrayed in a way that ensured people of the divine power of authority. Renaissance Humanism, Music, and Support of the Arts Humanists allowed people to gain knowledge from Greek texts, which explored various philosophical topics. The translation of Plato’s works, for example, gave individuals an opportunity to compare his ideas of love with the central concepts of Christianity. The teachings of humanists influenced the elite, as many scholars and artists of that era became widely recognized. Moreover, humanism spread outside of Italy with men traveling to other parts of Europe in order to bring their knowledge to others. Thus, the impact of humanism started to become more and more significant. Later, humanism became interconnected with people’s thoughts about reforming the church. Humanists began changing people’s perception of religion and created a divide between two religious groups. Thus, the movement of Christian humanism significantly affected the Protestant Reformation (Wiesner-Hanks 143). Music started developing along with other types of art. Although music was not regarded as highly as sculpting and painting, many people included playing instruments and singing into their routine. Religious tensions that split the church also affected the development of music, as different religious groups perceived the effects of music either to be helpful and inspirational or damaging and ungodly. Thus, music was heavily influenced by religious choirs and hymns. However, various songs and compositions started appearing during plays as well. Playing a musical instrument or singing also became one of the skills expected of educated women. Italy was not the only country to develop the art of Renaissance. Famous literary works also came from Spain, France, and England. Many poets and writers created their works in native languages, refusing to write in Latin. However, many of the works were written in Latin as well. The architecture was also popular in many countries. French and Spanish architects developed their building styles, moving away from Italy’s influence. Moreover, the Netherlands and Germany embraced painters and sculptors and promoted their works. The Concepts of Utopia More, one of the theorists of the Renaissance period, wrote a dialogue that quickly became a subject of discussion for many contemporary scholars. In his work, he described an island, called Utopia, which was devoid of troubles that burdened More’s fellow citizens. The structure of Utopia is different from most European countries. According to More, the island offers a vast territory with soils fit for agriculture. Moreover, the people that live on the island are devoted to various types of agriculture, which allows them to excel in this field. Many harbors of the island give its residents an opportunity to travel and trade with other territories. The government of Utopia, which significantly differs from the ideas supported in Europe, is chosen by its inhabitants. This approach is portrayed as a benefit to the island’s society because the opinion of the public is seen as critical to the government’s operations. Magistrates can be considered the main way of communication between citizens and the Prince. They meet to discuss various public matters and guide the society in the right direction. The industrious nature of the residents is explained by people’s ability and desire to work. Most people are employed in physical labor, which keeps them busy and frees them from outcomes of idleness. According to the author, people are happy to work and use their energy. As a result, the role of labor is outlined by the author as the basis of stability. Works Cited More, Thomas. “Utopia.” Fordham University , 2017. Web. Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789 . 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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Capital Budget and Advanced Documentation System Essay Cost of Advanced Documentation System The Advanced Documentation System is a document technology partner that helps optimize and ameliorate the work of the company’s printers. The costs spent on printers and their supply grow exponentially within years. There are various ways to improve the way printers are handled by implementing helpful services such as the Advanced Documentation System. The cost of the system depends on the brand, for instance on Capterra, the service costs $25 per month with a minimum of 5 working places which is $125 in total (Capterra, 2022). The software has a free trial period that allows the customer to understand the features of the system and its working specialties. The usage of the system can become profitable for the company within time. It is a cost-saving service as it analyzes and teaches the personnel to use various printer regimes for various needs. The software teaches the customer to use the printer on a higher level and consequently leads to better document management including converting papers to digital and re-engineering procedures for better productivity. The service successfully integrates into the IT environment of the firm and optimizes the inner work processes. Eventually, the implementation of the Advanced Documentation System can become an investment within time as it can save the time of the personnel, increase their productivity, and help the environment (Advanced Document Systems, 2022). The environmental-friendly approach is based on saving the print and the time printers are used by the personnel. Alternative Funding Sources The company can pay for the service using various financial resources for alternative funding resources. The sources usually depend on the scale of the firm, its level of income, and its current position in the market. The easiest and most accessible way to pay for Advanced Document System is from the cash flow, especially if the company has a surplus of profit. Some companies do not possess many employees and income, and they can take a bank loan to cover the costs of the system. The bank loan can also be helpful when the service is needed for many seats that have to be united and optimized. Then, the costs spent on the system increase, and extra funding might be needed. To increase the cash flow, the company can also go to the equity market and issue the stocks. The more stocks are sold to shareholders, the more cash flow the firm receives and can use for different needs. The other way to find alternative funding sources is to issue bonds that represent a fixed-income instrument. A bond is a debt obligation meaning that the company loans from an investor a specific sum of money. Bonds are safe for investors and faster to get for the company because more people invest in bonds as a safer method. Finally, the company can use mixed funding to get the cash for the payment which means uniting several methods described above. All the funding opportunities are possible for buying and implementing the Advanced Documentation System. References Advanced Document Systems. Managed print services. Web. Capterra. Legal document management software . Web.
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The film can be regarded as “the interpretation of the benign surface and malignant depth of an over-controlling rationality” (Nochimson 101). One of the scenes which disorient is the one in the car. The director uses a very closed space, a car, as a mise-an-scene. Even when the men get out of the car, the space is still closed as Jeffrey is in a tight circle of men holding him (Lynch). This kind of mise-en-scene makes people uncomfortable as people need space. People empathize Jeffrey and want him to be saved and let go. Notably, the light also contributes greatly to the creation of a closed atmosphere. Darkness surrounds the characters. There are only two spots of light: the lighted car and the lighted faces of the main characters. Frank uses torch to light up his face which is distorted with anger and some kind of madness. Lynch also enhances the atmosphere of a closed space by placing the characters in a special place. Thus, Jeffrey, Frank and Dorothy are in the closed space with Frank’s henchmen and the girl dancing on the roof of the car around them. The dancing girl and the henchmen are indifferent about the events in the circle. The girl (as well as the henchmen) is absolutely drunk. They are in their own reality. At the same time, the three people in the circle are involved in a really ‘heavy’ scene. Lynch makes people feel uncomfortable as the viewer is anticipating a horrible murder which is postponed by a strange play Frank is playing. Finally, Frank’s madness is another tool which creates the closed atmosphere, which, in its turn, makes the viewer feel uncomfortable and disoriented. The viewer is ‘enclosed’ in Frank’s reality which is quite unperceivable. It is difficult or rather impossible to understand what is going on, but Lynch does not explain anything as he simply makes a movie “the way he felt was right” (Atkinson 11). Notably, reality is not clearer than Lynch’s depiction. Works Cited Atkinson, Michael. Blue Velvet . London: British Film Institute, 1997. Print. Lynch, David, dir. Blue Velvet . De Laurentiis and Entertainment Group, 1986. Film. Nochimson, Martha. The Passion of David Lynch: Wild at Heart in Hollywood . Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1997. Print.
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Ethical Companies and Consumer Rights Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Advocating for the Consumer 3. Capitalism and Decision-Making 4. References Introduction It is agreeable that companies are viewed differently by the public. This kind of perception arises from the diverse business models and unethical products associated with different firms. Business ethicists argue that every industry has an obligation to provide superior services and products that can meet the needs of the customers (Henderson & Ramanna, 2013). The undeniable fact is that corporations have an ethical obligation to consider and protect the needs of their customers. Using the case of the soda industry, this discussion explains why the needs and rights of the consumer should guide a firm’s business model and products. Advocating for the Consumer Many companies in the soda industry have been known to produce and market unhealthy carbonated drinks. These beverages are widely associated with obesity, poor health, and diabetes. This issue has raised numerous questions thereby forcing many companies in the industry to produce healthier products that do not contain sugar. This analysis shows conclusively that the most ethical approach should begin with the company. This practice is necessary because a company that produces superior and healthy products will eventually protect targeted consumers (Henderson & Ramanna, 2013). The most important thing is to empower people and make it easier for them to make a choice from the healthy products available in the market. The move to advocate for the rights and needs of the consumer will definitely encourage more companies to engage in ethical business practices (Astroulakis, 2014). This means that many industries have not been targeted unfairly. The outstanding reason is that they engage in unethical practices in an attempt to maximize their gains. Capitalism and Decision-Making The term “capitalism” is used to describe the manner in which individuals or corporations own resources and come up with specific decisions that can support their interests (Astroulakis, 2014). Capitalism, therefore, plays a critical role whenever companies are making their business decisions. Whenever making such decisions, corporations will be required to consider the existing regulations and policies. The involvement of the government is usually minimal (Henderson & Ramanna, 2013). That being the case, capitalism will create a flexible environment whereby companies come up with the best decisions to promote business performance. However, such decisions should be informed by the existing legal frameworks. From this understanding, it is undeniable that a company can cater to both its interest and that of the consumer conjointly. This is true because the existing laws dictate the manner in which the company delivers its products to the final user or customer. The issue of ethics also explains why more companies have been able to focus on their business goals while at the same time adding value to the consumer (Norman, 2013). This argument can be supported by the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Many firms in the soda industry such as The Coca-Cola Company have implemented powerful CSR strategies in order to meet the needs of the customers. Unfortunately, some firms have decided to identify the existing loopholes in their respective industries in an attempt to make unethical decisions. The main driving force is to cater to their self-interests. Companies that engage in such malpractices lose their consumers and eventually become less profitable. This analysis, therefore, shows conclusively that firms that make sustainable and ethical corporate decisions in capitalistic economies will strike a balance between their interests and those of the targeted customers (Astroulakis, 2014). The corporations will become profitable and competitive in their respective industries. References Astroulakis, N. (2014). An ethical analysis of neoliberal capitalism: Alternative perspectives from development ethics . Ethics and Economics, 11 (2), 94-108. Web. Henderson, R., & Ramanna, K. (2013). Managers and market capitalism . Harvard Business School, 1 (1), 1-32. Web. Norman, W. (2013). Business ethics. Harvard Business Review, 1 (1), 1-17. Web.
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Early Climate Change Science Essay Available literature demonstrates that, although early climate change science has its roots in the early 1800s, it has nevertheless continued to influence modern-day thinking on climate change and related concepts, including the greenhouse effect and global warming (Nierenberg, Tschinkel & Tschinkel 319). The present paper traces the contributions of early scientists such as Joseph Fourier, John Tyndall and Svante Arrhenius in early climate change science. In 1827, Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) published an article that continues to receive widespread attention from academics and practitioners as the first reference in the literature to mention the atmospheric ‘greenhouse effect’. As demonstrated in the literature, Fourier was among the first scientists “to compare the heating of the Earth’s atmosphere to the action of glass in a greenhouse” (Fleming 72). Earlier in 1924, Fourier had presented yet another paper on the temperature of the Earth and interplanetary space, concluding that the heating of the Earth was through three distinctive sources namely “(1) solar radiation, which is unequally distributed over the year and which produces the diversity of climates, (2) the temperature communicated by interplanetary space irradiated by the light from innumerable stars, and (3) heat from the interior of the Earth remaining from its formation” (Fleming 72). These seminal scientific breakthroughs influenced the works of other early scientists such as CSM Pouillet and John Tyndall. A description and analysis of early climate change science are incomplete without the mention of John Tyndall’s 1861 essay titled “On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapors.” Following Fourier, Tyndall was convinced that the interception of terrestrial rays by the atmospheric objects exercises the most substantial influence on climate (Fleming 74) and that shifts in the quantity of radioactively active gases in the atmosphere could have generated all the transmutations of climate which geological researchers revealed (Nierenberg et al. 321). These assertions and experimental observations led the scientist to believe that carbon dioxide and other insignificant mixtures of hydrocarbon vapors could be the causative agents for the noted climatic changes. Today, scientists have developed the necessary tools and instruments to demonstrate that the release of carbon dioxide into the environment is largely to blame for perpetuating the greenhouse effect and subsequently enhancing global warming (Nierenberg 319). In his 1896 article titled “On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground”, another scientist known as Svante Arrhenius used Fourier’s work to project an orientation that “the atmosphere acts like the glass of a hot-house, because it lets through the light rays of the Sun but retains the dark rays from the ground” (Fleming 74). Arrhenius used available background information from Fourier not only to develop a theoretical framework that attempted to explain the ice ages and other natural shifts in paleoclimate but also to quantitatively compute how shifts in the amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could alter the temperatures experienced on the surface through the now popularly known greenhouse effect. It is indeed interesting to note that Arrhenius was the first scientist to forecast that emissions of carbon dioxide generated from the burning of fossil fuels and similar combustion procedures had the capacity to trigger global warming, particularly due to the shifts in water vapor as well as other latitudinal effects (Nierenberg et al. 319-320). Overall, it is evident that the theorizations of these researchers have influenced much of the scientific studies on climate change done during the 1960s and the 1970s. Today, it is evidently clear that the warming effect of carbon dioxide as originally envisioned by Joseph Fourier is largely to blame for global warming. Works Cited Fleming, James R. “Joseph Fourier, the Greenhouse Effect and the Quest for a Universal Theory of Terrestrial Temperatures.” Endeavor . 23.1 (2000): 72-75. Academic Search Premier . Web. Nierenberg, Nicholas, Walter R. Tschinkel and Victoria Tschinkel. “Early Climate Change Consensus at the National Academy: The Origins and Making of Changing Climate.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences . 40.3 (2010): 318-349. Academic Search Premier . Web.
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Communication Must be Improved to Ensure Achievement of Organizational Goals Essay Communication is a very important aspect of an organization’s regular operations. The research focus is on the Mayo experiment on communication. The research is on the Columbine High School massacre precipitating from a communication catastrophe. Communication must be improved to ensure achievement of organizational goals. The Mayo’s Hawthorne plant research shows the importance of the attitudinal relationship between the workers and the supervisors in securing the workers’ cooperation with management in terms of attaining organizational goals. The management’s attitude towards its employees will either encourage or discourage the employees from giving their best in all work endeavors. Management’s unfriendly or harsh stance on employee communication will discourage workers from giving the best. Management biased treatment of employees is disheartening to the aggrieved employees (Stillman, 2011). Second, the same Mayo’s Hawthorne plant research shows that the physical environment plays a pivotal role in securing the workers’ cooperation with management in terms of attaining organizational goals. For example, the workers will work better in a comfortable environment compared to an uneasy work environment. Too little lighting will strain the employees’ eyes when reading or scrutinizing the company raw materials during the production process. An employee will feel more comfortable in an air conditioned room when compared a work environment where employees sweat from the heat of the room which is not air conditioned. Replacing the production facilities’ outmoded machines with more advanced technology production equipment will increase the quantity of the company’s finished goods output. Likewise, the employees will produce more production outputs if the production equipments and production machines are rearranged to lessen the production facilities’ finished goods processing time. Third, the Mayo experiment proves that the economic benefits derived from working for the company is very significant factor in terms of securing the workers’ cooperation with management in terms of attaining organizational goals. High salaries persuade workers to give their best. Promotion will ensure loyalty. Other fringe benefits will generate higher production output. An employee having a low salary will be enticed to apply for work in another company offering a higher salary. An employee who is being pushed aside in the promotion rivalry will be disheartened to learn that the basis for the other person’s promotion is biased. An employee who feels that he is not included in the salary and benefit increases being implemented by the company may drop one’s loyalty to the company. An employee who is given an outmoded production machine will be disgruntled when his or her fellow employee is given a better machine that produces more quantities of finished goods with the same time period. Fourth, Mayo’s Hawthorne plant research shows the importance of the relationship between the workers and their supervisors in securing the workers’ cooperation with management in terms of attaining organizational goals. A favorable management behavior will ensure the employees’ loyalty. Management engaging in favorable morale relationship with the workers secures the workers’ cooperation in terms of attaining organizational goals. Morality includes avoiding harassment charges from the female employees. Morality includes doing what is right in any given situation during one’s working stay in the company. The same experiment places importance on the employees’ prestige among fellow workers, friends, relatives and the community. The employees will work in companies that have prestige. The workers prefer to work in companies that the employees prestige. Employees prefer they are given awards and citations for being prestigious employees. Prestige includes management’s favorable treatment of its employees. An employee will feel proud when one works in a company that recognizes their efforts. On the other hand, employees will normally lose the drive to excel if their efforts to increase production quantity as well as production quality remain unnoticed by management. The employees’ acceptance within the work environment plays an important role in towards increasing the employees production output. Likewise, employees will be more than happy to receive constant rewards from management. Many employees feel important their salaries are increased due to their above average work performance. Many employees will be happy to learn that they are promoted based on their better work performance. Management’s showering the employees with other benefits will generally translate to an increase in the quality of the employees’ production out put. Employees will eagerly increase their production output if the supervisor gives a pat on the workers’ back thanking them for their contribution to the company’s success. Management must enhance its efforts to fulfill the employees’ human needs, Human values, and human concerns. Management should play a primary role by making the employees very important to the management. Regular meetings and recreational activities will create a strong camaraderie among the employees. Intercompany basketball, volleyball, and other sports activities instill belongingness and happiness among the employees happy. Giving an ear to the employees’ inputs will go a long way in improving the employees’ work output. Incorporating the employee’ feedback, comments, suggestions, plays a pivotal role in securing the workers’ cooperation with management in terms of attaining organizational goals. The employee will feel important if management allots some time for hearing the employees’ complaints, suggestions, and recommendations. The same employee will feel more important if management acts on the employees’ complaints, suggestions, and recommendations. Employees will feel happy when management attaches air condition units to their work environment in compliance with the employees’ requests to make their work environment more conducive to increasing the employees’ production quality (Stillman, 2011). Reference Stillman, R. (2011). Public administration Concepts and cases . New York: Cengage Learning Press.
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The Psychological Effect of 9/11 on Young Adults Report “Despite the heightened security, Marissa could not travel weeks after the event, as the thought of being on a plane evoked great fear in her. As she overcame her anxiety of flying on a trip to Florida, she underwent a personal set back when experiencing a panic attack in the plane due to the presence of a man that she associated with terrorism. Another awkward giggle escapes Marissa as she states that she does not consider herself a judgmental person based on looks, but she could not help feeling scared. It was a first reaction, and a wrong one, and she panicked and had to force herself to fall asleep so she would not think about the risk of another September 11th event happing with her 3000 miles in the air. Marissa does not experience any major anxiety when flying now, but she still experience minor degrees of anxiety, which she simply blocks out by telling herself that everything will be ok.” (Marissa, personal communication, 17 September 2008). These are the views of a 22 years old Adult and goes to show the psychological effect of the 9/11 blasts. Many a people are being wrongly suspected of being terrorists, this has been one of the biggest changes in the psychology of the adults which has taken place since the 9/11 incident. “The majority of participants reported that the events of 9/11 and the war in Iraq changed the way people define who is a true American. Changes that were typically reported included heightened levels of racial profiling, discrimination, and an “us-versus them” mentality. With regard to perceptions of increased racial profiling, some individuals shared specific and personal incidents of discrimination. One Asian American woman stated, “I know my fiancé´ looks Middle Eastern, he was getting different looks from other Americans…. Right after it happened, he felt like people were thinking he was a threat.” Other participants described being aware of heightened levels of discrimination, but were not directly affected. One participant explained, “A lot of people, not just people from one culture, but people from other cultures seem to be a little bit more suspicious of Muslim people.” (True American, 17 September 2008). The changes in the psychology of Marissa after the 9/11 incident is again evident here in the above case. The Adults have become very suspicious; this is one of the biggest psychological changes which have taken since the 9/11 incident. Marissa experienced panic attacks on looking at a person, whom she suspected of being a terrorist another middle Asian America woman felt that her fiancé was looked upon by people as a potential threat, all these evidences show a major change in the psychology of the Adults. There has been a new theory which has come up called the “Us” vs. “Them” theory, “us” refer to the Adults in the United States and “Them” refer to the people who are perceived to be terrorists on the basis of their looks. This theory has given rise to discrimination based on the looks. “Increased corporate security has been one important outcome of 9/11 (Chen & Noriega, 2003; Minehan, 2003; NEHRA leaders reflect, 2006). The issue of employee safety will remain one of major importance for many years in the future because the threat of terrorism is real and businesses continue to be targets (Schramm & Burke, 2004). Employers have continued during this time to enhance security for their employees both domestically and especially overseas and the intent is to continue to redesign and update these systems (Modeling terrorism risks, 2003; Schramm & Burke, 2004). In the past five years many companies have instituted formal referenced checking programs and routinely check into the criminal, motor vehicle, social security and credit histories of job candidates, in addition to their past employment history (NEHRA leaders reflect, 2006). Other measures taken include use of security guards at office entrances and electronic monitoring of computers and phones.” (Bosco et al, 2008.). Another psychological effect which has taken place is from the security point of view, Americans are just making sure that the same never happens again. “Marissa did not experience any immediate noticeable changes in people. She felt that everyone went on with their normal day to day lives. Marissa has noticed long term affects on people such as anxiety. After high school, she chose to go to college in the city, along with some other friends. She did notice that they were very alert of their surroundings. There is always that fear that anything can happen.” (Marissa, personal communication, 2008). Marissa’s comment give a confirmation of the change in psychology of the Adults, which has taken place after the 9/11 incident, the security concerns in the mind of the Adults has risen to an alarmingly high extent. Being conscious about something is good to a certain extent but being over conscious is never good and the Adults have become over conscious with regard to their safety in America since the 9/11 incident and this is clearly evident from Marissa’s Interview. References What it means to be and feel like a ‘true’ American: perceptions and experiences of second-generation Americans, 2008, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, Vol 14(2), 128-137 Park-Taylor et al. Bosco, S., & Harvey, D. (2008). Effects of terror attacks on students’ anxiety levels and workplace perceptions–five years later. College Student Journal , 42 (3), 895-905.
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Essay Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. In the United States, the figures related to coffee consumption are impressive, with more than 60% of adults drinking coffee daily. According to the National Coffee Association (NCA), 46% of coffee consumed in 2017 was tasted outside the home, while an emerging trend privileged the consumption of specialty coffee (Auffermann, 2017). The price for a coffee ranges from $2,7 for an average cup of standard coffee to even $80 for a cup of Kopi Luwak, the most expensive coffee in the world. In this paper, I will evaluate which is the cost I would be willing to pay for an average cup of coffee, highlighting how ethical considerations could affect this value, and assessing the consumer surplus on my consumption. The popularity of coffee is steadily growing, and the demand for quality and fairly traded coffees is on the rise. The diffusion of ethical principles in trading has led to a widely spread social awareness, where recognizing the right value to small coffee producers is considered paramount by consumers, producers, and sellers. Even a giant like Starbucks shows attention to small producers and evaluates sustainability, claiming that 100% of its coffee is ethically sourced. The fair trade ideal has progressively led to the abandonment of the traditional market in favor of direct trading, giving birth to the Third Wave coffee market. Interestingly, this practice has favored the emerging of shared values across the market, with a new lexicon that defines the quality of the coffee through the narrative of its provenance, ecology, attention to detail, and integration (Morland, 2018). These symbolic values influence demand, offer, and prices across the globe. Such an approach to the world of coffee is desirable, as it makes the simple act of tasting a cup of coffee a unique experience, a sort of narration, where taste, flavor, and scent evoke distant and exotic lands. Indeed, I agree with those scholars who claim that authentic social interaction thrives in third-wave coffeehouses, where even shop employees play a role in the narration (Manzo, 2015). However, consumers should keep themselves informed on the dynamics behind the fair trade market and expensive coffees such as the Kopi Luwak. For example, while many buyers prefer fair trade brands in the trust that they are improving the lives of small producers worldwide; recent changes in the certification policies are creating more than a problem for small coffee farmers. Also, the increasing popularity of the Kopi Luwak coffee has resulted in intensive farming where civet-cats, essential in the manufacturing process of this coffee, are caged and forced to live in terrible conditions. Assessing the cost of a cup of coffee should take into consideration all the topics discussed above. Considering the cost of production per cup of coffee ranging from $0,30 to $0,60, and a labor cost comprised between $0,20 and $0,40, I would be willing to pay no more than $3,00 for a cup of standard coffee at Starbucks or McDonald. However, for a cup of specialty coffee, I would be willing to pay even $5,00 or more, depending on the shared values involved in the ‘narration’. On this consumption, there is a consumer surplus, as I am willing to pay a cup of coffee more than the current price. Summing up, the average cost of a cup of coffee should take into consideration the added values of the current trend in the market besides the traditional parameters of the labor force and the production cost. These values are the result of the fair trade policies and relate to some narrative components of specific coffees, such as origins, history, and ecological impact among others. Under this perspective, I would be willing to pay more than the current average cost for a cup of coffee, creating a consumer surplus. References Auffermann, K. (2017). From brew boomers to the gourmet generation: National coffee drinking trends 2017 [Blog post]. Web. Manzo, J. (2015). “Third-Wave” coffeehouses as venues for sociality: On encounters between employees and customers. The Qualitative Report, 20 (6), 746-761. Web. Morland, L. (2018). Values added in speciality coffee. Connecting product and place through songlines. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 19 (2), 113-124. Web.
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The Mistassini Cree is an example of this blend. Some of the major points the author makes are interdependence, special attention to the land, and respect. Interdependence is one of the central concepts for hunters of the area as their religious beliefs are built on that. They believe that everything is interconnected in the universe and try to protect the balance (Kinsley 6). They have guarded trees as they were important for animals and birds. They hunt responsibly as they kill only to provide supplies for their families. For me, interconnectedness is the way of living all people should adopt to enjoy a happy life in the natural world. The other point is attention to the land. Hunters pay a lot of attention to the land, and they try to observe the changes which are taking place. Kinsley notes that the hunter pays special attention to “every detail of his natural surroundings” (10). This concept is connected with the previous one. People should be attentive to their environment to be able to help nature restore. Finally, showing respect is essential for hunters. For instance, they avoid stepping into animals’ footprints as this is disrespectful, and they try to keep silent to be respectful to the spirits while hunting (Kinsley 19). I believe people should also be more respectful to nature. Respect is not confined to seeing all creatures as equals (though it can also be important). Respect is being responsible and taking from nature the minimum a person needs. I would like to focus on the idea of interconnectedness as I believe this is the most precise and correct view of the universe. This idea is not new to me or society as it has been considered for many years. There have been lots of films and books on the matter. There is a lasting debate on the way everything is interconnected in the universe. For me, it is clear that the universe is a system where the tiniest creature depends on another element and has an impact on other creatures or elements. Certain damage to one part of the system inevitably leads to the damage of other part or parts. Hunters of the Mistassini Cree understand this and try to keep the system as intact as possible. I would like to make each person share this view since many people think that they are unique and have the right to be in charge of the planet with all its resources. More so, humanity (or its vast majority) has always been regarded as a supervising body by many religions. Thus, Christians have always thought that the world is created for them, and they can dispose of all gifts of nature as they want. However, indigenous people have been more thoughtful. They have managed to remain a part of the universe while western civilizations have had a significant impact on nature, and this effect was often negative. I believe people may solve numerous environmental as well as social issues as they start sharing the idea of interconnectedness. People can become more responsible and respectful. If they accept the universal truth that they are only a part of the system, they will be able to benefit from being interconnected. Works Cited Kinsley, David R. Ecology and Religion: Ecological Spirituality in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995. Print.
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Consumerism from the Sociological Perspective Essay We’re all consumers, but hardly anyone would like to be called a consumerist. I think this word has strong negative connotations. In consumerist societies, people buy more things than they need, which indicates excessiveness and may be perceived as greed. Why do they do it? The question can be answered if we understand consumerism as the “tendency to define ourselves in terms of the goods and services we purchase” (Brym and Lie 2015:47). It means that consuming replaces other practices and experiences that one can engage in to define himself or herself. Instead of turning to moral values, ethical principles, and relationships with people, some strive to buy a certain status and self-image through purchasing certain clothes, devices, or foods in large numbers. Therefore, consumerism is also widely seen as meaningless spending for shallow purposes. However, it can be regarded from the sociological perspective to assess its role and mechanisms in today’s society. Upon reflecting on my own experience of engaging in consumerism, I will examine it from the structural-functionalism perspective to reveal sociological implications. Reflecting on one of my experiences, I recognize it as consumerist. There was an opening of a new fancy healthy food café that I attended with my friends. The presentation was very powerful, as the owners were talking about the growing importance of healthy lifestyles. They stressed that eating healthy food was not a luxury or indulgence but should be seen instead as a contribution to one’s healthy lifestyle plan. They also emphasized that there was a perception of healthy food as something boring and tasteless, and the perception should be rebutted, which is exactly what they were pursuing with opening the café. My friend and I were impressed by the food samples, so we decided we would go to the place regularly. We would meet up there two or three times a week, and we had a deal to eventually have every single item on the café’s lengthy menu. Having a meal there cost me more than I usually spent on lunch, but spending time in the café with a layered smoothie in my hand, barbecued shrimp on my plate, and all those fancy people around made me feel good about myself. From the sociological perspective, I was demonstrating behavior that revealed a particular mechanism of society and a certain aspect of the way it has been working within recent decades. Production has been increasing, and the massive amounts of products and services significantly exceeded basic needs. However, for the economy to work, all those products and services need to continue being consumed. That is why there has been extensive effort to create additional demand. It was carried out by offering to consumers along with a product something more than the product itself—for example, an image. In a way, when one buys an expensive watch, they buy the image of themselves with this watch on their wrist, thus buying a claimed status. In the twenty-first century, consumers in Western societies find themselves surrounded by these images they may pursue, for which purpose they have to consume more and more, as they feel the compulsion. This mechanism has grown into one of the “stable patterns of social relations” (Brym and Lie 2015:7) between consumers and producers, which allows considering it a social structure and regard it from the perspective of structural functionalism. For any such mechanism to work, there is a need for members of society to display social solidarity, i.e., agree upon certain “beliefs and values and the intensity and frequency of…interaction” (Brym and Lie 2015:10). In this case, the agreement is that, while we’re all surrounded by immense varieties of goods, consuming them will be meaningful for us, as we will express, position, and define ourselves through such consumption. A manifest function of this structure is to facilitate both economic and cultural development. A latent function is to promote “shopping addiction” (Brym and Lie 2015:48), which comes to be recognized as a social disease. Consumerism is a phenomenon of capitalist societies where economic development depends on constant consumption, which encourages producers of goods and services to invent additional incentives for individuals to buy more. These incentives include consumers’ attempts to define themselves through what they purchase. I found myself to be part of this process, as I was willingly attending a healthy food café buying everything they could offer. I am not strongly devoted to every aspect of a healthy lifestyle, but going to that place made me feel like I was, so I felt better about myself as I was more like someone I perhaps wanted to be. I was buying an image of myself according to my own perception of “coolness.” After getting to know more about consumerism as a sociological concept, I now can transform this individual experience into a sociological understanding, i.e., “see the connection between personal troubles and social structures” (Brym and Lie 2015:7). My behavior illustrated how consumption is driven by the desire to adopt a certain image. Consuming products and services thus became a tool for indirect social and cultural interaction supporting the social structure of supply and demand in capitalist societies.
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This involves qualified personnel preparing financial statements to guide the business in the decision-making process (Bartov & Mohanram, 2014). Such decisions involve transactions with government agencies, stockholders, employees, banks, suppliers, and business owners (Webster, 2003; Thukaram, 2007). Accounting deals with both internal and external transactions in a business entity. This takes care of all the interested parties who make important business decisions based on available accounting information. Besides, these parties play important roles in generating key statements that address the profit and loss or P&Ls (Bartov & Mohanram, 2014). These P&Ls reflect details of previous transactions over a period. Such information is what we call the accounting information. Accounting information is the process of identifying, recording, and communicating relevant, reliable, and comparable information about all business activities in an organization (Webster, 2003). Users of financial information Several individuals and groups use accounting information for different purposes to enhance transactions. Investors and creditors use financial information to assess the performance of the company (Maines & McDaniel, 2000). This helps them assess whether they made profit or loss. This guides them in deciding whether to continue investing in the company or channel their funds to other uses. It is a requirement of all the business entities to provide their business information to several government agencies from the federal, the state, or the local government for accounting processes (Thukaram, 2007). Accounting process It is also called the accounting circle. This is defined as a series of events that begins with the initiation of the transaction process and closes when books are formally closed. The summary of that process is listed below (Webster, 2003; Maines & McDaniel, 2000). 1. Identity of transactions and events 2. Preparation of the transaction source documents 3. Analysis and classification of the transactions 4. Recording transactions through the entry to the relevant journals like the general journal, cash-receipt, purchase, cash, or sales journals 5. Posting of the entries from the general journal to the ledger accounts 6. Preparation of the trial balance and enter entries in the ledger account. Ensuring both sides are equally balanced. 7. Correction of any discrepancies in the trial balance 8. Preparation of the adjusting entries for the recording of the estimated amount, deferred, and accrued values 9. Posting of the adjusting entries to the ledger accounts 10. Preparation of the adjusted trial balance following steps for the preparation of trial balance 11. Preparation of the financial statements (statement of financial position, cash flow statement, statement of retained earnings, and income statement) 12. Preparation of the closing journal entries to close temporary accounts like the deferred tax, expense accounts, losses account, revenue account, and gain account 13. Posting of the closing journal entries to the ledger account 14. Preparation of the ‘after closing trial balance.’ 15. Preparation of the reversing journal entry (this is optional) Role of financial accounting versus the management accounting Financial information is important to those inside and outside the organization. Management accounting is helpful to those within organizations because it helps in running their companies. It provides analysis and information to the financial professionals inside the business entity like the managers and the owners (Webster, 2003; Thukaram, 2007; Maines & McDaniel, 2000). The statement of comprehensive income (income statement) and statement of financial position (balance sheet) The statement of comprehensive income (income statement) The IAS gives a guiding difference in how to report income and the expenses accrued in a given period. This allows experts to report the expenses and the income by using either a statement of comprehensive income (a single statement) or two separate statements. The income statement includes the components of profit and loss. Example of line items in comprehensive income includes actuarial losses and gains, losses and gains from foreign operations, investments in equity, hedging instruments, and revaluation surplus changes (Webster, 2003; Maines & McDaniel, 2000). Statement of financial position (balance sheet) A balance sheet is a document providing an overview of entity finances over a period. These are routinely used by small and large companies as well as personal finances. The two main areas of the statement of position cover the assets (like cash at bank, cash in hand, and real estate) and liabilities (funds of the company owned by other people) (Webster, 2003; Thukaram, 2007). It breaks statements into various sections for ease of reference when searching for topics of interest. The difference between the cash basis and the accrual basis of accounting A cash basis and accrual basis differ in their timing period that recognizes the expenses and the revenue. Personal finances and small businesses prefer using the cash basis. It accounts for the expenses when funds are paid out and for revenues when funds are received (Bartov & Mohanram, 2014). Accrual is the commonest method employed by many businesses (Thukaram, 2007). References Bartov, E., & Mohanram, P.S. (2014). Does income statement placement matter to investors? The case of gains/losses from early debt extinguishment. The Accounting Review, 89 (6), 2021-2055. Maines, L.A., & McDaniel, L.S. (2000). Effects of comprehensive income characteristics on nonprofessional investors’ judgments: The role of financial statement presentation format. The Accounting Review, 75 (2), 179-207. Thukaram, R.M.E. (2007). Management Accounting . New Delhi: New Age International. Webster, W. (2003). Accounting for Managers . London: McGraw Hill Professional.
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Judaism as a Monotheistic Religion Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Personal 3. Goodness 4. Holy 5. Conclusion Introduction This paper aims to explain why Judaism is a monotheistic religion as opposed to claims that it is polytheistic. This paper will seek to disambiguate this notion and explain these misconceptions. Judaism is an ethical monotheistic religion and the relation of Abraham to this definition will be explained. Ethical monotheism has several properties of God that will be explained in this paper. Monotheistic religion involves the belief in one God who is supreme. Judaism has always been a monotheistic religion despite the different verses in the Bible that people would what to quote to prove otherwise. Although the Israelites were sometimes influenced by their surrounding neighbors to sometimes worship idols, they largely remained loyal to their Supreme God. In the book of Hebrews which is quoted as an example showing that the Judaists were polytheists, we see Jacob telling his household and those around him to do away with those foreign gods and that they purify themselves. The reason for purifying themselves was because they had desecrated themselves in the eyes of God. This is because these gods were not part of Judaism and therefore they were deemed foreign. These gods were brought by the neighboring communities who worshipped idols as their supreme beings. Judaism can be said to be the first religion to proclaim monotheism. Judaism can be termed as an ethical monotheistic religion because it thrives under the doctrine that it is almost impossible to discard holiness and at the same time lead an ethical life. One basic rule of Judaism is that God calls for ethical behaviors. This shows that He cares about how human beings relate to one another and the other things that come after. Therefore this religion is based on ethics that have been passed from one generation to another since the times of Abraham. God revealed his wishes of how the Israelites should live through the issuance of the Ten Commandments. These commandments formed the basic ethics that the Judaists would follow. Abraham can be said to be the father of this religion. Abraham would go and talk to God one on one and later bring God’s message to the people. Therefore the Israelites learned to put into importance the laws between them and God. Ethical monotheism teaches that there should only be one God. This God is holy, supernatural, good, and personal. Personal By indicating that God is personal it explains that He has great care for everything that He created. This religion teaches that there is no way that God could create everything then abandon it. Therefore this ethical monotheism teaches that God cares about us and He, therefore, cares how we treat one another. Goodness Ethical monotheism also teaches that God is good and thus demands goodness from us. He ensures justice for the evils that are committed. This justice is meted out in this life or the afterlife. Holy Holiness is what makes the human being to be elevated and become a creature modeled in the true image of his creator. Human beings according to these teachings are expected to be holy and act as if they are the face of God when on earth. Conclusion This paper has discussed why Judaism is a monotheistic religion and also explained the misconceptions. An ethical monotheistic religion has been explained and also why Judaism is one. The connection of Abraham to this has also been explained.
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Introduction 2. Literature review 3. Conclusion 4. Works cited Introduction The heart is arguably the most important organ in human physiology. Its structure and functionality are amazing, to say the least. Through many years of study, scholars and researchers have relentlessly sought out to understand these two aspects of the human heart. As such, this paper shall set out to explore the main functions of the heart about an article published in the magazine “USA today”, titled “How the heart works – descriptions of the various parts of the heart, their functions, and how they work together – Brief Article”. Literature review According to the article, the heart is described as an energetic muscular organ located between the lungs that continuously pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. The heart receives the deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs where the waste (Co2) is removed and gets oxygenated. It is then passed back to the heart where it is discharged to the body yet again. The human heart is made up of four chambers and several valves which regulate and monitor blood flow within the body. The chambers include; the right atria, right ventricle, left atria and left ventricle. They are strategically located and serve as the pumps through which the blood flows into and out of the heart. Additionally, they are supported by four valves that control the inflow and outflow of the blood towards specific directions by opening and closing systematically. These valves have a set of leaflets that are forced open by the pressure exerted by the blood in motion and are designed specifically to allow a single direction of blood flow. The heart plays a pivotal role in the circulatory system. Without it, other organs would fail due to a lack of oxygen and other nutrients that are transported throughout the body by the blood. Therefore, the full functionality of the heart is indeed crucial to our survival and existence. The article states that the deoxygenated blood from the veins is received into the heart by the right atrium. This blood is often dark red due to the high amounts of Co2 accumulated from the various tissues and cells within the body. Soon after the atrium fills up, an electrical signal is released causing the heat to beat. In this process, the atria contracts, pushing the blood down to the right ventricle. When this chamber contracts, the venous blood is pumped via the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery which directs it into the lungs for the purification process. In the lungs, the venous blood is cleansed of its Co2 and at the same time gets oxygenated. After this process, it leaves the lungs and flows into the left atrium. At this stage, it is bright red due to a lack of Co2 and a high presence of oxygen. The contraction of the atria forces the blood down to the left ventricle through the mitral valve after which it is pumped to the aorta. The aorta is responsible for the distribution of the blood to the various body tissues. The article further asserts that for the heart to function accordingly, these four chambers must coordinate efficiently. The contraction of these chambers is triggered by an electrical signal generated by specialized cells within the right atrium known as the sinoatrial node (SA). This is the natural pacemaker that causes the heart to beat through a series of evenly and timely spaced electrical discharges. However, emotional and hormonal factors may lead to an increase of these discharges, therefore, leading to a faster or slower heartbeat. The electrical impulses move gradually from the right atria through the other chambers and in the process cause the systematic contraction and relaxation of the heart which allows the blood flow. Without such a mechanism, there may arise various complications which may have devastating effects on our health and lives. Conclusion This article has provided a very informative and elaborate discussion on the functions of the heart. Conclusively, it is clear that the heart is a very important part of our bodies and functionality, from the article review, the various parts have been highlighted and their functions and contributions discussed. It is therefore crucial that each person take ample precautionary measures to ensure that their heart is at maximum health at all times in order o avoid the dangers that may befall them due to health negligence. Works cited USA Today. “How the heart works – descriptions of the various parts of the heart, their functions, and how they work together – Brief Article”. Society for the Advancement of Education, 1997. Web.
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In his works, Fish distinguished between homo serious and homo rhetoricus. Using Lanham’s concepts, Fish (1990) views homo serious as a person, who lives in a homogeneously real society and has a central self. This person also has an irreducible identity, and the society he or she lives in stands “out there” independently. In turn, homo rhetoricus is defined as a person with a dramatic and changing reality. This species’ identity depends on “the reassurance of daily histrionic reenactment”, while they manipulate the reality instead of discovering it (Fish, 1990, p. 96). The author also describes a rhetorical person as one who may have different values, playing games, and being an actor. In their book that is called “Nudge”, Thaler and Sunstein (2008) discuss homo sapiens and homo economicus from the perspective of behavioral economics. Namely, the authors try to understand the psychology that impacts economic decisions that are made by humans. The homo economicus perceives the world rationally and thinks about maximizing his or her happiness and overall well-being. Most importantly, they know how to achieve it and have perfect rationality to make decisions. On the contrary, homo sapiens can be identified as a product of evolution, having learned behaviors and acting less reasonably. Managers, doctors, employers, and many other people are choice architects since their approach to patients and employees impacts their behaviors. This distinction is similar to seeing the human mind as consisting of two categories, such as understanding and will (Borchers & Hundley, 2018). The appeal to rationality is the main parallel that can be noted between the identified paired oppositions. Thaler’s views on rationality are similar to those of Fish (1990), but he expresses his opinion on this matter quite simply. Fish (1990) wrote that he rejects any attempt to present the evidence that human nature is irrational. According to him, reality itself is made, but it is not discovered, which means that there are isolated units of beliefs that form specific realities. In this connection, it represents rationality as a completely consistent entity. Thaler and Sunstein (2008) express this idea by stating that people are not complete idiots, while they are not hyper-rational machines as well. In other words, both works point to the need to consider reality from the point of paying attention to both rationality and senses as the forces that drive people’s behaviors. Another parallel can be drawn towards future predictions regarding the development of human nature. Thaler and Sunstein (2008) guess that homo economicus would evolve into homo sapiens, meaning that economics is likely to be more responsive to human behavior. Specifically, they suggest that homo economicus would begin to lose their IQ and become slower in learning. The economists would focus on studying human cognition and emotion to become better at distinguishing between normative and descriptive theories. Accordingly, it is possible to suggest that homo serious would transform into homo rhetoricus, and scholars would be more engaged in exploring what motivates homo rhetoricus persons. Since the appeal to emotions and feelings is more valued by homo rhetoricus and homo economicus, the necessity of persuading arguments would increase (Borchers & Hundley, 2018a). Therefore, the reality can be perceived as a utility in which choice architects act to connect with people and improve the quality of their lives. The difference between these paired oppositions is probably in their contribution to understanding human behavior. Fish’s ideas seem to set dilemmas that are difficult to address. For example, the author states that truth, beauty, and goodness are used to recognize the world, but they are artificial creations that are based on personal conceptions. On the contrary, Thaler made a significant contribution to the study of the problems of self-control and intertemporal choice. There is a planner-doer model to explain the meaning and influence of self-control on human behavior. This model assumes that the individual has two identities, the relationship between which is built per the principal-agent model. A planner makes plans for the future, being guided by rational goal-setting; and the actor is focused on the present day. The planner tries to force the actor to maximize lifetime utility by using willpower, forcing them to act within rules that limit freedom of choice. This model has been confirmed by studies of people’s behavior when choosing a retirement plan (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008). To conclude, the main parallel between homo serious/homo rhetoricus and homo sapiens/homo economicus is the appeal to rationality. Both Fish and Thaler aim to better understand human behaviors in terms of their perceptions of reality. The future development of humans is another parallel since both authors provide their views on the transformations. Ultimately, the contribution of these concepts is different: while Fish lacks a clear connection to practice, Thaler is more apparent regarding how choice architects can act to achieve well-being and happiness. References Borchers, T., & Hundley, H. (2018). Postmodern approaches to rhetoric. In Rhetorical theory: An introduction (pp. 317-339). Waveland Press. Borchers, T., & Hundley, H. (2018a). Rhetoric, Science, and argumentation. In Rhetorical theory: An introduction (pp. 87-111). Waveland Press. Fish, S. (1990). Rhetoric. In F. Lentrichia & T. McLaughlin, Critical terms for literary study (pp. 87-112). Chicago University Press. Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness . Yale University Press.
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Using Jing in Teaching Presentation Introduction * Jing is a free, screen casting and image capturing tool(TechSmith, 2013). * It also grants marking up uses and wide sharing probabilities within a short time. * Jing allows a user to design and share editable images and screen casts for easier presentation in different screens(TechSmith, 2013). * In addition, jing acts as an inbuilt camera in computers as it captures images that appear on the monitor(TechSmith, 2013). Free Plan for Users * Allows a 5 minute video limit. * Includes saving and sharing via Screencast.com, Facebook, Twitter, Flicker, embed code. * Provides marking up functions (arrows, highlights, …). * Is user friendly and free (Schiano, 2013). What Can Teachers do with Jing * Create tutorial videos for students: + Demonstrate how to use a new equipment. + Revise a selected grammar section in a document. + Demonstrate how to execute an exercise or form(Koptke, 2013). * Set tasks and homework: + Give homework/class assignments/research and narrate what students are supposed to do(Koptke, 2013). * Present your projects/ school/ class activities: + Present new projects. + Share some well proved activity with other teachers. + Present your class or school. + Show outcomes of students´ work (Koptke, 2013). * Edit homework or assignments: + Provide feedback on students’ written assignments using Jing (Koptke, 2013). References Koptke, K. (2013). Using Jing in Your Teaching . Web. Schiano, D. (2013). Using Jing for Educators . Web. TechSmith. (2013). A few ways you might use Jing… Web.
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United States Intelligence Reforms Essay Hulnick argues that the reforms of 2007 were ineffective and perhaps were expected to be (Hulnick 302). I strongly agree with this argument because the team responsible for these reforms failed to take into consideration some of the fundamental issues ailing the intelligence system of the United States. The directive of the government and the congressional legislation only focused on addressing issues affecting the intelligence at the top. These reforms only focused on how to restructure the top leadership and to redefine the strategic objectives of the intelligence service in the 21 st century. However, it ignored the issues affecting the intelligence service at the working level (Hulnick 311). Indeed it is true that proper reforms should have started at the top level before moving to the junior employees. However, true success should have been achieved if the entire system was reviewed and restructured (Johnson 78). It was expected that the newly structured top leadership of these agencies would restructure the systems and structures at the working level. However, it turned out that they did very little to address problems affecting the agencies at the low level. As Davis (90) says, the agencies are as effective as the individuals who are in the fields doing the actual collection of data. If these individuals are forced to work using systems and structures that were used in the Cold War era, then the information that they gather may not be as relevant as would be expected. When the working level was ignored when coming up with these policies, it was a sign that the reforms would not be effective. They were not expected to be because the fundamental issues affecting the working level staff were not adequately addressed. Another major lapse in the in the reforms was that most of the principals involved in the reforms had never serviced in the Intelligence Community (Lebovic 28). It is not easy for a commission dominated by individuals who lack intelligence background to come up with effective reforms. They do not have the experience and expertise of dealing with specific problems affecting intelligence collection and management. I strongly disagree with Neary’s (11) argument that reform is a lost cause. I believe that we need to review our intelligence systems and make genuine reforms in order to move at the same pace with the emerging technologies. The United States had the best intelligence system After the Second World War, during and after the Cold War, and there is a general feeling that it still has the best intelligence system in this 21 st century (Spohr 88). However, it is important to note that technology is bringing radical changes in the sphere of intelligence gathering and it may not be reasonable to rely on the systems and structures that we used decades ago. To make principal changes in these systems and structures, we need to embrace reforms. The reforms cannot be a lost cause unless it is done in a wrong way. It is important to appreciate that there have been weaknesses in the past reforms that made it almost impossible to achieve the expected reforms (Spohr 56). However, the past failures should not define our future. It should not make the American society despair or give up on making the right reforms that would change our intelligence service. That is why I disagree with the argument that reform id a lost cause. Works Cited Davis, Carmel. Power, Threat, or Military Capabilities: Us Balancing in the Later Cold War, 1970-1982 . New York: Springer, 2011. Print. Hulnick, Arthur. U.S. Intelligence Reform: Problems and Prospects. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence , 19.1 (2006): 302–315. Print. Johnson, David. Military Capabilities for Hybrid War: Insights from the Israel Defense Forces in Lebanon and Gaza . Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2010. Print. Lebovic, James. The Limits of U.S. Military Capability: Lessons from Vietnam and Iraq . Baltimore [Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. Print. Neary, Patrick. Intelligence Reform, 2001–2009: Requiescat in Pace? Studies in Intelligence , 54.1 (2010): 1-16. Print. Spohr, Readman. Building Sustainable and Effective Military Capabilities: A Systemic Comparison of Professional and Conscript Forces . Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2004. Print.
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Child Labor in the Fast Fashion Industry Research Paper The issue of child labor in fast fashion is quite acute today. Global brands using cheap labor have pledged to eradicate this practice. In 1992, about 10% of the garment workers were under the age of 14. The following year, when the US Child Labor Restriction Bill appeared, about 50,000 underage workers left factories (Minney). At the same time, the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association pledged to phase out child labor and return children to school. The association also supported a 2010 law prohibiting the employment of children under 14 years of age (Statista Research Department). Unfortunately, these promises in the garment industry have yet to be fulfilled. For example, the Bangladesh government states that child labor is not currently used in this industry. However, unfortunately, this is far from being the case everywhere, and this problem must be addressed as soon as possible. Unfortunately, it is impossible to do this without actions by the state. There are many reasons for the high level of child labor in fast fashion, in particular, different aspects of modern consumer culture. People are looking for new beautiful clothes at a low cost, so factories produce substandard goods in significant quantities. In addition, to reduce production costs, company owners are moving factories to emerging countries such as, for instance, India of Bangladesh (Hammer and Plugor). This can be considered one of the effects of globalization, which allows these organizations to become international. Thus, they can build new factories all around the world. Unfortunately, this trend only makes the industry worse. In poorer countries, these companies often hire women and children, and their wages are unreasonably low. In addition, the working conditions in these places are appalling, which undoubtedly has a negative impact on children’s health. Therefore, this problem must be approached carefully and comprehensively to truly eliminate such options for cooperation between employers and employees. Most of the kids working in the fast fashion industry come from low-income families. Families in comparatively affluent garment regions rarely send their daughters to work in factories. However, in poorer regions, even with initiatives to reduce the cost of schooling for girls, many young women still drop out of high school. Often they do not have the opportunity to get paid work, and as a result, they have only one option: marriage. Consequently, when many girls have to choose between factory labor and early marriage, not hiring girls under the age of 18 can do more harm than good. To free girls from this choice and reduce the presence of kids in factories, it is necessary to combat poverty in rural areas actively. By refusing to receive education, children become part of a system from which, over time, it becomes impossible to escape. According to UNICEF and the International Labor Organization, around 170 million children are employed in the garment industry worldwide (Moulds). Workers are also forced to work overtime without wage increases. This means that mothers have to either leave their children alone or take them to work. Many factories have what they call “day care,” which is actually just a corner where the babies wait for their mothers. Consumers around the world are rejecting child-made clothing, and this trend is commendable. Children under the age of 18 should go to school and learn vital life skills, not work long hours in poor conditions. The garment industry is indeed in need of substantial reform. However, so far, to not expose women and girls to new, unnecessary suffering, the promise to eliminate child labor may not be the right solution. Building a new labor system would take a long time and effort because it is necessary to reconsider work attitude completely. However, it is possible, but only with the right intentions from the side of factories and readiness for cooperation and changes from the side of employees. Works Cited Moulds, Josephine. “Child Labour in the Fashion Supply Chain.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, Web. Minney, Safia. Slave To Fashion. New Internationalist, 2017. Published by Statista Research Department. “Number of Children Involved in Forced Labor 2012, by Forms of Forced Labor.” Statista, 2014, Web. Hammer, N., and R. Plugor. “Disconnecting Labour? The Labour Process in the UK Fast Fashion Value Chain.” Work, Employment and Society, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 913–928.
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Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Work Cited Introduction In Carver’s short story “What We Talk About When We Talk about Love,” the author explores the essence of love, along with the term’s implications in a different context. As a reoccurring theme in writing, love is discussed from various angles: spiritual, emotional, and physical. For Mel, “real love was nothing less than a spiritual love” (Carvers, p. 114). In his statement, does the man refer to the spiritual love of God or another human being? Answers may vary based on individual perception but, undoubtedly, when in love, one is capable of interpreting the world from a more profound, transcendent perspective. Main body Love also varies depending on the nature of the relationship and the age of partners. “Still on the honeymoon,” Laura and Nick are full of passion toward each other (Carver, p. 119), while Terry and Mel do not share their romantic feelings so openly after being married for four years. Does marriage kill love or only take away all the romanticism from it? Routine and different life crises happening after the wedding may impact the nature of feelings partners experience. However, compassion, support, and respect communicated together with love could help to save warm feelings toward each other. Love in old age has its significant distinctions, as well. Being together for decades, older partners usually have a deep emotional connection with each other because of years of cohabitation, children, and grandchildren raised together. Therefore, in the case of separation, there exists little possibility for them to find true love again. “I’m telling you, the man’s heart was breaking because he couldn’t turn his goddamn head and see his goddamn wife” (Carver, p. 126). In this situation, love is associated with care and empathy for the partner’s pain. Conclusion The last significant interpretation of love, suggested by Carver, refers to an individual’s obsession with another person. Can one love so much that they dare to kill another person or commit suicide? Though such instances occur, the feelings upon which the decision to hurt oneself or others is based usually include a self-centered component. True love should not hurt but sustain, inspire, and heal. However, as Carver noted: “What do any of us really know about love? It seems to me we’re just beginners at love” (120), meaning that the mystery of this feeling hides something different for everyone. Work Cited Carver, Raymond. What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. Alfred A. Knopf, 1981.
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Scientific Inquiry Principles and Procedures Essay The process of scientific study is rather difficult and time-consuming. A scientist has to know numerous terms and skillfully operate with them to complete the study. Such terms as observations, facts, concepts, constructs, variables, hypotheses, laws, theories, and models, constitute the process of scientific study and are closely interrelated; Davis believes that knowing these terms will help managers to understand the interaction of business variables. To begin with, all the terms under consideration are integral components of the process of scientific study. Observation is the basis of any study. Using observations the scientist notes facts or phenomena which, as he/she believes, are true. (Davis, 2005) When trying to prove the truth of these facts, the scientist starts a scientific investigation and operates with several concepts, or “abstract ideas generalized from particular facts.” (Davis, 2005) In the course of the investigation, the scientist invents separate types of concepts, constructs, which are used for the theoretical purpose. Another concept he/she operates with is a variable that is important in measurement, because “it sets the limits on the range of values a measurement may make.” (Davis, 2005) The relationships between two or more variables are called hypotheses which serve to define the research problems of a study. When the association among the variables is invariable, the statement of the relationship between them can be defined as law. Facts, concepts, constructs, laws, and hypotheses are united by a theory, “an interrelated set of statements of relationship whose purpose is to explain and predict.” (Davis, 2005) Finally, theories are arranged into theoretical systems which are represented by models, “simplified versions of phenomena that are of interest to the scientist.” (Davis, 2005) Therefore, all these terms interweave in a coherent process of scientific study. Moreover, all the abovementioned terms are closely interrelated. For instance, variables and concepts are components of the hypothesis with the latter being “a statement about the relationship between two or more variables.” (Cargan, 2007) At this, the variables which are composed of different attributes “add the attributes (building blocks) of concepts” the definition of which leads to “developing the specific procedures that … result in observations representing the concepts.” (Cargan, 2007) Observations, in their turn, are values of the variables which can be “numeric, verbal, or even visual.” (Landman, 2003) Further, variables, first dependent and then independent, are used as the basis for the classification of theories (Cote, 2002) The well-tested theories can be referred to as laws, and laws can be incorporated into models, which, eventually, help to “illustrate working hypotheses.” (Collinson & Thompson, 2000) Thus, all these terms are interrelated and cannot be used without each other. Lastly, Davis 2005 believes that understanding the basic building blocks of scientific study is extremely important for managers. This author states that the relationship between science, research, and effective business is … close in modern times” (Davis, 2005) and managers, together with businessmen, should not only know that business variables interact, but should understand how and why they do so. Thus, David keeps to an idea that understanding the building blocks of science may help to identify how and why the business variables interact. In sum, the process of scientific study can be defined as intertwinement and interrelation of such terms as observations, facts, concepts, constructs, variables, hypotheses, laws, theories, and models. Understanding these terms is necessary for managers because they help in comprehending the business process and interaction of business variables. References Cargan, L. (2007). Doing Social Research . New York: Rowman and Littlefield. Collinson, J.D. & Thompson, D.B. (2000). Sedimentary Structures . New York: Routledge. Cote, S. (2002). Criminological Theories: Bridging the Past to the Future . London: SAGE. Davis, D. (2005). Business Research for Decision Making . Stamford: Cengage Learning. Landman, T. (2003). Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics . New York: Routledge.
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Organisational Culture of a University Report Organizational culture is influenced and depended upon personal characteristics of a leader and cultural environment of a group. In order to improve culture and help international students to adapt to the new environment, the University should select a strong leader who is able to coordinate and direct activities and relations between students. Taking into account Edgar Schein’s statement, it is possible to say that student with different cultures may have different preferences for values, morals and culture, but one of the major factors in the creation and development of culture is the influence of a leader on a group and supportive activities. One of the functions of organizational culture is to help the organization function smoothly by providing the bond that keeps people together. However, strategy can also become one of the factors that influence the evolution of culture. Given that leadership becomes particularly important, it is crucial to understand the role and influence of leaders in the acculturation process and healthy organizational culture. The strength of the bond varies from one organization to the next and even within subgroups inside a single organization. However, regardless of the strength, culture provides the identity and collective commitment that are central to encouraging stability in an organization (Erickson 45). A healthy culture is essential for the health of the organization. It can be achieved through string personal image and effective communication. Another strategy which helps to maintain a healthy culture is giving identity and creating commitment. Culture makes every organization unique. Culture allows one group to set itself apart from others. Therefore, one of the essential aspects of culture is to provide a clear and unique identity to members of an organization. By demonstrating and communicating its culture, the University can attract and retain students from different backgrounds. The unique identity can also become a source of competitive differentiation in the development of strategy. The presence of an identity leads to higher students’ commitment. Belonging to the University with a strong identity provides students with a sense of family and belonging, which are essential factors in employee morale and satisfaction. Much has been written about the positive aspects of such an identity. The structure of the University limits or encourages interaction and, by doing so, affects, as well as is affected by, the assumptions shared by members of the organization (Erickson 45). Similarly, the strategy selected by the leader/educator or the top management team will be determined by, as well as help shape, the culture of the organization. A proactive differentiation strategy that requires innovation and risk taking will engender a very different culture than a strategy of retrenchment. Similarly, it may be very difficult for an inflexible leader to implement a highly innovative strategy that requires quick adaptation to the external environment and a healthy organizational culture. “Core values and core purposes in enduring great organizations remain stable, while their operating values, practices, strategies, tactics, processes, structures, and methods, change continually” (Tannenbaum 19). The University should leave an almost indelible mark on the assumptions passed down from one generation to the next. As a matter of fact, the University often comes to mirror its leader’s personality. If the leader/educator is control oriented and autocratic, the organization will be centralized and managed in a top-down fashion. If the leader is participative and team oriented, the University will be decentralized and open (Sorensen 76). Stories are told about them, and myths are created about their courage, creativity, and physical prowess. Such stories help perpetuate educators influence on their groups and therefore safeguard the culture. The role of the University is to establish and grant many of the status symbols that are the main artifacts of culture. They grant special awards within the organization that again set up role models for other students. These role models are more often than not individuals who are excellent representatives of the culture of the organization (Erickson 45). The role of educators is to teach students to appreciate the contributions of different cultures in part because such an approach might lead to a greater appreciation of American culture. The dilemma is the popular print media and television try to present multiculturalism in colored pictures. The message here is that people with different skin colors represent different cultures. Thus, modern education is not merely learning about other cultures, but about creating cultural unity. Ultimately, such education undermines America’s national identity. By setting themselves up as role models, teachers and educators send the signal to their groups that unity and cross cultural relations are important and beneficial for all students. The University should employ diverse teaching staff and introduce culturally sensitive programs and curriculum. The responsibility of the University is to establish core values and high morale among students. The power of university authorities is to make decisions for the organization regarding morale and strategy is another significant means of shaping healthy culture. A highly organic structure is likely to be the result of an open and participative culture, whereas a highly centralized structure will go hand in hand with a bureaucratic culture. Works Cited 1. Erickson, J.A. 2000. Corporate Culture: The Key to Safety Performance . Occupational Hazards, Vol. 62 (4), p. 45. 2. Sorensen, J.B., The Strength of Corporate Culture and the Reliability of Firm Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly , Vol. 47 (1) 2002, p. 70. 3. Tannenbaum, M.A. (2003). Organizational Values and Leadership . The Public Manager , 32 (2), 19.
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Critical Literary Analysis of the Poem “Dover Beach” Essay Conducting a critical literary analysis is an essential component of academic instruction. It allows one to become more familiar with the work of the poet under study and to apply theoretical skills to practice in order to identify the rhetorical techniques used. This essay involves a literary analysis of the poem “Dover Beach” by the Victorian-era classic Matthew Arnold. The purpose of this essay is to summarize the research details found and discuss this poetic work. Of primary importance is an examination of the semantic structures that were invested by Arnold in the creation of this work. In brief, the poem recounts the lyrical protagonist’s disillusionment with the decline of Christian faith in the rise of scientific thought in society. Under the pressure of Darwin’s evolutionary biology, the general rise of the exact sciences, and more rational consideration of biblical texts, Christianity fails to withstand the pressure and promptly disappears. Thus, according to Victorianism, a world that has embarked on the path of technology and industrialization is doomed to violence and brutality because these philosophies cannot correlate with Christian charity, which is characteristic of the current of Formalism. Thus, the work’s central message should be seen as a melancholy statement about the rapid pace of humanity, which the individual cannot keep up with. Arnold does, however, leave us with the hope that love can save the lost faith. In fact, the love to which the protagonist (or author) turns could be an effective solution to restore the confidence and strength that humanity has been given by faith in God. Thus, love in this context can act as a tool that can partially replace the function of religion or, more specifically, reconnect separated, self-centered people. It is noteworthy that to express his meanings more correctly, Arnold used several literary devices. One of these is symbolism, which can be seen as a fundamental classic of Victorian poetry. More specifically, the sea as an expression of the protagonist’s (or author’s) personal feelings changes throughout the poem, from moderately calm and comfortable to agitated and murky. This development helps the reader to trace the emotional experience of the protagonist disappointed in humanity. On the other hand, the sea in “Dover Beach” is humanized, as it may seem to have consciousness and intentions. The wave hesitates before grasping the rock, just as a man does when in doubt about the right choice. From a more formal point of view, Arnold uses repetitions of the reinforcing particle “so” and “nor” in the last stanza to create the right mood at the end. A comparative method and metaphors were also used in the middle of the poem when Arnold introduced Sophocles, the Athenian playwright, into the narrative in order to explain the nature of human suffering through him. A reading of the present poem cannot fail to provoke ambiguous thoughts in the modern reader. It is essential to recognize that about a century and a half has passed since the work was published, and the world has changed radically. However, the emotional core of man, namely the longing for faith, love, and self-discovery, has remained the same. Therefore, the reader can understand the depth of the protagonist’s suffering and recognize his philosophy. On the other hand, the fear of technologization and the sense of the world’s tendency toward hatred can hardly be peculiar to the modern individual who lives within the framework of the new times. It is difficult to share with the Victorian his fears about the future, to put it another way. In conclusion, this poem is a textbook illustration of the human fear of the swiftness of time. The lyrical character in the poem is frustrated by people’s loss of Christian faith and sees the world heading toward cruelty and violence. Arnold uses several classic rhetorical devices, including repetition, metaphors, symbolism, and humanization, to better convey emotion and meaning.
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Critical Thinking and Actively and Skillfully Conceptualizing Report Despite the fact that everyone has the ability to think; only a few engage in critical thinking. Scholars describe critical thinking as thinking within thinking to seek for clarity, accuracy, consistency, good reasons for or against, depth, relevance and fairness. A critical thinker is one with the ability to intellectually and skillfully solve a problem by identifying the problem, conceptualizing on the same, analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating information gathered and to exercise their best judgment to draw conclusions. It requires a good thinker, clear, logic, thoughtful, attentive to all facts and open to alternatives. Critical thinking is a valuable tool in every area of management whether in office or in lifestyle management. Critical thinking will enable one to make smarter and quicker decisions. The process also saves time. High profile jobs in society require critical thinkers hence one is highly placed if s/he is a critical thinker. A good manager should keep on learning by attending seminars and workshops and being open minded to stay ahead of the competition. For one to think critically in business, differentiation between facts and fiction is necessary. Verification of the source would help distinguish between the facts and fiction. Close relationship with the source should not influence ones judgment. Accuracy is also vital as facts and fictions can be hectic to distinguish. Asking of questions is an integral part of critical thinking. One major hindrance to critical thinking is emotional biasness. One should be able to fight the subjective barriers and be as objective as possible. Use of logics and basing ones judgment on good evidence can overcome this barrier. Experts have come up with different models of critical thinking and Phoenix University is among such experts. The models guide one into thinking critically; to act not to react. Quick decisions cost a lot especially in a business set up. Any model will give one a structured discipline, which will help in focusing on important steps in decision making. Phoenix University “identifies a nine steps model in critical thinking” (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, p.57), which are placed into three main groups; framing of the problem, decision making and finally evaluation of the decision. Identification of a problem comes first in the first phase before critical thinkers define the appropriate criteria to be used coupled with goals and objectives of the process. In the third stage, members evaluate the intensity of the problem. This phase bears the most weight of the whole model. A problem can come from any part of the organization and being able to identify the specific problem is the most important thing in the process of critical thinking. Identifying the causes of the problem opens up the second phase followed by formulating the available alternatives before evaluating the same in stage six. After putting things in order to this stage, the second phase closes by making the right decision. Ultimately, the critical thinkers enter into the third and final phase where they measure the effect of the decision made before implementing the same in stage nine. Reflecting over the decision fosters improvements. The most important step in the decision-making process according to the Phoenix model is identification of the problem, because it forms the platform of critical thinking. Without knowing what to think about, critical thinking would be futile, just like leaving to unknown destination. If one identifies the wrong problem, then most likely everything one does in the subsequent steps will be a waste of time. Reference Kirby, G., & Goodpaster, J. (2007). Thinking an Interdisciplinary Approach to Critical and Creative Thought . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall
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Poor Ethics Examples from World-Famous Companies Comparison Essay The main goal of a business is profit. However, there is more to a company’s success than making as much money as possible. Important aspects of succeeding in the market are good reputation and customers’ trust. If a company does something that is considered unacceptable by the public, although it may not be illegal, it undermines its image, which can cause decreased sales and even a shutdown. This is the area of business ethics, which is about what is good and what is bad for a business to do. Ethics does not have universal rules or offer absolutely right decisions for every dilemma. But there are general principles for how to make ethical decisions. A way to explore these principles is to look at examples of alleged poor ethics from world-famous companies, such as McDonald’s, Nestle, Walmart, and Mattel. For over seventy years of its history, McDonald’s has faced numerous lawsuits. It has been accused of exploiting child labor, selling unhealthy food, treating animals cruelly, destroying valuable natural resources, and promoting poverty in developing countries. All those cases are obviously regarded as ethical violations. One example from the 1970s shows several ethical violations at once. In 1972, the founder of McDonald’s Corporation, Ray Kroc, donated 250,000 USD to President Nixon’s reelection campaign, although previously he had never participated in electoral politics. The Nixon administration later supported a bill that allowed MacDonald’s to pay their sixteen-year-old and seventeen-year-old employees 20 percent less than the minimum wage at the time (Schlosser 37). The company was widely criticized for using influence peddling and for neglecting their employees, particularly minors. Generally, McDonald’s is notorious for alleged mistreatment of employees, which is considered highly unethical, and negatively affects the company’s image. Another food giant, Nestle, also received massive criticism in the 1970s, but for different activities. The company was promoting formula milk products, but their marketing was described as “aggressive” (“A Generation On” par. 1). According to accusations, the effect was that many women in developing countries refused to breastfeed, which in turn caused increased infant mortality. One of the reasons was that mothers who could not afford formula gave only small amounts of it to their children, causing malnutrition. Another reason was that formula needs to be mixed with water, and access to clean water was problematic in many countries where this formula was sold. After these accusations, Nestle was boycotted by various groups and individuals. Ethically speaking, the company was blamed for the harm that its marketing caused in some countries. It is very important for a business to show that it cares about its customers, and not only about profit. Walmart, a multinational retail corporation, also faced ethical accusations. As in the case of McDonald’s, many of these claims were associated with the mistreatment of employees. Walmart employs over two million people (Blodget par. 6), including one percent of the United States’ working population. However, employees constantly complain about Walmart’s unethical policies and practices. Numerous lawsuits from employees state that the corporation pays its workers inadequately, forces them to work overtime without benefits, dismisses them unlawfully, refuses to provide health insurance, allows poor working conditions, and opposes labor unions. However, these are not the main ethical accusations Walmart receives. The heaviest criticism comes from smaller businesses, for driving them out of the market. As a very large corporation, Walmart can afford to establish pricing that allows it to gain almost a monopoly in particular regions. The ethical concern here is that a business should exist in competition, and promote competition by offering better quality, thus securing development, its own, and that of the entire sector or market. The business strategy of minimizing competition is thus seen as unethical. In 2007, Mattel, the world’s largest toy company, had to recall 19 million of its toys manufactured in China (Story and Barboza par. 3). The toys had been covered with toxic lead paint and were proven to be hazardous. About half of them had been distributed in the United States. Unlike Nestle, which was criticized for its allegedly harmful marketing, Mattel was blamed for the direct harm it caused to children and their parents. The choice of low-cost production and poor-quality products over the health and safety of customers is, of course, a major ethics violation. However, Mattel managed to partially recover its reputation by the recall. Sean McGowan, managing director and toy analyst at Wedbush Morgan Securities, said that the issue of hazardous components in toys was a daunting problem across companies and countries. He called the absence of massive recalls “a case of denial” (Story and Barboza par. 8). Nonetheless, there was wide public indignation against Mattel, emotionally intensified by the fact that children had been involved. These four large multinational companies, McDonald’s, Nestle, Walmart, and Mattel, have been challenged with many accusations of unethical actions over decades of their histories. The main issues were improper treatment of workers, aggressive marketing, monopolistic practices, and hazardous products. These examples show that ethical behavior for a business is to prioritize its customers’ safety, as well as the quality of its employees’ working conditions. If a business prioritizes its profit instead, it is more inclined to act unethically, like jeopardizing the health of its customers. This is why business ethics is important. In order to make businesses follow it, the public should openly condemn any company’s unethical policies and practices. References A Generation On: Baby Milk Marketing Still Putting Children’s Lives at Risk , 2007. Web. Blodget, Henry. “Walmart Employs 1% Of America. Should It Be Forced To Pay Its Employees More?” Business Insider . 2010. Web. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. Print Story, Louise, and David Barboza. “Mattel Recalls 19 Million Toys Sent From China.” The New York Times . 2007. Web.
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The Future of Large Face-to-face Meetings with Regards to Information Technology Essay The field of information technology is one of the fastest growing innovations in the world. Among the many innovations is the advent of the internet, which has brought many changes in to our society today among them being virtual-meeting technologies, digital document processing and telecommunication advances. New technology tools such as the email, intranet, fax, video conferencing, chat or mobile phone conversations have contributed a lot in advancement of communication. This essay gives an insight on how the future of large face-to -face meetings is likely to be affected by more innovations in information technology. People hold meetings to discuss different ideas and aspects concerning them. Face to face, meetings are important as they help in building trust and confidence among the individuals involved. However, these meetings are currently becoming outdated with the advent of virtual meeting technology and expansion of social media like Facebook and twitter. This is because they enable a faster way of communicating with people far away and help to save on time. Face to face, meetings are costly as people have to travel from one destination to another, Food, accommodation has to be availed to those attending, and organization of the venues may be very complex. Many companies have cut down these costs because of virtual meeting technologies. Technology has made it possible for some companies to import cheap labor from employees oversees as they do not necessary require them to be on site to carry out their responsibilities. Invention of webcams has caused video conferencing to be more preferred than face-to-face meetings though they were initially considered as an extra cost by some companies. Contrastingly, some information such as one’s feeling is well communicated through facial expressions or hand gestures. In addition, some situations may not be handled perfectly through the social media or virtual meetings, as they need coordination, consensus, timing, persuasion, or even negotiation. These situations can only be achieved best through a personal face-to-face meeting. Negotiating for important contracts such as building and construction requires all the parties involved to meet and discuss elements of the contract that may not be clear. Signing an agreement with minor mistakes can lead to serious consequences. Recruiting the best employees is the ultimate goal of any human resource department in any organization. This may not be easily achieved if carried out over internet as the employer may be looking for a certain character that can only be drawn from ones behavior during the interview. Holding a conversation with a person face-to-face may enable one to draw many conclusions such as the person’s passion, motivation, strengths, and weaknesses. This information is very valuable as one is able to understand clearly the individual he is dealing with. Some business entities are still adopting large face-to-face meetings though with well-defined purpose for long-term results. Although tight budgets may be a great constraint, they put more emphasis in establishing the impact of the meetings. They count their profits in terms of the outcomes in productivity achieved from those who attend the meeting. Some prefer to incur some losses at the beginning but gain good profits in future as an outcome of the ideas exchanged during meetings. In view of the above, the number of large face-to-face meetings held by different organizations has drastically reduced with the advent of information technology. Although some companies believe that integrating face-to-face meetings with internet technology would be only best option to be adopted in future, I strongly believe that more is yet to be discovered in the world of information technology. My opinion therefore is that these large face-to-face meetings will be eliminated by virtual meeting technology and social media in future.
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Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Research Problem and Objectives 3. Literature Review 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction Employee engagement is defined as “Employees are engaged when many different levels of employees are feeling fully involved and enthusiastic about their jobs and their organizations. It is the willingness and ability to contribute to company success to the extent to which employees put discretionary effort into their work, in the form of extra time, brainpower and energy” (Esty, 2008). The problem of having engaged employees has become very crucial to firms and according to a recent Gallup study on employee engagement, about 54 percent of employees in the United States are not engaged and 17 percent are disengaged and only 29 percent are engaged (Harris Interactive Inc. 21 January 2009). Employees who are not engaged also have to be paid salaries, benefits and other perks and non contributing employees only increases the burden on the firm. Besides, there is a colossal waste of resources as 54 percent of the employees are wasted. Research Problem and Objectives The research problem is “To understand why employees are disengaged and to research methods that can increase employee engagement and participation”. Objectives of the research are: * To understand the financial impacts of the issue, both positive and negative * To examine the causes and precedents that makes employees to be disengaged * To find ways and means on how the management and organisation can modify its internal processes to increase employee engagement. Literature Review Highly engaged employees outperform their disengaged colleagues by 20 to 28 percent. A 2005 study by Serota Consulting of 28 multinational companies found that the share prices of organizations with highly engaged employees rose by an average of 16 percent compared with an industry average of 6 percent. There are also costs associated with a disengaged workforce. Disengagement has been found to cost between 243 to 270 billion dollars due to low productivity of this group according to a 2003 Gallup poll. In one 2003 study by ISR, companies with low levels of employee engagement found that their net profit fell by 1.38 percent and operating margin fell by 2.01 percent over a three year period. Conversely, companies with high levels of engagement found that their operating margins rose by 3.74 percent over a three-year period (Etsy, 2008). Thus it can be seen that firms with engaged employees show better financial results and also offer cost reductions and increase in profits. Seijts (2006) comments that the onus on increasing employee engagement is first on the management. Some of the main causes that reduce employee engagement are: mistrust in the management, vitiated and stressful environment, a management that cannot be trusted. According to the author, the management can increase employee engagement by following the ’10 C’s’ approach. The approach is: Connect – Leaders must show that they value employees; Career, Leaders should provide challenging and meaningful work with opportunities for career advancement; Clarity, Leaders must communicate a clear vision; Convey, Leaders clarify their expectations about employees and provide feedback on their functioning in the organization; Congratulate, Exceptional leaders give recognition, and they do so a lot; they coach and convey; Contribute, People want to know that their input matters and that they are contributing to the organization’s success in a meaningful way; Control, Employees value control over the flow and pace of their jobs and leaders can create opportunities for employees to exercise this control; Collaborate, Great leaders are team builders; they create an environment that fosters trust and collaboration; Credibility, Leaders should strive to maintain a company’s reputation and demonstrate high ethical standards and Confidence, Good leaders help create confidence in a company by being exemplars of high ethical and performance standards. Conclusion The paper has examined the meaning of employee engagement and the financial impacts of having disengaged employees. Obviously, there is a lot of potential in having employees who are engaged. The paper has also examined how to increase employee engagement and the steps that the management can undertake to increase employee engagement. It is recommended that the objectives mentioned in the paper should be further explored to find how employee engagement can be increased. References Esty Katharine, 2008. Creating a culture of employee engagement . NEHRA – The voice of HR. Harris Interactive Inc. 2009. Problems at the Top – Apathy, Contempt for Managers , PR Newswire, New York. Seijts Gerard H, Crim Dan. 2006. What engages employees the most or, The Ten C’s of employee engagement . Ivey Business Journal Online.
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The Economic Value of Life Essay Since time immemorial, the value of human life has been the issue of heated debates of philosophers, scientists, and governors. The very essence of this matter lies in the person’s recognition of oneself as a unique human being able to reflect on his or her role on this planet. While some may argue that numerical indicators cannot measure human life because of its divine nature, the reality is that it is impossible to do without the measurable characteristics of life in solving the health care, emergency, and social issues. There is no doubt that from the philosophical, religious, and to a great extent from legal points of view, human life is priceless. The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” (The United Nations, n.d., para. 9). The worth of the person is considered the fundamental precondition of any interaction between states and in society as a whole. Philosophers believe that the value of human life is endless and that any attempts to provide its monetary equivalent are morally unacceptable. Religion considers every human to be created as a supreme being in God’s image, and as well as God cannot be measured materially (Hammer, 2011). Economics, however, is the realm where no abstract irrational characteristics can take place. The human is a “social animal” and his activities, performance, and conditions of staying in the society have to be measured at least approximately. The value of statistical life is therefore established to calculate various risk factors influencing the quality and expectancy of human life (Fourcade, 2009). Hammer (2011) notes that the term refers to some statistical but not specific life: “…It is not about the monetary value of concrete human life but the monetary valuation of the reduction of mortality risks” (p. 232). There is no shade of morality in this term; it is only about the objective evaluation of concrete aggregate indicators (Fourcade, 2009). Human life is infinitely valuable, but when it comes to safety and injury compensation issues, the price should be defined precisely. Calculating the value of statistical life is crucial in many different situations. It is used to determine the amount of material compensation for the injury or death of people in the process of production, in industrial accidents, in natural and manmade catastrophes. The same can be said about compensation for terrorist acts or military actions. Moreover, the indicator of life value is important for the development of safety measures, for the planning of law enforcement, health care, and emergency services. Based on this indicator life and health insurance sums are paid (OECD, 2012). Nowadays the amount of VSL for an average worker ranges from $4 million to 9$ million dollars in developed countries (Ranke, 2015). All things considered, it can be stated that the dilemma of the life monetary value in the modern world is rather far-fetched. If there were no value of statistical life indicator, it would be impossible to calculate the amount of compensation the state has to pay in case of emergencies. If human life were priceless in economic terms, the state wouldn’t be able to pay infinitely large amounts of money to every injured citizen. There should be a compromise. Human life should be considered priceless in the moral and philosophical dimensions, and the moral imperative should define the actions of a person. But in the economic system of coordinates, there should exist a rationally grounded equivalent of indemnification for damage to life. References Fourcade, M. (2009). The political valuation of life. Regulation & Governance, 3 (1), 291-297. Hammer, B. (2011). Valuing the invaluable? In K. Mathis (Ed.), Efficiency, sustainability, and justice to future generations . New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. OECD. (2012). Mortality risk valuation in the environment, health, and transport policies . Paris, France: OECD Publishing. Ranke, U. (2015). Natural disaster risk management: Geosciences and social responsibility . New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. The United Nations (n.d.). The universal declaration of human rights . Web.
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Frame 4c from Zhang Yimou’s “Red Sorghum” Essay Red Sorghum (1987) is a very symbolic presentation of the past, the present, and the future. Each scene is full of symbols, and each frame has a particular meaning. Frame 4c is no exception. The frame depicts the protagonist of the film who has prepared food for the men before the attack. The frame reveals the woman’s determination and doubt; it also reveals the price which is going to be paid, i.e., deaths and a lot of innocent bloodsheds. In the first place, the meaning is revealed through the focus of the frame. The camera focuses on the woman and the table. The woman is in the center of the scene. This position reveals the central role the protagonist is playing in the affair. This is she who inspired the men to fight; this is her who sent them to fight. Focus on the table can also be regarded as a symbolic representation of the price to be paid. Thus, there is meat that is often seen as a symbol of sacrifice and death. Thus, the meat on the table is a symbol of death, which is near and which is expecting for the protagonist and the men. There are also bowls of red liquor, which stands for red blood to be shed. It is necessary to note that the background plays quite an important role. Though the focus is on the protagonist, the distillery is a part of the scene. The distillery is a symbolic representation of the protagonist’s life and her present. This is what she is fighting for. Of course, it is not only the way to earn living for the woman, it is her life. It is very remarkable that the protagonist is sitting at the table and is looking at the price to pay while she understands what she is fighting for as her very life (which is in the background) is the bet. The use of light is also remarkable. There is certain obscurity. There is smoke coming from some places, which also adds some obscurity to the scene. This can be regarded as a symbol of doubt and uncertainty. It can also stand for the wrong choices made. Thus, the protagonist does not see the picture clearly. Her mind is blurred, and she does not see that the price is too high. Nonetheless, there is a determination on her face. The obscurity adds to the atmosphere of solemnity and doom. It is necessary to note that another frame stresses the solemnity. Frame 4a reveals the idea of hope and represents the future, which is brighter than the present. Again, the focus is on the protagonist, or rather her face. It is also necessary to note that there is a lot of light and no trace of obscurity. The protagonist sees her son, who is the future. This is clear, and this is why there is so much light as it is obvious that the protagonist has the future, i.e., it is her son. To sum up, frame 4c can be regarded as central to the film as it reveals the past, the present, and the future of the protagonist. The light, the focus, and the background serve to create the symbolic representation of the three dimensions of human life. The frame reveals the decision made and the price to be paid. This frame is as symbolic as the entire film.
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Introduction 2. Stakeholders Analysis 3. The Value Chain 4. Porter’s Five Forces Model and the Fast Food Industry 5. Worldwide Strategies 6. Turning a Failing Company into a Successful Business 7. Reference List Introduction The cultural web is a means of analyzing culture. According to Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington, the cultural web “shows the behavioral, physical and symbolic manifestations of a culture that inform and are informed by the taken-for-granted assumptions, or paradigm” (p. 197). There are seven elements of the cultural web, which may be presented in the following scheme: Seven elements of the cultural web. The six elements of the cultural web are aimed at reinforcing the assumptions within the paradigm. A paradigm can be called a collective experience that can be related to the situation with the purpose to understand its main idea. The cultural web is used for comprehension of the culture of the organization and its interrelations to the strategy of a particular organization. Stakeholders Analysis Stakeholders are all the people who can be significantly affected by another person’s actions or decision-making activity. Stakeholders are classified under the three parameters of Power, Legitimacy, and Urgency. Power is the ability to influence other stakeholders’ actions. Legitimacy is the normative appropriateness of a stakeholder to change other stakeholders’ actions. Urgency is the time-sensitiveness and cost level in case a stakeholder’s claims or interests are delayed. A dormant stakeholder has the power to influence action but has neither legitimacy nor urgency. A discretionary stakeholder has legitimacy but lacks urgency and the power to change the actions of other stakeholders. A demanding stakeholder has the urgency in claims but neither legitimacy nor power. Stakeholders need to be analyzed because their ideas and contributions need to be considered in the organization’s operations (Capon, 2008). The Value Chain The value of service must be added at every level to have a competitive advantage over other firms in the same industry. Each service should be conducted individually but make it a part of an overall system. The results of this service are greatly improved when it is brought down to focus groups and viewed as a component of the overall set of services offered. This is done through increasing value by cutting prices i.e. the benefits that a customer gains from a service should be more than the perceived price of the service. The perceived benefits of service should be increased more compared to the increase in price, especially where there are price wars in the industry. A firm seeks to achieve this advantage to gain employee commitment and increase customer loyalty. Porter’s Five Forces Model and the Fast Food Industry The five forces act to either bring down the profitability of a market or make it an attractive one. The forces are both internal and external. The UK fast food industry is attractive and many firms enter it, reducing customer base and profit level for existing ones (the threat of new entrants). Most customers are shifting to other substitutes due to fast food ‘unhealthy’ nature (substitute products). The UK market is very price-sensitive; any price changes would shift the sales volume of firms in this industry (customer’s bargaining power). Labor unions make it hard for firms to change employees while the cost of switching suppliers is also high (bargaining power of suppliers). Most firms in this market are doing business online. This takes away both existing and potential customers (Existing competition). Worldwide Strategies Financial ability of the firm, skills, and technical ‘know-how’ and ease of entry influence a firm’s choice of worldwide strategy. Some possible strategies include licensing, franchising, exporting, turnkey projects, and agents’ use. Exporting involves a company which either directly or indirectly sells products produced cheaper in its home country than in other countries. Strategic alliances are collaborations between two companies to gain leverage in a market together while remaining as independent entities. Companies could use this to gain an advantage in distribution, production, manufacturing capability, or project funding. The acquisition is the strategy where one company takes over another through mergers or the buying of a particular product or product line. Turning a Failing Company into a Successful Business This can only be done if the company is aware of the environment where it operates. First, the company should analyze its internal factors, such as lack of employee motivation and clear and definite mission and vision, poor resource management, absence of appropriate technology and machines. Second, the company has to analyze the external factors, which include (but are not limited to) increased competition, a shift in customer loyalty, and entry of substitutes into the market. Third, the company should make a detailed SWOT analysis. By taking up those opportunities, enhancing strengths, minimizing weaknesses, and eliminating threats, the company can regain its position in the market, improve its share, and be on its way back to success. Reference List Capon, C. (2008) Understanding Strategic Management. New York: FT/Prentice Hall. Johnson, G., Scholes, K., and Whittington, R. (2008) Exploring corporate strategy . New Jersey: Pearson Education.
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What the Matter With Kansas Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Republican Policies 3. Failure of the Democrats 4. Moral Issues 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction What is the matter with Kansas is a book written by Thomas Frank which is entirely about the politics of Kansa state. The author who is a native of Kansas takes the opportunity to launch a scathing attack on the perceived mismanagement of the state’s politics and governance which he blames on the ideology of the conservatives. However, the author consequently points the finger of blame on the native citizens of the states for their ignorance and refusal to use their voting rights to bring about the change they desire. Frank Thomas through the book also talks of the failure of the democrats to change strategy and save the state from the plight of the conservatives. At the center of the book is the issue of morality which carries the day in the state’s politics at the expense of economic and environmental issues. The author, therefore, finds fault with the way the native citizens of the state have failed to elect leaders who can bring about quality governance. Republican Policies According to the book, the problems of the state have been attributed to the policies of the republicans. The author singles out the major aspects of the Republican Party policies most of which favor the rich. The poor and common citizens end up being losers in the long run. The states leaning towards the Republican Party at the expense of the democrats and other political affiliations have been cited as the biggest blow to the development of the state. In fact, the author goes to the level of alleging that the conservatives have tricked the people of Kansas. Specifically, he cites the use of morality and culture as an electoral issue instead of the economic and business issues. According to the book, this has been the major failure of the state since they consistently vote for leaders who cannot deliver on the most pertinent issues that affect them. Failure of the Democrats The democrats’ failure to change strategy so as to win the election and deliver the state from the bondage of conservatism has been expressed in the book. According to the book, the democrats ought to focus more on the economic aspects so as to get rid of the Republican monopoly in the state. The author cites the futile strategy of the democrats for their failure to be appealing to the electorate. The dominance and establishment of the republicans is the main political issue affecting the state of Kansas (Frank 121). In fact, in the book, the author seems to be advocating for the removal of the republicans by all means so as to get the state on its wheels again. The most credible contender in the state apart from the Republicans is the democrats. The author, therefore, admonishes the democrats to alter their approach to the electorate so as to dismantle the Republican cult. Moral Issues The primary obsession and dominance of cultural and moral issues in state politics is a major hindrance to its development. According to the book, the issues that ought to take center stage are the economic and environmental ones rather than the moral ones. This is the position that has enabled the Republicans to hold the state at ransom. Actually, the republicans use the moral plank in their campaigns and no wonder little is done about the state’s economic and environmental empowerment. The author prescribes a replacement of focus by the electorate from moral to economic. The book advocates that a voter should only vote for a leader who will lead to an improvement in his/her life. The abstract promises of conservatism, morality, and culture have kept the state in darkness for a long time. Conclusion What the matter with Kansas is a book about the plight of Kansas politics. It has been written by Thomson Frank who happens to be a native Kansan. The book is specifically dedicated to the political and economic woes of the poor state. The dominance of the republicans is cited as one of the greatest challenges of the polity bearing in mind that the policies of the republicans only favor the elite, rich and powerful. The failure of the democrats to change tact and take over the leadership so as to deliver the state from political and economic mess has been explained well. The author advocates for a shift of perception from moral issues to economic and environmental issues. This is the opinion of the author that will bring about the much-desired change. The book is a good analysis and interpretation of the state of Kansas. References Frank Thomas. What’s the matter with Kansas?: how conservatives won the heart of America . Kansas: Henry Holt, 2005.
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Apple Incorporation in 2010 Essay Abstract Apple is a leading manufacturer of personal computers (PCs) and mobile devices. This paper begins by analyzing how Apple competes in the PC market. The discussion also examines how Apple’s strategy has been evolving within the past few years. Apple has also remained competitive because of its superior smartphones and MP3 players. The paper also identifies the major challenges effecting Apple Incorporation. The paper concludes by explaining why Steve Jobs is an effective strategic leader. Apple Incorporation in 2010 Apple Incorporation uses appropriate strategies to compete in the personal computer (PC) market. Throughout the 1990s, Apple used the best distribution channels to deliver quality products to different consumers (Yoffie & Kim, 2010). In 2001, Steve Jobs presented a new vision in order to make the company successful. He also introduced the Macintosh. The new CEO decided to “control both software and hardware” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 5). This strength made it easier for the Mac to become a successful product in the global market. The company also introduced a new Mac computer. These “new devices ran on an Intel chip” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 6). Steve also introduced a new operating system for Apple PCs. The company upgraded the OS within 12-18 months. This strategy increased the number of PC sales. The distribution strategy adopted by Apple Incorporation in 2001 made it easier for every consumer to purchase the company’s new software. The company opened more stores in different countries. Apple Inc. also formed new partnerships with companies such as Best Buy. This strategy attracted more customers thus increasing the company’s sales. The strategy made it easier for customers to purchase the company’s user-friendly PCs. The company’s competitive strategy has changed significantly because of the new market dynamics encountered in the world today. Apple has adopted a digital hub strategy (DHS) in order to address the changing needs of its customers. This situation “explains why Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, the iPad, and the iPod” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 7). According the case study, Apple Inc. has a strong competitive position. The iPod has become a successful competitor in its industry. The company’s MP3 players offer new features such as huge internal memories. The creation of the company’s iTunes Store has also made it easier for users of Apple’s smartphones and MP3 players to down songs and movies. These devices offer the best entertainment to every customer. Steve Jobs was ready to identify the best strategies and efforts that could make the company’s DHS successful. The introduction of the iPod and the iPhone opened new opportunities for the company (Yoffie & Kim, 2010). However, the company must work harder in order to deal with every existing threat. Companies such as Nokia, Samsung, and LG Electronics are producing similar smartphones. Such mobile devices have superior features that can make Apple less competitive. The internet is also discouraging individuals from purchasing MP3 players. Consumers can now download songs and videos from their mobile devices. This situation explains why Apple Inc. must identify new strategies in order to remain competitive. Several challenges will confront Apple Incorporation in the coming years. Apple appears “to have evolved from being a PC manufacturer to a mobile device company” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 13). The move has made Apple one of the most profitable and successful companies in the United States. Apple’s momentum also appears to be unstoppable. However, the future of the company is uncertain because many technology companies tend to fail after several years of success. According to the case study, the failing health of Steve Jobs is also a major challenge facing the company. The case explains why the company should consider new strategies and options in order to retain its momentum. New ideas and innovations will support the company’s goals and expectations. The case study also explains why many companies in the industry fail to realize their potentials. New companies are also emerging in the PC industry (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010). The existing firms are identifying new options and strategies in order to remain competitive and profitable. According to the authors, Apple Inc. needs to identify new strategies and business practices that will support its current momentum. Steve Jobs was one of the company’s pioneers. He left Apple to start his own software company. Apple was no longer making profits after Steve’s departure. His return to the company was something critical towards its success. He pioneered new ideas and devices such as the iPhone, the iPod, and the iMac. This scenario explains why Steve Jobs was an effective leader. He always embraced the best research and development (R&D) practices in order to realize his goals. He also appointed the right people at the company. He promoted teamwork and encouraged his employees to work as teams (Pearce & Robinson, 2013). He purchased new companies and attracted new business partners. The strategy made it easier for Apple Incorporation to become a leading competitor in the industry. He also diversified the company’s core products. He “encouraged every employee to embrace the power of innovation” (Yoffie & Kim, 2010, p. 9). Steve Jobs’ departure from Apple was something unexpected. The company is currently repositioning itself in order to support Steve’s ambitions and goals. The introduction of the iPhone 5 shows why Apple Inc. has not lost its track. The leaders and managers at Apple Incorporation must promote the best ideas for the company. They should also produce new products that can make the company profitable. The managers must also identify every industrial change in order to remain competitive. Reference List Pearce, J., & Robinson, R. (2013). Strategic Management: Planning for Domestic and Global Competition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Wheelen, L., & Hunger, D. (2010). Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Yoffie, D., & Kim, R. (2010). Apple Inc. in 2010. Harvard Business School, 1 (1), 1-25.
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Analysts suggest the emerging trends in culture, globalization, and technological changes promise even much change in the future (Castells, 2011). Therefore, the marketing of auto insurance products will be driven by these trends that shift consumer buying behavior. These aspects have been seen to create dynamics for marketers in the insurance sector because they have continuously influenced the psychology and expectations of insurance consumers across the world (Usunier, 2000). Discussion Cultural trends Culture plays a critical role in shaping the psychology of buying and consumer expectations across the world. While culture has been neglected in the recent past, researchers agree that cultural trends carry the future of marketers. Changes in social networking breed a new form of integrated culture, which changes the perceptual concerns of most consumers (Castells, 2011). The shifts from single and distinct cultures continue to be demystified rigid culture toward a more inclusive approach for multiculturalism. Currently, the growing social networks enabled by internet technology have transformed the cultural face of consumers across the world. Globalization Researchers and analysts have suggested that the recent financial crises have provided a fertile ground for enhanced communication, collaboration, and integration of various industry players. This shows that the future of the auto insurance sector will be directed by the successful negotiation and collaboration by marketers and insurance regulators (Usunier, 2000). This will cause a relative shift in policy to yield standardization of product offerings and promote the globalization of the insurance value chain. The creation of global regulations underpinning market activities will influence the ability of industry payers to approach and manipulate the market. One of the conceivable implications of globalization is the development of limits that will affect the marketing ability of insurance marketers (Castells, 2011). On the side of consumers, these global trends promise an overall shift from supply power to customer sovereignty. Technological trends Technological improvements have introduced advances in software and hardware, which have created a shift in information power from marketers to consumers. The insurance industry has registered tremendous gains from recent information technology waves in terms of automation. These technologies have continued to promise enhanced operational efficiencies, increased revenue opportunities, and support customer experience (Usunier, 2000). The industry players have been able to transmit large scale data in real-time via the internet-enabled by devices such as tablets, pads, and smartphone technologies. The ability of firms to manage large amounts of data and convert it into actionable insights enables them to approach the market with more objectivity. In the recent past, the insurance industry has over-relied on traditional sources of the market and consumer purchasing data(Usunier, 2000). Research shows that a lack of objective data rendered the traditional industry less efficient (Castells, 2011). Today, technology growth enables marketers to evaluate customer needs and assess the effectiveness of their marketing strategies. Therefore, these changes continue to reverse these trends in firms dealing with auto insurance. Conclusion The insurance industry has experienced enormous changes in the manner in which consumers perceive marketing information. Similarly, marketers in the insurance industry, especially the auto insurance sector have shifted their emphasis from the traditional sense of consumer behavior toward a modern view. The global insurance industry is expected to witness changes due to global changes. The effect of technology growth has availed benefits for both marketers and consumers. References Castells, M. (2011). The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Volume 1. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Usunier, J. (2000). Marketing across Cultures. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
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The Business-Level Strategy of Starbucks Essay The mission of Starbucks Coffee Company is to “inspire and nurture the human spirit, one cup and one neighbor at a time.” To serve its customers, the company strives to select the highest-quality coffee known as Arabica beans from Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The roasting of coffee has developed into the brand’s expertise. As a result, the company has increased its confidence in the unique flavor of coffee beans, and it can satisfy its customers. One of Starbucks’ growth strategies is to expand its store base. Instead of focusing on dine-in locations, the company has concentrated on drive-thru in urban and suburban communities (Sakal, 2018). Express stores are also considered a viable concept for cities such as New York, Boston, and Seattle. It is a strategy that is primarily focused on increasing the store penetration of the company. In India, for instance, Starbucks has partnered with India’s Tata consumer products to launch an aggressive store opening in new formats and in new cities. Another business strategy is to concentrate on generating new customer encounters. For Starbucks locations, the lunch hour has been the fastest-growing time of day in recent years. The company has bolstered its efforts to offer on-the-go box meals with fresher ingredients and a concept called bistro boxes, including sandwiches, salads, and a tea product, bolstering its tea platform (Sakal, 2018). The company has gone ahead to introduce packaged meals with varying degrees of nutrients such as a lower calories Starbucks lunch which constitutes a protein pact food Over the last few years, I believe that society has witnessed the rise of corporations such as Starbucks and the decline of others such as Dunkin Donuts. A business plan is critical, and Starbucks has consistently adapted to shifting consumer needs. Starbucks, in my opinion, is on the right track towards realizing its full objectives as a company. However, excessive expansion can result in market saturation, affecting even companies that have a comprehensive business model as Starbucks. To exist, a business must have a competitor, yet becoming that competitor might be detrimental to the long term. Among the most important recommendations is that Starbucks should provide a combination menu. I believe the firm is attempting to avoid the fast-food notion. Their primary goal is to provide an affordable coffee bistro ambiance that creates an incredible experience. Fast food businesses such as McDonald’s have altered their store layouts and styles to conform to the Starbucks theme and concepts. Enriching their business-level strategy would guarantee the company a long-term competitive advantage in the hospitality industry, adding to the expansive market it presently controls. Reference Sakal, D. V. (2018). Company analysis of Starbucks Corporation . Web.
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Town Acts Against Coyotes Problem Essay Dear Editor, We, Coyote Protection Alliance, want to express our dissatisfaction with the mayor’s actions about coyotes. To protect our position, we want to give arguments that coyotes are not so dangerous as some people may think. The mayor’s plan, “a needless slaughter” as we call it, is directed to killing animals that cannot present any danger. We agree that there was one case when a coyote was diagnosed with rabies. But one example does not present the whole picture of events. During the same period, there were found 3 cases of dog rabid and 17 cases of raccoons rabid. These numbers did not push the government to begin the killing campaign against them. Knowing the examples when coyotes damaged the personal property of people and injured children we would like to offer to search for some other ways out in the situation. The wide killing campaign against these animals is nothing more than a scare tactic of the government. It is impossible just to take and destroy the whole population of coyotes. If we reference history, we may find out that coyotes came here first and our, people’s, appearance should not destroy the balance of nature. We want to emphasize that it is we, people, occupied coyotes’ land and like severe conquerors want to destroy the native population. Our Alliance understands that coyotes bring some inconveniences to people’s life. We do not just protest the mayor’s decision; we want to help to find the way out of the situation. First of all, what we want to offer is to catch coyotes and to take them to distant areas of the state. The mayor gives an argument to protect his plan that the coyote population is out of control. Modern technologies and resources allow us to put the coyote population in control. The prevention of childhood injuries and damaging cars is in people’s hands. Drivers should drive their cars carefully in the areas of coyotes gathering, parents should watch their children better and do not allow their pets to run free. The hiring of Animal Management Inc. is a wasting of money. First, we consider their methods inhuman. Second, money, which the mayor wants to expand, could be used in more important cases. At last, state hunters could be hired: people can get a job and not so much money would be spent. Sincerely, Coyote Protection Alliance.
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Favorite Restaurant Concept Essay Introduction The objective of planning a restaurant is to assemble, on paper, the ideas for a restaurant that will be profitable and satisfying to the guest and the owner or operator of the business. The process which is involved in the formulation of these ideas is known as the restaurant concept. The concept is devised to increase the number of a given group which is known as the target market in this case. Marketing is considered to be the sum total of the activities which are intended to attract people to the restaurant. This includes the process which entails determining what group or groups are most likely to react favorably to the concept at hand. A quality restaurant is a restaurant which has got certain aspects of qualities. These include aspects such as the image which it appeals to the certain market or a given target population. The concept behind a quality restaurant should fit the location, menu, and décor. It is worth noting that the concept of a quality hotel includes everything ranging from public relations, advertising, promotion and the operation itself. There are many restaurants in the United States of America. However, there are few which have caught my eye. This is because these restaurants have certain qualities in certain aspects which appeal. TGI Friday’s is an example of such a restaurant. This is because it is a hotel which has remained successful over the years because it has stayed close to the guests and concentrated on quality and service combined with a theme of fun. This is an aspect which attracts many young customers like me. The restaurant has got an array of menus and drinks which are on offer at any given point in time. Certain qualities which have made this restaurant to be outstanding include the fact that it has got quick service. This is also known as fast food, furthermore, they offer limited menus that re prepared quickly thus leaving the customers delighted and happy. In addition, this restaurant offers full meals at what I can call medium prices which customers can perceive to be as good value. The restaurant also offers high cuisine at high end prices. The qualities of services that they offer are made up of ambience and quality service. Furthermore, for a restaurant to establish itself as quality restaurant, it must have the good will. In this case, the good will is a form of advertising which is based on the word of mouth from satisfied customers. Good will can be evaluated from different points of view. For instance, this includes the location of the restaurant to the ambience which is associated with the place. Essentially, goodwill is generated from serving good food, good service, good atmosphere, consistent scheduling and adequate sanitation practices. In conclusion this TGIF is a restaurant which quality floor management. These include informing the customers just in case there is a delay and ensuring that the customers do not wait for too long while seated as they wait for their meal. It is worth noting that this might be one hundred percent perfect, however, TGIF has tried to keep this in perspective most of the time. Thus, a quality restaurant is a restaurant which understands that the host, the hostess, waiters, and waitresses are the restaurant’s ambassadors of good will. They should think of themselves as being on stage. They are like entertainers in Broadway production; it follows that they should never have their backs to the audience! When customers are irritated by lack of service and see waitresses engrossed in their own secrets, ignoring them, the irritation turns to anger. It is disconcerting to most people when service personnel are nestled together, whispering. The staff’s responsibility is to make sure that the customers are as comfortable as possible in all situations. Works Cited Mischitelli, Vincent. Your New Restaurant, Avon,MA: Adams Media, 2000. Print.
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Treating Conditions of the Eye Case Study When teaching a patient how to instill ophthalmic drops, it is important to carefully explain all the steps of this procedure. First of all, patients should thoroughly wash their hands with soap. Second, they should check the dropper tip and make sure that it is not cracked. Third, while tilting their head back, they should pull down the lower lid of the eye with the index finger in order to form a pocket. Fourth, they should hold the dropper with the other hand close to the eye but not touching it. Fifth, while looking up, they should squeeze the dropper gently so that one drop falls into the pocket. Sixth, they should close the eye for three minutes and keep their head down. In doing so, patients should not blink or squeeze the eyelids. Then, patients should wipe the excess liquid from around the eye and do the same operation with the other eye. Washing hands after the operation are also necessary (“How to use eye drops,” 2017). The operation of instilling an ointment in the eye is similar. After lowering the lower eyelid, patients should hold the tube with an ointment upside down near to the eye and press the tube to release a line of ointment into the pocket. Then, patients should blink several times to spread the ointment. The vision will become blurred, but soon it will become clear again. In doing this operation, patients should not rub their eyes (“How to use eye drops,” 2017). In the case of small children and infants, it is also important to explain to parents that the vision will change and the stinging sensation will appear. Also, it is important to minimize distractions, as children can make a sudden move which will spoil the operation (“How to give eye drops,” 2017). Regarding the geriatric patients, it is important to take into account their health condition, as they may have poor vision, shaking hands, and even problems with the opening. In such cases, it is recommended that younger relatives do this operation for them (“How to give eye drops,” 2017). References How to give eye drops and eye ointment . (2017). Web. How to use eye drops properly . (2017). Web.
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How the Courts Address or Respect Our Rights as Citizens Essay Name of the Case * Virgil D. Hawkins, on behalf of himself and others * Similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. The BOARD OF CONTROL OF FLORIDA, * A body corporate, * No. 643. Facts of the Case * The case began in April 1948 * The plaintiff was a black student who had applied to be admitted to the University of Florida’s College of Law * The University’s governing body (the Board of Control) rejected his application on constitutional grounds that non-white students were not allowed into the University * A 9-year legal battle then ensued * He ultimately lost the case History of the Case * In 1950, in the State ex rel Hawkins v. Board of Control of Florida , the Court agreed with Hawkins * His rights to attend a Florida, public law school were upheld * But it maintained that the state of Florida has observed this * It created a public law school (Florida A &M) exclusively for blacks. * The Court ruled that since he had an option of attending this institution, the University of Florida’s law school was under no obligation to admit him. Facts and Legal Questions * Were the plaintiff’s rights to education violated? * Did the plaintiff have an option other than UF law school? * What was the implication of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling? * What reasons did the Florida Supreme Court give for failing to admit Hawkins? * Did Hawkins finally become an attorney? The Ruling * The Court agreed with the Board * It ruled that Florida A&M met all the state requirements to offer law education * Its legal education would help the plaintiff. * The Court argued that the establishment of the Florida A&M ensured that Hawkins’ right to pursue legal education was adequately provided for * Florida A&M admitted non-white students The U.S. Supreme Court * Borrowed from the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case * The U.S. Supreme Court ruling of 1954 * It declared the education doctrine of “separate but equal” unconstitutional * It breached the constitutional clause of equal protection by segregating educational amenities (Hawkins v. Board, n.d). * Public schools were hence ordered to admit racially diverse students without any discrimination. The Florida Supreme Court * Acknowledged the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling * Florida Supreme Court instructed that Hawkins should be admitted to the UF law. * But there were delays * Issues of parents’ concerns arose * Contempt No Admission * Hawkins was not admitted * The “danger of serious public mischief.” * Justice B.K Roberts argued that admitting Hawkins to the UF law school would cause parents to withdraw their children from the institution. * His black skin still played against him * U.S. Supreme Court ruling disobeyed Laws and Legal Actions Taken * Another ruling in 1958, * The Court should grant Hawkins a hearing * UF should be prohibited from implementing their white persons only policy, * It also found that Hawkins lacked the required qualifications to enter into the UF law school (Paulson & Hawkes, 1984). Bar Examinations * Later in 1976, in Re Florida Board of Bar Examiners case, * Special permission was granted by the Supreme Court * Hawkins allowed admission to the Florida Bar * On the grounds of his state diploma (State Ex Rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control, n.d). Concurring Opinions from the Judges * Five judges concurred * Chief Justice Terrell was one of them * Concurred that segregation was a normal phenomenon * Under the laws of natural theory * It practiced since time immemorial, even during the ancient times of Egyptian segregation of the Jews. Dissenting Opinions from the Judges * Two justices dissented and sided with the U.S Supreme Court’s ruling * They disagreed with their 5 colleagues, * Justice Roberts argued that the U.S. Supreme Court violated the judges’ oath * of “supporting, protecting, and defending the federal constitution.” * Justice Hobson noted that it was paramount to obey the federal law and the U.S Supreme Court’s decision. References Hawkins v. Board of Control of Florida, 162 F. Supp. 851 (N.D. Fla. 1958). (n.d). Justia U.S. Law. Web. Paulson, D., & Hawkes, P. (1984). Desegregating the University of Florida Law School: Virgil. Florida State University Law Review, 12 (1), 58-72. State Ex Rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control. (n.d). Justia U.S. Law. Web.
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Samsung Laptops, Changes in Technology and Prices Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. Samsung Laptops 4. Explanation 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction The old saying that change is an avoidable aspect of human life continues to bless or haunt investments depending on how they manage the effects of changes in technology, lifestyle, politics and the requirements of modern societies (McConnell 2009). This paper examines the effects of change in technology on the sale and distribution of Samsung laptops. Definition Change refers to the introduction of a new product, service or aspect to the existing way of doing things. It an also refer to the elimination of some aspects involved in the production, distribution or sale processes. Technology is the use of better and sophisticated tools, machines and skills to produce goods or services. Samsung Laptops Laptops are becoming necessities in the lives of students pursuing higher studies due to the need to do extensive research and produce quality work within a short time. At the same time, business people are also looking for new markets for their products and investment opportunities through the internet and this means that the demand for this product continues to escalate (Ball 2009). However, there are also other laptop producers like Sony, HP, Dell, Lenovo and LG among others who are also seeking to penetrate to all markets and attract consumers. This means that there is a stiff competition among these companies and the one that produces cheap and quality products will get a large share of the available market. Samsung has introduced new laptops that are faster, slim, attractive, cheap, durable and light in weight to enable consumers to prefer them to other commodities (McConnell 2009). Therefore, they have adopted new technologies and at the same time reduced their prices to ensure their competitors stand lower chances of convincing clients to buy their products. Chart Representation Explanation The discussion above has illustrated the need for computer companies to produce attractive laptops to attract clients and compete well with other similar companies. First, its recent laptops have Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connections, built in microphone, an expandable internal memory and can accommodate other applications like Android that enable users to access the internet and other services. In addition, they are very light compared to other laptops from other companies and this means that they are portable. Therefore, students and travelers can carry them without experiencing the problems associated with bulkiness and heavy weight. Lastly, they are very fast compared to their predecessors and those from other companies. Samsung has discovered that people have wasted a lot of time trying to download contents from the internet and producing documents for various reasons. Therefore, it has eliminated this problem by producing laptops that are user friendly and have guidelines that help people to perform various tasks within a short time (Ball 2009). However, these features have not caused an increase in the prizes of these commodities and this means that consumers can get quality goods at low prices. Conclusion Investors should always anticipate changes in market trends and prepare to manage them to ensure their businesses are not affected by them. It is important to explain that social, political and economic issues keep changing and this means that producers must ensure their products reflect and accommodate these changes to ensure they continue making profits. References Ball, L. M. (2009). Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. New York: Worth Publishers. McConnell, C. R. (2009). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
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The Influence of the First Women Sociologists in the Development of Science Essay Table of Contents 1. Female Figures in Early Sociology 2. Modern Views on Women Sociologists 3. Conclusion 4. References Women are often overlooked figures in sociology, rarely getting mentions in the literature on the subject. However, numerous women stood at the foundation of sociology and inspired many of the ideas used today. This essay aims to explore the views of early women sociologists, the impact they could have made with broader recognition and whether modern women have overcome the issues discovered by the founders. Female Figures in Early Sociology All of the following women have made substantial contributions to sociology as well as other areas: Harriet Martineau, Jane Addams, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna Cooper, Ida Wells-Barnett, Marianne Weber, Beatrice Potter Webb and the women of the Chicago School. However, only Harriet Martineau is frequently cited in scholarly works, and primarily as the translator of Auguste Comte’s works. However, the contributions of the others did not disappear entirely. The Garden Cities movement spoke out against the congestion and social dislocation of the city. The vision of its founder, Ebenezer Howard, was influential and led to the creation of new ways of urban planning. However, according to Jarvis (2014), his ideas were inspired by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and her critique of androcentrism. Her ideas had gone mostly unnoticed despite multiple publications. In contrast to Gilman, Beatrice Potter Webb had never described herself as a feminist. According to Delaney (2014), “Her simple reasoning for not identifying with the feminist movement was because she personally never experienced anything negative resulting from her gender” (p. 145). Mostly concerning herself with empirical research of poverty, she declared that social conditions caused poverty as opposed to the popular idea of personal unfitness. W.E.B. Du Bois was an influential sociologist who made important contributions to the study of race and sociology in general. Jane Addams, however, was just as important to the theory, maintaining a complex relationship with Du Bois throughout its creation according to Boles, Hopps, Clayton & Brown (2016). Her contributions, however, had not been officially recognized until the late 20 th century. One important unifying feature about all of the above examples is that their views have not been forgotten. Even though the female researchers have often been dismissed and not mentioned in contemporary literature, their ideas were influential. The contributions of women to classical sociology have made a significant impact and become part of the canon. Modern Views on Women Sociologists Nowadays, the contributions of women to early sociology are being reevaluated. Researchers of classical theory such as Delaney (2014) include detailed reviews of the contributions of various women who stood at the beginning of the discipline. The role of these early founders is being investigated, and proper recognition is given to them. Meanwhile, the role of women in modern sociology is quickly growing. According to Ritzer and Stepnisky (2017), “implications of feminist theory are moving increasingly into the mainstream of the discipline; engaging all its subspecialties; influencing many of its long-established theories, both macro and micro [sic]” (p. 223). The difficulties encountered by the female founders of the discipline appear to have been overcome. Conclusion For a long time, the role of the early female sociologists had been downplayed, with little mention of their names in scientific works. However, their ideas influenced the beginning of the discipline and became part of the classical theory. At present, work is also ongoing to identify their vital contributions and give credit where it’s due. The hurdles encountered by early female sociologists have been overcome, and the feminist theory is making a significant impact on sociology as a whole. References Boles, D., Hopps, J., Clayton, O., & Brown, S. (2016). The dance between Addams and Du Bois: Collaboration and controversy in a consequential 20th century relationship. Phylon, 53 (2), 34-53. Delaney, T. (2014). Classical and contemporary social theory . New York: Routledge. Jarvis, H. (2014). Transforming the sexist city: Non-sexist communities of practice. Analize: Journal of Gender and Feminist Studies, 3 (17), 7-27. Ritzer, G., Stepnisky, J. (2017). Classical sociological theory . SAGE Publications.
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The Required Hardware 2. The Approach to Back up the Devices 3. Approaches to Enhance the Network 4. Conclusion 5. References In order to develop the entire home network that can be actively used for performing different tasks, it is important to plan to purchase the appropriate hardware and focus on the issues of security management. Orienting to the available budget of $1,000.00, it is important to describe the required hardware and the network system; to select concrete items to be used for completing the home network; to discuss the approach to beck up devices, and to suppose areas for the further improvement of the network. The Required Hardware Assuming that such computer components as a monitor and keyboards are ready to be used, it is important to purchase the Dell Precision PC with the installed video card and Intel Processor. A network card is also installed on the computer. This computer is cost-efficient and characterized by access to wired and wireless networks. The DDR3 SDRAM memory and hard drive in 500 GB are appropriate for the chosen type of the network. In order to provide an additional workplace and access to the home network, it is necessary to purchase a Dell Inspiron Laptop. The additional memory card should be purchased to guarantee effective and quick work with a lot of materials daily. It is also important to focus on selecting the Dell External hard drive for storing and sharing the materials within the network (Gillooly, 2011). The other important component of the network is a printer (Table 1). The selected wireless all-in-one printer is an appropriate choice because it allows avoiding the use of the additional print server and other technologies and devices. The most important aspect of the home network is the provision of the wired and wireless Internet connection. The broadband cable modem is selected for this network because it enables wireless connectivity and wired connectivity while having the in-built router and many ports for effective device connectivity. The wired components of the system should be connected with the help of appropriate cables. While focusing on the use of the broadband cable modem with the in-built router, it is possible to guarantee that all the selected hardware devices have access to both wireless and wired connections, and the broadband connection is provided. All the selected components can be purchased while using the budget of $1,000.00. Table 1. The Costs of Required Items at Amazon.com Required Item Amount Price at Amazon.com Dell Precision T3500 W3550 3.06 GHz CPU 8GB MEM 1tb HDD Windows 7 Pro 64 Bit Installed Hd2400 Video Card 1 $350 Dell Inspiron 14 3000 Series 14-Inch Laptop (i3451-1001BLK) 1 $249.99 HP Memory Card 1 $72.99 ZOOM DOCSIS 3.0 Cable Modem and Wireless-N Router 1 $99.24 Printer Epson Expression XP-410 Wireless Color All-in-One Inkjet Printer 1 $59.99 Dell External hard drive (storage) 1 $98.24 Cables 4 $10.00 Total $970.45 ( Amazon.com, 2015). The Approach to Back up the Devices The most economically advantageous approach to back up the devices used in the home network is the use of the external hard drive. It is appropriate to use it being shared from the computer with the help of the network. This type of backup is rather easy and appropriate for the undeveloped or small home network. Furthermore, it is possible to refer to the use of the local area network for storing and sharing the materials (Mombrea, 2015). It is also important to guarantee the creation of accesses and accounts for the users of the network, and it is necessary to secure the IP address and the modem/router in order to ensure its safety for sharing the information securely and easily with paroles. Thus, the wireless local area network for sharing the file is effective when it is secured (Gillooly, 2011). In combination with the use of the external hard drive, the appropriate level of storage and sharing the information can be guaranteed for the small home network. Approaches to Enhance the Network While having an additional $1,000.00 to enhance the network, it is necessary to purchase the other two laptops in order to improve the current infrastructure of the home network. The rest sum of money can be used to improve the storage of the information and redundancy aspects with the help of purchasing the network-attached storage. This approach to back up devices is effective when there are more than two computers or laptops used in the system and when there are many additional devices used for sharing and storing the information. The network-attached storages are appropriate to share several folders and to be connected with all the computers and laptops as well as other devices in the system (Gillooly, 2011). Furthermore, these storage devices can guarantee the recovery of the damaged of lost data. Conclusion The development of the home network is a not challenging task where significant financial resources are available. However, the selection of the necessary hardware should be careful when the amount of available money is limited because of the necessity to create a secured home network that is appropriately protected from intrusions. References Amazon. (2015). Web. Gillooly, J. (2011). How to build a home network: routers, connections, storage . Web. Mombrea, M. (2015). The best home backup plan options – Part 3 : External drive backup. Web.
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Amnesia in Korsakoff’s Syndrome Research Paper Abstract Amnesia is the total or partial loss or impairment of memory as a result of disease, injury or severe emotional trauma. The individual suffering from amnesia is unable to recall events that happened in the preceding few minutes, months or years. Amnesia is of two types: * Anterograde amnesia * Retrograde amnesia In aterograde amnesia, the person is unable to recall recent events such as something that happened a few hours ago. In retrograde amnesia, the person cannot recall remote memories. Amnesia has several causes such as depression, poor concentration, age and physical illness with the Korsakoff’s syndrome being one of the illnesses that can cause amnesia. Amnesia in Korsakoff’s syndrome The Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by a lack of vitamin B1 which is also referred to as thiamine. This vitamin is involved in a number of reactions which provide energy to the neurons in the brain. Lack of thiamine results in lack of these reactions and consequently lack of the end products produced by the reactions. Unavailability of this end products leads to sub-normal functioning of the body leading to symptoms that are characteristic of the syndrome. Vitamin B1 deficiency is common in people who are alcoholic, who undergo dialysis, pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum and patients who are on a long term vitamin-free diet after surgery. This syndrome can occur together with wernicke’s syndrome which is characterized by ataxia, confusion and paralysis of the eye muscles that are responsible for eye movement. When these two occur together they are referred to as wernicke’s – korsakoff’s syndrome. This condition is characterized by an impaired temporal order recall, anterograde amnesia that is the inability to recall relevant events, confabulation where the patient makes up stories to fill in the missing gaps created by the memory loss. The patient is usually unaware of any memory defect and this is one of the hallmarks of the disease. The mamilliary bodies and the thalamus in the diencephalons are the parts responsible for the amnesia. To be precise, the amnesia is caused by atrophy of the nuclei in the midline of the thalamus. The diagnosis of anterograde amnesia in Korsakoff’s syndrome is done by examining the mental state of the individual so as to recognize confabulation and assess the ability to absorb new information. This syndrome is treated by the intra-venous administration of thiamine. Improvement takes months of treatment and even then, the person does not make a full recovery as the memory loss is irreversible. Unlike the anterograde amnesia that is seen in the Korsakoff’s syndrome, the amnesia associated with bilateral medial-temporal lobectomy is retrograde. This means that the patient who has undergone a bilateral media-temporal lobectomy is unable to recall events that happened before the onset of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia following this lobectomy shows that structures and pathways in the anterior temporal lobes play a very important role in memory for past events. There has been unresolved issues as to what extent and manner retrograde amnesia affects such facts (semantic) memory and autobiographical (episodic) memory. Available information, however, shows that retrograde amnesia can vary in its severity. Research findings indicate that damage to the hippocampal formation is responsible for retrograde amnesia and that additional temporal cortical damage produces more extensive and severe retrograde amnesia. References John PJ, Pinel. (2008) Biopsychology -7 th Editio n. Boston, Mass. : Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Kirwan CB, Bagley PJ, Galvan VV, Squire LR. From the cover: Detailed recollection of remote autobiographical memory after damage to the medial temporal lobe . PNAS, 2008; 105(7): 2676-2680.
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Airlines Website Evaluation and Electronic Marketing Plan Essay Emirates Airlines The website has several functions. It contains information, such as timetables, allows managing booked flights, sells airline tickets, and offers services like booking a guided tour. As for the pricing, an optional type is used, which means that there are a basic price and some additional options which cost extra. The website is available in many languages, so people from any country can surf it. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. The target market is Dubai citizens, upper class from America and Europe. The layout seems perfect. It is stylish. Any information is easy to access. While scrolling the site, a visitor will always see the form used to purchase flights. On the one hand, it encourages buying tickets. On the other hand, it might be annoying (Emirates Airlines). Electronic Marketing Plan 1) This airline provides services worldwide. 2) It serves clients from different countries. 3) The objective is to increase online sales. 4) The distribution strategy is to be used. 5) It is necessary to improve the form which appears while scrolling. 6) The budget should include the designers’ fees. 7) Since it will increase sales, the plan looks feasible and adequate (Strauss & Frost, 2016). Etihad Airline The website comprises different functions. It provides general information, allows managing booked flights, and sells airline tickets. As for the pricing, and optional type is used. The website is available in many languages, so people from all over the world can purchase tickets without any problems. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. The target market is top-management and wealthy families, especially from India. The layout leaves much to be desired. However, the information is arranged properly, and it is possible to find the necessary data rather quickly (Etihad Airline). Since it does not give any links to hotels and car rentals, they should be added to the site to offer more possibilities to clients (Zahran, Al-Nuaim, Malcoln & Benyon, 2014). Electronic Marketing Plan 1) This airline is one of the largest in the world. 2) It serves clients of different ages and origins. 3) The objective is to provide competitive services in the segment. 4) It is necessary to apply a mix of product and distribution strategies (Shaw, 2016). 5) It is necessary to find partners that supply the required services, agree on conditions, sign a contract and upload the information. 6) The budget should include the contract’s costs. 7) Since this is a partnership relation, the plan looks feasible and adequate (Strauss & Frost, 2016). Qatar Airways The website combines various functions. It sells airline tickets, supplies information, allows managing booked flights, and offers services, like booking a hotel. As for the pricing, and optional type is used. Most of the website is translated into different languages, so people from all over the world can visit it. The layout of the home page implies that the most actively promoted service is selling airline tickets. Based on the home-page picture, the target market is Pakistani of all ages, ordinary people who travel to Doha and from Doha. The website has a pleasant layout. The information is organized appropriately. However, the privilege club data is available only in English and Arabic. Therefore, it is necessary to translate it into other languages (Qatar Airways). Electronic Marketing Plan 1) This airline provides services worldwide. 2) It serves rich clients from different countries. 3) The objective is to make the website more comprehensible. 4) The privilege club data is to be translated into different languages. 5) It is necessary to translate the information and upload it to the site. 6) The budget should include the translator’s fees (up to $20 per A4 page). 7) Since it might attract more loyal customers worldwide, the plan looks feasible and adequate (Strauss & Frost, 2016). Taken into account the above-said, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that the best website is the one of Emirates Airlines. References Emirates Airlines. Web. Etihad Airlines. Web. Qatar Airways. Web. Shaw, S. (2016). Airline Marketing and Management, New York, NY: Routledge. Strauss, J., & Frost, R. D. (2016) E-Marketing, New York, NY: Routledge. Zahran, D. I., Al-Nuaim, H. A., Malcoln, J. R., & Benyon, D. (2014). A comparative approach to web evaluation and website evaluation methods. International Journal of Public Information Systems, 10 (1), 21-39.
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Pfizer’s Drug-Testing Strategy in Nigeria Essay What are the different phases that a Drug Company goes through in order to bring a new drug product to market in the U.S. and Europe? In the US and Europe markets, new drugs are released in the market after a number of trials have been done. This is necessary to asses their efficacy and safety. Phase one revolves around experimental medicine where trials are done to asses the drugs tolerability and safety. As much as the drug might be administered, this is usually done under a lot of supervision. Phase two revolves around the effectiveness of the drug in relation to the illness (Pfizer, 2011, p. 8). In this case, the effectiveness of the drug in treating the illness is evaluated. This phase is characterized by collecting a lot of information on the drug to see its safety, risks and side effects. As a matter of fact, the best way by which the drug can be administered and the right dosage are evaluated. Phase three is done on large populations to gauge the effectiveness of the drug. In this case, a large number of participants are chosen to provide a primary basis for the experimental drug. The next step after phase three is registration with the regulatory authority (Pfizer, 2011, p. 5). For instance, the FDA in US and the EMEA in Europe are responsible for registration. After this has been granted, new medicines can then be sold to patients. A new approval refers to drugs that have been given the green light to be marketed. Phase four revolves around post marketing studies that are occasionally done on a drug after it has been registered. Did Pfizer behave unethically by rushing to take advantage of an epidemic in Nigeria to test experimental drugs on children? Pfizer behaved unethically because the drug had not been approved to be administered on 100 children (BBC, 2001, p. 23). The company violated three laws thereby leading to the death of five children. As a matter of fact, children and their parents did not know that they were using an experimental drug. Should it have been less opportunistic and proceeded more carefully? There are all indications to show that the company was somehow opportunistic in its moves. It seems that Pfizer did not follow the right step because all the phases were not undertaken (BBC, 2001, p.14). The company took advantage of this epidemic to test its experimental drug and this should have been done more carefully. Were corners cut with regard to patient consent in the rush to establish a trial? Corners were cut with regard to patient consent because children and their parents did not know that they were using an experimental drug. It can be well proven that patients did not know that they were using an experimental drug because the company could not prove it. Did doctors keep patients on Trovan too long when they should have switched them to another medication? It is quite obvious that patients were kept too long on Trovan. This is because five deaths were reported yet this could have been avoided (BBC, 2001, p. 9). As a matter of fact, some children developed arthritis yet there were other approved drugs at the field hospital that could have been used. This is well elaborated by the fact that Doctors Without Borders were using an approved drug at that place. Is it ethical to test experimental drugs on children in a crisis setting in the developing world where the overall standard of health care is so much lower than in the developed world and proper protocols might not be followed? It is not ethical at all to test experimental drugs in a crisis setting because better drugs can be used to avert a crisis. The company could have used the right steps in introducing a new drug unlike what they did (BBC, 2001, p.17). Later on, the drug was approved to be used by adults in USA yet the company was testing the drug with children. This is very unethical of a large multinational that is supposed to uphold ethical standards in its practices. Reference List BBC. (2001). Nigerians sue Pfizer over test deaths . Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1517171.stm Pfizer. (2011). Phases of Development. Web.
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Introduction 2. Key Findings 3. Similarities of Research Findings 4. Factors Leading to the Current Situation 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Despite access to research findings, nurses do not utilize these research findings as required. This is caused by lack of support from senior managers and other health officers. Another barrier in the utilization and implementation of research findings is that some health articles are not written in English. Lack of implementation is also as a result of too much material in the reports. Reading the entire report and implementing it may take up a lot of time. Key Findings According to this research, 58% of the nurses did not participate in scientific activities and research, 72.9% did not attend any scientific activity such as congress and symposium in their career, 63% could not communicate in English as it was not their first language, and 84.4% of these nurses were only engaged in scientific research activities as participants. Though 62.3% of the respondents confirmed that they infrequently participated in congress, 84.4% of those who participated complained that they did not receive financial support. However, 53.5% of the nurses were not willing to participate in research due to varied reasons. It was also evident that 62.4% of the participants did not know that these scientific activities existed. 45.4% of the nurses indicated that the most significant barrier to the participation and implementation of research findings was the lack of sufficient time on the job to implement the new ideas. 32.4% of the nurses also felt that they could not change the health care procedures already in place. Also, 30.3% of the nurses had no time to read the research findings (Aksayan, Bahar, & Bayık, 2004). Similarities of Research Findings The research showed that nurses would be willing to participate more in scientific study if they had sufficient time, financial and institutional support. The findings of this research showed that a low number of nurses in the Eastern Anatolian Region participated in scientific activities and research, also a small percentage were able to follow the research journals. These findings are consistent with previous research reports in other parts of the world. Research conducted in Australia showed that, 70% of the nurses did not participate in any scientific activity in the health care profession. This study also found out that 85% of the nurses did not keep up with professional journals. The study carried out in the UK proved that 70% of the nurses did not participate in any scientific research. Studies conducted by Yava and colleagues from Turkey showed that 11.3% of the nurses took part in the research process. This report also indicated that 70% of the nurses did not participate in scientific activities. The study also revealed that 90.8% of the participants never subscribed to any periodical. Another study conducted by Emiroglu and colleagues showed that 24.9% of the nurses interviewed had not participated in any scientific activity. This research also showed that only 19.1% of the nurses read scientific journals and periodicals. Factors Leading to the Current Situation Multiple researches conducted by different groups indicate that nurses do not frequently participate in scientific research. It is evident that only a small percentage of nurses keep up with scientific journals and other publications. These studies show that nurses encounter some key barriers which hinder them from effectively taking part and following up on research and scientific activities. Studies conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom and other parts of the world indicate that insufficient time was one of the prevalent barriers to the implementation of new ideas. Another major barrier is the lack of authority to change the patient care procedures in the health centers. Major barriers identified in research are as a result of lack of collaboration and chance for implementation, and incomprehension of statistical data. There is also no reported need to implement changes based on research. Some nurses also do not have colleagues with whom they can discuss the research findings. For nurses to have autonomy in their practice, it is necessary for senior health officials to consider some important facilitators for research utilization in nursing practice. These facilitators include individual and organizational factors, and empowerment of nurses (Aksayan, et al., 2004). According to the findings of different studies, nurses should be informed about scientific developments and clinical implementations through in-service training. Information about scientific development should also be included in research courses undertaken in colleges prior to graduation. Managers in a health institution should support and encourage nurses to participate in research and scientific activities (Tan, Sahin, & Ozdemir, 2012). If this research had been conducted in the United States, the findings would have been similar. This is because the health care environment in United States, Turkey, and other parts of the world is quite similar. This is evident because the results published in both Turkish and international journals are similar (Tan, et al., 2012). Conclusion Nurses in Turkey and all over the world face a number of challenges as they try to adapt to health care environment. Communication and language problems are the most common barriers during the transition and adaptation period. Regulatory agencies, employers, and fellow nurses cite language as the most prevailing barrier in the implementation of research findings. Experts in the nursing field suggest that time constraint is a major cause of failure of implementation of the research findings. According to this research, nurses barely find time to read the research findings. References Aksayan, S., Bahar, Z., & Bayık, A. (2004). Nursing Research Principles and Methods of the process. Istanbul, Turkey: Focus Offset . Tan, M., Sahin, Z. A., & Ozdemir, F.K. (2012). Barriers of research utilization from the perspective of nurses in Eastern Turkey. Nursing Outlook , 60 (1), 44-50. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2011.07.002.
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Placing the services in the Brentford area, however, one must take certain specifics of the place into account. First of all, the season matters much. It is quite obvious that in summer, the spate of orders is expected, while in winter, most people prefer to enjoy their meals at home – with the exception for the winter holidays, perhaps. Thus, May or June is the best time to start trading. The services are going to be launched with the help of TV and online commercials together with newspaper advertisements. It must be taken into account, though, that people are used to take the idea of “home cooked meals” with a grain of salt. Therefore, the means to convince them will be to offer the customers a bite of the meals from Home from Home Cooking for free. It goes without saying that, before starting to produce the goods, one must locate the sources of the products. It is important to keep in mind that the key stake of the takeaway services in question is the fact that all the ingredients are natural; moreover, the meals are produced as close to the home-cooked meals recipes as possible. Therefore, it is reasonable enough to suggest that not only the local chicken factory farms are going to be used as the source for the products, but also the local farms which offer GMO-free fruits and vegetables. According to the statistics on Brentford area, such companies as Herbal Life or Stockwell Healthy Living ( Organic meat for a greener diet Brentford , n. d.) will deliver the required goods in the Brentford Area for a reasonable price. Speaking of the means of production, the meals are going to be cooked in the takeaway, or, to be more precise, in one of the rooms of the premises in which the takeaway is going to be located. Therefore, the costs for the food delivery are going to be cut, which is obviously an advantage. Using the right package for the product sometimes has a tremendous effect on its popularity. Moreover, a good package sometimes serves as the pivoting point at which the customer decides whether (s)he likes the given service or not. As for the takeaway meals, it seems reasonable to create a package that of a bright yet not acid color(s) and that is easy to open and close. As for the transportation issues, it is necessary to remind that the offered services are the takeaway home-cooked meals, which means that there is no need in delivering the goods to the clients; the latter will have to come and take the products on their own, which is the very idea of a takeaway. Speaking of the transportation of the supplies, it can be suggested that the products are going to be delivered by the suppliers, which will demand additional costs for the delivery service. Finally, addressing the issue of competitiveness, one must admit that in the existing market, Home from Home Cooking will take a niche which has not yet been filled by any of the rival companies. To be more exact, Home from Home Cooking will not only provide takeaway food, but also offer only home-cooked products. Taking into account the statistics on the Brentford area, one must admit that “there is also a lower average proportion of takeaways” ( Local Shopping Centres , 2010), which means that the competition will be far from aggressive. Thus, it can be expected that the venture will be completely successful. Reference List Local Shopping Centres 2010. Web. Organic meat for a greener diet Brentford , n. d. Web.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Its Nature Research Paper Negative emotions constitute an intrinsic part of each person’s life, and it is valid to say that every single individual has bad moods and feels anxious time after time. In a healthy mental state, negative feelings and emotions, as well as fears and psychological tensions, shortly become replaced with the neutral and positive ones. Nevertheless, when anxiety persists for a significant time, it may indicate the development of an anxiety disorder. According to Bystritsky et al., anxiety disorders are usually less visible than many other mental disorders such as schizophrenia, yet they may have a similarly substantial adverse effect on one’s life and functionality (30). They are also among the most prevalent psychological conditions and are present in nearly 13% of the US people (Bystritsky et al. 30). There are different types of anxiety disorders identified in the literature, including phobias and panic disorders. As Grison et al. note, all of them are associated with such a symptom as “excessive fear in the absence of true danger” (505). However, compared to phobias, which are usually characterized by fear of a particular thing, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is manifested in continual anxiety not related to anything in particular. Bandelow et al. state that fears and overexaggerated dangers perceived and experienced by people with GAD can extend to almost every sphere of life including “health, family relationships, and their occupational or financial situation (or that of persons close to them)” (300). Additionally, Goodwin et al. note that GAD is associated with attentional biases to threat stimuli (107). It means that compared to healthy individuals, people with this disorder are constantly on alert because their attention to plausible and minor dangers is captured automatically. Since such a condition is unnatural and exposes the human body to a high level of stress, it may lead to multiple physical symptoms. For instance, according to Grison et al., the anxiety-related chronic arousal of the nervous system can provoke hypertension, fatigue, headaches, muscle pains, restlessness, intestinal problems, lightheadedness, and sleep problems (506-507). All of these physiological signs can be used by healthcare practitioners to diagnose GAD. As for the causes of GAD development, there is no clear evidence regarding this issue in the literature. The major etiological factors accepted by researchers are “traumatic life experiences, faulty conditioning, genetic influences, and neurobiological dysfunction” (Bandelow et al. 300). Moreover, Newman et al. state that the given mental disorder may occur as a result of insecure attachment in childhood, parental loss, and separation (96). Along with physical symptoms, the subjective patient data derived from family and personal history can help differentiate GAD from other disorders. It is important to note these data considering that many patients with GAD have various psychological comorbidities including depression, fibromyalgia, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and others (Goodwin et al. 94). Additionally, it is worth noticing that since the causality of GAD is more likely multifactorial in nature, the disorder must be addressed through complex and comprehensive interventions. For example, Locke et al. suggest that the combination of medication and physiotherapy is particularly effective in cases of moderate and severe GAD (620). Moreover, patient education, lifestyle counseling, as well as the development of meaningful, trustful, and compassionate relationships with individuals who have GAD can largely contribute to the improvement of their condition. Overall, GAD can substantially disrupt important activities in the individual’s daily life. For this reason, it is essential to understand the disorder well and diagnose it correctly. GAD diagnosis requires a wide differential and accuracy to detect contributing factors and comorbidities. At the same time, right identification of GAD is key to the prescription of effective therapy. Works Cited Bandelow, Borwin et al. “The Diagnosis and Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder.” Deutsches Ärzteblatt International , vol. 110, no. 17, 2013, pp. 300–310. Bystritsky, Alexander et al. “Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders.” Pharmacy and Therapeutics , vol. 38, no. 1, 2013, pp. 30–57. Goodwin, Huw, et al. “Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Worry and Attention to Threat: A Systematic Review.” Clinical Psychology Review , vol. 54, 2017, pp. 107–122. Grison, Sarah, et al. Psychology in Your Life . 2nd ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2016. Locke, Amy B., et al. “Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. ” American Family Physician , vol. 91, no. 9, 2015, pp. 617−624. Newman, Michelle G., et al. “Developmental Risk Factors in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder.” Journal of Affective Disorders , vol. 206, 2016, pp. 94–102.
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Galleon Group’s Insider Trading Coursework The case of Galleon Group exemplifies the ethical pitfalls that can profoundly shape the decisions of entrepreneurs and financial managers. This scandal broke out because Rajat Gupta passed private information about mergers and quarterly revenues of different companies to a hedge-fund manager, Raj Rajaratham. In turn, this activity enabled these people to earn more than 33 million during two years. Later, the Securities and Exchange Commission accused these individuals of corporate fraud and insider trading. Moreover, this accusation led to their conviction. These are the main elements of this case. Researchers define insider trading as either buying or selling stock by people who possess private information about its future value. Such activities usually enables individuals to derive substantial benefits from these financial transactions. Moreover, inside trading can deprive potential investors of their savings, especially if they buy stocks that can soon depreciate. Insider trading is illegal in most advanced countries like the United States or the United Kingdom, This is the policy that legislators currently adopt. Moreover, this activity contradicts various ethical models, which decision-makers can use. One can analyze insider trading with the help of different ethical frameworks. For instance, it is possible to apply a utilitarian approach. According to this theory, an individual should focus primarily on the consequences of their actions, rather than their motives. Thus, people, who take part in insider training, deprives investors of the potential profits or even their life-long savings. For example, due to Enron fraud, many people purchased stocks, which proved to virtually worthless. This is why utilitarian ethics cannot justify such financial practices. Second, one can apply deontological ethics in order to discuss insider trading. The supporters of this approach lay stress on the need to comply with existing social norms. Therefore, people like Rajat Gupta or Raj Rajaratham act immorally even if the consequences of their actions are beneficial. Although, Rajat Gupta may spend this money on philanthropy, from a deontological perspective, this pretext is not sufficient for justifying insider trading. The problem is that such an action violates the duties of a moral individual. So, people should not overlook this issue when making their ethical choices. Furthermore, it is possible to use the virtual ethics. In this case, one should focus on the qualities that a certain behavior embodies. For example, insider trading can represent secrecy, unscrupulousness, and willingness to earn money at the expense of others. Moreover, people, who take part in insider trading, disregard the welfare of other people. Therefore, in this case, one can speak about complete irresponsibility and unwillingness to put oneself in the position of other people. Thus, such attributes are not typical of ethical individuals who do not disregard the needs of other people. Finally, one can apply such a concept as veil of ignorance. This notion means that a person should judge the morality of an action from an impartial position. In other words, a judge should not side with any of potential stakeholders. Thus, a judge should consider the impact of an activity on various stakeholders. For instance, one can speak about employees, shareholders, investors, and many other stakeholders. In this case, investors will run a significant risk. Therefore, insider trading is not acceptable. So, existing ethical models are not compatible with insider trading. These are the main arguments that one can advance.
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Bobby Jones, the CEO, believes that such incentives motivate managers to better services offered to customers. Despite the controversy surrounding this issue, Lin (2009) acknowledges that awarding stock options increases the benefits of incentivizing. Granting stock options to middle level managers has potential long term benefits. For instance, co-ownership, as granting stock options is commonly referred to, has the potential to retain good employees. This is besides the enhancement of long-term profit maximization, which effectively helps a firm achieve its bottom line. Additionally, granting stock options parallels the interest of stockholders with those of the company. As such, the stock of a firm in which managers are co-owners gains long term market worth. Agarwal (2009), unlike Lin (2009), sees stock options as ambiguous business practice. Agarwal (2009) believes that by awarding stock options can be counter productive, in that through them, managers are able to “influence pay-setting process”. This implies that such managers can issue more stock to themselves pending good market news. As such, this compounds the problem of incentivizing as managers attribute improved performance to kickbacks. Additionally, making managers to be co-owners gives such managers the ability to fix stock prices and as such stocks lose intrinsic monetary value. Based on Lin’s (2009) assumptions, it is imperative for Bobby Jones to explore other avenues of motivating his middle level managers. According to David Gebler, a senior management consultant, senior managers ought to identify other incentives other than performance based bonuses. Gebler believes that looking beyond money and stocks as a means of motivating employees accrues added benefit to firms. Programs and policies aimed at enhancing the understanding of a firm’s core are some of the most effective ways of incentivizing managers, and leads to adoption of a productive work-based culture. However, Gebler believes such policies to be out of touch with the actual needs of middle level mangers. Instead, Gebler proposes a more pragmatic approach that mainly involves appreciation of the worth of middle level managers. This can be achieved through adopting a two-way communication model between top and middle level managers. According to Gebler (2009), a two-way communication model increases the involvement of middle level managers in decision making within a firm. While this increases the commitment of middle level managers, there are other benefits attributed to it. For instance, knowing that their input significantly influences decision making, middle level managers are likely to be motivated to improve performance. This eliminates notions of under-appreciation, which is largely attributed to de-motivated managers. Additionally, a two-way communication model improves communication within a firm. This effectively enhances understanding between senior and middle level managers, especially on personal values. Through a two-way communication model, senior level managers gain a deeper understanding of personal values of each of the middle level managers, which effectively highlights what personally motivates each individual. Such knowledge enables senior level managers to incentivize appropriately. Other than a two-way communication model, giving middle level managers absolute control is in itself an incentive that increases output. In doing so, firms ought to not only enquire from middle level managers of necessary resources but also allocate to such resources to them (Terpstra and Rozell, 1993). This not only empowers middle level managers but also improves their commitment on the job which further improves business outcomes. Reference List Agarwal, V. (2009). Motivating managers: How incentives and discretion play into hedge fund performance. Web. Gebler, D. (2009). “Beyond bonuses: motivating your managers.” Bloomberg Business Week . Web. Lin, S. (2009). Why firms award stock options: Examining the design of employee stock options. Asian Social Sciences . Web. Terpstra, D. and Rozell, E. (1993). The relationship of staffing practices to organizational level measures of performance. Personnel Psychology , 46 (4).
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Substance Abuse Effects on Society in the USA Research Paper Introduction Substance abuse is the excessive use of something that if taken in large amounts becomes addictive. Excessive usage of these substances leads to one becoming addicted to the substance and therefor has adverse effects on the user and the society at large. Today, the most commonly used and abused substances are alcohol, marijuana, and methamphetamine. These substances, if one is not careful or uses them without limits, can have grave effects on the user and the society (Gavin, 2004). What then is the distinction between marijuana, alcohol, and methamphetamine Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant. It is mainly taken by sports personalities who are recovering from an injury are their services to the rest of the team are needed urgently. Its abuse is the excess usage of the stimulant that has made the sportsperson or any other person using it an addict. Unlike alcohol and marijuana, methamphetamine is not recommended for medical usage at any point. Alcohol abuse on the other hand is a psychiatric diagnosis. It normally describes the use of alcoholic beverages despite negative consequences. The excess use of alcoholic beverages also leading to addiction is referred to as alcoholism, the victim being an alcoholic. Finally, marijuana is a green, brown, or grey mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the hemp plant. There are many other slang names for marijuana used all over. The biological name, however, is cannabis Sativa while the chemical one is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Ianston, 2007). Social effects of the substances The continued use of marijuana is associated with respiratory infections, loss of memory, panic, anxiety, and increased chance of lungs and respiratory cancer. This can lead to adverse effects to society like lowered education performance due to poor memory, increased government expenditure in meeting the health care of the addicts, and increased accidents. On the other hand, methamphetamine will cause stroke, cardiac arrhythmia, high blood pressure, hallucination, weight loss, and paranoid psychosis. This will make society spend so much in trying to help the addicts. The addicts are also likely to cause more accidents to themselves and others due to the state of hallucination. Alcohol abusers are likely to engage in promiscuous behavior which can play part in the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, more accidents due to affected coordination, suicidal tendencies due to depression, health complications, financial problems, and poor family relations. This might be passed to the other generations as some research suggests the high chances of alcohol users to pass the trait to their children. (Heath, 2005). One common effect of the substances is the fact that they all lead to addiction if taken excessively. Addiction is a continual, relapse ailment, characterized by obsessive remedy seeking and medicine use which accompany a molecular and useful change in the brain. This leads to low productivity levels experienced by the addict. This affects the general society in one way or another. Failure by one member of the society to reach his/her potential in performing his/her roles makes the society less productive than it should be (Heath, 2005). Another effect of the substances is that they make the users and abusers behave in violent manners. The relatives and partners of the addicts have regularly complained of violent behaviors and assaults from their partners. Parents have also complained that their children who have engaged in the activities have become violent and some have even complained of abuse. Some of these drugs affect the physical performance of individuals. Marijuana and alcohol have received the majority of the blame for this. Research has shown that many of the couples in the US that are victims of divorce put the blame squarely on alcohol abuse. Those that are yet to go through divorce have blamed alcohol for affecting their performance in bed. The chemical composition of many of these substances does not go well with the biological makeup of the human body. Some of them affect the cells in the human body (Kelly, 2005). Conclusion All in all, substance abuse affects society in one way or the other. Whether or not it is affected directly, the fact remains that the problem will come back to bite society if it is not taken care of. So long as one person in the society is affected, the whole society is affected either socially or economically. References 1. Gavin, C. Love. (2004). A learner’s permit for drinking . Morgan Hill Times. 2. Heath, Dwight B., and Hanson, David J. (2005). The misguided prohibition that governs U.S. colleges . The Chronicle of Higher Education , 2005, 47(48) , p. B14. 3. Ianston M. (2007) Medical Use of Methamphetamine . New York: New York University Press. 4. Kelly, A. (2005). Marijuana Usage In The US, Baltimore . Craig and Paterson Publishers.
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Student Discounts as a Marketing Tool Essay For the last few years, several retail stores, museums, and parks have been offering discounts to students who shop using their school IDs (Batra 566). Student discounts have been of benefit to both students and corporations. Through the initiatives, students have been able to lessen the cost of spending (Batra 567). By offering student discounts, businesses have been able to draw more customers and enhance their reputation. Stores that offer student discounts are likely to attract the attention of teenagers. In the article, the benefits of student discounts to corporations are analyzed. When a business offers student discounts, they begin to create a long-lasting loyalty with future clients (Zeidler 59). It is a fact that students will join the corporate world once they complete their studies. By offering them student discounts, corporations can win their loyalty. Thus, the teenagers will shop from them even after completing their studies. In this regard, corporations that want to increase their customer base in the future should consider offering students discounts because they are their potential clients. Through the strategy, corporations can attract more customers (Bhattacharyya 192). Student discounts will attract several students to buy from corporations. Through this, the corporations’ sales will increase. Equally, the initiative can attract students’ parents to buy from their stores. Parents would like to shop in stores that value their children. Similarly, parents would like to shop in such stores as a way of expressing their gratitude. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent that student discounts attract more customers. With increased customers, corporations will augment their sales. An increase in sales will be realized on all the goods. Because student discounts can attract more students and their guardians, corporations will be able to gain several potential customers. Notably, the clients will be interested not only in students’ items or discounted goods but also in all other goods and services offered by the corporations. By doing so, the corporations’ sales will increase significantly, unlike before the discounts. Like any other corporation offering sale discounts, a business that provides student discounts will have a chance of enhancing its reputation. Whenever a corporation offers a discount to individuals in need like the elderly, the homeless, and students, it illustrates that it is ready to make the world a better place. Usually, the public believes that corporations are money-hungry organizations. Therefore, any deviation from the norm will enhance the corporation’s reputation. Similarly, through student discounts, corporations can be able to free up room in their shops. Sometimes, stores may be filled with goods they do not want to sell anymore. To increase the chances of selling these goods, corporations should offer student discounts on goods. By doing so, the goods will be purchased by the students in large numbers freeing up the store’s space. Lastly, student discounts can enable corporations to meet their target goals. As such, corporations set their monthly, quarterly, and annual sales objectives. When corporations predict that they would not meet their objectives, they usually offer their clients discounts to increase their sales. Through this approach, student discounts will come in handy, as they will enable the corporations to exceed the intended sales figures. Based on the above illustrations, it is apparent that student discounts are more helpful to corporations than they are to students. Works Cited Batra, Satish. Advertising, sales and promotion management . Rev. ed. Mumbai Himalaya Pub. House, 2008. Print. Bhattacharyya, Hrishikes. Working capital management: strategies and techniques . New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India, 2004. Print. Zeidler, Christian. Mobile support in customer loyalty management an architectural framework . Wiesbaden: Gabler Edition Wissenschaft, 2009. Print.
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His father taught him invaluable lessons such as learning from others instead of competing with them, always striving to better oneself, and focusing on things under one’s control. From that, he defined success as the peace of mind that ensues from the knowledge that one gave his all in any endeavor. He had three main rules that he required his students to follow: never be late, do not engage in profanity, and never criticize a teammate. All activities were started and closed on time. Players who used profanity were either suspended from the team for the day or asked to sit on the bench. Players were not allowed to criticize each other because that was the coach’s responsibility. Wooden created a pyramid that would help him to become a great teacher and coach. It had values such as industriousness, enthusiasm, faith, patience, enjoying one’s work, and hard work. As A Student The information could be used in many ways as a student to achieve personal goals and attain excellence. First, the rules about never being late and striving to be the best are invaluable. Students can better themselves through proper time management. This could include going to class on time, spending less time socializing and more time studying, doing the best in all activities, and learning from other people. Second, Wooden’s definition of success could be an effective guide in appreciating the effort put in the attainment of personal goals. This would involve working hard to exceed one’s previous accomplishments instead of pursuing goals that are aimed at becoming better than other people. Third, the values of the pyramid could also be useful in the creation of character. Patience, faith, hard work, and enthusiasm are values that could lead to success if embraced and applied in daily undertakings. Post-Graduation After graduation, the information in the video will be applied in numerous ways, be it in the pursuance of a master’s degree or in the workplace. In both instances, the lessons of keeping time and the values of patience, hard work, and faith will be invaluable. Juggling work and education is a challenging undertaking that necessitates proper time management and hard work. Wooden’s advice to his players to keep time is invaluable. In that regard, I will ensure that I am never late for work or class and that I do my best every day to attain my goals. Patience is a virtue that will facilitate the attainment of success either at work or school. The other “threes” (do not complain, do not whine, and do not make excuses) will also be useful. For instance, I will refrain from making excuses for failure to accomplish goals because of reasons such as lack of time management, unpreparedness, lack of skills, or ignorance. In addition, I will not complain whenever things fail to work out because whining does not help to mitigate the challenges. Instead, solutions to problems will be sought and decisions that improve effectiveness will be made.
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Federal Drug Laws vs. State Medical Marijuana Acts Essay Marijuana is one of the most used illegal drugs in the United States of America. It is now a major concern since there is a leeway to use the drug inform of medicinal claims. Through the state law right of patients have been addressed unlike in the federal laws (Eric et al par.10). Sixteen states including Columbia have a legal provision that permits the cultivation and use of marijuana for medication. A senate bill for the case of Los angeles is on the process of considering the use of marijuana for medical purpose. Owing to this, businesses have started promoting legal marijuana medication on patients affordable and within the safety framework. They have gone as far as prepared themselves by opting to forming co-operates that cultivate and distribute as well as consulting and assisting patient to avoid contamination with other illuminants. The federal substance control Act (“CSA”) prohibits the use of marijuana for whatever reasons therefore contravening the legal rights of individuals to purposes or use marijuana. The legality of marijuana raises a controversy between federal and state laws. Under the state laws, the commerce clause is supreme since it conspicuously gives the federal government jurisdiction to punish anyone involved with either cultivation or use of marijuana or both. Through the raich court, subsequent developments are taking place to challenge the jurisdiction of federal laws not to target marijuana users. Bipartisan coalition sponsors alongside Sam Far of California Democrat have reintroduced a legislation to protect the cannabis patients from facing prosecution as provided by the federal law jurisdiction. The sailing through of bill 3939 would see the state law take over in federal trials. According to state law, seriously sick patients can only qualify to use Marijuana for medicinal purpose. It further permits chronic patients under the provision for people with disability as provided in American people with disability Act of 1990. For one to qualify as a marijuana patient one has to recommended by a licensed physician to confirm. It should be in writing and kept in its original form always when in possession of marijuana. Selling of Marijuana for commercial purposes is prohibited by federal law. The major problem arising is the prevention of diverging the use of medicinal use to non-medical. To prevent the practice of profit making business the overhead costs should be catered for to reduce its price thus discouraging people with minds of making it a profit-generating affair. Transportation measures are in place to avoid illegal access to the drug. The amount of marijuana and distance are restricted within the jurisdiction of federal laws. Transpotation beyond personal needs for a patient is only allowed with condition that one has to carry a written document to proof that the drug transported is done on behalf of patients and should comply with the state laws. Law enforcement officers have undergone enough training to quantify the yield of marijuana to ensure that the patient only produces what is needed for medication without having excess yields that could lead to commercial use. Dispensaries have to comply with the law in terms of safety and accountability not to land the drugs in wrong hands. Dispensaries must run as non profit making corporate. Record keeping and documentation should be done confidentially and accurately nevertheless records must be well kept (Worthington par.2). Marijuana medical identifications are necessary for confidentiality.Safey on handling marijuana is a major concern both to the state and to the individuals. Those with families are endangered since the mishandling of marijuana can contaminate other foods thus incriminating the family for illegally accessing the drug. However the main obstacle here also is the denial of testing and possession of marijuana to non qualified patients. In Los Angeles zoning is cumbersome since the law definition differs on the Interpretation of “collective”. On one hand it implies where the crop is cultivated under one management while on the other it implies individuals in a given zone cultivating the crop. However the law is reluctant since it allows cultivation in a given zone and distributed in the city (Molina par.1). Medicinal use of marijuana at the work place is a big challenge. Some companies are firing employees who test positive on using marijuana. It challenges the law whether to protect the employers just in case a marijuana patient causes damage property or injure someone at the workplace. On my personal opinion, I agree that there is a policy that governs the medicinal use of marijuana in Los Angeles. The only issue is that the policy is not robust enough to filter illegal use of the drug. Part of the law should be amended in particular for the definition of “Collective “to give a clear guideline on what it is supposed to be. The controversial clauses of the federal law should be realigned with the state law so as to avoid contradictions. The policy should elaborate and restrict on the handling of marijuana although there are several challenges. As much as there are efforts being put in place to curb the menace it is very clear that this problem of illegal drug used cannot be completely solved. The U.S President Mr. Barrack Obama is for an official policy from Los Angeles advocates (Elias par.1). Works Cited Elias, Paul. n.d. Huffingtonpost .n.d. Web. Eric D. Shevin & Ariel D. Cark. 2011. Attoneys at law: Marijuana business. 2011. Web. Molina, Genaro.n.d. latimes .n.d. Letters – marijuana growers trash californias forests . Web. Worthington, David. 2012. small planet . 2012. Why more U.S. states could legalize marijuana . Web.
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Teaching the Concepts of Multiplication Essay Introduction Addition refers to a merger or the process of joining two or more things. Alternatively, it can be described as the process of combining parts of a whole. The relationship between multiplication and addition concepts enables students to comprehend the process of multiplication much easily. In this essay, I will explain the relationship between these two concepts. I will elaborate on how the associative, commutative, and distributive properties are related and how grasping these principles apply to later concepts. Teaching the Concepts of Multiplication The process of multiplication involves three main concepts. The first concept relates to partitioning. This concept is in turn related to division. For instance, four groups of six students can be represented as 4×6 and this translates to 24 students. The rate or price forms another multiplication concept. For instance, a car is taken to travel at 70 miles per hour for five hours; it is taken to travel a total of 70×5, which translates to three hundred and fifty miles. Besides, the process of comparison is part of the multiplication concept. For instance, John has three pens while Peter has four times as many as John. Joseph, on the other hand, has half that of Peter. This implies that Peter has 3×4 pens translating to 12 pens. Joseph, on the other hand has six pens. The repeated addition process involves adding a given value or digit repeatedly, for instance 4+4+4+4 = 16. This simply means 4 × 4 = 16. This implies that when four is added four times, it yields 16. Students should be made to know that it is much easier and faster to represent the repeated addition as multiplication. Grouping is also a method that can be used to teach the concept of multiplication by making use of addition. As a way of elaborating on this concept to the students, the teacher can come up with three circles on the board. The teacher should then draw two dots in each circle. This facilitates interpretation of the multiplication process by explaining that if each of the three circles encloses two dots, then all the three circles enclose a total of six dots. The addition concept is put into use by stating that two dots added to two dots and added again two dots gives a total of six dots. Last but not least, another way of teaching the multiplication process is with the help of a line of numbers. For instance, 0—1—2—3—(4)—5—6—7—(8)—9—10—11—(12)—13. Counting four three times, starting from 0, this gives you 12 as the answer. This implies that 4 × 3 = 12. Through continual use of the above mentioned multiplication concepts, students also reinforce their addition skills. Similarly, application of the number line assists students in reinforcing the correspondence between each other while enhancing their addition skills. Grouping assists learners to put their addition facts into practice since it is easier to recognize a group of objects. It is critical for students to comprehend the associative, commutative and distributive properties. The associative property is derived for the term “associate or group”. For instance, x (yz) = (xy) z or 2(3×4) = (2×3)4. In this property, one obtains the same answer even after regrouping the numbers. The commutative property emanates from the term “commute” for instance, ab = ba or 3×4 = 4×3. In this case, moving a number round still gives the same answer. The distributive property is derived from the term “distributing numbers” for example, a (b×c) = ab×c = b×ac or 3 (2×4) is equal to 3 (2) × 4 or 2 × 3 (4). In this case, one distributes a number and still gets the same answer. The properties specified above are instrumental in thinking strategies explored by students as they perform computations. The commutative property can be linked to grouping. In the same way, they can also sketch five circles and insert four stars in them. In the distributive property, students are in a position to reflect and create sets out of the groups. For instance, 2(3) ×4 is equal to 3×2(4). They can multiply 2×3 to get 6 and then making four groups of six to obtain 24. Besides the commutative strategy, students could relate the multiplication concept to the descriptive property by splitting array. Splitting array is significant since learners may apply known facts to study difficult facts. For instance, learners may split a 6×9 assortment further into 6 sets of 4 and 6 sets of 5. They may then proceed to adjoin the cumulative sum of the sets. Besides, the students may decompose cumulative sum into sets. Reflectively, the product of 3×9 may be obtained through decomposing 9 into summation of 3 and 6. The computation will take the form 3× (3+6). In addition, the associative property may be used by the student to mentality simply computation. For instance, 3× 5 × 2 = 3 × 5 = 15 thus, 15 × 2 = 30 besides other forms of clustering sets of numbers with the same multiplication result. Students may apply this property to carry out series of mental arithmetic for a single multiplication problem. It is natural that learners are able to perceive some mistakes made in the concepts, though such mistakes can be largely ignored when the relationship between addition and multiplication is explained to the students. Among the misconceptions that students may perceive is summing the numbers other than multiplying. One of the measures to avoid these misconceptions is to constantly remind students on the difference of the two signs. Another misconception is the order in which to multiply numbers in the event that the multiplication factor is in parenthesis. As such, absolute care should be taken to avoid misconceptions during the teaching process.
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“When I Was One-and-Twenty” by Housman Essay In A. E. Housman’s poem, “When I Was One-and-Twenty,” a wise man gives a young hero a piece of advice. However, he did not listen to these words because of his youth. Having gone through some negative experiences, in the end, he admitted that the man’s words were true. I think this poem reflects the worldview of young people who do not listen to others’ warnings and understand the truths that older people wanted to convey only through their own experience. Moreover, the piece also concerns the problems of love suffering. As for my personal opinions on the reading, I think that “When I Was One-and-Twenty” accurately and truthfully reflects the aspirations of the young generation to which I belong. While reading the poem, I noticed how closely it correlates with my thoughts. The author describes two extremely significant issues of the youngsters. Firstly, Housman (2021) noted that the young hero does not listen to the words of a wise man. We can understand this from the words “no use to talk to me” (Housman, 2021, para. 1) and also thanks to his regret in the end. Secondly, the sage’s advice concerns love: he says that the hero needs to protect his heart more than any wealth and not give it away easily because it paid with “endless rue” (Housman, 2021, para. 2). These poem’s major themes are close to me because I had a similar experience with the lyric hero. Like the author’s hero, I am used to gaining knowledge about the world through my experience. My mother taught me to think carefully about words and never speak in anger. I have always perceived these words as just the right speech, something that a mother must necessarily say to her child. When my friend offended me, I was so furious that I said terrible things to him. When time passed, I was ashamed of what I said, and this feeling was much worse than the initial resentment; only then I understood my mother’s words. She wanted to save me from mistakes, but I, like the twenty-one-year-old hero of the poem, did not realize it until I have gone through this experience myself. Thus, the literary reading reminded me about this episode, and I felt sympathy for the lyrical hero. My experience influenced how I read the poem as I understood the hero’s regret and bitterness entirely. Having a similar attitude towards others’ words, I made several mistakes. Hence, although the author does not describe what exactly happened to the hero, I understood that he had gone through a private tragedy that made him regret that he did not heed the older man’s words. Concerning the love theme, my tragic experience predetermined my response to the poem. I fell in love with one person who was not ready to reciprocate my feelings but did not tell me about it. It was clear that I was in love, but the other person did not drive me away and did not allow me to come closer. I was always the initiator of our meetings and dates, which this person could cancel at the last moment. I felt that I was not appreciated, but because of love, I continued to forgive everything. Such disregard for my efforts and feelings made me think that I was a terrible person who is not worthy of love. Now I know that true love is unconditional and implies respect. If a human treats someone who is in love with him badly, then he does not value him or her. I left that person, and despite the fact that I suffered for a long time, in the end, my psychological state became better. Perhaps the message of a wise person and his words about the heart could be interpreted with respect to any relationships with people as the willingness to open heart might bring pain. Nevertheless, while reading the piece, I remembered my story and linked the poem with the theme of love, which is closely related to the words “rue” and “sighs” (Housman, 2021, para. 2). I regret that I confided in that person too quickly; this is why I associated the hero’s feelings with a romantic interest. Analyzing the poem, I felt a little depressed and at the same time joyful that this period of my life had passed. To conclude, the author outlines the theme of the young generation who does not pay attention to wise words and the topic of suffering and regret associated with tragic love. Thus, the literary reading helps me to formulate my emotions with regard to some terrible experiences in my life. This poem reflects my life experience and caused strong feelings in me, becoming one of my favorite works. References Housman, A. E. (2021). When I Was One-and-Twenty. Poetry Foundation. Web.
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Critical Thinking Skills in Emergency Management Essay During a crisis or an emergency, different departments and organizations are involved in the response process. However, the interdepartmental and inter-organizational aspect implies that people will have varied decision-making capabilities and approaches. Unfortunately, the involved parties cannot access each other’s information systems, and thus, one individual, department, or organization is not aware of the others’ needs. Therefore, critical thinking plays a crucial role in the success of the response to emergencies. The first step towards improving critical thinking in emergency management involves building situation awareness of the crisis. This aspect requires all the involved parties to understand the nature of the crisis that they are handling. In addition, all participants should be aware of all the other involved parties in managing the situation together with their interests. The next step involves enhancing communication within and amongst teams (Schraagen and van de Ven 314). Efficient communication allows individuals and teams to share crucial information concerning the crisis at hand. In essence, communication forms the backbone of any efficient critical thinking in emergency management. Efficient communication allows the involved parties to avoid tunnel vision and biased information within and amongst teams. In addition, with proper communication, individuals get precise details of the communicated information, which enhances decision-making during an emergency. Moreover, individuals can enhance critical thinking by seeing beyond the decisions arrived at in a bid to establish the motive underlining some actions coupled with the repercussions, both long-term and short term, of the same. Being proactive and thus anticipating circumstances, which leads to the formulation and assessment of alternative solutions, also fosters critical thinking (“Georgetown University” par. 4). Finally, knowing the rules, regulations, laws, and ethics that govern emergency response improves one’s capability to make critical decisions during such times. Works Cited Georgetown University: Executive Master of Professional Studies in Emergency and Disaster Management 2014 . Schraagen, Maarten, and Josine van de Ven. “Improving decision making in crisis response through critical thinking support.” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 2.4 (2008): 311-327. Print.
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Al Habtoor Group’s Organizational Structure and Hierarchy Case Study Excellence Theory When looking at the growth avenues for the Al Habtoor Group, one should take into consideration models that can help it overcome challenges identified. Excellence theory was developed in 1985 by James Grunig following a study that was funded by the International Association of Business Communication. The theory holds that public relations help organizations to become more effective. In the competitive business environment, companies are struggling to come up with ways of offering superior products are the lowest cost possible. They are keen on ensuring that they can offer top quality products are the competitive price in the market. That is why the concept of excellence has become critical in most of these organizations. However, excellence is a product of so many factors. One of the most important factors is public relations as explained in the Excellence Theory. A firm should be capable of engaging the public regularly to popularize the brand and develop a close relationship with the customers. Constant engagement with the public creates trust. When such a firm is hit by a crisis, it becomes easy to explain and convince the public because the trust had already been created. On the other hand, when public relations become important only when there is a crisis, it may not be easy to pass message effectively to the public. Grunig says that successful organizations have developed fully independent public relations department instead of having it as a unit in the marketing department. The role of such a department is not just limited to engaging members of the public. It should also be used to engage employees on internal issues relating to their performance, progress of the company, major plans ahead, and many other relevant pieces of information. Matrix Organizational Structure According to Burford, different companies choose different management structure based on organizational culture and practices. Some organizations prefer strict and formal hierarchical structure where information flows from the top leadership to the bottom. Others prefer a system where top leaders can easily interact with junior officers in what most organizations call the open-door policy. Other organizations use a blend of the two extremes. In the United Arab Emirates, the formal hierarchical structure has always been common, but as the market is increasingly exposed to the global forces, other models are becoming acceptable. The matrix organizational structure is one such model that is increasingly becoming popular. The fig. 1 below shows how matrix organization system is structured. Fig. 1. Matrix organization system As shown in the figure above, a matrix organization structure focuses on pooling together people who have similar skills. In most of the cases, the structure is adopted when undertaking a specific project. The matrix structure can be used in different divisions of a firm under three different classes. Under the product structure, employees are pooled together based on the type of goods produced. As shown in the figure above, if a company is producing three products (A, B, and C), then employees will be pooled in the three different categories based on their skills and experience. Under this structure, employees can report to more than one manager depending on the circumstances prevailing at a given time. However, in each division, there will be a line manager or a project manager who is in charge of all other employees working in that group. Under the market structure, employees with similar skills are grouped based on the markets in which a firm operates. For a firm like Al Habtoor Group that operates in various markets such as automobile sector, real estate sector, insurance, education, hospitality, and publishing, employees will be pooled based on their skills in these different markets. Experts in the automobile market will form a team while those specialized in the real estate sector will work as another unit. The goal of this form of division is to ensure that people with similar skills are allowed to work as a unit to enable them helps one another while at work. The matrix organizational structure also allows for geographic classification. The Al Habtoor Group operates in various countries outside the United Arab Emirates. It hospitality segment has specifically been very successful over the recent past. Under the geographic structure, the firm brings together employees to work in a given location based on their ability to be physically present in these places. In each region, such as in the United Kingdom, a manager is assigned to oversee all the operational activities. All the employees within that region are answerable to the manager who, in turn, is answerable to the head of that department at the company’s headquarters in Dubai. Reference List Burford, D., Project Management for Flat Organizations: Cost Effective Steps to Achieving Successful Results , Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Ross Pub, 2013. Child, J., Organization: Contemporary Principles and Practice , Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2015. Griffin, R., and Moorhead, G., Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations , London, UK, South-Western Cengage Learning, 2014. Grunig, J., Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management , New York, NY, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. Hoffmann, A., Co-Operative Workplace Dispute Resolution: Organizational Structure, Ownership, and Ideology , London, UK, Gower Pub, 2012. Kortmann, S., The Relationship between Organizational Structure and Organizational Ambidexterity: A Comparison Between Manufacturing and Service Firms , Wiesbaden, German, Springer Gabler, 2012. Wrench, J., Workplace Communication for the 21st Century: Tools and Strategies That Impact the Bottom Line , Santa Barbara, CA, Praeger, 2013.
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However, 3 years ago, with the collapse of the property market, business of the company decreased. Reduction of orders’ quantity may signal a threat of a total collapse of WMDA Ltd. Analysis Company’s Management and Structure WMDA Ltd. is a private company run by Russell Quinn. He managed to establish a warm and friendly atmosphere among his staff. This may have caused a relaxed state of staff during the working day as significant part of their conversations are sure to deviate from work related issues. Company consists of 10 hired architects and the owner himself. Salary and Payment Systems There was no mention of the payment system of this company, though it seems that piece-rate pay is established in this company. This opinion is based on two facts: WMDA Ltd. is a small company and colleagues are friendly, so to make everyone feel happy, such kind of payment is the best way to choose. Competition In the past a lot of architect companies were in-demand, as the economic position was stable and people tended to buy new houses and a lot of new buildings were appearing. High demand on architect projects provoked growing of a great amount of architect companies. Since the world financial crisis shattered the property market, demand tends to reduce. Therefore, rivalry between architect companies tends to grow higher and conditions to survive became more severe. Products WMDA Ltd offers architect projects and all facilities connected with it. In past, this company was of great popularity with such great quantity of offers that it hardly managed to fulfill all of them. Staff/Personnel WMDA Ltd consists of ten architects of different age, sex and qualification and of its chief Russell Quinn. Almost all of them are considered to be bright specialists in their field, though some of them tend to be more sociable, than hard-working. Company finances As the world financial crisis struck property marked making it almost collapse, the financial side of the company also suffered a lot. Quinn can no more afford ten architects in his staff. Recommendations Considering the situation with WMDA Ltd., I think that there are several ways to make Mr. Quinn’s business better. So here are my recommendations: * LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) method. It means that the architects who were recently employed (within two or three years) must be fired. Under this category fall Donna and Paul. But firing Donna will be no good decisions as she receives orders from the government which are sure to bring company big money. Concerning Paul I think that his firing will be sufficient as he has no peculiar architect talents, but he tends to be too sociable organizing different parties. So he is the first candidate to lose his job. * Voluntary Redundancy method. It implies that some of the personnel members will agree to take early retirement. And again, we have two candidates for this point: these are Felicity and Matt. Felicity isn’t very good as there is no word concerning her professionalism, but too much is said about her social abilities. She should be persuaded that she have to retire, providing enough money for her comfortable life. Concerning Matt I would also offered him to retire providing good money support. He has an ill mother and taking care of her is sure to take too much time from him. He must be very tired working and caring about his mother simultaneously. And tired person won’t work good enough to bring profit. * Selection on Merit method. It implies that a person with the least professionalism will be fired. I think that with this method Simon will be fired. As he doesn’t make an impression of a serious person and his characteristics is missing some words about his professional achievements. So he should be fired. * Peer Selection method. This means that stuff will choose on their own who is to be fired. I think that this may seem attractive to Hiroshi. He tends to be more Japanese-oriented, so why shouldn’t he fulfill his dream and join Japanese architect companies? To my mind, all the recommendations given above are sure to help WMDA Ltd. And make it profitable again. References Colleagues and Friends. (2007). Web.
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Plato’s “The Allegory of the Cave” and Le Guin’s “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas” Essay In general, Plato’s “The Allegory of the Cave” and LeGuin’s “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas” address the same theme – the truth and how it may affect people’s reality. In Plato’s dialogue, the prisoner who escapes the cave sees the reality and cannot perceive shadows shown in the cave in the same way as before. Similarly, the citizens of Omelas cannot stay in the city anymore after they know about the source of its happiness and harmony. From a personal perspective, people should have a right to know the truth. Moreover, they should know it regardless of all challenges, struggles, additional circumstances, and conditions. In other words, the truth may be painful or knowledge may be connected with difficulties in life – the prisoner escaped from the cave cannot tolerate sunlight, and people in Omelas were shocked knowing about the child. However, staying unaware may lead to others’ suffering and apathy. That is why I believe that we should not stay in the cave or Omelas as in these cases, we support violence and injustice, stay indifferent to pain in favor of our wellbeing, or allow people to manipulate and control us. It goes without saying that the majority of people fear the unknown cause staying unaware or without knowledge is frequently comfortable and safe while exposing oneself to the truth may be even dangerous. For instance, Plato supposes that people in the cave will not listen to an escaped person and may try to kill him thinking he has lost the truth instead of finding it. However, this fear should not affect our passion for knowledge, education, and truth. In addition, external forces or unpredictable events encourage or forces us to experience new things that lead us to the truth. Although the decision to perceive reality should be cognitive, these forces are necessary as well as people, like people in the cave, frequently do not want to explore the world.
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How Should Youth Combat Negative Moral Influences? Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Environmental Influence 3. Circumstances 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Introduction Negative moral influences such as temptation or desire to cheat, steal or lie may arise either because of environmental influences or circumstances. The environmental influence may be the society one lives in or the social and professional acquaintance. The circumstances may arise due to the environmental influence or by one’s choice of actions. Environmental Influence A social being has to interact with different type of people from all walks of life. These people who have different upbringing and priorities in life react to situations in different manner. It is not necessary that what one considers appropriate is approved or accepted by another individual. The religion, culture and civil laws are different for sections of the society. Therefore what is condemned in one society may be approved and accepted in another society. While polygamy, remarriage, extramarital relationship and flirtation may be considered normal social behavior by religion or culture, in the modern society the federal laws are defined for a dignified society. The greatest protection against what one considers as a negative moral influence is: * If the federal laws do not allow certain actions then it is so for the benefit of an individual and the society. Therefore these actions are prohibited. If cheating, stealing and lying are punishable then don’t do it. * If your parents, teachers and elders have told you that certain behavior is wrong then you must not indulge in it. * If your religion considers an act as a sin then don’t commit it. * There may be circumstances when the environmental influence is strong but an act is against one’s own viewpoint then one must consider all pros and cons. What shall be the consequences of the act, the social, physical and financial factors? * It is also important to consider the impact of one’s actions on the other person and the society. * Advice of the most trusted family and friends and guidance from the faith are crucial when negative influence is strong enough to alter one’s viewpoint. Contemplation about one’s own goals and priorities and the impact of the environmental influence is necessary. Circumstances An individual has to participate in the social and professional activities of the society one lives in to earn livelihood. This participation involves day-to-day activities and long-term goals set by/for the individual. The negative influences are the situations that arise as a blockade in pre-defined course of action or to distract one’s attention. The moral impact of these circumstances can either annihilate or boot self-esteem. Foresight about the result of action can help choose the course of action in these circumstances. If there are circumstances that inhibit seeking personal advice then assistance and solution to problems can be found from examples of others behavior in similar circumstances. Both fiction and non-fiction examples can be found in books, movies and on internet. The result of every action may not be same, one’s own choice guided by the protections against negative influence as mentioned above are the best way to handle life situations. Conclusion To conclude, the support from family and friends, awareness about social, professional and civil laws of the native place, social and education background and spiritual faith provide strength, guidance and knowledge to make right decisions in order to combat the negative moral influence. Contemplation before action helps in resolution of problems. Works Cited 1. OWL . 2007. MLA Formatting and Style Guide. Web. 2. Yahoo . 2006. Yahoo Answers. Web.
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Both have been tackled numerous times from different perspectives, ranging from social to cultural to religious, without ever coming to a definitive conclusion. The book Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson aims at researching the reasons behind the discrepancies in the financial and social welfare of different nations by taking the relatively unusual approach: the center of their hypothesis involves the categories of inclusive and extractive economies. While the book has some minor weak points, the research conducted by the authors is a solid and convincing attempt to analyze the poverty mostly from an economic standpoint with the aid of real-life examples and provide several solutions and directions for further development of events. The authors build their argument by contrasting the countries with a similar set of prerequisites and conditions, which nevertheless show a big difference in the process of social and economic developments. Such comparison allows the authors to eliminate the popular assumption of difference in cultures, mentality, and geographical layout, primarily by comparing the American Nogales to the Nogales of Mexico, which have many similar prerequisites but are tremendously different in terms of well-being (Acemoglu and Robinson 9). The hypothesis presented by the authors is a difference in the economies: while the former shows the signs of the inclusive economy, which does not restrict the wealth from being distributed among the population for the sake of the growth of the nation as a whole, the latter concentrates the effort at accumulating the resources and revenue in the hands of the elitist minority, hampering the progress. Such a policy is known as an extractive economy. Both models are not restricted to the economy and can be seen extending into the political and social fields. Nevertheless, the economic focus is evident and remains a central point of inquiry throughout the book. The research conducted by the authors can be characterized as qualitative in nature. While they use the information on GNP of countries in question to support their point, this usage is relatively limited. The main point of the book is still the review of the generalized and non-specific level of social welfare, supported by the basic hard evidence in the form of country’s rank among its neighbors or the average daily income of its citizens. Despite this fact, the book remains persuasive by supplying exhaustive qualitative data in support of its theory. For instance, the authors go into extreme detail by showcasing the downfall of the Mobutu Sese Seko, the ruler of Congo, from 1965 to 1997 (Acemoglu and Robinson 83). The outrageously luxurious lifestyle he and his clique has exhibited throughout his reign aligns perfectly with the extractive economy. The authors then show the consequential character of the events, describing the rulers that preceded Mobutu Sese Seko and exhibiting essentially the same strategies. This allows the authors to conclude that “nations fail when they have extractive economic institutions, supported by extractive political institutions that impede and even block economic growth.” (Acemoglu and Robinson 83) The example is further strengthened by the equally detailed and thorough analysis of the situation in Botswana, where the clearly inclusive institutions had led to the rapid economic growth since 1966, when the country got its independence, to the current economic situation, when the country has “the highest per capita income in sub-Saharan Africa.” (Acemoglu and Robinson 46) Such growth, authors argue, can only be ascribed to the inclusive economy, as the country did not have any other valuable assets of any kind, with around two dozens university graduates and the almost non-existent infrastructure. This leads the authors to their final point: the existence of the virtuous and vicious circles. Both are the mechanisms that come into play after an economy has been established. A vicious circle is observed when the extractive institution resists the efforts to distribute wealth among the population. A virtuous circle, on the contrary, helps to sustain the inclusive economy and safeguard it from the disruption by the totalitarian regime. Both notions are again supplied with the historical evidence, like the Black Act of 1723 and the government of Sierra Leone in the first half of the twentieth century. The authors finish the book with the analysis of several instances of the current state of affairs, most prominently, China. According to them, the Chinese economy has undeniably become more inclusive than before but is still on the extractive side of the spectrum, which means it will not exhibit the rapid growth it has been known for during the last decade (Acemoglu and Robinson 426). In this regard, according to Acemoglu and Robinson, China mirrors the pattern of another extractive institution – the pre-Brezhnev Soviet Union (128). In all, Why Nations Fail is a comprehensive study of the role of economic models in the process of development of the country as a whole. Some points of the book are susceptible to bias, as the authors mostly make their point by taking the already established facts from the past to support their claims and rarely rely on the current developments that would be much stronger evidence of the validity of their theory. Nevertheless, the argument is generally persuasive and valid. The book offers valuable insights into the processes behind economic development. Furthermore, anyone interested in researching the ties between the economy and other marginal fields like sociology and politics will benefit from reading it. Works Cited Acemoglu, Daron, and James Robinson . Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty , New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2012. Print.
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Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Humanity in the twenty-first century faces numerous threats related to the rapid mutations of bacteria and microbes that provoke new types of infectious diseases. Local outbreaks, epidemics, and international pandemics that occurred during the recent decades require acute professional attention and implementation of precautions to prevent and mitigate the dangers of infections spreading. Therefore, specific guidelines and procedures must be developed and promoted to ensure communities’ preparedness for pandemics. Main body According to the speakers participating in the discussion within the Aspen Ideas Festival, the problem of infectious diseases is one of the main health and safety concerns of modern civilization. In particular, Bridgitt Arnold emphasized that pandemics might be more of a threat to humanity than nuclear war or bioterrorism (PBS, 2017). Since pandemics occur as a result of epidemics, which in their turn appear based on local outbreaks, it is relevant to prevent the threats of the pandemic at the initial local level. I think that the main responsibility of a community nurse is to ensure the population’s protection and readiness. To prevent outbreaks, I would promote partnerships with communities as a starting point of the prevention activities (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016). Upon establishing a connection with the population, I would initiate information distribution concerning the importance of personal hygiene, immunization, and the ways of protecting from infections through different local organizations (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016). As a secondary preventative measure, I would develop protocols for early detection of infections and timely treatment for the patients. In my opinion, such procedures will help prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases. The role of public health nurses during the time of pandemics is crucial. Timely detection of the outbreak centers and monitoring epidemics are the primary responsibilities of community nurses, which will consequently result in a collaborative contribution to the combating of pandemics. In particular, a nurse should carry out the procedures of prompt treatment of those infected and raise awareness among the population by spreading information concerning the measures of protection. Also, nurses in healthcare settings must initiate an outbreak investigation for agents’ detection with the aim of the following isolation. As a part of healthcare staff, nurses are expected to participate in the promotion of public gatherings limitation to “reduce contact between people” (Harkness & DeMarco, 2016, p. 291). Therefore, the active work of nurses during pandemics is a crucial element that helps to stop the spreading of infection. The review of the WHO and CDC websites allows assuming that the USA might be exposed to several infectious diseases on a national level (“Advancing the global health security agenda,” 2019; “Disease outbreaks,” 2019). Potentially threatening illnesses in this regard include influenza and the Ebola virus, which spread fats in many countries of the world and might travel together with people’s migration (“Disease outbreaks,” 2019). However, the world healthcare professionals, as well as the medical specialists of the USA, work on the surveillance and monitoring measures to prevent outbreaks and help mitigate pandemics. Conclusion In summation, despite successful advancement in numerous areas of human life, civilization now remains fragile against infectious diseases. The growing threat of such illnesses as cholera, influenza, the Ebola virus, and many others urge healthcare professionals to cooperate on an international level to prevent pandemics. Since pandemics occur as a consequence of local outbreaks, it is community health nurses’ responsibility to ensure populations’ protection and awareness. Timely action and through-through procedures will be an efficient element in the process of combatting the disease. References Advancing the global health security agenda: CDC achievements and impact 2018. (2019). Web. Disease outbreaks. (2019). Web. Harkness, G. A., & DeMarco, R. F. (2016). Community and public health nursing: Evidence for practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. PBS. (2017). Deep Dive: Preventing Pandemics [Video file]. Web.
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Childhood Obesity, Its Causes and Proposed Solutions Essay The number of overweight people is increasing each year throughout the developed countries of the world. For many years obesity has been an issue specific for adults, but the tendency of the 21 st century shows that more and more teenagers and children gain extra weight. Since the prevalence of the problem is growing fast, it is essential to analyze the main reasons that cause it and find the most applicable solutions to prevent obesity as a threat to the health and longevity of young people. Obesity as a process of gaining a lot of extra body fat that obstructs the proper functioning of the systems of a body might be a basis for many diseases. The most frequently occurred and one of the most dangerous illnesses is diabetes, the number of cases of which is increasing at high speed. It is even more dangerous because obese children constitute a significant part of diabetes patients. Among the reasons for overweight are fast food, improper diet both at schools and at home, and genetic inclinations. The popularization of fast food in mass media where the unhealthy meal is portrayed as a tasty snack in the hands of a thin and joyful person creates a wrong image of the usefulness of fatty food. Also, under the circumstances of the increasing speed of life where there is no place for consistency in home-cooked meals, children are often deprived of a balanced nutritious diet. Also, school meals mostly consist of semi-products due to economic reasons. Therefore, it is vital to address the identified reasons with decisive tools to stop the epidemics of obesity among children. It is possible to accomplish this with the help of massive reforming of school nutrition, promotion of healthy diet at all levels in mass media, and provide more research on the harmful effect of fast food on the body. The ways of combating the problem are not easy and will require a lot of time and effort. However, it is crucial to articulate and popularize their importance to ensure the health and longevity of future generations.
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Movie “Scrubs” Analysis Essay Scrubs is a comedy series focused on the career life of J.D, a young doctor striving to advance his medical profession at the teaching hospital as he copes with the staff and patients. This topic demonstrates the character archetypes in the movie and how they are exaggerated and changed to enhance the comedy. Bob Kelso is the head of medicine at Sacred Heart Hospital for the initial seven seasons until he decides to retire. As the boss, he is portrayed as self-centered, unfriendly, and unkind, mainly motivated by the hospital’s decisions instead of its well-being. However, he sometimes has a gentle side and was always there to assist when the staff needed him. The janitor is the hospital’s caretaker, and an occurrence in the first episode reveals an antagonistic connection between J.D. and him, which continues throughout the movie. This lousy character tends to capture Janitor’s insulting jokes on J.D; however, he has severally displayed that he has a soft side. John Michael J.D. Dorian is the movie’s warrior and storyteller. He is a young aiding medical practitioner who starts as a staff intern. Throughout the series, he must confront challenges that need him to develop and enhance to become the best doctor he can be. Eliot Reid is also an intern who later becomes a private physician. She has a romantic relationship with J.D., which eventually leads to marriage. She portrays a lost soul character because of her naivety and innocent look. Most of her pride is centered on demonstrating herself as honest as a doctor and as an individual. Christopher Turk is J.D’s best friend and maintains a good relationship with his girlfriend, Carla. Turk always makes every effort and works hard to ensure that his colleagues like him. He later becomes a teacher at Winston University while continuing with duties as a surgeon. Perry Cox is an attending doctor and residency manager at the hospital. Even though he can be strict, he is a robust role model for different actors in the series. Cox is one of the best and most humorous characters and a charmer throughout the series. He is also committed to his patient’s well-being and usually shows concern. Carla Espinosa is the nurse in charge at the hospital and Turk’s girlfriend. She is dictatorial, strong-willed, and intimidating; however, she acts as a role model and a mother to the interns, motivating and counseling them. Some characters were exaggerated and changed to enhance the comedy. For instance, Eliot is a lovely person initially; however, certain features of her role, such as her naivety and innocence, are changed during the show. This includes improving her social skills, making her a better person, and being an entertaining character to watch. Consequently, Carla is stubborn and unbearable throughout the drama with her domineering and bossy attitude. Carla gradually gets better as she gets along with J.D. as a mother figure to him and has a good relationship with Turk. Besides, there is Elliot, whom Carla initially dislikes, but later they become friends. Each of these characters positively contributes to Carla’s life in becoming a better person. Dr. Kelso is a cruel person, although as time goes by, there are several ways in which he changes for the better. During his tenure, he demonstrates his softer side; for instance, he is forced to retire, which emotionally affects him. Viewers also see that Kelso has personal life and friends, such as his gardener. Additionally, he is seen having lunch with his friend in the park. He also gives true love to his dog; therefore, watching most of his private life contributes positively to the character. Cox has a crush on Carla at the beginning of the drama and gets jealous of Turk, who tries to win her love. Cox eventually relinquishes his feelings towards Carla, making him stronger on his own and supporting her relationship with Turk. References Mblount03. (2017). Scrubs S01E01 My First Day [Video]. YouTube. Web.
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The key organizational elements of the aviation industry Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Training of air crew 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The aviation industry comprises of a complex system that aims at delivering safe and efficient air transport. The industry has various organizational elements that ensure that service provision in the industry is up to standard. Among the important elements of ensuring this are the selection and training of aircrew. It is very important to have a competent aircrew that will ensure safety and minimal errors in the aviation industry. Safety is one of the most critical factors in the aviation sector. It plays a major beneficial role in the prevention of accidents as well as in the enhancement of the financial performance of the aviation sector. It is important for the players in the aviation sector to take measures to ensure flight safety at all times. One of the measures that should be taken by the aviation association is the implementation of safety management systems whereby, the different stakeholders in the aviation industry such as pilots, engineers and the rest of the cabin crew are facilitated with skills to ensure safe operations (Harold & Andrews 2000). The safety management systems should also apply expertise in the handling of accidents cases and investigation processes. It has been indicated that most accidents in the aviation sectors are as a result of human errors. It is, therefore, important for workers within the air travel sector to be professionally trained on ways of improving the safety of their day to day operations. The use of advanced technology also requires that the aviation workers get facilitated with technological skills to enhance safety while handling the equipment. As the technologies used in the equipment continue to evolve, staff members need more and more training to ensure that they are at par with the changing technologies (Orlady, and Lauber 2009). Effective error management is also essential in the reduction of common accidents in the air travel industry. Failure to follow the required procedures in flight operations is likely to result into accidents. It is, therefore, important for the cabin crew to be trained on how to effectively handle such errors when they occur. It is important that necessary measures are taken to understand the reasons why various errors occur, and suggest on ways the air transport system can be improved to avoid such errors. Some of the areas that the air travel employees should be trained on include first aid and use of the automated systems. Training of air crew After the recruitment of the new air travel officers, they are allowed to familiarize themselves with their new workplace and responsibilities, and to ensure that they are able to promote safety and efficiency in their work. The training comprises of various stages all of which build on the skills and knowledge required to perform their various roles. The initial training to be conducted involves familiarizing the recruits with the process of flying in order to dispel any anxiety and fear that they might have prior their first flying experience. The other training to be conducted is High-G training, which is done in a virtual tactical environment. This aims at giving pilots a training experience that is realistic, and that is similar to the actual flying of an aircraft. The trainees are also taken through hypoxia training, pressure breathing, hyperventilation and mechanical expansion of gases (Harold & Andrews 2000).The trainees may also be taken through water survival training to assist them in cases of emergencies that occur over water. Conclusion The selection and training of the aircrew is very important as the safety of the people in the aircraft depends on the efficiency and operation of the crew. Therefore, the selection process should be conducted effectively and in a way that promotes efficient air transport at all times. The aircrew should also be given adequate training that enables them to carry out their duties appropriately, and without any compromises on the safety of the passengers and all on board. References Harold, F & Andrews, H 2000, Aircrew training and assessment , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, N.J. Orlady, W, Orlady, L and Lauber, J 2009, Human factors in multi-crew flight operations , Ashgate, Aldershot, England.
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The Bridgestone vs. IBM Case Analysis Essay The case of Bridgestone vs. IBM presents an example that displays the importance of communication in cooperation between businesses. In brief, the American subsidiary of Bridgestone requested IBM to develop an extensive business system that will be capable of processing a large volume of orders. Due to several complications, the system developed by IBM was released behind schedule yet way earlier than the last steps of development, which resulted in millions of financial losses and the deterioration of both companies’ images. Analyzing the details of the case provides an understanding of common complications in significant projects and how improper execution of extensive projects can influence the reputation of collaborating companies. First, in defining what each side could do differently to improve the outcomes, one could notice immediately that both companies had issues hindering their work and left them undiscussed. IBM had trouble working with a project already attempted several times by other vendors, which caused additional obstacles not previously discussed by the management. The obstacles resulted in delays in system release, and due to a lack of understanding in communication, Bridgestone proceeded with the release of the unfinished system. The simplest solution for Bridgestone that could have sufficiently improved the outcomes, in this case, was to postpone the release and give IBM time to finish the system. While delaying the system release could have resulted in additional expenses, the order data could have been saved without any threats to the existing customer base. Moreover, it seems that IBM insisted on running a testing launch of the system. Therefore, the adverse outcomes could have been prevented if Bridgestone did not fail to process the vendor’s request and was not excessively focused on improving the existing system in a short time. Next, there is a significant difference in the harm that publicity around this project caused to the two companies. On the one hand, Bridgestone lost a substantial portion of customers, business partners, and brand supporters. Moreover, the company seemingly suffered crucial financial damage from unsuccessful system implementation, while the development of the system was out of Bridgestone’s competence. Thus, Bridgestone suffered more losses from the project’s failure than IBM. However, IBM’s image was more harmed by the event’s publicity when Bridgestone filed a suit against IBM. In addition to being charged in breach of contract, Bridgestone company accused IBM of fraud as IBM’s budget for developing the system exceeded Bridgestone’s initial budget. Furthermore, Bridgestone accused IBM of assigning incompetent personnel that lacked the necessary skills and experience to execute the project. Therefore, even though the early launch of the system was Bridgestone’s mistake, IBM’s reputation as a vendor who failed to fulfill its functions was harmed more by the event’s publicity. Lastly, considering the scale of the conflict between the two companies, it is surprising that both companies came to a mutual decision several years later. One week prior to jury selection in 2018, both companies decided to drop their claims, even though it was unclear whether any “monetary concessions” from the firms took place in the decision (Belden). In addition, both companies filed a motion with prejudice, which means that their decision is permanent and the lawsuit cannot be raised in the future. Therefore, it appears that in accepting their mistakes, the companies approached dealing with the negative consequences of the failed project with a more understanding approach than in the time of the system development. Work Cited Belden, J. “Bridgestone Vs. IBM: Parties to Reach Agreement.” UpperEgde, 2018, Web.
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Tolerance and Equal Attitude to People Essay In modern world, ideas of tolerance and equal attitude to people which represent different layers of society and different nationalities are proclaimed to be of a great value. It is stated that all people are equal and there is no use separating someone. However, all these ideas are not always observed and people still suffer from racial, cultural and gender prejudices. Moreover, nowadays another practice obtains more and more popularity. Very often, tying to guarantee fulfillment of the right to equal attitude, some people run to another extremes. There is a tendency nowadays for the class-based affirmative action. It means that representatives of some racial minority, depressing class or a group which suffers from discrimination are treated differently and some special support is given to them. Primary, there are some special terms for study in educational establishments which are characterized by lower costs or some preferential terms of entering. Being rather disputable decision, these measures have already introduced national conversation about the morality and legality of racial preferences (“Richard Kahlenberg: Time for class-based affirmative action”, 2012) and debates whether they should be accepted or not. Analyzing this problem, it is quite logical to start with the main advantages of this practice. First of all, it should be stated that very often these measures are really needed, as it is a well known fact that representatives of different racial groups on the average have lower incomes and live under worse conditions than representatives of the majority. That is why, very often this practice can help them to improve their state by obtaining education and getting a well paid job. Another obvious advantage of this practice is that according to some research, class-based affirmative action improve racial diversity, though not as much as policies that use race as a criterion (Kahlenberg, 2009). These positive dividends cannot be ignored. One more advantage is that this measure can influence development of interracial relations between representatives of different nationalities in the country. As a result of this practice, great racial diversity could be observed in colleges and schools and students would have to build relations with each other in order to feel themselves comfortable while studying. However, there are not only advantages promoted by this practice. There is one great drawback which this issue obtains. “The problem with affirmative action is simply that it treats races differently” (McWhorter, 2011). With this in mind, it is possible to say that it is a kind of segregation which is now officially promoted. No matter what purposes this practice has, it still can be humiliating for representatives of different racial minorities or other discriminated groups (McWhorter, 2011). Trying to guarantee equality for all people, officials underline that some men still do not have the same abilities and facilities which the rest of the population has. That is why opponents of this practice say that the race based approach should be strongly prohibited as it humiliates human dignity. Some other ways to support people in need should exist. At least, the race based approach should be replaced with the class based one. It seems to be more tolerant than the previous one. Taking into account all facts connected with this issue, it is possible to outline my own opinion. First of all, existence of some groups of people in need should be recognized. That is why, it is clear for me that some actions are needed to help this category of people. However, I condemn the race based approach to affirmative action. The main reason is that it returns times of segregation and different laws for different nations. That is why another approach should be implemented. With relation to this fact, the class based approach seems to be fair and modern as it does not promote development of racial prejudices and further societys division. However, this solution is also not ideal. It is based on the ability of some class to guarantee its own survival. However, it deals with the information collected statistically and it can often be decisive. That is why further development of this approach can be suggested. Representatives of a certain social class could be given different advantages only on their demand. In this case, their dignity will not be humiliated and they will not suffer from the stereotype based approach. Having analyzed the data connected with this issue, it is possible to make some certain conclusion. In contemporary society officials try to guarantee equal rights for all people, no matter what nationality or class they represent. However, providing practice of race based or class based affirmative action, they still infringe rights of these people (Kahlenberg, 2009). Race based approach can only worsen existing situation and lead to further exaltation of tension between representatives of different national communities. Moreover, it humiliates human dignity and make people think about their inability to guarantee their future and have the same rights as the rest of population has. That is why the race based approach should be replaced with class based in order to help people which are in need. Reference List Kahlenberg, R. (2009). The Next Step in Affirmative Action. Washington Monthly . Web. McWhorter, J. (2011). Why No One Is Right in California’s Affirmative Action Debate. New Republic. Web. Richard Kahlenberg: Time for class-based affirmative action. (2012). The Dallas Morning News. Web.
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Reading Lessons at Melchi Elementary School Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction My school of observation was Melchi elementary school, Los Angeles, which has an intervention center for children whose performance is below average with reference to age and grade. The educator instructs the general classroom after meeting with the special needs students with delayed learning. The content taught is the same, but students who are slow to learn are given special attention to help them catch up with the rest of the students in the general classroom and at the same grade level. In addition to the usual learning with other students in the general classroom, the selected students with learning difficulties are given extra attention prior to the general classroom to enhance their understanding of content. I learned from the educator during an interview with her that these students were identified during the quarterly performance assessment. Main body During my visit to the school, I arbitrarily selected grade four students, and on this particular day, they were doing “Reading Skills.” I observed that the educator decoded information within the text to be read as a way of preparing students in advance to aid in understanding content. In addition, the educator used a multi-instructional approach and differentiated instructional approach in teaching the general classroom. For instance, visual aids were used to reinforce verbal instructions, concepts, and vocabulary. Along the way, students were engaged in cooperative learning, which entailed forming groups of five students and discussing a concept according to the instructions given by the educator. There was also the use of role-playing within the teams to enhance hands-on skills (Broderick, Heeral & Kim 195). Evidence-based supplemental instructions were used for the intervention group. The first forty minutes of this intervention class were spent on individualized instruction. During this time, the teacher specialized in the weak areas of each student, for example phonetic, vocabulary development, spelling, or reading (Vaughn para 5-8). Later on, the students were given the chance to read aloud after the teacher agreed with them that each student would read his/her own passage aloud. During the reading out loud session, the teacher developed graphic organizers and presented them to the students later when she explained the concepts derived from the content they had read. The pre-extended special class allows students to have ample time to practice reading aloud because the students have difficulty reading when placed in a general class. The teacher told me that all the special students had been assigned “reading buddies” to help them improve their reading and communication skills (Broderick, Heeral & Kim 196-197). Since most of their breaks are consumed by the intervention classes, these classes integrate some game activities to arouse interest among the students. Monitoring and review of the performance of these special students are done after every month, and a student is only allowed to move on to the next level if he or she portrays improved performance (Vaughn para 1). Conclusion The educator used students’ native languages when they floundered about a particular response to a question. The use of native languages was aimed at helping students create a link between their own languages and English. In addition, they were given homework with reference to learned vocabulary. Students of the same native language were asked to come up with songs that integrated the learned English words to reinforce understanding and involve the family in the learning process of the students (Vaughn para 6-7). Works Cited Broderick, Alicia, Heeral Mehta-Parekh & Kim Reid. “Differentiating instruction for disabled students in inclusive classrooms.” Theory into Practice , 44.3 (2005): 194-202. Web. Vaughn, Sharon. Response to Intervention in Reading for English Language Learners. National Center for Learning Disabilities, 2014. Web.
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Schizophrenia Study and Rehabilitation Outcome Report (Assessment) Watzke et al. state at the outset that the population of interest comprises German patients with severe mental illness and undergoing vocational rehabilitation. The research team may perhaps be forgiven an excess of bravado. In fact, the results of this prospective study can reasonably be projected to the universe of Germans with mental disorders only if Rehabilitation Psychisch Kranker (Institution of Rehabilitation for the Psychiatrically Ill and Disabled) in the city of Halle is a kind of secondary care, central referral institution that receives the mentally ill referred for vocational rehabilitation from all over the country. Strictly speaking, therefore, applicability to a nationwide population of interest will be true only if a second study were to replicate research findings in some other German institute. The sample consisted of 41 patients with some mental disorder or other and, the authors declare, “symptomatically stable on neuroleptic medication, had German as their native language, were … 18 to 65 years, had no co-occurring diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence according to DSM-IV, and had premorbid IQ not lower than 70 points.” (Watzke et al ., 2008: 249) One assumes that by “points”, the authors meant percentile ranking. If so, the researchers may have been overly conservative since a meta-analysis (Woodberry, Giuliano, and Seidman, 2008) suggests that the typical mental ability deficiency on onset of frank psychosis is closer to half a standard deviation below that of normal subjects, meaning a minimum of approximately 84 points of IQ. On the other hand, the researchers were decidedly wrong to label the study concerning learning potential and rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia since 39 of the 41 subjects were diagnosed for some other mental disorder besides schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. With respect to ethical considerations, an appraisal of the article shows that the following were satisfied: 1. The researchers had the relevant training since Dr. Watzke was affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics of Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Dr. Kuss was with the Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics of the same University, Dr. Brieger was a staff psychiatrist at Bezirkskrankenhaus in Kempten, while Drs. Schoettke and Wiedl were associated with the Department of Psychology, University of Osnabrueck. All Institutions mentioned are in Germany. 2. Study participation was voluntary since two patients were allowed to withdraw prior to data-gathering. This is a quantitative study because the sample size, though modest, exceeded the threshold required for parametric statistics, because the authors employed a standardized study instrument, and they confidently subjected the data to measures of central tendency, dispersion and the Spearman correlation coefficient. As to type, this is a longitudinal, cross-section cohort study. Under the National Guideline Clearinghouse summaries, the design comes closest to “II-2: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies” although results were exclusively from one center or one patient group. No provision was made for a control group; the researchers were concerned mainly with the differential outcomes among “high scorers, learners and non-learners” or those who had high, modest and low learning potential. Watzke et al. defined the scope of their intervention as a prospective study, thereby claiming a breakthrough since all prior research, they report, had been cross-sectional designs. The absence of a control group violates that requirement for a prospective study. However, it is also true that in epidemiology a prospective study is sometimes used as a synonym for cohort study. Nevertheless, it is a true longitudinal research because the authors followed the patients through stages of diagnoses, pretest, intervention, posttest and post-release follow-up in a work setting, the entire process lasting 15 to 18 months. References Watzke, S., Brieger, P., Kuss, O., Schoettke, H. & Wiedl, K. H. (2008). A longitudinal study of learning potential and rehabilitation outcome in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 59 (3), 248-255. Woodberry, K. A., Giuliano, A. J. & Seidman, L. J. (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry; 165 : 579-587.
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Analysis of Don Quixote’s Over-Romanticised Chivalric Acts and Beliefs Report Don Quixote ultimately believes in the ideals of a bygone era – that of chivalry, knighthood, and honour. He thus insulates himself from the realities of his present world, choosing to believe in magic; imaginary knighthood quests for undiscovered kingdoms and even mistakes of windmills for giants that want to do battle with him. However, Don Quixote’s knight-errant, Sancho Panza, has a more realistic approach to the world and life, and acts as Don Quixote’s voice of reason and has a stabilising effect on the maniacal Quixote. Don Quixote’s view of life is heavily influenced by chivalric romances. Due to this predisposition, his actions and his general perception of life is far removed from reality. For instance, after his books are spirited way and burned because of concern by his relatives and associates that the books were driving him to insanity, he quickly believes the explanation by the housekeeper and his niece that the books were taken away by a magician (as per the housekeeper’s explanation). His niece, on the other hand, tells him that the devil was the one that took away his books, and he accepts such outrageous claims (De Cervantes Chapt. 7 Par. 8). Don Quixote, due to his belief in the chivalrous mission he has set for himself, goes further than accepting these obviously false explanations. He holds that the alleged magician-devil was his well-known adversary (he even gives him the name ‘Friston’) whom he desired to fend off in his deluded quest for knighthood glory. Additionally, Don Quixote begins a self-declared and fairy tale journey intended to conquer foreign islands and Kingdoms. Intensely influenced by the conquests of real knights of a past era, he recruits his peasant neighbour Sancho Panza as his knight-errant. Don Quixote then sets off on his mission with Sancho Panza, believing himself to be a knight out to conquer evil and restore goodness to humanity. Because Don Quixote’s view on life is based on fantasies, his journey is easily crippled by his maniacal tendency of viewing nearly all things as either his enemies, or as an evil force out to fight him and thus stop his ‘noble quest’ (Williamson 838). He promises his knight –errant Sancho Panza that he was going to make him governor of the lands that he was set to conquer, a practice done by conquering knights of old, whom he read about in books and now wanted to emulate. Don Quixote’s romanticized view of life shows when, during this journey, he perceives windmills as giant enemies (De Cervantes Chapt. 8 Para. 1). His subsequent attempt at fighting these stationary apparatuses leaves him and his horse hurt, and his knight-errant shocked and surprised at his master’s actions. Sancho Panza has a realistic view on life. He acts as Don Quixote’s voice of reason, and many times, he attempts to dissuade Don from undertaking delusional acts in the name of chivalry. Although he exhibits similar predispositions to his master by believing in Don Quixote’s quest for conquering imaginary foreign lands, (believing that Don Quixote would make him governor of these lands), he is nonetheless sober, and his actions are practical and unhinged on utopia, unlike his master. Sancho Panza correctly sees the windmills for what they are, unlike his master who believed they were giant enemies (De Cervantes Chapt. 8 Para 2). Don Quixote farcical chivalric acts are born of a desire to emulate the characters he has come across in the books he read. He is an old man, and looking back at his life, he may have regrets of not having done much right, and his current fantasy-tinged attempts at correcting his past are the cause of his present maniacal behaviour (Worden 18). On the other hand, Sancho Panza has a more realistic worldview because, as a poor peasant, he has experienced the vagaries of life first hand. Panza has experienced hunger, poverty, and want. His life experiences do not afford him the leisure of fantasy and dreamy beliefs like his master. Additionally, having never read romanticism literature that his master had, he is less inclined to believe in the chivalrous notions that Don Quixote swears by. Works Cited De Cervantes, Miguel. Don Quixote . Web. Williamson, Edwin. “The Power-Struggle between Don Quixote and Sancho: Four Crises in the Development of the Narrative.” Bulletin of Spanish Studies 84.7 (2007): 837-858. Worden, William. “Cervantes, Sancho Panza, and the literary world of don quixote.” Hispanofila 144 (2005): 17-31.
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The Two Sides of Liberty in America Research Paper America’s founding fathers advocated for the concept of freedom and liberty to be a major theme when the constitution was drafted. In most cases, the two words can be used interchangeably to mean the same thing. Freedom is the power to act, think, and speak as one wants. Liberty on the other hand is the state of being free from any oppressive restrictions that have been imposed by an authority (Patterson & Fosse, 2019). The interpretation of freedom and liberty in America is divided along party lines. Conservatives are of the view that freedom and liberty are about individuals being able to enjoy their private property and goods without interference from the government. Liberalists, on the other hand, seek the establishment of a constitutional order that respects individual freedoms and abolished the privileges of the elite. Although freedoms and liberty have grown steadily in America over the past decade, increased legislation and government control could threaten progress. The interpretation of freedom and liberty in America depends on the class of the individuals affected. Immigrants trying to cross the border from Mexico have been treated inhumanely by the authorities. The rights of emigrants have been trampled upon which undermines the message on America’s anthem that it is the land of the free. Liberalists, when discussing the idea of freedom aim to abolish cruelty to make people equal in respect to their liability to suffering (Patterson & Fosse, 2019). The treatment of immigrants shows another aspect of the authorities. The government’s control of security has enabled the continued suppression of the freedom of people who are deemed minorities in the country (Patterson & Fosse, 2019). The black community and the Latino community have encountered prejudice from law enforcement officers in many cases. The recent case led to the sentencing of the officer who was involved in the shooting. Therefore, the government is the biggest inhibitor of freedom and liberty for the American people. Scholars point to increased legislative measures as part of the reason why there are limited freedoms. Positive freedom, which is the right to take part in self-government and do what one wants to at any time, has been affected by laws. This is because, in as much as people are given their freedoms, the laws minimize the power of these liberties. For example, most citizens are allowed to vote for their candidates in America following the introduction of voting laws that brought equality. However, the power of the vote and the general connection to the government has been dramatically diminished. Many people have the freedom and liberty to vote, but they do not have less effective political power (Patterson & Fosse, 2019). This means that the citizens are not in control of the political direction of the country. The founding fathers envisioned a country where the citizens were active in determining the direction of the country. Negative freedom that is associated with personal choices has been limited due to government control. Even though laws have been passed that have enhanced people’s choices, the government still exercises control over the choices that they have. In the past ten years, the government has introduced that seeks to regulate citizens’ personal choices. Same-sex marriages and abortion are the two issues that have brought disagreements between activists and state governments (Patterson & Fosse, 2019). Some states feel that they should add more restrictions on abortion rights. Some of the restrictions include restricting late trimester abortions and requiring permission of a parent in case it is a minor. The regulations impose more challenges on people seeking to access such services. Therefore, more government control in some areas has led to the erosion of freedoms when it comes to personal choices. Currently, Americans have more choices concerning social, religious, economic, and personal issues. Legislations have been passed that allow more Americans to practice their choice of religion and vote without any discrimination (Patterson & Fosse, 2019). Additionally, laws have been put in place to allow minority groups to access social services and vote in the elections. Individuals can open new businesses because there is a variety of opportunities that can be exploited. These opportunities are available because of the existence of freedoms to exploit the resources as long as the regulations are adhered to (Patterson & Fosse, 2019). In terms of personal choices, the laws have become flexible regarding issues such as same-sex marriages and abortion. Flexibility in the statutes has allowed people to make choices without worrying about challenges with the law. People on the right of the political spectrum criticize the provisions of the rights and liberties of same-sex married couples. They view the idea as immoral and against societal values. Therefore, the overall social freedoms in the united states have increased as people become modernized. In conclusion, America has advanced in terms of freedoms, but it has also regressed in some areas by implementing control strategies. Increased legislation has enhanced freedoms but has also limited some of the freedoms and liberties. An example is a freedom to vote, yet the power of the vote has depreciated immensely. In the current times, people in America have more options for social, religious, economic, and personal choices. Reference Patterson, O., & Fosse, E. (2019). Stability and change in Americans’ perception of freedom . Contexts, 18 (3), 26–31. Web.
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This is in recognition that strategic planning plays a great role in effective performance of any organization including its quest for profit maximization. Indeed, an enterprise would not achieve its investment goals if it had a shaky strategic planning framework. The aim of this study is to provide a summary of this article but with the hope that its findings can be used to develop more research on the study topic. The article is aimed at assessing the extent to which companies have directed their strategic planning processes towards addressing the rapid, unpredictable and changing business world dynamics. The author aims at identification of the main features underlying strategic planning systems in light of an industry that transitioned from being stable to turbulent. In terms of contributions, the findings are relevant to strategic management understanding. For instance, it provides information on processes of strategic planning applied across the world’s biggest companies from the period 1990. It also demonstrates how such practices have evolved amidst increased turbulent situations. It provides reconciliation between the “design” and “process” as applied in different schools of management. Finally, it illuminates more on effective management of complex enterprises that operate in dynamic business environments. In the main theories, the author articulates various themes. For instance, he focuses on planning and environmental turbulence, the implications of environmental turbulence, strategic innovation among others. In the section for empirical evidence, the author refers to the link between formal and informal strategic planning procedures. The assertion is that a greater part of major companies observes formal strategic planning processes. In terms of approach, the development of this article used an exploratory methodology in investigating the extent to which corporations’ strategic planning models have withstood increased environmental turbulence. Thus, the author did not opt for formal hypothesis testing. This is because the study sought to develop descriptive data relating to strategic planning procedures in major companies. The main investigation included are the following: 1. Assessing the principal features underlying strategic planning models in large and international corporations; 2. Establishing the impact of increased volatility and unpredictability as a result of strategic planning processes used in a given corporation; 3. Evaluating on how companies’ systems of strategic planning interrelate with rational, analytic, formalized, staff-driven procedures; the same analysis extends to the manner in which such are consistent with emergent strategies underlying “process school”. Thus, the study aims at international oil companies due to the fact that they succumbed to depression in oil prices among other economic crisis. The study also supports its findings by conducting interview surveys in different companies. It has been affirmed that strategic planning plays a major role in how large companies manage their systems. However, it was not oblivious that practices in strategic planning had undergone transformations over the past years in the quest to respond to the challenges caused by turbulence and unpredictable environments. The study addresses significant issues that might be of great help today. As mentioned earlier, strategic planning is something that contemporary organizations must take into serious consideration because it directly relates to the main objectives of an investment. That is why nowadays this article can be a helpful resource because its findings may be used to improve strategic planning of many organizations. Reference Rober, G. (2003). Strategic planning in a turbulent environment: Evidence from the oil majors. Strategic Management Journal, 24 (6), 491-517
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Madama Butterfly by Henry Hwang Essay ‘Madama Butterfly’, which is considered to be one of the most prominent plays by Henry Hwang, was presented at the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto, Canada. It told the story of a young Japanese geisha Cio-Cio-San who dreamt of a happy marriage to the American naval officer. The people who managed to visit this performance were considerably struck by the actors’ play on the stage. It is necessary to stress that Yannick-Muriel Noah performed the title role of the geisha demonstrating magnificent soprano through gloriously compelling rendition of passive aggressiveness. The play of this actress appeared to be the true treasure of the production; tenor Bryan Hymel, acted as lt. Pinkerton, falling in love with Butterfly and then, leaving her. It should be noted that this actor managed to demonstrate the combination of vocal and physical swagger, making his debut really impressing. The theatre production highlighted the true feelings of two people whose interests could never be united by one common desire to follow their big love. Butterfly strives to show her devotion to American God rejecting own religion and family; while Pinkerton is concentrated on the most important thing of his life – his work. The man is aware of his leaving the bride even before the marriage perceiving her as the one more object of his affection. Speaking about this performance in Toronto, it is necessary to underline the idea that the professional cast made the production marvelous; baritone Brett Polegato’s superb work in the role of American consul Sharpless, demonstrated a strong voice and powerful sense of compassion and humanity. Besides, one should stress that the roles of Suzuki, the serving girl, played by mezzo Anita Krause, insinuating marriage broker by tenor John Kriter, and Pinkerton’s wife by Laura Albino, impressed the audience of the event by the depth of professional play and reflection of personal feelings through the roles. By the way, it was vividly demonstrated, how the actors managed to live their roles’ lives and played naturally and dramatically. The designer of the play was Susan Benson managed to create the atmosphere of Japanese culture transferring the mood of the play to the audience; it is necessary to underline professionalism of Jack Diamond, the architect, who created elegantly muted colors and put finishing touches to simple design of the opera, which made the visitors’ hearts beating faster and faster with every next stage. The central purpose in the creation of hall and production was aimed at showcasing the performance artistry reflecting the feelings of their heroes. Madama Butterfly is referred to the most recent stages of Four Seasons Centre; it contributed to the increase of the people number loving musical plays through the depth if this production. It is necessary to underline the idea that the performance appeared to become the audience’ favorite through Puccini’s score soaring musicality, wonderful Macdonald’s tagging, and elegant design of Benson. References Becker, H. Art as Collective Action. American Sociological Review. Vol.39. 1974. Coulbourn, J. Madama Butterfly. Play Review. 2009. Web.
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The article discusses the results of investigations conducted within different medical establishments with the purpose of identifying all the possible forms of psychotherapeutic strategies applied for curing patients with bipolar disorders. Seven patients with different forms of bipolar disorder including bipolar I, bipolar II, and temporary bipolar disorders took part in the investigation. The specialists conducting this research found that implementing varied forms of psychotherapy may significantly improve the condition of patients with different forms of bipolar disorders helping them overcome such complicated conditions as depressive and suicidal moods, impulsivity and bursts of anger. To quantify the data, the researchers resorted to the use of the observational study design. The findings of the article are based on the results received during researches conducted in varied medical and educational establishments. The observed patients and doctors cooperating with the theorists working in educational establishments were regularly interrogated in order to see the dependence between the results of preventive psychotherapeutic measures and the condition of the patients with bipolar disorder. To analyze the data, the statistics showing the condition of the seven patients during the whole period of treatment was used. Speaking about the cognitive tool used to interpret the data, it should be said that it is a complex of scientific method and deductive logic. The author cooperated with a number of medical doctors practicing psychotherapy and the scientists working in this filed. Then, the received information was analyzed by means of the implication of deductive logic. The author of the article also applied such research methods as literature reviews, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. The operational definitions for the constructs of this study were rather important for the researcher to allow answering the research questions; however, they were not central in the conduct of this research (Leedy, & Ormrod, 2013). This is explained by the practical nature of this investigation which mainly required cooperating with the specialists practicing psychotherapeutic methods, and observing the condition of the patients taking part in this research (Frank, 2005). The results of the researches described in the article can be interpreted as highly convincing. The condition of all the patients under the observations significantly improved during implementing varied techniques of psychotherapy. In particular, the psychotic breaks could be controlled by medicines, and the interpersonal relations of these patients were improved by means of the use of psychotherapeutic programs. This helped the patients overcome such troublesome conditions as separation, anxiety, rage, anger, and emotional hunger. Such considerable improvement let them “have gone on to live full personal and professional lives” (Young, 2010, p.47). Concluding on all the above-discussed information, it should be stated that the article “The Role of Psychotherapy in the Bipolar Disorders: Dynamic Psychotherapy as an Adjunct to Pharmacotherapy” offers a well thought-of argument on the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic programs in the treatment of the patient with different types of bipolar disorders. The findings of the article based on the variables received during investigating the cases of seven patients having varied forms of bipolar disorder showed that properly chosen psychotherapy can help such people come back to their normal lifestyle. References Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Practical research: Planning and design (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Frank, E. (2005). Treating Bipolar Disorder: A Clinician’s Guide to Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy. New York: Guilford Press. Web. Young, B. (2010). The Role of Psychotherapy in the Bipolar Disorders: Dynamic Psychotherapy as an Adjunct to Pharmacotherapy. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 13(1), 42+. Web.
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“Patron Saints of Nothing” Novel Analysis Essay Going through internal personal conflicts triggered by various circumstances in one’s life is not an easy task, and the outcomes of this process transform people’s consciousness on a deep level. The same development happens to Jay Reguero, the protagonist of the book “Patron Saints of Nothing,” written by Randy Ribay. Throughout the narrative, he faces numerous challenges deriving from the impossibility to form an adequate attitude to the death of his cousin Jun. In order to do it, he goes to the Philippines in an attempt to learn about this event and thereby accepts this sad aspect of human life. Therefore, in the novel, Jay’s struggles are connected to the meaning of truth in one’s existence, cultural identity leading to misinterpretation of occasions, and the feeling of guilt accompanying tragic events of a similar nature. The main idea in the story is the role of truth in adjusting to new conditions or, as in Jay’s case, accepting death. In the beginning, he unknowingly demonstrates a wise attitude to the subject. By saying that one “can only handle so much truth at any given moment” when refusing to ask about the dead puppy, he confirms the insignificance of inquiry (Ribay, 2019, p. 14). However, this occasion does not affect him much, and the transformation occurs only after Jun’s death. The anonymous message stating that “Manuel did not deserve to die” because “he did nothing wrong” instantaneously inspires trust (Ribay, 2019, p. 43). Hence, the emerged motivation correlates with the reception of limited information on the matter. The corresponding desire to “clear Jun’s name” and “not fail him in death” relates to it and explains Jay’s further actions (Ribay, 2019, p. 142). In the end, he admits that the truth was not essential, but the transformation already happened. In this way, learning about Jun’s addiction did not affect his memory of him, which proves that facts have limited value in personal relationships. Another struggle faced by Jay and incorporated in the novel is cultural identity, and it explains the difference in the perceptions of Jun’s death by family members at home and in the United States. It becomes apparent after rereading the letters from Jun saying that “people are sick and starving to death,” but “no one cares” since everyone wants to go to America for “popularity and money” (Ribay, 2019, p. 27). By writing about the conditions of citizens in the Philippines, he expresses his concerns and highlights the apparent difference in their views. It is also confirmed by Jay’s Filipino mother, who says that “we can’t grasp the extent to which drugs have affected the country” (Ribay, 2019, p. 33). When viewing the events through the lens of the specified perceptions, one can easily discern the lack of interest in the circumstances of Jun’s death from his parents and Jay’s desire to know about it. While being unfamiliar with the former’s living standards, the boy mistakenly sees their behavior as indifferent but changes his opinion after learning the truth and thereby transforms his consciousness. The third struggle is the feeling of guilt deriving from the impossibility to change Jay’s relationship with Jun. The former reflects on the letters saying that he does not remember their content and can “never forget: I left it unanswered” (Ribay, 2019, p. 22). He blames himself for not being attentive to his cousin as if it could have changed the outcome. Afterward, Jay mentions that sadness is connected to the fact that he “never tried to find out where he had gone” (Ribay, 2019, p. 27). This fact adds to the already uneasy perception of Jun’s death and shows that the guilt is not only in the lack of connection but in the absence of attempts to support his cousin. Even though Jay honestly admits that his actions would not have been significant, this understanding does not help him. In the end, he states that suffering alone is not necessary, but one should never “leave questions and letters and lives unanswered” (Ribay, 2019, p. 249). This aspect also corresponds to one’s transformation as the struggles portrayed in the story are the ones completely changing the person. In conclusion, Jay’s suffering from the need to know the truth, the difference in cultural identity, and the guilt attributed to his actions change his personality through processing the tragedy. The first stage of this event is the recognition of the fact that truth can be meaningless when it comes to the memory of a person. It can only help accept it but does not affect the overall attitude. The second step, which is the understanding of the view of oneself with regard to culture, contributes to the process by increasing awareness regarding the reasons for varying stances demonstrated by family members. In turn, the third phase is the recognition of responsibility for communication, which is significant for relationships. Thus, the struggles corresponding to these aspects of suffering seem inevitable, but, as can be seen from Jay’s experience, they bring peace and transform people. Reference Ribay, R. (2019). Patron saints of nothing. Penguin Random House.
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Ethical Consideration of an AMA Case Essay Sometimes, medical workers are confronted with moral dilemmas when treating patients. Kuczewski and Blair (2021) presented a case of a health professional coming to conflict with the ethnic perspective of their employer. A private healthcare company recruits personnel to deliver medical services to prison detainees. One of the requirements is participation in the execution of convicted criminals. The authors comment that there is a medical obligation to respect patients’ human rights regardless of work instructions. My position on the conflict between moral values and employer’s healthcare requirements is that human health and basic decency come first. The authors of the case follow the viewpoint that all health professionals ought to place morality before duty, giving three ethical arguments. The first one is that medical workers “can, in no way, be agents of punishment, either by directly or indirectly facilitating neglect or inadequate care” (Kuczewski & Blair, 2021, p. 13). The second argument is that the person at the focus of the case should have the ability to send a patient to the hospital despite the demands of the administration. Finally, all health professionals should be vigilant for immoral conduct and refrain from cooperating. All these points are ethically valid because they follow the principle of prioritizing morality above the employer’s instructions. The authors also refer to international law for appropriate legal reasoning. Kuczewski and Blair (2021) quote the twenty-fourth session of the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, which explicitly obliges physicians to “advocate for their [patients’] health-related needs and basic human rights” (p. 13). It is also a point of a professional code conflict. Whereas capital punishment is legal in the United States, health professionals are prohibited from participation in the execution (Kuczewski & Blair, 2021). However, if the employer assigns such a person to alleviate the suffering of the patient, a conflict emerges since it is their responsibility to deliver healthcare services indiscriminately. This particular case involves a physician facing this dilemma, yet such a scenario also applies to my role as the nurse practitioner as I may be employed and requested to engage in unethical behavior as well. In my opinion, health professionals should be allowed to work in a facility that administrates lethal doses to convicted criminals. Yet, they should be removed from the actual process of execution. If the employer compels them to participate, they should have the right to refuse. My position is supported by legal, ethical, and professional evidence. The legal evidence is that the employer’s actions would contradict the Constitution by forcing the nurse to perform a cruel punishment, which is prohibited by the Eight Amendment (Henry, 2018). The ethical evidence stems from the AMA Code of Medical Ethics, which deems participation in the execution of the patient as the betrayal of trust (AMA, n.d.). The professional evidence concerns examples of nurses who refused to be recruited to participate in executions while referencing the aforementioned code (Shields et al., 2017). As a result, a nurse practitioner should have the opportunity to refuse to comply. The strategy for resolving this issue is allowing health professionals to refrain from executions. The solution is obliging the employer to explicitly highlight this right in the contract. However, legally enabling nurses to abstain from contributing to execution might also raise an ethical issue of patients who do not want to be resuscitated. This can be viewed as passive murder, which is similar to capital punishment as it requires a nurse to comply and do nothing to save the patient’s life. Subsequently, allowing nurse practitioners to refuse to participate in the execution may encourage them to decide not to comply with the do-not-resuscitate order. References AMA (n.d.). Code of medical ethics: Professional self-regulation . Web. Henry, T. A. (2018). AMA to Supreme Court: Doctor participation in executions unethical . AMA. Web. Kuczewski, M. G., & Blair, A. (2021). How should history of physician involvement in the Holocaust inform how physicians approach employers? AMA Journal of Ethics , 23 (1), 12-17. Shields, L., Watson, R., Darbyshire, P., McKenna, H., Williams, G., Hungerford, C., Stanley, D., Ben-Sefer, E., Benedict, S., Goodman, B., Draper, P., & Anderson, J. (2017). Nurse participation in legal executions: An ethics round-table discussion. Nursing Ethics , 25 (7), 841-854. Web.
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“Peter Pan” Play by Barrie and Its Performance Essay Introduction Peter Pan is a play that is based on music and lyrics, and it was first performed in 1904. However, the musical part of the production was staged in 1954 in New York, a stage event that was followed by 152 performances. I do not like the fact that Mrs. Darling believes that Nana, a dog, would take care of her children. In fact, Nana bathes the children and watches over them. It is interesting to learn that a parent can entrust an animal to take care of her children when he or she is not around. A common observation is that parents employ house helps to cook for their children and watch over them. When Nana is off in one night, Mrs. Darling spends quality time with her children. As she sleeps, she is interrupted by some commotion from the window. Upon looking around in the room, she notices a strange boy, and she screams. By good luck, Nana has just arrived and lunges for the boy, who escapes, but leaves a shadow behind. Mrs. Darling decides to store the shadow of the intruder in a drawer, hoping that he would return and be caught. On the other hand, I like the fact that Mr. Darling does not believe that Nana would take good care of their children. When is told of the incident of the intruder who has left his shadow, he does not take it seriously. The overall impression of the play is that several challenges typify parenting. In this context, the children in the play get lost and are away from their families for some time. Main body Although the play has three main parts, it is evident that it has a definite sense of style, which is realism. The producers of the play have used the style to portray characters that act in a manner that is close to that of persons in real life. From a theatrical perspective, the style has achieved the goal of satisfying stage conventions in a manner that appears to be “ordinary” life. I do not believe all the actions happening on stage. For example, it is hard to believe that a person could act as portrayed by the main character, Peter. It is claimed that he does not grow, yet his actions are extraordinary. Four characters stand out in the play. First, Mrs. Darling contends with the fact that she can leave her children with Nana, a dog, to bathe them and watch over them. Second, Mr. Darling is a firm parent who tells his wife that they should look for a house help to take care of their children. Third, Nana is an extraordinary character that is entrusted by Mrs. Darling to cook for the children, bathe them, and watch over them. Nana protects the children and the entire family from intruders. Fourth, Peter is a cunning character that entices Wendy and her brother to go to Neverland. However, upon realizing that the pirates want to take the children away, he uses his intelligence to escape with them. Conclusion The play is quite insightful. It teaches the audience about dangers that one would encounter in life. Although some events are scary, the production uses music to present painful incidents on a lighter note. I would recommend the production to persons of all ages, who would be equipped with skills and knowledge that are essential for survival. In addition, they would learn about the significance of patience in life.
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Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing in Healthcare Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Interpretation of Confidence Intervals and P Value 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction While determining the trends and relationships that are present in population parameters, several statistical tests and analyses are usually conducted (Sukamolson, 2006). Confidence interval (CI) is a statistical measure that is used to determine the reliability of a population parameter in a statistical test. CIs are usually made up of several values. These values are essential in statistical tests since they provide reliable estimation of an unknown parameter (Sukamolson, 2006). While conducting a study, study hypothesis are usually designed according to the objectives and goals that are to be achieved in the end. To determine whether the parameters of the population or sample size reflect to these objectives, plausible values of the study are usually determined. However, the effectiveness of these values depends on the degree of confidence that the study wants to attain. It is as a result of this that confidence intervals are developed in a research study. For instance, when a study is developed at 95% confidence interval, all the values of the parameter that are within this range are accepted while the ones that are outside the range are rejected. Thus, in an event whereby the plausible values of the null hypothesis fall within this confidence interval, the null hypothesis is accepted. However, if the values are implausible (outside the 95% confidence interval), the null hypothesis is rejected (Sukamolson, 2006). However, it should be noted that there are differences between CI and hypothesis testing. As it has been stated, confidence intervals are used to show the degree of freedom (or reliability) with which a specific statistical test is to be carried at. Most statistical tests are carried out at 95% level of confidence (Sukamolson, 2006). However, to determine whether there was a significant difference between the variables that were tested, a different parameter is used. This parameter is known as the p value. Thus, the p value is used to determine whether the variables of a given study are within a desired range to accept or reject the null hypothesis. This is the main difference that exists between CIs and hypothesis testing. Interpretation of Confidence Intervals and P Value While conducting a study, a researcher usually determines the degree of accuracy with which he/she wants his study to be at. In normal cases, a normal distribution is used to display the graphical representation of the mean and standard deviation of the parameters of the study. This distribution is usually constructed in accordance to the margin of error that a researcher wants to encounter. For example, if the researcher wants the study to have a margin of error of 5%, he/she needs to set at + and -1.96 standard deviations for a two tailed test. If the researcher uses a one-tailed test, the margin of error shall be set at 1.64 (Myers, 2001). However, the interpretation of the results depends on the p value of the study. The p value is the value that is used to determine the level of significance of the variables of the study (Myers, 2001). This value can be computed using statistical software packages or manually. For instance, if a researcher wants to determine the age at which the teenagers start to engage in sexual intercourse at a CI of 95% using a two-tailed tests, the p value should be less than 0.025 for the null hypothesis of the study to be accepted. If the value is more than 0.025, the null hypothesis shall be rejected. Conclusion Therefore, confidence intervals and hypothesis tests are used to complement each other in statistical tests. References Myers, R. (2001). Elements of Research: Study Design and Data Analysis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sukamolson, S. (2006). Fundamentals of Quantitative Research . Chulalongkorn: Chulalongkorn University Press.
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Modern Dance by Jiri Kylian Essay (Critical Writing) Jiri Kylian as one of the most prominent ballet-masters of the twenty-first century is known to perform a wide spectrum of emotions and feelings in his works, which fascinate with their perfection and beauty of movement. No exception is the “performance “Petite Mort”, which was first represented to public in The Nederlands Dans Theater in 1996 and was the part of the so-called “Black & White Ballets”. [Riding, 1999] The performance consists of the two parts, which are thematically bound. They express the harmonic integrity of the personality and movements, which is accompanied by ideally matching motive by Mozart. On the whole, analyzing the first part of the ballet from the beginning, we have to point out the appropriateness of the absence of sound accompaniment, which leads the onlooker to concentrate on the pattern of movements the six men perform. It has to be mentioned, that group ballet without musical accompaniment is rather uneasy task, because each movement and breath has to be worked out in team so as to achieve synchronism and perfection. However, the ballet group managed to overcome the difficulties and dance simultaneously even with no sound. We should acknowledge the unveiled “hand of the master”, Jiri Kylian, who has succeeded in showing the power of the men at the beginning of his performance. As a matter of fact, these are not only swords, which indicate the strength and beauty of the men, but also a certain set of movements, most of which are quite sharp and confident. From time to time the movements are altering from quick to slow; however, it only amplifies the feeling of men superiority and influence. When the first notes of Mozart’s Adagio can be heard by the viewer, the picture drastically changes. According to the music, the way the men move alter from sharp to smooth, from confident to insecure. We cannot but point out the beauty of the tissue raised, which has served a special effect of the cloudy sky or the thick fog (there the onlooker can apply his/her own imagination) and has prepared the viewer to the idea of the “petite mort” in the performance. Further, there appear new characters, women, which, together with the men, execute a dance of tenderness and harmony, of great affection and, probably, even love. The performance proceeds with the solo dance of one couple, which evokes in the onlooker the same feelings. Without any doubt, a two-person dance is more impressive in terms of concentration of each kind of motion, every muscle movement every touch and gesture. The two-dance is indisputably more intimate and feeling-provoking. However, the group ballet strikes the onlooker with its own peculiarities. For example, the performance by the same author called “Falling Angels”. Sharp synchronic movements in combination with fully expressed percussion music do not seek for perfection, because they already possess it. Generally, belonging to the “Black & White Ballets”, which are devoted to eternal issues, the idea of the dance is expressed explicitly clear. The women dancing, who symbolize deprivation, inequality in rights and lack of freedom, are moving with their hands in a way the fallen angels would. What is more, the lighting plays quite a significant part in interpreting the performance. Having a form of squares directed on each of the eight dancers, the ballet-maker creates an atmosphere of “being caught in a cage, being limited due to our inability to achieve complete perfection or satisfaction.” [Harkarvy, 1994] Jiri Kylian is indisputably one of the most famous choreographers of our century and deserves this title practically, by having created a lot of such masterpieces, as the two discussed ballet performances. Works Cited Harkarvy, Benjamin. “In conversation: Jiri Kylian on the choreographer’s art – Interview”. Dance Magazine. November, 1994. Web. Riding, Alan. “ DANCE; With a Celebration Of Dutch Freedom, He Frees Himself “. The New York Times . July 11, 1999. Web.
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The Concept of Ethics in Relation to Salesmanship Essay Introduction This paper seeks to explore the concept of ethics in relation to salesmanship through a case study on the work of Thomas L. Carson and in particular his views on the subject. It is imperative that sale persons adopt ethics in their day to day activities, which then makes this topic of particular interest. However, due to the complexity of this topic, different authors have always disagreed on what can be accepted as ethical when making a sale. Thomas L. Carson puts forward what he calls a comprehensive theory of sales ethics in his critic of the works of other authors, where he identifies four moral duties of salesmanship. He identifies that over 10 percent of the American workforce is composed of sales persons who mostly view ethics from a nondisclosure point of view with great emphasis on caveats. Ethical Grid Among then ethical issues cited in Thomas L. Carson’s work includes: supererogatory actions, which are actions that are viewed by people as not immoral to do though it is good if they do them. He also mentions prima facie, which is the obligation that can be overridden by other obligations if the other obligations are deemed more important; utilitarianism, which dictates that actions should produce the greatest amount of pleasure for as many persons as possible; egoism, which is the view that morality always coincides with the individual interests of a person or an organization and finally conscience, which is a set of principles which people internalize and which have been taught to them by different authority figures. Analysis The author starts by identifying the differences between deceptions and withholding information where he identifies that most sales persons identify deception as the giving of false statements which distorts the definition of ethical salesmanship. This is so because some true statements can lead a person to believe in information that is not right. He identifies that by law, the adoption of caveat-emptor has further precipitated the breakdown of sales ethics as sellers are not penalized for withholding certain information that could be harmful to the buyer. Furthermore, the law takes an implied stand on product information rather than an express or explicit concept. Most sales persons are more interested in complying with the laws rather than having a moral duty to their customers. In his criticism of Holley’s theory, the author identifies that where time is a constraint, the sales persons would not be in a position to consider the moral obligation to the customer and would therefore not think of what he or she would have wanted to be informed about if he or she was the customer. They also do not have a duty to inform customers of cheaper alternatives and in some cases where market constraints are evident, there is nothing the sales person can do ethically or not, which is in relation to supererogatory actions, which are actions that are not immoral to do though it is good to do them. In his theory the author gives a combination of six rules that are supposed to govern salesmanship to be ethical which he justifies as giving a clear description of what is right and what is wrong in salesmanship. He says that this eliminates the unreasonable demands made to sales persons as suggested by Holley’s theory, such as giving information about their competitor’s products. He also says that his theory provides different parameters used in judging the ethical behavior of sales persons in different sectors. He cites the golden rule that says that, if one thinks that it is morally possible for an act to be done by one person to another then it is imperative that you also consent to someone else in the same way, and this he says has been accommodated by the six points of his theory. This is in the sense that, the first four points which he describes as prima facie or rather obligations that can sometimes be overridden by other obligations if they are deemed more important, offer some level of flexibility regarding both the industry of the sales person, and the circumstances of the sale. He says that the permissibility of an act depends on the view of the person performing it and especially if he or she would like the same to be done to him or her. He further explains this in two premises, consistency and consent. In relation to utilitarianism, it should be noted that at times the actions of sales persons may be seen unethical, but are actually the best alternative that suits both the customer and the sales person. He however, gives an example of a sales person who has to meet his or her targets or get fired. This is not ethical since the sales person still has an obligation to the customer by virtue of him or her taking the job while knowing that being fired is one of the risks he or she has to contend with. Also, in relation to egoism which should be applied in the first premise, he says that if a person makes a moral judgment on a particular case, then he or she must always apply the same judgment in all other similar cases, hence exhibiting ethics through consistency. However, the rigidity posed by consistency may compromise ethics since some cases might be too unique. Conscience should be applied in the second premise where the sales persons must not allow their customers to accept products that they would not accept which in this case the acceptance of a product is considered consent.
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Monet’s and van Gogh’s Paintings Comparison Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Claude Monet’s Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare 3. Vincent van Gogh’s The Bedroom 4. Comparison of the Two Paintings 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Claude Monet’s Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare and Vincent van Gogh’s The Bedroom belong to the finest pieces of world painting heritage. The time difference between the two paintings was about ten years, and the styles employed by their creators were different, so it is possible to speak both about similarities and differences in them. Monet’s work was governed by impressionism, and van Gogh’s – by post-impressionism. These two approaches are close but yet not the same. The contextual analysis of the two paintings allows discerning some common and divergent features. Claude Monet’s Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare Monet’s Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare (1877) is the embodiment of the major ideas reflected in impressionists’ art. The medium is oil on canvas, and the dimensions are 60.3 × 80.2 cm (23 3/4 × 31 1/2 in.) (Monet). Impressionists showed the development of the urban environment at the end of the 19 th century (Brodskaïa). In the picture under analysis, a train station is depicted, with a special prominence on the glass-and-iron train shed (see fig. 1). In the best tradition of impressionism, the artist demonstrated the changing quality of light. By using harsh brushstrokes, Monet was able to depict each element of the scene accurately and distinctly. The colors prevailing in the picture are the shades of gray, blue, and green. The painting is regarded as the inauguration of Monet’s “established pattern” of painting a peculiar motif regularly to capture “subtle and temporal atmospheric changes” (Monet). Fig. 1. Arrival of the Normandy train, Gare Saint-Lazare (Monet). Vincent van Gogh’s The Bedroom Van Gogh’s The Bedroom (1889) belongs to the post-impressionism period. The medium of the painting is oil on canvas, and the dimensions are 73.6 × 92.3 cm (29 × 36 5/8 in.) (van Gogh). Post-impressionists’ are known to have rejected the natural reflection of light in impressionists’ works (Brodskaïa). The image under analysis demonstrates this feature since van Gogh concentrated on the expressive content rather than a precise depiction of light in the room (see fig. 2). The colors used by the artist are bright, the tints of lilac, yellow, red, and green prevailing over others. The creation of The Bedroom marked the moment when van Gogh obtained his own home for the first time (van Gogh). At the time, the painter was enthusiastic about decorating the rooms. As it is evident from the painting, the artist decorated the bedroom with his own artistic works. Although van Gogh considered The Bedroom to be the expression of “utter repose,” it seems to bear the effect of anxiety due to the “sharply receding” perspective (van Gogh). Fig. 2. The bedroom (van Gogh). Comparison of the Two Paintings It is possible to analyze the context of the two paintings from several angles. First of all, the people involved in the creation of each work should be mentioned. There is no information available on the patrons and viewers of both images, but it is known that Monet sold his work soon after completing it, whereas van Gogh presented his to his brother (Monet; van Gogh). In both cases, no one but the creator was involved in the process of work. Another similarity is the warm reception of the paintings by the public. For Monet, Arrival of the Normandy Train was one in the sequence of twelve paintings with the same subject, which means that the choice of scenery was rather successful (Monet). For van Gogh, the success was even more pronouncing since he made two more copies of the same painting, which were almost identical to the original (van Gogh). Hence, it is viable to conclude that the response of contemporary critics was highly positive. Another angle of contextual analysis is related to the physical work of art. Monet’s painting was created in 1877, and van Gogh’s – in 1889. The slight difference in the time dimension brought about considerable changes in artistic movements. Monet was the representative of impressionism, whereas van Gogh represented post-impressionism. The two styles were closely related in time and manner, the latter emerging as a result of the former. In fact, many post-impressionists used to be impressionists first (Brodskaïa). Since both artists were prominent representatives of their respective styles, it is possible to assume that their techniques were new in some way. Both Monet and van Gogh used a rather common technique (oil on canvas) to create their paintings. Finally, it is crucial to discuss the larger social issues presented by the two paintings. The social context in Monet’s painting was vivid, whereas in van Gogh’s picture, there was no social issue depicted. In the tradition of impressionism, Monet concentrated on the development of urbanization, which was a serious social change at the time. Meanwhile, van Gogh’s painting was dedicated to personal experience, so there was no important social message in it. Conclusion Monet’s Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare and van Gogh’s The Bedroom were created under the influence of different artistic movements and had dissimilar subjects. However, it is still possible to identify some similarities between the two works, such as the use of bold brushstrokes, expressive representation of colors, and the popularity of both paintings with contemporary viewers. The main contrast, however, is in social importance: Monet’s work of art represents a significant social change, while van Gogh’s painting concentrates on his life experience. Works Cited Brodskaïa, Nathalia. Impressionism and Post-Impressionism . Parkstone International, 2018. Monet, Claude. Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare . 1877. Art Institute Chicago . Web. van Gogh, Vincent. The Bedroom . 1889. Art Institute Chicago . Web.
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Darius I in his desire to conquer Ellas sent ambassadors to Sparta to ask for submission, but they were thrown to the pit. The first invasion suffered a defeat; later the Battle of Marathon took place. Darius died during the preparation for the next campaign, and his son Xerxes ascended the throne (Lutton). He continued the deeds of his father. Xerxes spoke: “Persians, it is not I who have introduced this law of conquest among us; I follow what I have received from others” (Herodotus). He gathered a huge army and navy and set out for Greece. But the main purpose of the Persian campaign remained Athena. The reason for it is that at the Battle of Marathon Greeks defeated Persians in the first invasion (Bradford). Themistocles, the respected Athenian general, proposed to block the Persian army at two places: at the pass of Thermopylae on land and the Straits of Artemisium in the sea. Greek city-states were led by Sparta. “From the age of six boys were trained for the phalanx…the duty of the men was to fight, and if necessary die, in battle…the noblest sacrifice of the man was dying in battle” (Bradford). We may consider education, religion, leisure, and family as the preconditions of the military-style of Spartans (Nagle). Thermopylae means “The Hot Gates”, and the battle was really hot. The Persian army numbered millions, but an allied force of 7,000 men held up the invaders for seven days before one of the most famous last stands happened. The Greeks were betrayed, and the Persians were shown a path to come behind the Greeks. Leonidas remained to guard the rear, dismissing the main parts of the army, as he was ignorant of the betray. “Leonidas now conducted from the Isthmus to Thermopylae a select band of 300 Spartans – all being citizens of mature age, and persons who left at home sons to supply their places” (Grote). He called a council of war and many commanders withdrew without orders or ordered by Leonidas. He resolved to stay and fight. He knew that this was his last shelter, but did not leave the battlefield. The Thespians and Helots stayed with Leonidas. The reasons for this decision are controversial. Leonidas could be guided by the laws of Sparta, according to which retreat meant disgrace, or by the prophecy that he was committed to sacrificing himself for the sake of Sparta. The prophecy by the Oracle in Delphi, Pythia by name, came true. And there could be one tactical reason to provide a rearguard. In such a case, the Greeks could get away, and Persian cavalry would have no possibility to defeat the Allied contingents. Leonidas is believed to be one of Heracle’s descendants, and his craving for courage could be inborn. The next morning Xerxes began his advance, while the Greeks sailed to meet his army in the wider part of the pass. It was conceived to kill as many Persians as possible. During the battle, Leonidas died and the struggle continued over his body. The Allies tried to protect it but failed to do that. The Greeks used all the spears to strike the enemy, the Persians – every arrow to kill the Allies. The body of Leonidas was crucified, his head was cut off. After forty years after this rage of Xerxes, the bones of Leonidas were returned to Sparta. Although the Battle of Thermopylae was a defeat of the Greeks, contributing to the Persian victory, it is one of the most famous heroic struggles. Nevertheless, it meant the tactical and strategic victory of the Persians. The threat to Peloponnese was deflected only after the Battle of Salamis. The Battle of Plataea and Mycale reduced the menace of the Persian invasion. Works Cited Bradford, Alfred S. 2001. With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Westport, CT: Praeger. Grote, George. 2001. A History of Greece: From the Time of Solon to 403 B.C. London: Routledge. Herodotus. On the War for Greek Freedom: Selections from the Histories. 2003. Indianapolis: Hackett. Lutton, Edward Bulwer. Athens: With Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People. 2004. NY: Routledge. Nagle, D. Brendan. 2006. The Ancient World: A Social and Cultural History. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall.
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Essay The use of nuclear power is a very controversial question. The sustainability of this energy source depends on many factors, including economic, technological, political, environmental, and ethical ones. The first factor to argue about is whether nuclear power is safe or unsafe for people. Considering the Fukushima disaster and another one in Ukrainian Chernobyl, it is hard to conclude that this technology is safe. However, it is getting safer. Both Chernobyl and Fukushima plans were old; the present-day nuclear reactors are much safer and less likely to meltdown (“Arguments for and against nuclear power” par. 1). Admittedly, nuclear plans remain vulnerable to natural disasters, one of which has already caused the Fukushima tragedy, and terroristic attacks. However, any modern reactor is well-equipped and has a containment structure. Moreover, radioactive waste and spent fuel storage are usually located below the ground level (“The Nuclear Debate” par. 15). Another controversial aspect of nuclear power is its effects on human health and the environment. One of the greatest concerns in this regard is radioactive waste, which would be “a nightmare for our grandchildren” (“The Nuclear Debate” par. 13). However, all those countries that use nuclear energy take all responsibility for managing the radioactive waste that it produces. Thus, the waste is never released – it is stored, contained, and managed. To take care of nuclear waste, as well as for setting up and decommission nuclear plants, a lot of money is needed. That leads us to another aspect nuclear power’s sustainability depends on – the economic one. Besides, building nuclear reactors requires numerous technologies and investments in the research, which makes it difficult from a technological perspective. Still, nuclear plants have many economic benefits. An average plant brings approximately $470 million of economic output every year (Nuclear Energy Institute par. 1). Besides, it provides workplaces with decent salaries. Finally, the use of nuclear energy is a significant political and ethical concern. Such countries as Iraq and North Korea have used the need for nuclear power as a cover to create their nuclear weapon programs, and now the world is worried about Iran for the same reason (“Arguments for and against nuclear power” par. 3). If other countries, especially different parts of Europe and the United States, refuse the need for nuclear energy, it will be a great example for Iran to do the same. This dilemma is both political and ethical since it involves political figures of many countries and does not have a single right solution. From my point of view, even if the US and Europe give up on nuclear energy, that will not guarantee that Iran will do the same. Presently, people should use all energy sources they have since the energy demand is growing and no source of it can take over all the remaining ones. Nuclear power now produces approximately 15% of all global electricity and partly solves the population’s energy needs, which makes it a valuable sphere of research (Englert, Kralla and Ewing 417). Missing this chance would be wrong. Works Cited Arguments for and against nuclear power 2015. Web. Englerta, Matthias, Lindsay Kralla and Rodney C. Ewing. “Is nuclear fission a sustainable source of energy?” MRS Bulletin 37.4 (2012): 417-424. Print. Nuclear Energy Institute. Nuclear Power Plants Benefit State and Local Economies 2015. Web. The Nuclear Debate 2015. Web.
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