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Tripolitania | Tripolitaine | Tripolitania ( ', Berber: ', from Vulgar Latin "*Trapoletanius", from Latin "", from Greek Τριπολιτάνια) is a historic region and former province of Libya. | La Tripolitaine (en arabe : "طرابلس" ; en italien : "Tripolitania" ; en latin : "Regio Tripolitana" ; en grec ancien : "Τριπολιτάνια)" est une région historique de la Libye dont le nom, qui signifie « trois villes » en grec ancien, vient d'Oea, Leptis Magna et Sabratha, les trois villes les plus importantes de la région depuis l'Antiquité. La Tripolitaine a ensuite donné son nom à Tripoli, appellation moderne d'Oea. | [
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Bass guitar | Guitare basse | The bass guitar, electric bass, or simply bass, is the lowest-pitched member of the guitar family. It is a plucked string instrument similar in appearance and construction to an electric or an acoustic guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length, and typically four to six strings or courses. Since the mid-1950s, the bass guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music. | La guitare basse, basse électrique ou simplement basse, est un instrument de musique à cordes conçu selon le même principe que la guitare électrique, mais avec une tessiture plus grave. Comme la contrebasse dont elle est inspirée, la guitare basse est généralement utilisée pour jouer la ligne de basse au sein de la section rythmique d'un ensemble musical, mais elle est également utilisée comme instrument soliste, par exemple dans le jazz fusion. | [
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Serpens | Serpent (constellation) | Serpens ("the Serpent", Greek ) is a constellation of the northern hemisphere. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union. It is unique among the modern constellations in being split into two non-contiguous parts, Serpens Caput (Serpent Head) to the west and Serpens Cauda (Serpent Tail) to the east. Between these two halves lies the constellation of Ophiuchus, the "Serpent-Bearer". In figurative representations, the body of the serpent is represented as passing behind Ophiuchus between Mu Serpentis in "Serpens Caput" and Nu Serpentis in "Serpens Cauda". | Le Serpent est une constellation qui représente le serpent dompté par Ophiuchus, le Serpentaire. C’est la seule constellation divisée en deux parties ; la Tête et la Queue du Serpent sont séparées par l’entreposition d’Ophiuchus, mais leurs étoiles sont nommés comme si elles faisaient partie d’une zone contiguë et la désignation génitive "Serpentis" est utilisée pour toutes les deux. La Tête du Serpent se trouve principalement dans l’hémisphère céleste nord, la Queue du Serpent essentiellement dans l’hémisphère céleste sud. | [
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Dodecanese | Dodécanèse | The Dodecanese (, ;, "Dodekánisa", literally "twelve islands") are a group of 15 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the coast of Asia Minor (Turkey), of which 26 are inhabited. This island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group. | Le Dodécanèse (en grec ancien, en grec moderne, en italien ', en turc ') est un archipel de la mer Égée regroupant plus de 160 iles et ilots, pour la plupart inhabités. Son nom signifie « douze ("dōdeka") iles ("nēsos") ». Il est parfois désigné comme les sporades méridionales. | [
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Political sociology | Sociologie politique | Political sociology is concerned with the sociological analysis of political phenomena ranging from the State and civil society to the family, investigating topics such as citizenship, social movements, and the sources of social power. The lineage of this discipline is typically traced from such thinkers as Montesquieu, Smith and Ferguson through the founding fathers of sociology – Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber – to such contemporary theorists as Gellner, Anthony Giddens, Jurgen Habermas and Michael Mann. Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been, "Why do so few American or European citizens choose to vote?" or even, "What difference does it make if women get elected?", political sociologists also now ask, "How is the body a site of power?", "How are emotions relevant to global poverty?", and, "What difference does knowledge make to democracy?" | La sociologie politique étudie les citoyens dans leurs rapports avec l'État et ses institutions. Toutefois telle n'est pas la seule dimension de cette branche de la sociologie : il s'agit aussi, d'une façon plus générale, d'analyser tout ce qui concerne et fonde les relations de domination entre les personnes et les groupes humains. Elle est selon Max Weber, la science du social et de la politique. Parce que la politique apparaît dans la nomenclature de la sociologie comme un fait social. En effet, est appelé fait social, selon les termes de Émile Durkheim, l'ensemble des manières d'agir, de penser et de sentir douées d'un pouvoir de coercition. Elles sont extérieures à nous et s'imposent à notre conscience qu'on le veuille ou non. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Lyra | Lyre (constellation) | Lyra (; Latin for lyre, from Greek "λύρα") is a small constellation. It is one of 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and is one of the 88 constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. Lyra was often represented on star maps as a vulture or an eagle carrying a lyre, and hence is sometimes referred to as Vultur Cadens or Aquila Cadens ("Falling Vulture" or "Falling Eagle"), respectively. Beginning at the north, Lyra is bordered by Draco, Hercules, Vulpecula, and Cygnus. Lyra is nearly overhead in temperate northern latitudes shortly after midnight at the start of summer. From the equator to about the 40th parallel south it is visible low in the northern sky during the same (thus winter) months. Vega, Lyra's brightest star, is one of the brightest stars in the night sky, and forms a corner of the famed Summer Triangle asterism. Beta Lyrae is the prototype of a class of binary star known as Beta Lyrae variables. These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other. Epsilon Lyrae, known informally as the Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts the Ring Nebula, the second-discovered and best-known planetary nebula. | La Lyre est une des 88 constellations. Elle se situe dans l'hémisphère nord. Notre étoile tend progressivement à se rapprocher des étoiles qui composent cette constellation. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Draco (constellation) | Dragon (constellation) | Draco is a constellation in the far northern sky. Its name is Latin for dragon. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. The north pole of the ecliptic is in Draco. Draco is circumpolar (that is, never setting), and can be seen all year from northern latitudes. | Le Dragon (Draco) est une des du ciel, la huitième par la taille. Elle est composée d'une longue suite d'étoiles qui longe une partie de la Petite Ourse. Malgré sa longueur, elle ne contient pas d'étoile véritablement brillante. Le Dragon était l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Samuel Morse | Samuel Morse | Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor and painter. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy. | Samuel Finley Breese Morse est un scientifique américain, développeur d'un télégraphe électrique et d'un alphabet qui portent tous deux son nom, né le à Charlestown (Massachusetts) et mort le à New York (État de New York). | [
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Polaris | Alpha Ursae Minoris | Polaris (), designated α Ursae Minoris (Latinized to Alpha Ursae Minoris, abbreviated Alpha UMi, α UMi), commonly the North Star or Pole Star, is the brightest star in the constellation of Ursa Minor. It is very close to the north celestial pole, making it the current northern pole star. The revised Hipparcos parallax gives a distance to Polaris of about 433 light-years (133 parsecs), while calculations by other methods derive distances around 30% closer. | Alpha Ursae Minoris (α Ursae Minoris / α UMi, selon la désignation de Bayer) est l’étoile la plus brillante de la constellation de la Petite Ourse. Elle est connue pour correspondre avec une bonne précision à la direction du pôle nord céleste, ce qui lui vaut l’appellation commune d’Étoile polaire ou plus simplement de Polaire. Sa distance angulaire au pôle céleste est aujourd’hui d'environ 0°45'. Du fait de cette propriété cruciale pour le repérage, en particulier dans le contexte de la navigation, toutes les civilisations ou presque lui ont donné un nom traditionnel. On trouve ainsi le nom traditionnel d’origine latine Polaris, mais également bien d’autres. | [
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Ursa Major | Grande Ourse | Ursa Major (; also known as the Great Bear) is a constellation in the northern sky, whose associated mythology likely dates back into prehistory. Its Latin name means "greater (or larger) she-bear," referring to and contrasting it with nearby Ursa Minor, the lesser bear. In antiquity, it was one of the original 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. Today it is the third largest of the 88 modern constellations. | La Grande Ourse est la troisième constellation du ciel par son étendue. Elle contient la « grande casserole » (ou « grand chariot »), l'un des astérismes les plus connus de l'hémisphère nord. Faisant partie des identifiées par Ptolémée, elle est très facilement reconnaissable par la forme de casserole que composent ses sept plus brillantes étoiles. La Grande Ourse est une constellation circumpolaire pour les observateurs situés au-dessus de 41° de latitude Nord : elle ne semble jamais se coucher. | [
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Philae | Philæ | Philae (;,, Egyptian: "p3-jw-rķ' or 'pA-jw-rq"; Coptic: ) is an island in the reservoir of the Aswan Low Dam, downstream of the Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser, Egypt. Philae was originally located near the expansive First Cataract of the Nile in Upper Egypt and was the site of an Egyptian temple complex. These rapids and the surrounding area have been variously flooded since the initial construction of the Aswan Low Dam in 1902. The temple complex was dismantled and moved to nearby Agilkia Island as part of the UNESCO Nubia Campaign project, protecting this and other complexes before the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam. The hieroglyphic reliefs of the temple complex are being studied and published by the Philae Temple Text Project of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (Institute OREA). | Philæ, aussi orthographiée Philae, en grec ancien, en égyptien ancien "]", "", en arabe, est une île d'Égypte submergée dans les années 1970 par la hausse du niveau du lac de retenue de l'ancien barrage d'Assouan à la suite de la construction du haut barrage. Les temples et monuments édifiés sur l'île aux époques pharaoniques et gréco-romaines ont été déplacés sur l'île voisine d'Aguilkia, aussi appelée Philæ par commodité, notamment auprès des touristes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Caesar (title) | César (titre) | Caesar (English Caesars; Latin "Caesares") is a title of imperial character. It derives from the "cognomen" of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about 68/69 AD, the so-called "Year of the Four Emperors". | « César » (en latin "Caesar") était l'un des titres des empereurs romains, les situant dans la continuité du dictateur romain Jules César. Le changement du "cognomen" en titre impérial romain remonte aux années 68-69 dite l'« Année des quatre empereurs ». Le titre (en grec Καῖσαρ) perdure sous l'Empire byzantin. | [
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RAID | RAID (informatique) | RAID ("Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks" or "Redundant Array of Independent Disks") is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both. This was in contrast to the previous concept of highly reliable mainframe disk drives referred to as "single large expensive disk" (SLED). | Le RAID est un ensemble de techniques de virtualisation du stockage permettant de répartir des données sur plusieurs disques durs afin d'améliorer soit les performances, soit la sécurité ou la tolérance aux pannes de l'ensemble du ou des systèmes. | [
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History of Egypt | Histoire de l'Égypte | The history of Egypt has been long and wealthy, due to the flow of the Nile River with its fertile banks and delta, as well as the accomplishments of Egypt's native inhabitants and outside influence. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stone. Among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kind for centuries. | L’histoire de l'Égypte est d'abord marquée par les témoignages inestimables légués par l'Égypte antique, qui ont fasciné dès l'Antiquité. Elle est aussi particulièrement marquante en dehors de l'Égypte, chez les Juifs, en Afrique noire, dans le monde hellénistique, chez les Arabes et dans l'Islam, et en Europe. Après la période ptolémaïque, l'Égypte n'est plus, durant plusieurs siècles, qu'une province des empires plus vastes que sont l'Empire romain, l'Empire byzantin, l'Empire sassanide, l'Empire arabe puis l'Empire ottoman. Elle ne retrouve une certaine autonomie qu'au et son indépendance en 1922. Après des régimes autoritaires, elle connaît une démocratisation difficile avec la révolution de 2011. Écrire l'histoire ancienne est encore relativement difficile tant la documentation est fragmentaire et lacunaire. En particulier, les dates de changement d'ère données ci-dessous ne peuvent être qu'approximatives, car les avis divergent sur ce sujet. | [
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Ursa Minor | Petite Ourse | Ursa Minor (Latin: "Lesser Bear", contrasting with Ursa Major), also known as the Little Bear, is a constellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great Bear, the tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North American name, Little Dipper: seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner the Big Dipper. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, particularly by mariners, because of Polaris being the north pole star. | La, ou en latin et abrégé, est une constellation de l'hémisphère céleste nord. Le « petit chariot » (par contraste au « grand chariot » de la Grande Ourse) est, tout comme l'autre Ourse, formé de sept étoiles principales. Elle est l'une des 48 constellations listées par l'astronome du Ptolémée dans son "Almageste", et demeure l'une des 88 constellations modernes. La Petite Ourse a traditionnellement été d'une grande importance pour la navigation, particulièrement pour les marins, parce que Polaris marque le pôle nord céleste. | [
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Virgil | Virgile | Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 70 BC – 21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He wrote three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the "Eclogues" (or "Bucolics"), the "Georgics", and the epic "Aeneid". A number of minor poems, collected in the "Appendix Vergiliana", are sometimes attributed to him as well. | Virgile, en latin "" (né vers le 15 octobre 70 av. J.-C. à Andes, dans l'actuelle Lombardie et mort le 21 septembre 19 av. J.-C. à Brindes dans le Sud), est un poète latin contemporain de la fin de la République romaine et du début du règne de l'empereur Auguste. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Succubus | Succube | A succubus is a demon in female form, or supernatural entity in folklore (traced back to medieval legend), that appears in dreams and takes the form of a woman in order to seduce men, usually through sexual activity. The male counterpart to the succubus is the incubus. Religious traditions hold that repeated sexual activity with a succubus may result in the deterioration of health or mental state, or even death. | Un succube (le nom est masculin) est un personnage de légende. C'est un démon qui prend la forme d'une femme pour abuser sexuellement d'un homme durant son sommeil et ses rêves. Les succubes servent Lilith. Leur pendant masculin est l'incube. | [
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Romanticism | Romantisme | Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1890. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism. | Le romantisme est un mouvement culturel apparu à la fin du en Allemagne et en Angleterre et se diffusant à toute l’Europe au cours du, jusqu’aux années 1850. Il s’exprime dans la littérature, la peinture, la sculpture, la musique, la politique et la danse et se caractérise par une volonté de l'artiste d'explorer toutes les possibilités de l'art afin d'exprimer ses états d'âme : il est ainsi une réaction du sentiment contre la raison, exaltant le mystère et le fantastique et cherchant l'évasion et le ravissement dans le rêve, le morbide et le sublime, l'exotisme et le passé, l'idéal ou le cauchemar d'une sensibilité passionnée et mélancolique. Ses valeurs esthétiques et morales, ses idées et thématiques nouvelles ne tardèrent pas à influencer d'autres domaines, en particulier la peinture et la musique. | [
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Ghent | Gand | Ghent (;, ;, ; traditional English Gaunt) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, and the third largest in the country, exceeded in size by Brussels and Antwerp. The city originally started as a settlement at the confluence of the Rivers Scheldt and Leie and in the Late Middle Ages became one of the largest and richest cities of northern Europe, with some 50,000 people in 1300. It is a port and university city. | Gand (prononcé ), (prononcé ) est une ville belge néerlandophone, située en Région flamande au confluent de la Lys et de l'Escaut. C'est le chef-lieu de la province de Flandre-Orientale et depuis 1559 le siège de l'évêché de Gand. Avec, c'est la deuxième commune la plus peuplée de Belgique, après Anvers. L'agglomération gantoise compte environ. | [
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Real number | Nombre réel | In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line. The adjective "real" in this context was introduced in the 17th century by René Descartes, who distinguished between real and imaginary roots of polynomials. The real numbers include all the rational numbers, such as the integer −5 and the fraction 4/3, and all the irrational numbers, such as (1.41421356..., the square root of 2, an irrational algebraic number). Included within the irrationals are the transcendental numbers, such as (3.14159265...). In addition to measuring distance, real numbers can be used to measure quantities such as time, mass, energy, velocity, and many more. | En mathématiques, un nombre réel est un nombre qui peut être représenté par une partie entière et une liste finie ou infinie de décimales. Cette définition s'applique donc aux nombres rationnels, dont les décimales se répètent de façon périodique à partir d'un certain rang, mais aussi à d'autres nombres dits" irrationnels", tels que la racine carrée de 2, et. | [
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Pope Zachary | Zacharie (pape) | Pope Zachary (; 679 – March 752) was the bishop of Rome from December 741 to his death. He was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy. Zachary built the original church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, forbade the traffic of slaves in Rome, negotiated peace with the Lombards, and sanctioned Pepin the Short's usurpation of the Frankish throne from Childeric III. Zachary is regarded as a capable administrator and a skillful and subtle diplomat in a dangerous time. | Successeur de, le pape Zacharie est le de l'Église catholique. Déclaré saint par l'Église romaine, il est d'origine grecque, fut sacré le et régna jusqu'au. | [
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Incubus | Incube | An incubus is a demon in male form who, according to mythological and legendary traditions, lies upon sleeping women in order to engage in sexual activity with them. Its female counterpart is a succubus. Salacious tales of incubi and succubi have been told for many centuries in traditional societies. Some traditions hold that repeated sexual activity with an incubus or succubus may result in the deterioration of health, mental state, or even death. | Un incube (du latin signifiant « couché sur », pluriel ; ou "incubo", pluriel "incubones") est un démon mâle qui prend corps pour abuser sexuellement d’une femme endormie. Velu, hirsute et souvent représenté comme possédant des pieds de bouc, le démon incube pèse sur la poitrine de sa victime endormie et peut même l'étouffer. Son équivalent féminin est le succube. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Atomic nucleus | Noyau atomique | The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. After the discovery of the neutron in 1932, models for a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons were quickly developed by Dmitri Ivanenko and Werner Heisenberg. An atom is composed of a positively-charged nucleus, with a cloud of negatively-charged electrons surrounding it, bound together by electrostatic force. Almost all of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus, with a very small contribution from the electron cloud. Protons and neutrons are bound together to form a nucleus by the nuclear force. | Le noyau atomique désigne la région située au centre d'un atome constituée de protons et de neutrons (les nucléons). La taille du noyau (de l'ordre du femtomètre soit 10 mètre) est environ fois plus petite que celle de l'atome (10 mètre) et concentre quasiment toute sa masse. Les forces nucléaires qui s'exercent entre les nucléons sont à peu près un million de fois plus grandes que les forces entre les atomes ou les molécules. Un noyau instable est dit radioactif, il est sujet à une transmutation, soit spontanée soit provoquée par l'arrivée de particules supplémentaires ou de rayonnement électromagnétique. | [
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North American Free Trade Agreement | Accord de libre-échange nord-américain | The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA;, TLCAN;, ALÉNA) was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product. | L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, connu sous l'acronyme ALENA (en, NAFTA, en, TLCAN), est un traité, entré en vigueur le, qui institue une zone de libre-échange entre les États-Unis, le Canada et le Mexique, trois pays d'Amérique du Nord, couvrant environ 480 millions d'habitants qui doit être complété vers 2019 par l'Accord Canada–États-Unis–Mexique. Celle-ci vise essentiellement à réduire voire éliminer les barrières commerciales entre les trois pays signataires, tout en maintenant celles qui sont politiques. Il s’agit d’un facteur qui différencie cette entente de l’Union européenne par exemple, qui quant à elle, est une entente politico-économique. | [
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Antimony | Antimoine | Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (from ) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (SbS). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl. Metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery. The earliest known description of the metal in the West was written in 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio. | L'antimoine est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 51, de symbole Sb. C'est un membre du groupe des pnictogènes. De propriétés intermédiaires entre celles des métaux et des non-métaux, l'antimoine est, avec l'arsenic, un métalloïde du cinquième groupe principal du tableau périodique. Il s'agit d'un élément faiblement électropositif. L'électronégativité selon Pauling est de l'ordre de 1,9, alors que celle de As avoisine 2. | [
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Democritus | Démocrite | Democritus (;, "Dēmókritos", meaning "chosen of the people"; 460 – 370 BC) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. | Démocrite d'Abdère (en grec /, « choisi par le peuple »), né vers 460 av. J.-C. à Abdère et mort en 370 av. J.-C., est un philosophe grec considéré comme matérialiste en raison de sa conception d'un Univers constitué d'atomes et de vide. | [
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Marquis de Sade | Donatien Alphonse François de Sade | Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade (; 2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814), was a French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality. His works include novels, short stories, plays, dialogues, and political tracts. In his lifetime some of these were published under his own name while others, which Sade denied having written, appeared anonymously. Sade is best known for his erotic works, which combined philosophical discourse with pornography, depicting sexual fantasies with an emphasis on violence (particularly against women and children), suffering, criminality and blasphemy against Christianity. He became infamous for his numerous sexual crimes and abuse against young men, women and children. He claimed to be a proponent of absolute freedom, unrestrained by morality, religion or law. The words "sadism" and "sadist" are derived from his name. | Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, né le à Paris et mort le à Saint-Maurice (Val-de-Marne), est un homme de lettres, romancier, philosophe et homme politique français, longtemps voué à l'anathème en raison de la part accordée dans son œuvre à l'érotisme et à la pornographie, associés à des actes de violence et de cruauté (tortures, incestes, viols, pédophilie, meurtres, etc.). L'expression d'un athéisme anticlérical virulent est l'un des thèmes les plus récurrents de ses écrits et la cause de leurs mises à l'index. | [
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Yue Chinese | Cantonais | Yue () is a group of similar Sinitic languages spoken in southern China, particularly the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, which are collectively known as Liangguang. | Le cantonais (, aussi connu sous le nom ) ou yue est une langue chinoise parlée particulièrement dans le sud de la Chine, dans les provinces du Guangdong et du Guangxi, à Hong Kong et à Macao. | [
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Trillian (software) | Trillian (logiciel) | Trillian is a proprietary multiprotocol instant messaging application created by Cerulean Studios. It is currently available for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS, and the Web. It can connect to multiple IM services, such as AIM, Bonjour, Facebook Messenger, Google Talk (Hangouts), IRC, XMPP (Jabber), VZ, and Yahoo! Messenger networks; as well as social networking sites, such as Facebook, Foursquare, LinkedIn, and Twitter; and email services, such as POP3 and IMAP. | Trillian est un logiciel propriétaire, client de messagerie instantanée multi-protocoles : AIM, Jabber, MSN, Yahoo, Facebook et IRC. Il existe une version réduite « grand public » gratuite et une « version professionnelle » payante. | [
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Aircraft | Aéronef | An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, paramotors and hot air balloons. | Un aéronef est un moyen de transport capable de s'élever et de se mouvoir en altitude, au sein de l'atmosphère terrestre. | [
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Buto | Bouto | Buto (,, "Butu"), Butus (, "Boutos") or Butosus was an ancient city located 95 km east of Alexandria in the Nile Delta of Egypt. What in classical times the Greeks called Buto stood about midway between the Taly (Bolbitine) and Thermuthiac (Sebennytic) branches of the Nile, a few kilometers north of the east-west Butic River and on the southern shore of the Butic Lake (, "Boutikē limnē"). | Bouto est une ville du delta du Nil, qui se situe dans le sixième nome de Basse-Égypte, le nome « Le taureau montagnard » (ou taureau du désert) ("kA Dw"), à environ à l'est d’Alexandrie. | [
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Market capitalization | Capitalisation boursière | Market capitalization, commonly called market cap, is the market value of a publicly traded company's outstanding shares. Market capitalization is equal to the share price multiplied by the number of shares outstanding. Since outstanding stock is bought and sold in public markets, capitalization could be used as an indicator of public opinion of a company's net worth and is a determining factor in some forms of stock valuation. | La capitalisation boursière est la valorisation au prix de marché de l'ensemble des actions en circulation d'une société par actions. | [
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Cooking weights and measures | Unités de mesure pour la cuisine | In recipes, quantities of ingredients may be specified by mass (commonly called weight), by volume, or by count. For most of history, most cookbooks did not specify quantities precisely, instead talking of "a nice leg of spring lamb", a "cupful" of lentils, a piece of butter "the size of a small apricot", and "sufficient" salt. Informal measurements such as a "pinch", a "drop", or a "hint" ("soupçon") continue to be used from time to time. In the US, Fannie Farmer introduced the more exact specification of quantities by volume in her 1896 "Boston Cooking-School Cook Book". | Selon les pays, les unités de mesure utilisées pour décrire les quantités dans les recettes de cuisine changent. En France et dans la plus grande partie de l'Europe continentale, on utilise le système métrique (généralement les grammes et leurs multiples pour les solides et les litres et leurs fractions pour les liquides). Pour les recettes de « précision » (certaines recettes de pâtisserie, recettes de grands chefs), tous les ingrédients sont indiqués en grammes. | [
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Jalisco | Jalisco | Jalisco (,, ; Nahuatl: Xalixco), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco ( ; Nahuatl: Tlahtohcayotl Xalixco) is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and is bordered by six states which are Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima. Jalisco is divided into 125 municipalities, and its capital city is Guadalajara. Jalisco is one of the most important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history. Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico City, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, birria, tequila, jaripeo, etc., hence the state's motto: "Jalisco es México." Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas. | Le Jalisco (prononcé en castillan : ), officiellement État libre et souverain de Jalisco ("" ) est un État du Mexique en bordure de l'océan Pacifique. Sa capitale est Guadalajara. Sa population était en 2015 d'environ 7,85 millions d'habitants. Le Jalisco est un État très dynamique grâce à ses activités économiques, commerciales et culturelles. Dans certains quartiers de Guadalajara, le niveau de vie est comparable à celui de l'Espagne ou de l'Italie, mais ce niveau de vie n'est pas représentatif de l'ensemble de l'État. | [
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Harki | Harki | Harki (adjective from the Arabic "harka", standard Arabic "haraka" حركة, "war party" or "movement", i.e., a group of volunteers, especially soldiers) is the generic term for native Muslim Algerians who served as auxiliaries in the French Army during the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. The word sometimes applies to all Algerian Muslims who supported French Algeria during the war. The motives for enlisting in the Harkis were mixed. They are regarded as traitors in Algeria and thousands died after the war in reprisals despite the Évian Accords ceasefire and amnesty stipulations. | Un harki, prononcé (de l'arabe حركي, "harkī"), désigne, au sens strict, un individu servant en Algérie française dans une formation paramilitaire. | [
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Heteroptera | Heteroptera | The Heteroptera are a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the order Hemiptera. They are sometimes called "true bugs", though that name more commonly refers to the Hemiptera as a whole. "Typical bugs" might be used as a more unequivocal alternative, since the heteropterans are most consistently and universally termed "bugs" among the Hemiptera. "Heteroptera" is Greek for "different wings": most species have forewings with both membranous and hardened portions (called hemelytra); members of the primitive sub-group Enicocephalomorpha have completely membranous wings. | Le sous-ordre des hétéroptères (Heteroptera) ou punaises, appartient à l'ensemble des insectes ptérygotes hétérométaboles, possédant un appareil buccal de type piqueur-suceur, deux paires d'ailes, et des antennes longues. | [
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World Organization of the Scout Movement | Organisation mondiale du mouvement scout | The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM ) is the largest international Scouting organization. WOSM has 171 members. These members are recognized national Scout organizations, which collectively have over 50 million participants. WOSM was established in 1922, and has its operational headquarters at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and its legal seat in Geneva, Switzerland. It is the counterpart of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). | L'Organisation mondiale du mouvement scout (OMMS) est une organisation indépendante, non lucrative et non partisane, comptant plus de 50 millions de membres, actifs à travers un réseau international de groupes locaux soutenus par des organisations scoutes nationales réparties dans 160 pays et territoires. Son instance gouvernante est la Conférence mondiale, qui se réunit tous les trois ans, et son Conseil exécutif est le Comité mondial, composé de volontaires élus. | [
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Extremadura | Estrémadure | Extremadura (, ; ) is an autonomous community of Spain. Its capital city is Mérida. Located in the central-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, it is made up of the two largest provinces of Spain: Cáceres and Badajoz. Extremadura is bordered by Portugal to the west and by the autonomous communities of Castile and León (north), Castilla–La Mancha (east) and Andalusia (south). Its official language is Spanish. | L'Estrémadure () est l'une des 17 communautés autonomes d'Espagne. Située dans le sud-ouest du pays, elle partage ses frontières avec le Portugal, la Castille-Léon, la Castille-La Manche et l'Andalousie. | [
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Berenice II of Egypt | Bérénice II | Berenice II Euergetis (267 or 266 BC – 221 BC;, "Berenikē Euergetes", "Berenice the Benefactress") was ruling queen of Cyrenaica from around 250 BC and queen and co-regent of Ptolemaic Egypt from 246 BC to 222 BC as the wife of Ptolemy III Euergetes. | Bérénice est la fille de Magas, roi de Cyrène et d’, née autour de 267 / 276. Elle fait assassiner son premier époux Démétrios Kalos, demi-frère du roi de Macédoine Antigonos Gonatas. Elle épouse ensuite en 246 "Évergète " avec qui elle règne entre 246 et 222. Elle est la première reine à battre monnaie à son effigie. | [
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Asyut | Assiout | Asyut ( "", "Siōwt" ) is the capital of the modern Asyut Governorate in Egypt. It was built close to the ancient city of the same name, which is situated nearby. The modern city is located at, while the ancient city is located at. The city is home to one of the largest Coptic Catholic churches in the country. | Assiout (en arabe : Usyiut أسيوط), ancienne Lycopolis ou Lykopolis ou Lyco ou Lycos en grec, Syowt (ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩⲧ ) en copte, est une ville importante de Haute-Égypte sur la rive occidentale du Nil. | [
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Society of Saint Pius X | Fraternité sacerdotale Saint-Pie-X | The Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX or FSSPX; ) is an international priestly fraternity founded in 1970 by Marcel Lefebvre, a traditionalist French archbishop who later clashed with the Holy See over the society. | La Fraternité sacerdotale Saint-Pie-X (sigle : FSSPX), de tradition catholique nommée à l'origine Fraternité des apôtres de Jésus et Marie. C'est une société de prêtres traditionalistes, sans statut canonique au sein de l'Église catholique avec laquelle elle maintient des relations complexes. Son but est (principalement, de former des prêtres et de tenir des séminaires). Elle a son siège à Menzingen, dans le canton de Zoug (Suisse). | [
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Clément Ader | Clément Ader | Clément Ader (2 April 1841 – 3 May 1925) was a French inventor and engineer who was born in Muret, Haute-Garonne (a distant suburb of Toulouse), and died in Toulouse. He is remembered primarily for his pioneering work in aviation. | Clément Ader, né le à Muret et mort le à Toulouse, est un ingénieur français, pionnier de l'aviation. Il serait le premier à avoir fait décoller un engin motorisé plus lourd que l'air en 1890, même s'il n'existe pas de preuve formelle qu'il ait effectivement quitté le sol, ni qu'il ait pu manœuvrer l'appareil. | [
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Cache (computing) | Mémoire cache | In computing, a cache (, or in Australian English) is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation or a copy of data stored elsewhere. A "cache hit" occurs when the requested data can be found in a cache, while a "cache miss" occurs when it cannot. Cache hits are served by reading data from the cache, which is faster than recomputing a result or reading from a slower data store; thus, the more requests that can be served from the cache, the faster the system performs. | Une mémoire cache ou antémémoire est, en informatique, une mémoire qui enregistre temporairement des copies de données provenant d'une source, afin de diminuer le temps d'un accès ultérieur (en lecture) d'un matériel informatique (en général, un processeur) à ces données. Le principe du cache est également utilisable en écriture, et existe alors en trois modes possibles : "write-through", "write-back" et "write-around". | [
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Italian language | Italien | Italian ("italiano", or, ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. Italian descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire and, together with Sardinian, is by most measures the Romance language closest to it. Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland (where it is the main language of Ticino and the Graubünden valleys of Calanca, Mesolcina, Bregaglia and val Poschiavo), San Marino and Vatican City. It has an official minority status in western Istria (Croatia and Slovenia). It formerly had official status in Albania, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro (Kotor) and Greece (Ionian Islands and Dodecanese) and is generally understood in Corsica (due to its close relation with the Tuscan-influenced local language) and Savoie. It also used to be an official language in the former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa, where it still plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Italian is included under the languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Romania, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Many speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or regional varieties) and other regional languages. | Litalien (en italien : "") est une langue appartenant au groupe des langues romanes de la famille indo-européenne. Il existe un très grand nombre de dialectes italo-romans. | [
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Demographics of Mexico | Démographie du Mexique | With a population of about 126 million in 2019, Mexico is the 10th most populated country in the world. It is the most populous Spanish-speaking country and the third-most populous in the Americas after the United States and Brazil. Throughout most of the twentieth century Mexico's population was characterized by rapid growth. Although this tendency has been reversed and average annual population growth over the last five years was less than 1%, the demographic transition is still in progress, and Mexico still has a large cohort of youths. The most populous city in the country is the capital, Mexico City, with a population of 8.9 million (2016), and its metropolitan area is also the most populated with 20.1 million (2010). Approximately 50% of the population lives in one of the 55 large metropolitan areas in the country. In total, about 78.84% of the population of the country lives in urban areas, meaning that only 21.16% live in rural areas. | La démographie du Mexique est l'ensemble des données et études concernant la population du Mexique. La population mexicaine était de habitants en 2017 selon les estimations officielles. Elle était de habitants en 2018 selon les estimations de la CIA, avec un taux d'accroissement naturel de 1,09 %. Elle s'élevait à habitants lors du dernier recensement de 2010. Le Mexique est le onzième pays le plus peuplé du monde, et le troisième d'Amérique, après les États-Unis et le Brésil. | [
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Mérida, Spain | Mérida (Espagne) | Mérida () is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the Province of Badajoz, and capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura. Located in the western-central part of the Iberian Peninsula at 217 metres above sea level, the city is crossed by the Guadiana and Albarregas rivers. The population is 60,119 in 2017. | Mérida (du latin : "Augusta Emerita"), en estrémègne "Méria", est une ville espagnole, capitale de l'Estrémadure. Elle compte 60 000 habitants. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cassiopeia (constellation) | Cassiopée (constellation) | Cassiopeia is a constellation in the northern sky, named after the vain queen Cassiopeia in Greek mythology, who boasted about her unrivaled beauty. Cassiopeia was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greek astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. It is easily recognizable due to its distinctive 'W' shape, formed by five bright stars. | Cassiopée est une des du ciel, visible dans l'hémisphère nord. C'est une constellation circumpolaire, très facilement reconnaissable grâce à sa forme de « W ». | [
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L'Humanité | L'Humanité | L'Humanité (; ), is a French daily newspaper. It was an organ of the French Communist Party, and maintains links to the party. Its slogan is "In an ideal world, "L'Humanité" would not exist." | L'Humanité est un journal français fondé en 1904 par le dirigeant socialiste Jean Jaurès. Organe central du Parti communiste français de 1920 à 1994, il en reste très proche après l’ouverture de ses pages à d'autres composantes de la gauche. Comme de nombreux titres de la presse écrite, il bénéficie de subventions de l'État. | [
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Epistemology | Épistémologie | Epistemology (; ) is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemologists study the nature of knowledge, justification, the rationality of belief, and various related issues. | Lépistémologie (du grec ancien / « connaissance vraie, science » et / « discours ») peut désigner deux concepts : | [
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Star | Étoile | A star is an astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide standardized stellar designations. The observable Universe contains an estimated stars, but most are invisible to the naked eye from Earth, including all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way. | Le sens premier du mot étoile est celui d'un point lumineux dans le ciel nocturne, et par extension, des figures géométriques représentant des rayons partant d'un centre (voir le symbole de l'étoile). En astronomie, la signification scientifique plus restreinte d'étoile est celle d'un corps céleste plasmatique qui rayonne sa propre lumière par réactions de fusion nucléaire, ou des corps qui ont été dans cet état à un stade de leur cycle de vie, comme les naines blanches ou les étoiles à neutrons. Cela signifie qu'ils doivent posséder une masse minimale pour que les conditions de température et de pression au sein de la région centrale permettent l'amorce et le maintien de ces réactions nucléaires, seuil en deçà duquel on parle d'objets substellaires. Les masses possibles des étoiles s'étendent de 0,085 masse solaire à une centaine de masses solaires. La masse détermine la température et la luminosité de l'étoile. | [
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History of aviation | Histoire de l'aviation | The history of aviation extends for more than two thousand years, from the earliest forms of aviation such as kites and attempts at tower jumping to supersonic and hypersonic flight by powered, heavier-than-air jets. | L'histoire de l'aviation peut se diviser en six périodes : (Voir la chronologie de l'aéronautique pour des événements précis datés) | [
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Saint-Lô | Saint-Lô | Saint-Lô (, ) is a commune in north-western France, the capital of the Manche department in the region of Normandy. | Saint-Lô est une commune française de, située dans le département de la Manche et la région Normandie. Deuxième plus grande ville de la Manche par le nombre d'habitants après Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, elle accueille la préfecture du département. Elle est également chef-lieu d'un arrondissement et bureau centralisateur de deux cantons (Saint-Lô-1 - Saint-Lô-2). | [
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Sport of athletics | Athlétisme | Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running, and race walking. | L’athlétisme (du grec ancien, « participant à une compétition », dérivé de, « concours ») est un ensemble d’épreuves sportives codifiées comprenant les courses, sauts, lancers, épreuves combinées et marche. L'origine du mot athlétisme vient du grec « Athlos » signifiant combat. Il s’agit de l’art de dépasser la performance des adversaires en vitesse ou en endurance, en distance ou en hauteur. Les épreuves athlétiques, individuelles ou par équipes, ont varié avec le temps et les mentalités. L'athlétisme est l'un des rares sports universellement pratiqués, que ce soit dans le monde amateur ou au cours de nombreuses compétitions de tous niveaux. La simplicité et le peu de moyens nécessaires à sa pratique expliquent en partie ce succès. Les premières traces de concours athlétiques remontent aux civilisations antiques. La discipline s'est développée au cours des siècles, des premières épreuves à sa codification. | [
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Coma Berenices | Chevelure de Bérénice | Coma Berenices is an ancient asterism in the northern sky, which has been defined as one of the 88 modern constellations. Its non-deep-space objects are in the fourth galactic quadrant, between Leo and Boötes, and it is visible in both hemispheres. Its name means "Berenice's Hair" in Latin and refers to Queen Berenice II of Egypt, who sacrificed her long hair as a votive offering. It was introduced to Western astronomy during the third century BC by Conon of Samos and was further corroborated as a constellation by Gerardus Mercator and Tycho Brahe. It is the only modern constellation named for a historic person. | La Chevelure de Bérénice est un ancien astérisme du ciel boréal qui a été défini comme l'une des 88 constellations modernes. Elle est localisée entre le Lion à l'ouest et le Bouvier à l'est, et est visible des deux hémisphères. Son nom fait référence à la reine, qui sacrifia sa longue chevelure pour en faire une offrande votive à Aphrodite. Elle aurait été introduite dans l'astronomie occidentale durant le troisième siècle par Conon de Samos, bien qu'elle ne soit pas visible sur l'Atlas Farnèse. Elle est décrite comme une constellation à partir du par Gérard Mercator puis par Tycho Brahe notamment. La Chevelure de Bérénice est l'une des seules des constellations modernes avec l'Écu de Sobieski qui est nommée d'après un personnage historique. | [
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Lake Tahoe | Lac Tahoe | Lake Tahoe (;, 'the lake') is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of the United States. Lying at, it straddles the state line between California and Nevada, west of Carson City. Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America, and at trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States. Its depth is, making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon (). | Le lac Tahoe (), situé à d'altitude (), est le plus grand lac de montagne d'Amérique du Nord. Il se trouve à cheval entre la Californie et le Nevada. 75 % des rives du lac sont gérées par le Service des forêts des États-Unis. | [
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Styx | Styx | In Greek mythology, Styx (; ) is a deity and a river that forms the boundary between Earth and the Underworld. The rivers Acheron, Cocytus, Lethe, Phlegethon, and Styx all converge at the center of the underworld on a great marsh, which sometimes is also called the Styx. According to Herodotus, the river Styx originates near Feneos. Styx is also a goddess with prehistoric roots in Greek mythology as a daughter of Tethys, after whom the river is named and because of whom it had miraculous powers. | Dans la mythologie grecque, Styx (en grec ancien, du verbe, « détester, haïr ») est une Océanide, fille aînée d'Océan et de Téthys, ou une déesse, fille d'Érèbe (les Ténèbres) et de Nyx (la Nuit) selon d'autres traditions. Elle personnifie le Styx, l'un des fleuves et points de passage des Enfers. | [
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Great Lakes | Grands Lacs (Amérique du Nord) | The Great Lakes (), or the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes in the upper mid-east part of North America, on the Canada–United States border, that connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. They comprise lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Hydrologically, there are only four lakes, because lakes Michigan and Huron join at the Straits of Mackinac. The lakes form the Great Lakes Waterway. | Les Grands Lacs d'Amérique du Nord forment un groupe de cinq vastes lacs situés sur ou près de la frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis en Amérique du Nord. Ils constituent le groupe de lacs d'eau douce le plus étendu au monde avec une superficie de et un volume de. Associé au fleuve Saint-Laurent, émissaire du lac Ontario, le complexe constitue le plus important des systèmes d'eau douce de surface du monde avec approximativement 18 % des réserves mondiales. | [
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Ithaca, New York | Ithaca (New York) | Ithaca is a city in the Finger Lakes region of New York. It is the seat of Tompkins County, as well as the largest community in the Ithaca–Tompkins County metropolitan area. This area contains the municipalities of the Town of Ithaca, the village of Cayuga Heights, and other towns and villages in Tompkins County. The city of Ithaca is located on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake, in Central New York, about south-west of Syracuse. It is named after the Greek island of Ithaca. Additionally, Ithaca is located southeast of Toronto, and northwest of New York City. | Ithaca est une municipalité et le chef-lieu du comté de Tompkins, dans l'État de New York, aux États-Unis. Elle constitue la principale agglomération de l’aire métropolitaine du comté d'Ithaca-Tompkins (qui regroupe aussi la ville d’Ithaca, les villages de Cayuga Heights, de Lansing et d'autres villes et villages du comté de Tompkins). L'agglomération d’Ithaca occupe la rive sud du lac Cayuga, dans le centre de l'État de New York. Son nom est inspiré de l'île grecque d’Ithaque. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
ATPase | ATPase | ATPases (, "adenylpyrophosphatase", "ATP monophosphatase", "triphosphatase", "SV40 T-antigen", "adenosine 5'-triphosphatase", "ATP hydrolase", "complex V (mitochondrial electron transport)", "(Ca + Mg)-ATPase", "HCO-ATPase", "adenosine triphosphatase") are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life. | Les ATPases membranaires sont une classe d'enzymes liées au métabolisme énergétique, qui hydrolysent ou synthétisent les molécules d'adénosine-triphosphate (ATP) tout en transférant des ions d'un côté à l'autre de la membrane. Il en existe plusieurs classes, selon qu'elles synthétisent ou hydrolysent l'ATP, selon le type d'ion qu'elles transportent... Leur implication centrale dans les transferts d'énergie au sein de la cellule en fait une classe de protéine ubiquitaire. Les ATPases de type F et P sont présents aussi bien chez les eucaryotes que chez les procaryotes, les ATPases de type V uniquement chez les eucaryotes. | [
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Nicotine | Nicotine | Nicotine is a widely-used stimulant and potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is naturally produced in the nightshade family of plants. It is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. | La nicotine est un alcaloïde toxique issu principalement de la plante de tabac ("Nicotiana tabacum") utilisé comme psychotrope (stimulant), particulièrement lors de l'inhalation de la fumée du tabac. Cette molécule est en partie responsable de la dépendance tabagique. La nicotine agit directement sur le système nerveux, en déclenchant la dépendance chez l'Homme. Un procédé dit de « dénicotinisation » permet d'extraire une part de cette molécule du tabac (et qui était à la fin des années 1990 selon Novotny & Zhao à l'origine d'une production d'environ 300 millions de kilogrammes de nicotine par l'industrie du tabac, déchet valorisé sous diverses formes). | [
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Flaming (Internet) | Flaming (informatique) | Flaming is the online act of posting insults, often laced with profanity or other offensive language on social networking sites. This term should not be confused with the term trolling, which is the act of someone going online, or in person, and causing discord. Flaming emerged from the anonymity that internet forums provide cover for users to act more aggressively. Anonymity can lead to disinhibition, which results in the swearing, offensive, and hostile language characteristic of flaming. Lack of social cues, less accountability of face-to-face communications, textual mediation and deindividualization are also likely factors. Deliberate flaming is carried out by individuals known as flamers, which are specifically motivated to incite flaming. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial conversation. | Le flaming ou flamebait, anglicisme que l'on peut traduire par « propos inflammatoire », est une pratique consistant à poster des messages délibérément hostiles, insultants et généralement avec l'intention de créer un conflit sur un groupe de discussion (sur Usenet), un forum (sur un site web) ou une liste de diffusion (par courrier électronique). De tels messages sont appelés "flames". Une séquence d'échange de "flames" est connue sous le nom de "flame war". Il s'agit généralement d'une « explication » ou « engueulade » entre contributeurs. | [
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Slashdot | Slashdot | Slashdot (sometimes abbreviated as /.) is a social news website that originally billed itself as "News for Nerds. Stuff that Matters". It features news stories on science, technology, and politics that are submitted and evaluated by site users and editors. Each story has a comments section attached to it where users can add online comments. The website was founded in 1997 by Hope College students Rob Malda, also known as "CmdrTaco", and classmate Jeff Bates, also known as "Hemos". In 2012, they sold it to DHI Group, Inc. (i.e., Dice Holdings International, which created the Dice.com website for tech job seekers). In January 2016, BIZX acquired Slashdot Media, including both slashdot.org and SourceForge. In December 2019, BIZX rebranded to Slashdot Media. | Slashdot, abrégé « /. », est un site d'actualités en langue anglaise traitant de « tout ce qui intéresse les nerds ». Les sujets abordés se rapportent habituellement aux ordinateurs et aux technologies de l'information, aux jeux vidéo, à Internet, à la science, à la propriété intellectuelle et à plusieurs autres sujets connexes. En 2012, le site accueille par mois. | [
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Cepheus (constellation) | Céphée (constellation) | Cepheus is a constellation in the northern sky, named after Cepheus, a king of Aethiopia in Greek mythology. Cepheus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the second century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 constellations in the modern times. | Céphée est une constellation circumpolaire de l'hémisphère nord. Elle est reconnaissable à sa forme de pentagone irrégulier, ou de dessin enfantin d'une maison à toit pointu. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pole star | Étoile polaire | A pole star or polar star is a star, preferably bright, nearly aligned with the axis of a rotating astronomical body. | Une étoile polaire est, de façon générale en astronomie, une étoile visible à l’œil nu se trouvant approximativement dans l'alignement de l’axe de rotation d’une planète, en particulier la Terre. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Stellar designations and names | Désignation stellaire | In astronomy, stars have a variety of different stellar designations and names, including catalogue designations, current and historical proper names, and foreign language names. | L'Union astronomique internationale (UAI) est l'autorité internationalement reconnue sur les désignations stellaires. Plusieurs noms stellaires utilisés aujourd'hui sont hérités d'avant l'existence de l'UAI, mais on en ajoute des nouveaux continuellement. | [
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Aquila (constellation) | Aigle (constellation) | Aquila is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for 'eagle' and it represents the bird that carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greek-Roman mythology. | L'Aigle est une constellation située à peu près sur l'équateur céleste. Facilement reconnaissable et dotée d'étoiles assez brillantes, elle fut répertoriée par Aratus de Soles, puis par Ptolémée dès le. | [
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Louis Blériot | Louis Blériot | Louis Charles Joseph Blériot (,, ; 1 July 1872 – 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor, and engineer. He developed the first practical headlamp for cars and established a profitable business manufacturing them, using much of the money he made to finance his attempts to build a successful aircraft. Blériot was the first to use the combination of hand-operated joystick and foot-operated rudder control as used to the present day to operate the aircraft control surfaces. Blériot was also the first to make a working, powered, piloted monoplane. In 1909 he became world-famous for making the first airplane flight across the English Channel, winning the prize of £1,000 offered by the "Daily Mail" newspaper. He was the founder of Blériot Aéronautique, a successful aircraft manufacturing company. | Louis Charles Joseph Blériot, né le à Cambrai et mort le à Paris, est un constructeur de lanternes d'automobiles, d'avions, de motocyclettes et de chars à voile, et un pilote précurseur et pionnier de l'aviation française. | [
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Cygnus (constellation) | Cygne (constellation) | Cygnus is a northern constellation lying on the plane of the Milky Way, deriving its name from the Latinized Greek word for swan. Cygnus is one of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, and it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross (in contrast to the Southern Cross). Cygnus was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. | Le Cygne est une grande et brillante constellation, parfois appelée la "Croix du nord" (en référence à la Croix du Sud) car ses étoiles sont principalement disposées selon une grande croix. L'oiseau qu'elle représente s'étend sur la Voie lactée estivale, paraissant en migration vers le sud. Son nom lui est donné par Ptolémée dans le "Livre " de l'Almageste datant du. | [
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Charles Lindbergh | Charles Lindbergh | Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, and activist. At the age of 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot to instantaneous world fame by winning the [[Orteig Prize]] for making a nonstop flight from [[New York City]] to [[Paris]]. Lindbergh covered the -hour, flight alone in a purpose-built, single-engine [[Ryan Aeronautical|Ryan]] [[monoplane]], the "[[Spirit of St. Louis]]". Although not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first non-stop transatlantic flight]], this was the first solo [[transatlantic flight]], the first transatlantic flight between two major city hubs, and the longest transatlantic flight by almost 2,000 miles, thus it is widely considered a turning point in the development of aviation. | Charles Augustus Lindbergh, né le à Détroit (Michigan) et mort le à Kipahulu, sur l'île de Maui (Hawaï), est un pionnier américain de l'aviation. | [
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Flag | Drapeau | A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular or quadrilateral) with a distinctive design and colours. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term "flag" is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the maritime environment, where semaphore is used). The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin "vexillum", meaning "flag" or "banner". | Un drapeau est une pièce d’étoffe attachée à une hampe qui représente la « personne morale » d'un groupe ou d'une communauté : nation, territoire, ville, organisation, compagnie commerciale ou régiment. De formes et de proportions très variées, c'est cependant fréquemment un rectangle de deux unités de hauteur pour trois de largeur. Il est la forme figurée de l'entité représentée et peut se décliner en un blason, un sceau ou une livrée. Il permet, grâce à ses couleurs et à son emblème, de se distinguer d'autres identités équivalentes ou concurrentes dans le cadre de rassemblements pacifiques ou guerriers. Sa destruction ou sa prise signifient la dissolution ou la capture, réelle ou pensée, de l'identité qu'il représente. Les plus anciennes représentations de « drapeaux » connues sont chinoises. Elles dateraient du deuxième millénaire avant notre ère. C'est aussi aux Chinois qu'est attribuée l'invention de la soie tissée, et donc des premiers véritables drapeaux semblables à ceux d'aujourd'hui. | [
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Hydrothermal vent | Mont hydrothermal | A hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seafloor from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at spreading centers, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal deposits are rocks and mineral ore deposits formed by the action of hydrothermal vents. | Les monts hydrothermaux, cheminées hydrothermales, sources hydrothermales ou fumeurs sont des évents hydrothermaux situés sur l'axe des dorsales océaniques ainsi qu'à proximité des bassins arrière-arc. Ils sont une conséquence des mouvements des plaques tectoniques. Ils évacuent une partie de la chaleur interne de la Terre. C’est en 1977 que ces monts et la vie sous-marine luxuriante qui leur est associée ont été découverts aux Galapagos par le submersible américain Alvin. Cet écosystème est basé sur une production primaire assurée par des bactéries chimiosynthétiques qui vivent libres ou en symbiose avec les organismes. | [
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FAQ | Foire aux questions | An FAQ is a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs) and answers on a particular topic (also known as Questions and Answers [Q&A] or Frequently Asked Questions). The format is often used in articles, websites, email lists, and online forums where common questions tend to recur, for example through posts or queries by new users related to common knowledge gaps. The purpose of an FAQ is generally to provide information on frequent questions or concerns; however, the format is a useful means of organizing information, and text consisting of questions and their answers may thus be called an FAQ regardless of whether the questions are actually "frequently" asked. | Une foire aux questions, par rétroacronymie à partir de l’acronyme anglais FAQ pour "" (littéralement « questions fréquemment posées »), est une liste faisant la synthèse des questions posées de manière récurrente sur un sujet donné, accompagnées des réponses correspondantes, que l’on rédige afin d’éviter que les mêmes questions soient toujours reposées, et d’avoir à y répondre constamment. Cette pratique est essentiellement présente sur Internet, initialement sur Usenet, où elle tient de la tradition. | [
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Fantastic | Fantastique | The fantastic () is a subgenre of literary works characterized by the ambiguous presentation of seemingly supernatural forces. Bulgarian-French structuralist literary critic Tzvetan Todorov originated the concept, characterizing the fantastic as the hesitation of characters and readers when presented with questions about reality. | Le fantastique se caractérise par l’intrusion du surnaturel dans le cadre réaliste d'un récit. Selon le théoricien de la littérature Tzvetan Todorov ("Introduction à la littérature fantastique"), le fantastique se distingue du merveilleux par l'hésitation qu'il produit entre le surnaturel et le naturel, le possible ou l'impossible et parfois entre le logique et l'illogique. Le merveilleux, au contraire, fait appel au surnaturel dans lequel, une fois acceptés les présupposés d'un monde magique, les choses se déroulent de manière presque normale et familière. Le fantastique peut être utilisé au sein des divers genres : policier, science-fiction, horreur, contes, romances, aventures et merveilleux lui-même. Cette définition plaçant le fantastique à la frontière de l'étrange et du merveilleux est généralement acceptée, mais a fait l'objet de nombreuses controverses, telle que celle menée par Stanislas Lem. | [
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Georges Guynemer | Georges Guynemer | Georges Guynemer (, 24 December 1894 – 11 September 1917 missing) was the second highest-scoring French fighter ace with 54 victories during World War I, and a French national hero at the time of his death. | Georges Guynemer (prononcé ), né le à Paris (arrondissement) et mort au combat le à Poelkapelle (Belgique), est l'un des pilotes de guerre français les plus célèbres de la Première Guerre mondiale. | [
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Ilocano language | Ilocano | Ilocano (also Ilokano; ; Ilocano: ) is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines. It is the third most-spoken native language in the country. | L’ilocano (parfois ilokano, nom natif "ti pagsasao nga Iloco" ; parfois Iluko, Iloco, Iloco, Ylocano ou Yloco) est une langue appartenant au groupe malayo-polynésien occidental de la famille des langues austronésiennes. Il est parlé aux Philippines par environ de locuteurs représentant 11,5 % de la population totale du pays, principalement dans la partie nord de Luçon. Comprise par près de de Philippins, c'est la troisième langue du pays. | [
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Horus name | Nom d'Horus | The Horus name is the oldest known and used crest of Ancient Egyptian rulers. It belongs to the "great five names" of an Egyptian pharaoh. However, modern Egyptologists and linguists are starting to prefer the more neutral term: the "serekh name". This is because not every pharaoh placed the falcon, which symbolizes the deity Horus, atop his (or in some cases, her) serekh. | Le nom d'Horus est l'un des cinq noms qui composent la titulature des pharaons. Il assimile pharaon au dieu Horus, fils et successeur d'Osiris, et maître d'Hiérakonpolis d'où est issu Narmer, le premier roi. C'est le nom le plus ancien. Il est toujours précédé de l'image du faucon représentant Horus ("Her"), d'où sa désignation. | [
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Nebty name | Nom de Nebty | The Nebty name (also called the Two-Ladies-name) was one of the "great five names" used by Egyptian pharaohs. It was also one of the oldest royal titles. The modern term "Two-Ladies-name" is a simple derivation from the translation of the Egyptian word "nebty". | Le nom de Nebty ("Les deux Maîtresses" ou "Les deux Déesses") est l'un des cinq noms qui, à partir de Khéphren, forment la titulature des pharaons. Celle-ci comprend : | [
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Island of Montreal | Île de Montréal | The Island of Montreal (, Kanien’kéha (Mohawk): "Tiohtià:ke"), in southwestern Quebec, Canada, is the site of the city of Montreal. It is located at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. It is separated from Île Jésus (Laval) by the Rivière des Prairies. | L’île de Montréal est située au confluent du fleuve Saint-Laurent (Canada) et de la rivière des Outaouais dans le sud-ouest du Québec. C’est la plus grande île de l’Archipel d'Hochelaga et la deuxième île fluviale la plus peuplée au monde, après Zhongshan Dao et devant Manhattan. Elle coïncide avec une grande partie du territoire de la ville de Montréal et avec celui d’autres municipalités. À elle seule, elle regroupe environ le quart de la population du Québec. | [
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Prenomen (Ancient Egypt) | Nom de Nesout-bity | The prenomen, cartouche name or throne name ( "of the Sedge and Bee") of ancient Egypt was one of the five royal names of pharaohs. The first pharaoh to have a Sedge and Bee name was Den during the First Dynasty. | Le nom de Nesout-bity ("n(y)-swt-bity" en translittération) est le « nom de couronnement » parmi les cinq noms de la titulature des pharaons dès l'Ancien Empire ; il est dans un cartouche. | [
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Electron paramagnetic resonance | Résonance paramagnétique électronique | Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but it is electron spins that are excited instead of the spins of atomic nuclei. EPR spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying metal complexes or organic radicals. EPR was first observed in Kazan State University by Soviet physicist Yevgeny Zavoisky in 1944, and was developed independently at the same time by Brebis Bleaney at the University of Oxford. | La résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE), résonance de spin électronique (RSE), ou en anglais electron spin resonance (ESR) désigne la propriété de certains électrons à absorber, puis réémettre l'énergie d'un rayonnement électromagnétique lorsqu'ils sont placés dans un champ magnétique. Seuls les électrons non appariés (ou électrons célibataires), présents dans des espèces chimiques radicalaires ainsi que dans les sels et complexes des métaux de transition, présentent cette propriété. | [
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Geography of Argentina | Géographie de l'Argentine | The geography of Argentina describes the geographic features of Argentina, a country located in southern South America (or Southern Cone). Bordered by the Andes in the west and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, neighboring countries are Chile to the west, Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, and Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast. | LArgentine est un pays d'Amérique latine situé au sud du continent. Il se trouve à l'est du Chili ( de frontières), au sud de la Bolivie (), au sud-sud-ouest du Paraguay () et du Brésil () ainsi qu'à l'ouest-sud-ouest de l'Uruguay (). L'Argentine possède de côtes. | [
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Elizabeth Báthory | Élisabeth Báthory | Countess Elizabeth Báthory de Ecsed (, ; ; 7 August 1560 – 21 August 1614) was a Hungarian noblewoman from the noble family of Báthory, who owned land in the Kingdom of Hungary (now Hungary, Slovakia and Romania). | Élisabeth Báthory de Ecséd (Báthory Erzsébet en hongrois, Alžbeta Bátoriová-Nádasdiová en slovaque), est une comtesse hongroise de la famille princière des Báthory, née le et morte le. Les accusations d'un pasteur luthérien, et de nombreux témoignages à charge, font d'elle l'une des plus célèbres meurtrières de l’histoire hongroise et slovaque : la « dame sanglante de Csejte (Čachtice) », du nom du château près de Trenčín (dans la Hongrie royale, aujourd’hui une partie de la Slovaquie), où elle vécut la plus grande partie de sa vie. | [
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Vitruvius | Vitruve | Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (; c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC), commonly known as Vitruvius, was a Roman author, architect, civil engineer, and military engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled "De architectura". His discussion of perfect proportion in architecture and the human body led to the famous Renaissance drawing by Leonardo da Vinci of "Vitruvian Man". He was also the one who, in 40 BCE, invented the idea that all buildings should have three attributes:,, and, meaning: strength, utility, and beauty. These principles were later adopted by the Romans. | Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, connu sous le nom de Vitruve, est un architecte romain qui vécut au (on situe sa naissance aux alentours de 90 et sa mort vers 15). Son prénom Marcus et son surnom (cognomen) Pollio sont eux-mêmes incertains. | [
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Nomen (Ancient Egypt) | Nom de Sa-Rê | The nomen of Ancient Egyptian pharaohs was one of the "great five names". It was introduced by king Djedefre, third pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty, as an emendation to the traditional "nswt-bity" crest. The nomen was later separated from the prenomen to become an independent royal name. | Le nom de Sa-Rê, qui signifie « fils de Rê », est l'un des cinq noms faisant partie de la titulature des pharaons à partir de Khéphren. | [
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Ottawa River | Rivière des Outaouais | The Ottawa River (, Algonquin: "Kitchissippi") is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It is named in honour of the Algonquin word 'to trade', as it was the major trade route of Eastern Canada at the time. For most of its length, it defines the border between these two provinces. It is a major tributary of the St. Lawrence River and the longest river in Quebec. | La rivière des Outaouais ("Ottawa River" en anglais) est le principal affluent du fleuve Saint-Laurent et constitue un important segment de la frontière entre les provinces canadiennes du Québec et de l'Ontario. L’Outaouais a joué un rôle déterminant de voie de pénétration dans le continent nord-américain, au nord vers la baie d’Hudson et à l’ouest vers les Grands Lacs. Elle est la plus longue rivière du Québec. Elle est nommée en l'honneur de la nation des Outaouais. | [
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George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon | George Herbert (égyptologue) | George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, DL (26 June 1866 – 5 April 1923), styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English peer and aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. | George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, de Carnarvon, plus connu en tant que Lord Carnarvon (, château de Highclere, Newbury –, Le Caire), est un égyptologue britannique. | [
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Zodiac | Zodiaque | The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets are also within the belt of the zodiac. | Le zodiaque (prononcé en français) est une zone circulaire (de de long et de large) de la sphère céleste, dont l'écliptique occupe le milieu (l'écliptique prolonge dans l'espace l'orbite de la Terre autour du Soleil). Le zodiaque est aussi la zone dans laquelle, à nos yeux de Terriens, les planètes du système solaire effectuent leur course apparente autour de notre planète. Il y a une différence d'acception du terme zodiaque : zodiaque astronomique (zodiaque de treize constellations que le Soleil semble traverser en une année) et zodiaque astrologique (zodiaque des douze signes astrologiques de trente degrés chacun que le Soleil semble aussi traverser en une année). | [
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Brown dwarf | Naine brune | A brown dwarf is a type of substellar object that has a mass between those of the heaviest gas giant planets and the least massive stars, i.e., approximately 13 to 75–80 times that of Jupiter (), or approximately to about. Below this range are the sub-brown dwarfs (sometimes referred to as rogue planets), and above it are the least massive red dwarfs. Brown dwarfs may be fully convective, with no layers or chemical differentiation by depth. | Une naine brune est, d'après la définition provisoire adoptée, en 2003, par l'Union astronomique internationale, un objet substellaire dont la vraie masse est inférieure à la masse minimale nécessaire à la fusion thermonucléaire de l'hydrogène mais supérieure à celle nécessaire à la fusion thermonucléaire du deutérium, correspondant à une masse située entre 13 "M" et 75 "M". En d'autres termes, il s'agit d'un objet insuffisamment massif pour être considéré comme une étoile mais plus massif qu'une planète géante. Il y a un accord sur la limite supérieure en deçà de laquelle une naine brune ne peut entretenir la réaction de fusion nucléaire de l'hydrogène : moins de 0,07 masse solaire pour une composition chimique solaire. La limite inférieure quant à elle ne fait pas unanimité ; un critère couramment retenu est la capacité à fusionner le deutérium, soit environ 13 masses "M". | [
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Bank of Mexico | Banque du Mexique | The Bank of Mexico (), abbreviated "BdeM" or "Banxico," is Mexico's central bank, monetary authority and lender of last resort. The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency. | La Banque du Mexique () est la banque centrale du Mexique. Elle fournit de nombreux statistiques économiques sur son site, notamment : | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gaston Maspero | Gaston Maspero | Sir Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (23 June 1846 – 30 June 1916) was a French Egyptologist known for popularizing the term "Sea Peoples" in an 1881 paper. | Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (né le à Paris et mort le ) est un égyptologue français, professeur au Collège de France (1874), membre de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1883), commandeur de la Légion d'honneur (1896). | [
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Northwest Territories | Territoires du Nord-Ouest | The Northwest Territories (abbr. NT or NWT) is a federal territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately and a 2016 census population of 41,786, it is the second-largest and the most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada. Its estimated population as of 2020 is 44,982. Yellowknife became the territorial capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission. | Les Territoires du Nord-Ouest (, dans les langues athapascanes : "Denendeh", en inuinnaqtun : "Nunatsiaq", en inuktitut : ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ) sont un territoire fédéral du Nord canadien, bordés à l'ouest par le Yukon, à l'est par le Nunavut et au sud par la Colombie-Britannique, l'Alberta et la Saskatchewan. S'étendant sur une superficie de, il s'agit de la troisième plus grande délimitation du pays, après le Nunavut et le Québec. Avec une population de (données de 2016), les Territoires du Nord-Ouest occupent le onzième et antépénultième rang des provinces et territoires canadiens les plus peuplés, devant le Nunavut et le Yukon. et leur capitale est Yellowknife. | [
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Ketone | Cétone | In chemistry, a ketone is a functional group with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group (a carbon-oxygen double bond). The simplest ketone is acetone (R = R' = methyl), with the formula CHC(O)CH. Many ketones are of great importance in industry and in biology. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids (e.g., testosterone), and the solvent acetone. | Une cétone est un composé organique, faisant partie de la famille des composés carbonylés, dont l'un des carbones porte un groupement carbonyle. | [
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Ester | Ester | In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group. Usually, esters are derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides, which are fatty acid esters of glycerol, are important esters in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids, and making up the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Esters usually have a sweet smell and are considered high-quality solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers. They are also one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. | En chimie, la fonction ester désigne un groupement caractéristique formé d'un atome lié simultanément à un atome d'oxygène par une double liaison et à un groupement alkoxy du type R-COO-R'. Quand l'atome lié est un atome de carbone, on parle d'esters carboxyliques. Cependant, ce peut être aussi un atome de soufre (par exemple dans les esters sulfuriques, sulféniques, etc.), d'azote (esters nitriques, etc.), de phosphore (esters phosphoriques, phosphoniques, phosphéniques, etc.), etc. En fait, tout oxoacide organique, inorganique ou minéral a la capacité de former des esters. | [
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Subsets and Splits