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2001: A Space Odyssey (film) | 2001, l'Odyssée de l'espace | 2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, and was inspired by Clarke's 1951 short story "The Sentinel" and other short stories by Clarke. A released after the film's premiere was in part written concurrently with the screenplay. The film, which follows a voyage to Jupiter with the sentient computer HAL after the discovery of an alien monolith affecting human evolution, deals with themes of existentialism, human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. | 2001, l'Odyssée de l'espace ("") est un film britannico-américain de science-fiction réalisé par Stanley Kubrick, sorti en 1968, basé sur un scénario co-écrit par Kubrick et le romancier Arthur C. Clarke, partiellement inspiré de deux nouvelles de Clarke intitulées "À l'aube de l'histoire" et "La Sentinelle". | [
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Edaphology | Édaphologie | Edaphology (from Greek, "edaphos", "ground", "-logia") is one of two main divisions of soil science, the other being pedology. Edaphology is concerned with the influence of soils on living things, particularly plants. Edaphology includes the study of how soil influences humankind's use of land for plant growth as well as people's overall use of the land. General subfields within edaphology are agricultural soil science (known by the term agrology in some regions) and environmental soil science. (Pedology deals with pedogenesis, soil morphology, and soil classification.) | L'édaphologie (du grec ἔδαφος / "edaphos", le sol), aussi appelée agrologie, est l'étude des sols en tant qu'habitat naturel pour les végétaux. Avec la pédologie, c'est une des deux branches principales de la science des sols. | [
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Ecotourism | Écotourisme | Ecotourism is catering for holiday makers in the natural environment without damaging it or disturbing habitats. It is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people. Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention. Several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism. Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with biotic components of the natural environments. Ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel, personal growth, and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists an insight into the impact of human beings on the environment and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. | L'écotourisme, que l'on associe au tourisme vert, est l’une des formes du tourisme durable, plus centrée sur la découverte de la nature (écosystèmes, mais aussi agrosystèmes et tourisme rural), voire d'écologie urbaine (jardins écologiques, espaces verts écologiques, réserves naturelles urbaines et autres aspects de l'écologie urbaine...). | [
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Economy of Japan | Économie du Japon | The economy of Japan is a highly developed free-market economy. It is the third-largest in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). and is the world's second largest developed economy. Japan is a member of the G7 and GroupofTwenty. According to the International Monetary Fund, the country's per capita GDP (PPP) was at $38,937 (2016). Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, Japan's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. Accounting for these fluctuations through the use of the Atlas method, Japan is estimated to have a GDP per capita of around $38,490. The Japanese economy is forecast by the Quarterly Tankan survey of business sentiment conducted by the Bank of Japan. The Nikkei 225 presents the monthly report of top blue chip equities on Japan Exchange Group, which is the world's third-largest stock exchange by market capitalisation. In 2018, Japan was the world's fourth-largest importer and the fourth-largest exporter. It has the world's second-largest foreign-exchange reserves worth $1.3 trillion. It ranks 29th on Ease of doing business index and 5th on Global Competitiveness Report. It ranks first in the world in the Economic Complexity Index. Japan is also the world's third-largest consumer market. | L’économie du Japon traite de la situation économique conjoncturelle et structurelle du Japon. En 2019 le Japon est la économique mondiale, avec un produit intérieur brut (PIB) loin derrière les États-Unis et la Chine mais devant l'Allemagne et la France. En 2017, la valeur de son PIB est de 5 405 milliards de US$, ce qui classe le Japon en ou en position si l'Union européenne est prise en compte. Toujours en 2017, son PIB en parité de pouvoir d'achat (PPA) par habitant est de 42 700 US$"," soit le plus élevé au monde, à relativiser avec le fait que le Japon soit un pays de près de 126 millions d'habitants. | [
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Ecosystem | Écosystème | An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the system through photosynthesis and is incorporated into plant tissue. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes. | En écologie, un écosystème est un ensemble formé par une communauté d'êtres vivants en interrelation (biocénose) avec son environnement (biotope). Les composants de l'écosystème développent un dense réseau de dépendances, d'échanges d'énergie, d'information et de matière permettant le maintien et le développement de la vie. | [
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Egyptology | Égyptologie | Egyptology (from "Egypt" and Greek, "-logia". ) is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD. A practitioner of the discipline is an "Egyptologist". In Europe, particularly on the Continent, Egyptology is primarily regarded as being a philological discipline, while in North America it is often regarded as a branch of archaeology. | Le terme égyptologie désigne un champ d'étude privilégié dans certaines branches des sciences humaines (archéologie et histoire). Ce champ d'étude s'intéresse spécifiquement à la zone géographique dénommée Égypte aujourd'hui et couvre, habituellement, les périodes pré-pharaoniques et antiques. | [
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First Dynasty of Egypt | Ire dynastie égyptienne | The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, possibly by Narmer, and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, a time at which power was centered at Thinis. | La dynastie égyptienne, à la fin du quatrième millénaire avant notre ère, marque le début de près de trois millénaires d'institution pharaonique avec l'unification de l'Égypte antique, jusqu'alors divisée en deux royaumes distincts, celui du Nord et celui du Sud, et dure de -3150 à approximativement -2850. | [
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École pratique des hautes études | École pratique des hautes études | The École pratique des hautes études (), abbreviated EPHE, is a Grand Établissement in Paris, France, and a constituent college of PSL Research University. It is counted among France's most prestigious research and higher education institutions. It is highly selective and member of the elite Université PSL (with ENS Ulm, EHESS or Ecole des Mines). Its degrees in religious studies and in history count among the best in the world. Closely linked to École française d'Extrême-Orient and Institut français du Proche-Orient, EPHE has formed continuously world-class experts in Asian and Islamic studies and among them investment bankers, diplomat and military officers specialized in these areas. Particularly, leading researchers in military strategy have taught in EPHE for more than a century (for example, Hervé Coutau-Bégarie). Moreover, famous researchers in natural sciences (especially neurosciences and chemistry) teach and taught in EPHE (among them Jean Baptiste Charcot and Marcellin Berthelot). Highly regarded for its top level in both natural and human sciences, EPHE has relations and exchange programs with world-renowned institutions such as Cambridge, Princeton, and Al-Azhar. | L'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) est un grand établissement français d'enseignement supérieur spécialisé dans les Sciences de la vie et de la terre (SVT), les Sciences historiques, philologiques (SHP) et les Sciences religieuses (SR). Son statut de grand établissement (de type EPSCP) lui permet de procéder à un recrutement sélectif de ses étudiants. La mission statutaire de l'EPHE est, dans les champs scientifiques qu'elle couvre,. Elle a rejoint Paris Sciences et Lettres fin 2014. | [
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Economy of Mexico | Économie du Mexique | The economy of Mexico is a developing market economy. It is the 15th largest in the world in nominal terms and the 11th largest by purchasing power parity, according to the International Monetary Fund. Since the 1994 crisis, administrations have improved the country's macroeconomic fundamentals. Mexico was not significantly influenced by the 2002 South American crisis, and maintained positive, although low, rates of growth after a brief period of stagnation in 2001. However, Mexico was one of the Latin American nations most affected by the 2008 recession with its Gross Domestic Product contracting by more than 6% in that year. | L’économie du Mexique a été classée douzième parmi les économies mondiales en 2012 avec un produit intérieur brut, mesuré en parité de pouvoir d'achat. Le Mexique possède une économie de marché orientée vers l'exportation, c'est le pays qui a le plus haut revenu par habitant d'Amérique latine, en taux de change sur le marché. Le Mexique est l'un des deux seuls États d'Amérique latine membre de l'OCDE avec le Chili, qui l'a rejointe depuis janvier 2010. | [
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Education in Japan | Système éducatif au Japon | Education in Japan is compulsory at the elementary and lower secondary levels. Most students attend public schools through the lower secondary level, but private education is popular at the upper secondary and university levels. Education prior to elementary school is provided at kindergartens and day-care centers. The programmes for those children aged 3–5 resemble those at kindergartens. The educational approach at kindergartens varies greatly from unstructured environments that emphasize play to highly structured environments that are focused on having the child pass the entrance exam at a private elementary school. The academic year starts from April and ends in March, having summer vacation in August and winter vacation in the end of December to the beginning of January. | Le système éducatif au Japon est caractérisé par une sélection importante des élèves avec des concours et la cohabitation de systèmes publics et privés. Il est géré par le ministère de l'Éducation, de la Culture, des Sports, des Sciences et de la Technologie, tout en ayant une organisation très décentralisée puisque les collectivités locales assurent la gestion matérielle, humaine (effectifs, inscriptions, services aux élèves et aux professeurs) et pédagogique (inspection, application des programmes) des établissements, les préfectures s'occupant plus particulièrement des établissements secondaires publics, des écoles spécialisées et des établissements privés, et les municipalités de l'enseignement primaire (maternelles et élémentaires) et secondaire de premier cycle (les collèges) public. | [
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École normale supérieure | École normale supérieure (France) | An école normale supérieure () or ENS is a type of publicly funded higher education institution in France. A portion of the student body, admitted via a highly-selective competitive examination process, are French civil servants and are known as "normaliens". ENSes also offers master's degrees, and can be compared to "Institutes for Advanced Studies". They constitute the top level of research-training education in the French university system. | Une école normale supérieure (ou ENS) est, en France, un établissement d'enseignement supérieur public assurant la formation de chercheurs et d'enseignants dans les disciplines littéraires, scientifiques et technologiques. Les écoles normales supérieures appartiennent aux grandes écoles les plus sélectives et sont placées sous la tutelle du ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. | [
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Economy of Venezuela | Économie du Venezuela | The economy of Venezuela is based largely on the petroleum and manufacturing sectors and has been in a state of total economic collapse since the mid-2010s. In 2014, total trade amounted to 48.1% of the country's GDP. Exports accounted for 16.7% of GDP and petroleum products accounted for about 95% of those exports. Venezuela is the sixth largest member of OPEC by oil production. Since the 1920s, Venezuela has been a rentier state, offering oil as its main export. From the 1950s to the early 1980s, the Venezuelan economy experienced a steady growth that attracted many immigrants, with the nation enjoying the highest standard of living in Latin America. During the collapse of oil prices in the 1980s the economy contracted, the currency commenced a progressive devaluation and inflation skyrocketed to reach peaks of 84% in 1989 and 99% in 1996, three years prior to Hugo Chávez taking office. The nation has experienced hyperinflation since 2015, far exceeding the oil price collapse of the 1990s. | Cet article fournit des informations sur l'économie du Venezuela. Le Venezuela est un pays situé au nord de l'Amérique du Sud. Il dispose des plus importantes réserves de pétrole, et les exportations pétrolières de la compagnie d'État PDVSA assurent 95 % des exportations et 60 % du PIB. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Diffie–Hellman key exchange | Échange de clés Diffie-Hellman | Diffie–Hellman key exchange is a method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel and was one of the first public-key protocols as conceived by Ralph Merkle and named after Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman. DH is one of the earliest practical examples of public key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography. | En cryptographie, l'échange de clés Diffie-Hellman, du nom de ses auteurs Whitfield Diffie et Martin Hellman, est une méthode, publiée en 1976, par laquelle deux agents, nommés par convention "Alice et Bob", peuvent se mettre d'accord sur un nombre (qu'ils peuvent utiliser comme clé pour chiffrer la conversation suivante) sans qu'un troisième agent appelé "Ève" puisse découvrir le nombre, même en ayant écouté tous leurs échanges. Cette idée valut en 2015 aux deux auteurs le prix Turing. | [
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Electromagnetism | Électromagnétisme | Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force is carried by electromagnetic fields composed of electric fields and magnetic fields, and it is responsible for electromagnetic radiation such as light. It is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature, together with the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation. At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force. | L'électromagnétisme est la branche de la physique qui étudie les interactions entre particules chargées électriquement, qu'elles soient au repos ou en mouvement, et plus généralement les effets de l'électricité, en utilisant la notion de champ électromagnétique. Il est d'ailleurs possible de définir l'électromagnétisme comme l'étude du champ électromagnétique et de son interaction avec les particules chargées. Le terme d"'électromagnétisme" fait référence au fait que les phénomènes électriques et magnétiques ont été vus comme indépendants jusqu'en 1860, quand Maxwell a montré qu'ils n'étaient que deux aspects d'un même ensemble de phénomènes. | [
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Église de Jésus-Christ des saints des derniers jours | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, often informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian, Christian restorationist church that considers itself to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the United States, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 16 million members and 65,000 full-time volunteer missionaries. In 2012, the National Council of Churches ranked the church as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States, with over 6.5 million members there as of January 2018. It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the early 19th century period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. | L'Église de Jésus-Christ des saints des derniers jours (), surnommée Église mormone, est une Église chrétienne restaurationniste née dans l'État de New York, aux États-Unis, en 1830. Elle se considère comme une religion révélée. Son siège mondial se trouve à Salt Lake City dans l'Utah. Aux États-Unis, avec de membres, elle est la quatrième confession chrétienne au sens large du terme. À l'échelle mondiale, elle revendique plus de 16 millions de membres. | [
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Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul | Composition de l'être dans l'Égypte antique | The ancient Egyptians believed that a soul (kꜣ/bꜣ; Egypt. pron. ka/ba) was made up of many parts. In addition to these components of the soul, there was the human body (called the "ḥꜥ", occasionally a plural "ḥꜥw", meaning approximately "sum of bodily parts"). | Selon les Anciens Égyptiens, la composition de l'être humain dépasse la simple dualité entre le corps et l'âme. Chaque individu compte en lui une dizaine de composantes matérielles et immatérielles qui l'intègrent dans la sphère terrestre du sensible et dans la sphère impalpable des dieux et ancêtres. Après la mort, grâce à ses composantes éthérées, l'individu peut espérer une survie posthume dans la tombe et une existence immortelle auprès des puissances surnaturelles qui règlent les phénomènes cosmiques. La conservation du souffle de vie ("ânkh") est cependant conditionnée par le respect, la vie durant, des principes de la Maât (Vérité-Justice) et par la maîtrise efficace de la magie-Heka. Cette dernière est à la fois une puissance intérieure et un savoir livresque qui permettent aux humains de s'assimiler aux dieux. | [
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Eritrea | Érythrée | Eritrea ( ), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in Eastern Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately, and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. | L’Érythrée, en forme longue l’État d'Érythrée (tigrigna :, ; arabe :, ) est un pays de la corne de l'Afrique, indépendant de l'Éthiopie depuis 1993. | [
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Art movement | Mouvement artistique | An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde. | Un mouvement artistique ou courant artistique est un ensemble d'artistes et d'œuvres artistiques ayant une esthétique commune. Les historiens de l'art utilisent généralement la notion de mouvement lorsque le groupe qui y est associé se réclame d'un corpus théorique clairement défini en tant que manifeste. La notion de « courant » est plus floue dans la mesure où elle est utilisée comme outil d'analyse, le plus souvent "a posteriori" d'une période, pour désigner des tendances (stylistiques ou de démarches). Un courant peut être défini par les artistes eux-mêmes ou être désigné par des personnes extérieures à l'art (journalistes, historiens, etc.) comme un corpus d’artistes ayant spontanément le même type de pratique. | [
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Situationist International | Internationale situationniste | The Situationist International (SI) was an international organization of social revolutionaries made up of avant-garde artists, intellectuals, and political theorists, prominent in Europe from its formation in 1957 to its dissolution in 1972. | L’Internationale situationniste (IS) était une organisation de théoriciens et stratèges révolutionnaires opérant dans les domaines politiques et culturels et désireux d'en finir avec le "malheur historique", avec la société de classes et la "dictature de la marchandise", se situant dans la filiation de différents courants apparus au début du, notamment de la pensée marxiste d'Anton Pannekoek et de Rosa Luxemburg, du communisme de conseils, ainsi que du groupe Socialisme ou barbarie (Claude Lefort, Cornelius Castoriadis notamment) dans les années 1950. En ce sens, elle pourrait être apparentée à un groupe d'ultra-gauche. Mais elle représentait également à ses débuts l'expression d'une volonté de dépassement des tentatives révolutionnaires des avant-gardes artistiques de la première moitié du : le dadaïsme, le surréalisme et le lettrisme. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Initial condition | Condition initiale | In mathematics and particularly in dynamic systems, an initial condition, in some contexts called a seed value, is a value of an evolving variable at some point in time designated as the initial time (typically denoted "t" = 0). For a system of order "k" (the number of time lags in discrete time, or the order of the largest derivative in continuous time) and dimension "n" (that is, with "n" different evolving variables, which together can be denoted by an "n"-dimensional coordinate vector), generally "nk" initial conditions are needed in order to trace the system's variables forward through time. | En physique ou en mathématique, on définit comme conditions initiales les éléments nécessaires à la détermination de la solution complète et si possible unique d'un problème, éléments qui décrivent l'état du système à l'instant initial, c'est-à-dire l'état de départ. | [
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Unit 731 | Unité 731 | , also referred to as Detachment 731, the 731 Regiment, Manshu Detachment 731, The Kamo Detachment, Ishii Unit, Ishii Detachment or the Ishii Company, was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) of World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Imperial Japan. Unit 731 was based at the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest gas chamber in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China), and had active branch offices throughout China and Southeast Asia. | L', créée entre 1932 et 1933 par mandat impérial, était une unité militaire de recherche bactériologique de l'Armée impériale japonaise. Officiellement, cette unité, dirigée par Shirō Ishii, se consacrait, mais, en réalité, elle effectuait des expérimentations sur des cobayes humains comme des vivisections sans anesthésie ou des recherches sur diverses maladies comme la peste, le typhus et le choléra en vue de les utiliser comme armes bactériologiques. Les expérimentations bactériologiques pratiquées au Mandchoukouo, notamment par largage aérien, ont fait entre et. L'Unité 731 est aujourd'hui reconnue responsable de crimes de guerre et crimes contre l'humanité. L'État japonais ne reconnaît son existence que depuis 2002. | [
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Cannabaceae | Cannabaceae | Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including "Cannabis" (hemp, marijuana), "Humulus" (hops) and "Celtis" (hackberries). "Celtis" is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species. | Les Cannabaceae (Cannabacées) sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones. Dans le passé, son nom a été écrit aussi : "Cannabinaceae", "Cannabidaceae" ou encore "Cannabiaceae". | [
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Temporary Autonomous Zone | Zone autonome temporaire | T.A.Z.: The Temporary Autonomous Zone is a book by the anarchist writer and poet Hakim Bey (Peter Lamborn Wilson) published in 1991 by Autonomedia and in 2011 by Pacific Publishing Studio (). It is composed of three sections, "Chaos: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism", "Communiques of the Association for Ontological Anarchy" and "The Temporary Autonomous Zone". | « Zone autonome temporaire » (' en anglais ou "TAZ", parfois TAZ"' pour l'acronyme en français) est une dénomination introduite par Hakim Bey en 1991 dans un livre homonyme, "TAZ, Temporary Autonomous Zone". | [
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The Red Sea Sharks | Coke en stock | The Red Sea Sharks () is the nineteenth volume of "The Adventures of Tintin", the comic series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. The story was initially serialised weekly in Belgium's "Tintin" magazine from October 1956 to January 1958 before being published in a collected volume by Casterman in 1958. The narrative follows the young reporter Tintin, his dog Snowy, and his friend Captain Haddock as they travel to the fictional Middle Eastern kingdom of Khemed with the intention of aiding the Emir Ben Kalish Ezab in regaining control after a coup d'état by his enemies, who are financed by slave traders led by Tintin's old enemy Rastapopoulos. | Coke en stock (ou "Les Aventures de Tintin : Coke en stock") est le de bande dessinée des "Aventures de Tintin", conçu par Hergé et paru en 1958. | [
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Peter Lamborn Wilson | Hakim Bey | Peter Lamborn Wilson (Hakim Bey; born 1945) is an American anarchist author and poet, primarily known for his concept of temporary autonomous zones. He is a controversial figure in anarchist circles due to his pedophilia advocacy. | Peter Lamborn Wilson dit Hakim Bey (الحكيم signifiant « Le Sage » en arabe, « M. le Juge » en turc), né à New York en 1945, est un écrivain politique et poète américain se qualifiant d'« anarchiste ontologiste » et soufi. Il est connu pour ses théories au sujet des zones d'autonomie temporaires (TAZ, dans son livre "Temporary Autonomous Zone"), ses écrits sur le mysticisme et la culture pirate, ainsi que pour ses incitations au terrorisme poétique. Certains auteurs le considèrent comme le père idéologique des hackers. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Laurent Schwartz | Laurent Schwartz (mathématicien) | Laurent-Moïse Schwartz (; 5 March 1915 – 4 July 2002) was a French mathematician. He pioneered the theory of distributions, which gives a well-defined meaning to objects such as the Dirac delta function. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1950 for his work on the theory of distributions. For several years he taught at the École polytechnique. | Laurent Schwartz est un mathématicien français, né le à Paris où il est mort le. Il est le premier Français à obtenir la médaille Fields, en 1950 pour ses travaux sur la théorie des distributions. Professeur emblématique à l'École polytechnique de 1959 à 1980, membre de l'Académie des sciences et intellectuel engagé, il s'est distingué par ses nombreux combats politiques. | [
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Information theory | Théorie de l'information | Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed by Claude Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as data compression, in a landmark paper titled "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet, the study of linguistics and of human perception, the understanding of black holes, and numerous other fields. | La théorie de l'information, sans précision, est le nom usuel désignant la théorie de l'information de Shannon, qui est une théorie probabiliste permettant de quantifier le contenu moyen en information d'un ensemble de messages, dont le codage informatique satisfait une distribution statistique précise. Ce domaine trouve son origine scientifique avec Claude Shannon qui en est le père fondateur avec son article publié en 1948. | [
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Henri Poincaré | Henri Poincaré | Jules Henri Poincaré (, ; ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime. | Henri Poincaré est un mathématicien, physicien théoricien et philosophe des sciences français, né le à Nancy et mort le à Paris. | [
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Hacker | Hacker (sous-culture) | A computer hacker is any skilled computer expert who uses their technical knowledge to overcome a problem. While "hacker" can refer to any skilled computer programmer, the term has become associated in popular culture with a "security hacker", someone who, with their technical knowledge, uses bugs or exploits to break into computer systems. | Le hacker est, ou. Le terme apparaît en 1959 dans le jargon du'(TMRC), une association d'étudiants du (MIT). En 1996, la'1983 définit un'comme une personne qui se délecte de la compréhension approfondie du fonctionnement interne d'un système, en particulier des ordinateurs et réseaux informatiques. Cette dernière définition fait écho à celle utilisée depuis les années 1950 par les radio-amateurs pour qui le'est un bricolage créatif visant à améliorer le fonctionnement d'un système. | [
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The Adventures of Tintin | Les Aventures de Tintin | The Adventures of Tintin ( ) is a series of 24 "bande dessinée" albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, who wrote under the pen name Hergé. The series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century. By 2007, a century after Hergé's birth in 1907, "Tintin" had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies, and had been adapted for radio, television, theatre, and film. | Les Aventures de Tintin constituent une série de bandes dessinées créée par le dessinateur et scénariste belge Hergé. Avec 250 millions d'exemplaires vendus, "Les Aventures de Tintin" font partie des bandes dessinées européennes les plus célèbres et plus populaires du. Elles ont été traduites en une centaine de langues et dialectes et adaptées à de nombreuses reprises au cinéma, à la télévision et au théâtre. Elles se déroulent dans un univers réaliste et parfois fantastique, fourmillant de personnages aux traits de caractère bien définis. Le héros de la série est le personnage éponyme, Tintin, un jeune reporter et globe-trotter belge ; il est accompagné dans ses aventures par son fox-terrier Milou. Au fil des albums, plusieurs figures récurrentes apparaissent, comme le capitaine Haddock – qui ne tarde pas à devenir un personnage principal –, les détectives accumulant les maladresses loufoques Dupond et Dupont, ou encore le professeur Tournesol. | [
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Malagasy language | Malgache | Malagasy (; ) is an Austronesian language and the national language of Madagascar. Most people in Madagascar speak it as a first language as do some people of Malagasy descent elsewhere. | Le malgache (en malgache : "malagasy") est la langue nationale et l'une des langues officielles de Madagascar. C'est une langue normalisée, principalement dérivée du dialecte parlé sur les hautes terres centrales. Elle est la plus occidentale des langues malayo-polynésiennes et donc des langues austronésiennes. Plus précisément, elle appartient au rameau dit « Grand Barito », dont les langues sont parlées à Kalimantan, la partie indonésienne de l'île de Bornéo, dans l'actuelle région de Banjarmasin, et comprennent notamment le ma'anyan, le samihim, le dusun deyah, mais aussi par des populations surnommées « nomades de la mer », les Bajau. Dans cette région, la langue dominante est aujourd'hui le malais, qui appartient à un autre rameau malayo-polynésien. Le malgache est également parlé à Mayotte sous le nom de kibosy ("shibushi" en mahorais) dans une vingtaine de villages. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Free Software Foundation | Free Software Foundation | The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement, which promotes the universal freedom to study, distribute, create, and modify computer software, with the organization's preference for software being distributed under copyleft ("share alike") terms, such as with its own GNU General Public License. The FSF was incorporated in Boston, Massachusetts, US, where it is also based. | La (FSF) (littéralement « Fondation pour le logiciel libre »), est une organisation américaine à but non lucratif fondée par Richard Stallman le 4 octobre 1985, dont la mission est la promotion du logiciel libre et la défense des utilisateurs. | [
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Medical ultrasound | Échographie | Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique, or therapeutic application of ultrasound. It is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs. Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude pathology. The practice of examining pregnant women using ultrasound is called obstetric ultrasound, and was an early development and application of clinical ultrasonography. Ultrasound are sound waves with frequencies which are higher than those audible to humans (>20,000 Hz). Ultrasonic images, also known as sonograms, are made by sending pulses of ultrasound into tissue using a probe. The ultrasound pulses echo off tissues with different reflection properties and are recorded and displayed as an image. | L'échographie est une technique d'imagerie employant des ultrasons. Elle est utilisée de manière courante en médecine humaine et vétérinaire, mais peut aussi être employée en recherche et dans l'industrie. | [
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ICQ | ICQ | ICQ is a cross-platform messenger and VoIP client. The name ICQ derives from the English phrase "I Seek You". Originally developed by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996, the client was bought by AOL in 1998, and then by Mail.Ru Group in 2010. | ICQ est un logiciel freeware de messagerie instantanée, de VoIP et de visioconférence de la société Mail.ru. Mirabilis a été fondée en novembre 1996 par quelques étudiants israéliens. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Diode bridge | Pont de diodes | A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. | Un pont de diodes ou pont de Graetz est un assemblage de quatre diodes montées en pont (montage similaire à celui d'un pont de Wheatstone) qui redresse le courant alternatif monophasé en courant continu, c’est-à-dire ne circulant que dans un seul sens. | [
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Even-toed ungulate | Artiodactyla | The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla, ) are ungulates – hoofed animals – which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly. By contrast, odd-toed ungulates bear weight on one (an odd number) of the five toes: the third toe. Another difference between the two is that even-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in one or more stomach chambers rather than in their intestine as the odd-toed ungulates do. | Les Artiodactyles (Artiodactyla, du grec "artios" « pair » et "dactylos" « doigt ») ou Paridigités (du latin "par" « pair » et "digitus" « doigt »), sont un ordre de mammifères placentaires de la classification classique. L'ancrage des cétacés au sein des artiodactyles est avéré autant par les analyses génétiques et morphologiques, ce qui signifie que ce taxon est paraphylétique. La réunion des artiodactyles avec les cétacés forme le taxon des cétartiodactyles, qui est, lui, monophylétique. | [
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Serdar Argic | Serdar Argic | Serdar Argic (, ) was the alias used in one of the first automated newsgroup spam incidents on Usenet, with the objective of denying the Armenian Genocide. | Serdar Argic est le pseudonyme d'une personne qui fut à l'origine des premiers grands incidents de spam sur Usenet, en inondant les forums Usenet de réponses aux messages qui parlaient de la Turquie. | [
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Social engineering (security) | Ingénierie sociale (sécurité de l'information) | Social engineering, in the context of information security, is the psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. This differs from social engineering within the social sciences, which does not concern the divulging of confidential information. A type of confidence trick for the purpose of information gathering, fraud, or system access, it differs from a traditional "con" in that it is often one of many steps in a more complex fraud scheme. | L'ingénierie sociale ("social engineering" en anglais) est, dans le contexte de la sécurité de l'information, une pratique de manipulation psychologique à des fins d'escroquerie. Les termes plus appropriés à utiliser sont le "piratage psychologique" ou la "fraude psychologique". Dans le contexte de la sécurité de l'information, la désignation "ingénierie sociale" est déconseillée puisqu'elle n'accentue pas le concept de tromperie. | [
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Rosetta Stone | Pierre de Rosette | The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele discovered in 1799 which is inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. The decree has only minor differences among the three versions, so the Rosetta Stone became key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs, thereby opening a window into ancient Egyptian history. | La pierre de Rosette est un fragment de stèle gravée de l'Égypte antique portant trois versions d'un même texte qui a permis le déchiffrement des hiéroglyphes au. L'inscription qu'elle comporte est un décret promulgué à Memphis par le pharaon en 196 Le décret est écrit en deux langues (égyptien ancien et grec ancien) et trois écritures : égyptien en hiéroglyphes, égyptien démotique et alphabet grec. La pierre a une dimension de et d'épaisseur. La stèle est en granodiorite, un matériau fréquemment assimilé à tort à du basalte ou du granite. | [
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Government of France | Gouvernement de la République française | The Government of the French Republic () exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, and both junior and senior ministers. Senior ministers are titled as Ministers (), whereas junior ministers are titled as Secretaries of State (). | Sous la Cinquième République, le Gouvernement de la République française constitue la seconde tête d'un pouvoir exécutif bicéphale. Organe collégial hiérarchisé, il détermine et conduit la politique de la France. Il dispose de l'administration et de la force armée. | [
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Etiquette in technology | Nétiquette | Online etiquette is ingrained into culture, although etiquette in technology is a fairly recent concept. The rules of etiquette that apply when communicating over the Internet or social networks or devices are different from those applied when communicating in person or by audio (such as telephone) or videophone. It is a social code of network communication and help. | La nétiquette est une règle informelle, puis une charte qui définit les règles de conduite et de politesse recommandées sur les premiers médias de communication mis à disposition par Internet. Il s'agit de tentatives de formalisation d'un certain contrat social pour Internet. | [
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Usenet | Usenet | Usenet () is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It was developed from the general-purpose Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979, and it was established in 1980. Users read and post messages (called "articles" or "posts", and collectively termed "news") to one or more categories, known as newsgroups. Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in many respects and is the precursor to Internet forums that are widely used today. Discussions are threaded, as with web forums and BBSs, though posts are stored on the server sequentially. | Usenet est un système en réseau de forums, inventé en 1979. Pour fonctionner dans un environnement Unix, il utilise alors le protocole UUCP. Il devient accessible depuis Internet grâce à l'utilisation du protocole NNTP. Il est encore régulièrement utilisé au. | [
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Selection sort | Tri par sélection | In computer science, selection sort is an in-place comparison sorting algorithm. It has an O("n") time complexity, which makes it inefficient on large lists, and generally performs worse than the similar insertion sort. Selection sort is noted for its simplicity and has performance advantages over more complicated algorithms in certain situations, particularly where auxiliary memory is limited. | Le tri par sélection (ou tri par extraction) est un algorithme de tri par comparaison. Cet algorithme est simple, mais considéré comme inefficace car il s'exécute en temps quadratique en le nombre d'éléments à trier, et non en temps pseudo linéaire. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Diode | Diode | A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in only one direction, from cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode, the most commonly used type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of asymmetric electrical conduction across the contact between a crystalline mineral and a metal was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other materials such as gallium arsenide and germanium are also used. | La diode (du grec "di" deux, double ; "odos" voie, chemin) est un composant électronique. C'est un dipôle non-linéaire et polarisé (ou non-symétrique). Le sens de branchement d'une diode a donc une importance sur le fonctionnement du circuit électronique dans lequel elle est placée. | [
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Paraguay | Paraguay | Paraguay (;, ), officially the Republic of Paraguay (; ), is a country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America (the other is Bolivia), the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as "Corazón de Sudamérica" ("Heart of South America"). | Le Paraguay ( ; ; en guarani : ), en forme longue la république du Paraguay ( ; guarani : ), est un pays d'Amérique du Sud sans accès à la mer. Son territoire compte deux régions différentes séparées par la rivière Paraguay : la partie orientale, qui est la plus peuplée, et l'occidentale, qui intègre le "Chaco Boreal" ou "Gran Chaco" (le "Chaco" est une région naturelle qui s'étend de la Bolivie centrale à l'Argentine septentrionale incluse). Entouré par le Brésil à l'est-nord-est, la Bolivie au nord-ouest et l'Argentine au sud-sud-ouest, le Paraguay occupe une superficie de, sa population est de en, sans compter une diaspora de centaines de milliers de Paraguayens, notamment en Argentine, où ils ont souvent fait souche. Sa capitale est Asuncion. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Dalton (unit) | Unité de masse atomique unifiée | The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a unit of mass widely used in physics and chemistry. It is defined as 1/12 of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. The atomic mass constant, denoted "m", is defined identically, giving. | Lunité de masse atomique unifiée, de symbole « u », est une unité de mesure standard, utilisée pour exprimer la masse des atomes et des molécules. | [
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Jan van Eyck | Jan van Eyck | Jan van Eyck (, ; – 9 July 1441) was a painter from the County of Loon (present day Belgium) active in Bruges. He is one of the early innovators of what became known as Early Netherlandish painting, and one of the most significant representatives of Early Northern Renaissance art. The surviving records of his early life indicate that he was born around 1380–1390, most likely in Maaseik (then Maaseyck, hence his name), in present-day Belgium. He took employment in the Hague around 1422, when he was already a master painter with workshop assistants, and employed as painter and "valet de chambre" with John III the Pitiless, ruler of Holland and Hainaut. He was then employed in Lille as court painter to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy after John's death in 1425, until he moved to Bruges in 1429 where he lived until his death. He was highly regarded by Philip and undertook a number of diplomatic visits abroad, including to Lisbon in 1428 to explore the possibility of a marriage contract between the duke and Isabella of Portugal. | Jan van Eyck (), né vers 1390 peut-être à Maaseik et mort à Bruges le, est un peintre né dans les territoires soumis à l'autorité du prince-évêque de Liège Jean de Bavière (1390-1417), qui devient son protecteur. Il est célèbre pour ses portraits d’un naturalisme minutieux. Ses tableaux les plus connus sont "Les Époux Arnolfini" et "La Vierge du chancelier Rolin". Il termina par ailleurs le fameux retable de "L'Agneau mystique", commencé par son frère Hubert van Eyck. Il est l'un des premiers artistes à signer ses œuvres. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
John von Neumann | John von Neumann | John von Neumann (;, ; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was generally regarded as the foremost mathematician of his time and said to be "the last representative of the great mathematicians"; who integrated both pure and applied sciences. | John von Neumann (János Lajos Neumann)(, "János Lajos Neumann" en hongrois), né le à Budapest et mort le à Washington, est un mathématicien et physicien américano-hongrois. Il a apporté d'importantes contributions tant en mécanique quantique qu'en analyse fonctionnelle, en théorie des ensembles, en informatique, en sciences économiques ainsi que dans beaucoup d'autres domaines des mathématiques et de la physique. Il a de plus participé aux programmes militaires américains. | [
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Edict of Nantes | Édit de Nantes | The Edict of Nantes (French: "édit de Nantes"), signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. In the edict, Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity. The edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the state and to bring grievances directly to the king. It marked the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century. | L’édit de Nantes est un édit de tolérance promulgué en avril 1598 par le roi de France. Cet édit accordait notamment des droits de culte, des droits civils et des droits politiques aux protestants dans certaines parties du royaume et leur concédait, dans des annexes appelées « brevets », un certain nombre de lieux de refuge (dont environ 60 places de sûretés) et une indemnité annuelle à verser par les finances royales. La promulgation de cet édit mettait fin aux guerres de Religion qui avaient ravagé le royaume de France depuis 1562. | [
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Biophotonics | Biophotonique | The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies, such as fiber optics, the way electrons do in electronics. | La biophotonique concerne l'utilisation de la lumière pour l'analyse d'objets biologiques mais aussi leurs modifications. C'est une nouvelle science qui couple la biologie et la photonique. La photonique est la science qui traite de la génération, la manipulation, et la détection des photons qui sont des "êtres quantiques". Ces êtres quantiques lorsqu'ils se propagent sont représentés par une onde (voir Indice de réfraction), plus exactement une onde électromagnétique. Dans le cas de la biophotonique, on se limite à la fenêtre de l'eau où l'absorption est faible, qui est la partie ultraviolette, visible et proche infrarouge. Cette fenêtre nommée UV-Vis-NIR correspond au spectre électronique. Lorsque ces êtres quantiques sont mesurés, ils sont alors représentés par un corpuscule ou une particule et on parle alors de Dualité onde-particule. Au départ la photonique a été pensée comme une image de l'électronique en considérant que les photons allaient jouer un rôle central dans les technologies comme les électrons qui sont aussi des êtres quantiques mais eux, ont une masse et une charge électrique (et ne vont pas à la vitesse de la lumière). Ce spectre électronique est la partie des ondes électromagnétiques qui interagissent avec les électrons de valence de manière très particulière. Il est bordé par les UV du vide et les rayons X que l'on nomme rayonnements ionisants qui provoquent des ionisations) et sont très nocifs. La fenêtre UV-Vis-NIR correspond aux transitions électroniques et à divers types de déplacement d'électron. Le vivant utilise beaucoup ces formes de conversion d'énergie entre ces deux types d'êtres quantiques, par exemple la photosynthèse, les mécanismes moléculaires de la vision, la synthèse de la vitamine D... Une des problématiques centrales de la biophotonique est de quantifier les "effets secondaires" des rayonnemenst UV-Vis-NIR sur le vivant de l'échelle moléculaire (p. ex. photolyse) jusqu'aux échelles écologiques. | [
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European Social Forum | Forum social européen | The European Social Forum (ESF) was a recurring conference held by members of the alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement). In the first few years after it started in 2002 the conference was held every year, but later it became biannual due to difficulties with finding host countries. The conference was last held in 2010. It aims to allow social movements, trade unions, NGOs, refugees, peace and anti-imperial groups, anti-racist movements, environmental movements, networks of the excluded and community campaigns from Europe and the world to come together and discuss themes linked to major European and global issues, in order to coordinate campaigns, share ideas and refine organizing strategies. It emerged from the World Social Forum and follows its Charter of Principles. | Le Forum social européen (FSE) est l'une des déclinaisons continentales du Forum social mondial (FSM), à côté du Forum des Amériques, du Forum social asiatique, etc. La première organisation du FSE eut lieu en 2002 à Florence. | [
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Vannes | Vannes | Vannes (; ) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2,000 years ago. | Vannes est une commune française située dans l’ouest de la France sur la côte sud de la région Bretagne. La ville, située en Basse-Bretagne, est la préfecture du département du Morbihan, et le siège d'une agglomération de. Centre économique et destination touristique à la tête d’une aire urbaine de au, et d'une population municipale de au, Vannes est la agglomération de la région Bretagne en nombre d'habitants, et le universitaire de Bretagne. | [
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Saint Barbara | Barbe (martyre) | Saint Barbara (,, ), (Feast Day "December 4)", known in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Great Martyr Barbara, was an early Christian Greek saint and martyr. Accounts place her in the 3rd century in Heliopolis Phoenicia, present-day Baalbek, Lebanon. There is no reference to her in the authentic early Christian writings nor in the original recension of Saint Jerome's martyrology. Despite the legends detailing her story, the earliest references to her supposed 3rd century life do not appear until the 7th century, and veneration of her was common, especially in the East, from the 9th century. | Barbe ou Barbara ou Barbare (en grec et en latin) est une sainte fêtée le 4 décembre par les orthodoxes et les catholiques sous le nom de sainte Barbe. | [
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United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean | Commission économique pour l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes | The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, known as ECLAC, UNECLAC or in Spanish and Portuguese CEPAL, is a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation. ECLAC includes 46 member States (20 in Latin America, 13 in the Caribbean and 13 from outside the region), and 13 associate members which are various non-independent territories, associated island countries and a commonwealth in the Caribbean. ECLAC publishes statistics covering the countries of the region and makes cooperative agreements with nonprofit institutions. ECLAC's headquarters is in Santiago, Chile. ECLAC was established in 1948 as the UN Economic Commission for Latin America, or UNECLA. In 1984, a resolution was passed to include the countries of the Caribbean in the name. It reports to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). | La Commission économique pour l'Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (CEPALC ;, CEPAL ;, UNECLAC) est une commission régionale de l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU) fondée en 1948 par résolution du Conseil économique et social (alors nommée CEPAL, elle est rebaptisée CEPALC en 1984). La CEPALC publie des statistiques économiques de référence sur l'Amérique latine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Fermat number | Nombre de Fermat | In mathematics, a Fermat number - named after Pierre de Fermat who first studied them - is a positive integer of the form | Un nombre de Fermat est un nombre qui peut s'écrire sous la forme 2 + 1, avec "n" entier naturel. Le "n"-ième nombre de Fermat, 2 + 1, est noté "F". | [
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Linear equation | Équation linéaire | In mathematics, a linear equation is an equation that may be put in the form where formula_2 are the variables (or unknowns), and formula_3 are the coefficients, which are often real numbers. The coefficients may be considered as parameters of the equation, and may be arbitrary expressions, provided they do not contain any of the variables. To yield a meaningful equation, the coefficients formula_4 are required to not all be zero. | Une équation à coefficients réels ou complexes est dite linéaire quand elle peut être présentée sous la forme ou, de manière équivalente où "x" est l'inconnue, "a" et "b" sont deux nombres donnés. Si "a" est différent de zéro, la seule solution est le nombre | [
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Florence | Florence | Florence ( ; ) is a city in central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area. | Florence (en italien : "Firenze", prononcé ) est la huitième ville d'Italie par sa population, capitale de la région de Toscane et siège de la ville métropolitaine de Florence. | [
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Siegfried Bing | Siegfried Bing | Samuel Siegfried Bing (26 February 1838 – 6 September 1905), who usually gave his name as S. Bing (not to be confused with his brother, Samuel Otto Bing, 1850–1905), was a German-French art dealer who lived in Paris as an adult, and who helped introduce Japanese art and artworks to the West and was a factor in the development of the Art Nouveau style during the late nineteenth century. | Siegfried Bing dit improprement Samuel Bing, (Hambourg, - Vaucresson, ), est un marchand d'art, collectionneur, critique d'art et mécène français d'origine allemande. | [
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International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture | Traité international sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture | The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, (also known as ITPGRFA, International Seed Treaty or Plant Treaty) is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use, as well as the recognition of farmers' rights. It was signed in 2001 in Madrid, and entered into force on 29 June 2004. | Le Traité international sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture ou TIRPAA (en anglais, "International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture" : "ITPGRFA") est un accord international visant à assurer la sécurité alimentaire par le biais de la conservation de la biodiversité, de l'échange et de l'utilisation durable des ressources phytogénétiques, tout en garantissant le partage des bénéfices. Le nom de ce traité est souvent abrégé en « Traité sur les semences » (en anglais, "International Seed Treaty"). | [
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Kyrgyzstan | Kirghizistan | Kyrgyzstan ( ;, "Qırğızstan", ), officially the Kyrgyz Republic (; ) and also known as Kirghizia (, ), is a country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west and southwest, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. | Le Kirghizistan, Kirghizstan ou Kirghizie, en forme longue la République kirghize (en kirghize, et,, en russe, et, ), est un pays d'Asie centrale. Extrêmement montagneuse, peuplée à l'origine par des populations nomades, cette ancienne république de l'URSS a obtenu son indépendance lors de l'effondrement de cette dernière en 1991. Ses habitants s'appellent les Kirghizes. Les deux langues officielles sont le kirghize, une langue turque, et le russe. | [
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William Morris | William Morris | William Morris (24 March 1834 – 3 October 1896) was a British textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement. He was a major contributor to the revival of traditional British textile arts and methods of production. His literary contributions helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, while he played a significant role proliferating the early socialist movement in Britain. | William Morris, né le à Walthamstow, Essex (aujourd'hui dans le borough londonien de Waltham Forest) et mort le à Hammersmith, Londres, est un fabricant, designer textile, imprimeur, écrivain, poète, conférencier, peintre, dessinateur et architecte britannique, célèbre à la fois pour ses œuvres littéraires, son engagement politique libertaire, son travail d'édition et ses créations dans le domaine des arts décoratifs, en tant que membre de la Confrérie préraphaélite, qui comptent parmi les sources du mouvement Arts & Crafts qui eut, dans ce domaine, l'une des influences les plus importantes en Grande-Bretagne au. | [
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Chad | Tchad | Chad (;, ;, ), officially known as the Republic of Chad ( ""; ), is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the south-west, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. | Le Tchad, en forme longue la république du Tchad (), est un pays d'Afrique centrale sans accès à la mer, frontalier de la Libye au nord, du Niger à l'ouest, du Nigeria à l'ouest-sud-ouest, du Cameroun au sud-sud-ouest, de la République centrafricaine au sud et du Soudan à l'est. Sa capitale est N'Djaména. Géographiquement et culturellement, le Tchad constitue un point de passage entre l'Afrique du Nord et l'Afrique subsaharienne. D'une superficie de, c'est le cinquième pays le plus vaste d'Afrique. | [
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Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day | Fête nationale du Québec | Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day (), also known in English as "St John the Baptist Day", is a holiday celebrated on June 24 in the Canadian province of Quebec and by French Canadians across Canada and the United States. It was brought to Canada by French settlers celebrating the traditional feast day of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. It was declared a public holiday in Quebec in 1925, with publicly financed events organized province-wide by a "Comité organisateur de la fête nationale du Québec". | La Fête nationale du Québec, encore communément appelée la Saint-Jean-Baptiste ou Saint-Jean, est la fête nationale des Québécois. En vertu de la Loi sur la fête nationale, le 24 juin est une journée fériée et chômée au Québec. | [
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Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas | Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas | Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano (; born 1 May, 1935) is a prominent Mexican politician. He is a former Head of Government of Mexico City and a founder of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). He ran for the presidency of Mexico three times. His 1988 loss to the Institutional Revolutionary Party candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari had long been considered a direct result of obvious electoral fraud, later acknowledged by President Miguel de la Madrid. He previously served as a Senator, having been elected in 1976 to represent the state of Michoacán and also as the Governor of Michoacán from 1980 to 1986. | Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano, né le à Mexico, au Mexique, est un homme politique mexicain. Il est le fils du président Lázaro Cárdenas del Río et le père du gouverneur du Michoacán Lázaro Cárdenas Batel. | [
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John Ruskin | John Ruskin | John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, philosopher, prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects as varied as geology, architecture, myth, ornithology, literature, education, botany and political economy. | John Ruskin, né le à Bloomsbury à Londres, mort le à Coniston (Cumbria), est un écrivain, poète, peintre et critique d'art britannique. | [
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Neutron | Neutron | The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, with no electric charge and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons behave similarly within the nucleus, and each has a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit, they are both referred to as nucleons. Their properties and interactions are described by nuclear physics. The chemical properties of an atom are mostly determined by the configuration of electrons that orbit the atom's heavy nucleus. The electron configuration is determined by the charge of the nucleus, set by the number of protons, or atomic number. Neutrons do not affect the electron configuration, but the sum of atomic number and the number of neutrons, or neutron number, is the mass of the nucleus. | Le neutron est une particule subatomique de charge électrique nulle. Les neutrons sont présents dans le noyau des atomes, liés avec des protons par l'interaction forte. Si le nombre de protons d'un noyau détermine son élément chimique, le nombre de neutrons détermine son isotope. Les neutrons liés dans un noyau atomique sont en général stables mais les neutrons libres sont instables : ils se désintègrent en un peu moins de 15 minutes (880,3 secondes). Les neutrons libres sont produits dans les opérations de fission et de fusion nucléaires. | [
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Biogeography | Biogéographie | Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. Phytogeography is the branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of plants. Zoogeography is the branch that studies distribution of animals. Mycogeography is the branch that studies distribution of fungi, such as mushrooms. | La biogéographie est une branche à la croisée des sciences dites naturelles, de la géographie physique, pédologie, l'écologie, de la bioclimatologie et de la biologie de l'évolution qui étudie la vie à la surface du globe par des analyses descriptives et explicatives de la répartition des êtres vivants, et plus particulièrement des communautés d'êtres vivants. | [
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RNA | Acide ribonucléique | Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, RNA is found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. | L'acide ribonucléique (ARN) est un acide nucléique présent chez pratiquement tous les êtres vivants, et aussi chez certains virus. L'ARN est très proche chimiquement de l'ADN et il est d'ailleurs en général synthétisé dans les cellules à partir d'une matrice d'ADN dont il est une copie. Les cellules utilisent en particulier l'ARN comme un support intermédiaire des gènes pour synthétiser les protéines dont elles ont besoin. L'ARN peut remplir de nombreuses autres fonctions et en particulier intervenir dans des réactions chimiques du métabolisme cellulaire. | [
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Alan Greenspan | Alan Greenspan | Alan Greenspan (; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chair of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006, after the second-longest tenure in the position (behind William McChesney Martin). | Alan Greenspan, né le à New York, est un économiste américain. Il fut président de la Réserve fédérale, la banque centrale des États-Unis, du au. | [
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John the Baptist | Jean le Baptiste | John the Baptist (late 1 century BC – AD 28–36) was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early "1" century AD. Other titles for John include "John the Forerunner" in Eastern Christianity, "John the Immerser" in some Baptist traditions, and the "prophet John" ("Yaḥyā") in Islam. He is sometimes alternatively called "John the Baptizer". | Jean le Baptiste ou Jean Baptiste ( "Ioánnēs ho baptistēs", Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτίζων "Ioánnēs ho baptízōn" ou Ιωάννης ὁ πρόδρομος "Ioánnēs ho pródromos", slavon Иоанъ креститель "Ioan krestitelj" ; Serbe: Јован кpститељ "Jovan krstitelj ;" "Yaḥya" ou يوحنا المعمدان "Ywḥnạ ạlmʿmdạn"), de son nom de naissance "Yohanan" (hébreu : "יוחנן"), est un personnage majeur du christianisme et de l'islam. Sur le plan historique, son existence est attestée par un passage de Flavius Josèphe, il fut un prédicateur juif du temps de Jésus de Nazareth. | [
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North Carolina | Caroline du Nord | North Carolina () is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and South Carolina to the south, and Tennessee to the west. Raleigh is the state's capital and Charlotte is its largest city. The Charlotte metropolitan area, with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018, is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina, the 23rd-most populous in the United States, and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City. The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state, with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018, and is home to the largest research park in the United States, Research Triangle Park. | La Caroline du Nord () est un État du Sud des États-Unis. Sa capitale est Raleigh, et sa plus grande ville est Charlotte et son agglomération (Metrolina). Avec en 2010, estimée à en 2019, sur une superficie de, l'État est le du pays par sa population et le par sa taille. Longeant l'océan Atlantique à l'est, elle est bordée par la Caroline du Sud et la Géorgie au sud, le Tennessee à l'ouest, et la Virginie au nord. Territoire colonisé et occupé par les Européens dès le, la Caroline du Nord est l'une des Treize Colonies qui fondèrent les États-Unis d'Amérique. Elle est divisée en cent comtés. En grande partie rurale, elle présente des paysages divers, entre les plateaux du Piedmont, les îles des'et le Cap Hatteras, et les ', partie de la chaîne des Appalaches. Le Mont Mitchell, point culminant de l'est des États-Unis, se trouve dans l'ouest de l'État. | [
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Enlargement of the European Union | Élargissement de l'Union européenne | The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. To join the EU, a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria (after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993), which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law, and its corresponding freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws. | L’élargissement de l’Union européenne décrit les vagues successives d’intégration économique et politique des États environnants dans l’Union européenne. L’Union européenne est aujourd’hui composée de, au terme de sept élargissements (adhésion de trois nouveaux pays en 1973, un pays en 1981, deux en 1986, trois en 1995, douze en deux vagues en 2004 et 2007 et un en 2013) et le retrait du Royaume-Uni en 2020, depuis sa création en 1958 par six pays. Cinq autres pays (l’Albanie, la Macédoine du Nord, le Monténégro, la Serbie et la Turquie) ont le statut de pays candidats à l’intégration. Un autre pays (la Bosnie-Herzégovine) a par ailleurs déposé sa candidature. L’Islande a été candidate de 2009 à 2015 et a retiré cette candidature le 12 mars 2015, tout comme pour la Suisse et la Norvège dans les années 1990. Le Kosovo, pour sa part, ne s’est pas encore manifesté auprès de l’Union, mais est considéré comme un candidat potentiel. | [
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Federal Reserve | Réserve fédérale des États-Unis | The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States of America. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises. Over the years, events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s, the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Great Recession during the late 2000s, and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System. | La Réserve fédérale (officiellement, souvent raccourci en'ou ') est la banque centrale des États-Unis. Elle est créée en décembre 1913, durant les fêtes, par le'dit aussi ', à la suite de plusieurs crises bancaires, dont la panique bancaire américaine de 1907. Son rôle évolue depuis et elle renforce son indépendance lors de l'instabilité monétaire des années 1975 et 1985. | [
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Ernesto Zedillo | Ernesto Zedillo | Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, (; born 27 December 1951) is a Mexican economist and politician. He was President of Mexico from 1 December 1994 to 30 November 2000, as the last of the uninterrupted 71-year line of Mexican presidents from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). | Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, né le à Mexico, est un homme politique mexicain. Membre du PRI ("Partido Revolucionario Institucional"), il fut président de la République entre 1994 et 2000. | [
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Titanium | Titane | Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. | Le titane est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 22, de symbole Ti. La variante "titanium", bien qu'attestée en français depuis 1872, est considérée comme un anglicisme incorrect. | [
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List of presidents of France | Liste des présidents de la République française | This is a list of Presidents of France. The first President of France is considered to be Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III), who was elected in the 1848 election, under the French Second Republic. The current President is Emmanuel Macron, from May 14, 2017. | Cet article dresse la liste des présidents de la République française de 1848 à 1852, de 1871 à 1940 et depuis 1947. Elle nomme également les personnes ayant exercé la fonction de chef d'État de la France républicaine de 1792 à 1804 et de 1940 à 1947. | [
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Mercury (mythology) | Mercure (mythologie) | Mercury (; Latin: "Mercurius" ) is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the 12 Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon. He is the god of financial gain, commerce, eloquence, messages, communication (including divination), travelers, boundaries, luck, trickery and thieves; he also serves as the guide of souls to the underworld. He was considered the son of Maia, who was a daughter of the Titan Atlas, and Jupiter in Roman mythology. His name is possibly related to the Latin word "merx" ("merchandise"; cf. "merchant", "commerce", etc.), "mercari" ("to trade"), and "merces" ("wages"); another possible connection is the Proto-Indo-European root merĝ- for "boundary, border" (cf. Old English "mearc", Old Norse "mark" and Latin "margō") and Greek οὖρος (by analogy of Arctūrus/Ἀρκτοῦρος), as the "keeper of boundaries," referring to his role as bridge between the upper and lower worlds. In his earliest forms, he appears to have been related to the Etruscan deity Turms; both gods share characteristics with the Greek god Hermes. He is often depicted holding the caduceus in his left hand. Similar to his Greek equivalent Hermes, he was awarded the caduceus by Apollo who handed him a magic wand, which later turned into the caduceus. | Mercure ( : "Mercurius") est le dieu du commerce dans la mythologie romaine. Assimilé à l'Hermès grec. il devient également le dieu des voleurs, des voyages et le messager des autres dieux. Son nom est lié au mot latin "merx" ( : marchandise), "mercari" ( : commercer), et "merces" ( : salaire). Ses attributs traditionnels sont la bourse, le plus souvent tenue à la main, le pétase, le caducée, des sandales ailées ainsi qu'un coq et/ou un bouc. Il était célébré le 15 mai en particulier lors des Mercuralia. | [
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PlayStation 2 | PlayStation 2 | The PlayStation 2 (officially branded as PS2) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was first released in Japan on March 4, 2000, in North America on October 26, 2000, and in Europe and Australia on November 24, 2000, and is the successor to the original PlayStation, as well as the second installment in the PlayStation console line-up. A sixth-generation console, it competed with Sega's Dreamcast, Nintendo's GameCube, and Microsoft's original Xbox. | La PlayStation 2 (abrégé officiellement PS2) est une console de jeux vidéo de sixième génération commercialisée par Sony Computer Entertainment, filiale de Sony. Elle est sortie le au Japon, le en Amérique du Nord, le en Europe et le en Australie. La console était en concurrence avec la Dreamcast de Sega, la GameCube de Nintendo et la Xbox de Microsoft. | [
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Nintendo 64 | Nintendo 64 | The (officially abbreviated as N64, hardware model number pre-term: NUS, stylized as NINTENDO) is a home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo. Named for its 64-bit central processing unit, it was released in June 1996 in Japan, September 1996 in North America, and March 1997 in Europe and Australia. It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until the Nintendo Switch in 2017. The Nintendo 64 was discontinued in 2002 following the launch of its successor, the GameCube, in 2001. | La, également connue sous les noms de code Project Reality et Ultra 64 lors de sa phase de développement, est une console de jeux vidéo de salon, sortie en 1996 (1997 en Europe), du constructeur japonais Nintendo en collaboration avec Silicon Graphics. Elle fut la dernière des consoles de salon de cinquième génération à être sortie. | [
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Guadalajara | Guadalajara (Mexique) | Guadalajara (, ) is a metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the state of Jalisco. The city has a population of 1,460,148, while the Guadalajara metropolitan area has a population of 5,002,466, making it the second-largest metropolitan area in the country. Guadalajara has the second highest population density in Mexico, with over 10,361 people per square kilometre. Guadalajara is an international center of business, finance, arts, and culture, as well as the economic center of the Bajío region, one of the most productive and developed regions in Latin America. | Guadalajara () est la capitale de l'État de Jalisco au Mexique. Elle est située à à l'ouest-nord-ouest de la capitale Mexico D. F. (District fédéral) Elle est située dans la vallée d'Atemajac, à au-dessus du niveau de la mer, à proximité du lac de Chapala. | [
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Monterrey | Monterrey | Monterrey (; ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area, the second most productive in Mexico with a GDP (PPP) of US$123 billion, and the third largest with an estimated population of 4,689,601 people as of 2015. Monterrey is typically considered one of the most livable cities in Mexico, and a 2018 study found that suburb San Pedro Garza García is the city with the best quality of life in Mexico. It serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations. Its purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico's at around US$35,500, compared to the country's US$18,800. It is considered a Beta World City, cosmopolitan and competitive. Rich in history and culture, it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico. It is also considered to be the most “Americanized” city in the country. | Monterrey est une ville de 1,1 million d'habitants située dans le nord-est du Mexique, capitale de l'État du Nuevo León. | [
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Mercury (planet) | Mercure (planète) | Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbit around the Sun takes 87.97 days, the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger of the gods. | Mercure est la planète la plus proche du Soleil et la moins massive du Système solaire. Son éloignement au Soleil est compris entre 0,31 et (46 et 70 millions de kilomètres), ce qui correspond à une excentricité orbitale de 0,2. Elle est visible à l'œil nu depuis la Terre avec un diamètre apparent de 4,5 à, et une magnitude apparente de son observation est toutefois rendue difficile par son élongation toujours inférieure à 28,3° qui la noie le plus souvent dans l'éclat du Soleil. | [
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Mercury (element) | Mercure (chimie) | Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum ( ). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is the halogen bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature. | Le mercure est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 80, de symbole Hg. Le corps simple mercure est un métal, liquide et peu visqueux dans les conditions normales de température et de pression. On l'a appelé vif-argent jusqu'au début du. | [
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Season of the Harvest | Chémou | The Season of the Harvest or Low Water was the third and final season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars. It fell after the Season of the Emergence (') and before the spiritually dangerous intercalary month ('), after which the New Year's festivities began the Season of the Inundation ("Ꜣḫt"). | Dans l'Égypte antique, Chémou (ou Shémou) désignait la troisième et dernière saison du calendrier nilotique (basé sur la crue du Nil). | [
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Season of the Emergence | Peret | The Season of the Emergence () was the second season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars. It fell after the Season of the Inundation (') and before the Season of the Harvest ('). | Peret (ou Perit) désignait, dans l'Égypte antique, la deuxième saison du calendrier nilotique (basé sur la crue du Nil). Saison fraiche correspondant à la décrue du fleuve, elle est la saison de la levée des cultures. | [
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Season of the Inundation | Akhet | The Season of the Inundation or Flood () was the first season of the lunar and civil Egyptian calendars. It fell after the intercalary month of Days over the Year (') and before the Season of the Emergence ('). | Dans l'Égypte antique, Akhet (ou Akhit) désignait la première saison du calendrier nilotique (basé sur la crue du Nil). Cette saison correspond à la période d'inondations et se déroule du 19 juillet au 15 novembre. | [
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Enterprise (computer) | Enterprise 64/128 | The Enterprise is a Zilog Z80-based home computer announced in 1983, but through a series of delays, not commercially available until 1985. The specification as released was powerful and one of the higher end in its class (though not by the margin envisaged in 1983). This was due to the use of ASICs for graphics and sound which took workload away from the CPU, an extensive implementation of ANSII BASIC and a bank switching system to allow for larger amounts of RAM than the Z80 natively supported. It also featured a distinctive and colourful case design, and promise of multiple expansion options. Ultimately it was not commercially successful, after multiple renames, delays and a changing market place. Its manufacturer calling in the receivers in 1986 with significant debt. It was developed by British company Intelligent Software and marketed by Enterprise Computers. Its two variants are the Enterprise 64, with 64 kilobytes (KB, 65,536 bytes) of Random Access Memory (RAM), and the Enterprise 128, with 128 KB (131,072 bytes) of RAM. | L'Enterprise 64/128 est un micro-ordinateur personnel des années 1980. Basé sur le processeur Z80 de Zilog, cette machine n'eut pas le succès que son architecture aurait pu lui laisser espérer. Le projet, démarré en 1982, fut définitivement arrêté pour cause de faillite en juin 1986 après une longue mais inexorable agonie. | [
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Guerrero | Guerrero | Guerrero (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero (), is one of the 32 states which comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo and its largest city is Acapulco. | Le Guerrero ou l’État de Guerrero est un État du Sud du Mexique dont la capitale est Chilpancingo (Ciudad Bravo). Il est nommé ainsi en hommage à Vicente Guerrero, un caudillo de la lutte pour l'indépendance du Mexique et second président du pays. | [
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Ancient Egyptian literature | Littérature de l'Égypte antique | Ancient Egyptian literature was written in the Egyptian language from ancient Egypt's pharaonic period until the end of Roman domination. It represents the oldest corpus of Egyptian literature. Along with Sumerian literature, it is considered the world's earliest literature. | La littérature de l'Égypte antique est l'une des plus anciennes littératures écrites connues. Les plus anciens témoignages de textes « littéraires », au sens restreint, remontent à la (-1991, -1783) ce qui semble tardif par rapport à l'apparition de l'écriture (vers -3200), et les premiers textes complexes attestés au début de l'Ancien Empire (vers -2700). Ce décalage est-il dû aux aléas de la documentation ou à une lente maturation de la littérature écrite qui resta longtemps cantonnée à une transmission orale? Les spécialistes restent encore divisés sur la question. Cependant bien avant l'apparition des premiers manuscrits véritablement « littéraires », il existe des autobiographies comme celles d'Ouni ( avant notre ère) ou des princes de la ville d'Assiout ( avant notre ère), où se manifeste un style poussé, derrière laquelle point, consciemment ou non, une intention quasi littéraire. | [
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Confederation of British Industry | Confederation of British Industry | The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) is a UK business organisation, which in total claims to speak for 190,000 businesses, this is made up of around 1,500 direct members and 188,500 non-members. The non members are represented through the 140 trade associations within the confederation, whose separate and individual memberships the CBI claims to also to speak for. Trade Association member companies, are not directly consulted or involved in CBI's policy formulation. The National Farmers' Union with its 55,000 members is the largest component of the 188,500 non-members the CBI claims to speak for. The Country Land and Business association brings another 30,000 non-members, the Association of Independent Professionals and the Self-Employed 20,000 non-members, the Freight Transport Association 13,000, the Federation of Master Builders 9,500, the Road Haulage Association 8,100 and the National Federation of Builders 1,400. | La (CBI), fondée en 1965, est le plus important syndicat patronal britannique. Son directeur général est Carolyn Fairbairn, son président est Paul Drechsler. Elle publie un magazine mensuel, le "". | [
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Acapulco | Acapulco | Acapulco de Juárez (), commonly called Acapulco (, ), is a city, municipality and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semicircular bay and has been a port since the early colonial period of Mexico's history. It is a port of call for shipping and cruise lines running between Panama and San Francisco, California, United States. The city of Acapulco is the largest in the state, far larger than the state capital Chilpancingo. Acapulco is also Mexico's largest beach and balneario resort city. | Acapulco ou Acapulco de Juárez est une ville portuaire de l'État de Guerrero, au Mexique. Elle est située sur le littoral bordant l'Océan pacifique, à au sud de Mexico, dans une baie profonde semi-circulaire presque fermée, dont la facilité d'accès et la sûreté du mouillage permet aux bateaux de rester le long des rochers qui bordent la côte. | [
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Ernest Pérochon | Ernest Pérochon | Ernest Pérochon (1885–1942) was a French writer who won the "Prix Goncourt" in 1920 for his novel "Nêne". Initially a teacher, he left his career in education in 1921 to pursue writing. He wrote poems, novels (ranging from realism to science fiction), as well as children’s literature. | Ernest Pérochon, né le à Courlay et mort le à Niort, est un écrivain français. Il obtient le prix Goncourt 1920 pour "Nêne" et est l'auteur de ""Les Gardiennes"" (1924), roman adapté au cinéma par Xavier Beauvois en 2017. | [
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Egyptian calendar | Calendrier de l'Égypte antique | The ancient Egyptian calendar - a civil calendar - was a solar calendar with a 365-day year. The year consisted of three seasons of 120 days each, plus an intercalary month of five epagomenal days treated as outside of the year proper. Each season was divided into four months of 30 days. These twelve months were initially numbered within each season but came to also be known by the names of their principal festivals. Each month was divided into three 10-day periods known as decans or decades. It has been suggested that during the Nineteenth Dynasty and the Twentieth Dynasty the last two days of each decan were usually treated as a kind of weekend for the royal craftsmen, with royal artisans free from work. | Le calendrier de l'Égypte antique, (également appelé calendrier nilotique) était basé sur les fluctuations annuelles du Nil et avait pour objectif la régulation des travaux agricoles au cours de l'année. Les Égyptiens auraient défini l'année comme « le temps nécessaire pour une récolte ». Le hiéroglyphe signifiant « année » représenterait une jeune pousse avec un bourgeon ("renpet"). | [
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Computer program | Programme informatique | A computer program is a collection of instructions that can be executed by a computer to perform a specific task. | Un programme informatique est un ensemble d'opérations destinées à être exécutées par un ordinateur. Un programme fait généralement partie d'un logiciel : un ensemble de composants numériques destiné à fournir un service informatique ; un logiciel peut comporter plusieurs programmes. On en retrouve ainsi dans les appareils informatiques (ordinateur, console de jeu, guichet automatique bancaire...), dans des pièces de matériel informatique, ainsi que dans de nombreux dispositifs électroniques (imprimante, modem, GPS, téléphone mobile, machine à laver, appareil photo numérique, décodeur TV numérique, injection électronique, pilote automatique...). | [
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England | Angleterre | England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. It is the largest country of the British Isles. | L'Angleterre (en anglais "" ) est une nation constitutive du Royaume-Uni. Elle est bordée par l'Écosse au nord et le pays de Galles à l'ouest. Son littoral est entouré par la mer du Nord à l'est, la mer d'Irlande au nord-ouest, la mer Celtique au sud-ouest, et la Manche au sud qui la sépare de l'Europe continentale. Son territoire couvre la majorité du centre et du sud de l'île de Grande-Bretagne, et il inclut également une centaine de petites îles. Sa capitale est Londres qui est la première aire urbaine du Royaume-Uni et, selon les critères retenus, d'Europe de l'Ouest. L'Angleterre est la nation la plus peuplée du Royaume-Uni avec d'habitants en 2011, ce qui représente 84 % de la population britannique, et est la plus grande avec une superficie de. Le nom d'« Angleterre » est fréquemment mais faussement employé, par synecdoque, pour désigner le Royaume-Uni dans son ensemble. | [
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Subsets and Splits