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StivenLancheros
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all_datasets_wikis

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Spin (physics)
Spin
In quantum mechanics and particle physics, spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.
Le spin () est, en physique quantique, une des propriétés internes des particules, au même titre que la masse ou la charge électrique. Comme d'autres observables quantiques, sa mesure donne des valeurs discrètes et est soumise au principe d'incertitude. C'est la seule observable quantique qui ne présente pas d'équivalent classique, contrairement, par exemple, à la position, l'impulsion ou l'énergie d'une particule.
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Ketene
Cétène (groupe)
A ketene is an organic compound of the form R′R′′C=C=O, where R and R' are two arbitrary monovalent chemical groups (or two separate substitution sites in the same molecule). The name may also refer to the specific compound ethenone, the simplest ketene.
Un cétène est un groupe fonctionnel contenant la séquence : Ils ont été découverts vers 1905, par Hermann Staudinger alors âgé de 24 ans pendant un post-doctorat. Le cétène, CH=C=O, est le composé parent de ce groupe.
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Alcohol
Alcool (chimie)
In chemistry, alcohol is an organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl functional group (−OH) bound to a saturated carbon atom. The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic beverages. An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members, includes all compounds for which the general formula is CHOH. Simple monoalcohols that are the subject of this article include primary (RCHOH), secondary (RCHOH) and tertiary (RCOH) alcohols.
En chimie organique, un alcool est un composé organique dont l'un des atomes de carbone (celui-ci étant tétraédrique) est lié à un groupe hydroxyle (-OH). L'éthanol entrant dans la composition des boissons alcoolisées est un cas particulier d'alcool. Le méthanol et l'éthanol sont toxiques et mortels à haute dose.
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null
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Isocyanate
Isocyanate
Isocyanate is the functional group with the formula R−N=C=O. Organic compounds that contain an isocyanate group are referred to as isocyanates. An organic compound with two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for the production of polyurethanes, a class of polymers.
Un isocyanate est un ion de formule N=C=O, base conjuguée de l'acide isocyanique, qui peut former des sels tel l'isocyanate de sodium, et des composés chimiques portant le groupe fonctionnel isocyanate -N=C=O.
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Visual flight rules
Règles de vol à vue
Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e. in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority. The pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft.
Les règles de vol à vue (en abrégé VFR – de l'anglais "visual flight rules") est le régime de vol le plus simple, le plus libre aussi, où la prévention des collisions repose essentiellement sur le principe "voir et d'éviter". Elles font partie des règles de l'air définies par l'OACI (des variantes peuvent exister dans les réglementations nationales). C'est la première technique à avoir été utilisée au début de l'aéronautique et celle qui nécessite le moins d'instruments. Le vol VFR n'est autorisé qu'en conditions météorologiques de vol à vue (ou VMC — "visual meteorological conditions)" : le pilote doit disposer le plus souvent une visibilité minimale de 1500 à 8000 m et rester hors des nuages (à une distance minimale de 1500 mètres horizontalement et 300 m verticalement). Des conditions particulières s'appliquent au vol à vue au-dessus des nuages (VFR "on top"), par mauvaise visibilité (VFR spécial) ou en vol de nuit ().
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Instrument flight rules
Règles de vol aux instruments
Instrument flight rules (IFR) is one of two sets of regulations governing all aspects of civil aviation aircraft operations; the other is visual flight rules (VFR).
Les règles de vol aux instruments (en abrégé IFR – ") définissent un régime de vol où la prévention des collisions repose sur le contrôle de la circulation aérienne et le respect de trajectoires spécifiques. Elles font partie des règles de l'air définies par l'OACI. Le pilote, à l'aide d'indications données par des instruments de bord et des directives reçues des contrôleurs aériens, doit :
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Ethylene
Éthylène
Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula or HC=CH. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds).
L'éthylène, ou, selon la nomenclature de l'IUPAC, éthène, est un hydrocarbure insaturé. On peut aussi le trouver sous l'appellation R1150.
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XNOR gate
Coïncidence (informatique)
The XNOR gate (sometimes XORN'T, ENOR, EXNOR or NXOR and pronounced as Exclusive NOR) is a digital logic gate whose function is the logical complement of the exclusive OR (XOR) gate. The two-input version implements logical equality, behaving according to the truth table to the right, and hence the gate is sometimes called an "equivalence gate". A high output (1) results if both of the inputs to the gate are the same. If one but not both inputs are high (1), a low output (0) results.
En informatique, l'opérateur logique coïncidence, également appelé ET inclusif, NON-OU exclusif (XNOR) et équivalence logique, peut se définir par la phrase suivante : On peut noter qu'il s'agit de la négation du OU exclusif, souvent noté XNOR. On le nomme parfois (bien qu'abusivement) « identité ».
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Ethiopia
Éthiopie
Ethiopia (;,,, Afar: "Itiyoophiyaa," "." Oromo": Itoophiyaa," Somali: "Itoobiya," Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. With over million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. The country has a total area of. Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa, which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates. Ethiopian national identity is grounded in the historic and contemporary roles of Christianity and Islam, and the independence of Ethiopia from foreign rule, stemming from the various ancient Ethiopian kingdoms of antiquity.
LÉthiopie, en forme longue la république démocratique fédérale d’Éthiopie, en amharique, et,, est un État de la Corne de l'Afrique. L'Éthiopie a des frontières communes avec l'Érythrée (ancienne province) au nord, la Somalie à l'est-sud-est, le Soudan au nord-ouest, le Soudan du Sud à l'ouest-sud-ouest, le Kenya au sud et la république de Djibouti au nord-est. Depuis l'indépendance de l'Érythrée en 1993, l'Éthiopie n'a plus d'accès à la mer.
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Wiktionary
Wiktionnaire
Wiktionary is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary of terms (including words, phrases, proverbs, etc.) in all natural languages and a number of artificial languages. These entries may contain definitions, pronunciation guides, inflections, usage examples, related terms, images for illustration, among other features. It is collaboratively edited via a wiki. Its name is a portmanteau of the words "wiki" and "dictionary". It is available in 171 languages and in Simple English. Like its sister project Wikipedia, Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, and is written collaboratively by volunteers, dubbed "Wiktionarians". Its wiki software, MediaWiki, allows almost anyone with access to the website to create and edit entries.
Le Wiktionnaire est un projet lexicographique de la Wikimedia Foundation, dont l’objectif est de définir tous les mots dans toutes les langues. Il existe plus de 150 langues de rédaction. Le terme « Wiktionnaire » désigne la version en français de ce projet, Wiktionary étant le nom officiel en anglais. Il est fondé sur un système de wiki et son contenu est librement réutilisable (sous CC-BY-SA).
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Biochemistry
Biochimie
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.
La biochimie est l'étude des réactions chimiques qui se déroulent au sein des êtres vivants, et notamment dans les cellules. La complexité des processus chimiques biologiques est contrôlée à travers la signalisation cellulaire et les transferts d'énergie au cours du métabolisme. Depuis un demi-siècle, la biochimie est parvenue à rendre compte d'un nombre considérable de processus biologiques, au point que pratiquement tous les domaines de la biologie, depuis la botanique jusqu'à la médecine, sont aujourd'hui engagés dans la recherche biochimique, voire biotechnologique. L'objectif principal de la biochimie de nos jours est de comprendre, en intégrant les données obtenues au niveau moléculaire, comment les biomolécules et leurs interactions génèrent les structures et les processus biologiques observés dans les cellules, ouvrant la voie à la compréhension des organismes dans leur ensemble. Dans ce cadre, la chimie supramoléculaire s'intéresse aux complexes moléculaires tels que les organites, qui constituent un niveau d'organisation de la matière vivante intermédiaire entre les molécules et les cellules.
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Allyl alcohol
Alcool allylique
Allyl alcohol (IUPAC name: prop-2-en-1-ol) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH=CHCHOH. Like many alcohols, it is a water-soluble, colourless liquid. It is more toxic than typical small alcohols. Allyl alcohol is used as a raw material for the production of glycerol, but is also used as a precursor to many specialized compounds such as flame-resistant materials, drying oils, and plasticizers. Allyl alcohol is the smallest representative of the allylic alcohols.
Un alcool allylique est un composé organique portant un groupement hydroxyle en position allylique. L'alcool allylique (2-propèn-1-ol) CHO ou HC=CH-CH-OH est un liquide incolore à odeur piquante (point d'ébullition ). On le trouve dans les fruits en décomposition.
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Vi
Vi
vi (pronounced as distinct letters, ) is a screen-oriented text editor originally created for the Unix operating system. The portable subset of the behavior of vi and programs based on it, and the ex editor language supported within these programs, is described by (and thus standardized by) the Single Unix Specification and POSIX.
vi est un éditeur de texte en mode texte plein écran écrit par Bill Joy en 1976 sur une des premières versions de la distribution Unix BSD.
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Greenhouse gas
Gaz à effet de serre
A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect on planets. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (), carbon dioxide (), methane (), nitrous oxide (), and ozone (). Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about, rather than the present average of. The atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain greenhouse gases.
Les gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont des composants gazeux qui absorbent le rayonnement infrarouge émis par la surface terrestre et contribuent ainsi à l'effet de serre. L'augmentation de leur concentration dans l'atmosphère terrestre est l'un des facteurs à l'origine du réchauffement climatique. Un gaz ne peut absorber les rayonnements infrarouges qu'à partir de trois atomes par molécule, ou à partir de deux si ce sont deux atomes différents.
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Depeche Mode
Depeche Mode
Depeche Mode () are an English electronic music band formed in Basildon, Essex in 1980. The group as of now consists of a trio of Dave Gahan (lead vocals and co-songwriting), Martin Gore (keyboards, guitar, co-lead vocals and main songwriting), and Andy Fletcher (keyboards).
Depeche Mode est un groupe de new wave et rock alternatif britannique, originaire de Basildon, dans le comté d'Essex, en Angleterre. Formé en 1979, le groupe apparait au sein du courant de la synthpop et devient rapidement influent et populaire sur la scène internationale. Son nom provient d'un magazine français, "Dépêche Mode". Le groupe est repéré par l'agent de Soft Cell, puis dirigé par Daniel Miller qui le fait signer sur son label Mute Records en 1981. Le groupe connaît son premier succès en Europe à partir du mois de septembre de cette même année avec'et aux États-Unis en 1984-1985 avec le single '.
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Wolff–Kishner reduction
Réduction de Wolff-Kishner
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. Originally reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912, it has been applied to the total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B, aspidospermidine and dysidiolide.
En chimie organique, la réduction de Wolff-Kishner permet la réduction d'un groupement carbonyle en hydrocarbure saturé en deux étapes. La condensation du groupement carbonyle avec de l'hydrazine permet la formation d'une hydrazone intermédiaire, qui est ensuite déprotonée sous l'action d'une base forte (NaOH, KOH, NaOEt...) pour conduire à l'hydrocarbure saturé attendu.
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Lithium hydroxide
Hydroxyde de lithium
Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH. It is a white hygroscopic crystalline material. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol, and is available commercially in anhydrous form and as the monohydrate (LiOHHO). While lithium hydroxide is a strong base, it is the weakest known alkali metal hydroxide.
L’hydroxyde de lithium (LiOH, CAS : 1310-65-2), aussi appelé lithine, est une base corrosive, produite par exemple lors du mélange réactif entre le lithium métal solide et l'eau :
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Oxime
Oxime
An oxime is a chemical compound belonging to the imines, with the general formula RR'C=NOH, where R is an organic side-chain and R' may be hydrogen, forming an aldoxime, or another organic group, forming a ketoxime. O-substituted oximes form a closely related family of compounds. Amidoximes are oximes of amides with general structure RC(=NOH)NRR.
Une oxime est un composé chimique appartenant aux imines, de formule générale RR'C=NOH, où R est une chaîne latérale organique et R' peut être l'hydrogène, formant une aldoxime, ou un autre groupe organique, formant une cétoxime. Les oximes O-substituées forment une famille étroitement apparentée de composés. Les amidoximes sont des oximes d' amides de structure générale RC(=NOH)NRR.
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Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. Located in Central Canada, it is Canada's most populous province, with 38.3 percent of the country's population, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is the fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto, which is also Ontario's provincial capital.
L'Ontario ( ; ) est la province la plus peuplée du Canada, comptant près de d'habitants en 2016. Elle se trouve dans la partie centre-est du pays et a pour capitale Toronto (également la plus grande ville canadienne), située dans le sud de la province. Vers le sud et le sud-ouest, le territoire de la province partage une longue frontière avec les États-Unis (États du Minnesota, du Michigan, de l'Ohio, de la Pennsylvanie et de New York), dont une grande partie est constituée par les lacs Supérieur, Huron, Érié et Ontario. À l'ouest, la province est bordée par le Manitoba tandis qu'à l'est, elle partage une frontière avec le Québec.
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Java (programming language)
Java (langage)
Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based, object-oriented, and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them., Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.
Java est un langage de programmation orienté objet créé par James Gosling et Patrick Naughton, employés de Sun Microsystems, avec le soutien de Bill Joy (cofondateur de Sun Microsystems en 1982), présenté officiellement le au "".
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Beckmann rearrangement
Réarrangement de Beckmann
The Beckmann rearrangement, named after the German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853–1923), is a rearrangement of an oxime functional group to substituted amides. The rearrangement has also been successful performed on haloimines and nitrones. Cyclic oximes and haloimines yield lactams.
En chimie organique, le Réarrangement de Beckmann est une réaction permettant de convertir une oxime en amide et implique la migration d'un groupement alkyle sur un azote rendu électrophile (pauvre en électron).
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Chloroform
Chloroforme
Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE. It is also a precursor to various refrigerants. It is one of the four chloromethanes and a trihalomethane. It is a powerful anesthetic, euphoriant, anxiolytic and sedative when inhaled or ingested.
Le chloroforme ou trichlorométhane est un composé chimique organochloré de formule brute CHCl. Fréquemment utilisé comme solvant, le chloroforme tend à être remplacé actuellement par le dichlorométhane, aux propriétés similaires mais moins toxique. Le chloroforme a autrefois été utilisé comme anesthésique dans les blocs opératoires et comme conservateur pour la viande.
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Amide
Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a compound with the general formula RC(=O)NR′R′′, where R, R′, and R′′ represent organic groups or hydrogen atoms.. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, such as in the amino acids asparagine and glutamine. It can be viewed as a derivative of a carboxylic acid RC(=O)OH with the hydroxyl group –OH replaced by an amine group –NR′R′′; or, equivalently, an acyl (alkanoyl) group RC(=O)– joined to an amine group.
Un amide est un composé organique dérivé d'un acide carboxylique. Un amide possède un atome d'azote lié à son groupe carbonyle. Les amides sont un groupe important en biochimie, parce qu'ils sont responsables de la liaison peptidique entre les différents acides aminés qui forment les protéines.
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Wilhelm Ostwald
Wilhelm Ostwald
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ( – 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities. Ostwald, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrhenius are credited with being the founders of the field of physical chemistry.
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald, né le à Riga en Livonie dans l'Empire russe (actuelle Lettonie) et mort le à Grossbothen, Allemagne, est un chimiste germano-balte. Il a notamment reçu le prix Nobel de chimie de 1909.
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Ethanol
Éthanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula. Its formula can be also written as −− or (an ethyl group linked to a hydroxyl group), and is often abbreviated as EtOH. Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight characteristic odor. It is a psychoactive substance and is the principal active ingredient found in alcoholic drinks.
L’éthanol, ou alcool éthylique (ou plus simplement alcool), est un alcool de formule semi-développée. C'est un liquide incolore, volatil, inflammable et miscible à l'eau en toutes proportions. C'est un psychotrope, et l'une des plus anciennes drogues récréatives, sous la forme de boisson alcoolisée. L'éthanol est utilisé par l'industrie agroalimentaire (pour la production de spiritueux notamment), la parfumerie et la pharmacie galénique (comme solvant) ainsi qu'en biocarburant (bioéthanol). Il est en outre utilisé dans les thermomètres à alcool.
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Sodium hydroxide
Hydroxyde de sodium
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions.
L'hydroxyde de sodium pur est appelé soude caustique. Dans les conditions normales, il se trouve sous forme solide cristalline. C'est un corps chimique minéral composé de formule chimique NaOH, qui est à température ambiante un solide ionique. Il est fusible vers, il se présente généralement sous forme de pastilles, de paillettes ou de billes blanches ou d'aspect translucide, corrosives. Il est très hygroscopique, il est d'ailleurs aussi souvent commercialisé sous la forme dissoute dans l'eau. Il y est en effet très soluble. Il est également très soluble dans l'éthanol. Sa dose journalière admissible est non spécifiée depuis 1966. Le code du travail français ne permet pas à des mineurs de fabriquer ou de manipuler ce produit chimique.
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Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula CH. Cyclohexane is a colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive detergent-like odor, reminiscent of cleaning products (in which it is sometimes used). Cyclohexane is mainly used for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which are precursors to nylon.
Le cyclohexane est un hydrocarbure alicyclique non éthylénique de la famille des (mono)cycloalcanes de formule brute CH. Le cyclohexane est utilisé comme solvant apolaire dans l'industrie chimique, mais aussi comme réactif pour la production industrielle de l'acide adipique et du caprolactame, intermédiaires utilisés dans la production du nylon. La formule topologique du cyclohexane est présentée ci-contre.
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Alkyne
Alcyne
In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula. Alkynes are traditionally known as acetylenes, although the name "acetylene" also refers specifically to CH, known formally as ethyne using IUPAC nomenclature. Like other hydrocarbons, alkynes are generally hydrophobic.
Les alcynes sont des hydrocarbures possédant une insaturation caractérisée par la présence d’une triple liaison carbone-carbone. Les deux carbones sont hybridés sp. La triple liaison est la combinaison de deux liaisons π et d’une liaison σ. La densité électronique de la molécule est répartie de façon cylindrique le long de la liaison C-C.
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Polymer
Polymère
A polymer (; Greek "poly-", "many" + "-mer", "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass, relative to small molecule compounds, produces unique physical properties including toughness, high elasticity, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form amorphous and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals. The term "polymer" derives from the Greek word πολύς ("polus", meaning "many, much") and μέρος ("meros", meaning "part"), and refers to large molecules whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass and attendant properties. The units composing polymers derive, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. The term was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, though with a definition distinct from the modern IUPAC definition. The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger, who spent the next decade finding experimental evidence for this hypothesis.
Les polymères (étymologie : du grec "polus", plusieurs, et "meros", partie) constituent une classe de matériaux. D'un point de vue chimique, un polymère est un ensemble constitué de plusieurs macromolécules (molécule constituée de la répétition de nombreuses sous-unités).
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Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (; ; 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, and a key figure in Spanish-language and universal literature. His best-known books, "Ficciones" ("Fictions") and "El Aleph" ("The Aleph"), published in the 1940s, are compilations of short stories interconnected by common themes, including dreams, labyrinths, philosophy, libraries, mirrors, fictional writers, and mythology. Borges' works have contributed to philosophical literature and the fantasy genre, and have been considered by some critics to mark the beginning of the magic realist movement in 20th century Latin American literature. His late poems converse with such cultural figures as Spinoza, Camões, and Virgil.
Jorge Luis Borges est un écrivain argentin né le à Buenos Aires (Argentine) et mort à Genève (Suisse) le. Ses œuvres dans les domaines de l’essai et de la nouvelle sont considérées comme des classiques de la littérature du.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
Prix Nobel de physique
The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Le prix Nobel de physique est une récompense attribuée par la fondation Nobel, selon les dernières volontés du testament du chimiste Alfred Nobel. Il distingue des figures scientifiques éminentes ayant rendu de grands services à l'humanité par une œuvre et des travaux considérés comme une exceptionnelle contribution en physique. Le prix est décerné chaque année en octobre par les membres de l'Académie royale des sciences de Suède. Après la révélation du nom du lauréat en début octobre, la médaille et le diplôme de la fondation sont officiellement remis par le roi de Suède, le, jour anniversaire de la mort du fondateur du prix.
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Raoul Salan
Raoul Salan
Raoul Albin Louis Salan (; 10 June 1899 – 3 July 1984) was a French Army general. He served as the fourth French commanding general during the First Indochina War. He was one of four generals who organized the 1961 Algiers Putsch operation. He was the founder of the Organisation armée secrète and the most decorated soldier in the French Army at the end of his military career.
Raoul Salan, né le à Roquecourbe (Tarn) et mort le à Paris, est un général français, et le militaire le plus décoré de France. Son état de service porte de 1917 à 1960 où il prend sa retraite. Il participe au putsch des généraux en 1961. Il est également le chef de l'Organisation armée secrète (OAS) qui lutte pour le maintien du "statu quo" de l'Algérie française. Il est condamné à la prison à perpétuité, puis amnistié en 1968 et réintégré dans le corps des officiers.
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Memetics
Mémétique
Memetics is the study of information and culture based on an analogy with Darwinian evolution. Proponents describe memetics as an approach to evolutionary models of cultural information transfer. Memetics describes how an idea can propagate successfully, but doesn't necessarily imply a concept is factual. Critics contend the theory is "untested, unsupported or incorrect".
La mémétique utilise le concept, dû à Richard Dawkins, de mème (élément de comportement transmis par imitation) pour étudier les évolutions de la culture dans une approche darwinienne étendue. Un des exemples les plus connus est le parallèle fait entre l'évolution du vivant et celle des langues. Ainsi, si la génétique se base sur le concept de gène pour étudier le vivant, la mémétique se base sur le concept de mème pour étudier la culture. On y étudie le comportement des codes et schémas informationnels appelés « mèmes », dans leurs milieux physico-chimiques et socio-culturels : l’homme, l’animal, la machine (tout support mémoriel).
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Mohamed Boudiaf
Mohamed Boudiaf
Mohamed Boudiaf (23 June 1919 – 29 June 1992, ; ALA-LC: "Muḥammad Bū-Ḍiyāf"), also called Si Tayeb el Watani, was an Algerian political leader and one of the founders of the revolutionary National Liberation Front (FLN) that led the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962).
Mohamed Boudiaf (en ), né le à M'Sila et mort assassiné le à Annaba, est un homme d'État algérien. Il est président de l'Algérie du au.
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Flag of Egypt
Drapeau de l'Égypte
The flag of Egypt ( ) is a tricolour consisting of the three equal horizontal red, white, and black bands of the Egyptian revolutionary flag dating back to the 1952 Egyptian Revolution. The flag bears Egypt's national emblem, the Egyptian eagle of Saladin centered in the white band.
Le drapeau de l'Égypte est le pavillon civil et d'État ainsi que le pavillon marchand et d'État de l'Égypte. Il a été adopté sous sa forme actuelle le. Il se compose de trois bandes horizontales, rouge, blanche et noire, avec l'emblème national de l'Égypte, l'aigle de Saladin, au centre de la bande blanche.
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Djet
Ouadji
Djet, also known as Wadj, Zet, and Uadji (in Greek possibly the pharaoh known as Uenephes or possibly Atothis), was the fourth pharaoh of the First Dynasty. Djet's Horus name means "Horus Cobra" or "Serpent of Horus".
Ouadji ("le Serpent"), aussi nommé Djet, est le nom d'Horus du quatrième souverain connu de la pendant la période thinite.
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National Liberation Front (Algeria)
Front de libération nationale (Algérie)
The National Liberation Front ( "Jabhatu l-Taḥrīri l-Waṭanī";, FLN) is a nationalist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and the ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989. The FLN was established in 1954 from a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary; its armed wing, the National Liberation Army, participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. After the Évian Accords of 1962, the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state. After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War (1991-2002) against Islamist groups, the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election, and has generally remained in power ever since, although sometimes needing to form coalitions with other parties.
Le Front de libération nationale (FLN, en, en ) est un parti politique algérien. Il est aujourd'hui dirigé par Ali Seddiki par intérim depuis septembre 2019. Le FLN est créé en octobre 1954 pour obtenir de la France l'indépendance de l'Algérie, alors divisée en départements français d'Algérie. Le FLN et sa branche armée, l'Armée de libération nationale (ALN), commencent alors une lutte contre l'empire colonial français. Par la suite, le mouvement s'organise et, en 1958, le FLN forme un gouvernement provisoire, le GPRA. C'est avec le GPRA que la France négocie en 1962 les accords d'Évian.
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Château-Thierry
Château-Thierry
Château-Thierry () is a French commune situated in the department of the Aisne, in the administrative region of Hauts-de-France and in the historic Province of Champagne.
Château-Thierry ( ) est une commune française située dans le département de l'Aisne, en région Hauts-de-France. Le gentilé historiquement juste est Castrothéodoricien qui provient de la forme latine "castrum" "theodorici", cependant l'usage a popularisé l'utilisation de Castelthéodoricien.
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Cataphile
Cataphilie
Cataphiles are urban explorers who illegally tour the Mines of Paris, a term popularly used to describe a series of tunnels that were built as a network of stone mines, which are no longer used. The Catacombs of Paris comprise a subset of this network.
La cataphilie est l'activité qui consiste en la visite clandestine des anciennes carrières souterraines de Paris. Il s'agit d'un abus de langage relatif aux catacombes de Paris qui se situent dans les carrières souterraines, parfois abrégées en « catas ». Le pratiquant est un cataphile.
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Southern brown kiwi
Kiwi austral
The southern brown kiwi, tokoeka, or common kiwi ("Apteryx australis") is a species of kiwi from New Zealand's South Island. Until 2000 it was considered conspecific with the North Island brown kiwi, and still is by some authorities.
Le Kiwi austral ("Apteryx australis") est une espèce d'oiseau qui habite la Nouvelle-Zélande. Son nom est un emprunt au terme māori "kivi-kivi" qui désigne cet oiseau. Le kiwi est tué par les rats et les opossums.
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Vatican City
Vatican
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (; ), is the Holy See's independent city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. Established with the Lateran Treaty (1929), it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence. With an area of and a population of about 825, it is the smallest sovereign state in the world by both area and population.
Le Vatican, en forme longue lÉtat de la Cité du Vatican (en italien, ; en latin ), est un pays d'Europe. Il s'agit du support territorial du Saint-Siège enclavé dans la ville et capitale italienne de Rome. En 2019, il compte sur une superficie totale de, ce qui en fait le plus petit État au monde ainsi que le moins peuplé.
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Nucleon
Nucléon
In chemistry and physics, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus. The number of nucleons in a nucleus defines an isotope's mass number (nucleon number).
Le terme nucléon désigne de façon générique les composants du noyau atomique, c'est-à-dire les protons et les neutrons qui sont tous deux des baryons. Le nombre de nucléons par atome est généralement noté « A », et appelé « "nombre de masse" ».
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Allenes
Allène
Allenes are organic compounds in which one carbon atom has double bonds with each of its two adjacent carbon centres. Allenes are classified as cumulated dienes. The parent compound of this class is propadiene, which is itself also called "allene". Compounds with an allene-type structure but with more than three carbon atoms are members of a larger class of compounds called cumulenes with X=C=Y bonding. Unlike polyenes, the two double bonds do not exhibit resonance.
Un allène est un hydrocarbure dont l'un des atomes de carbone est linéaire et relié à deux autres atomes de carbone au moyen de deux doubles liaisons, un diène dont les deux doubles liaisons sont consécutives. Ils ont donc une formule brute de CH.
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Sail
Voile (navire)
A sail is a tensile structure—made from fabric or other membrane materials—that uses wind power to propel sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and even sail-powered land vehicles. Sails may be made from a combination of woven materials—including canvas or polyester cloth, laminated membranes or bonded filaments—usually in a three- or four-sided shape.
Une voile est un assemblage de pièces de tissu, dont la taille peut varier de quelques mètres carrés à plusieurs centaines de mètres carrés, qui, grâce à l'action du vent, sert à faire avancer un véhicule. Les voiles sont utilisées sur des voiliers, planches à voile, mais aussi sur des véhicules terrestres (chars à voiles, voile sur glace). Le type de voiles utilisé et leur agencement sur les mâts, vergues et/ou étais s'appellent le gréement.
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Carbon dioxide
Dioxyde de carbone
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula ) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas. The current concentration is about 0.04% (412 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor. At such concentrations it generates the taste of soda water in the mouth.
Le dioxyde de carbone, aussi appelé gaz carbonique ou anhydride carbonique, est un composé inorganique dont la formule chimique est, la molécule ayant une structure linéaire de la forme O=C=O. Il se présente, sous les conditions normales de température et de pression, comme un gaz incolore, inodore, à la saveur piquante.
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André Martinet
André Martinet
André Martinet (; Saint-Alban-des-Villards, 12 April 1908 – Châtenay-Malabry, 16 July 1999) was a French linguist, influential due to his work on structural linguistics.
André Martinet, né le à Saint-Alban-des-Villards et mort le à Châtenay-Malabry, est un linguiste français, père de l’analyse fonctionnaliste en linguistique française.
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Organisation armée secrète
Organisation de l'armée secrète
The Organisation Armée Secrète or OAS (meaning Secret Army Organisation) was a short-lived right-wing French dissident paramilitary organization during the Algerian War (1954–1962). The OAS carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an attempt to prevent Algeria's independence from French colonial rule. Its motto was "" ("Algeria is French and will remain so").
L'Organisation de l'armée secrète, ou Organisation armée secrète, surtout connue par le sigle OAS, est une organisation politico-militaire clandestine française proche de l'extrême droite créée le pour la défense de la présence française en Algérie par tous les moyens, y compris le terrorisme à grande échelle.
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Fifth World (mythology)
Cinquième Monde
The Fifth World in the context of creation myths describes the present world as interpreted by several groups of Native Americans in the United States and Central America. The central theme of the myth holds that there were four other cycles of creation and destruction that preceded the Fifth World. The creation story is taken largely from the mythological, cosmological, and eschatological beliefs and traditions of earlier Mesoamerican cultures.
L'expression Cinquième Monde désigne, chez les indiens Navajos, l'univers physique actuel. Les mythes Navajo décrivent l'émergence du peuple Navajo à travers quatre mondes pour aboutir en un cinquième.
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Acid
Acide
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion H) (a Brønsted–Lowry acid), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
Un acide est un composé chimique, soit minéral, soit organique, accepteur au sens large de doublets électroniques, et généralement défini par des réactions-types dans différents solvants, en particulier en libérant l'ion hydronium dans le solvant eau. Les acides réagissent souvent avec dégagement d'énergie avec d'autres composés chimiques, les bases ou les alcalis des Anciens, eux donneurs de doublets électroniques, qui ont, en particulier, le pouvoir de générer, en tout ou partie, l'ion hydroxyle dans l'eau. Les acides forts dans un milieu solvant donné initient des réactions complètes et rapides, transformant le solvant sous sa forme la plus acide, alors que les acides faibles contribuent à des réactions équilibrées. L'existence de plusieurs fonctionnalités acides au sein d'un même composé chimique caractérise les polyacides.
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Violin
Violon
The violin, sometimes known as a fiddle, is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in the family in regular use. Smaller violin-type instruments exist, including the violino piccolo and the pochette, but these are virtually unused. The violin typically has four strings, usually tuned in perfect fifths with notes G3, D4, A4, E5, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings. It can also be played by plucking the strings with the fingers (pizzicato) and, in specialized cases, by striking the strings with the wooden side of the bow (col legno).
Le violon est un instrument de musique à cordes frottées. Constitué de de bois (érable, buis, ébène, etc.) collés ou assemblés les uns aux autres, il possède quatre cordes accordées généralement à la quinte, que l'instrumentiste, appelé violoniste, frotte avec un archet ou pince avec l'index ou le pouce (en pizzicato).
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Coahuila
Coahuila
Coahuila (), formally Coahuila de Zaragoza (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.
Le Coahuila, l’État de Coahuila ou l’État de Coahuila de Zaragoza est un État situé au Nord du Mexique. Il partage une longue frontière de avec le Texas (États-Unis) formée par le fleuve Río Grande. Il est, en outre, bordé par les États mexicains de Nuevo León à l'est, de San Luis Potosí et de Zacatecas au sud, en enfin Durango et Chihuahua à l'ouest.
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Santa Claus
Père Noël
Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a mythical character originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved children on the night of Christmas Eve (24 December) or during the early morning hours of Christmas Day (25 December). The modern character of Santa Claus was based on traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas (a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra), the British figure of Father Christmas, and the Dutch figure of "Sinterklaas" (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky.
Le père Noël est un personnage folklorique, archétypal, fictif et mythique lié à la fête de Noël dont les racines profondes remontent à des rites et croyances antiques. Il est associé à la mère Noël.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Lepton
Lepton
In particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin ) that does not undergo strong interactions. Two main classes of leptons exist, charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed. The best known of all leptons is the electron.
En physique des particules, un lepton est une particule élémentaire de qui n'est pas sensible à l'interaction forte. La famille des leptons est constituée des électrons, des muons, des tauons, des neutrinos respectifs et des antiparticules de toutes celles-ci. Le terme "lepton" provient du mot grec (« léger ») et se réfère à la faible masse du premier lepton découvert, l'électron, par rapport aux nucléons.
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Hadron
Hadron
In particle physics, a hadron (, "hadrós;" "stout, thick") is a subatomic composite particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong force in a similar way as molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron.
En physique des particules, un hadron est une particule composite, composée de particules subatomiques régies par l'interaction forte. Par exemple, les protons ou les neutrons sont des hadrons.
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CNES
Centre national d'études spatiales
The (CNES) (French: "Centre national d'études spatiales") is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public administration with industrial and commercial purpose"). Its headquarters are located in central Paris and it is under the supervision of the French Ministries of Defence and Research.
Le Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) est un établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial (EPIC) chargé d’élaborer et de proposer au gouvernement français le programme spatial français et de le mettre en œuvre. Le CNES dispose d'un budget de d'euros en 2018, ce qui reste le plus important en Europe (38 à 39 euros par habitant en 2018). Il inclut la part reversée à l'Agence spatiale européenne, dont le CNES est le plus gros contributeur ( d'euros en 2018), qui est consacrée essentiellement aux missions scientifiques (astronomie, exploration du système solaire, étude de la Terre) et aux investissements dans les lanceurs. La part investie directement par le CNES porte dans l'ordre d'importance sur les lanceurs et la gestion de la base de lancement de Kourou (, 17 %), les missions militaires (, 14 %), scientifiques (, 9 %), l'étude de la Terre généralement dans le cadre de coopérations binationales (, 6 %), les développements autour des satellites de télécommunication et de navigation par satellite (, 2 %). Le CNES est placé sous la tutelle conjointe des ministères de la Recherche et des Armées.
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Legion of Honour
Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur
The Legion of Honour (, ) is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte and retained by all later French governments and régimes.
L’ordre national de la Légion d'honneur est l'institution qui, sous l'égide du grand chancelier et du grand maître, est chargée de décerner la plus haute décoration honorifique française. Instituée le par Napoléon Bonaparte, elle récompense depuis ses origines les militaires comme les civils ayant rendu des « services éminents » à la Nation.
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Wind
Vent
Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged particles from the Sun through space, while planetary wind is the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space. Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale, their speed, the types of forces that cause them, the regions in which they occur, and their effect. The strongest observed winds on a planet in the Solar System occur on Neptune and Saturn. Winds have various aspects: velocity (wind speed); the density of the gas involved; energy content or wind energy. The wind is also an important means of transportation for seeds and small birds; with time things can travel thousands of miles in the wind.
Le vent est le mouvement au sein d’une atmosphère, masse de gaz située à la surface d'une planète, d'une partie de ce gaz. Les vents sont globalement provoqués par un réchauffement inégalement réparti à la surface de la planète provenant du rayonnement stellaire (énergie solaire), et par la rotation de la planète. Sur Terre, ce déplacement est essentiel à l'explication de tous les phénomènes météorologiques. Le vent est mécaniquement décrit par les lois de la dynamique des fluides, comme les courants marins. Il existe une interdépendance entre ces deux circulations de fluides.
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Jack Vance
Jack Vance
John Holbrook "Jack" Vance (August 28, 1916 – May 26, 2013) was an American mystery, fantasy, and science fiction writer. Though most of his work has been published under the name Jack Vance, he also wrote several mystery novels under different pen names.
John Holbrook Vance, dit Jack Vance, né le à San Francisco et mort le à Oakland, est un auteur américain de science-fiction, particulièrement dans le style "fantasy". Hormis Jack Vance, il utilise souvent des pseudonymes — Peter Held, John Holbrook, John van See, Alan Wade — pour signer son travail. Il écrira même sous le nom d'Ellery Queen trois romans : "The Madman Theory", "The Four Johns" et "A Room to Die in".
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Electron
Électron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value, expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, "ħ". Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given energy.
L'électron, un des composants de l'atome avec les neutrons et les protons, est une particule élémentaire qui possède une charge élémentaire de signe négatif. Il est fondamental en chimie, car il participe à presque tous les types de réactions chimiques et constitue un élément primordial des liaisons présentes dans les molécules. En physique, l'électron intervient dans une multitude de rayonnements et d'effets. Ses propriétés, qui se manifestent à l'échelle microscopique, expliquent la conductivité électrique, la conductivité thermique, l'effet Vavilov-Tcherenkov, l'incandescence, l'induction électromagnétique, la luminescence, le magnétisme, le rayonnement électromagnétique, la réflexion optique, l'effet photovoltaïque et la supraconductivité, phénomènes macroscopiques largement exploités dans les pays industrialisés. Possédant la plus faible masse de toutes les particules chargées, il sert régulièrement à l'étude de la matière.
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Carbon-14
Carbone 14
Carbon-14 (C), or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples. Carbon-14 was discovered on February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California. Its existence had been suggested by Franz Kurie in 1934.
Le carbone 14 est un isotope radioactif du carbone. De nombre de masse 14, il est noté C. Le carbone 14 a longtemps été le seul radioisotope du carbone à avoir des applications. Pour cette raison, il était appelé radiocarbone.
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Scheduling (computing)
Ordonnancement dans les systèmes d'exploitation
In computing, scheduling is the method by which work is assigned to resources that complete the work. The work may be virtual computation elements such as threads, processes or data flows, which are in turn scheduled onto hardware resources such as processors, network links or expansion cards.
Dans les systèmes d'exploitation, l’ordonnanceur désigne le composant du noyau du système d'exploitation choisissant l'ordre d'exécution des processus sur les processeurs d'un ordinateur. En anglais, l'ordonnanceur est appelé "scheduler".
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Metric prefix
Préfixes du Système international d'unités
A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or fraction of the unit. While all metric prefixes in common use today are decadic, historically there have been a number of binary metric prefixes as well. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to the unit symbol. The prefix "kilo-", for example, may be added to "gram" to indicate "multiplication" by one thousand: one kilogram is equal to one thousand grams. The prefix "milli-", likewise, may be added to "metre" to indicate "division" by one thousand; one millimetre is equal to one thousandth of a metre.
Les préfixes du Système international d'unités simplifient la manipulation des valeurs numériques de grandeurs physiques qui sont beaucoup plus petites ou beaucoup plus grandes que l'unité officielle. Ces préfixes désignent des multiples ou des fractions de 10 ou de.
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SI base unit
Unités de base du Système international
The SI base units are the standard units of measurement defined by the International System of Units (SI) for the seven base quantities of what is now known as the International System of Quantities: they are notably a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived. The units and their physical quantities are the second for time, the metre for measurement of length, the kilogram for mass, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for temperature, the mole for amount of substance, and the candela for luminous intensity. The SI base units are a fundamental part of modern metrology, and thus part of the foundation of modern science and technology.
Les unités de base du Système international sont les sept unités de mesure indépendantes (ou "unités fondamentales") du Système international à partir desquelles sont obtenues par analyse dimensionnelle toutes les autres unités, dites "unités dérivées".
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Giorgione
Giorgione
Giorgione (,, ; born Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco; 1477/78–1510) was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance from Venice, who died in his thirties. Giorgione is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work, though only about six surviving paintings are firmly attributed to him. The uncertainty surrounding the identity and meaning of his work has made Giorgione one of the most mysterious figures in European art.
Giorgio Barbarelli ou Zorzi da Vedelago ou da Castelfranco, dit Giorgione (Vedelago ou Castelfranco Veneto 1477 - Venise 1510) est le premier grand peintre vénitien du Cinquecento italien.
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Pipe organ
Orgue
The pipe organ is a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurized air (called "wind") through the organ pipes selected from a keyboard. Because each pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called "ranks", each of which has a common timbre and volume throughout the keyboard compass. Most organs have many ranks of pipes of differing timbre, pitch, and volume that the player can employ singly or in combination through the use of controls called stops.
L'orgue est un instrument à vent multiforme dont la caractéristique est de produire les sons à l’aide d’ensembles de tuyaux sonores accordés suivant une gamme définie et alimentés par une soufflerie. L'orgue est joué majoritairement à l’aide d’au moins un clavier et le plus souvent aussi d’un pédalier.
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Maurice Couve de Murville
Maurice Couve de Murville
Jacques-Maurice Couve de Murville (; 24 January 1907 – 24 December 1999) was a French diplomat and politician who was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1958 to 1968 and Prime Minister from 1968 to 1969 under the presidency of General de Gaulle. As foreign minister He played the leading role in the critical Franco-German treaty of cooperation in 1963, He laid the foundation for the Paris-Bonn axis that was central in building a united Europe.
Maurice Couve de Murville, né le à Reims et mort le à Paris, est un haut fonctionnaire, diplomate et homme d'État français. Il est notamment le dernier Premier ministre sous la présidence de Charles de Gaulle, de 1968 à 1969.
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Optics
Optique
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.
L'optique est la branche de la physique qui traite de la lumière, de son comportement et de ses propriétés, du rayonnement électromagnétique à la vision en passant par les systèmes utilisant ou émettant de la lumière. Du fait de ses propriétés ondulatoires, le domaine de la lumière peut couvrir le lointain UV jusqu'au lointain IR en passant par les longueurs d'onde visibles. Ces propriétés recouvrent alors le domaine des ondes radio, micro-ondes, des rayons X et des radiations électromagnétiques.
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Stefan Zweig
Stefan Zweig
Stefan Zweig (; ; 28 November 1881 – 22 February 1942) was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. At the height of his literary career, in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most widely translated and most popular writers in the world.
Stefan Zweig (), né le à Vienne en Autriche-Hongrie et mort le à Petrópolis au Brésil, est un écrivain, dramaturge, journaliste et biographe autrichien.
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French Guiana
Guyane
French Guiana ( or ; ) is an overseas department and region of France on the northern Atlantic coast of South America in the Guianas. It borders Brazil to the east and south and Suriname to the west. French Guiana is the only territory of the mainland Americas to have full integration in a European country.
La Guyane, en créole guyanais : Lagwiyann, est une collectivité territoriale unique situé en Amérique du Sud, limitrophe du Brésil au sud-est et au sud, et du Suriname à l'ouest. Ses compétences sont les mêmes que celles d'une région et d'un département métropolitain avec un organe délibérant : l'assemblée de Guyane. Son code Insee est le 973. Hors de France, la région est parfois appelée Guyane française. Avec une superficie de et une population de (2019), la Guyane est la deuxième région de France pour la superficie et la deuxième moins peuplée (après Mayotte). C'est également le département le plus boisé, 97 % du territoire étant couvert d'une forêt équatoriale qui reste parmi les plus riches et les moins écologiquement fragmentées du monde, la forêt guyanaise.
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Exoplanet
Exoplanète
An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917, but was not recognized as such. The first confirmation of detection occurred in 1992. This was followed by the confirmation of a different planet, originally detected in 1988.
Une exoplanète, ou planète extrasolaire, est une planète située en dehors du Système solaire. L'existence de planètes situées en dehors du Système solaire est évoquée dès le, mais ce n'est qu'au cours du que les exoplanètes deviennent l'objet de recherches scientifiques. Beaucoup d'astronomes supposent qu'elles peuvent exister, mais aucun moyen technique d'observation ne permet de prouver leur existence. La distance, mais aussi le manque de luminosité de ces objets célestes si petits par rapport aux étoiles autour desquelles ils orbitent, rendaient leur détection impossible. Ce n'est que dans les années 1990 que les premières exoplanètes sont détectées, de manière indirecte, puis, depuis 2004, de manière directe. La plupart des exoplanètes découvertes à ce jour orbitent autour d'étoiles situées à moins de 400 années-lumière du Système solaire. Au, ont été confirmées dans, dont 673 systèmes planétaires multiples. Plusieurs milliers d'exoplanètes supplémentaires découvertes au moyen de télescopes terrestres ou d'observatoires spatiaux, dont Kepler, sont en attente de confirmation. En extrapolant à partir des découvertes déjà effectuées, il existerait au moins 100 milliards de planètes rien que dans notre galaxie.
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Yabasic
YaBasic
Yabasic (Yet Another BASIC) is a free, open-source BASIC interpreter for Windows and Unix platforms. Yabasic was originally developed by Marc-Oliver Ihm, who released the last stable version 2.77.3 in 2016. From version 2.77.1, the project has adopted the MIT License as well as the source code being moved to GitHub to encourage others to participate in its development.
YaBasic, qui signifie "Yet Another Basic", est un interprète du langage BASIC pour les plateformes Unix, Windows et PlayStation 2. Similaire au Commodore BASIC du Commodore 64, il supporte le mode graphique couleur et a des possibilités d'impression. Il est aussi relativement petit : environ 200 kilooctets.
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Prussia
Prusse
Prussia (;,, Old Prussian: "Prūsa" or "Prūsija") was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centered on the region of Prussia on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It was "de facto" dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and "de jure" by an Allied decree in 1947. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia, with its capital first in Königsberg and then, in 1701, in Berlin, decisively shaped the history of Germany.
La Prusse ( ) est à l'origine un territoire d'Europe nord-orientale en partie germanisé sous le contrôle des chevaliers Teutoniques, mais situé hors du Saint-Empire romain germanique. La Prusse est devenue au possession d'une branche des Hohenzollern, puis elle sera réunie à l'électorat de Brandebourg (la région berlinoise) au. La Prusse constitue de 1701 à 1871 un élément essentiel du royaume de Prusse, incorporé à l'empire d'Allemagne de 1871 ( "Reich allemand"). Dans ce cadre, la Prusse originelle correspond à la province de Prusse-Orientale, notamment après la Première Guerre mondiale, lorsqu'elle se retrouve isolée du reste de l'Allemagne.
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European Space Agency
Agence spatiale européenne
The European Space Agency (ESA;, ASE; ) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €6.68 billion (~US$7.43 billion) in 2020.
L’Agence spatiale européenne (ASE, en et en ), le plus souvent désignée par son sigle anglophone ESA, est une agence spatiale intergouvernementale coordonnant les projets spatiaux menés en commun par une vingtaine de pays européens. L'agence spatiale, qui par son budget ( en 2020) est la troisième agence spatiale dans le monde après la NASA et l'Administration spatiale nationale chinoise, a été fondée le. Les activités de l'agence couvrent l'ensemble du domaine spatial : les sciences avec l'astrophysique, l'exploration du Système solaire, l'étude du Soleil et la physique fondamentale ; l'étude et l'observation de la Terre avec des satellites spécialisés ; le développement de lanceurs ; les vols habités à travers sa participation à la Station spatiale internationale et à Orion ; la navigation par satellite avec le programme Galileo ; les télécommunications spatiales pour lesquelles l'agence finance la mise au point de nouveaux concepts ; la recherche dans le domaine des technologies spatiales. L'ESA participe également à des programmes spatiaux initiés par d'autres agences spatiales.
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1950s
Années 1950
The 1950s (pronounced nineteen-fifties; commonly abbreviated as the "Fifties" or the " '50s") (among other variants) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1950, and ended on December 31, 1959.
Les années 1950 couvrent la période de 1950 à 1959. On trouve parfois en français la dénomination en anglais : les "fifties", compte tenu du rayonnement économique et culturel des États-Unis, vainqueur de la Seconde Guerre mondiale lors de la décennie précédente.
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1940s
Années 1940
The 1940s (pronounced "nineteen-forties" and commonly abbreviated as the "Forties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1940, and ended on December 31, 1949.
Les années 1940 couvrent la période de 1940 à 1949. Ces années furent très fortement marquées par la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec le bilan le plus lourd de l'histoire de l'humanité, estimé entre 50 et 80 millions de morts, dont près de 50 millions de civils. L'ampleur des crimes suscita la définition des crimes contre l'humanité et crime de guerre, ainsi que les premiers procès pour génocide. Pour la première fois, la bombe atomique fut utilisée contre un pays (le Japon) en 1945. L'Europe fut divisée entre l'Ouest et l'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques (URSS).
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Mind games
Jeu de réflexion
Mind games is used to define three forms of competitive human behaviors: The first known use of "mind game" is in 1963. The first known use of "head game" is in 1977.
Les jeux de réflexion se distinguent par l'utilisation de mécanismes abstraits, où le hasard a une part nulle (ou limitée). Un jeu de réflexion peut être :
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Pythonidae
Pythonidae
The Pythonidae, commonly known as pythons, are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Nine genera and 40 species are currently recognized.
Les Pythonidae sont une famille de serpents constricteurs. Le terme Python regroupe les espèces de cette famille ainsi que l'espèce de la famille des Loxocemidae.
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Sound
Son (physique)
In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.
Le son est une vibration mécanique d'un fluide, qui se propage sous forme d"'ondes longitudinales" grâce à la déformation élastique de ce fluide. Les êtres humains, comme beaucoup d'animaux, ressentent cette vibration grâce au sens de l'ouïe.
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Nepali language
Népalais
Nepali (, ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the sub-branch of Eastern Pahari. It is the official language of Nepal and one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Also known by the endonym Khas kura (), the language is also called Gorkhali or Parbatiya in some contexts. It is spoken mainly in Nepal and by about a quarter of the population in Bhutan. In India, Nepali has official status in the state of Sikkim and in the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision and Kalimpong district of West Bengal. It has a significant number of speakers in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and Uttarakhand. It is also spoken in Myanmar and by the Nepali diaspora worldwide. Nepali developed in proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages, most notably the other Pahari languages and Maithili and shows Sanskrit influence. However, owing to Nepal's location, it has also been influenced by Tibeto-Burman languages. Nepali is mainly differentiated from Central Pahari, both in grammar and vocabulary, by Tibeto-Burman idioms owing to close contact with this language group.
Le népalais ou népali () est une langue de la famille indo-iranienne parlée au Népal, en Inde et au Bhoutan. C'est la langue officielle du Népal.
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Dative case
Datif
The dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "Maria Jacobo potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink". In this example, the dative marks what would be considered the indirect object of a verb in English.
Dans la grammaire de certaines langues flexionnelles et des langues agglutinantes, le datif est un cas grammatical. Le nom, un autre mot utilisé en tant que nom ou le pronom qui portent le morphème de ce cas dénomme, respectivement représente typiquement un animé ou, plus rarement, un inanimé en faveur ou en défaveur duquel une action est effectuée, un événement a lieu ou quelque chose existe. Du point de vue syntaxique, un tel mot remplit typiquement une fonction appelée complément d’objet indirect d’attribution, attributif ou complément d’objet secondaire, mais le datif exprime une variété d’autres rapports syntaxiques aussi, qui dépendent également de la langue considérée.
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Simone Weil
Simone Weil
Simone Adolphine Weil (; ; 3 February 1909 – 24 August 1943) was a French philosopher, mystic, and political activist. The mathematician André Weil was her brother.
Simone Adolphine Weil est une philosophe humaniste, née à Paris le et morte à Ashford (Angleterre) le. Sans élaborer de système nouveau, elle souhaite faire de la philosophie une manière de vivre, non pour acquérir des connaissances, mais pour être dans la vérité. Dès 1931, elle enseigne la philosophie et s'intéresse aux courants marxistes antistaliniens. Elle est l'une des rares philosophes à avoir partagé la « condition ouvrière ». Successivement militante syndicale, proche ou sympathisante des groupes révolutionnaires trotskystes et anarchistes et des formations d'extrême-gauche, mais sans toutefois adhérer à aucun parti politique, écrivant notamment dans les revues "La Révolution prolétarienne" et "La Critique sociale", puis engagée dans la Résistance au sein des milieux gaullistes de Londres, Simone Weil prend ouvertement position à plusieurs reprises dans ses écrits contre le nazisme, et n’a cessé de vivre dans une quête de la justice et de la charité. S'intéressant à la question du sens du travail et de la dignité des travailleurs, elle postule un régime politique qui.
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Phylogeography
Phylogéographie
Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of genetics, particularly population genetics.
La phylogéographie est l'étude des principes et processus qui gouvernent la distribution des lignées généalogiques, spécialement celle de niveau intraspécifique. Elle étudie les phénomènes génétiques et démographiques, en particulier les phénomènes de spéciation, ayant conduit à la distribution et à la structuration actuelle des populations, par exemple sous l'effet de la dérive des continents, des modifications de courants océaniques, des oscillations climatiques (qui induisent des glaciations et une baisse importante du niveau marin notamment), ou de catastrophes géoclimatiques (résilience post-crises d'extinctions majeures).
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Porbandar
Porbandar
Porbandar is a city in the Indian state of Gujarat, perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sudama. It is the administrative center of the Porbandar District and it was the former capital of the Porbandar princely state.
Porbandar (gujarâtî : પોરબંદર - hindî : पोरबन्दर) est une ville de l'État du Gujarat en Inde, chef-lieu administratif du district éponyme, et un ancien État princier des Indes. C'est également le lieu de naissance de Gandhi.
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Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin
Louise de Vilmorin
Marie Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin (4 April 1902 – 26 December 1969) was a French novelist, poet and journalist. Born in the family château at Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, a suburb southwest of Paris, she was heir to a great French seed company fortune, that of Vilmorin. She was afflicted with a slight limp that became a personal trademark. Vilmorin was best known as a writer of delicate but mordant tales, often set in aristocratic or artistic milieu.
Louise Levêque de Vilmorin, dite par convenance Louise de Vilmorin, est une femme de lettres française, née le à Verrières-le-Buisson (Essonne), où elle est morte le. Elle était parfois surnommée « Madame de », en référence à son roman à succès porté au grand écran.
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Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar (Gujarati: ) () is the capital of the state of Gujarat in India. Gandhinagar is located approximately 23 km north of Ahmedabad, on the west central point of the Industrial corridor between Delhi, the political capital of India, and Mumbai, the financial capital of India.
Gandhinagar (gujarâtî : ગાંધીનગર - hindî : गांधीनगर) est la capitale de l'État du Gujarat, situé dans l'ouest de l'Inde. Il s'agit d'une ville nouvelle construite dans les années 1960, nommée Gandhi pour lui faire hommage.
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Milan Kundera
Milan Kundera
Milan Kundera (, ; born 1 April 1929) is a Czech writer who went into exile in France in 1975, becoming a naturalised French citizen in 1981. Kundera's Czech citizenship was revoked in 1979 and was not restored until 2019. He "sees himself as a French writer and insists his work should be studied as French literature and classified as such in book stores".
Milan Kundera, né le à Brno (Moravie), est un écrivain tchèque naturalisé français. Ayant émigré en France en 1975, il a obtenu la nationalité française le, peu de temps après l'élection de François Mitterrand.
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Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
La Désobéissance civile
Resistance to Civil Government, called Civil Disobedience for short, is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848).
La Désobéissance civile (titre original : "") est un essai de Henry David Thoreau publié en 1849. Thoreau écrit sur le thème de la désobéissance civile en se fondant sur son expérience personnelle.
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Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat (, ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of – most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula – and a population of 60.4 million. It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population. Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south, Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state. The economy of Gujarat is the third-largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of and has the country's 11th-highest GSDP per capita of. Gujarat ranks 21st among Indian states in human development index.
Le Gujarat (gujarati ) est l'un des 29 États de l'Inde. Il se situe dans l’ouest du pays. Sa capitale est Gandhinagar. Il est bordé au nord par le Pakistan et le Rajasthan, à l'est par le Madhya Pradesh et au sud par le Maharashtra.
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Pascal's calculator
Pascaline
Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen. He designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction.
La pascaline, initialement dénommée machine d’arithmétique puis roue pascaline, est une calculatrice mécanique inventée par Blaise Pascal et considérée comme la première machine à calculer. C'est en 1642, à l'âge de dix-neuf ans, qu'il en conçut l’idée, voulant soulager la tâche de son père qui venait d’être nommé surintendant de la Haute-Normandie par le cardinal de Richelieu et qui devait remettre en ordre les recettes fiscales de cette province ; elle permettait d’additionner et de soustraire deux nombres d'une façon directe et de faire des multiplications et des divisions par répétitions.
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New Delhi
New Delhi
New Delhi (, "Naī Dillī") is an urban district located in the city of Delhi. New Delhi serves as the capital of India and the seat of all three branches of the Government of India.
New Delhi (, (Naī Dillī)) est la capitale de l'Inde. Elle abrite le siège du gouvernement de l'Inde, le Parlement, la résidence du Président et la Cour suprême.
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Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad (, pronounced as Amdavad in Gujarati) is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,633,927 (as per 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India, and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, from the state capital Gandhinagar, which is its twin city.
Ahmedabad (, ) (l'étymologie islamo-persane étant « la ville d'Ahmed ») est la principale ville de l'État du Gujarat, au nord-ouest de l'Inde. Elle compte environ 6 millions d'habitants, c'est la sixième ville de l'Inde. Autrefois appelée la « Manchester de l'Inde » en raison de la forte concentration d'usines textiles, il ne reste aujourd'hui que très peu de choses de ce patrimoine textile. Elle fut la capitale de l'État de 1960 à 1970, date à laquelle cette dernière fut déplacée à Gandhinagar. Située sur les rives de la rivière Sabarmati, elle jouit d'un climat chaud et sec.
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Antipope Laurentius
Laurent (antipape)
Laurentius (possibly Caelius) was Archpriest of Santa Prassede and later antipope of the Roman Catholic Church. Elected in 498 at the Basilica Saint Mariae (presumably Saint Maria Maggiore) with the support of a dissenting faction with Byzantine sympathies, who were supported by Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus, in opposition to Pope Symmachus, the division between the two opposing factions split not only the church, but the senate and the people of Rome. However, Laurentius remained in Rome as pope until 506.
L'antipape Laurent fut deux fois antipape, du jusqu'en et de 501 à 505/506. Archiprêtre, il fut élu le même jour que Symmaque après un scrutin contesté et marqué par la corruption. Le roi ostrogoth Théodoric se prononce en la faveur de Symmaque et Laurent s'enfuit.
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Antipope Felix II
Félix II
Antipope Felix, an archdeacon of Rome, was installed as Pope in AD 355 after the Emperor Constantius II banished the reigning Pope, Liberius, for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius.
L'antipape, de 355 à 365, était autrefois considéré comme un pape légitime. Il est en quelque sorte situé entre Libère et. Au lendemain de la déportation du pape Libère en 355 par l'empereur, le clergé romain, dont l'archidiacre Félix, jure de n'en point reconnaître d'autre tant que leur évêque vivrait. Mais sous les pressions de l'empereur, Félix change d'avis et se fait sacrer par trois évêques ariens. Le clergé se rallie à lui mais pas le peuple qui reste fidèle à Libère.
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Pope Innocent XII
Innocent XII
Pope Innocent XII (; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was Pope from 12 July 1691 to his death in 1700.
Antonio Pignatelli, né à Spinazzola, près de Bari (Italie) le, et décédé à Rome le, fut le 242 évêque de Rome et donc pape de l’Église catholique qu'il gouverna de 1691 à 1700 sous le nom d’ (en latin ', en italien '). Il succède à.
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Ilfochrome
Cibachrome
Ilfochrome (also commonly known as Cibachrome) is a dye destruction positive-to-positive photographic process used for the reproduction of film transparencies on photographic paper. The prints are made on a dimensionally stable polyester base as opposed to traditional paper base. Since it uses 13 layers of azo dyes sealed in a polyester base, the print will not fade, discolour, or deteriorate for an extended time. Accelerated aging tests conducted by Henry Wilhelm rated the process as producing prints which, framed under glass, would last for 29 years before color shifts could be detected. Characteristics of Ilfochrome prints are image clarity, color purity, and being an archival process able to produce critical accuracy to the original transparency.
Le Cibachrome ex-Ilfochrome est un procédé de tirage photographique couleur depuis un film inversible (ce dernier souvent sous la forme d'une diapositive couleur) produit jusqu'en 2013 par Ilford.
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Amélie Nothomb
Amélie Nothomb
Baroness Fabienne-Claire Nothomb, better known by her pen name Amélie Nothomb (French: ), is a Belgian Francophone novelist. Part of her childhood was spent in Asia.
Amélie Nothomb, nom de plume de Fabienne Claire Nothomb, née le à Etterbeek (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale), est une romancière belge d'expression française.
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Tallinn
Tallinn
Tallinn (; ; names in other languages) is the capital, primate and the most populous city of Estonia. Located in the northern part of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, it has a population of 437,619 in 2020. Administratively a part of Harju "maakond" (county), Tallinn is the main financial, industrial, cultural, educational and research centre of Estonia; the second largest city, Tartu, is located in the southern part of Estonia, southeast of Tallinn. Tallinn is located south of Helsinki, Finland, west of Saint Petersburg, Russia, north of Riga, Latvia, and east of Stockholm, Sweden. It has close historical ties with these four cities. From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century Tallinn was known in most of the world by its historical German name Reval.
Tallinn (prononcé en estonien ) est la capitale de l’Estonie et le principal port du pays (port marchand de Muuga, port passager Vanasadam). Elle est située sur la côte du golfe de Finlande, qui fait partie de la mer Baltique. Son ancien nom, en usage jusqu’en, est "Reval" en allemand, ou "Revel" en russe, qu’on désignait alors en français sous la forme "Réval".
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Mumbai
Bombay
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. According to United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai was the second-most populous city in India after Delhi and the seventh-most populous city in the world with a population of roughly 20 million. As per Indian government population census of 2011, Mumbai was the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million living under Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million. Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India. Mumbai is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Elephanta Caves, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, and the city's distinctive ensemble of Victorian and Art Deco buildings.
Bombay ou Mumbai (marathi : ) est la capitale de l'État indien du Maharashtra. La métropole compte en 2011. Ville d'Inde la plus peuplée, elle forme avec ses villes satellites de Navi Mumbai, Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Ulhasnagar et Thane, une agglomération de, soit la cinquième plus peuplée au monde.
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Atomic number
Numéro atomique
The atomic number or proton number (symbol "Z") of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
Le numéro atomique (Z) représente, en chimie et en physique, le nombre de protons d'un atome. Ce dernier peut être schématisé, en première approche, par une agglomération compacte (noyau atomique) de protons (p) et de neutrons (n), autour de laquelle circulent des électrons (e).
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Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (20 June 1861 – 16 May 1947) was an English biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929, with Christiaan Eijkman, for the discovery of vitamins, even though Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist, is widely credited with discovering vitamins. He also discovered the amino acid tryptophan, in 1901. He was President of the Royal Society from 1930 to 1935.
Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( à Eastbourne, Sussex, Angleterre - à Cambridge, Angleterre) est un physiologiste et chimiste britannique qui a découvert l'existence des vitamines dans les aliments naturels. Il est lauréat de la moitié du prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine de 1929.
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