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Treaty of San Francisco | Traité de San Francisco | The, also called the, re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers on behalf of the United Nations to officially end hostilities and to seek redress for actions up to and including World War II. It was officially signed by 49 nations on September 8, 1951, in San Francisco, California, U.S. at the War Memorial Opera House, with three member states refusing to sign: The Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia, all part of the Soviet Bloc, and a further two states refused to send representatives: India and Yugoslavia. Italy and China were not invited, the latter due to disagreements on whether the Republic of China or the People's Republic of China represented the Chinese people. Korea was also not invited due to a similar disagreement on whether South Korea or North Korea represented the Korean people. | Le traité de San Francisco, ou "traité de paix avec le Japon", est un traité qui a été signé le, en conformité avec la Charte des Nations unies et la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, à la fin de la « Conférence de la paix » concernant les campagnes du Pacifique. Cette conférence s'était ouverte, une semaine plus tôt, le dans la ville de San Francisco : la signature n’a été apposée que par quarante-huit des cinquante et un pays participants. Le traité est entré en vigueur l'année suivante, le. | [
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Taekwondo | Taekwondo | Taekwondo, Tae Kwon Do or Taekwon-Do (Korean,, ) is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques with kicks and striking being above waist height only. | Le taekwondo (, ) est un art martial d'origine sud-coréenne, dont le nom peut se traduire par "La voie du pied et du poing". | [
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Theism | Théisme | Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of a Supreme Being or deities. In common parlance, or when contrasted with "deism", the term often describes the classical conception of God that is found in monotheism (also referred to as classical theism) – or gods found in polytheistic religions—a belief in God or in gods without the rejection of revelation as is characteristic of deism. | Le théisme (du grec "theos", dieu) est une conception qui affirme l'existence d'un Dieu à la fois personnel, unique et cause du monde. Le théisme n'est pas nécessairement religieux, sauf dans les cas où la relation de l'homme avec Dieu passe par des intermédiaires (la religion). Selon le théisme philosophique, Dieu régit l'univers directement. | [
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Thermophile | Organisme thermophile | A thermophile is an organism—a type of extremophile—that thrives at relatively high temperatures, between. Many thermophiles are archaea. Thermophilic eubacteria are suggested to have been among the earliest bacteria. | Les organismes thermophiles (du grec "thermê", chaleur et "philein", aimer) ou hyperthermophiles sont des organismes qui ont besoin d'une température élevée pour vivre. Ils font partie des organismes extrémophiles. Les premiers ont été découverts à la fin des années 1960 par Thomas D. Brock dans le parc national de Yellowstone. | [
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The Clash | The Clash | The Clash were an English rock band formed in London in 1976 as a key player in the original wave of British punk rock. They also contributed to the and new wave movements that emerged in the wake of punk and employed elements of a variety of genres including reggae, dub, funk, ska, and rockabilly. For most of their recording career, the Clash consisted of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Joe Strummer, lead guitarist and vocalist Mick Jones, bassist Paul Simonon, and drummer Nicky "Topper" Headon. Headon left the group in 1982 and internal friction led to Jones' departure the following year. The group continued with new members, but finally disbanded in early 1985. | The Clash est un groupe de punk rock britannique, originaire de Londres, en Angleterre. Il s'agit d'un des quatuors majeurs de l'histoire du rock et du punk rock britannique. Le groupe commence sa carrière en 1976 et se dissout en 1986. En 2003, la formation entre au "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". | [
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Terry Pratchett | Terry Pratchett | Sir Terence David John Pratchett (28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015) was an English humorist, satirist, and author of fantasy novels, especially comical works. He is best known for his "Discworld" series of 41 novels. | Terry Pratchett est un écrivain britannique né le à Beaconsfield (Buckinghamshire) et mort le à Broad Chalke (Wiltshire). Il est principalement connu pour ses romans de fantasy humoristique prenant place dans l'univers du Disque-monde, dans lequel il détourne les canons du genre pour se livrer à une satire de divers aspects de la société contemporaine. | [
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Uruguay | Uruguay | Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (; ), is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata (River of Silver) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.51 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, after Suriname. | L’Uruguay (), en forme longue la république orientale de l'Uruguay, et, est un pays du Cône Sud de l’Amérique du Sud, situé au sud du Brésil et à l’est-nord-est de l’Argentine, dont il est séparé par le fleuve Uruguay qui lui a donné son nom. | [
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Umberto I of Italy | Humbert Ier (roi d'Italie) | Umberto I (; 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900), nicknamed "the Good" (Italian: "il Buono"), was the King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his assassination on 29 July 1900. | Humbert (en italien "Umberto I"), né le et mort le, de la maison de Savoie, est roi d'Italie du jusqu'à son assassinat. Il est le fils de Victor-Emmanuel II et d'Adélaïde de Habsbourg-Lorraine. | [
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Tunisia | Tunisie | Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is also the northernmost point on the African continent. Tunisia is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was 11.7 million in 2019. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis (Berber native name: Tunest), which is located on its northeast coast. | , en forme longue, est un État d'Afrique du Nord bordé au nord et à l'est par la mer Méditerranée ( kilomètres de côtes), à l'ouest par l'Algérie avec de frontière commune et au sud-sud-est par la Libye avec de frontière. Sa capitale Tunis est située dans le nord-est du pays, au fond du golfe du même nom. Plus de 30 % de la superficie du territoire est occupée par le désert du Sahara, le reste étant constitué de régions montagneuses et de plaines fertiles. | [
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Uniform Resource Name | Uniform Resource Name | A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that uses the scheme. URNs are globally unique persistent identifiers assigned within defined namespaces so they will be available for a long period of time, even after the resource which they identify ceases to exist or becomes unavailable. URNs can not be used to directly locate an item and need not be resolvable as they are simply templates for another parser to use to find an item. | Un ULM (sigle formé à partir de planeur ultra-léger motorisé) est un aéronef ultra-léger muni d'un moteur dont la licence de pilotage et les conditions de navigabilité spécifiques sont simplifiées par rapport à la licence de pilote privé et la certification d'un avion. La plupart des ULM peuvent décoller et atterrir sur des distances réduites hors des aérodromes, mais les plus performants s'apparentent aux avions légers. | [
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USB | Universal Serial Bus | Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables and connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply (interfacing) between computers, peripherals and other computers. Released in 1996, the USB standard is currently maintained by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). There have been four generations of USB specifications: USB 1."x", USB 2.0, USB 3."x" and USB4. | Uniform Resource Name (URN), traduit littéralement de l'anglais par « nom uniforme de ressource », est le nom d'un standard informatique dans le domaine de l'Internet qui concerne principalement le World Wide Web. | [
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Utah | Utah | Utah (, ) is a doubly landlocked state in the western United States. It is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, and with a population over three million, the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population, and Washington County in the south, with more than 170,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin. | L'Utah ( ; ou ;, ) est un État de l'Ouest des États-Unis. La capitale est Salt Lake City, centre d'une zone urbaine où vivent 88 % des de l'État. L'Utah est connu pour sa grande diversité géologique, avec des montagnes enneigées, des vallées aux fortes rivières et des déserts arides aux formes géologiques spectaculaires. Un des emblèmes de cet État est ainsi une arche naturelle (Delicate Arch, située dans le parc national des Arches). | [
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Ultralight aviation | Planeur ultra-léger motorisé | Ultralight aviation (called microlight aviation in some countries) is the flying of lightweight, 1- or 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between weight-shift control and conventional 3-axis control aircraft with ailerons, elevator and rudder, calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight". | Le terme anglais ou USB (en français "bus universel en série") est une norme relative à un bus informatique en série qui sert à connecter des périphériques informatiques à un ordinateur ou à tout type d'appareil prévu à cet effet (tablette, ). Le bus USB permet de connecter des périphériques "à chaud" (quand l'ordinateur est en marche) et en bénéficiant du " qui reconnaît automatiquement le périphérique. Il peut alimenter les périphériques peu gourmands en énergie (clé USB, disques SSD). | [
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Union for French Democracy | Union pour la démocratie française | The Union for French Democracy (, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France. It was founded in 1978 as an electoral alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in order to counterbalance the Gaullist preponderance over the political right in France. This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, "Démocratie française". The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals, and non-Gaullist conservatives, and described itself as centrist. | L’Union pour la démocratie française (UDF) est un parti politique français composé de différents partis de centre droit et de droite non gaullistes, d'inspiration démocrate-chrétienne, libérale et laïque. Fondée en 1978 en soutien au président Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (chef de l'État de 1974 à 1981), l'UDF revient au pouvoir de 1986 à 1988, puis de 1993 à 1997 en s'alliant avec le RPR. Depuis le, et la création du Mouvement démocrate (MoDem) dont elle est le principal membre fondateur, elle ne conserve qu'une existence légale. | [
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Urban planning | Urbanisme | Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks. Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern is the public welfare, which includes considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as effects on social and economic activities. Urban planning is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social science, architecture, human geography, politics, engineering and design sciences. It is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas. Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development, physical planning, urban management or some combination in various areas worldwide. | L’urbanisme désigne l'ensemble des sciences, des techniques et des arts relatifs à l'organisation et à l'aménagement des espaces urbains. Ce projet peut être sous-tendu par une volonté d'assurer le bien-être de l'homme et d'améliorer les rapports sociaux en préservant l'environnement. Les professionnels qui exercent ce métier sont des urbanistes. | [
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Utopia | Utopie | A utopia ( ) is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens. The opposite of a utopia is a dystopia. | L’utopie (mot forgé par l'écrivain anglais Thomas More, du grec « en aucun lieu ») est une représentation d'une société idéale sans défaut contrairement à la réalité. C'est un genre d'apologue qui se traduit, dans les écrits, par un régime politique idéal (qui gouvernerait parfaitement les Hommes), une société parfaite (sans injustice par exemple, comme la Callipolis de Platon ou la découverte de l'Eldorado dans "Candide") ou encore une communauté d'individus vivant heureux et en harmonie (l'abbaye de Thélème dans "Gargantua" de Rabelais en 1534), souvent écrites pour dénoncer les injustices et dérives de leurs temps. | [
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Uranus | Uranus (planète) | Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have bulk chemical compositions which differ from that of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often classify Uranus and Neptune as "ice giants" to distinguish them from the gas giants. Uranus' atmosphere is similar to Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition of hydrogen and helium, but it contains more "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of other hydrocarbons. It has the coldest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum temperature of, and has a complex, layered cloud structure with water thought to make up the lowest clouds and methane the uppermost layer of clouds. The interior of Uranus is mainly composed of ices and rock. | Uranus est la septième planète du Système solaire par sa distance au Soleil, la troisième par la taille et la quatrième par la masse. Elle doit son nom à la divinité romaine du ciel Uranus, père de Saturne et grand-père de Jupiter, noms que portent les deux planètes la précédant dans le Système solaire. | [
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Vosges (department) | Vosges (département) | Vosges () is an eastern department of France named after the Vosges mountain range. It consists of 17 cantons and 507 communes, of which 234 are rural, including the commune of Domrémy-la-Pucelle, where Joan of Arc was born. | Les Vosges ( ) sont un département français de la région Grand Est, situé dans la région historique et culturelle de Lorraine. Elles tirent leur nom du massif des Vosges qui occupe une grande partie de son territoire. Son chef-lieu est Épinal. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 88. | [
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Var (department) | Var (département) | Var (, ) is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It takes its name from the river Var, which flowed along its eastern boundary, until the boundary was moved in 1860. The Var department is bordered on the east by the department of Alpes-Maritimes, to the west by Bouches-du-Rhône, to the north of the river Verdon by the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and to the south by the Mediterranean Sea. | Le Var est un département français de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, qui doit son nom au fleuve côtier qui constituait jadis la limite orientale du département mais ne l'arrose plus aujourd'hui. C'est le seul département français à avoir eu dans l'histoire quatre chefs-lieux différents : Brignoles, Grasse, Draguignan et enfin Toulon. Actuellement, le chef-lieu du département est Toulon, tandis que Draguignan et Brignoles ne sont plus que des sous-préfectures, tout comme Grasse, aujourd'hui sous-préfecture des Alpes-Maritimes. Les habitants du Var sont appelés les Varois. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le. | [
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Eugène Viollet-le-Duc | Eugène Viollet-le-Duc | Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (; 27 January 181417 September 1879) was a French architect and author who restored many prominent medieval landmarks in France, including those which had been damaged or abandoned during the French Revolution. His major restoration projects included Notre-Dame de Paris, the Basilica of Saint Denis, Mont Saint-Michel, Sainte-Chapelle, and the medieval walls of the city of Carcassonne. His later writings on the relationship between form and function in architecture had a notable influence on a new generation of architects, including Antoni Gaudí, Victor Horta, and Louis Sullivan. | Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, né le à Paris et mort le à Lausanne, est l'un des architectes français les plus célèbres du, connu auprès du grand public pour ses restaurations de constructions médiévales, édifices religieux et châteaux. | [
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Vizier | Vizir | A vizier (or wazir) (, rarely ; "wazīr", "vazīr") is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the Muslim world. The Abbasid caliphs gave the title "wazir" to a minister formerly called "katib" (secretary), who was at first merely a helper but afterwards became the representative and successor of the "dapir" (official scribe or secretary) of the Sassanian kings. | Le mot arabe vizir (وزیر en arabe et en persan, parfois transcrit en "vizir", "vazir", "wasîr", "wesir" ou encore "wezir"), désigne un fonctionnaire de haut rang, ayant un rôle de conseiller ou de ministre auprès des dirigeants musulmans (califes, émirs, maliks, padishah ou sultans). | [
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Vicente Fox | Vicente Fox | Vicente Fox Quesada (; born 2 July 1942) is a Mexican businessman and politician who served as the 55th President of Mexico from 1 December 2000 to 30 November 2006. | Vicente Fox, né le à Mexico, est un dirigeant d'entreprise et homme d'État mexicain, président de la République du au. | [
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Voltmeter | Voltmètre | A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog-to-digital converter. | Le voltmètre est un appareil qui permet de mesurer la tension (ou différence de potentiel électrique) entre deux points, grandeur dont l'unité de mesure est le volt (V). Le plus souvent, il peut mesurer des tensions continues et alternatives. La grande majorité des appareils de mesure actuels est construite autour d'un voltmètre numérique, la grandeur physique à mesurer étant convertie en tension à l'aide d'un capteur approprié. C'est le cas du multimètre numérique qui, en plus d'offrir la fonction voltmètre, comporte au moins un convertisseur courant tension permettant de le faire fonctionner en ampèremètre et un générateur de courant constant pour fonctionner en ohmmètre. | [
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Volvo | Volvo | The Volvo Group (; legally Aktiebolaget Volvo, shortened to AB Volvo, stylized as VOLVO) is a Swedish multinational manufacturing company headquartered in Gothenburg. While its core activity is the production, distribution and sale of trucks, buses and construction equipment, Volvo also supplies marine and industrial drive systems and financial services. In 2016, it was the world's second largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks. | Volvo, fondée en 1927 en Suède avec l'aide de la société SKF, est un conglomérat industriel suédois de fabrication de camions, d'autocars et d'autobus, d'engins de chantier et de moteurs marins et industriels. En latin, "volvo" — première personne du présent de l'indicatif du verbe "volvere" — signifie « je roule ». | [
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Spacecraft | Véhicule spatial | A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket). | On entend par véhicule spatial ou astronef ou spationef un véhicule permettant de se déplacer dans l'espace ou d'y accéder depuis la surface d'un corps céleste. | [
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Cloak of Deception | Vent de trahison | Cloak of Deception is a 2001 novel set in the "Star Wars" galaxy. It is a prequel novel occurring before the events of "". The book was written by James Luceno. The cover art was by Steven Anderson. The book takes place 32.5 years before "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope". Narration for the audio version was performed by Alexander Adams. The paperback version included a 15-page excerpt of "". | Vent de trahison (titre original : "Cloak of Deception") est un roman de science-fiction écrit par James Luceno. Publié aux États-Unis par Del Rey Books en 2001, il a été traduit en français et publié par les éditions Presses de la Cité en 2002. Ce roman, se déroulant dans l'univers étendu de "Star Wars", est la deuxième préquelle officielle du film "". | [
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Vowel | Voyelle | A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (length). They are usually voiced, and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress. | En phonétique, on appelle voyelle un son du langage humain dont le mode de production est caractérisé par le libre passage de l'air dans les cavités situées au-dessus de la glotte, à savoir la cavité buccale et/ou les fosses nasales. Ces cavités servent de filtres dont la forme et la contribution relative à l'écoulement de l'air influent sur la qualité du son obtenu. La plupart des voyelles utilisées dans les langues sont "sonores", c'est-à-dire qu'elles sont prononcées avec une vibration des cordes vocales, le chuchotement utilise – par définition – des voyelles sourdes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Veps language | Vepse | The Veps language (also known as Vepsian language; natively as'or '), spoken by the Vepsians (also known as "Veps"), belongs to the Finnic group of the Uralic languages. Closely related to Finnish and Karelian, Veps is also written using Latin script. | Le vepse est une langue qui appartient à la branche fennique de la famille des langues finno-ougriennes. Il est étroitement apparenté au carélien, à l'estonien et au finnois. Il est parlé par les Vepses formant un groupe d'un peu plus de habitant sur la rive ouest du lac Onega (en Carélie russe), dans la partie est de l'oblast de Léningrad et dans la partie ouest de l'oblast de Vologda. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Union for a Popular Movement | Union pour un mouvement populaire | The Union for a Popular Movement ( ; UMP ) was a centre-right political party in France that was one of the two major contemporary political parties in France along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS). The UMP was formed in 2002 as a merger of several centre-right parties under the leadership of President Jacques Chirac. In May 2015, the party was renamed and succeeded by The Republicans (""). | L'Union pour un mouvement populaire (UMP) est un parti politique français classé du centre droit à la droite de l'échiquier politique. | [
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Toulouse | Toulouse | Toulouse (, ; ; ; ) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie. The city is on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean and from Paris. It is the fourth-largest city in France, with 479,553 inhabitants within its municipal boundaries (as of January 2017), and 1,360,829 inhabitants within its wider metropolitan area (also as of January 2017), after Paris, Lyon and Marseille, and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux. | Toulouse ( ) est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France. Capitale pendant près de cent ans du royaume wisigoth, une des capitales du royaume d'Aquitaine et capitale historique du Languedoc, elle est aujourd'hui le chef-lieu de la région Occitanie, du département de la Haute-Garonne, et est le siège de Toulouse Métropole. Elle était également le chef-lieu de l'ancienne région Midi-Pyrénées jusqu'à sa disparition au janvier 2016. | [
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Spaceflight | Vol spatial | Spaceflight (or space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space and an application of astronautics. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union was the first human to conduct a spaceflight. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of uncrewed spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous. | Le vol spatial est le mouvement d'un astronef dans et à travers l'espace. Le vol spatial est utilisé dans le cadre de l'exploration spatiale, et dans les activités commerciales liées telles que le tourisme spatial et les satellites de télécommunication. D'autres usages non commerciaux sont également recensés, tels que les télescopes spatiaux et les satellites espions ou ceux d'observation de la planète. | [
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Canopic jar | Vase canope | Canopic jars were used by the ancient Egyptians during the mummification process to store and preserve the viscera of their owner for the afterlife. They were commonly either carved from limestone or were made of pottery. These jars were used by the ancient Egyptians from the time of the Old Kingdom until the time of the Late Period or the Ptolemaic Period, by which time the viscera were simply wrapped and placed with the body. The viscera were not kept in a single canopic jar: each jar was reserved for specific organs. The name "canopic" reflects the mistaken association by early Egyptologists with the Greek legend of Canopus - the boat captain of Menelaus on the voyage to Troy - "who was buried at Canopus in the Delta where he was worshiped in the form of a jar". | Dans l'Égypte antique, les vases canopes, au nombre de quatre, étaient destinés à recevoir les viscères embaumés du défunt. Ils étaient fabriqués en calcaire, en albâtre, en terre cuite, en céramique ou en faïence et étaient déposés près du sarcophage, dans la chambre funéraire du tombeau, sur une caisse ou une cuve. | [
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Venezuela | Venezuela | Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km (353,841 sq mi) and the population of Venezuela was estimated at 28 million in 2019. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas. | Le Venezuela ou Vénézuéla ( ), en forme longue la république bolivarienne du Venezuela, en espagnol "", nom officiel en l'honneur de Simón Bolívar, est une république fédérale située dans la partie la plus septentrionale de l'Amérique du Sud, bordé au nord par la mer des Caraïbes, à l'est-sud-est par le Guyana, au sud par le Brésil, au sud-sud-ouest et à l'ouest par la Colombie. | [
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HIV | Virus de l'immunodéficience humaine | The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of "Lentivirus" (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual intercourse if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. | Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine ou VIH (en anglais, "human immunodeficiency viruses" ou "HIV") est un rétrovirus infectant l'humain et responsable du syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (sida), qui est un état affaibli du système immunitaire le rendant vulnérable à de multiples infections opportunistes. | [
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House of Valois | Maison de Valois | The House of Valois (,, ) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. They succeeded the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians") to the French throne, and were the royal house of France from 1328 to 1589. Junior members of the family founded cadet branches in Orléans, Anjou, Burgundy, and Alençon. | La maison de Valois est la branche cadette de la dynastie capétienne qui régna sur le royaume de France de 1328 à 1589. Elle succède aux Capétiens directs et précède les Bourbons. | [
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V. S. Naipaul | V. S. Naipaul | Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (; 17 August 1932 – 11 August 2018), most commonly known as V. S. Naipaul, and informally, Vidia Naipaul, was a Trinidad and Tobago-born British writer of works of fiction and nonfiction in English. He is known for his comic early novels set in Trinidad, his bleaker novels of alienation in the wider world, and his vigilant chronicles of life and travels. He wrote in prose that was widely admired, but his views sometimes aroused controversy. He published more than thirty books over fifty years. | Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, plus connu sous la signature V. S. Naipaul, né le à Chaguanas à Trinité-et-Tobago et mort le à Londres au Royaume-Uni, est un écrivain britannique lauréat du prix Nobel de littérature en 2001. | [
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Venus | Vénus (planète) | Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. As the second-brightest natural object in the night sky after the Moon, Venus can cast shadows and can be, on rare occasion, visible to the naked eye in broad daylight. Venus lies within Earth's orbit, and so never appears to venture far from the Sun, either setting in the west just after dusk or rising in the east a bit before dawn. Venus orbits the Sun every 224.7 Earth days. With a rotation period of 243 Earth days, it takes longer to rotate about its axis than any other planet in the Solar System and does so in the opposite direction to all but Uranus (meaning the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east). Venus does not have any moons, a distinction it shares only with Mercury among planets in the Solar System. | Vénus est une des quatre planètes telluriques du Système solaire. Elle est la deuxième planète par ordre d'éloignement au Soleil, et la sixième par masse ou par taille décroissantes. | [
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Warsaw | Varsovie | Warsaw ( ; ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.8 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 7th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover, while the metropolitan area covers. Warsaw is an alpha global city, a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. | Varsovie ( ; ) est depuis 1596 la capitale de la Pologne et depuis 1999 le chef-lieu de la voïvodie de Mazovie. Elle est située sur la Vistule, à environ de la mer Baltique et des Carpates. Peuplée par plus d' d'habitants ( pour l'agglomération), la capitale polonaise est aussi la plus grande ville du pays et la grande de l'Union européenne. Varsovie se divise en dix-huit arrondissements ("dzielnice"). | [
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Mortimer Wheeler | Mortimer Wheeler | Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler (10 September 1890 – 22 July 1976) was a British archaeologist and officer in the British Army. Over the course of his career, he served as Director of both the National Museum of Wales and London Museum, Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, and the founder and Honorary Director of the Institute of Archaeology in London, in addition to writing twenty-four books on archaeological subjects. | Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler, est un archéologue écossais (Glasgow, - Londres, ), inventeur de la méthode de fouille dite « Méthode de Wheeler » ou de « Fouilles en carrés », qui est antérieure à la méthode de fouille en aire ouverte. | [
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V-2 rocket | V2 (missile) | The V-2 (, "Retribution Weapon 2"), technical name "Aggregat 4" (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. The missile, powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was developed during the Second World War in Germany as a "vengeance weapon", assigned to attack Allied cities as retaliation for the Allied bombings against German cities. The V-2 rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the Kármán line with the vertical launch of MW 18014 on 20 June 1944. | Le V2 (de l'allemand Vergeltungswaffe 2 : « arme de représailles ») ou Aggregat 4 ou A4 est un missile balistique développé par l'Allemagne nazie durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et lancé à plusieurs milliers d'exemplaires en 1944 et 1945 contre les populations civiles, principalement au Royaume-Uni et en Belgique. | [
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William Gibson | William Gibson | William Ford Gibson (born March 17, 1948) is an American-Canadian speculative fiction writer and essayist widely credited with pioneering the science fiction subgenre known as "cyberpunk". Beginning his writing career in the late 1970s, his early works were noir, near-future stories that explored the effects of technology, cybernetics, and computer networks on humans—a "combination of lowlife and high tech"—and helped to create an iconography for the information age before the ubiquity of the Internet in the 1990s. Gibson notably coined the term "cyberspace" for "widespread, interconnected digital technology" in his short story "Burning Chrome" (1982), and later popularized the concept in his acclaimed debut novel "Neuromancer" (1984). These early works of Gibson's have been credited with "renovating" science fiction literature in the 1980s. | William Gibson, né le à Conway en Caroline du Sud, est un écrivain américain de science-fiction et l'un des leaders du mouvement cyberpunk. | [
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World Wide Web Consortium | World Wide Web Consortium | The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 and currently led by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web., W3C had 443 members. W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web. | Le World Wide Web Consortium, abrégé par le sigle W3C, est un organisme de standardisation à but non lucratif, fondé en chargé de promouvoir la compatibilité des technologies du World Wide Web telles que HTML5, HTML, XHTML, XML, RDF, SPARQL, CSS, XSL, PNG, SVG et SOAP. Fonctionnant comme un consortium international, il regroupe, au, 429 entreprises partenaires. | [
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Washi | Washi | "Washi" is generally tougher than ordinary paper made from wood pulp, and is used in many traditional arts. Origami, Shodo, and Ukiyo-e were all produced using "washi". "Washi" was also used to make various everyday goods like clothes, household goods, and toys, as well as vestments and ritual objects for Shinto priests and statues of Buddha. It was even used to make wreaths that were given to winners in the 1998 Winter Paralympics. Several kinds of "washi", referred to collectively as Japanese tissue, are used in the conservation and mending of books. | Le washi, également prononcé wagami () littéralement, est le papier fabriqué artisanalement au Japon depuis le. Ce papier aux longues fibres de mûrier à papier entrelacées est léger, flexible et solide. | [
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Windows 98 | Windows 98 | Windows 98 is an operating system developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows 9x family of Microsoft Windows operating systems. It is the successor to Windows 95, and was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998, and generally to retail on June 25, 1998. Like its predecessor, it is a hybrid 16-bit and 32-bit monolithic product with the boot stage based on MS-DOS. | Windows 98 s'est vendu en 1998 à 15 millions d'unités, quand Windows 95 s'était vendu à 13 millions d'unités l'année de son lancement, dominant ainsi le marché des particuliers et gagnant peu à peu les entreprises, malgré le fait que la majorité d'entre elles utilisent encore Windows 95 (voire Windows 3.11) et soient réticentes à passer à 98, du fait de l'absence de changements majeurs. | [
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Webcam | Webcam | A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in real time to or through a computer to a computer network, such as the Internet. Webcams are typically small cameras that sit on a desk, attach to a user's monitor, or are built into the hardware. Webcams can be used during a video chat session involving two or more people, with conversations that include live audio and video. For example, Apple's iSight camera, which is built into Apple laptops, iMacs and a number of iPhones, can be used for video chat sessions, using the iChat instant messaging program (now called Messages). Webcam software enables users to record a video or stream the video on the Internet. As video streaming over the Internet requires much bandwidth, such streams usually use compressed formats. The maximum resolution of a webcam is also lower than most handheld video cameras, as higher resolutions would be reduced during transmission. The lower resolution enables webcams to be relatively inexpensive compared to most video cameras, but the effect is adequate for video chat sessions. | Une webcam, parfois cybercaméra ou webcaméra, est une caméra conçue pour être utilisée comme un périphérique d'ordinateur, et qui produit une vidéo dont la finalité n'est pas d'atteindre une haute qualité, mais de pouvoir être transmise en direct au travers d'un réseau, typiquement Internet. Cela dit, la norme HD (haute définition) tend à se généraliser avec l'Internet haut débit. | [
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Wolfenstein 3D | Wolfenstein 3D | Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Apogee Software and FormGen. Originally released on May 5, 1992 for DOS, it was inspired by the 1981 Muse Software video game "Castle Wolfenstein", and is the third installment in the "Wolfenstein" series. In "Wolfenstein 3D", the player assumes the role of Allied spy William "B.J." Blazkowicz during World War II as he escapes from the Nazi German prison Castle Wolfenstein and carries out a series of crucial missions against the Nazis. The player traverses each of the game's levels to find an elevator to the next level or kill a final boss, fighting Nazi soldiers, dogs, and other enemies with knives and a variety of guns. | Wolfenstein 3D est un jeu vidéo de tir à la première personne développé par et publié par le sur MS-DOS. Il s’inspire des jeux'et'développés par dans les années 1980. Le joueur y incarne l’espion B.J. Blazkowicz qui tente de s’échapper d’un château nazi, dans lequel il est emprisonné, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Pour cela, il doit explorer plusieurs niveaux pour en retrouver l’ascenseur ou le boss et combattre des ennemis à l'aide d’un couteau, d’un pistolet et des autres armes qu’il peut trouver. | [
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Volapük | Volapük | Volapük ( in English; in Volapük) is a constructed language created in 1879 and 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest in Baden, Germany. Schleyer felt that God had told him in a dream to create an international language. Volapük conventions took place in 1884 (Friedrichshafen), 1887 (Munich) and 1889 (Paris). The first two conventions used German, and the last conference used only Volapük. In 1889, there were an estimated 283 clubs, 25 periodicals in or about Volapük, and 316 textbooks in 25 languages; at that time the language claimed nearly a million adherents. Volapük was largely displaced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Esperanto. | Le volapük (, parfois écrit sans tréma) est une langue construite créée en 1879-1880 par Johann Martin Schleyer, un prêtre catholique allemand, qui lors d'une insomnie sentit que Dieu lui commandait de créer une langue auxiliaire internationale. Des congrès de volapük eurent lieu en 1884 (Friedrichshafen), 1887 (Munich) et 1889 (Paris). Après un rapide développement (il y aurait eu un million de volapükistes en 1889), la langue perd rapidement un grand nombre de locuteurs au profit de l'espéranto. Malgré cela, le volapük survit, réformé dans les années 1920 sous l'impulsion d'Arie de Jong. Aujourd'hui, il existe quelques dizaines de volapükistes, actifs surtout sur internet. | [
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Water polo | Water-polo | Water polo is a competitive team sport played in water between two teams. The game consists of four quarters in which the two teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team's goal. The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match. Each team is made up of six field players and one goalkeeper. Excluding the goalkeeper, players participate in both offensive and defensive roles. Water polo is typically played in an all-deep pool so that players cannot touch the bottom. | Le water-polo est un sport collectif aquatique opposant deux formations de sept joueurs. Il fut codifié dans le Royaume-Uni à la fin du et devint sport olympique en 1900 pour les hommes, et en 2000 pour les femmes. | [
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Wine | Vin | Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and heat. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the grape's growing environment (terroir), and the production process. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine. These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. Wines not made from grapes involve fermentation of additional crops including, rice wine and other fruit wines such as plum, cherry, pomegranate, currant and elderberry. | Le vin est une boisson alcoolisée obtenue par la fermentation du raisin, fruit de la vigne viticole. La transformation du raisin en vin est appelée la vinification. L'étude du vin est l'œnologie. La grande variété de vins existant au monde s'explique par les différences de terroirs, de cépages, de modes de vinification ou de types d'élevage. Ainsi ils peuvent donner des vins rouges, rosés ou blancs, mais aussi des vins avec un taux de sucre résiduel variant (secs ou doux), ou une effervescence variante (tranquilles ou effervescents). La viticulture a colonisé une vaste partie du monde et de très nombreux pays sont producteurs de vin. | [
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Wernher von Braun | Wernher von Braun | Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (March 23, 1912 – June 16, 1977) was a German and later American aerospace engineer and space architect. He was the leading figure in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany and a pioneer of rocket and space technology in the United States. | Wernher von Braun est un ingénieur allemand, né le à Wirsitz, en Posnanie, et mort le à Alexandria, en Virginie. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est l'un des principaux ingénieurs qui permettent le vol des fusées allemandes de type V2, le premier missile balistique de l'histoire ; dans l'administration du Troisième Reich, il atteint le grade de SS-"Sturmbannführer". Transféré aux États-Unis après la capitulation allemande, il est naturalisé américain en 1955 et joue un rôle majeur dans le développement des fusées, notamment celles qui ont permis la conquête spatiale américaine. | [
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World Trade Center (1973–2001) | World Trade Center | The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center, at ; and 2 World Trade Center, at —were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained of office space. | Le World Trade Center de la ville de New York (abrégé WTC) est un complexe composé d'immeubles d'affaires situé dans le quartier de Lower Manhattan, aux États-Unis. Conçu par l'architecte Minoru Yamasaki et développé par la Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, il a été inauguré le mercredi. | [
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Xbox (console) | Xbox | The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of video game consoles manufactured by Microsoft. It was released as Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market on November 15, 2001, in North America, followed by Australia, Europe and Japan in 2002. It is classified as a sixth generation console, competing with Sony's PlayStation 2 and Nintendo's GameCube. It was also the first major console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996. | La Xbox de Microsoft est une console de jeux vidéo sortie aux États-Unis le. Microsoft fait avec ses premiers pas dans ce secteur, après avoir collaboré avec Sega pour porter Windows CE sur Dreamcast, et après avoir développé depuis plusieurs années des jeux Microsoft Game Studios et des accessoires de jeux vidéo SideWinder pour les PC sous Windows. | [
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Xerox | Xerox | Xerox Holdings Corporation (; also known simply as Xerox) is an American corporation that sells print and digital document products and services in more than 160 countries. Xerox is headquartered in Norwalk, Connecticut (having moved from Stamford, Connecticut, in October 2007), though its largest population of employees is based around Rochester, New York, the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased Affiliated Computer Services for $6.4 billion in early 2010. As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of Fortune 500 companies. | Xerox est une entreprise américaine, basée dans le Connecticut, principalement reconnue comme étant l’inventeur du photocopieur "xérographique" (sur papier ordinaire) et le premier fabricant d'imprimantes. Son laboratoire, le PARC (acronyme de Palo Alto Research Center), inventa les interfaces à fenêtres. | [
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Vladimir Putin | Vladimir Poutine | Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; ; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 1999 until 2008. He was also the Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012. | Vladimir Vladimirovitch Poutine (en ), né le à Léningrad (aujourd'hui Saint-Pétersbourg), est un homme d'État russe. Depuis 1999, il est la figure centrale de l’exécutif, alternativement comme président du gouvernement (1999-2000 et 2008-2012) et président de la Fédération (par intérim de 1999 à 2000, et de plein exercice de 2000 à 2008 et depuis 2012). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
21st century | XXIe siècle | The 21st (twenty-first) century is the current century of the "Anno Domini" era or Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 2001, and will end on December 31, 2100. It is the first century of the 3rd millennium. | Le'(ou ') a commencé le et se finira le. Il s'étend entre les jours juliens et. | [
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Japanese yen | Yen | The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the Euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the Euro, and the U.K. pound sterling. | Le est la monnaie officielle du Japon. Il a été créé par une loi du, pour remplacer le. | [
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Yokohama | Yokohama | Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan's prominent port city following the end of Japan's relative isolation in the mid-19th century, and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Hakata, Tokyo, and Chiba. | Elle doit son développement à l'activité importante de son port et à ses contacts avec l'étranger avant même la fin de la période d'isolationnisme imposée par le shogunat Tokugawa, qui se traduisent d'ailleurs par la présence d'importantes communautés étrangères, notamment chinoise. | [
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Zero interest-rate policy | Zero interest rate policy | Zero interest-rate policy (ZIRP) is a macroeconomic concept describing conditions with a very low nominal interest rate, such as those in contemporary Japan and December 2008 through December 2015 in the United States. It has begun again in the United States since March 15, 2020; the Federal Reserve cut the Fed Funds rate to nearly zero due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and weakening economy. ZIRP is considered to be an unconventional monetary policy instrument and can be associated with slow economic growth, deflation, and deleverage. | La Zero Interest Rate Policy (ZIRP) est une politique monétaire menée par la Banque du Japon de taux d'intérêt nuls ou quasi nuls de 1999 à 2005. Elle a seulement été interrompue brièvement entre août 2000 et mars 2001. | [
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Sharp Zaurus | Zaurus | The Sharp Zaurus is the name of a series of personal digital assistants (PDAs) made by Sharp Corporation. The Zaurus was the most popular PDA during the 1990s in Japan and was based on a proprietary operating system. The first Sharp PDA to use the Linux operating system was the SL-5000D, running the Qtopia-based Embedix Plus. The Linux Documentation Project considers the Zaurus series to be "true Linux PDAs" because their manufacturers install Linux-based operating systems on them by default. The name derives from the common suffix applied to the names of dinosaurs. | Le Zaurus est une série d'Assistants personnels construits par Sharp Corporation pour le marché japonais et fonctionnant sous le système d'exploitation Linux et OpenBSD. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Yamanote Line | Ligne Yamanote | The is a railway loop line in Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It is one of Tokyo's busiest and most important lines, connecting most of Tokyo's major stations and urban centres, including Marunouchi, the Yūrakuchō/Ginza area, Shinagawa, Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro and Ueno, with all but two of its 30 stations connecting to other railway or underground (subway) lines. | La est une ligne ferroviaire de la compagnie JR East au Japon. C'est l'une des lignes les plus chargées de Tokyo car elle dessert les principaux centres de la ville (Tokyo est une ville polycentrique) : Shinjuku, Shibuya, Marunouchi et la gare de Tokyo, Ueno, Akihabara et Ikebukuro. La ligne Yamanote a la particularité d'être circulaire et son tracé délimite officieusement le « centre » de Tokyo. | [
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Victor Hugo | Victor Hugo | Victor Marie Hugo (; 7 Ventôse year X – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote abundantly in an exceptional variety of genres: lyrics, satires, epics, philosophical poems, epigrams, novels, history, critical essays, political speeches, funeral orations, diaries, letters public and private, and dramas in verse and prose. | Victor Hugo est un poète, dramaturge, écrivain, romancier et dessinateur romantique français, né le 7 ventôse an X à Besançon et mort le à Paris. Il est considéré comme l'un des plus importants écrivains de langue française. Il est aussi une personnalité politique et un intellectuel engagé qui a eu un rôle idéologique majeur et occupe une place marquante dans l'histoire des lettres françaises au, dans des genres et des domaines d’une remarquable variété. | [
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Yonne | Yonne (département) | Yonne () is a French department named after the river Yonne. It is one of the eight constituent departments of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and is located in the northwest of the region, bordering Île-de-France. It was created in 1790 during the French Revolution. Its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre and its postcode number is 89. | L'Yonne ( ) est un département français. Il est traversé, du sud vers le nord, par la rivière qui lui a donné son nom, l'Yonne, affluent de la Seine, qui la rejoint à Montereau-Fault-Yonne (Seine-et-Marne). L'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le code 89. | [
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ZX Spectrum | ZX Spectrum | The ZX Spectrum () is an 8-bit personal home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research. | Le ZX Spectrum est un petit ordinateur personnel mis sur le marché par le constructeur informatique anglais Sinclair Research en 1982. Basé sur le processeur Zilog Z80 tournant à, le Spectrum était équipé avec 16 ou de mémoire vive (une extension était aussi disponible pour passer de 16 à ). | [
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Zilog Z80 | Zilog Z80 | The Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Zilog as the startup company's first product. The Z80 was conceived by Federico Faggin in late 1974 and developed by him and his 11 employees starting in early 1975. The first working samples were delivered in March 1976, and it was officially introduced on the market in July 1976. With the revenue from the Z80, the company built its own chip factories and grew to over a thousand employees over the following two years. | Le Zilog Z80 est un microprocesseur 8 bits conçu et fabriqué par Zilog. Une des particularités de ce processeur est le couplage de certains registres ( ) et le bus d’adresses, permettant un traitement de l’information nettement plus rapide qu’avec un processeur classique. | [
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Zen | Zen | Zen (; ; ; ; ) is the Japanese term (and the most commonly used term in English) for the principle of dhyāna in Buddhism, and for "Zen Buddhism", a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism which originated in China during the Tang dynasty (as Chan Buddhism, ). Chinese Chan Buddhism developed into various other schools, including many Japanese Zen schools, to which the term "zen" in English sometimes refers. The Chan School was strongly influenced by Taoist philosophy, especially Neo-Daoist thought, and developed as a distinct school of Chinese Buddhism. Chan Buddhism spread from China south to Vietnam to become Vietnamese Thiền, northeast to Korea to become Seon Buddhism, and east to Japan to become Japanese Zen. | Le zen est une branche japonaise du bouddhisme mahāyāna. Elle met l'accent sur la méditation ("dhyāna") dans la posture assise dite de "zazen". | [
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Zambia | Zambie | Zambia (), officially the Republic of Zambia (Tonga: Cisi ca Zambia; Nyanja: Dziko la Zambia), is a landlocked country in Southern-Central Africa (although some sources consider it part of East Africa). Its neighbours are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique to the southeast, Zimbabwe and Botswana to the south, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country. | La Zambie, en forme longue la république de Zambie, en anglais et, est un pays d'Afrique australe, sans accès à la mer. Anciennement Rhodésie du Nord, jusqu'à son indépendance, elle fait partie intégrante du Commonwealth. Sa population est estimée à seize millions d'habitants en 2017. République démocratique, sa capitale est Lusaka. Son nom provient du fleuve Zambèze. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
10BASE2 | 10BASE2 | 10BASE2 (also known as cheapernet, thin Ethernet, thinnet, and thinwire) is a variant of Ethernet that uses thin coaxial cable terminated with BNC connectors to build a local area network. | 10BASE2 (aussi appelé Ethernet Fin ou Thin Ethernet) est un standard Ethernet standardisant une couche physique dans le modèle OSI utilisant un câble coaxial fin. Celui-ci permet le transfert de données à des débits jusqu’à. Plus simple et plus économique que le 10BASE5, cette solution s’est vite imposée pour un câblage simple. | [
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Ethernet over twisted pair | 10BASE-T | Ethernet over twisted pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer network. They are a subset of all Ethernet physical layers. | 10BASE-T est une norme Ethernet spécifiant une couche physique du modèle OSI utilisant une topologie réseau en étoile et des câbles à paires torsadées équipés de connecteurs RJ45. | [
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Zoology | Zoologie | Zoology () is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, "zōion", i.e. "animal" and λόγος, "logos", i.e. "knowledge, study". | La zoologie (des termes grecs "ζῷον", zôon, animal, et "λόγος", logos, le discours) est la science qui étudie les animaux. Les spécialistes de cette discipline sont appelés zoologistes, ou zoologues. | [
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Zeus | Zeus | Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. His name is cognate with the first element of his Roman equivalent Jupiter. His mythologies and powers are similar, though not identical, to those of Indo-European deities such as Jupiter, Perkūnas, Perun, Indra, Dyaus and Thor. | Zeus (en grec ancien ) est le dieu suprême dans la mythologie grecque. Fils du titan Cronos et de la titanide Rhéa, marié à sa sœur Héra, il a engendré, avec cette déesse et avec d'autres, plusieurs dieux et déesses, et, avec des mortelles, de nombreux héros, comme l'a expliqué la théogonie d'Hésiode (). | [
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Economics | Sciences économiques | Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a system where production, consumption, saving, and investment interact, and factors affecting it: employment of the resources of labour, capital, and land, currency inflation, economic growth, and public policies that have impact on these elements. | Les sciences économiques (ou la science économique ou encore l'économie) est une discipline des sciences humaines et sociales qui étudie de façon scientifique le fonctionnement de l'économie c'est-à-dire la description et l'analyse de la production, des échanges et de la consommation des biens et des services. | [
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Yuri Gagarin | Youri Gagarine | Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968) was a Soviet Air Forces pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human to journey into outer space, achieving a major milestone in the Space Race; his capsule, Vostok 1, completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour. | Iouri ou Youri Alexeïevitch Gagarine (en, prononcé ), né le et mort le, est le premier homme à avoir effectué un vol dans l'espace au cours de la mission Vostok 1 le, dans le cadre du programme spatial soviétique. | [
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The Legend of Zelda | The Legend of Zelda | The series centers on various incarnations of Link, the player character and chief protagonist. Link is often given the task of rescuing Princess Zelda and the kingdom of Hyrule from Ganon, an evil warlord turned demon who is the principal antagonist of the series; however, other settings and antagonists have appeared in several games. The plots commonly involve the Triforce, a relic representing the virtues of Courage, Wisdom and Power that together are omnipotent. With a few exceptions, the protagonist in each game is usually a different incarnation of Link. | , ou simplement Zelda, est une série de jeux vidéo d'action-aventure produite par la société japonaise Nintendo et créée par Shigeru Miyamoto et Takashi Tezuka. Depuis 1986 et la sortie du jeu "" sur la console NES, dix-neuf jeux font officiellement partie de la saga. Plusieurs rééditions, "remakes" et jeux dérivés ont également vu le jour. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
U.S. state | États des États-Unis | In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are currently 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory and shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Due to this shared sovereignty, Americans are citizens both of the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons restricted by certain types of court orders (such as paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody). | Les États des États-Unis sont les subdivisions politiques et historiques les plus importantes des États-Unis d'Amérique. Ce pays est une république fédérale composée de "cinquante États fédérés" auxquels s'ajoutent le district de Columbia et plusieurs territoires. La souveraineté est exercée à la fois par le gouvernement fédéral et par chacun des cinquante gouvernements d'État. Un Américain est à la fois citoyen des États-Unis et citoyen de l'État où il est domicilié. En revanche, la citoyenneté d'État est une chose assez flexible et aucune procédure légale n'est nécessaire, sauf rares exceptions, pour changer son domicile d'un État à un autre. Les Américains ont conscience d'appartenir à une même nation, malgré la diversité des régions. | [
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Yasser Arafat | Yasser Arafat | Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (, ; ; 4 / 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat () or by his kunya Abu Ammar (), was a Palestinian political leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004 and President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004. Ideologically an Arab nationalist, he was a founding member of the Fatah political party, which he led from 1959 until 2004. | Yasser Arafat (), né le au Caire en Égypte et mort le à Clamart en France, de son vrai nom Mohamed Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qoudwa al-Husseini () et connu aussi sous son surnom ("kounya") Abou Ammar, est un activiste et homme d'État palestinien. | [
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Yvelines | Yvelines | Yvelines () is a department in the region of Île-de-France, France. Located west of Hauts-de-Seine, it had a population of 1,431,808 as of 2016. Its main communes are Versailles, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Mantes-la-Jolie and Rambouillet. | Le département des Yvelines ( ou ) est un département français, appartenant à la grande couronne de la région Île-de-France. Créé le janvier 1968 en application de la loi du 10 juillet 1964, c'est le plus étendu des départements issus du démembrement de l'ancienne Seine-et-Oise et le huitième département français par la population (premier dans la grande couronne parisienne). L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le repris de l'ancienne Seine-et-Oise. Son conseil départemental est présidé par Pierre Bédier (Les Républicains). Ses habitants sont appelés les "Yvelinois". | [
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Electricity | Électricité | Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. | L’électricité est l'effet du déplacement de particules chargées à l’intérieur d'un conducteur, sous l'effet d'une différence de potentiel aux extrémités de celui-ci. Ce phénomène physique est présent dans de nombreux contextes : l'électricité constitue aussi bien l'influx nerveux des êtres vivants que les éclairs d'un orage. Les découvertes des lois naturelles d'électricité ont conduit à l'électrotechnique, et les inventions de l'électrotechnique sont largement utilisées dans les sociétés développées, par exemple pour transporter de grandes quantités d'énergie facilement utilisable. | [
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Ethane | Éthane | Ethane ( or ) is an organic chemical compound with chemical formula. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. Like many hydrocarbons, ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas and as a petrochemical by-product of petroleum refining. Its chief use is as feedstock for ethylene production. | L'éthane est un hydrocarbure de la famille des alcanes de formule brute. C'est un gaz combustible, incolore et inodore que l'on peut trouver dans le gaz naturel et aussi dans les gaz du pétrole. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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September 11 attacks | Attentats du 11 septembre 2001 | The September 11 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage.<ref name="PEARL9/11"> 9/11 is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively. | Les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 (communément appelés 11 Septembre, ou 9/11 et Nine eleven en anglais) sont quatre attentats-suicides perpétrés le même jour aux États-Unis, en moins de deux heures, entre et, par des membres du réseau djihadiste Al-Qaïda, visant des bâtiments symboliques du nord-est du pays, dont le World Trade Center déjà attaqué en 1993, et faisant. L’opération "Bojinka" est considérée comme un plan précurseur de ces attentats, commis deux jours après l'attentat-suicide ayant tué le commandant Ahmed Chah Massoud. | [
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Education | Éducation | Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, however learners can also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy. | L’éducation est étymologiquement « guidée hors de » (du latin "educere"), c'est-à-dire développer, faire produire. Il signifie maintenant plus couramment l'apprentissage et le développement des facultés intellectuelles, morales et physiques, les moyens et les résultats de cette activité de développement. L'éducation humaine inclut des compétences et des éléments culturels caractéristiques du lieu géographique et de la période historique. | [
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February 29 | 29 février | February 29, also known as leap day or leap year day, is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4, such as 2016, 2020, and 2024. A leap day is added in various solar calendars (calendars based on the Earth's revolution around the Sun), including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world. Lunisolar calendars (whose months are based on the phases of the Moon) instead add a leap or intercalary month. | Le est un jour intercalaire. C'est le jour de l'année du calendrier grégorien et du calendrier julien en cas d'année bissextile. | [
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Etymology | Étymologie | Etymology () is the study of the history of words. By extension, the phrase "the etymology of [some words]" means the origin of the particular word. For place names, there is a specific term, toponymy. | L’étymologie est une discipline diachronique de la linguistique, qui cherche à établir l'origine formelle et sémantique d'une unité lexicale, le plus souvent un mot. | [
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Epigram | Épigramme | An epigram is a brief, interesting, memorable, and sometimes surprising or satirical statement. The word is derived from the "epigramma" 'inscription' from ἐπιγράφειν "epigraphein" 'to write on, to inscribe', and the literary device has been employed for over two millennia. | À l’origine, une épigramme (du grec ancien signifiant « inscription ») est une inscription, d’abord en prose, puis en vers, qu’on gravait sur les monuments, les statues, les tombeaux et les trophées, pour perpétuer le souvenir d’un héros ou d’un événement. À partir du, l’épigramme devient une petite pièce de poésie sur un sujet quelconque, imitant par sa brièveté les inscriptions, offrant une pensée ingénieuse ou délicate exprimée avec grâce et précision. Enfin, à partir du, le genre se spécialise dans le mot d’esprit : l’épigramme renferme généralement une pointe grivoise ou assassine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
3753 Cruithne | (3753) Cruithne | 3753 Cruithne is a Q-type, Aten asteroid in orbit around the Sun in 1:1 orbital resonance with Earth, making it a co-orbital object. It is an asteroid that, relative to Earth, orbits the Sun in a bean-shaped orbit that effectively describes a horseshoe, and that can change into a quasi-satellite orbit. Cruithne does not orbit Earth and at times it is on the other side of the Sun, placing Cruithne well outside of Earth's Hill sphere. Its orbit takes it inside the orbit of Mercury and outside the orbit of Mars. Cruithne orbits the Sun in about 1 year but it takes 770 years for the series to complete a horseshoe-shaped movement around the Earth. | (3753) Cruithne est un astéroïde géocroiseur de classe Aton mesurant environ cinq kilomètres de diamètre. Son orbite, de période quasi égale à celle de la Terre, l'a parfois fait surnommer à tort « seconde lune de la Terre » bien qu'il ne soit pas un satellite de celle-ci mais un compagnon ayant une orbite en fer à cheval. | [
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Subsets and Splits