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Communication protocol | Protocole de communication | A communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both. | Dans les réseaux informatiques et les télécommunications, un protocole de communication est une spécification de plusieurs règles pour un type de communication particulier. | [
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Data link layer | Couche liaison de données | The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment. The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and might provide the means to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. | Dans le domaine des réseaux informatiques, la couche de liaison de données est la seconde couche des sept couches du modèle OSI. | [
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Binomial nomenclature | Nom binominal | Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. | En taxinomie (botanique, zoologie, mycologie ), le nom binominal, nom binomial, binom ou binôme est une combinaison de deux mots servant à désigner une espèce. Le premier mot, le, circonscrit un genre ; le second, l'épithète spécifique, indissociable du nom générique, sert à désigner l'espèce "au sein de ce genre". | [
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Metabolism | Métabolisme | Metabolism (, from "metabolē", "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are: the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes; the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism). | Le métabolisme est l'ensemble des réactions chimiques qui se déroulent à l'intérieur d'un être vivant pour lui permettre notamment de se maintenir en vie, de se reproduire, de se développer et de répondre aux stimuli de son environnement. Certaines de ces réactions chimiques se déroulent en dehors des cellules de l'organisme, comme la digestion ou le transport de substances entre cellules. Cependant, la plupart de ces réactions ont lieu dans les cellules elles-mêmes et constituent le "métabolisme intermédiaire". | [
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Saint-Louis University, Brussels | Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles | UCLouvain Saint-Louis - Bruxelles or Saint-Louis University, Brussels, (officially, in French Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles) is a public university in Brussels, belonging to the French Community of Belgium and specialized in social and human sciences. | L'UCLouvain Saint-Louis - Bruxelles, officiellement lUniversité Saint-Louis - Bruxelles, est une université belge catholique située à Bruxelles, fondée en 1858. Elle accueille 4000 étudiants et appartient au réseau libre subventionné par la Communauté française de Belgique. Son campus principal est situé au centre-ville de Bruxelles (Belgique). Votée par les deux communautés universitaires le 18 mai 2017, une fusion avec l'Université catholique de Louvain est en attente d'une modification décrétale pour être totalement effective et former une seule entité dénommée UCLouvain, dénomination que les deux universités emploient depuis la rentrée 2018. | [
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Dracula | Dracula | Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced the character of Count Dracula and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy. The novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of people led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing. | Dracula est un roman épistolaire de l'écrivain britannique Bram Stoker publié en 1897. Il raconte l'histoire du comte Dracula, un vampire immortel qui se repaît du sang des vivants et peut les transformer à leur tour en créature démoniaque. | [
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Prime Minister of Canada | Premier ministre du Canada | The prime minister of Canada () is the head of government, chair of the Cabinet, and primary minister of the Crown. Canadian prime ministers are styled as "The Right Honourable" (), a privilege maintained for life. | Le premier ministre du Canada (en anglais, "") est le chef du gouvernement du Canada, nommé par le gouverneur général. La tradition constitutionnelle veut que soit nommé le chef du parti politique détenant le plus de sièges à la Chambre des communes. Le premier ministre porte le prédicat « le très honorable » à vie. Il est chargé par le gouverneur général de former son cabinet et le gouvernement fédéral dont il a la responsabilité. | [
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February | Février | February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, with 28 days in common years and 29 days in leap years, with the quadrennial 29th day being called the "leap day". It is the first of five months to have fewer than 31 days (the other four being April, June, September, and November) and the only one to have fewer than 30 days. The other seven months have 31 days. February starts on the same day of the week as March and November in common years and August in leap years. It ends on the same day of the week as October in all years. In leap years preceding common years or common years preceding leap years, it begins on the same day of the week as May of the following year and ends on the same day of the week as April of the following year. In common years preceding common years, it begins on the same day of the week as August of the following year and ends on the same day of the week as July of the following year. It also begins on the same day of the week as June of the previous year and ends on the same day of the week as August and November of the previous year. In, February days. | Février est le deuxième mois des calendriers grégorien et julien et chinois. Février est le plus court mois de l'année, le seul à compter moins de trente jours : il possède généralement 28 jours, sauf lors des années bissextiles où il en compte 29. | [
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June | Juin | June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the most daylight hours, and the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, the day with the fewest daylight hours (excluding polar regions in both cases). June in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to December in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional astronomical summer is 21 June (meteorological summer begins on 1 June). In the Southern Hemisphere, meteorological winter begins on 1 June. | Juin est le sixième mois des calendriers grégorien et julien. À l’époque antique, c’était le quatrième mois du calendrier romain. | [
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Gay | Gay (homosexualité) | Gay is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. The term was originally used to mean "carefree", "cheerful", or "bright and showy". | Un gay (ou gai au Québec) est un homme homosexuel, c'est-à-dire qui a une attirance amoureuse ou sexuelle exclusivement pour des hommes, du point de vue du sexe ou du genre. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Divination | Divination | Divination (from Latin "divinare" "to foresee, to foretell, to predict, to prophesy ", related to "divinus", divine), or "to be inspired by a god", is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual. Used in various forms throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a querent should proceed by reading signs, events, or omens, or through alleged contact with a supernatural agency. | La divination est la pratique occulte et métaphysique visant à découvrir ce qui est inconnu : l'avenir, le caché, le passé, les trésors, les maladies invisibles, les secrets, les mystères, etc. et cela par des moyens non rationnels. Qu'il s'agisse de la parole oraculaire ou de la voyance, ceux qui la pratiquent auraient accès à une connaissance paranormale de données normalement inconnues telles que l'avenir (précognition) ou le caché (cryptesthésie). | [
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North America | Amérique du Nord | North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as a northern subcontinent of the Americas, or America, in models that use fewer than seven continents. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. | L’Amérique du Nord est un continent à part entière ou un sous-continent de l'Amérique suivant le découpage adopté pour les continents. | [
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Provinces and territories of Canada | Provinces et territoires du Canada | The provinces and territories of Canada are sub-national divisions within the geographical areas of Canada under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, becoming a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by total area. | Les provinces et les territoires du Canada sont les entités administratives dont le territoire couvre totalement le territoire canadien. Le Canada compte dix provinces : l'Alberta, la Colombie-Britannique, l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard, le Manitoba, le Nouveau-Brunswick, la Nouvelle-Écosse, l'Ontario, le Québec, la Saskatchewan et Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, ainsi que trois territoires fédéraux : les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, le Nunavut et le Yukon. | [
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March | Mars (mois) | March is the third month of the year and named after Mars in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March. | Mars est le troisième mois de l’année dans les calendriers julien et grégorien. C’est aussi le premier mois du printemps dans l’hémisphère nord (l’équinoxe a lieu le 19, le 20 ou le 21 mars). | [
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Vampire | Vampire | A vampire is a creature from folklore that subsists by feeding on the vital essence (generally in the form of blood) of the living. In European folklore, vampires are undead creatures that often visited loved ones and caused mischief or deaths in the neighborhoods they inhabited while they were alive. They wore shrouds and were often described as bloated and of ruddy or dark countenance, markedly different from today's gaunt, pale vampire which dates from the early 19th century. | Le vampire est un type de revenant qui fait partie des grandes créatures légendaires issues des mythologies où se combinent de diverses manières l'inquiétude de l'au-delà et le mystère du sang. Suivant différents folklores et selon la superstition la plus courante, ce mort-vivant se nourrit du sang des vivants afin d’en tirer sa force vitale, ses victimes devenant parfois des vampires après leur mort. La légende du vampire puise ses origines dans des traditions mythologiques anciennes et diverses, elle se retrouve dans toutes sortes de cultures à travers le monde. | [
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December | Décembre | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars. It is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days. | Décembre est le douzième et dernier mois des calendriers grégorien et julien. Ce mois dure 31 jours. Il est le premier mois de l’hiver dans l’hémisphère nord et le premier mois de l’été dans l’hémisphère sud (le solstice a lieu le 20, le 21, le 22 ou le 23 décembre). | [
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Joe DiMaggio | Joe DiMaggio | Joseph Paul DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 – March 8, 1999), nicknamed "Joltin' Joe" and "The Yankee Clipper", was an American baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees. Born to Italian immigrants in California, he is widely considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time, and is perhaps best known for his 56-game hitting streak (May 15–July 16, 1941), a record that still stands. | Joseph Paul Di Maggio, dit Joe Di Maggio, né Giuseppe Paolo Di Maggio le à Martínez en Californie et mort le (à 84 ans) à Hollywood en Floride, est un joueur américain de baseball. | [
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Bram Stoker | Bram Stoker | Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author, best known today for his 1897 Gothic horror novel "Dracula". During his lifetime, he was better known as the personal assistant of actor Sir Henry Irving and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre, which Irving owned. | Abraham Stoker dit Bram Stoker, né le à Clontarf (un quartier nord de Dublin) et mort à Londres le, est un écrivain britannique d'origine irlandaise, auteur de nombreux romans et de nouvelles, qui a connu la célébrité grâce à son roman intitulé "Dracula". | [
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November | Novembre | November is the eleventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars, the fourth and last of four months to have a length of 30 days and the fifth and last of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus. November retained its name (from the Latin "novem" meaning "nine") when January and February were added to the Roman calendar. November is a month of late spring in the Southern Hemisphere and late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, November in the Southern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent of May in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. In Ancient Rome, Ludi Plebeii was held from November 4–17, Epulum Jovis was held on November 13 and Brumalia celebrations began on November 24. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. | Novembre est le onzième mois des calendriers grégorien et julien. Ce mois dure 30 jours. Il est le troisième mois de l'automne météorologique dans l'hémisphère nord, alors qu'il est associé au printemps dans l'hémisphère sud, mais aussi le premier mois hivernal (estival dans l'hémisphère austral). | [
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Calendar | Calendrier | A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record (often paper) of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a court calendar or a partly or fully chronological list of documents, such as a calendar of wills. | Un calendrier est un système de repérage des dates en fonction du temps. Un tel système a été inventé par les hommes pour diviser et organiser le temps sur de longues durées. L'observation des phénomènes périodiques du milieu où ils vivaient - comme le déplacement quotidien de l'ombre, le retour des saisons ou le cycle lunaire - ont servi de premières références pour organiser la vie agricole, sociale et religieuse des sociétés. | [
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Mars (mythology) | Mars (mythologie) | In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars (, ) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome. He was the son of Jupiter and he was the most prominent of the military gods in the religion of the Roman army. Most of his festivals were held in March, the month named for him (Latin "Martius"), and in October, which began the season for military campaigning and ended the season for farming. | Dans la mythologie romaine, Mars est le dieu des guerriers, de la jeunesse et de la violence, dieu de première importance dans la Rome antique en tant que père de Romulus et Rémus, fondateur et protecteur de la cité. Mars jouait un rôle équivalent chez d'autres peuples du Latium et au-delà, notamment chez les Sabins, les Samnites et les Osques. | [
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Thermidor | Thermidor | Thermidor () was the eleventh month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the French word "thermal" which comes from the Greek word "thermos" which means "heat". | Le mois de thermidor était le onzième mois du calendrier républicain français. Il correspondait, à quelques jours près (selon l'année), à la période allant du 19 juillet au 17 août du calendrier grégorien. | [
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Le Spleen de Paris | Le Spleen de Paris | Le Spleen de Paris, also known as Paris Spleen or Petits Poèmes en prose, is a collection of 50 short prose poems by Charles Baudelaire. The collection was published posthumously in 1869 and is associated with literary modernism. | Le Spleen de Paris, également connu sous le titre Petits Poèmes en prose, est un recueil posthume de poèmes en prose de Charles Baudelaire, établi par Charles Asselineau et Théodore de Banville. Il a été publié pour la première fois en 1869 dans le quatrième volume des "Œuvres complètes" de Baudelaire publié par l'éditeur Michel Levy après la mort du poète. | [
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Province of Canada | Province du Canada | The Province of Canada (or the United Province of Canada or the United Canadas) was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867. Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837–1838. | La province du Canada, également désignée en tant que Canada-Uni, est une colonie de l'Amérique du Nord britannique qui exista de 1841 à 1867. Elle est issue de l'union entre les colonies du Haut-Canada et du Bas-Canada, qui deviennent respectivement les régions du Canada-Ouest et du Canada-Est. La proclamation de l'Acte d'Union, le, crée une administration centralisée sous la gouverne d'un gouverneur général et d'une seule chambre basse, l'Assemblée législative de la province du Canada. Son territoire s'étend sur ce qui est aujourd'hui des portions des provinces canadiennes de l'Ontario, du Québec et de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. | [
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Syndicalism | Syndicalisme | Syndicalism is a radical current in the labor movement that was most active in the early 20th century. Its main idea is the establishment of local worker-based organizations and the advancement of the demands and rights of workers through strikes. According to the Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was predominant in the revolutionary left in the decade which preceded the outbreak of World War I because Marxism was mostly reformist at that time. | Le syndicalisme est le mouvement qui vise à unifier au sein de groupes sociaux, les syndicats, des professionnels pour défendre des intérêts collectifs. Le syndicalisme désigne également l'action militante qui cherche à poursuivre les buts d'un syndicat. | [
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Anti-globalization movement | Mouvement antimondialisation | The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalization movement, is a social movement critical of economic globalization. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement, anti-globalist movement, anti-corporate globalization movement, or movement against neoliberal globalization. | Le mouvement antimondialisation désigne le mouvement social qui se montre critique face à la mondialisation économique. Le mouvement peut aussi se référer aux mouvements altermondialistes où à d'autres mouvement s'opposant à la mondialisation néolibérale. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Mole (unit) | Mole (unité) | The mole (symbol: mol) is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in the International System of Units (SI). A mole of a substance or a mole of particles is defined as exactly particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons. In short, for particles 1 mol =. | La mole (symbole : mol) est une des unités de base du Système international, adoptée en 1971, qui est principalement utilisée en physique et en chimie. La mole est la quantité de matière d'un système contenant exactement élémentaires (atomes, ions, molécules). Pour donner un ordre de grandeur, le même nombre en grains de pop-corn permettrait de recouvrir la surface des États-Unis d'une couche uniforme d'une épaisseur d'environ. | [
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Montreal | Montréal | Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the most populous city in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous city in Canada. Originally founded in 1642 as "Ville-Marie", or "City of Mary", it is named after Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The city is centred on the Island of Montreal, which got its name from the same origin as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard. The city is situated east of the national capital Ottawa, and south-west of the provincial capital, Quebec City. | Montréal (en,, et en mohawk "Tio'tia:ke") est la plus importante ville du Québec et la deuxième ville la plus peuplée du Canada, après Toronto et avant Vancouver. Elle se situe principalement sur l’île fluviale de Montréal, sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent (entre Québec et le lac Ontario) dans le Sud du Québec, dont elle est la métropole. | [
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French Republican calendar | Calendrier républicain | The French Republican calendar (), also commonly called the French Revolutionary calendar ("calendrier révolutionnaire français"), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by the Paris Commune in 1871. The revolutionary system was designed in part to remove all religious and royalist influences from the calendar, and was part of a larger attempt at decimalisation in France (which also included decimal time of day, decimalisation of currency, and metrication). It was used in government records in France and other areas under French rule, including Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Malta, and Italy. | Le calendrier républicain, ou calendrier révolutionnaire français, est un calendrier créé pendant la Révolution française et utilisé de 1792 à 1806, ainsi que brièvement durant la Commune de Paris. Il entre en vigueur le, mais débute le, lendemain de la proclamation de l'abolition de la monarchie et de la naissance de la République, déclaré premier jour de l'« ère des Français ». | [
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Tina Turner | Tina Turner | Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American-born Swiss singer and actress. Turner rose to prominence as part of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue before launching a successful career as a solo performer. Having sold over 100 million records, she is one of the best-selling recording artists of all time and has been referred to as The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll. Turner is noted for her energetic stage presence, powerful vocals, and career longevity. | Anna Mae Bullock, dite Tina Turner, est une chanteuse, danseuse, actrice et compositrice d'origine américaine et naturalisée suisse, née le à Nutbush (Tennessee). | [
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Mirror | Miroir | A mirror or reflector is an object such that each narrow beam of light that incides on its surface bounces (is reflected) in a single direction. This property, called specular reflection, distinguishes a mirror from objects that scatter light in many directions (such as flat-white paint), let it pass through them (such as a lens or prism), or absorb it. | Un miroir est un objet possédant une surface suffisamment polie pour qu'une image s'y forme par réflexion et qui est conçu à cet effet. C'est souvent une couche métallique fine, qui, pour être protégée, est placée sous une plaque de verre pour les miroirs domestiques (les miroirs utilisés dans les instruments d'optiques comportent la face métallique au-dessus, le verre n'étant qu'un support de qualité mécanique stable). | [
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Computer network | Réseau informatique | A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes. The interconnections between nodes are formed from a broad spectrum of telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies. | Un réseau informatique (en anglais, "data communication network" ou "DCN") est un ensemble d' reliés entre eux pour échanger des informations. Par analogie avec un filet (un réseau est un « petit rets », c'est-à-dire un petit filet), on appelle nœud l'extrémité d'une connexion, qui peut être une intersection de plusieurs connexions ou équipements (un ordinateur, un routeur, un concentrateur, un commutateur). | [
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Alter-globalization | Altermondialisme | Alter-globalization (also known as alternative globalization or alter-mundialization—from the French alter-mondialisation—and overlapping with the global justice movement) is a social movement whose proponents support global cooperation and interaction, but oppose what they describe as the negative effects of economic globalization, considering it to often work to the detriment of, or not adequately promote, human values such as environmental and climate protection, economic justice, labor protection, protection of indigenous cultures, peace and civil liberties. | L’altermondialisme désigne les mouvements promouvant l'idée qu'une autre organisation du monde est possible et qui, sans rejeter la mondialisation, se proposent de la réguler. L'hétérogénéité et la diversité des associations altermondialistes incite à parler davantage de mouvements altermondialistes au pluriel que de mouvement au singulier. | [
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Jean-Pierre Raffarin | Jean-Pierre Raffarin | Jean-Pierre Raffarin (; born 3 August 1948) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 6 May 2002 to 31 May 2005. | Jean-Pierre Raffarin, né le à Poitiers (Vienne), est un homme d'État français, Premier ministre de 2002 à 2005. Il est président du conseil régional de Poitou-Charentes de 1988 à 2002 et ministre des Petites et moyennes entreprises, du Commerce et de l'Artisanat dans les gouvernements d'Alain Juppé, entre 1995 et 1997. | [
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Guy Bedos | Guy Bedos | Guy Bedos (15 June 1934 – 28 May 2020) was a French scriptwriter, stand-up comedian and actor (mostly known for his part in the film "Nous irons tous au paradis"). He was a French man born in Algeria a former French colony. He is identified as a [[Pied-Noir], name given to the French people by the Algerians in assimilation with the French legionnaires who wore black boots. At [[Music-Hall]], he interpreted various sketches of authors like him. He developed a regularly updated political satire. This satire affected mostly right-wing politicians, his "friends" of the left also suffer from his cutting reflections. | Guy Bedos, né le à Alger et mort le, est un humoriste, artiste de music-hall, acteur et scénariste français. | [
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Rhine | Rhin | The Rhine (,,,,,, including Alsatian/Low Alemannic German) is one of the major European rivers, which has its sources in Switzerland and flows in a mostly northerly direction through Germany and the Netherlands, emptying into the North Sea. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea. | Le Rhin (en français, allemand "Rhein", néerlandais "Rijn", romanche "Rein") est un fleuve d'Europe centrale et de l'Ouest, long de. Il est la colonne vertébrale de l'Europe rhénane, l’espace économique le plus dynamique d’Europe et l’un des grands lieux de puissance du monde. Son bassin versant, de, comprend le Liechtenstein, la majeure partie de la Suisse et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, une partie de l'Autriche, de l'Italie et de la Belgique, de grandes parties de l'Allemagne et des Pays-Bas et une partie de la France. Il s'agit du plus long fleuve se déversant dans la mer du Nord et de l'une des voies navigables les plus fréquentées du monde. Il fournit de l'eau potable à plus de de personnes. | [
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Organic farming | Agriculture biologique | Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices. Certified organic agriculture accounts for 70 million hectares globally, with over half of that total in Australia. Organic farming continues to be developed by various organizations today. It is defined by the use of fertilizers of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of insect predators are encouraged. Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances. For instance, naturally occurring pesticides such as pyrethrin and rotenone are permitted, while synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are generally prohibited. Synthetic substances that are allowed include, for example, copper sulfate, elemental sulfur and Ivermectin. Genetically modified organisms, nanomaterials, human sewage sludge, plant growth regulators, hormones, and antibiotic use in livestock husbandry are prohibited. Reasons for advocation of organic farming include advantages in sustainability, openness, self-sufficiency, autonomy/independence, health, food security, and food safety. | L’agriculture biologique est une méthode de production agricole qui exclut le recours à la plupart des produits chimiques de synthèse, utilisés notamment par l'agriculture industrielle et intensive depuis le début du, les organismes génétiquement modifiés par transgénèse, et la conservation des cultures par irradiation. La fertilisation du sol et la protection des plantes doivent donc être assurées par d'autres méthodes. Les motivations des agriculteurs et des consommateurs peuvent être de meilleurs revenus, une meilleure santé au travail, la protection de l'environnement ou des produits perçus comme plus sains. L'élevage d'animaux des fermes biologiques doivent respecter des conditions de vie plus respectueuse du bien-être animal que l'agriculture traditionnelle. | [
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River | Rivière | A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. Small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague. | En hydrographie, une rivière est un cours d'eau au débit moyen à modéré (supérieur à ), recevant des affluents et qui se jette dans une autre rivière ou dans un fleuve. | [
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Cloud | Nuage | In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature. | En météorologie, un nuage est une masse visible constituée initialement d'une grande quantité de gouttelettes d’eau (parfois de cristaux de glace associés à des aérosols chimiques ou des minéraux) en suspension dans l’atmosphère au-dessus de la surface d'une planète. L’aspect d'un nuage dépend de la lumière qu’il reçoit, de la nature, de la dimension, du nombre et de la répartition des particules qui le constituent. Les gouttelettes d’eau d’un nuage proviennent de la condensation de la vapeur d'eau contenue dans l’air. La quantité maximale de vapeur d’eau (gaz invisible) qui peut être contenue dans une masse d'air est fonction de la température : plus l’air est chaud, plus il peut contenir de vapeur d’eau.(Voir les articles Pression de vapeur saturante et Formule de Clapeyron) | [
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Earthquake | Séisme | An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word "tremor" is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling. | Un séisme ou tremblement de terre est une secousse du sol résultant de la libération brusque d'énergie accumulée par les contraintes exercées sur les roches. Cette libération d'énergie se fait par rupture le long d'une faille, généralement préexistante. Plus rares sont les séismes dus à l'activité volcanique ou d'origine artificielle (explosions par exemple). Le lieu de la rupture des roches en profondeur se nomme le foyer ; la projection du foyer à la surface est l'épicentre du séisme. Le mouvement des roches près du foyer engendre des vibrations élastiques qui se propagent, sous la forme de paquets d'ondes sismiques, autour et au travers du globe terrestre. Il produit aussi un dégagement de chaleur par frottement, au point de parfois fondre les roches le long de la faille (pseudotachylites). | [
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Jack Lang (French politician) | Jack Lang | Jack Mathieu Émile Lang (; born 2 September 1939) is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he served as Minister of Culture from 1981 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1993, as well as Minister of National Education from 1992 to 1993 and 2000 to 2002. | Jack Lang, né le à Mirecourt (Vosges), est un juriste et homme politique français. Plusieurs fois ministre (Culture, Éducation nationale) dans des gouvernements socialistes, notamment en tant que « numéro deux du gouvernement » (1992-1993), il est conseiller de Paris de 1983 à 1989, député de Loir-et-Cher entre 1986 et 2000 puis du Pas-de-Calais de 2002 à 2012. Battu lors des élections législatives de 2012 dans la deuxième circonscription des Vosges, il devient président de l'Institut du monde arabe l'année suivante. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Aries (constellation) | Bélier (constellation) | Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of the celestial sphere). | Le Bélier (Aries) est une constellation du zodiaque qui est traversée par le Soleil du 19 avril au 14 mai. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, la constellation se situe entre les Poissons à l'ouest et le Taureau à l'est. Le Bélier (Aries en latin) était l’une des quarante-huit constellations identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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Saint Lawrence River | Fleuve Saint-Laurent | The Saint Lawrence River (; ;, meaning "big waterway") is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north-easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the international boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U.S. state of New York. This river provides the basis for the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway. | Le fleuve Saint-Laurent est un fleuve situé au nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord reliant les Grands Lacs à l'océan Atlantique. Il est le seul émissaire du bassin des Grands Lacs. Sur la première partie de son parcours, il marque la frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis, plus précisément entre la province canadienne de l'Ontario et l'État américain de New York, avant de traverser la province du Québec, pour se jeter dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent, dans l'ouest de l'océan Atlantique. Long de, son estuaire est le plus grand sur Terre avec une largeur de et une longueur de. | [
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Taurus (constellation) | Taureau (constellation) | Taurus (Latin for "the Bull") is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Taurus is a large and prominent constellation in the northern hemisphere's winter sky. It is one of the oldest constellations, dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age when it marked the location of the Sun during the spring equinox. Its importance to the agricultural calendar influenced various bull figures in the mythologies of Ancient Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The symbol representing Taurus is (Unicode ♉), which resembles a bull's head. | Le Taureau est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 14 mai au 22 juin. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, la constellation se situe entre le Bélier à l'ouest et les Gémeaux à l'est. Le Taureau était l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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Prince Edward Island | Île-du-Prince-Édouard | Prince Edward Island (PEI) is a province of Canada and one of the three Maritime provinces. It is the smallest province of Canada in both land area and population, but the most densely populated. Part of the traditional lands of the Mi'kmaq, it became a British colony in the 1700s and was federated into Canada as a province in 1873. Its capital is Charlottetown. According to Statistics Canada, the province of PEI has 158,158 residents. | L’Île-du-Prince-Édouard ou l’Î.-P.-É. (en anglais :'ou "PEI", en gaélique écossais : ', en micmac :'(style Francis-Smith)), anciennement Isle Saint-Jean du temps de la Nouvelle-France, est la plus petite des provinces du Canada en superficie et en population. En 1864, l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard a accueilli la Conférence de Charlottetown qui a mené à la Confédération du Canada en 1867. Néanmoins, elle n'est devenue une province canadienne qu'en 1873. Au recensement de 2016, on y a dénombré une population de. Avec 24,7 habitants par kilomètre carré, c'est la province canadienne la plus densément peuplée. | [
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Intensive farming | Agriculture intensive | Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming (as opposed to extensive farming) and industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area. It is characterized by a low fallow ratio, higher use of inputs such as capital and labour, and higher crop yields per unit land area. | L'agriculture intensive est un système de production agricole fondé sur un accroissement de la production agricole optimisé par rapport à la disponibilité des facteurs de production (moyens humains, matériels et surfaces cultivées). Ce rapport entre volume produit et facteur de production est appelé productivité. | [
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Anagram | Anagramme | An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of a different word or phrase, typically using all the original letters exactly once. For example, the word "anagram" can be rearranged into "nag a ram", or the word "binary" into "brainy" or the word "adobe" into "abode". | Une ‘’’anagramme’’’ est une construction verbale qui consiste à permuter les lettres d’un mot, d’un nom ou d’une expression afin de créer de nouvelles formes. | [
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Gemini (constellation) | Gémeaux | Gemini is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. It was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. Its name is Latin for "twins," and it is associated with the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek mythology. Its symbol is (Unicode ♊). | Les Gémeaux sont une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 21 juin au 20 juillet. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, la constellation se situe entre le Taureau à l'ouest et le Cancer à l'est. | [
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Photographic processing | Traitement des images photographiques | Photographic processing or photographic development is the chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image. Photographic processing transforms the latent image into a visible image, makes this permanent and renders it insensitive to light. | À l'origine, le traitement des images photographiques avait pour but de créer un support sur lequel la photo était visible et reconnaissable pour tous. En effet, Nicéphore Niepce (1830) avec son bitume de Judée, Louis Daguerre (1835) et son daguerréotype ainsi que tous les pionniers de la photographie (histoire de la photographie) ont toujours cherché à reproduire et à « dessiner avec la lumière » pour permettre à quiconque de voir la photo ainsi faite. Jusque dans les années 1980, la seule méthode de traitement était chimique et passait donc par différentes réactions chimiques d'oxydo-réduction pour obtenir une image. De nos jours, grâce à l'informatique, deux méthodes sont principalement utilisées : | [
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Cancer (constellation) | Cancer (constellation) | Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac and is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Its astrological symbol is♋. Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains two stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and as such has expected temperatures similar to Earth. At the (angular) heart of this sector of our celestial sphere is Praesepe (Messier 44), one of the closest open clusters to Earth and a popular target for amateur astronomers. | Le Cancer est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 20 juillet au 10 août. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, il se situe entre les Gémeaux à l'ouest et le Lion à l'est. | [
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National Action Party (Mexico) | Parti action nationale | The National Action Party (, PAN), founded in 1939, is a conservative political party in Mexico, one of the four main political parties in Mexico. Since the 1980s, it has been an important political party winning local, state, and national elections. In 2000, PAN candidate Vicente Fox was elected president for a six-year term; in 2006, PAN candidate Felipe Calderón succeeded Fox in the presidency. During the period 2000–2012, PAN was the strongest party in both houses of the Congress of the Union (the federal legislature) but lacked a majority in either house. In the 2006 legislative elections the party won 207 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 52 out of 128 Senators. In the 2012 legislative elections, the PAN won 38 seats in the Senate, and 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The members of this party are colloquially called "Panistas". | Le Parti action nationale ou PAN () est l’un des plus grands partis politiques du Mexique. C’est un parti conservateur. Il a le contrôle de 10 des et compte à la Chambre des députés. Il est membre de l’Internationale démocrate centriste (IDC), ancienne Internationale démocrate-chrétienne. Créé en 1939, le parti est resté dans l’opposition pendant environ, en raison de l’hégémonie du Parti révolutionnaire institutionnel (PRI), avant de gouverner le Mexique de 2000 à 2012 avec les présidents Vicente Fox et Felipe Calderón, puis de retourner dans l'opposition. | [
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Lake | Lac | A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean. Therefore, they are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams. | En limnologie, un lac est, de manière générale, une grande étendue d'eau entourée de terre, où il suffit que la profondeur, la superficie, ou le volume soit suffisant pour provoquer un dépôt de sédiments ou une stratification (une seule condition remplie suffit à lui donner ce statut). | [
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Leo (constellation) | Lion (constellation) | Leo is one of the constellations of the zodiac, lying between Cancer the crab to the west and Virgo the maiden to the east. It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for lion, and to the ancient Greeks represented the Nemean Lion killed by the mythical Greek hero Heracles meaning 'Glory of Hera' (known to the ancient Romans as Hercules) as one of his twelve labors. Its symbol is (Unicode ♌). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Leo remains one of the 88 modern constellations today, and one of the most easily recognizable due to its many bright stars and a distinctive shape that is reminiscent of the crouching lion it depicts. The lion's mane and shoulders also form an asterism known as "The Sickle," which to modern observers may resemble a backwards "question mark." | Le Lion est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 10 août au 16 septembre. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, cette constellation se situe entre le Cancer à l'ouest et la Vierge à l'est. | [
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Iry-Hor | Iry-Hor | Iry-Hor or Ro (as read by the Egyptologist Flinders Petrie) was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC. Iry-Hor's existence was debated, with the Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson contesting the reading and signification of his name. However, continuing excavations at Abydos in the 1980s and 1990s and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai confirmed his existence. Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and is sometimes cited as the earliest-living historical person known by name. | Iry-Hor est un roi de la période prédynastique égyptienne et de la dynastie égyptienne zéro au cours de la période Nagada. Il est enterré dans la nécropole d'Oumm el-Qa'ab à Abydos. | [
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Scorpion II | Roi Scorpion | Scorpion II (Ancient Egyptian: possibly Selk or Weha), also known as King Scorpion, refers to the second of two kings or chieftains of that name during the Protodynastic Period of Upper Egypt (c. 3200-3000 BC). | Le Roi Scorpion est un roi hypothétique de l'Égypte antique. Le nom de Roi Scorpion provient du fait que les seules traces écrites du nom de ce roi sont un faucon ("Her", Horus) suivi d'un scorpion (prononciation incertaine). | [
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Double Falcon | Horus au serekh | Double Falcon (also possibly Dju and Nebwy) was a ruler of Lower Egypt from Naqada III. He may have reigned during the 32nd century BCE. The length of his reign is unknown. | Horus au serekh ou Double Faucon est un roi ayant un serekh surmonté par deux faucons mais aucun nom n'est indiqué. Il est enterré dans la nécropole d'Oumm el-Qa'ab à Abydos. Plusieurs serekhs anonymes ont été trouvés dans le cimetière "U" d'Abydos. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Libra (constellation) | Balance (constellation) | Libra is a constellation of the zodiac and is located in the Southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for weighing scales, and its symbol is (Unicode ♎). It is fairly faint, with no first magnitude stars, and lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east. Beta Librae, also known as Zubeneschamali, is the brightest star in the constellation. Three star systems are known to have planets. | La Balance est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 31 octobre au 22 novembre. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, elle se situe entre la Vierge à l'ouest et le Scorpion à l'est. La Balance désigne également un signe du zodiaque correspondant au secteur de 30° de l'écliptique traversé par le Soleil du 23 septembre au 22 octobre. C'est dans ce sens qu'il sert au repérage des déplacements planétaires, encore utilisé en astrologie. | [
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Sagittarius (constellation) | Sagittaire (constellation) | Sagittarius is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the Southern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for "archer", and its symbol is (Unicode ♐), a stylized arrow. Sagittarius is commonly represented as a centaur pulling back a bow. It lies between Scorpius and Ophiuchus to the west and Capricornus and Microscopium to the east. | Le Sagittaire (ce terme signifie « l’Archer ») est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 18 décembre au 18 janvier. La constellation se situe entre Ophiuchus à l'ouest et le Capricorne à l'est. Sagittaire était l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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Virgo (constellation) | Vierge (constellation) | Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for virgin, and its symbol is (Unicode ♍). Lying between Leo to the west and Libra to the east, it is the second-largest constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest constellation in the zodiac. The ecliptic intersects the celestial equator within this constellation and Pisces. It can be easily found through its brightest star, Spica. | La Vierge est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 16 septembre au 30 octobre. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, elle se situe entre le Lion à l'ouest et la Balance à l'est. C’est une constellation immense (la deuxième du ciel, après l’Hydre) et extrêmement ancienne. Vierge était l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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Okavango River | Okavango | The Okavango River (formerly spelled Okovango or Okovanggo) is a river in southwest Africa. It is the fourth-longest river system in southern Africa, running southeastward for. It begins in Angola, where it is known by the Portuguese name Rio Cubango. Farther south, it forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia, and then flows into Botswana, draining into the Moremi Game Reserve. | LOkavango, Okawango, Cubango ou Kubango est le troisième cours d'eau d'Afrique australe par sa longueur (entre et ). Il prend sa source près de la ville de Huambo en Angola central, avant de traverser la Namibie pour atteindre le Botswana. Les eaux de l'Okavango ont la particularité de ne jamais rejoindre l'océan, le cours du fleuve s'achève par le vaste delta de l'Okavango dans le désert du Kalahari, il s'agit d'un fleuve endoréique. | [
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Scorpius | Scorpion (constellation) | Scorpius is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the Southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for scorpion, and its symbol is (Unicode ♏). Scorpius is one of the 48 constellations identified by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the second century. It is an ancient constellation that pre-dated the Greeks. It lies between Libra to the west and Sagittarius to the east. It is a large constellation located in the southern hemisphere near the center of the Milky Way. | Le Scorpion est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 20 novembre au 29 novembre. Il se situe entre la Balance à l'ouest et Ophiuchus à l'est. Il appartient à l’hémisphère sud céleste, et une grande partie de la constellation est sous l'écliptique. Le Scorpion était l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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Bushwren | Xénique des buissons | The bushwren ("Xenicus longipes"), bush wren, or mātuhituhi in Māori, was a very small and almost flightless bird that was endemic to New Zealand. It had three subspecies on each of the major islands of New Zealand, the North Island, South Island, and Stewart Island and nearby smaller islands. The species disappeared gradually after the introduction of invasive mammalian predators, last being seen on the North Island in 1955 and the South Island in 1968. Attempts were made to save the remaining population on small islands off Stewart Island, but they ultimately failed with the death of the last remaining known birds in 1972. | Le Xénique des buissons ("Xenicus longipes") était une espèce d'oiseaux de Nouvelle-Zélande. Il a disparu dans les années 1950 sur les deux îles principales. La dernière population, qui survivait sur une île plus petite, a été exterminée par les rats en 1964. Le dernier spécimen fut observé sur l'île Stewart en 1972. | [
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Arrowslit | Meurtrière | An arrowslit (often also referred to as an arrow loop, loophole or loop hole, and sometimes a balistraria) is a narrow vertical aperture in a fortification through which an archer can launch arrows or a crossbowman can launch bolts. | Une meurtrière (de l’adjectif meurtrier, littéralement « ouverture par laquelle on peut tuer ») est un terme générique qui désigne une ouverture pratiquée dans une muraille pour permettre l'observation et l'envoi de projectiles, cette embrasure typique de l'architecture militaire médiévale contribuant au développement de la défense active. Ce terme est progressivement abandonné en raison de son imprécision, au profit de ceux plus précis d’archère, arbalétrière, archère-canonnière. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Huia | Huia dimorphe | The huia (; "Heteralocha acutirostris") is an extinct species of New Zealand wattlebird, endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. The last confirmed sighting of a huia was in 1907, although there were credible sightings as late as the early 1960s. | Le Huia dimorphe ("Heteralocha acutirostris") était une espèce d'oiseau de Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle s'est éteinte au début du. C'était la seule espèce du genre Heteralocha. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Moa | Dinornithiformes | Moa were nine species (in six genera) of now-extinct flightless birds endemic to New Zealand. The two largest species, "Dinornis robustus" and "Dinornis novaezelandiae", reached about 3.6 m (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kg (510 lb). Estimates of the Moa population when Polynesians settled New Zealand circa 1280, vary between 58,000 to c. 2.5 million. | Les Dinornithiformes sont un ordre d'oiseaux non volants aujourd'hui disparus. Dans la classification d'Howard et Moore, cet ordre est constitué de deux familles. Pour "The Paleobiology Database", il n'est constitué que de la famille des Dinornithidae (à laquelle sont rattachés les espèces de la famille des Emeidae). | [
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Himno Nacional Mexicano | Hymne national mexicain | The "Mexican National Anthem" (), also known by its incipit "Mexicans, at the cry of war" (), is the national anthem of Mexico. The anthem was first used in 1854, although it was not officially adopted "de jure" until 1943. The lyrics of the national anthem, which allude to historical Mexican military victories in the heat of battle and including cries of defending the homeland, were composed by poet Francisco González Bocanegra after a Federal contest in 1853. Later, in 1854, he asked Jaime Nunó to compose the music which now accompanies González's poem. The national anthem, consisting of ten stanzas and a chorus, effectively entered into use on September 16, 1854. | L’hymne national mexicain originel fut adopté en 1854. L'hymne national mexicain remanié a été adopté en 1943 ; plus tard, le fut publiée dans le journal officiel de la fédération, la loi sur le drapeau, les armes et l'hymne national ; cette loi spécifie l'usage et les caractéristiques de ces symboles patriotiques. | [
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Capricornus | Capricorne (constellation) | Capricornus is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for "horned goat" or "goat horn" or "having horns like a goat's", and it is commonly represented in the form of a sea goat: a mythical creature that is half goat, half fish. Its symbol is (Unicode ♑). | Le Capricorne, ou la Chèvre, est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 19 janvier au 15 février. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, la constellation se situe entre le Sagittaire à l'ouest et le Verseau à l'est. | [
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Blacksmith | Forgeron | A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects from wrought iron or steel by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. tinsmith). Blacksmiths produce objects such as gates, grilles, railings, light fixtures, furniture, sculpture, tools, agricultural implements, decorative and religious items, cooking utensils and weapons. The place where a blacksmith works is called variously a smithy, a forge or a blacksmith's shop. | Le forgeron est un ouvrier ou artisan professionnel qui forge à la main et assemble des pièces de métal pour réaliser des objets usuels ou entrant dans la composition d'un bâtiment. | [
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Victor Horta | Victor Horta | Victor Pierre Horta (; Victor, Baron Horta after 1932; 6 January 1861 – 8 September 1947) was a Belgian architect and designer, and one of the founders of the Art Nouveau movement. His Hôtel Tassel in Brussels built in 1892–1893, is often considered the first Art Nouveau house, and, along with three of his other early houses, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The curving stylized vegetal forms that Horta used influenced many others, including architect Hector Guimard, who used it in the first house he designed in Paris and in the entrances he designed for the Paris Metro. He is also considered a precursor of modern architecture for his open floor plans and his innovative use of iron, steel and glass. | Le baron Victor Horta, né le à Gand et mort le à Bruxelles, est un architecte belge. Il est le chef de file incontesté des architectes Art nouveau en Belgique. | [
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Banjo | Banjo | The banjo is a stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity to form a resonator. The membrane is typically circular, and usually made of plastic, or occasionally animal skin. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by African Americans in the United States, adapted from African instruments of similar design. The banjo is frequently associated with folk and country music. Banjo can also be used in some rock songs. Many rock bands, such as The Eagles, Led Zeppelin, and The Allman Brothers, have used the five-string banjo in some of their songs. Historically, the banjo occupied a central place in African-American traditional music and the folk culture of rural whites before entering the mainstream via the minstrel shows of the 19th century. Along with the fiddle, the banjo is a mainstay of American old-time music. It is also very frequently used in traditional ("trad") jazz. | Le banjo est un instrument de musique à cordes pincées nord-américain. Avec sa table d'harmonie à membrane, on le distingue facilement de la guitare. Cet instrument serait un dérivé du luth ouest-africain ekonting apporté par les esclaves noirs (ou plus vraisemblablement recréé par certains d'entre eux) et qui aurait suscité la création des premiers "gourd-banjos" (« banjo en gourde »). Le banjo représente désormais toute une famille d'instruments. | [
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E. O. Wilson | Edward Osborne Wilson | Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929), usually cited as E. O. Wilson, is an American biologist, naturalist, and writer. His biological specialty is myrmecology, the study of ants, on which he has been called the world's leading expert. | Edward Osborne Wilson, appelé couramment E. O. Wilson, né le à Birmingham, Alabama, est un biologiste, entomologiste et myrmécologue de notoriété mondiale. Il est le fondateur de la sociobiologie. | [
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IBM PC compatible | Compatible PC | IBM PC compatible computers are similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT that are able to use the same software and expansion cards. Such computers were referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones. The term "IBM PC compatible" is now a historical description only, since IBM no longer sells personal computers. The industry jargon "PC" sometimes doesn't mean "personal computer" generally, but rather a computer running Microsoft Windows, in contrast to Apple's Mac. | Un compatible PC est un ordinateur compatible avec la gamme d'ordinateurs personnels issue de l'IBM PC, apparu en 1981. En 2012, presque tous les ordinateurs personnels à clavier physique et/ou de bureau sont des compatibles PC. Ils sont basés sur les microprocesseurs de la famille x86 inventée par Intel. Les systèmes d'exploitation MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2 et GNU/Linux ont notamment été créés pour les compatibles PC. Mac OS X a été également porté sur cette architecture depuis le passage d'Apple à des processeurs Intel en 2006. | [
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Fear, uncertainty, and doubt | Fear, uncertainty and doubt | Fear, uncertainty, and doubt (often shortened to FUD) is a disinformation strategy used in sales, marketing, public relations, politics, cults, and propaganda. FUD is generally a strategy to influence perception by disseminating negative and dubious or false information and a manifestation of the appeal to fear. | Elle consiste à tenter d'influencer autrui en diffusant des informations négatives, souvent vagues et inspirant la peur. Terme initialement utilisé pour qualifier une tactique de désinformation d'IBM, le FUD est utilisé plus largement au. | [
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Progressive metal | Metal progressif | Progressive metal (sometimes known as prog metal) is a fusion genre melding heavy metal and progressive rock that combines the loud "aggression" and amplified guitar-driven sound of the former with the more experimental, cerebral or "pseudo-classical" compositions of the latter. One of these experimental examples introduced to modern metal was djent. The music typically showcases the extreme technical proficiency of the performers, and usually uses unorthodox harmonies as well as complex rhythms with frequent meter changes and intense syncopation. While the genre emerged towards the late-1980s, it was not until the 1990s that progressive metal achieved widespread success. Queensrÿche, Dream Theater, Tool, Symphony X, Shadow Gallery, King's X, and Fates Warning are a few examples of progressive metal bands who achieved commercial success. Soon after the rise of the genre's popularity, other thrash and death metal bands started to incorporate elements of progressive music in their work. | Le metal progressif ou progressive metal, est un sous-genre du heavy metal et du rock progressif, ayant émergé au Royaume-Uni et aux États-Unis durant les années 1970. Le metal progressif mélange des éléments de heavy metal et de rock progressif, en y reprenant son et une sonorité de guitare électrique heavy metal amplifiée, accompagnées de compositions expérimentales, complexes et. Le metal progressif fait souvent usage de thèmes conceptuels associés au rock progressif. Au fil des années, le metal progressif s'inspire de nombreux autres genres, incluant musique classique et jazz fusion. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Argo Navis | Navire Argo (constellation) | Argo Navis (the Ship Argo), or simply Argo, was a large constellation in the southern sky that has since been split into three: Carina (the hull), Puppis (the poop deck) and Vela (the sails) thanks to Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, as it was 28% larger than the largest extant comparator and had more than 160 easily visible stars. The genitive was "Argus Navis", abbreviated "Arg". Flamsteed and other early modern astronomers called it Navis (the Ship), genitive "Navis", abbreviated "Nav". | Le Navire Argo (en latin "Argo Navis" ; génitif : "Argus Navis") était une énorme constellation, parmi celles décrites par Aratos, puis par Ptolémée ("Almageste"). Cette constellation représentait l’"Argo", le navire utilisé par Jason et les Argonautes. L'appartenance initiale de la Boussole est disputée. | [
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Aquarius (constellation) | Verseau | Aquarius is a constellation of the zodiac, situated between Capricornus and Pisces. Its name is Latin for "water-carrier" or "cup-carrier", and its symbol is (Unicode ♒), a representation of water. Aquarius is one of the oldest of the recognized constellations along the zodiac (the Sun's apparent path). It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is found in a region often called the Sea due to its profusion of constellations with watery associations such as Cetus the whale, Pisces the fish, and Eridanus the river. | Le Verseau, ou Porteur d’eau, est une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 16 février au 11 mars. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, la constellation se situe entre le Capricorne à l'ouest et les Poissons à l'est. Verseau était l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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Pisces (constellation) | Poissons (constellation) | Pisces is a constellation of the zodiac and is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is the Latin plural for fish. It lies between Aquarius to the west and Aries to the east. The ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect within this constellation and in Virgo. Its symbol is (Unicode ♓). | Les Poissons sont une constellation du zodiaque traversée par le Soleil du 12 mars au 18 avril. Dans l'ordre du zodiaque, elle se situe entre le Verseau à l'ouest et le Bélier à l'est. Bien qu’assez grande, elle découpe un pan du ciel éloigné du plan de la Voie lactée et ne contient que peu d’étoiles visibles, toutes assez peu lumineuses. Elle était l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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Conservation (ethic) | Conservation de la nature | Conservation's goals include protecting species from extinction, maintaining and restoring habitats, enhancing ecosystem services and protecting biological diversity. A range of values underlie conservation, which can be guided by biocentrism, anthropocentrism, ecocentrism and sentientism. There has recently been a movement towards evidence-based conservation which calls for greater use of scientific evidence to improve the effectiveness of conservation efforts. | La conservation de la nature consiste en la protection des populations d'espèces animales et végétales, ainsi que la conservation de l'intégrité écologique de leurs habitats naturels ou de substitution (comme les haies, carrières, terrils, mares ou autres habitats façonnés par l'Homme). Son objectif est de maintenir les écosystèmes dans un bon état de conservation, et de prévenir ou de corriger les dégradations qu'ils pourraient subir. | [
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Lion | Lion | The lion ("Panthera leo") is a species in the family Felidae and a member of the genus "Panthera". It is most recognisable for its muscular, deep-chested body, short, rounded head, round ears, and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. It is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions have a prominent mane. With a typical head-to-body length of they are larger than females at. It is a social species, forming groups called "prides". A lion pride consists of a few adult males, related females and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates. The lion is an apex and keystone predator, although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur, and have been known to hunt humans, although the species typically does not. | Le lion () est une espèce de mammifères carnivores de la famille des félidés. La femelle du lion est la lionne, son petit est le lionceau. Le mâle adulte, aisément reconnaissable à son importante crinière, accuse une masse moyenne qui peut être variable selon les zones géographiques où il se trouve, allant de pour les lions de Kruger à pour les lions de Transvaal. Certains spécimens très rares peuvent dépasser exceptionnellement. Un mâle adulte se nourrit de de viande chaque jour contre chez la femelle. Le lion est un animal grégaire, c'est-à-dire qu'il vit en larges groupes familiaux, contrairement aux autres félins. Son espérance de vie, à l'état sauvage, est comprise entre 7 et pour le mâle et 14 à pour la femelle, mais il dépasse fréquemment les en captivité. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pyxis | Boussole (constellation) | Pyxis is a small and faint constellation in the southern sky. Abbreviated from Pyxis Nautica, its name is Latin for a mariner's compass (contrasting with Circinus, which represents a draftsman's compasses). Pyxis was introduced by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century, and is counted among the 88 modern constellations. | La Boussole (en latin Pyxis, littéralement « petite boîte », contraction du nom original "Pyxis Nautica") est une petite constellation du ciel austral, sans étoile particulièrement lumineuse. | [
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Andromeda (constellation) | Andromède (constellation) | Andromeda is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Located north of the celestial equator, it is named for Andromeda, daughter of Cassiopeia, in the Greek myth, who was chained to a rock to be eaten by the sea monster Cetus. Andromeda is most prominent during autumn evenings in the Northern Hemisphere, along with several other constellations named for characters in the Perseus myth. Because of its northern declination, Andromeda is visible only north of 40° south latitude; for observers farther south, it lies below the horizon. It is one of the largest constellations, with an area of 722 square degrees. This is over 1,400 times the size of the full moon, 55% of the size of the largest constellation, Hydra, and over 10 times the size of the smallest constellation, Crux. | Andromède est une constellation de l’hémisphère nord. Longue, en forme de « A », Andromède fut l’une des identifiées par Ptolémée. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Carina (constellation) | Carène (constellation) | Carina ( (U.S.) (Brit.)) is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the hull or keel of a ship, and it was the southern foundation of the larger constellation of Argo Navis (the ship "Argo") until it was divided into three pieces, the other two being Puppis (the poop deck), and Vela (the sails of the ship). | La Carène est l'une des du ciel. Traversée par la Voie lactée, la constellation de la Carène, bien qu'elle ne soit pas la plus grande du ciel, possède un nombre assez important d'étoiles brillantes, dont Canopus, la deuxième de la voûte céleste. | [
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Eurozone | Zone euro | The eurozone, officially called the euro area, is a monetary union of 19 of the 27 European Union (EU) member states which have adopted the euro (€) as their common currency and sole legal tender. The monetary authority of the eurozone is the Eurosystem. The other eight members of the European Union continue to use their own national currencies, although most of them are obliged to adopt the euro in the future. | La, parfois appelée, est une zone monétaire qui regroupe les États membres de l'Union européenne qui ont adopté l'euro (EUR, €) comme monnaie ; sur les vingt-sept États membres de l'UE, dix-neuf utilisent l'euro. Ces dix-neuf pays représentent plus de en 2017 pour un PIB cumulé de et un taux de chômage moyen de 4,80 % de la population active, qui est cependant plus fort chez les moins de 25 ans, proche des 20 %. La zone euro a été créée en 1999 par onze pays : Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Espagne, Finlande, France, Irlande, Italie, Luxembourg, Pays-Bas, Portugal, rejoints par la Grèce en 2001, par la Slovénie en 2007, par Chypre et Malte en 2008, par la Slovaquie en 2009, par l'Estonie en 2011, par la Lettonie en 2014 et par la Lituanie en 2015. | [
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Puppis | Poupe (constellation) | Puppis is a constellation in the southern sky. Puppis, the Poop Deck, was originally part of an over-large constellation, the ship of Jason and the Argonauts, Argo Navis, which centuries after its initial description, was divided into three parts, the other two being Carina (the keel and hull), and Vela (the sails of the ship). Puppis is the largest of the three constellations in square degrees. It is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union. | La Poupe est l’une des 88 constellations, visible principalement de l’hémisphère sud. Incluse à l’origine par Ptolémée dans l’immense constellation du Navire Argo, elle fut créée par Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille lorsqu’il divisa le navire en constellations distinctes. La Poupe est la plus grande de ces constellations. | [
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Vela (constellation) | Voiles (constellation) | Vela is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the sails of a ship, and it was originally part of a larger constellation, the ship "Argo Navis", which was later divided into three parts, the others being Carina and Puppis. With an apparent magnitude of 1.8, its brightest star is the hot blue multiple star Gamma Velorum, one component of which is the brightest Wolf-Rayet star in the sky. Delta and Kappa Velorum, together with Epsilon and Iota Carinae, form the asterism known as the False Cross. 1.95-magnitude Delta is actually a triple or quintuple star system. | Les Voiles sont l’une des du ciel, visible essentiellement de l’hémisphère sud. Incluse à l’origine par Ptolémée dans l’immense constellation du Navire Argo, elle fut créée par Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille lorsqu’il divisa le navire en trois constellations distinctes. Les Voiles sont la deuxième constellation résultante par la taille. | [
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Extinction | Extinction des espèces | Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. | En biologie et en écologie, l' est la disparition totale d'une espèce ou d'un groupe de taxons, réduisant ainsi la biodiversité. | [
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Real property | Immobilier | In English common law, real property, real estate, realty, or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures (also called improvements or fixtures) integrated with or affixed to the land, including crops, buildings, machinery, wells, dams, ponds, mines, canals, and roads, among other things. The term is historic, arising from the now-discontinued form of action, which distinguished between real property disputes and personal property disputes. Personal property was, and continues to be, all property that is not real property. | L'immobilier est un terme définissant et incluant toute activité commerciale ou privée ayant trait aux biens immobiliers. Le terme désigne communément les activités de gestion et transaction s'opérant sur ces biens, mais il touche également de nombreuses activités connexes telles que : le logement, la construction, la promotion, le conseil, l'urbanisme, l'architecture, la gérance, etc. Le droit et la finance sont des domaines d'activité indispensables au fonctionnement du marché de l'immobilier. | [
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Güiro | Güiro | The güiro () is a Latin American percussion instrument consisting of an open-ended, hollow gourd with parallel notches cut in one side. It is played by rubbing a stick or tines along the notches to produce a ratchet sound. | Le güiro est un instrument de musique de la famille des idiophones, fréquent à Cuba et Porto Rico, constitué d'un racloir percé de trous dans lesquels on passe le pouce et le majeur pour le tenir. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cymbal | Cymbale | A cymbal is a common percussion instrument. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note (see: crotales). Cymbals are used in many ensembles ranging from the orchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz bands, heavy metal bands, and marching groups. Drum kits usually incorporate at least a crash, ride, or crash/ride, and a pair of hi-hat cymbals. A player of cymbals is known as a cymbalist. | La cymbale est un instrument de musique de la famille des percussions idiophones, consistant en un disque de métal généralement percé en son centre. Il est confectionné selon différents procédés. Sa forme générale est précisée par un tournage en machine, qui lui donne une forme circulaire quasi parfaite. Le plus souvent, elle forme un dôme en son centre. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hydra (constellation) | Hydre (constellation) | Hydra is the largest of the 88 modern constellations, measuring 1303 square degrees, and also the longest at over 100 degrees. Its southern end abuts Libra and Centaurus and its northern end borders Cancer. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It is commonly represented as a water snake. It is located in the southern hemisphere. | L'Hydre (parfois nommée « Hydre femelle » pour éviter la confusion avec l'Hydre mâle) est la plus vaste et la plus longue des 88 constellations, s'étendant sur plus de carrés. La tête de l'Hydre se trouve au sud du Cancer et son corps sinueux s'étend jusqu'à la Balance. Malgré sa taille, elle ne contient que deux étoiles réellement brillantes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Hydrus | Hydre mâle | Hydrus is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman and it first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe published in late 1597 (or early 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius. The first depiction of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted the brighter stars and gave their Bayer designations in 1756. Its name means "male water snake", as opposed to Hydra, a much larger constellation that represents a female water snake. It remains below the horizon for most Northern Hemisphere observers. | L’Hydre mâle (à ne pas confondre avec l'immense Hydre, dite « Hydre femelle ») est une petite constellation située près du pôle sud céleste et découpe une partie de l'espace située sous le plan de la Voie lactée. Elle ne contient donc pas beaucoup d'étoiles visibles. | [
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Daniel Cohn-Bendit | Daniel Cohn-Bendit | Daniel Marc Cohn-Bendit (; ; born 4 April 1945) is a French-German politician. He was a student leader during the unrest of May 1968 in France and was also known during that time as "Dany le Rouge" (French for "Danny the Red", because of both his politics and the colour of his hair). He was co-president of the group European Greens–European Free Alliance in the European Parliament. He co-chairs the Spinelli Group, a European parliament inter-group aiming at relaunching the federalist project in Europe. He was a recipient of the European Parliament's European Initiative Prize in 2016. | Daniel Cohn-Bendit, né le à Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne), est un homme politique franco-allemand; actif en politique aussi bien en Allemagne qu'en France, il a obtenu la nationalité française en 2015. Né en France de parents allemands militants d'extrême gauche puis antinazis, il fait ses études supérieures en France, à l'université Paris-Nanterre. Militant libertaire, il accède à la notoriété durant le mouvement de mai 68, dont il est l'un des porte-parole. N'ayant pas à l'époque la nationalité française, il est expulsé en Allemagne par le gouvernement français. À partir des années 1980, Cohn-Bendit mène une carrière politique en Allemagne comme élu du parti écologiste Les Verts à Francfort-sur-le-Main. Devenu député européen des Verts allemands en 1994, il est réélu député européen en 1999 sur une liste des Verts français, faisant à cette occasion son retour sur la scène politique française. Tête de liste d'Europe Écologie en Île-de-France lors des élections européennes de 2009, il permet au parti d'obtenir le plus haut score atteint en France par un mouvement écologiste. Favorable à la mise en place d'une Europe fédérale, il est coprésident du groupe Verts/ALE au Parlement européen de 2002 à 2014. Il ne se représente pas au Parlement européen en 2014. | [
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Harmony | Harmonie | In music, harmony is the process by which the composition of individual sounds, or superpositions of sounds, is analysed by hearing. Usually, this means simultaneously occurring frequencies, pitches (tones, notes), or chords. | En musique, lharmonie est le fait que divers sons perçus ensemble concordent ou "vont bien" ensemble : par exemple, lorsque la musique jouée par plusieurs instruments semble "harmonieuse". | [
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Subsets and Splits