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StivenLancheros
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all_datasets_wikis

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Liberia
Liberia
Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south-southwest. It has a population of around 5 million and covers an area of. English is the official language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.
Le Liberia, en forme longue la république du Liberia, est un pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest bordé au sud-sud-est et à l'ouest-sud-ouest par l'océan Atlantique, au nord-ouest par la Sierra Leone, au nord par la Guinée et à l’est par la Côte d'Ivoire. Première nation d'Afrique à avoir obtenu son indépendance, en 1847, le Liberia est présidé depuis le par George Weah.
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Nigeria
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a sovereign country located in West Africa bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located.
Le Nigeria, ou Nigéria (en forme longue république fédérale du Nigeria, en anglais ), est un pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest situé dans le golfe de Guinée. Avec plus de d'habitants en 2018, le Nigeria est le pays le plus peuplé d'Afrique et le septième pays du monde par son nombre d'habitants.
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Turkmenistan
Turkménistan
Turkmenistan ( or ; ',, also known as Turkmenia, is a sovereign country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of the country. The population of the country is 6 million, the lowest of the Central Asian republics. Turkmenistan is one of the most sparsely populated nations in Asia. Citizens of Turkmenistan are known as Turkmenistanis.
Le Turkménistan, également appelé Turkménie, en forme longue la république du Turkménistan (en turkmène et, en russe,, ou, et, ), est un pays d'Asie centrale, entouré de l'Afghanistan au sud-est, de l'Iran au sud-sud-ouest, de la mer Caspienne à l'ouest, du Kazakhstan au nord-ouest et de l'Ouzbékistan à l'est-nord-est.
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William Golding
William Golding
Sir William Gerald Golding, (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, playwright, and poet. Best known for his debut novel "Lord of the Flies" (1954), he would go on to publish another eleven novels in his lifetime. In 1980, he was awarded the Booker Prize for "Rites of Passage", the first novel in what became his sea trilogy, "To the Ends of the Earth". He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1983.
William Golding, né le à St Columb Minor dans les Cornouailles et mort le à, est un écrivain britannique appartenant au courant postmoderniste.
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Adenosine
Adénosine
Adenosine is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives. The molecule consists of an adenine, minus one H atom, attached to a ribose, minus one OH group, via a β-N-glycosidic bond. Adenosine is one of four nucleoside building blocks to RNA, which is essential for all life. Its derivatives include the energy carriers adenosine mono-, di-, and triphosphate. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is pervasive in signal transduction. Adenosyl (Ad) is the radical formed by removal of the 5'-hydroxy (OH) group. Ad is found in vitamin B12 and the radical SAM enzymes. Adenosine is also used as a drug.
L'adénosine est un nucléoside formé lorsque l'adénine est attachée à un noyau ribose (sous forme de ribofuranose) via une liaison β-Nglucoside.
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Tajikistan
Tadjikistan
Tajikistan (, ;, ; lang-ru|Таджикистан), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, "Jumhurii Tojikiston"), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of and an estimated population of 9,537,645 people. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north and China to the east. The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.
Le Tadjikistan (en / ), en forme longue la république du Tadjikistan ou la république de Tadjikistan (en / ), est un pays montagneux d'Asie centrale, sans accès à la mer. Sa capitale est Douchanbé. Il est limitrophe du Kirghizistan au nord-nord-est, de la Chine à l'est, de l'Afghanistan au sud-sud-ouest et de l'Ouzbékistan à l'ouest. C'est le seul État issu de l'ancienne Asie centrale soviétique où la langue dominante n'est pas une langue turque mais iranienne, le tadjik. Les Tadjiks, qui forment le groupe ethnique majoritaire (80 % de la population), appartiennent à la famille des peuples iraniens.
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Laos
Laos
Laos (, ;, "Lāo" ), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (; ), is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. At the heart of the Indochinese peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast and Thailand to the west and southwest.
Le Laos, en forme longue la République démocratique populaire lao, également traduit par république démocratique populaire du Laos (en lao : et ) est un pays sans accès à la mer d'Asie du Sud-est, entouré par la Birmanie (ou Myanmar) et la Chine au nord-ouest, la Thaïlande à l'ouest, le Cambodge au sud et le Viêt Nam à l'est.
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Uzbekistan
Ouzbékistan
Uzbekistan (, ;, ), officially Republic of Uzbekistan (), is a country in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south and Turkmenistan to the southwest. Along with Liechtenstein, it is one of only two doubly landlocked countries.
LOuzbékistan, en forme longue la république d'Ouzbékistan, en ouzbek, et,, et en russe et, est un pays d'Asie centrale de plus de d'habitants (2015), ancienne république soviétique, État indépendant depuis le, entouré par le Kazakhstan à l'ouest- nord-ouest et au nord, le Kirghizistan à l'est, le Tadjikistan au sud-est, l'Afghanistan au sud-sud-est et le Turkménistan au sud-ouest. Sa capitale est Tachkent, métropole de d'habitants (2007).
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Togo
Togo
Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The country extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers, making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately million, as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor, Benin.
Le Togo, en forme longue la République togolaise, est un pays d’Afrique de l'Ouest dont la population est estimée en 2020 à environ d’habitants pour une densité de.
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Theophylline
Théophylline
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names. As a member of the xanthine family, it bears structural and pharmacological similarity to theobromine and caffeine, and is readily found in nature, being present in tea ("Camellia sinensis") and cocoa ("Theobroma cacao"). A small amount of theophylline is one of the products of caffeine metabolic processing in the liver.
La théophylline est un alcaloïde du type méthylxanthine. Il s'agit de la 1,3-diméthyl xanthine. C'est, avec d'autres alcaloïdes comme la caféine ou la théobromine, l'une des principales substances actives des feuilles de thé, d'où elle tire son nom. Elle est également présente entre autres dans le café, le chocolat, le maté et le guarana.
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Gravitational wave
Onde gravitationnelle
Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of spacetime, generated by accelerated masses, that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light. They were proposed by Henri Poincaré in 1905 and subsequently predicted in 1916 by Albert Einstein on the basis of his general theory of relativity. Gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation, a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic radiation. Newton's law of universal gravitation, part of classical mechanics, does not provide for their existence, since that law is predicated on the assumption that physical interactions propagate instantaneously (at infinite speed) showing one of the ways the methods of classical physics are unable to explain phenomena associated with relativity.
En physique, une onde gravitationnelle, appelée parfois onde de gravitation, est une oscillation de la courbure de l'espace-temps qui se propage à grande distance de son point de formation.
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Adrenaline
Adrénaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication. Adrenaline is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata, where it acts as a neurotransmitter involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation response and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some single-celled organisms. Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski first isolated adrenaline in 1895.
L’adrénaline est un neurotransmetteur et une hormone appartenant à la famille des catécholamines. Cette molécule porte aussi le nom d’épinéphrine. L’adrénaline est sécrétée en réponse à un état de stress ou en vue d'une activité physique, entraînant une accélération du rythme cardiaque, une augmentation de la vitesse des contractions du cœur, une hausse de la pression artérielle, une dilatation des bronches ainsi que des pupilles. Elle répond à un besoin d'énergie, par exemple pour faire face au danger. Elle est souvent sécrétée pour faire un effort physique.
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Dopamine
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory.
La dopamine (DA) est un neurotransmetteur, une molécule biochimique qui permet la communication au sein du système nerveux, et l'une de celles qui influent directement sur le comportement. La dopamine renforce les actions habituellement bénéfiques telles que manger un aliment sain en provoquant la sensation de plaisir ce qui active ainsi le système de récompense/renforcement. Elle est donc indispensable à la survie de l'individu. Plus généralement, elle joue un rôle dans la motivation et la prise de risque chez les mammifères, donc chez l'Homme aussi. Cette molécule est également impliquée dans certains plaisirs abstraits comme écouter de la musique.
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1960s
Années 1960
The 1960s (pronounced "nineteen-sixties", shortened to "the '60s") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1960, and ended on 31 December 1969.
Les années 1960 couvrent la période de 1960 à 1969. C'est une période révolutionnaire : révolutions agricoles, modernisation de l'Église catholique, révolte étudiante débouchant sur Mai 68, Printemps de Prague, Festival de Woodstock et les suivants, premiers pas de l'Homme sur la Lune en 1969, traités internationaux de dénucléarisation... Dans diverses langues on rencontre parfois le terme anglais : "Sixties", compte tenu du rayonnement économique et socio-culturel des États-Unis et du Royaume-Uni au cours de cette décennie.
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Alkaloid
Alcaloïde
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Les sont des molécules à bases azotées, le plus souvent hétérocycliques, très majoritairement d'origine végétale. Ils peuvent se présenter sous forme de molécules organiques hétérocycliques azotées basiques. Associés à l'essor de l'industrie pharmaceutique, ils ont permis d'ouvrir le domaine des « médicaments chimiques » à partir de la fin du.
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Phreaking
Phreaking
Phreaking is a slang term coined to describe the activity of a culture of people who study, experiment with, or explore telecommunication systems, such as equipment and systems connected to public telephone networks. The term "phreak" is a sensational spelling of the word "freak" with the "ph-" from "phone", and may also refer to the use of various audio frequencies to manipulate a phone system. "Phreak", "phreaker", or "phone phreak" are names used for and by individuals who participate in phreaking.
Le ou piratage téléphonique est un terme décrivant l'activité de personnes étudiant, testant, ou exploitant de manière frauduleuse les systèmes téléphoniques.
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmetteur
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals acting as signaling molecules that enable neurotransmission. They are a type of chemical messenger which transmits signals across a chemical synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another 'target' neuron, to a muscle cell, or to a gland cell. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. Neurotransmitters are essential to the function of complex neural systems. The exact number of unique neurotransmitters in humans is unknown, but more than 200 have been identified.
Les neurotransmetteurs, ou neuromédiateurs, sont des composés chimiques libérés par les neurones (et parfois par les cellules gliales) agissant sur d'autres neurones, appelés neurones postsynaptiques, ou, plus rarement, sur d'autres types de cellules (comme les cellules musculaires et les cellules gliales comme les astrocytes).
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GNU General Public License
Licence publique générale GNU
The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL) is a series of widely used free software licenses that guarantee end users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the software. The licenses were originally written by Richard Stallman, former head of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), for the GNU Project, and grant the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition. The GPL series are all copyleft licenses, which means that any derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms. This is in distinction to permissive software licenses, of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely used, less restrictive examples. GPL was the first copyleft license for general use.
La licence publique générale GNU, ou GNU General Public License (son seul nom officiel en anglais, communément abrégé GNU GPL, voire simplement « GPL »), est une licence qui fixe les conditions légales de distribution d'un logiciel libre du projet GNU. Richard Stallman, président et fondateur de la Free Software Foundation en est l'auteur. Sa dernière version est la « GNU GPL version 3 » publiée le avec le concours juridique d'Eben Moglen.
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Norepinephrine
Noradrénaline
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. The name "noradrenaline", derived from Latin roots meaning "at/alongside the kidneys", is more commonly used in the United Kingdom; in the United States, "norepinephrine", derived from Greek roots having that same meaning, is usually preferred. "Norepinephrine" is also the international nonproprietary name given to the drug. Regardless of which name is used for the substance itself, parts of the body that produce or are affected by it are referred to as noradrenergic.
La noradrénaline ou norépinéphrine est un composé organique qui joue le rôle d'hormone adrénergique et de neurotransmetteur. C'est une catécholamine comme la dopamine ou l'adrénaline.
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Hormone
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle, "setting in motion") is any member of a class of signaling molecules, produced by glands in multicellular organisms, that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior. Hormones have diverse chemical structures, mainly of three classes:
Une hormone est une substance chimique biologiquement active, synthétisée par une cellule glandulaire et sécrétée dans le milieu intérieur où elle circule, agissant à distance et par voie sanguine sur des récepteurs spécifiques d'une cellule cible. Elle transmet un message sous forme chimique et joue donc un rôle de messager dans l'organisme. Le terme « hormone » (du grec "ὁρμάω", mettre en mouvement) a été adopté par Starling en 1905 pour désigner les substances qui assurent la liaison entre les divers organes.
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Alain Juppé
Alain Juppé
Alain Marie Juppé (; born 15 August 1945) is a French politician. A member of The Republicans, he was Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997 under President Jacques Chirac, during which period he faced major strikes that paralysed the country and became very unpopular. He left office after the victory of the left in the snap 1997 elections. He had previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1995, and as Minister of the Budget and Spokesman for the Government from 1986 to 1988. He was President of the political party Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) from 2002 to 2004 and mayor of Bordeaux from 1995 to 2004.
Alain Juppé, né le à Mont-de-Marsan (Landes), est un haut fonctionnaire et homme d’État français, Premier ministre du au.
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Geek
Geek
The word geek is a slang term originally used to describe eccentric or non-mainstream people; in current use, the word typically connotes an expert or enthusiast obsessed with a hobby or intellectual pursuit, with a general pejorative meaning of a "peculiar person, especially one who is perceived to be overly intellectual, unfashionable, boring, or socially awkward".
Un geek ( ) est une personne passionnée par un ou plusieurs domaines précis, plus souvent utilisé pour les domaines liés aux (certains genres du cinéma, la bande dessinée, les jeux vidéo, les jeux de rôles), ou encore aux sciences, à la technologie et l'informatique. Cette définition est celle qui ressort le plus souvent, bien qu'elle puisse varier d'un individu à l'autre.
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Monaco
Monaco
Monaco (; ), officially the Principality of Monaco (), is a sovereign city-state, country, and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe. It is bordered by France to the north, east and west, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The principality is home to 38,682 residents and is known to be one of the most expensive and wealthiest places in the world. The official language is French, but Monégasque, Italian, and English are widely spoken and understood.
Monaco, en forme longue la principauté de Monaco, en monégasque "" (en occitan "Principat de Mónegue"), est un État d'Europe de l'Ouest, ainsi qu'une commune du même nom occupant la même superficie que l'État lui-même (ce qui en fait une cité-État). La principauté de Monaco est un État enserré dans le territoire de la République française. Elle est située au bord de la mer Méditerranée, le long de la Côte d'Azur, à une vingtaine de kilomètres à l'est de Nice, et à de Menton, ville frontalière avec l'Italie. Entourée par les villes françaises de Cap-d'Ail, Beausoleil, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin et La Turbie, la principauté dispose d'un accès direct à la mer et d'eaux territoriales rejoignant les eaux internationales ; elle n'est donc pas un territoire enclavé à proprement parler.
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Romania
Roumanie
Romania ( ; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It shares land borders with Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and Moldova to the east and has its opening to the Black Sea. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate. With a total area of, Romania is the 12th-largest country in Europe and the 7th most populous member state of the European Union, having approximately 20 million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest. Other major urban areas include: Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.
La Roumanie (en ) est un État d'Europe de l'Est, le septième pays le plus peuplé de l'Union européenne et le neuvième par sa superficie. La géographie du pays est structurée par les Carpates, le Danube et le littoral de la mer Noire. Située aux confins de l'Europe du Sud-Est et de l'Europe centrale et orientale, la Roumanie a comme pays frontaliers la Hongrie, l'Ukraine, la Moldavie, la Bulgarie et la Serbie.
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Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (,, ; born 2 February 1926), also known as Giscard or VGE, is a former French politician who served as President of France from 1974 to 1981.
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, communément appelé Giscard ou désigné par ses initiales VGE, né le à Coblence (Allemagne), est un haut fonctionnaire et homme d'État français. Il est président de la République française du au.
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Dinitrogen tetroxide
Peroxyde d'azote
Dinitrogen tetroxide, commonly referred to as nitrogen tetroxide, and sometimes, usually among ex-USSR/Russia rocket engineers, as amyl, is the chemical compound NO. It is a useful reagent in chemical synthesis. It forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide.
Le peroxyde d'azote, ou tétraoxyde de diazote, est un composé chimique de formule. C'est un liquide incolore à jaune brun selon la concentration de dioxyde d'azote qu'il contient : est en équilibre avec, dont il constitue en fait un dimère. C'est un oxydant très puissant, corrosif et toxique. Appelé également NTO (de l'anglais Nitrogen TetraOxyde) en astronautique, le peroxyde d'azote est un comburant très employé notamment avec l'hydrazine et ses dérivés pour former des propergols liquides stockables hypergoliques.
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Nitrogen dioxide
Dioxyde d'azote
Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year for use primarily in the production of fertilizers. At higher temperatures it is a reddish-brown gas. Nitrogen dioxide is a paramagnetic, bent molecule with C point group symmetry.
Le dioxyde d'azote est un composé chimique de formule. Concentré, il se présente comme un gaz brun-rouge toxique suffocant à l'odeur âcre et piquante caractéristique. C'est un précurseur de la production industrielle de l'acide nitrique et un polluant majeur de l'atmosphère terrestre produit par les moteurs à combustion interne et les centrales thermiques ; il est responsable à ce titre du caractère eutrophisant et acidifiant des « pluies acides » non soufrées (le NO combiné à l'ozone troposphérique anthropique forme des nitrates très solubles dans l'eau). Il est aussi responsable de la présence d'acide nitrique (où ce dernier se forme par hydratation du ) :
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.
La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 (parfois abrégée en DDHC) est un texte fondamental de la Révolution française, qui énonce un ensemble de droits naturels individuels et les conditions de leur mise en œuvre. Ses derniers articles sont adoptés le.
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Corpus callosum
Corps calleux
The corpus callosum (Latin for "tough body"), also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick nerve tract, consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain. The corpus callosum is only found in placental mammals. It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain, about ten centimetres in length and consisting of 200–300 million axonal projections.
Le corps calleux (ou ') est une commissure (moyen d'union entre deux parties) transversale du cerveau présente chez les mammifères placentaires. C’est un faisceau d'axones (fibre nerveuse qui correspond au prolongement long, mince et cylindrique du corps cellulaire d'un neurone) interconnectant les deux hémisphères cérébraux. C'est la plus importante commissure du cerveau car elle relie les quatre lobes du cerveau entre eux (lobes frontaux, temporaux, pariétaux et occipitaux gauche et droit). Le corps calleux assure donc le transfert d'informations entre les deux hémisphères et ainsi leur coordination. Les autres commissures sont le ', le " et la commissure blanche antérieure.
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Espresso
Expresso
Espresso (, ) is a coffee-making method of Italian origin, in which a small amount of nearly boiling water is forced under pressure ("expressed") through finely-ground coffee beans. Espresso coffee can be made with a wide variety of coffee beans and roast levels. Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, has a higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids, and has "crema" on top (a foam with a creamy consistency). As a result of the pressurized brewing process, the flavors and chemicals in a typical cup of espresso are very concentrated. The three dispersed phases in espresso are what make this beverage unique. The first dispersed phase is an emulsion of oil droplets. The second phase is suspended solids, while the third is the layer of gas bubbles or foam. The dispersion of very small oil droplets is perceived in the mouth as creamy. This characteristic of espresso contributes to what is known as the body of the beverage. These oil droplets preserve some of the aromatic compounds that are lost to the air in other coffee forms. This preserves the strong coffee flavor present in the espresso. Espresso is also the base for various coffee drinks—including caffè latte, cappuccino, caffè macchiato, caffè mocha, flat white, and caffè Americano.
Un express, expresso, espresso (de l'italien "espresso", extrait par pression) ou café court est un café très corsé avec un fort arôme, obtenu par percolation sous haute pression, c'est-à-dire en faisant passer rapidement de l'eau chaude sous une pression de (pression d'extraction optimale indiquée sur les manomètres des machines espresso professionnelles) à travers du café finement moulu et torréfié. Cette opération se fait à l'aide d'une cafetière à espresso. Le spécialiste de la confection de l"'espresso" est le barista (terme italien).
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Psychoactive drug
Psychotrope
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior. These substances may be used medically; recreationally; to purposefully improve performance or alter one's consciousness; as entheogens for ritual, spiritual, or shamanic purposes; or for research. Some categories of psychoactive drugs, which have therapeutic value, are prescribed by physicians and other healthcare practitioners. Examples include anesthetics, analgesics, anticonvulsant and antiparkinsonian drugs as well as medications used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders, such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, and stimulant medications. Some psychoactive substances may be used in the detoxification and rehabilitation programs for persons dependent on or addicted to other psychoactive drugs.
Un psychotrope est une substance qui agit principalement sur l'état du système nerveux central en y modifiant certains processus biochimiques et physiologiques cérébraux, sans préjuger de sa capacité à induire des phénomènes de dépendance, ni de son éventuelle toxicité. En altérant de la sorte les fonctions du cerveau, un psychotrope induit des modifications de la perception, des sensations, de l'humeur, de la conscience ("états modifiés de conscience") ou d'autres fonctions psychologiques et comportementales.
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North Korea
Corée du Nord
North Korea (Korean:, MR: "Chosŏn" or literally, MR: "Pukchosŏn"), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or DPR Korea; Korean:, "Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk"), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The country is bordered to the north by China and by Russia along the Amnok (known as the Yalu in Chinese) and Tumen rivers, and to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two. North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the country's capital and largest city.
La Corée du Nord (en coréen ',, "Pukhan", 북한 — chosŏn’gŭl — et — hanja), officiellement République populaire et démocratique de Corée (RPDC ; en coréen chosŏn’gŭl, hanja, romanisation McCune-Reischauer et révisée ), est un État qui couvre la partie nord de la péninsule coréenne située en Asie de l'Est. Comptant d'habitants en 2016, soit la moitié de son voisin du Sud, sa capitale est Pyongyang.
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Central nervous system
Système nerveux central
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because it integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals—i.e., all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish—and it contains the majority of the nervous system. The CNS also includes the retina and the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), as well as the olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS, synapsing directly on brain tissue without intermediate ganglia. As such, the olfactory epithelium is the only central nervous tissue in direct contact with the environment, which opens up for therapeutic treatments.
Le système nerveux central (ou névraxe) est la partie du système nerveux comprenant l'encéphale et la moelle spinale. Le système nerveux central est ainsi nommé parce qu'il contient la majeure partie du système nerveux, mais aussi et surtout parce qu'il intègre les informations qu'il reçoit et les coordonne pour influer sur l'activité de toutes les parties du corps des animaux bilatéralement symétriques (ou Bilateria ; ce sont tous les animaux multicellulaires, sauf les éponges et les animaux à symétrie radiale (ou radiata) tels que les méduses). Beaucoup considèrent que la rétine, le nerf optique, ainsi que les nerfs olfactifs et l'épithélium olfactif font partie du système nerveux central. Suivant cette classification, l'épithélium olfactif est le seul tissu nerveux central en contact direct avec l'environnement, ce qui ouvre des portes à des traitements thérapeutiques. Le système nerveux central est contenu dans la, avec le cerveau logé dans la cavité crânienne et la moelle spinale dans le canal rachidien. Le cerveau est protégé par le crâne tandis que la moelle spinale est protégée par les vertèbres, les deux enfermés dans les méninges.
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null
null
null
null
null
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Bradycardia
Bradycardie
Bradycardia is a condition typically defined wherein an individual has a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults. Bradycardia typically does not cause symptoms until the rate drops below 50 BPM. When symptomatic, it may cause fatigue, weakness, dizziness, sweating, and at very low rates, fainting.
La (du grec ancien / = lent, et / = cœur) se caractérise par un rythme cardiaque trop bas par rapport à la normale. Elle s'oppose à la tachycardie (rythme cardiaque trop rapide).
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Plant
Plante
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, plants were treated as one of two kingdoms including all living things that were not animals, and all algae and fungi were treated as plants. However, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for "green plants"), a group that includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns and their allies, hornworts, liverworts, mosses and the green algae, but excludes the red and brown algae.
Les plantes (Plantae) sont des organismes photosynthétiques et autotrophes, caractérisés par des cellules végétales. Elles forment l'un des règnes des eucaryotes. Ce règne est un groupe monophylétique comprenant les plantes terrestres, les algues vertes, les algues rouges et les glaucophytes. La science des plantes est la botanique, qui dans son acception classique étudie aussi les algues et les cyanobactéries (qui n'appartiennent pas au règne "Plantae"). L'ancien « règne végétal » n'existe plus dans les classifications modernes (cladistes ou évolutionnistes).
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Heart rate
Fréquence cardiaque
Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of contractions (beats) of the heart per minute (bpm). The heart rate can vary according to the body's physical needs, including the need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide. It is usually equal or close to the pulse measured at any peripheral point. Activities that can provoke change include physical exercise, sleep, anxiety, stress, illness, and ingestion of drugs.
La fréquence cardiaque est le nombre de battements cardiaques (ou pulsations) par unité de temps (généralement la minute). C'est une notion quantitative qui peut aussi se définir en nombre de cycles par seconde, par l'inverse de la période.
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Blood
Sang
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Le sang est un liquide biologique vital qui circule continuellement dans les vaisseaux sanguins et le cœur, notamment grâce à la pompe cardiaque. Il est composé d'un fluide aqueux, le plasma, et de milliards de cellules, principalement les globules rouges, qui lui donnent sa couleur.
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Osama bin Laden
Oussama ben Laden
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (, '; March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011), also rendered Usama bin Ladin, was a founder of the pan-Islamic militant organization. He was a Saudi Arabian citizen until 1994 (stateless thereafter) and a member of the wealthy bin Laden family.
Oussama ben Laden (en ), né le à Riyad (Arabie saoudite) et mort le à Abbottabad (Pakistan) tué par les forces spéciales américaines, est un djihadiste saoudien puis apatride. Membre d'une famille d'origine yéménite proche de la famille royale saoudienne, ayant fait ses premières armes contre l'URSS pendant la guerre d'Afghanistan (1979-1989), il est le chef du réseau terroriste Al-Qaïda. Il est responsable des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 commis aux États-Unis, qu’il a revendiqués à plusieurs reprises.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Sucrose
Saccharose
Sucrose is common sugar. It is a disaccharide, a molecule composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is produced naturally in plants, from which table sugar is refined. It has the molecular formula CHO.
Le saccharose ou saccarose est un sucre à la saveur douce et agréable. Extrait de certaines plantes, principalement de la canne à sucre et de la betterave sucrière, il est très largement utilisé pour l'alimentation humaine. Il s'agit d'un diholoside constitué de glucose et de fructose dont le nom normalisé est α--glucopyranosyl-(1↔2)-β--fructofuranoside, couramment abrégé en Glc-Fru. En anglais, il est appelé "", d'où l'abréviation Suc parfois rencontrée dans la littérature pour désigner ce composé.
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null
null
null
null
null
Milk
Lait
Milk is a white, nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals (including humans who are breastfed) before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose. Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon, particularly among humans, many of whom consume the milk of other mammals.
Le lait est un liquide biologique comestible généralement de couleur blanchâtre produit par les glandes mammaires des mammifères femelles. Aliment complet équilibré, il est la seule source de nutriments pour les jeunes mammifères au tout début de leur vie avant qu'ils puissent digérer d'autres types d'aliments. Le lait en début de lactation, de couleur jaunâtre, présente une composition différente et est appelé colostrum. Il porte les anticorps de la mère, réduisant ainsi le risque de nombreuses maladies chez le nouveau-né, et contient tous les nutriments indispensables.
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Cocoa solids
Cacao
Dry cocoa solids are the components of cocoa beans remaining after cocoa butter, the fat component, is extracted from chocolate liquor, roasted cocoa beans that have been ground into a liquid state. Cocoa butter is 50% to 57% of the weight of cocoa beans and gives chocolate its characteristic melting properties. Cocoa powder is the powdered form of the solids sold as an end product.
Le cacao est la poudre obtenue après broyage de l'amande des fèves de cacao fermentées et torréfiées, produites par le cacaoyer. En fait, la valeur « poudre de cacao » n'est qu'une acception du terme "cacao" parmi d'autres, c'est le sens le plus fréquent pour un locuteur francophone moyen de l'hémisphère Nord, les autres valeurs ne se rencontrant que dans le vocabulaire de spécialité des locuteurs travaillant dans la filière cacao.
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Blood–brain barrier
Barrière hémato-encéphalique
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that prevents solutes in the circulating blood from "non-selectively" crossing into the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system where neurons reside. The blood-brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells of the capillary wall, astrocyte end-feet ensheathing the capillary, and pericytes embedded in the capillary basement membrane. This system allows the passage of some molecules by passive diffusion, as well as the selective transport of various nutrients, ions, organic anions, and macromolecules such as glucose, water and amino acids that are crucial to neural function.
La barrière hémato-encéphalique, ou "hémo-encéphalique", ou "hémato-méningée" est une barrière physiologique présente dans le cerveau chez tous les tétrapodes (vertébrés terrestres), entre la circulation sanguine et le système nerveux central (SNC). Elle sert à réguler le milieu (homéostasie) dans le cerveau, en le séparant du sang. Les cellules endothéliales, qui sont reliées entre elles par des jonctions serrées et qui tapissent les capillaires du côté du flux sanguin, sont les composants essentiels de cette barrière.
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Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
Traité de Rapallo (1922)
The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed on 16 April 1922 between the German Republic and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) under which each renounced all territorial and financial claims against the other following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and World War I.
Le traité de Rapallo fut signé le par l'Allemagne de Weimar et la République soviétique fédérative socialiste de Russie en marge des accords de Gênes.
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Latin
Latin
Latin (, ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in the area around Rome, known as Latium. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in Italy, and subsequently throughout the western Roman Empire. Latin has contributed many words to the English language. In particular, Latin (and Ancient Greek) roots are used in English descriptions of theology, the sciences, medicine, and law. It is the official language in the Holy See (Vatican City).
Le latin (en latin : "lingua Latīna" ou "Latīna lingua") est une langue italique de la famille des langues indo-européennes, parlée à l'origine par les Latins dans le Latium de la Rome antique. Bien qu'il soit souvent considéré comme une langue morte, sa connaissance, voire son usage, se sont maintenus à l'université et dans le clergé. De nombreuses écoles et universités continuent à l'enseigner. Le latin est toujours utilisé pour la production de néologismes dans de nombreuses familles de langues. Le latin, ainsi que les langues romanes (dites parfois néo-latines), sont la seule branche des langues italiques à avoir survécu. Les autres branches sont attestées dans des documents datant de l'Italie préromaine, mais ont été assimilées durant la période républicaine ou au début de l'époque impériale.
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Sugar
Sucre
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Table sugar, granulated sugar, or regular sugar, refers to sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.
Le sucre est une substance de saveur douce extraite principalement de la canne à sucre et de la betterave sucrière. Le sucre est une molécule de saccharose (glucose + fructose). Il est également possible d'obtenir du sucre à partir d'autres plantes.
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Pope Pius VIII
Pie VIII
Pope Pius VIII (20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), born Francesco Saverio Maria Felice Castiglioni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 31 March 1829 to his death in 1830.
Francesco Saverio Maria Felice Castiglioni naît le à Cingoli dans une famille noble, fut élu pour devenir le de l’Église catholique (en latin ', en italien ') le, il meurt le.
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Pope
Pape
The pope ( from "pappas", "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff ("Pontifex Maximus"), or the Roman pontiff ("Romanus Pontifex"), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church, and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State. Since 1929, the pope has official residence in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.
Le pape est l'évêque de Rome et le chef de l'Église catholique. Il est élu, après le décès ou la renonciation de son prédécesseur, par des cardinaux électeurs qui se réunissent en conclave pour délibérer et voter. Selon la tradition catholique (que ne partagent pas les autres confessions chrétiennes), l'autorité du pape se transmet par succession depuis l'apôtre saint Pierre lui-même, qui l'a reçue directement de Jésus-Christ. Cependant, la façon de concevoir et d'exercer cette autorité a évolué au cours des siècles. Le titre de « pape » apparaît dans des documents à partir du premier concile de Nicée en 325.
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Americas
Amérique
The Americas (also collectively called America;,, Portuguese and Spanish: "América") comprise the totality of the continents of North and South America. Together, they make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
L’Amérique est un continent de l'hémisphère ouest de la Terre. Elle s'étend depuis l'océan Arctique au nord, jusqu'au cap Horn dans le passage de Drake au sud, à la confluence des océans Atlantique et Pacifique qui la délimitent à l'est et à l'ouest, respectivement. Avec plus de de, l'Amérique est le deuxième plus vaste continent de la planète, couvrant 8,3 % de la superficie totale et 28,2 % des terres émergées. De plus, l'Amérique concentre environ 13,3 % de la population mondiale avec plus d'un milliard de personnes. Ses habitants sont désignés sous le gentilé "Américains" : ce terme est cependant également employé pour désigner les citoyens des États-Unis d'Amérique ; dès lors, les habitants des différentes parties du continent sont fréquemment distingués en employant des gentilés spécifiques comme "Nord-Américains", "Sud-Américains" ou "Latino-Américains". Le terme "America" est une invention des cartographes allemands Martin Waldseemüller et Mathias Ringmann qui apparaît dans le planisphère qu'ils éditent en 1507, donné en honneur de l'explorateur Amerigo Vespucci au congrès géographique de Saint-Dié.
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Pope Leo XII
Léon XII
Pope Leo XII (2 August 1760 – 10 February 1829), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga (), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 28 September 1823 to his death in 1829.
Annibale Sermattei della Genga (la Genga, près d’Ancône, – Rome, ), est le évêque de Rome. Comme pape il choisit de régner sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien '), de 1823 à 1829.
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Pope Clement XI
Clément XI
Pope Clement XI (; 23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 November 1700 to his death in 1721.
Gianfrancesco Albani, né le à Urbino dans les Marches (Italie) et décédé le à Rome, fut le 243 évêque de Rome, et donc pape de l’Église catholique qu'il gouverna de 1700 à sa mort en 1721, sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien ').
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Lintel
Linteau (architecture)
A lintel or lintol is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. In the case of windows, the bottom span is instead referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall. Modern day lintels are made using prestressed concrete and are also referred to as beams in beam and block slabs or ribs in rib and block slabs. These prestressed concrete lintels and blocks are components that are packed together and propped to form a suspended floor concrete slab.
Le linteau est un élément architectural qui sert à soutenir les matériaux du mur au-dessus d'une baie, d'une porte ou d'une fenêtre. Le linteau peut servir de base à un tympan et un arc de décharge peut être placé en dessous du liteau pour reporter le poids du mur au-dessus sur les jambages et décharger ainsi le linteau.
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Pope Gregory XIII
Grégoire XIII
Pope Gregory XIII (; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this day.
Grégoire XIII est le de l'Église catholique, élu le et décédé à Rome le. Né à Bologne le, Ugo Boncompagni est d'abord un juriste ecclésiastique ayant mené sa carrière dans la Curie romaine. Évêque en 1558, il devient proche collaborateur du pape, qui apprécie son esprit méthodique, à la fois prudent et précis, et qui le crée cardinal. Élu pape, le cardinal Ugo Boncompagni succède à Pie V et opte pour le nom pontifical de (en latin "").
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Pope Innocent XIII
Innocent XIII
Pope Innocent XIII (; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born as Michelangelo dei Conti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 May 1721 to his death in 1724. He is the last pope to date to take the pontifical name of "Innocent" upon his election.
Michelangelo Conti, né le à Poli, dans le Latium (Italie) et décédé le à Rome, fut le 244 évêque de Rome, et donc pape de l’Église catholique qu'il gouverna de1721 à 1724 sous le nom d' (en latin ', en italien ').
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Pope Pius V
Pie V
Pope Pius V (17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in 1572. He is venerated as a saint of the Catholic Church. He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardization of the Roman Rite within the Latin Church. Pius V declared Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church.
Antonio Ghislieri, en religion Michele Ghislieri ( à Bosco Marengo dans le Piémont - à Rome) fut le de l’Église catholique, de 1566 à 1572, sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien '). Il est canonisé en 1712.
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Pope Benedict XIII
Benoît XIII (pape)
Pope Benedict XIII (; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini and later called Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 May 1724 to his death in 1730.
Pietro Francesco Orsini, en religion, Vicenzo Maria Orsini (né le, Gravina in Puglia, dans l'actuelle province de Bari, dans les Pouilles, alors dans le royaume de Naples et mort le ) est un religieux dominicain italien de la fin du et du début du devenu le pape de l'Église catholique, sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien '), proclamé Serviteur de Dieu, en attendant l'aboutissement du procès de béatification.
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Pope Gregory XVI
Grégoire XVI
Pope Gregory XVI (; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in 1846. He had adopted the name Mauro upon entering the religious order of the Camaldolese.
Bartolomeo Alberto (en religion Mauro) Cappellari, né à Belluno, ville du nord de la république de Venise, le et décédé à Rome le, est un moine prêtre et abbé camaldule qui fut le évêque de Rome et ainsi pape de l’Église catholique sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien '), successeur de.
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Pope Clement XII
Clément XII
Pope Clement XII (; 7 April 16526 February 1740), born Lorenzo Corsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1730 to his death in 1740.
Lorenzo Corsini, né le à Florence et décédé le à Rome, est le 246 évêque de Rome, et donc pape de l’Église catholique qu'il gouverna de 1730 à 1740 sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien ').
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Le Viandier
Viandier
Le Viandier (often called Le Viandier de Taillevent, ) is a recipe collection generally credited to Guillaume Tirel, alias "Taillevent". However, the earliest version of the work was written around 1300, about 10 years before Tirel's birth. The original author is unknown, but it was common for medieval recipe collections to be plagiarized, complemented with additional material and presented as the work of later authors. "Le Viandier" is one of the earliest and best-known recipe collections of the Middle Ages, along with the Latin "Liber de Coquina" (early 14th century) and the English "Forme of Cury" (c. 1390). Among other things, it contains the first detailed description of an entremet.
Le Viandier est un livre de recettes français de la fin du Moyen Âge, associé au nom de Guillaume Tirel, dit Taillevent, maître cuisinier des rois de France Charles V et Charles VI. Le plus ancien manuscrit connu, celui de Sion, daté de la seconde moitié du, prouve qu'il lui est antérieur.
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Pope Benedict XV
Benoît XV
Pope Benedict XV (Latin: "Benedictus XV"; ), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I and its political, social, and humanitarian consequences in Europe.
Giacomo della Chiesa, né à Pegli, près de Gênes (Italie), le et décédé le à Rome, fut le 258 évêque de Rome et donc pape de l’Église catholique sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien ') qu'il gouverna du à sa mort en 1922.
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Pope Leo XIII
Léon XIII
Pope Leo XIII (; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death. He was the oldest pope (reigning until the age of 93), and had the third-longest confirmed pontificate, behind those of Pius IX (his immediate predecessor) and John Paul II.
Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, né le et décédé le à Rome, est le 256 évêque de Rome et donc pape de l'Église catholique qu'il gouverna sous le nom de Léon XIII (nom latin :'; nom italien : ') de 1878 à 1903. Il est enterré en la basilique Saint-Jean-de-Latran.
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Free party
Free party
A free party is a party "free" from the restrictions of the legal club scene, similar to the free festival movement. It typically involves a sound system playing electronic dance music from late at night until the time when the organisers decide to go home. A free party can be composed of just one system or of many and if the party becomes a festival, it becomes a teknival. The parties can be thought of as autonomous zones where all the people present create and enforce the rules. This typically means that drugs are readily available and noise levels are usually illegally high. The word "free" in this context is used both to describe the entry fee and the lack of restrictions and law enforcement.
Une free party (également nommée « free », « teuf », « tawa » ou parfois « fête libre ») est une fête de musiques électroniques dépourvue de. Elle implique plus particulièrement un système de sonorisation diffusant de la musique électronique tard dans la nuit jusqu'au moment où les danseurs décident de rentrer chez eux. Une "free party" peut être composée d'un ou plusieurs systèmes, et si elle devient festival, elle est désignée en tant que teknival.
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Pope Pius XI
Pie XI
Pope Pius XI (), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in 1939. He was the first sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929. He took as his papal motto, "Pax Christi in Regno Christi," translated "The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ."
, né Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti le à Desio, dans le Royaume Lombardo-Vénitien, dans la province de Monza et de la Brianza (aujourd'hui Italie, à l'époque Empire d'Autriche) est un prêtre catholique, érudit, théologien et archevêque de Milan. Cardinal en 1921 il est élu l'année suivante 259 évêque de Rome, et donc pape de l'Église catholique.
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Pope John XXIII
Jean XXIII
Pope John XXIII (; ; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, ; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963; he was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was one of thirteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice. Roncalli was unexpectedly elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11 October 1962.
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, né le à Sotto il Monte, près de Bergame en Italie, et mort le à Rome, est un prélat catholique italien, élu pape le sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien '). En qualité d'évêque de Rome, il est le 261 pape de l'Église catholique, de 1958 à sa mort.
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Pope Pius IX
Pie IX
Pope Pius IX (, pronounced Pio nono; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 16 June 1846 to his death on 7 February 1878. He was the longest-reigning elected pope, serving for over 31 years. During his pontificate, Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council (1869–70), which decreed papal infallibility, but the council was cut short owing to the loss of the Papal States.
Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, né à Senigallia (Italie), le et mort au Vatican le, est le de l’Église catholique, élu le 16 juin 1846 sous le nom de (en latin ). Son pontificat de 31 ans est le plus long de l'histoire de la papauté après, selon la tradition, celui de Pierre.
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Pope Pius VII
Pie VII
Pope Pius VII (14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 March 1800 to his death in 1823. Chiaramonti was also a monk of the Order of Saint Benedict in addition to being a well-known theologian and bishop throughout his life.
Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti (en religion "Gregorio"), né le à Cesena (Romagne) et mort le à Rome, était un moine bénédictin, prieur de la basilique Saint-Paul-hors-les-Murs, une des quatre basiliques majeures de Rome et évêque de Tivoli en 1782. Transféré à Imola et créé cardinal en 1785, il fut élu pour devenir le de l’Église catholique le, et prend le nom de.
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Service du travail obligatoire
Service du travail obligatoire (France)
Dae-ho Lee (, Hanja: 李大浩; ; born June 21, 1982) is a South Korean professional baseball player who plays as a first baseman for the Lotte Giants of the KBO League. Lee has previously played for the Orix Buffaloes and Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), and the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Le service du travail obligatoire (STO) fut, durant l’occupation de la France par l’Allemagne nazie, la réquisition et le transfert vers l’Allemagne de centaines de milliers de travailleurs français contre leur gré, afin de participer à l’effort de guerre allemand que les revers militaires contraignaient à être sans cesse grandissant (usines, agriculture, chemins de fer, etc.). Les personnes réquisitionnées dans le cadre du STO étaient hébergées, accueillies dans des camps de travailleurs localisés sur le sol allemand. Il fut instauré par la loi du, faisant suite au relatif échec des politiques de volontariat et du système dit de "la Relève", qui aboutit à la présence en 1942, de 70 000 travailleurs venus de France en Allemagne, très en deçà des exigences de l'Occupant.
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Georges Bernanos
Georges Bernanos
Louis Émile Clément Georges Bernanos (; 20 February 1888 – 5 July 1948) was a French author, and a soldier in World War I. A Roman Catholic with monarchist leanings, he was critical of elitist thought and was opposed to what he identified as defeatism. He believed this had led to France's defeat and eventual occupation by Germany in 1940 during World War II. Most of his novels have been translated into English and frequently published in both Great Britain and the United States.
Georges Bernanos est un écrivain français, né le dans le de Paris et mort le à Neuilly-sur-Seine. Georges Bernanos passe sa jeunesse à Fressin, en Artois, et cette région du Pas-de-Calais constituera le décor de la plupart de ses romans. Il suit des études de droit à l'Institut Catholique de Paris. Il participe à la Première Guerre mondiale et y est plusieurs fois blessé, puis mène une vie matérielle difficile et instable en s'essayant à la littérature. Il obtient le succès avec ses romans "Sous le soleil de Satan", en 1926, et "Journal d'un curé de campagne", en 1936.
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Pope Benedict XIV
Benoît XIV
Pope Benedict XIV (; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was head of the Catholic Church from 17 August 1740 to his death in 1758.
Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, né à Bologne le 31 mars 1675, est le troisième enfant d'une famille noble des États pontificaux. Fils de Marcello Lambertini et de Lucrezia Bulgarini. Il devient le de l’Église catholique en 1740 sous le nom de (en latin, en italien ). Il meurt le 3 mai 1758.
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Privatization
Privatisation
Privatization (or privatisation in British English) can mean different things including moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation when a heavily regulated private company or industry becomes less regulated. Government functions and services may also be privatised (which may also be known as "franchising" or "out-sourcing"); in this case, private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or performance of government services that had previously been the purview of state-run agencies. Some examples include revenue collection, law enforcement, water supply, and prison management.
Une privatisation est un transfert de la propriété d'une grosse partie, voire de la totalité, du capital d'une entreprise du secteur public au secteur privé. Après une privatisation, une entreprise peut rester sous le contrôle partiel ou complet de l'État si ce dernier choisit de rester actionnaire. Les ont été les plus importantes, visant d'abord des sociétés en concurrence puis des monopoles publics. Elles se sont traduites par une logique de rentabilité renforcée, afin d'alimenter les espoirs de progression des cours de la société en Bourse, qui a parfois mené à la suppression de services non rentables lorsque les États ne les subventionnaient pas. Des hausses de tarifs ou des fermetures de sites jugés pas assez rentables ont pu rendre certaines privatisations impopulaires ou pointées du doigt par les mouvements antilibéraux dans les pays en voie de développement.
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Solomon W. Golomb
Solomon W. Golomb
Solomon Wolf Golomb (; May 30, 1932 – May 1, 2016) was an American mathematician, engineer, and professor of electrical engineering at the University of Southern California, best known for his works on mathematical games. Most notably, he invented Cheskers in 1948 and coined the name. He also fully described polyominoes and pentominoes in 1953. He specialized in problems of combinatorial analysis, number theory, coding theory, and communications. His game of pentomino inspired Tetris.
Solomon Wolf Golomb, né le à Baltimore (Maryland) et mort le à Los Angeles (Californie), est un mathématicien et un informaticien américain à l'origine du graphe de Golomb, des règles de Golomb, de la suite de Golomb et du codage de Golomb utilisé en compression de données.
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Latin declension
Déclinaisons latines
Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined, or have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are conjugated), and a given pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions.
Les déclinaisons latines sont au nombre de cinq et disposent chacune de six cas (nominatif N, vocatif V, accusatif ACC, génitif G, datif D et ablatif AB). Dans un dictionnaire latin, pour un nom donné, sont indiqués son nominatif singulier, son génitif singulier, puis son genre (féminin, masculin ou neutre). Par exemple : "rosa, ros, f.". Le du nom détermine à quelle déclinaison il appartient :
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Catacombs of Paris
Catacombes de Paris
The Catacombs of Paris ( "Catacombes de Paris", ) are underground ossuaries in Paris, France, which hold the remains of more than six million people in a small part of a tunnel network built to consolidate Paris' ancient stone quarries. Extending south from the Barrière d'Enfer ("Gate of Hell") former city gate, this ossuary was created as part of the effort to eliminate the city's overflowing cemeteries. Preparation work began not long after a 1774 series of gruesome Saint Innocents-cemetery-quarter basement wall collapses added a sense of urgency to the cemetery-eliminating measure, and from 1786, nightly processions of covered wagons transferred remains from most of Paris' cemeteries to a mine shaft opened near the.
Les catacombes de Paris, terme utilisé pour nommer lossuaire municipal, sont à l'origine une partie des anciennes carrières souterraines situées dans le de Paris, reliées entre elles par des galeries d'inspection. Elles sont transformées en ossuaire municipal à la fin du avec le transfert des restes d'environ six millions d'individus, évacués des divers cimetières parisiens jusqu'en 1861 pour des raisons de salubrité publique. Elles prennent alors le nom abusif de « catacombes », par analogie avec les nécropoles souterraines de la Rome antique, bien qu'elles n'aient jamais officiellement servi de lieu de sépulture.
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Mathematical model
Modèle mathématique
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemistry) and engineering disciplines (such as computer science, electrical engineering), as well as in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science).
Un modèle mathématique est une traduction d'une observation dans le but de lui appliquer les outils, les techniques et les théories mathématiques, puis généralement, en sens inverse, la traduction des résultats mathématiques obtenus en prédictions ou opérations dans le monde réel.
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Nationalization
Nationalisation
Nationalization, or nationalisation, is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to private assets or assets owned by lower levels of government, such as municipalities, being transferred to the state. The opposites of nationalization are privatization and demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization. Industries that are often subject to nationalization include telecommunications, electric power, fossil fuels, railways, airlines, iron ore, media, postal services, banks, and water.
Une nationalisation (ou étatisation) est un transfert de la propriété privée vers la propriété publique. Des nationalisations de moyens de production (usines, mines, banques, etc., tels les Charbonnages, EDF-GDF) accompagnées de la socialisation d'un pourcentage des profits tirés de la production industrielle, furent réalisées dans le contexte historique de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale caractérisé par une Résistance intérieure combative (dont le Parti communiste ) et extérieure (notamment gaulliste), par la défaite du régime nazi et par la constitution de la sphère d'influence américaine (plan Marshall) en terre européenne face à un glacis soviétique en Europe centrale et orientale.
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Pope Paul VI
Paul VI
Pope Paul VI (; ; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.
Giovanni Battista Montini, né le à Concesio, près de Brescia en Italie, et mort le à Castel Gandolfo, est un prélat catholique italien, élu pape le sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien '). En qualité d'évêque de Rome, il est le 262 pape de l'Église catholique, et son pontificat s'étend de 1963 à sa mort en 1978.
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Analeptic
Analeptique
An analeptic, in medicine, is a central nervous system stimulant. The term "analeptic" typically refers to respiratory analeptics (for example, doxapram). Analeptics are central nervous system stimulants that include a wide variety of medications used to treat depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and respiratory depression. Analeptics can also be used as convulsants, with low doses causing patients to experience heightened awareness, restlessness and rapid breathing. The primary medical use of these drugs is as an anesthetic recovery tool or to treat emergency respiratory depression. Other drugs of this category are prethcamide, pentylenetetrazole, and nikethamide. Nikethamide is now withdrawn due to risk of convulsions. Analeptics have recently been used to better understand the treatment of a barbiturate overdose. Through the use of agents researchers were able to treat obtundation and respiratory depression.
Un analeptique est un produit (pharmaceutique) ayant pour effet de stimuler certaines fonctions d'un organisme vivant. Parmi eux, il existe des cardioanaleptiques, des nooanaleptiques (favorisant l'idéation), des psychoanaleptiques, etc.
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Trygve Lie
Trygve Lie
Trygve Halvdan Lie (; ; 16 July 1896 – 30 December 1968) was a Norwegian politician, labour leader, government official and author. He served as Norwegian foreign minister during the critical years of the Norwegian government in exile in London from 1940 to 1945. From 1946 to 1952 he was the first Secretary-General of the United Nations. Lie earned a reputation as a pragmatic, determined politician.
Trygve Halvdan Lie, né le à Oslo et mort le à Geilo, est un diplomate et un homme politique norvégien. Il fut le premier secrétaire général des Nations unies.
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Martin Gardner
Martin Gardner
Martin Gardner (October 21, 1914May 22, 2010) was an American popular mathematics and popular science writer, with interests also encompassing scientific skepticism, micromagic, philosophy, religion, and literature—especially the writings of Lewis Carroll, L. Frank Baum, and G. K. Chesterton. He was also a leading authority on Lewis Carroll. "The Annotated Alice", which incorporated the text of Carroll's two Alice books, was his most successful work and sold over a million copies. He had a lifelong interest in magic and illusion and was regarded as one of the most important magicians of the twentieth century. He was considered the doyen of American puzzlers. He was a prolific and versatile author, publishing more than 100 books.
Martin Gardner (né le à Tulsa (Oklahoma) et mort le à Norman (Oklahoma)) est un écrivain américain de vulgarisation mathématique et scientifique, aux intérêts portant aussi bien sur le scepticisme scientifique, la micromagie, la philosophie, la religion et la littérature - en particulier les écrits de Lewis Carroll, L. Frank Baum, et GK Chesterton.
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Pierre Lévy
Pierre Lévy (philosophe)
Pierre Lévy (; born 1956 in Tunis) is a French philosopher, cultural theorist and media scholar who specializes in the understanding of the cultural and cognitive implications of digital technologies and the phenomenon of human collective intelligence.
Pierre Lévy, né en 1956 en Tunisie, est un philosophe, sociologue et chercheur en sciences de l'information et de la communication (SIC) français qui étudie l'impact d'Internet sur la société, les humanités numériques et le virtuel. Son travail est cité dans le champ de l', ou éthique appliquée aux NTIC. Il a théorisé la notion d'intelligence collective et tenté de créer un métalangage pour le numérique, baptisé IEML ("").
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Grey matter
Substance grise
Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons. The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.
On désigne sous le nom de substance grise la partie des tissus du système nerveux central composée essentiellement des corps cellulaires et de l'arbre dendritique des neurones ainsi que de certaines cellules gliales. Au microscope, la substance grise apparaît plus sombre que le reste du tissu nerveux, dit "substance blanche", qui est essentiellement constitué des faisceaux de fibres axonales gainées de myéline, à la couleur blanchâtre.
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Dollar
Dollar
Dollar (symbol: $) is the name of more than 20 currencies, including those of Australia, Brunei, Canada, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Liberia, Namibia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan and the United States.
Le dollar ($, Unicode U+0024) est le nom de la monnaie de plusieurs pays, dont l'Australie, le Canada, les États-Unis, la Nouvelle-Zélande, certains États des Caraibes, d'Asie et d'Amérique du Sud.
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Stimulant
Stimulant
Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines as well as without a prescription (either legally or illicitly) as performance-enhancing or recreational drugs. The most frequently prescribed stimulants as of 2013 were lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, and amphetamine. It is estimated that the percentage of the population that has used amphetamine-type stimulants (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, etc.) and cocaine combined is between 0.8% and 2.1%.
Un stimulant est une substance qui augmente l'activité du système nerveux sympathique facilitant ou améliorant certaines fonctions de l'organisme. Parmi les stimulants fréquemment consommés, on trouve la caféine contenue dans le thé et le café, ainsi que la nicotine présente en grandes quantités dans le tabac.
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Opiate
Opiacé
Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the opium poppy plant "Papaver somniferum". The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD. Opiates are considered drugs with moderate to high abuse potential and are listed on various "Substance-Control Schedules" under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of the United States of America.
Les opiacés sont des substances dérivées (au sens large) de l'opium et agissant sur les récepteurs opiacés. Les composés n'étant pas chimiquement apparentés à l'opium (c'est-à-dire non dérivés ou synthétisés à partir de composés naturellement présents dans l'opium) mais ayant une action similaire aux opiacés sur les récepteurs opiacés sont désignés sous le terme opioïdes.
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Cisco Systems
Cisco Systems
Cisco Systems, Inc. is an American multinational technology conglomerate headquartered in San Jose, California, in the center of Silicon Valley. Cisco develops, manufactures and sells networking hardware, software, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products. Through its numerous acquired subsidiaries, such as OpenDNS, Webex, Jabber and Jasper, Cisco specializes in specific tech markets, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), domain security and energy management. Cisco is incorporated in California.
Cisco Systems est une entreprise informatique américaine spécialisée, à l’origine, dans le matériel réseau (routeurs et commutateurs ethernet), et depuis 2009 dans les serveurs. Elle est dirigée par Chuck Robbins depuis juillet 2015. Son prédécesseur, John Chambers, était en fonction depuis 1995 et est président du conseil d'administration depuis novembre 2006.
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Oulipo
Oulipo
Oulipo (, short for ; roughly translated: ""workshop of potential literature"", stylized "OuLiPo") is a loose gathering of (mainly) French-speaking writers and mathematicians who seek to create works using constrained writing techniques. It was founded in 1960 by Raymond Queneau and François Le Lionnais. Other notable members have included novelists Georges Perec and Italo Calvino, poets Oskar Pastior, Jean Lescure and poet/mathematician Jacques Roubaud.
L'Ouvroir de littérature potentielle, généralement désigné par son acronyme OuLiPo (ou Oulipo), est un groupe de littérature surréaliste, inventive et innovante qui naît au XXème siècle. Il a pour but de découvrir de nouvelles potentialités du langage et de moderniser l’expression à travers des jeux d’écriture. Le groupe est célèbre pour ses défis mathématiques imposés à la langue, obligeant à des astuces créatives. L’Oulipo est fondée sur le principe que la contrainte provoque et incite à la recherche de solutions originales. Il faut déjouer les habitudes pour atteindre à la nouveauté. Ainsi, les membres fondateurs se plaisaient à se décrire comme des
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35-hour workweek
Réforme des 35 heures en France
The 35-hour working week is a part of a labour law reform adopted in France in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government. Pushed by Minister of Labour Martine Aubry, it was adopted in two phases: the "Aubry 1" law in June 1998 and "Aubry 2" law in January 2000.
La réforme des 35 heures est une mesure de politique économique française mise en place par le gouvernement Lionel Jospin à partir de l’année 2000 et obligatoire pour toutes les entreprises à compter du janvier 2002, par deux lois votées en 1998 et 2000 fixant la durée légale du temps de travail pour un salarié à temps plein à 35 heures par semaine, en moyenne annuelle, au lieu de 39 heures précédemment, en contrepartie d'une plus grande flexibilité des horaires. Cette mesure s'inscrit dans la continuité des lois de réduction de la durée légale du travail, notamment la mise en place des 40 heures par les Accords Matignon en juin 1936, qui ont, en France, participé à l'histoire de la réduction du temps de travail qui, depuis le, caractérise l'ensemble des économies développées.
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Lesotho
Lesotho
Lesotho (, ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho (), is an enclaved country within the border of South Africa. Along with the Vatican City and San Marino, it is one of only three independent states completely surrounded by the territory of another country, and the only one outside the Italian peninsula or that is not a microstate. Lesotho is just over and has a population of around million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. The official language is Sesotho.
Le Lesotho (en forme longue le royaume du Lesotho, en sotho du Sud et en anglais ) est un État d'Afrique australe, montagneux et sans accès à la mer, entièrement enclavé dans le territoire de l'Afrique du Sud, dont il est économiquement dépendant. Ancien protectorat britannique (Basutoland), le pays a accédé à l'indépendance en 1966. C'est aujourd'hui une monarchie constitutionnelle dont le souverain est Letsie III. Sa capitale et seule grande ville est Maseru. Le Lesotho compte environ deux millions d'habitants. Les Sothos y sont majoritaires. La plupart sont chrétiens. Les deux langues officielles sont l'anglais et le sotho du Sud.
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Catecholamine
Catécholamine
A catecholamine (; abbreviated CA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups next to each other) and a side-chain amine.
Les catécholamines sont des composés organiques synthétisés à partir de la tyrosine et jouant le rôle d'hormone ou de neurotransmetteur.
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Pineal gland
Glande pinéale
The pineal gland, conarium, or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone from which it derived its name. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join. The pineal gland is one of the neuroendocrine secretory circumventricular organs in which capillaries are mostly permeable to solutes in the blood.
La glande pinéale ou épiphyse est une petite glande endocrine de l'épithalamus du cerveau des vertébrés. À partir du tryptophane, elle sécrète la mélatonine et joue donc, par l'intermédiaire de cette hormone, un rôle central dans la régulation des rythmes biologiques (veille/sommeil et saisonniers). Connue depuis au moins l'époque de Galien (au ), la glande pinéale était baptisée "<!--
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Tryptophan
Tryptophane
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a non-polar aromatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it; it must be obtained from the diet. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin and vitamin B3. It is encoded by the codon UGG.
Le tryptophane (abréviations IUPAC-IUBMB : Trp et W) est un acide dont l'énantiomère est l'un des aminés protéinogènes, et l'un des aminés essentiels pour l'humain. Il est encodé sur les ARN messagers par le codon UGG.
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Neuron
Neurone
A neuron, neurone (old British spelling) or nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. It is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. Plants and fungi do not have nerve cells.
Un neurone, ou une cellule nerveuse, est une cellule excitable constituant l'unité fonctionnelle de la base du système nerveux. Les neurones assurent la transmission d'un signal bioélectrique appelé influx nerveux. Ils ont deux propriétés physiologiques : l'excitabilité, c'est-à-dire la capacité de répondre aux stimulations et de convertir celles-ci en impulsions nerveuses, et la conductivité, c'est-à-dire la capacité de transmettre les impulsions.
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Virus
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 6,000 virus species have been described in detail, of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology.
Un virus est un agent infectieux nécessitant un hôte, souvent une cellule, dont il utilise le métabolisme et les constituants pour se répliquer. Le nom "virus" a été emprunté au par Ambroise Paré au latin. La science des virus est la virologie, et ses experts sont des "virologues" ou "virologistes".
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Glucose
Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, which is the most abundant carbohydrate. In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose for metabolism is partially stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin and in animals as glycogen. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form of glucose is -glucose, while -glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is of lesser importance. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms, an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In water solution both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is the predominant. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals glucose arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis.
Le glucose est un sucre de formule brute. Le mot « glucose » provient du grec ancien τὸ γλεῦκος / "gleukos" qui désignait les vins doux ou liquoreux, voire le moût. Le suffixe -ose est un classificateur chimique précisant qu'il s'agit d'un glucide. Comme il ne peut être hydrolysé en glucides plus simples, il s'agit d'un ose, ou monosaccharide. La présence d'un groupe carbonyle de fonction aldéhyde dans sa forme linéaire en fait un aldose tandis que ses six atomes de carbone en font un hexose ; il s'agit par conséquent d'un aldohexose.
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Adrenal gland
Glande surrénale
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla. The adrenal cortex itself is divided into three zones: the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis.
Chez les mammifères et les oiseaux, les (ou plus simplement les "surrénales") ou glandes suprarénales sont deux glandes endocrines triangulaires situées au-dessus des reins, dans le rétropéritoine.
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Barcode reader
Lecteur de code-barres
A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an optical scanner that can read printed barcodes, decode the data contained in the barcode and send the data to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor translating for optical impulses into electrical signals. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain "decoder" circuitry that can analyze the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.
Un lecteur de code-barres est un appareil électronique servant à lire les informations stockées sous la forme de code-barres. Il est l'ancêtre du lecteur de code QR.
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Politics of the United States
Politique aux États-Unis
The United States is a federal constitutional republic, in which the President of the United States (the head of state and head of government), Congress, and judiciary share powers reserved to the national government, and the federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments.
Cet article concerne la politique aux États-Unis, les institutions politiques des États et du gouvernement fédéral et la vie politique américaine indépendamment des administrations successives. Les États-Unis sont une république fédérale à régime présidentiel.
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Near-Earth object
Objet géocroiseur
A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it to proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU). If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's, and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO). Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets.
Un objet géocroiseur (ou NEO, de l'anglais "") est un astéroïde ou une comète du système solaire que son orbite autour du Soleil amène à faible distance de l'orbite terrestre, et donc potentiellement à proximité de la Terre. Compte tenu de leur masse et de leur vitesse, les objets géocroiseurs peuvent entrainer une catastrophe humaine majeure éventuellement planétaire même si la probabilité d'un tel impact est extrêmement faible.
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Cortisol
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones. When used as a medication, it is known as hydrocortisone.
Le cortisol (ou hydro-cortisone) est une hormone stéroïde (corticostéroïde) sécrétée par la zone fasciculée du cortex (la partie externe) de la glande surrénale à partir du cholestérol, sous la dépendance de l'ACTH hypophysaire. Ses fonctions ou actions principales sont :
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Serotonin
Sérotonine
Serotonin () or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It has a popular image as a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness, though its actual biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
La sérotonine, encore appelée 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), est une monoamine de la famille des indolamines. C'est un neurotransmetteur dans le système nerveux central et dans les plexus intramuraux du tube digestif, ainsi qu'un autacoïde (hormone locale) libéré par les cellules entérochromaffines et les thrombocytes. La production de sérotonine a aussi été observée dans le placenta des souris et de l'humain.
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null
null
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Common Agricultural Policy
Politique agricole commune
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the agricultural policy of the European Union. It implements a system of agricultural subsidies and other programmes. It was introduced in 1962 and has undergone several changes since then to reduce the cost (from 73% of the EU budget in 1985 to 37% in 2017) and to also consider rural development in its aims. It has been criticised on the grounds of its cost, and its environmental and humanitarian impacts.
La politique agricole commune (PAC) est une politique mise en place à l'échelle de l'Union européenne. À l'origine, elle est fondée principalement sur des mesures de contrôle des prix et de subventionnement, visant à moderniser et développer l'agriculture. Elle est gerée par la Direction Générale « Agriculture et développement rural » de la Commission européenne. Au niveau français, elle est exécutée principalement via deux offices agricoles sous tutelle du Ministère de l'Agriculture (l'Agence de services et de paiement et France AgriMer).
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