Datasets:

---

StivenLancheros

/

all_datasets_wikis

like 0

[ 250004, 250054, 1311, 63923, 25251, 285, 53, 23, 2363, 79385, 111, 58963, 53, 5, 31384, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 563, 26214, 7, 16, 456, 538, 98, 8951, 6226, 1829, 552, 63923, 748, 167934, 4, 6, 55720, 69819, 23, 70, 86039, 25, 7, 6, 188336, 75973, 5, 64511, 7, 621, 41371, 14543, 4295, 23, 2363, 10002, 7108, 4, 87709, 111, 20697, 10, 12654, 101966, 79850, 74, 1836, 621, 7464, 959, 15572, 29367, 100, 4537, 9, 4717, 78381, 18151, 4, 707, 1836, 621, 23, 15644, 2886, 111, 442, 4743, 47, 10, 84046, 6, 188336, 5423, 162393, 98, 197108, 214, 29458, 66211, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 39210, 100, 6097, 47, 186, 22648, 19, 390, 8951, 98323, 17203, 15, 397, 8218, 247, 678, 70, 27980, 14543, 42, 33976, 10, 75101, 5303, 5, 581, 75041, 116, 25, 7, 241, 105401, 87907, 70541, 297, 142, 225073, 391, 9434, 9, 5062, 40288, 397, 173, 18770, 25072, 87709, 111, 15044, 13736, 7, 111, 41018, 5, 717, 3249, 2965, 4527, 111, 5201, 160328, 13909, 14543, 42, 1733, 4, 107730, 64, 6056, 7077, 66211, 7, 3542, 102329, 297, 47, 84797, 76519, 35839, 55969, 87, 64, 670, 5, 581, 5201, 160328, 2806, 959, 64209, 2499, 87, 64, 670, 9433, 214, 99, 756, 4, 64457, 2806, 1660, 5423, 171859, 7, 100, 142, 107730, 707, 140992, 41018, 136, 7068, 26073, 70, 86723, 14543, 42, 47, 85358, 1810, 70, 28271, 111, 70, 41018, 5, 3311, 64832, 214, 35845, 538, 8781, 1614, 9, 63923, 25251, 47, 34831, 1733, 9, 25553, 316, 214, 87, 64, 670, 9384, 1916, 136, 9433, 214, 4, 128512, 5426, 23718, 509, 52295, 71, 5, 1311, 63923, 25251, 100, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 5117, 118775, 23, 86983, 13909, 7, 23, 70, 19340, 7, 136, 100512, 39210, 87420, 70, 15643, 7, 136, 3934, 70, 39395, 11704, 7, 5, 241, 147, 538, 15045, 3137, 136, 22958, 3137, 14543, 4295, 11814, 10975, 47, 85358, 1810, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 41018, 7, 5, 78662, 10, 552, 63923, 748, 509, 8060, 297, 4, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 74481, 5256, 5809, 186, 175100, 1810, 5941, 20028, 4271, 56, 5, 78804, 552, 63923, 25251, 3542, 5700, 59038, 7, 100, 72095, 111, 13909, 9, 41567, 71, 4331, 15, 85427, 16, 10975, 136, 57456, 136, 177907, 74481, 5256, 5, 31384, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 25072, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 87063, 9199, 1662, 4, 24018, 15751, 5016, 23538, 98989, 136, 64181, 2142, 563, 26214, 7, 3542, 191607, 237, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 128779, 4, 12960, 27060, 6044, 237, 70, 24018, 2248, 19308, 4, 167961, 6, 134900, 13556, 136, 9907, 40566, 13556, 3542, 1286, 20903, 538, 78779, 297, 678, 70, 86039, 5, 116267, 3173, 111, 552, 63923, 748, 509, 10, 1202, 44116, 552, 63923, 748, 4, 237, 11814, 23, 70, 62, 7157, 15045, 3137, 14449, 4, 70, 31464, 73750, 7, 26906, 9, 5046, 17357, 284, 136, 16265, 1542, 5368, 9, 164511, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 35839, 44, 25073, 90045, 27131, 603, 7, 740, 581, 3288, 74445, 107, 2022, 1758, 114122, 110537, 126, 99201, 6044, 10, 25072, 51529, 237, 70, 1311, 8079, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 19174, 3055, 100, 197108, 214, 4785, 62346, 45258, 1363, 23, 98323, 5, 1301, 11948, 63923, 25251, 126809, 4, 70, 11034, 111, 78779, 214, 70, 21917, 26518, 6275, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 32354, 7, 3934, 70, 14543, 42, 206398, 71, 5, 19694, 14543, 42, 38352, 7, 2843, 7228, 10, 20903, 538, 78779, 297, 552, 63923, 748, 34844, 47, 29479, 5, 503, 6276, 37838, 98169, 71, 291, 140363, 41637, 552, 63923, 25251, 621, 5036, 51, 277, 3796, 23, 86983, 13909, 7, 5, 581, 35968, 100, 10, 171332, 6, 48461, 7, 552, 63923, 748, 1556, 55993, 19, 4, 49903, 4, 106480, 4743, 47, 142, 118055, 35968, 100, 61207, 1771, 138, 397, 6, 48461, 7, 23, 13909, 27528, 5, 581, 7311, 90540, 6107, 99201, 10, 221, 27853, 100, 70, 24018, 2248, 19308, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 552, 63923, 748, 15, 9227, 563, 26214, 16, 3129, 509, 10, 5700, 35829, 100, 3395, 17368, 70, 6107, 100, 13909, 9, 41567, 71, 4331, 707, 291, 140363, 41637, 9, 29272, 29888, 74481, 5256, 5, 360, 450, 6, 159958, 4, 70, 552, 63923, 748, 38352, 7, 1257, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 98, 70, 12989, 111, 809, 2480, 53, 42822, 5, 53400, 7, 450, 4734, 11814, 70, 6107, 100, 2565, 9433, 214, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 57, 4126, 70, 11192, 11034, 111, 70, 552, 63923, 748, 4, 3129, 2806, 959, 765, 197108, 297, 23718, 111, 7986, 45258, 1363, 41018, 7, 5, 581, 2248, 19308, 509, 107137, 538, 78779, 297, 678, 70, 2248, 15276, 64, 4836, 12772, 136, 45739, 71, 47, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 36279, 18151, 41018, 18151, 7, 183540, 297, 23, 70, 2248, 12772, 6, 188336, 75973, 5, 893, 2248, 12772, 14543, 42, 15490, 142, 2248, 19308, 5809, 959, 29481, 6097, 167934, 4, 186607, 449, 84797, 11389, 7, 111, 103391, 100, 563, 26214, 136, 351, 9, 919, 26214, 76519, 4, 707, 99, 19713, 10, 3034, 99, 11675, 1733, 47, 96391, 70, 563, 26214, 136, 36849, 95307, 291, 140363, 70760, 35773, 1294, 32354, 7, 5, 116267, 552, 63923, 748, 100, 70, 2248, 15276, 64, 4836, 12772, 9879, 14543, 42, 509, 70, 2248, 18949, 107730, 64, 6056, 7077, 552, 63923, 748, 5, 1650, 11814, 70, 5701, 56037, 449, 61353, 237, 2248, 19308, 100, 107730, 64, 6056, 7077, 41018, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 12302, 111, 2053, 1295, 98323, 47, 10, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 75186, 4, 136, 221, 6, 241866, 70, 72367, 98, 70, 86039, 5, 4966, 90540, 15935, 25, 18, 4527, 442, 23, 90540, 6107, 4331, 136, 24018, 118066, 34754, 111, 903, 10644, 111, 552, 63923, 748, 5, 581, 24018, 2248, 105742, 11948, 63923, 748, 11814, 142, 35829, 289, 44, 125458, 58, 552, 63923, 748, 15, 2347, 2248, 113252, 16, 47, 51339, 21917, 26518, 6275, 41018, 7, 105237, 23, 76407, 5, 581, 24018, 2248, 159645, 397, 1542, 14543, 42, 99201, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 76407, 98, 70, 59420, 5, 24018, 121447, 10, 11034, 9, 107, 106357, 71, 14543, 42, 4, 70, 2248, 159645, 120844, 4, 450, 1902, 110, 21917, 26518, 6275, 76407, 4, 136, 2843, 54324, 142, 2248, 183223, 120844, 552, 63923, 748, 450, 85590, 538, 238335, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 552, 63923, 748, 83, 10, 13909, 14543, 42, 11814, 47, 107506, 70, 32354, 7, 111, 70, 158978, 14543, 42, 15, 2347, 86039, 194, 102203, 7, 51339, 297, 390, 70, 552, 63923, 748, 1543, 186, 21917, 26518, 6275, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 4, 6, 48461, 7, 4, 26073, 9433, 214, 4, 79315, 9433, 214, 4, 6, 136791, 87168, 707, 87, 64, 670, 1940, 91468, 214, 678, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 128779, 5, 3311, 5773, 63033, 214, 14543, 42, 9, 29272, 29888, 66211, 7, 1295, 70, 5201, 14543, 42, 4, 552, 63923, 25251, 831, 197108, 13, 5426, 23718, 5, 1311, 63923, 25251, 63769, 10, 13315, 111, 13909, 7, 47, 186, 178036, 297, 4, 221, 450, 59463, 2750, 54, 959, 3871, 70, 4173, 23718, 54, 959, 3871, 47, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Functionality.", "History.", "Intel.", "Motorola.", "Modern coprocessors.", "Trends." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Coprocessors vary in their degree of autonomy. Some (such as FPUs) rely on direct control via coprocessor instructions, embedded in the CPU's instruction stream. Others are independent processors in their own right, capable of working asynchronously; they are still not optimized for general-purpose code, or they are incapable of it due to a limited instruction set focused on accelerating specific tasks. It is common for these to be driven by direct memory access (DMA), with the host processor building a command list. The PlayStation 2's Emotion engine contained an unusual DSP-like SIMD vector unit capable of both modes of operation.", "To make best use of mainframe computer processor time, input/output tasks were delegated to separate systems called Channel I/O. The mainframe would not require any I/O processing at all, instead would just set parameters for an input or output operation and then signal the channel processor to carry out the whole of the operation. By dedicating relatively simple sub-processors to handle time-consuming I/O formatting and processing, overall system performance was improved. Coprocessors for floating-point arithmetic first appeared in desktop computers in the 1970s and became common throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s. Early 8-bit and 16-bit processors used software to carry out floating-point arithmetic operations. Where a coprocessor was supported, floating-point calculations could be carried out many times faster. Math coprocessors were popular purchases for users of computer-aided design (CAD) software and scientific and engineering calculations. Some floating-point units, such as the AMD 9511, Intel 8231/8232 and Weitek FPUs were treated as peripheral devices, while others such as the Intel 8087, Motorola 68881 and National 32081 were more closely integrated with the CPU. Another form of coprocessor was a video display coprocessor, as used in the Atari 8-bit family, the Texas Instruments TI-99/4A and MSX home-computers, which were called \"Video Display Controllers\". The Commodore Amiga custom chipset included such a unit known as the Copper, as well as a Blitter for accelerating bitmap manipulation in memory. As microprocessors developed, the cost of integrating the floating point arithmetic functions into the processor declined. High processor speeds also made a closely integrated coprocessor difficult to implement. Separately packaged mathematics coprocessors are now uncommon in desktop computers. The demand for a dedicated graphics coprocessor has grown, however, particularly due to an increasing demand for realistic 3D graphics in computer games.", "The original IBM PC included a socket for the Intel 8087 floating-point coprocessor (aka FPU) which was a popular option for people using the PC for computer-aided design or mathematics-intensive calculations. In that architecture, the coprocessor speeds up floating-point arithmetic on the order of fiftyfold. Users that only used the PC for word processing, for example, saved the high cost of the coprocessor, which would not have accelerated performance of text manipulation operations. The 8087 was tightly integrated with the 8086/8088 and responded to floating-point machine code operation codes inserted in the 8088 instruction stream. An 8088 processor without an 8087 could not interpret these instructions, requiring separate versions of programs for FPU and non-FPU systems, or at least a test at run time to detect the FPU and select appropriate mathematical library functions. Another coprocessor for the 8086/8088 central processor was the 8089 input/output coprocessor. It used the same programming technique as 8087 for input/output operations, such as transfer of data from memory to a peripheral device, and so reducing the load on the CPU. But IBM didn't use it in IBM PC design and Intel stopped development of this type of coprocessor. The Intel 80386 microprocessor used an optional \"math\" coprocessor (the 80387) to perform floating point operations directly in hardware. The Intel 80486DX processor included floating-point hardware on the chip. Intel released a cost-reduced processor, the 80486SX, that had no floating point hardware, and also sold an 80487SX coprocessor that essentially disabled the main processor when installed, since the 80487SX was a complete 80486DX with a different set of pin connections. Intel processors later than the 80486 integrated floating-point hardware on the main processor chip; the advances in integration eliminated the cost advantage of selling the floating point processor as an optional element. It would be very difficult to adapt circuit-board techniques adequate at 75 MHz processor speed to meet the time-delay, power consumption, and radio-frequency interference standards required at gigahertz-range clock speeds. These on-chip floating point processors are still referred to as coprocessors because they operate in parallel with the main CPU. During the era of 8- and 16-bit desktop computers another common source of floating-point coprocessors was Weitek. These coprocessors had a different instruction set from the Intel coprocessors, and used a different socket, which not all motherboards supported. The Weitek processors did not provide transcendental mathematics functions (for example, trigonometric functions) like the Intel x87 family, and required specific software libraries to support their functions.", "The Motorola 68000 family had the 68881/68882 coprocessors which provided similar floating-point speed acceleration as for the Intel processors. Computers using the 68000 family but not equipped with the hardware floating point processor could trap and emulate the floating-point instructions in software, which, although slower, allowed one binary version of the program to be distributed for both cases. The 68451 memory-management coprocessor was designed to work with the 68020 processor.", ", dedicated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) in the form of graphics cards are commonplace. Certain models of sound cards have been fitted with dedicated processors providing digital multichannel mixing and real-time DSP effects as early as 1990 to 1994 (the Gravis Ultrasound and Sound Blaster AWE32 being typical examples), while the Sound Blaster Audigy and the Sound Blaster X-Fi are more recent examples. In 2006, AGEIA announced an add-in card for computers that it called the PhysX PPU. PhysX was designed to perform complex physics computations so that the CPU and GPU do not have to perform these time-consuming calculations. It was designed for video games, although other mathematical uses could theoretically be developed for it. In 2008, Nvidia purchased the company and phased out the PhysX card line; the functionality was added through software allowing their GPUs to render PhysX on cores normally used for graphics processing, using their Nvidia PhysX engine software. In 2006, BigFoot Systems unveiled a PCI add-in card they christened the KillerNIC which ran its own special Linux kernel on a FreeScale PowerQUICC running at 400 MHz, calling the FreeScale chip a Network Processing Unit or NPU. The SpursEngine is a media-oriented add-in card with a coprocessor based on the Cell microarchitecture. The SPUs are themselves vector coprocessors. In 2008, Khronos Group released the OpenCL with the aim to support general-purpose CPUs, ATI/AMD and Nvidia GPUs (and other accelerators) with a single common language for compute kernels. In 2010s, some mobile computation devices had implemented the sensor hub as a coprocessor. Examples of coprocessors used for handling sensor integration in mobile devices include the Apple M7 and M8 motion coprocessors, the Qualcomm Snapdragon Sensor Core and Qualcomm Hexagon, and the Holographic Processing Unit for the Microsoft HoloLens. In 2012, Intel announced the Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor. , various companies are developing coprocessors aimed at accelerating artificial neural networks for vision and other cognitive tasks (e.g. vision processing units, TrueNorth, and Zeroth), and as of 2018, such AI chips are in smartphones such as from Apple, and several Android phone vendors.", "Over time CPUs have tended to grow to absorb the functionality of the most popular coprocessors. FPUs are now considered an integral part of a processors' main pipeline; SIMD units gave multimedia its acceleration, taking over the role of various DSP accelerator cards; and even GPUs have become integrated on CPU dies. Nonetheless, specialized units remain popular away from desktop machines, and for additional power, and allow continued evolution independently of the main processor product lines." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 103137, 11, 140526, 2412, 509, 141591, 538, 42659, 33, 136, 49586, 13482, 98, 714, 8055, 3295, 23, 1520, 1517, 7103, 142146, 112465, 66, 23, 3835, 5, 4687, 140526, 604, 52875, 1314, 54397, 44, 10762, 15, 90837, 38526, 192049, 16, 15490, 26685, 58, 15, 247, 136, 44, 30513, 41300, 72004, 47, 70, 3789, 5609, 111, 70, 2290, 34, 372, 58, 24073, 4613, 10526, 1686, 80, 103743, 14, 18939, 98, 604, 180950, 5, 3164, 154350, 68894, 68036, 158, 4545, 14534, 70, 45559, 4, 40494, 70, 154350, 9907, 31016, 4, 12441, 390, 10444, 19, 69623, 11, 4, 3129, 47143, 297, 103967, 5, 10444, 19, 56607, 11, 4, 70, 10336, 111, 154350, 35206, 5423, 1257, 10, 5361, 91, 91526, 4, 136, 26859, 142, 145456, 109312, 5, 31384, 6626, 40859, 7103, 70, 45559, 4, 35206, 155738, 70, 7225, 4, 22339, 6238, 450, 103137, 11, 7228, 1257, 70, 45559, 5, 154350, 76677, 53, 56195, 33744, 136, 33744, 111, 70, 123024, 12452, 18955, 204987, 159978, 71, 450, 351, 13, 111, 103137, 11, 25, 7, 140526, 5809, 186, 39563, 297, 5, 1840, 14288, 33120, 39933, 6777, 959, 17164, 2499, 11782, 98, 70, 5155, 23, 9655, 5, 4687, 189050, 450, 2412, 1902, 30745, 70, 35206, 40368, 20028, 450, 2412, 6777, 959, 37629, 36766, 2412, 1902, 2809, 142146, 112465, 66, 98, 604, 24089, 707, 47, 22008, 23, 70, 48800, 5, 103137, 11, 63043, 297, 2412, 1902, 2809, 49586, 13482, 4, 136, 604, 182324, 15122, 7, 3542, 14432, 9325, 47, 604, 29823, 5, 72110, 63043, 297, 450, 10, 27583, 114137, 77443, 450, 70, 141485, 1902, 2809, 44183, 390, 103137, 11, 164055, 5, 4687, 26038, 70, 141485, 47, 70, 35206, 4734, 6626, 13312, 7103, 217063, 442, 6637, 111, 10, 15889, 65006, 5, 4687, 1902, 400, 76622, 70, 106507, 23, 142, 81887, 47, 30022, 442, 4420, 98, 70, 197118, 13, 7103, 70, 35206, 1902, 37170, 604, 47, 15504, 645, 70, 64194, 98169, 5, 1650, 509, 14432, 6275, 297, 1810, 450, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 75220, 70, 43824, 2412, 509, 23, 17986, 5, 360, 70, 17986, 4, 103137, 11, 509, 191607, 100, 70796, 2586, 297, 214, 4, 3129, 35206, 207048, 237, 106290, 73, 74918, 2822, 8108, 70, 63043, 297, 52875, 5, 6524, 11727, 25443, 17496, 7, 41591, 71, 450, 70, 162333, 13, 32562, 7, 98, 604, 180950, 3542, 2684, 31895, 59121, 390, 164055, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 17496, 6777, 959, 26458, 103137, 11, 100, 10, 121413, 4, 1284, 64457, 11814, 142, 38415, 100, 10, 452, 10033, 1295, 136659, 5369, 8108, 450, 1543, 959, 765, 2809, 59121, 390, 604, 5, 3311, 6088, 3295, 70, 35206, 1902, 103876, 71, 2363, 145456, 4, 136, 99, 10, 24234, 108870, 29966, 297, 390, 154350, 56195, 33744, 12452, 137789, 136, 33744, 111, 70, 123024, 12452, 18955, 204987, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 11341, 71, 44, 217, 83, 107314, 92814, 450, 70, 52875, 6777, 959, 53383, 830, 8060, 214, 1919, 10, 16865, 1363, 678, 40368, 126371, 111, 2367, 764, 63043, 297, 3542, 77950, 4, 26719, 27583, 121413, 7, 5, 18955, 204987, 14432, 23409, 98, 47, 168, 85018, 103137, 11, 237, 10, 44, 128405, 109622, 400, 147, 740, 66016, 7068, 4, 70, 154350, 207048, 12989, 297, 604, 137784, 1771, 96730, 1363, 40368, 20028, 5, 209, 18374, 3295, 70, 7082, 10250, 11124, 1846, 23, 51864, 27257, 71, 17955, 4, 450, 44, 284, 5470, 678, 21941, 47, 70, 185236, 111, 70, 123024, 27257, 71, 241, 7567, 4902, 450, 70, 747, 17704, 21722, 31251, 52875, 98, 142, 82, 127, 6402, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 152363, 9836, 23, 1520, 1517, 23, 8055, 13648, 765, 73659, 7103, 756, 15, 29087, 7, 62, 9, 441, 194, 581, 27150, 46667, 1543, 765, 75204, 10, 22729, 186, 26518, 1284, 7068, 37842, 47, 3249, 604, 232796, 108975, 124632, 3501, 1836, 20653, 3542, 6637, 2412, 18822, 71, 450, 10, 10846, 1992, 17007, 3542, 44, 10869, 20174, 58, 47, 3249, 604, 7225, 47, 70, 35206, 4, 70, 31344, 189050, 1242, 3311, 2691, 70, 154350, 207048, 25534, 71, 103137, 11, 678, 117, 461, 1294, 5, 360, 10, 20414, 2691, 33683, 678, 70, 154350, 192438, 44, 5, 13949, 869, 555, 830, 103137, 11, 2804, 450, 12452, 137789, 136, 18955, 204987, 61475, 538, 18822, 71, 2367, 70, 35206, 103876, 71, 4, 1284, 14432, 4734, 93544, 119140, 214, 8382, 63805, 7, 4743, 47, 50782, 81147, 5, 4687, 2843, 2804, 450, 2412, 29131, 116572, 136, 1902, 122799, 604, 22759, 927, 6602, 99, 152363, 678, 142, 40881, 16750, 4, 221, 442, 83, 959, 29568, 450, 2412, 1902, 20381, 76622, 8108, 10, 3034, 4, 136, 1902, 42659, 33, 1257, 164055, 47, 70890, 112, 70, 42276, 46, 237, 11341, 71, 390, 154350, 51521, 7, 5, 103137, 11, 139505, 604, 154350, 177367, 7948, 10921, 4217, 23, 22482, 2021, 7103, 5369, 111, 8035, 25842, 5, 10660, 765, 10, 76849, 136, 10, 775, 5, 184680, 667, 96221, 4, 7068, 57724, 111, 70, 31016, 111, 70, 112465, 66, 1311, 1799, 1363, 15, 18148, 605, 9, 594, 55770, 16, 9655, 297, 70, 50339, 111, 70, 145456, 4, 159029, 35743, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 29874, 96730, 1363, 173969, 297, 390, 70, 35206, 6777, 959, 5646, 3687, 24189, 209, 13312, 7103, 70, 7225, 4, 6, 190358, 1733, 100, 13639, 62093, 47, 213566, 5, 2161, 702, 6088, 65942, 103137, 11, 171530, 450, 2412, 509, 76104, 214, 604, 61475, 140526, 4, 54433, 2412, 509, 109269, 47, 5646, 10, 35874, 41382, 3034, 4, 136, 450, 2412, 136, 604, 183093, 4, 102607, 527, 2978, 3542, 179635, 13416, 214, 70, 7225, 47, 3835, 117303, 1010, 22230, 6637, 70, 91519, 1902, 2809, 101934, 3674, 100, 37195, 21974, 20271, 3129, 93324, 7, 37842, 47, 117, 1159, 2873, 604, 47, 205850, 604, 140526, 5, 56607, 11, 2804, 70, 130812, 111, 103137, 11, 136, 604, 183093, 509, 44, 2347, 224, 4994, 214, 111, 70, 4488, 111, 154350, 35206, 830, 136, 18955, 204987, 63043, 297, 450, 527, 2978, 509, 31577, 47, 3249, 442, 3934, 10, 68894, 31089, 5, 112465, 66, 39624, 66, 40933, 174259, 2804, 450, 70, 45559, 509, 959, 142, 54015, 3674, 7225, 5, 581, 25632, 5155, 4, 527, 2978, 2288, 48398, 7565, 4743, 47, 81147, 136, 70, 28271, 160486, 9, 594, 55770, 100, 8035, 75412, 23, 70, 7225, 4, 136, 26038, 645, 70, 7225, 47, 10, 154350, 200866, 4, 12610, 341, 4079, 3296, 5, 341, 4079, 3296, 21, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 87193, 24299, 103137, 11, 15, 16, 15, 57332, 26819, 16, 83, 142, 82, 127, 6402, 112465, 66, 46667, 1295, 7974, 733, 276, 1673, 188, 15, 247, 192049, 4, 124901, 16648, 21647, 297, 3835, 2481, 23, 3295, 100, 63043, 214, 450, 2412, 509, 72761, 538, 10, 1192, 202, 3674, 23, 10, 35463, 46824, 45559, 5, 581, 45559, 143434, 10, 2450, 129357, 136, 604, 7225, 1556, 17669, 16792, 33636, 297, 10, 103210, 189353, 141, 136, 29865, 71, 31089, 111, 175055, 9, 294, 34249, 15565, 91582, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Claim of violence.", "Police investigation.", "Controversy over the investigation.", "Polygraph examination.", "Charges against Malina.", "Kubla report.", "Korcek report.", "A possible witness.", "A change in view.", "Abuse of power claims.", "Decision of the European Court of Human Rights.", "Conspiracy theories." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Malina claims she was severely beaten and robbed on 25 August 2006 in Nitra after speaking Hungarian in public. She claims her attackers wrote \"SK (probably Slovakia) without parasites\" (), and \"Hungarians to the other side of the Danube\" (\"Maďari za Dunai\") on her clothes. All Slovak political parties condemned the incident, except the Slovak National Party, led by Ján Slota, which remained silent.", "Ján Packa, the head of Slovak police set up a special squad, and started an investigation immediately. Some two weeks after the incident, police closed the case, concluding that Malina made up the incident. Slovak Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior Robert Kaliňák declared that none of Malina's claims could be confirmed. Her mobile network operator did not record any call on the day in question. She explained that she had told the police several times that she did not remember whether she had been speaking Hungarian on her phone or to someone in the street. Malina claimed she had been robbed, and her identity papers were later sent to her address. Police claimed that a DNA analysis proved that the parcel had been posted by Malina herself. She gave the parcel to the police only two days after receiving it because of a national holiday. She had licked the stamp in an attempt to fix it back on the envelope after the police had asked her to turn over the entire package. It was later pointed out that at the time of posting the pack she was in hospital. In the hospital, Malina was treated for internal bleeding, which police authorities ascertain occurred before the claimed attack. Graphology specialists assumed that the offensive writings on her clothes were most probably written by herself. However, the specialist did not ask Malina for a sample, but instead used an application for a passport from eight years before that may not have been written by her. By September 2006 the police had concluded their investigation, and at a press conference attended by Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico and Minister of the Interior Robert Kaliňák, the latter stated \"it is beyond doubt that the attack did not happen\", supporting his assertion with several pieces of what he claimed were evidence, including DNA samples. Kaliňák later went on to denounce Malina as a \"pathological liar\". Since then, the Slovak authorities ordered her psychiatric examination several times. 10 October 2006 the US Ambassador in Bratislava informed Washington, that \"A contact with ties to the Ministry of the Interior informed Emboff that the alleged skinhead attack on an ethnic-Hungarian university student in Nitra in August might have happened after all (refs A-C). The young woman may have received a light beating but then tried to make her injuries appear worse than they actually were because she believed that a few punches were \"not enough\" to make her case to the police, the source explained.\" By 2007 the Slovak authorities charged Malina with perjury. In a July 2007 interview with the Slovak Weekly \".týžden\", Malina said that Robert Fico and Kaliňák initially believed what the police concluded, but later only kept repeating those statements due to outside pressure. She also said that she felt calm and had finished her fourth year at university with an excellent result, so it is not true that she had panicked before a test, and had beaten up herself to evade the exam – as stated by Slovak officials. Malina married her Slovak boyfriend Peter Žák in February 2008 after years of being together. They have a daughter and a son.", "Béla Bugár, then leader of the Party of the Hungarian Coalition (SMK-MKP) questioned the results of the investigation, calling attention to the fact that medical examination initiated by the police did not take place until 10 days after the case, allowing time for bruises to disappear. On 13 September 2006, Malina announced that she was maintaining her initial claims, saying she was willing to take a polygraph test, and that she and her lawyer, Gábor Gál were considering reporting the case to public prosecutors because the victim had been interrogated for six hours during which officers tried to persuade her to withdraw her claims. Packa said the attitude of Malina and her lawyer was \"the despising of the work of Slovak police\", and Kaliňák claimed that Gál was trying to make it into a political issue. Hungarian politician Viktor Polgár said that the incident was not an isolated case. The following day, Gál stepped down due to pressure and the whole SMK-MKP for being involved in the case, and gave over the case to a Slovak attorney, Roman Kvasnica. Kvasnica laid a complaint with the Nitra prosecution, which was refused on 18 October 2006. In the meantime, state-owned Slovak television channel STV broadcast a documentary directed by Eugen Korda, which claimed Kaliňák did not always tell the truth in connection with the case. The director was soon after dismissed from the television channel, reportedly for unprofessional behavior. The documentary reported mistakes made by the police and the Ministry of Interior but – according to a blog – was also biased and contained serious flaws.", "In November 2006. Israeli polygraph expert, Koby Rabin conducted an examination to Hedvig Malina. According to the test results Ms. Hedvig Malina did not make up the story regarding the assault in the park and she told the truth when she claimed that the attackers had been shouting that \"in Slovakia people speak Slovak\". No indication of lying was detected when she said that neither she, nor anyone on her behalf had written quotes on her blouse saying \"Hungarians beyond the Danube\" and \"Slovakia without parasites\".", "", "In November 2006 Juraj Kubla reported Malina to the authorities, accusing her of perjury. At the end of November the police initiated criminal prosecution against Malina, who, in turn, brought the case to the Constitutional Court. In May 2007, Kubla committed suicide. Kubla left behind a suicide note, but the police did not publish it. Hungarian political parties Fidesz and Hungarian Socialist Party called Malina's case a show trial. Zsolt Németh noted that the media was informed about the act of accusing before the lawyer of the victim, and the accusation had been announced before it actually took place. Robert Fico called the comments \"the coarse intervention of Budapest into Slovak domestic matters\". In June 2007 Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány said that nobody has the right to doubt the independence of justice in another country.", "On 26 May 2007 it was revealed that another person besides Kubla reported Malina to the authorities. He was later identified as Peter Korček, a former secret agent and currently a member of the Christian Democratic Movement, a Slovak political party.", "In June, Zdeno Kamenický from Nitra claimed he knew one of the attackers, Robert Benci from Nitra. Kamenický, due to uncertain reasons, was officially never interrogated by the police, who instead claimed that Benci had a \"bulletproof alibi.\" This alibi later turned out to be two contradicting statements from his mother and uncle, who said that Robert at the time was either at home sleeping or at a holiday place with his friends.", "The next month Packa, the head of the police, contrary to his claims he made one year before, said that \"Malina might have been beaten.\" He explained, \"we never claimed she was not beaten. We claimed it did not happen the way she states.\" It was also revealed that medical certificates made right after the incident but disregarded by the police did prove Malina's recounting. Dušan Čaplovič, deputy prime minister also accepted that \"she may have been beaten, but not because she is Hungarian\". Examinations following the above statements suggested that Malina's handwritten testimony had not been copied accurately in typing, notably, an important sentence had been left out though this was not confirmed by Slovak police. The Chief Prosecutor's Office started an investigation to find out if it was necessary to look into the case again. As a result, Chief Public Prosecutor Dobroslav Trnka admitted that both the police and prosecution had made mistakes without specifying them.", "In August 2007, a former high-ranking police officer, Jozef Šátek, filed a complaint against Fico, Kaliňák and Packa, claiming that they had abused their power in connection with the Malina case. Legal experts noted that the Minister of the Interior, who is not a member of any criminal justice organ, revealed facts from the case file to the public even before the plaintiff had been informed her case had been shelved. The complaint was dropped in September when the police concluded there was no reason to prosecute them. In September 2007, Chief Prosecutor Trnka decided to replace police investigators working on the case of Malina's alleged perjury and start the investigation again. In October 2007, Tom Lantos, Hungarian-born Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, asked Prime Minister Fico to distance themselves from the Beneš decrees, for a reasonable process in the Malina case, and to treat members of the Hungarian minority as equals. Lantos also blamed Fico for creating the climate for anti-Hungarian sentiments by including \"voluntarily in his coalition individuals with known ultra-nationalist, anti-Hungarian attitudes\". Lantos said that Fico personally assured him that the Slovak government had a \"zero-tolerance\" policy toward all kinds of discrimination. Lantos said he was considering introducing a congressional resolution condemning the ethnic attacks, saying, \"The blame rests 100 percent with the Slovak side. This is not one of those instances where both sides are guilty.\" In December 2007, (15 months after the beating) the Slovak police gave the video cassettes about the initial Malina hearing to Roman Kvasnica, her lawyer. It turned out the police had broken the law several times. They forgot to mention three police officers were also in the room throughout the hearing. The investigators stopped the recording at times. The hearing lasted for six hours, but the police recorded only five hours of it, and released only three hours of that recording. Despite the police's early claims not one, but two cameras were used for the recording. Malina is still accused of misleading the authorities for which she may be sentenced to five years in prison. Malina then took her case to the European Court of Human Rights, challenging what she calls the \"inhuman and humiliating\" conduct of the Slovak officials. She reportedly told the \"Népszabadság\" that she was looking for \"moral satisfaction.\"", "Before the tribunal, the Slovak government offered an agreement to the lawyer of Hedvig Malina, in which the Slovak authorities would apologize for their treatment. On 8 November 2011 the European Court of Human Rights approved the Slovak government's apology. The Slovak Government expressed its regret, saying that \"some elements of Malina's case raised doubts over whether her rights stipulated by the European Convention of Human Rights may have been violated.\" Despite the apology, the investigation against Malina, started in 2007 is still under way. On 16 December, the police authorities ordered her to undergo psychiatric examination again. At the end of 2013 Malina and her family decided to move to Győr, northwest Hungary. She commented her decision that she was not fleeing the prosecution procedure and possible court case in Slovakia and added that she just wanted to protect her children from repeated police harassment she had to endure. 4 April 2014, the Slovak Attorney General raised charges against Hedvig Malina.", "Malina was at the centre of several conspiracy theories, which relate the case to the Slovak authorities or nationalists. Radio Slovakia International commented: \"The victim has become the guilty party, and the question now is whether or not she will be prosecuted herself. She's been a pawn in a political game from the very beginning.\"... \"Thanks to the overtime put in by Béla Bugár and his ethnic-Hungarian SMK party, Malinova appears to be the victim of 'Slovak extremism', and not of a 'Hungarian game.' At this stage, we can only forgive Hedviga, but not forget those who were standing behind her the whole time\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1301, 10, 12996, 23755, 4, 70, 24445, 1900, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 57553, 47, 24018, 25, 7, 86669, 111, 70, 27226, 9, 3611, 16839, 4, 23, 17311, 47, 70, 107790, 4084, 305, 425, 15276, 4, 70, 87063, 341, 910, 4, 136, 70, 87, 41072, 17686, 95975, 5, 24018, 25, 7, 144573, 27226, 9, 3611, 12996, 4, 70, 436, 109928, 276, 88939, 4, 509, 110, 51713, 23718, 9, 277, 63065, 4935, 99, 6, 105586, 129890, 5, 106073, 10, 4271, 56, 436, 109928, 276, 88939, 2806, 765, 2809, 10, 92319, 9, 57786, 113857, 4, 70, 53099, 9, 66589, 1061, 27853, 361, 13651, 27980, 297, 10, 16839, 111, 28813, 1290, 86039, 7, 3129, 5809, 186, 36069, 9, 73, 91995, 9035, 100, 70, 436, 109928, 276, 88939, 5, 175399, 4, 24018, 237360, 71, 10, 20334, 2831, 450, 509, 47, 186, 6520, 9, 277, 10974, 2661, 678, 2363, 11192, 9, 3611, 436, 109928, 1995, 12996, 4, 17368, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 25, 7, 180639, 53, 69623, 106, 101758, 5, 581, 24445, 1900, 2843, 191984, 152388, 5773, 70, 300, 86, 9, 46799, 9, 18345, 2248, 159645, 59420, 3129, 1902, 2809, 70, 27226, 9, 3611, 14543, 42, 8796, 100, 26367, 7, 24189, 82490, 24018, 1274, 2822, 7481, 11037, 172522, 2271, 23243, 214, 4, 3129, 1902, 7311, 538, 1380, 1257, 678, 70, 9351, 44, 683, 109928, 830, 47, 8, 41079, 10, 9351, 100, 70, 3525, 12996, 237, 5299, 5, 581, 44, 31469, 39869, 123106, 53, 1833, 58, 151552, 172522, 2271, 25, 7, 31635, 214, 50155, 70, 9351, 1836, 19667, 12, 44, 58, 159360, 56, 58, 83, 42845, 100, 91, 2452, 2480, 5, 1301, 23, 242, 151932, 67, 5, 25, 3493, 242, 191, 5, 25, 1301, 23, 242, 987, 14534, 98, 5, 25, 24445, 1900, 83, 59671, 120820, 136, 17262, 954, 1165, 13566, 4, 1884, 436, 109928, 5, 581, 242, 159360, 25, 111, 24445, 1900, 119556, 3716, 678, 242, 1708, 25, 111, 24018, 1242, 171326, 297, 23, 7071, 9571, 4, 70, 5117, 44, 441, 515, 42562, 58, 24445, 1900, 509, 85590, 538, 10, 1381, 910, 129890, 436, 109928, 1995, 142901, 71, 15490, 2499, 37526, 1294, 82365, 99, 756, 5, 313, 515, 42562, 2843, 99764, 70, 6, 186035, 3742, 12996, 18151, 111, 5581, 4776, 1636, 5, 106073, 20450, 76622, 99, 1381, 910, 707, 2668, 129890, 15, 12176, 944, 117538, 3912, 707, 11251, 129890, 77546, 3501, 70, 86983, 11389, 111, 70, 436, 109928, 148, 64, 25590, 1542, 247, 70, 82365, 9393, 24445, 38281, 1902, 63134, 1810, 277, 5408, 214, 70, 63920, 1836, 3542, 82775, 47, 91995, 5, 8273, 42539, 15403, 101935, 3542, 54324, 98, 5117, 54452, 4, 21334, 538, 98, 70, 90254, 111, 70, 24018, 9351, 4, 1284, 70, 24445, 1900, 69405, 69307, 71, 10, 70425, 216473, 15044, 23, 70, 52350, 24234, 136, 54940, 13909, 50582, 5, 581, 61475, 16839, 33946, 30958, 297, 25545, 538, 23, 70, 2577, 111, 6863, 70425, 23718, 136, 678, 40575, 99, 10, 4552, 27226, 17366, 4, 24018, 29131, 37911, 297, 47, 85493, 10, 193984, 538, 4271, 56, 91995, 674, 237, 33662, 237, 7722, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 70, 5117, 24445, 38281, 3542, 32233, 5700, 54940, 3060, 645, 63499, 11050, 7, 4, 100, 2363, 110677, 645, 238, 21135, 41159, 136, 169022, 27167, 5, 313, 515, 42562, 509, 4734, 142901, 71, 23, 69623, 106, 141034, 683, 9384, 5, 581, 44, 594, 4017, 44924, 58, 24445, 1900, 4, 83184, 297, 8055, 744, 4, 9571, 4, 509, 70, 5117, 101597, 86039, 47, 4527, 98, 9, 7814, 339, 304, 82365, 5, 78662, 162, 313, 515, 42562, 1902, 110, 37526, 1294, 82365, 99, 756, 4, 1111, 246, 44924, 99201, 26560, 30742, 111, 339, 304, 82365, 51042, 99, 4393, 501, 21135, 34515, 5, 581, 5117, 1111, 246, 44924, 9, 30854, 24445, 1900, 509, 20450, 76622, 99, 10, 7068, 9, 13415, 525, 2668, 129890, 1284, 122399, 39555, 186351, 70, 23718, 111, 70, 10332, 82365, 9393, 313, 515, 42562, 24445, 1900, 99, 70, 5701, 501, 21135, 34515, 5, 717, 157167, 1495, 442, 1295, 70, 114210, 313, 515, 42562, 2668, 129890, 4, 24018, 35839, 70, 1111, 246, 44924, 56458, 24445, 1900, 44, 7739, 284, 740, 106073, 70, 3789, 1111, 246, 44924, 24445, 38281, 15, 2347, 6, 66000, 129890, 2831, 4, 100, 27781, 16, 6777, 959, 765, 142, 44, 284, 58, 114689, 48141, 4, 3060, 3395, 11782, 756, 1111, 246, 44924, 14543, 4295, 44, 159360, 22493, 9, 284, 58, 211460, 111, 501, 21135, 34515, 5, 581, 3525, 1111, 246, 44924, 9, 30854, 24445, 1900, 509, 10, 4127, 51339, 56, 1295, 70, 1810, 3509, 5, 102627, 297, 4, 2684, 53099, 60822, 933, 28601, 297, 70, 5117, 1111, 246, 44924, 9, 77007, 24445, 38281, 237, 44, 24838, 58, 65771, 2451, 1264, 5037, 7154, 509, 6, 129980, 538, 11192, 47, 959, 4734, 98438, 37515, 538, 678, 43876, 63920, 4, 1284, 2843, 47, 110281, 22113, 1314, 16065, 1295, 24018, 25, 7, 11192, 9, 39348, 49938, 16070, 4, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 5, 9578, 63499, 11050, 7, 33662, 134053, 450, 4, 34475, 10, 11192, 9, 3611, 42732, 24351, 4, 5941, 24445, 1900, 2668, 284, 86039, 7, 5809, 11675, 28702, 78458, 99, 23547, 129890, 5, 3293, 509, 69307, 71, 390, 42856, 118055, 70, 12912, 9, 8752, 5324, 15, 36381, 571, 16, 501, 21135, 34515, 1295, 70, 31837, 11251, 129890, 47, 70, 805, 129890, 501, 21135, 111, 70, 436, 109928, 1995, 4, 104902, 390, 40368, 15824, 7, 12, 70, 100928, 571, 1542, 110537, 126, 678, 109650, 8060, 100, 805, 129890, 136, 82122, 660, 98323, 1902, 21771, 2809, 98, 70, 16839, 4, 136, 70, 70796, 339, 304, 82365, 509, 1286, 149104, 47, 645, 63499, 41324, 3501, 173591, 82365, 110537, 4, 3129, 21771, 1902, 47, 11675, 99, 23552, 9, 441, 26214, 38352, 390, 4331, 5, 1913, 903, 12478, 944, 27771, 4, 70, 20334, 1111, 246, 44924, 24445, 1900, 43876, 297, 70, 4271, 525, 1022, 15276, 14543, 4295, 19882, 5, 31384, 42732, 24351, 7, 3542, 82775, 47, 56282, 903, 129344, 4, 390, 173072, 214, 70, 24445, 1900, 25, 7, 12912, 5609, 5324, 47, 11251, 129890, 5, 33306, 4, 645, 63499, 11050, 7, 33662, 14037, 450, 118620, 62690, 645, 6520, 335, 3117, 111, 70, 24445, 1900, 25, 7, 101758, 24897, 75723, 16274, 297, 903, 4, 6, 190358, 10, 805, 129890, 5324, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 98, 9, 7814, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 24445, 1900, 83, 10, 8796, 9351, 34475, 390, 24018, 47, 10, 14012, 111, 12921, 27226, 9, 3611, 87, 284, 108760, 136, 1022, 15276, 9, 13307, 13909, 11948, 63923, 748, 115774, 30388, 297, 99, 27226, 9, 587, 271, 3357, 13909, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Desktop Celerons.", "P6-based Celerons.", "Covington.", "Mendocino.", "Coppermine-128.", "Tualatin-256.", "NetBurst-based Celerons.", "Willamette-128.", "Northwood-128.", "Prescott-256.", "Cedar Mill-512.", "Core-based Celerons.", "Conroe-L.", "Allendale.", "Wolfdale-3M.", "Nehalem-based Celerons.", "Clarkdale.", "Jasper Forest.", "Sandy Bridge-based Desktop Celerons.", "Ivy Bridge-based Desktop Celerons.", "Mobile Celerons.", "P6-based Mobile Celerons.", "Mendocino (Mobile).", "Tualatin-256 (Mobile).", "NetBurst-based Mobile Celerons.", "Northwood-256.", "Pentium M-based Mobile Celerons.", "Banias-512.", "Shelton.", "Dothan-1024.", "Yonah.", "Core-based Mobile Celerons.", "Merom-L.", "Merom-2M.", "Penryn-3M.", "Nehalem-based Mobile Celerons.", "Arrandale.", "Sandy Bridge-based Mobile Celerons.", "Dual processor support." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "As a product concept, the Celeron was introduced in response to Intel's loss of the low-end market, in particular to the Cyrix 6x86, the AMD K6, and the IDT Winchip. Intel's existing low-end product, the Pentium MMX, was no longer performance-competitive at 233 MHz. Although a faster Pentium MMX would have been a lower-risk strategy, the industry-standard Socket 7 platform hosted a market of competitor CPUs which could be drop-in replacements for the Pentium MMX. Instead, Intel pursued a budget part that was to be pin-compatible with their high-end Pentium II product, using the Pentium II's proprietary Slot 1 interface. The Celeron also effectively killed off the nine-year-old 80486 chip which had been the low-end processor brand for laptops until 1998. Intel hired marketing firm Lexicon Branding, which had originally come up with the name \"Pentium\", to devise a name for the new product as well. The \"San Jose Mercury News\" described Lexicon's reasoning behind the name they chose: \"\"Celer\" is Latin for swift. As in 'accelerate.' And 'on.' As in 'turned on.' Celeron is seven letters and three syllables, like Pentium. The 'Cel' of Celeron rhymes with 'tel' of Intel.\"", "", "", "Launched in April 1998, the first \"Covington\" Celeron was essentially a 266 MHz Pentium II manufactured without any secondary cache at all. Covington also shared the 80523 product code of Deschutes. Although clocked at 266 or 300 MHz (frequencies 33 or 66 MHz higher than the desktop version of the Pentium w/MMX), the cacheless Celerons had trouble outcompeting the parts they were designed to replace. Substantial numbers were sold on first release, largely on the strength of the Intel name, but the Celeron quickly achieved a poor reputation both in the trade press and among computer professionals. The initial market interest faded rapidly in the face of its poor performance and with sales at a very low level, Intel felt obliged to develop a substantially faster replacement as soon as possible. Nevertheless, the first Celerons were quite popular among some overclockers, for their flexible overclockability and reasonable price. Covington was only manufactured in Slot 1 SEPP format.", "The \"Mendocino\" Celeron, launched August 24, 1998, was the first retail CPU to use on-die L2 cache. Whereas Covington had no secondary cache at all, Mendocino included 128 KB of L2 cache running at full clock rate. The first Mendocino-core Celeron was clocked at a then-modest 300 MHz but offered almost twice the performance of the old cacheless Covington Celeron at the same clock rate. To distinguish it from the older Covington 300 MHz, Intel called the Mendocino core Celeron \"300A\". Although the other Mendocino Celerons (the 333 MHz part, for example) did not have an \"A\" appended, some people call all Mendocino processors \"Celeron-A\" regardless of clock rate. The new Mendocino-core Celeron was a good performer from the outset. Indeed, most industry analysts regarded the first Mendocino-based Celerons as \"too\" successful—performance was sufficiently high to not only compete strongly with rival parts, but also to attract buyers away from Intel's high-profit flagship, the Pentium II. Overclockers soon discovered that, given a high-end motherboard, many Celeron 300A CPUs could run reliably at 450 MHz. This was achieved by simply increasing the front-side bus (FSB) clock rate from the stock 66 MHz to the 100 MHz clock of the Pentium II, helped by several facts: the 440BX chipset with nominal support for 100 MHz and correspondent memory had already been on the market, and the internal L2 cache was more tolerant to overclocking than external cache chips, which already had to run at half-CPU speed by design. At this frequency, the budget Mendocino Celeron rivaled the fastest x86 processors available. Some motherboards were designed to prevent this modification, by restricting the Celeron's front side bus to 66 MHz. However, overclockers soon found that putting tape over pin B21 of the Celeron's interface slot circumvented this, allowing a 100 MHz bus. At the time on-die cache was difficult to manufacture; especially L2 as more of it is needed to attain an adequate level of performance. A benefit of on-die cache is that it operates at the same clock rate as the CPU. All other Intel CPUs at that time used motherboard mounted or slot mounted secondary L2 cache, which was very easy to manufacture, cheap, and simple to enlarge to any desired size (typical cache sizes were 512 KB or 1 MB), but they carried the performance penalty of slower cache performance, typically running at FSB frequency of 60 to 100 MHz. The Pentium II's 512 KB of L2 cache was implemented with a pair of relatively high-performance L2 cache chips mounted on a special-purpose board alongside the processor itself, running at half the processor's clock rate and communicating with the CPU through a special back-side bus. This method of cache placement was expensive and imposed practical cache-size limits, but allowed the Pentium II to be clocked higher and avoided front side bus RAM/L2 cache contention typical with motherboard-placed L2 cache configurations. Over time, newer Mendocino processors were released at 333, 366, 400, 433, 466, 500, and 533 MHz. The Mendocino Celeron CPU came only designed for a 66 MHz front-side bus, but this would not be a serious performance bottleneck until clock rates reached higher levels. The Mendocino Celerons also introduced new packaging. When the Mendocinos debuted they came in both a Slot 1 SEPP and Socket 370 PPGA package. The Slot 1 form had been designed to accommodate the off-chip cache of the Pentium II and had mounting problems with motherboards. Because all Celerons are a single-chip design, however, there was no reason to retain the slot packaging for L2 cache storage, and Intel discontinued the Slot 1 variant; beginning with the 466 MHz part, only the PPGA Socket 370 form was offered. (Third-party manufacturers made motherboard slot-to-socket adapters (nicknamed Slotkets) available for a few dollars, which allowed, for example, a Celeron 500 to be fitted to a Slot 1 motherboard.) One interesting note about the PPGA Socket 370 Mendocinos is they supported symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), and there was at least one motherboard released (the ABIT BP6) which took advantage of this fact. The Mendocino also came in a mobile variant, with clock rates of 266, 300, 333, 366, 400, 433 and 466 MHz. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Mendocino CPUs are family 6, model 6 and their Intel product code is 80524. These identifiers are shared with the related \"Dixon\" Mobile Pentium II variant.", "The next generation Celeron was the \" 'Coppermine-128' \" (sometimes known as the \"Celeron II\"). These were a derivative of Intel's \"Coppermine\" Pentium III and were released on March 29, 2000. This Celeron used a Coppermine core with half of its L2 cache switched off, resulting in 128 KB of 4-way associative on-chip L2 cache as on the Mendocino, and was initially likewise restricted to a 66 MHz Front Side Bus speed. Despite the halved associativity on the L2 cache, which reduced hit rates compared to the full Coppermine design, it kept the 256-bit wide L2 cache bus, which meant an advantage compared to Mendocino and older Katmai/Pentium II designs, which all had a 64-bit datapath to their L2 caches. SSE instructions were also enabled. All Coppermine-128s were produced in the same FCPGA Socket 370 format that most Coppermine Pentium III CPUs used. These Celeron processors began at 533 MHz and continued through 566, 600, 633, 667, 700, 733, and 766 MHz. Because of the limitations of the 66 MHz bus, there were diminishing returns on performance as clock rates increased. On January 3, 2001, Intel switched to a 100 MHz bus with the launch of the 800 MHz Celeron, resulting in a significant performance-per-clock improvement. All Coppermine-128 CPUs from 800 MHz and higher use the 100 MHz front side bus. Various models were made at 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, and 1100 MHz. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Coppermine Celerons and Pentium IIIs are family 6, model 8 and their Intel product code is 80526.", "These Celeron processors, released initially at 1.2 GHz on October 2, 2001, were based on the Pentium III 'Tualatin' core and made with a 0.13 micrometer process for the FCPGA 2 Socket 370. They were nicknamed \"Tualeron\" by some enthusiasts — a portmanteau of the words Tualatin and Celeron. Some software and users refer to the chips as \"Celeron-S\", referring to the chip's lineage with the Pentium III-S, but this is not an official designation. Intel later released 1 GHz and 1.1 GHz parts (which were given the extension \"A\" to their name to differentiate them from the Coppermine-128 of the same clock rate they replaced). A 1.3 GHz chip, launched January 4, 2002, and finally a 1.4 GHz chip, launched May 15, 2002 (the same day as the 1.7 GHz Willamette-based Celeron launch), marked the end of the Tualatin-256 line. The most significant differences compared to the Pentium III Tualatin are a lower 100 MHz bus and fixed 256 KB of L2 cache (whereas the Pentium III was offered with either 256 KB or 512 KB L2 cache); cache associativity stayed at 8-way, although the newly introduced data prefetching appears to have been disabled. Furthermore, the Tualatin-256's L2 cache has a higher latency which boosted manufacturing yields for this budget CPU. On the other hand, this improved stability when overclocking and most of them had no problem working at 133 MHz FSB for a substantial performance increase. Despite offering much improved performance over the Coppermine Celeron it superseded, the Tualatin Celeron still suffered stiff competition from AMD's Duron budget processor. Intel later responded by releasing the Netburst Willamette Celeron, and for some time Tualatin Celerons were manufactured and sold in parallel with the Pentium 4-based Celerons that replaced them. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Tualatin Celerons and Pentium IIIs are family 6, model 11 and their Intel product code is 80530.", "", "These Celerons were for socket 478 and were based on the \"Willamette\" Pentium 4 core, being a completely different design compared to the previous Tualatin Celeron. These are often known as the \"Celeron 4\". Their L2 cache (128 KB) is half that of the \"Willamette\"-based Pentium 4's 256 KB of L2 cache, but otherwise the two are very similar. With the transition to the Pentium 4 core the Celeron now featured SSE2 instructions. The ability to share the same socket as the Pentium 4 meant that the Celeron now had the option to use RDRAM, DDR SDRAM, or traditional SDRAM. Willamette Celerons were launched May 15, 2002, initially at 1.7 GHz, and offered a noticeable performance improvement over the older 1.3 GHz \"Tualatin\"-based Celeron part, being able to finally outperform a 1.3 GHz AMD Duron, which at the time was AMD's top competing budget processor. On June 12, 2002, Intel launched the last Willamette Celeron, a 1.8 GHz model. It contains 42 million transistors and has a die area of 217 mm. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Willamette Celerons and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 1, and their Intel product code is 80531.", "These socket 478 Celerons are based on the \"Northwood\" Pentium 4 core, and also have 128 KB of L2 cache. The only difference between the \"Northwood-128\"-based and the \"Willamette-128\"-based Celeron is the fact that it was built on the new 130 nm process which shrank the die size, increased the transistor count, and lowered the core voltage from 1.7 V on the \"Willamette-128\" to 1.52 V for the \"Northwood-128\". Despite these differences, they are functionally the same as the Willamette-128 Celeron, and perform largely the same clock-for-clock. The \"Northwood-128\" family of processors were initially released as a 2 GHz core (a 1.9 GHz model was announced earlier, but never launched) on September 18, 2002. Since that time Intel has released at total of 10 different clock speeds ranging from 1.8 GHz to 2.8 GHz, before being surpassed by the Celeron D. Although the \"Northwood\"-based Celerons suffer considerably from their small L2 cache, some clock rates have been favored in the enthusiast market because, like the old 300A, they can run well above their specified clock rate. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Northwood Celerons and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 2, and their Intel product code is 80532.", "Prescott-256 Celeron D processors, initially launched June 25, 2004, featuring double the L1 cache (16 KB) and L2 cache (256 KB) as compared to the previous Willamette and Northwood desktop Celerons, by virtue of being based on the \"Prescott\" Pentium 4 core. It also features a 533 MT/s bus and SSE3, and a 3xx model number (compared to 5xx for Pentium 4s and 7xx for Pentium Ms). The Prescott-256 Celeron D was manufactured for Socket 478 and LGA 775, with 3x0 and 3x5 designations from 310 through to 355 at clock speeds of 2.13 GHz to 3.33 GHz. The Intel Celeron D processor works with the Intel 845 and 865 chipset families. The \"D\" suffix actually has no official designation, and does not indicate that these models are dual-core. It is used simply to distinguish this line of Celeron from the previous, lower performing Northwood and Willamette series, and also from the mobile series, the Celeron M (which also uses 3xx model numbers). Unlike the Pentium D, the Celeron D is \"not\" a dual core processor. The Celeron D was a major performance improvement over previous NetBurst-based Celerons. A test using a variety of applications, run by Derek Wilson at Anandtech.com, showed that the new Celeron D architecture alone offered up performance improvements on average of >10% over a Northwood Celeron when both CPUs were run at the same bus and clock rate. This CPU also had the addition of SSE3 instructions and the higher FSB which only contributed to this already impressive gain. Despite its many improvements, the \"Prescott\" core of the Celeron D had at least one major drawback heat. Unlike the fairly cool-running Northwood Celeron, the Prescott-256 had a class-rated TDP of 73 W, which prompted Intel to include a more intricate copper core/aluminum finned cooler to help handle the additional heat. In mid-2005, Intel refreshed the Celeron D with Intel 64 and XD Bit (eXecute Disable) enabled. Model numbers increase by 1 over the previous generation (e.g., 330 became 331). This only applied to LGA 775 Celeron Ds. There are no Socket 478 CPUs with XD Bit capabilities. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Prescott Celeron Ds and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 3 (up to stepping E0) or 4 (stepping E0 onwards), and their Intel product code is 80546 or 80547, depending on socket type.", "Based on the \"Cedar Mill\" Pentium 4 core, this version of the Celeron D was launched May 28, 2006, and continued the 3xx naming scheme with the Celeron D 347 (3.06 GHz), 352 (3.2 GHz), 356 (3.33 GHz), 360 (3.46 GHz), and 365 (3.6 GHz). The Cedar Mill Celeron D is largely the same as the Prescott-256, except with double the L2 cache (512 KB) and based on a 65 nm manufacturing process. The Cedar Mill-512 Celeron D is LGA 775 exclusive. The main benefits of the Cedar Mill Celerons over the Prescott Celerons are the slightly increased performance due to the larger L2 cache, higher clock rates, and less heat dissipation, with several models having a TDP lowered to 65 W from Prescott's lowest offering of 73 W. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Cedar Mill Celeron Ds and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 6, and their Intel product code is 80552.", "", "The Conroe-L Celeron is a single-core processor built on the Core microarchitecture and is thus clocked much lower than the Cedar Mill Celerons, but still outperforms them. It is based on the 65 nm Conroe-L core, and uses a 400-series model number sequence. The FSB was increased to 800 MT/s from 533 MT/s in this generation, and the TDP was decreased from 65 W to 35 W. As is traditional with Celerons, it does not have Intel VT-x instruction support or SpeedStep (although Enhanced Halt State is enabled, allowing the Celerons to lower the multiplier to 6× and decrease core voltage while idle). All Conroe-L models are single-core processors for the value segment of the market, much like the AMD K8-based Sempron. The product line was launched on June 5, 2007. On October 21, 2007, Intel presented a new processor for its Intel Essential Series. The full name of the processor is Celeron 220 and is soldered on the D201GLY2 motherboard. With 1.2 GHz and a 512 KB L2 cache it has a TDP of 19 W and can be cooled passively. The Celeron 220 is the successor of the Celeron 215 which is based on a Yonah core and used on the D201GLY motherboard. This processor is exclusively used on the mini-ITX boards targeted to the sub-value market segment.", "Intel launched the dual core Celeron E1xxx processor line on January 20, 2008, based on the Allendale core. The CPU has 800 MT/s FSB, 65 W TDP and uses 512 KB of the chip's 2 MB L2 cache, significantly limiting performance for uses such as gaming. New features to the Celeron family included full enhanced halt state and enhanced Intel SpeedStep technology. Clock rates range from 1.6 GHz to 2.4 GHz. It is compatible with other Allendale-based CPUs such as the Core 2 Duo E4xxx and Pentium Dual-Core E2xxx.", "The Celeron E3000 series, starting with E3200 and E3300, was released in August 2009, featuring the Wolfdale-3M core used in Pentium Dual-Core E5000, Pentium E6000 and Core 2 Duo E7000 series. The main difference to Allendale-based Celeron processors is the support for Intel VT-x and increased performance due to the double L2 Cache of 1 MB.", "", "With the introduction of the Desktop Core i3 and Core i5 processor code named \"Clarkdale\" in January 2010, Intel also added a new Celeron line, starting with the Celeron G1101. This is the first Celeron to come with on-chip PCI Express and integrated graphics. Despite using the same Clarkdale chip as the Core i5-6xx line, it does not support Turbo Boost, HyperThreading, VT-d, SMT, Trusted Execution Technology or AES new instructions, and it comes with only 2 MB of third-level cache enabled.", "The Celeron P1053 is an embedded processor for Socket 1366 from the \"Jasper Forest\" family. All other members of this family are known as Xeon C35xx or C55xx. The Jasper Forest chip is closely related to Lynnfield and contains four cores, 8 MB of L3 cache and a QPI interface, but most of these are disabled in the Celeron version, leaving a single core with 2 MB of L3 cache.", "The Sandy Bridge-based Celeron processors were released in 2011. They are LGA 1155 processors (available in single- and dual-core versions) with integrated Intel HD Graphics GPU and containing up to 2 MB of L3 cache. Turbo-Boost, AVX and AES-NI have been disabled. Hyper-Threading is available on some single-core models, namely G460, G465 and G470.", "All Celerons of this generation belong in the G16xx series. They give some boost in performance over Sandy Bridge-based Celerons due to a 22 nm die shrink as well as some other minor improvements.", "", "", "Similar to the Mendocino (Celeron-A): 0.25 μm, 32 KB L1 cache and 128 KB L2 cache, but uses a lower voltage (1.5–1.9 V) and two power-saving modes: Quick Start, and Deep Sleep. Packaged in the small, 615-pin BGA2 or Micro-PGA2 package.", "These were the first Mobile Celerons based on the Tualatin core. They differed from their desktop counterparts in that the Mobile series were offered in both 100 MHz and 133 MHz FSB. Like the desktop Tualatins, these chips had 256 KB of L2 cache.", "", "These are the Mobile Celeron range used in laptops. Also based on the Northwood core, they feature a 256 KB L2 cache. These Celeron processors were a good deal higher performing than the desktop counterparts because of their larger L2 cache sizes. They were eventually replaced by the Celeron M brand which is built around the Pentium M processor design.", "", "This Celeron (sold under the Celeron M brand) is based on the \"Banias\" Pentium M, and differs from its parent in that it has half the L2 cache, and does not support the clock-varying SpeedStep technology. It performs reasonably well compared to the Pentium M, but battery life is noticeably shorter on a Celeron M–based notebook than it is on a comparable Pentium M notebook. A system based on the Celeron M processor may not use the Centrino brand name, regardless of what chipset and Wi-Fi components are used. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Banias Celeron Ms and Pentium Ms are family 6, model 9 and their Intel product code is 80535.", "The \"Shelton\" core is a Banias core without \"any\" L2 cache and SpeedStep. It is used in Intel's small form factor D845GVSH motherboard, intended for Asian and South American markets. The processor identifies itself as a \"Intel Celeron 1.0B GHz\", to differentiate it from the previous Coppermine-128 and Tualatin 1.0 GHz processors. The Shelton'08 is a basic platform for a low cost notebook released by Intel at January 2008. The platform uses Intel's single-core Diamondville CPU with a clock frequency of 1.6 GHz and a 533 MT/s FSB and power consumption of 3.5 W. The platform's total power consumption is around 8 W, translating to battery usage time of between 3–4 hours. The platform consists of a 945GSE chipset, which includes built-in DirectX 9 graphics and supports single channel DDR2 memory. An 802.11g Wi-Fi module, USB/PATA port SSD (solid state drive), and a 7- or 8-inch panel will typically round out the platform.", "A 90 nm Celeron M with half of the L2 cache of the 90 nm \"Dothan\" Pentium Ms (twice the L2 cache of the 130 nm Celeron Ms, though), and, like its predecessor, lacking SpeedStep. The first Celeron Ms that supports the XD bit was released in January 2005, in general any Celeron M released after that supports the XD bit. There is also a 512 KB low voltage version that was used in the early ASUS Eee PC models. In Intel's \"Family/Model/Stepping\" scheme, Dothan Celeron Ms and Pentium Ms are family 6, model 13 and their Intel product code is 80536.", "The Celeron M 400-series is a 65 nm Celeron M based on the single-core Yonah chip, like the Core Solo. Like its predecessors in the Celeron M series, this Celeron M has half of the L2 cache (1 MB) of Core Solo and lacks SpeedStep. This core also brings new features to Celeron M including a higher front side bus (533 MT/s), SSE3 instructions. September 2006 and January 4, 2008, mark a discontinuation of many \"Celeron M\" branded CPUs.", "", "The Celeron M 523 (933 MHz ULV), M 520 (1.6 GHz), M 530 (1.73 GHz), 530 (1.73 GHz), 540 (1.86 GHz), 550 (2.0 GHz), 560 (2.13 GHz), 570 (2.26 GHz) are single-core 65 nm CPUs based on the \"Merom\" Core 2 architecture. They feature a 533 MT/s FSB, 1 MB of L2 cache (half that of the low end Core 2 Duo's 2 MB cache), XD-bit support, and Intel 64 technology, but lack SpeedStep and Virtualization Technology. Two different processor models are used with identical part numbers with the same part numbers, single-core Merom-L with 1 MB cache and dual-core Merom with 4 MB L2 cache that have the extra cache and core disabled. Celeron M 523, M 520 and M 530 are Socket M-based, while Celeron 530 through 570 (without the M) are for Socket P. January 4, 2008, marked the discontinuation of Merom CPUs.", "The Celeron 573 (1 GHz, ULV), 575 (2 GHz) and 585 (2.16 GHz) are based on the Merom-2M core with only one core and 1 MB L2 cache enabled. They are similar to the Merom and Merom-L based Celerons but have a faster 667 MT/s FSB. The Celeron T1xxx processors are also based on the Merom-2M chips but have both cores enabled. The earlier T1400 (1.73 GHz) and T1500 (1.86 GHz) versions have a 533 MT/s FSB and 512 B L2 cache, while the more recent T1600 (1.66 GHz) and T1700 (1.83 GHz) versions have 667 MT/s and 1 MB L2 cache enabled but come with a lower clock frequency.", "At the same time as the dual-core Merom-2M, Intel introduced the first 45 nm Celeron processor based on the Penryn-3M core with 800 MT/s FSB, 1 MB L2 cache and one core enabled. This includes the Celeron M 7xx Consumer Ultra-Low Voltage (CULV) series starting at 1.2 GHz and the later Celeron 900 (2.2 GHz). The initial 45 nm dual-core Celeron processor was released in June 2009 and is also based on Penryn-3M. The Celeron T3000 (1.8 GHz) and T3100 (1.9 GHz) again come with 1 MB of L2 cache enabled and an 800 MT/s FSB. In September 2009, Intel also started the dual-core CULV Celeron SU2000 series, again with 1 MB L2 cache. Despite the similar name, they are very different from Pentium SU2000 (with 2 MB L2 cache and one active core) and Pentium T3000 (based on the 65 nm Merom processor).", "", "The Arrandale-based Celeron P4xxx and U3xxx lines are low-end versions of the Pentium P6xxx and U5xxx lines, originally released as the mobile dual-core lines of Core i3/i5/i7. Like the Clarkdale-based Celeron G1xxx, they use 2 MB of L3 cache, which is the amount that the earlier \"Penryn\" based CPUs used in the Pentium brand as their L2 cache. Like all Arrandale processors, the Celeron P4xxx and U3xxx use an integrated graphics core.", "The Celeron B8xx processors released in 2011 follow the Arrandale line. They are Dual-Core processors with integrated graphics and use the same chips as the Pentium B9xx and Core i3/i5/i7-2xxx mobile processors, but with Turbo-Boost, Hyper-Threading, VT-d, TXT and AES-NI disabled and the L3 cache reduced to 2MB.", "As a budget processor, the Celeron does not support a dual processor configuration using multiple CPU sockets, however it has been discovered that multiprocessing could be enabled on Slot 1 Celeron processors by connecting a pin on the CPU core to a contact on the processor card's connector. In addition, Mendocino Socket 370 processors can use multiprocessing when used on specific dual Slot 1 motherboards by using a slot adapter. The unofficial SMP support was removed in the Coppermine Celerons, and dual-socket support is now limited to higher-end Xeon server-class processors. Conroe/Allendale based Celeron processors and later support multiprocessing using multi-core chips, but are still limited to one socket. The ABIT BP6 motherboard also allows two Mendocino Socket 370 Celeron processors to operate in a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) configuration without any modification to the CPUs or the motherboard." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 44, 397, 50244, 69727, 58, 83, 10, 162515, 111, 70, 198373, 1771, 2565, 91084, 44, 45407, 66, 58, 707, 44, 32976, 58, 15, 277, 214, 1295, 187434, 19, 44759, 707, 4, 3900, 143, 3674, 360, 15881, 67009, 131007, 49063, 76726, 4, 442, 1556, 2809, 38134, 538, 18822, 71, 100, 70, 4568, 212010, 316, 450, 62, 18422, 12118, 3124, 7113, 4, 70, 337, 8798, 22332, 330, 111, 375, 126365, 4, 1556, 10, 5361, 76755, 678, 70, 3395, 111, 138485, 136, 23632, 90, 23, 2363, 87714, 390, 23, 107032, 1916, 237, 1585, 57662, 660, 79986, 4295, 136, 148729, 6044, 237, 70, 109521, 14, 239, 1510, 5, 3293, 83, 59499, 47, 44, 3957, 27432, 111, 30613, 39, 830, 70, 5201, 7986, 111, 70, 30613, 15293, 10696, 4, 47, 3129, 70, 106, 271, 109521, 14, 69727, 4, 15937, 20380, 391, 9167, 4, 5117, 186, 10617, 297, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 903, 7986, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 21, 532, 70, 137374, 100, 70, 138485, 10133, 25, 14432, 6, 221160, 111, 70, 109521, 14, 239, 1510, 237, 23, 107032, 5256, 111, 62, 18422, 12118, 3124, 7113, 5, 1650, 144851, 7, 70, 37254, 111, 70, 337, 8798, 22332, 330, 25, 7, 23, 107032, 5256, 237, 39395, 138485, 66, 60097, 7, 136, 6, 88940, 25251, 6044, 237, 5986, 54514, 21413, 771, 136, 14432, 237, 1773, 306, 39474, 763, 95083, 617, 1104, 963, 88235, 5, 3293, 42592, 429, 1556, 2809, 4173, 5877, 27686, 390, 138485, 10133, 1257, 47, 136, 26719, 70, 109521, 14, 239, 1510, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 59499, 47, 6044, 97264, 4, 142, 152701, 13315, 111, 206846, 111, 70, 13379, 109521, 14, 239, 1510, 237, 23, 107032, 5256, 111, 62, 18422, 12118, 3124, 7113, 115851, 90, 4420, 5045, 53333, 3501, 15937, 20380, 1773, 5829, 5, 44, 3957, 27432, 111, 30613, 39, 830, 70, 98352, 1363, 111, 30613, 15293, 128169, 7, 21334, 538, 150350, 71, 10932, 35107, 7, 17721, 70, 42878, 57, 429, 62, 118, 3124, 11, 15, 105028, 1104, 963, 134463, 136, 1919, 138485, 66, 27980, 136, 185256, 17116, 14, 8705, 1773, 306, 39474, 763, 136, 44, 371, 105913, 90, 111, 70, 6422, 360, 107032, 5256, 111, 40779, 11, 62, 18422, 12118, 3124, 7113, 26, 830, 27154, 67, 237, 5941, 237, 37195, 939, 3445, 7, 129551, 47, 70, 616, 927, 109521, 14, 69727, 4, 4989, 6650, 62, 18422, 12118, 3124, 7113, 1902, 103036, 71, 70, 132564, 47, 17997, 136, 59959, 70, 138485, 66, 3395, 136, 23, 70, 72399, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 1919, 31347, 1774, 47, 211394, 903, 103036, 509, 70, 36541, 9, 1272, 9, 7, 16852, 137633, 674, 111, 70, 109521, 14, 69727, 3790, 15182, 2408, 23, 138485, 5, 23972, 4, 384, 35821, 11395, 763, 170920, 17262, 6782, 6, 124722, 3387, 10932, 339, 105978, 23, 70, 140280, 111, 8578, 8108, 764, 68, 71, 23, 616, 2947, 5, 581, 106, 271, 109521, 14, 69727, 33662, 100512, 3157, 9190, 111, 70, 158036, 1632, 4, 64614, 58187, 4, 136, 126809, 10, 21334, 5700, 14537, 3647, 23, 8578, 5, 1529, 14432, 65042, 297, 903, 47, 29256, 384, 18873, 4, 7440, 764, 64549, 297, 10, 22759, 927, 6782, 6, 124722, 53, 4, 1218, 3767, 339, 15288, 771, 4, 99, 8294, 8554, 184, 5, 581, 116, 2208, 22282, 71, 2685, 8108, 30646, 214, 47, 339, 105978, 4, 7440, 764, 100512, 3157, 9190, 111, 64614, 58187, 5, 171855, 456, 111438, 3674, 70, 106, 271, 25, 7, 21334, 5700, 25632, 7, 23, 384, 18873, 136, 8578, 4, 70, 116, 2208, 7068, 109133, 98, 47, 127067, 9022, 138485, 136, 914, 9319, 297, 1286, 210276, 2685, 2750, 104902, 4049, 64549, 10, 3525, 6, 124722, 53, 4, 4960, 2434, 65859, 5, 1529, 2843, 170920, 70, 55300, 390, 3129, 14432, 109521, 14, 69727, 23, 107032, 5256, 2806, 186, 134053, 8305, 37831, 7, 99, 70, 44, 4341, 11030, 85437, 830, 339, 3915, 31, 339, 2943, 991, 5, 581, 138, 4216, 88303, 98, 1919, 1653, 13, 26531, 25251, 25, 65536, 390, 141753, 3157, 9190, 111, 70, 6626, 6782, 6, 124722, 3387, 111, 15937, 20380, 391, 9167, 24462, 12183, 104279, 172725, 247, 10, 17116, 14, 8705, 111, 70, 14037, 56, 845, 384, 35821, 81576, 4, 509, 70, 23335, 1363, 9351, 111, 70, 2667, 92, 2750, 21449, 47, 186, 51529, 237, 70, 242, 207263, 109521, 14, 69727, 25, 4, 1284, 4734, 1295, 30994, 5369, 7103, 764, 68, 71, 5, 8622, 1902, 2809, 39746, 7154, 4, 16792, 5117, 764, 509, 186094, 297, 10, 2667, 92, 23, 70, 30613, 15293, 40250, 136, 100, 67842, 89397, 4, 100, 75281, 7, 111, 5369, 70, 30613, 15293, 10696, 1902, 28, 7560, 24243, 70, 6, 180064, 111, 70, 44, 3766, 319, 58, 5426, 47, 3129, 70, 114210, 115215, 10, 10500, 2822, 5, 384, 35821, 11395, 763, 21334, 538, 40030, 297, 1919, 3525, 4, 17690, 297, 2206, 35159, 763, 10696, 98, 70, 30613, 15293, 40250, 136, 137930, 122009, 1295, 72134, 10, 38137, 319, 5426, 5, 228072, 4, 102971, 15937, 20380, 391, 9167, 3514, 434, 47, 186, 10, 4552, 5526, 2206, 35159, 763, 9132, 4, 7103, 764, 68, 71, 23, 616, 16360, 2685, 509, 110, 9655, 111, 2499, 33938, 8035, 581, 109521, 14, 69727, 42592, 429, 26859, 1295, 67915, 133, 86595, 7, 5, 242, 18144, 192, 25877, 236, 25, 24462, 12183, 104279, 172725, 247, 70, 25299, 2750, 509, 47, 24209, 70, 5117, 23, 70, 13315, 4, 509, 103122, 23, 10, 377, 46401, 5551, 23, 88867, 188, 71, 4, 384, 18873, 23, 702, 12183, 5, 18763, 110, 7404, 27863, 93544, 2412, 4517, 136, 738, 9821, 136, 158930, 23, 1492, 933, 5, 14847, 1919, 67373, 68, 71, 23, 702, 16665, 1919, 42732, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 8060, 70, 27150, 738, 10519, 24069, 221, 2412, 22, 182825, 297, 4049, 47, 1919, 51, 11030, 4, 10, 2667, 92, 99, 19291, 18, 8467, 4, 10, 13036, 30613, 15293, 6, 124722, 53, 43573, 8294, 8554, 184, 4, 100, 53019, 237, 10, 131007, 49063, 2667, 92, 5, 19291, 18, 8467, 13028, 70, 142105, 2448, 1916, 24234, 23, 138485, 136, 6863, 176016, 71, 35773, 1294, 110281, 297, 191225, 7, 136, 138548, 7, 1295, 2060, 136, 38134, 4, 221, 24199, 11, 25877, 236, 75204, 142, 53019, 107314, 70, 22599, 99, 70, 1733, 237, 5299, 237, 197826, 47, 9789, 41205, 115215, 136, 25647, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 18852, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 109521, 14, 69727, 15, 4, 2819, 20744, 138485, 66, 12, 4, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 44759, 34475, 390, 70, 138485, 66, 3395, 100, 70, 100, 9825, 18, 41205, 57724, 111, 70, 2206, 35159, 707, 44, 69085, 41566, 17354, 58, 10696, 111, 138485, 66, 131007, 31047, 39, 4, 70, 3525, 525, 111, 70, 54704, 289, 115215, 111, 138485, 66, 131007, 31047, 39, 5, 581, 616, 927, 136, 43581, 109521, 14, 69727, 83, 5531, 7299, 11998, 257, 991, 4, 2750, 60742, 237, 10, 211190, 13, 23, 5596, 5, 581, 109521, 14, 69727, 83, 2843, 90698, 47, 186, 70, 39457, 42, 23, 10, 13315, 111, 38137, 6769, 2750, 621, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 23, 107032, 5256, 111, 62, 18422, 12118, 3124, 7113, 4, 10, 2460, 8798, 22332, 330, 111, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Names.", "History.", "Origins in myth and legend.", "Avalokiteśvara's \"Dalai Lama master plan\".", "Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage.", "1st Dalai Lama.", "2nd Dalai Lama.", "3rd Dalai Lama.", "4th Dalai Lama.", "5th Dalai Lama.", "6th Dalai Lama.", "7th Dalai Lama.", "Dzungar invasion.", "Enthronement in Lhasa.", "Exile to Kham.", "Return to Lhasa.", "Restoration as Tibet's political leader.", "8th Dalai Lama.", "9th to 12th Dalai Lamas.", "13th Dalai Lama.", "14th Dalai Lama.", "Residences.", "Searching for the reincarnation.", "Future of the position." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name \"Dalai Lama\" is a combination of the Mongolic word meaning \"ocean\" or \"big\" (coming from Mongolian title or, translated", "In Central Asian Buddhist countries, it has been widely believed for the last millennium that Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, has a special relationship with the people of Tibet and intervenes in their fate by incarnating as benevolent rulers and teachers such as the Dalai Lamas. This is according to \"The Book of Kadam\", the main text of the Kadampa school, to which the 1st Dalai Lama, Gendun Drup, first belonged. In fact, this text is said to have laid the foundation for the Tibetans' later identification of the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara. It traces the legend of the bodhisattva's incarnations as early Tibetan kings and emperors such as Songtsen Gampo and later as Dromtönpa (1004–1064). This lineage has been extrapolated by Tibetans up to and including the Dalai Lamas.", "Thus, according to such sources, an informal line of succession of the present Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara stretches back much further than Gendun Drub. \"The Book of Kadam\", the compilation of Kadampa teachings largely composed around discussions between the Indian sage Atiśa (980–1054) and his Tibetan host and chief disciple Dromtönpa and \"‘Tales of the Previous Incarnations of Arya Avalokiteśvara’\", nominate as many as sixty persons", "According to the 14th Dalai Lama, long ago Avalokiteśvara had promised the Buddha to guide and protect the Tibetan people and in the late Middle Ages, his master plan to fulfill this promise was the stage-by-stage establishment of the Dalai Lama theocracy in Tibet. First, Tsongkhapa established three great monasteries around Lhasa in the province of Ü before he died in 1419. The 1st Dalai Lama soon became Abbot of the greatest one, Drepung, and developed a large popular power base in Ü. He later extended this to cover Tsang, where he constructed a fourth great monastery, Tashi Lhunpo, at Shigatse. The 2nd studied there before returning to Lhasa, where he became Abbot of Drepung. Having reactivated the 1st's large popular followings in Tsang and Ü, the 2nd then moved on to southern Tibet and gathered more followers there who helped him construct a new monastery, Chokorgyel. He also established the method by which later Dalai Lama incarnations would be discovered through visions at the \"oracle lake\", Lhamo Lhatso. The 3rd built on his predecessors' fame by becoming Abbot of the two great monasteries of", "Gendun Drup (1391–1474), a disciple of the founder Je Tsongkapa, was the ordination name of the monk who came to be known as the 'First Dalai Lama', but only from 104 years after he died. There had been resistance, since first he was ordained a monk in the Kadampa tradition and for various reasons, for hundreds of years the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the \"tulku\" system to which the older schools adhered. Tsongkhapa largely modelled his new, reformed Gelugpa school on the Kadampa tradition and refrained from starting a tulku system. Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be a very important Gelugpa lama, after he died in 1474 there was no question of any search being", "The Dalai Lama lineage started from humble beginnings. 'Pema Dorje' (1391–1474), the boy who was to become the first in the line, was born in a cattle pen in Shabtod, Tsang in 1391. His nomad parents kept sheep and goats and lived in tents. When his father died in 1398 his mother was unable to support the young goatherd so she entrusted him to his uncle, a monk at Narthang, a major Kadampa monastery near Shigatse, for education as a Buddhist monk. Narthang ran the largest printing press in Tibet and its celebrated library attracted scholars and adepts from far and wide, so Pema Dorje received an education beyond the norm at the time as well as exposure to diverse spiritual schools and ideas. He studied", "Like the Kadampa, the Gelugpa eschewed the \"tulku\" system. After Gendun Drup died, however, a boy called Sangyey Pel born to Nyngma adepts at Yolkar in Tsang, declared himself at 3 to be \"Gendun Drup\" and asked to be 'taken home' to Tashilhunpo. He spoke in mystical verses, quoted classical texts out of the blue and said he was Dromtönpa, an earlier incarnation of the Dalai Lamas. When he saw monks from Tashilhunpo he greeted the disciples of the late Gendun Drup by name. The Gelugpa elders had to break with tradition and recognised him as Gendun Drup's \"tulku\". He was then 8, but until his 12th year his father took him on his teachings and retreats, training him in all the family Nyingma lineages. At 12 he was installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's incarnation, ordained, enthroned and renamed Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (1475–1542). Tutored personally by", "The Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588) was born in Tolung, near Lhasa, as predicted by his predecessor. Claiming he was Gendun Gyatso and readily recalling events from his previous life, he was recognised as the incarnation, named 'Sonam Gyatso' and installed at Drepung, where 'he quickly excelled his teachers in knowledge and wisdom and developed extraordinary powers'. Unlike his predecessors, he came from a noble family, connected with the Sakya and the Phagmo Drupa (Karma Kagyu affiliated) dynasties, and it is to him that the effective conversion of Mongolia to Buddhism is due. A brilliant scholar and teacher, he had the spiritual maturity to be made Abbot of Drepung, taking responsibility for the material and spiritual well-being of Tibet's largest monastery at the age of nine. At 10 he led the Monlam Prayer Festival, giving daily discourses to the assembly of all Gelugpa monks. His influence grew so quickly that soon the monks at Sera Monastery also made him their Abbot and his mediation was being sought to prevent fighting", "The Fourth Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617) was a Mongolian, the great-grandson of Altan Khan who was a descendant of Kublai Khan and King of the Tümed Mongols who had already been converted to Buddhism by the Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588). This strong connection caused the Mongols to zealously support the Gelugpa sect in Tibet, strengthening their status and position but also arousing intensified opposition from the Gelugpa's rivals, particularly the Tsang Karma Kagyu in Shigatse and their Mongolian patrons and the Bönpo in Kham", "The death of the Fourth Dalai Lama in 1617 led to open conflict breaking out between various parties. Firstly, the Tsangpa dynasty, rulers of Central Tibet from Shigatse, supporters of the Karmapa school and rivals to the Gelugpa, forbade the search for his incarnation. However, in 1618 Sonam Rabten, the former attendant of the 4th Dalai Lama who had become the Ganden Phodrang treasurer, secretly identified the child, who had been born to the noble Zahor family at Tagtse castle, south of Lhasa. Then, the Panchen Lama, in Shigatse, negotiated the lifting of the ban, enabling the boy to be recognised as Lobsang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama. Also in 1618, the Tsangpa King, Karma Puntsok Namgyal, whose Mongol patron was Choghtu Khong Tayiji of the Khalkha Mongols, attacked the Gelugpa in Lhasa to avenge an earlier snub and established two military bases there to control the monasteries and the city. This caused Sonam Rabten who became the 5th Dalai Lama's \"changdzo\" or manager, to seek more active Mongol patronage and military assistance for the Gelugpa while the Fifth was still a boy. So, in 1620, Mongol troops allied to the Gelugpa who had camped outside Lhasa suddenly attacked and destroyed the two Tsangpa camps and drove them out of Lhasa, enabling the Dalai Lama to be brought out of hiding and publicly enthroned there in 1622. In fact, throughout the 5th's minority, it was the influential and forceful Sonam Rabten who inspired the Dzungar Mongols to defend the Gelugpa by attacking their enemies. These enemies included other Mongol tribes who supported the Tsangpas, the Tsangpa themselves and their Bönpo allies in Kham who had also opposed and persecuted Gelugpas. Ultimately, this strategy led to the destruction of the Tsangpa dynasty, the defeat of the Karmapas and their other allies and the Bönpos, by armed forces from the Lhasa valley aided by their Mongol allies, paving the way for Gelugpa political and religious hegemony in Central Tibet. Apparently by general consensus, by virtue of his position as the Dalai Lama's \"changdzo\" (chief attendant, minister), after the Dalai Lama became absolute ruler of Tibet in 1642 Sonam Rabten became the \"\"Desi\"\" or \"Viceroy\", in fact, the \"de facto\" regent or day-to-day ruler", "The Sixth Dalai Lama (1683–1706) was born near Tawang, now in India, and picked out in 1685 but not enthroned until 1697 when the death of the Fifth was announced. After 16 years of study as a novice monk, in 1702 in his 20th year he rejected full ordination and gave up his monk's robes and monastic life, preferring the lifestyle of a layman. In 1703 Güshi Khan's ruling grandson Tenzin Wangchuk Khan was murdered by his brother Lhazang Khan who usurped", "In 1708, in accordance with an indication given by the 6th Dalai Lama when quitting Lhasa a child called Kelzang Gyatso had been born at Lithang in eastern Tibet who was soon claimed by local Tibetans to be his incarnation. After going into hiding out of fear of Lhazang Khan, he was installed in Lithang monastery. Along with some of the Kokonor Mongol princes, rivals of Lhazang, in defiance of the situation in Lhasa the Tibetans of Kham duly recognised him as the Seventh Dalai Lama in 1712, retaining his birth-name of Kelzang Gyatso. For security reasons he was moved to Derge monastery and eventually,", "In any case, the Kangxi Emperor took full advantage of having Kelzang Gyatso under Qing control at Kumbum after other Mongols from the Dzungar tribes led by Tsewang Rabtan who was related to his supposed ally Lhazang Khan, deceived and betrayed the latter by invading Tibet and capturing Lhasa in 1717. These Dzungars, who were Buddhist, had supported the Fifth Dalai Lama and his regent. They were secretly petitioned by the Lhasa Gelugpa lamas to invade with their help in order to rid them of their foreign ruler Lhazang Khan and to replace the unpopular Sixth Dalai Lama pretender with the young Kelzang Gyats. This plot suited the devious Dzungar leaders' ambitions and they were only too happy to oblige. Early in 1717, after conspiring to undermine", "This humiliation only determined the Kangxi Emperor to expel the Dzungars from Tibet once and for all and he set about assembling and dispatching a much larger force to march on Lhasa, bringing the emperor's trump card the young Kelzang Gyatso with it. On the imperial army's stately passage from Kumbum to Lhasa with the boy being welcomed adoringly at every stage, Khoshut Mongols and Tibetans were happy (and well paid) to join and swell its ranks. By the autumn of 1720 the", "Having vanquished the Dzungars, the Qing army withdrew leaving the Seventh Dalai Lama as a political figurehead and only a Khalkha Mongol as the Qing \"amban\" or representative and a garrison in Lhasa. After the Kangxi Emperor died in 1722 and was succeeded by his son, the Yongzheng Emperor, these were also withdrawn, leaving the Tibetans to rule autonomously and showing the Qing were interested in an alliance, not conquest. In 1723, however, after brutally quelling a major rebellion by zealous Tibetan patriots and disgruntled Khoshut Mongols", "In 1735 he was allowed back to Lhasa to study and teach, but still under strict control, being mistrusted by the Qing, while Polhanas ruled Central Tibet under nominal Qing supervision. Meanwhile, the Qing had promoted the Fifth Panchen Lama to be a rival leader and reinstated the \"ambans\" and the Lhasa garrison. Polhanas died in", "The Qing sent yet another force 'to restore order' but when it arrived the situation had already been stabilised under the leadership of the 7th Dalai Lama who was now seen to have demonstrated loyalty to the Qing. Just as Güshi Khan had done with the Fifth Dalai Lama, they therefore helped reconstitute the government with the Dalai Lama presiding over a Kashag of four Tibetans, reinvesting him with temporal power in addition to his already established spiritual leadership. This arrangement, with a Kashag under the Dalai Lama or his regent, outlasted the Qing dynasty which collapsed in 1912. The \"ambans\" and their garrison were also reinstated to observe and to some extent supervise affairs, however, although their influence generally waned with the power of", "The Eighth Dalai Lama, Jamphel Gyatso was born in Tsang in 1758 and died aged 46 having taken little part in Tibetan politics, mostly leaving temporal matters to his regents and the \"ambans\". The 8th Dalai Lama was approved by the Emperor of China to be exempted from the lot-drawing ceremony of using Chinese Golden Urn. Qianlong Emperor officially accept Gyiangbai as the 8th Dalai Lama when the 6th Panchen Erdeni came to congratulate the Emperor on his 70th birthday in 1780. The 8th Dalai Lama was granted a jade seal of authority and jade sheets of confirmation of authority by the Emperor of China. The jade sheets of confirmation of authority says The Dalai Lama, his later generations and the local government cherished both the jade seal of authority, and the jade sheets of authority. They were properly preserved as the root to their ruling power. Although the 8th Dalai Lama lived almost as long as the Seventh he was overshadowed by many contemporary lamas", "Hugh Richardson's summary of the period covering the four short-lived, 19th-century Dalai Lamas: Thubten Jigme Norbu, the elder brother of the 14th Dalai Lama, described these unfortunate events as follows, although there are few, if any, indications that any of the four were said to be 'Chinese-appointed imposters': According to Mullin, on the other hand, it is improbable that the Manchus would have murdered any of these four for being 'unmanageable' since it would have been in their best interests to have strong Dalai Lamas ruling in Lhasa, he argues, agreeing with Richardson that it was rather \"the ambition and greed for power of Tibetans\" that might have caused the Lamas' early deaths. Further, if Tibetan nobles murdered any of them, it would more likely have been in order to protect or enhance their family interests rather than out of suspicion that the Dalai Lamas were seen as Chinese-appointed imposters as suggested by Norbu. They could also have died from illnesses, possibly contracted from diseases to which they", "The 13th Dalai Lama assumed ruling power from the monasteries, which previously had great influence on the Regent, in 1895. Due to his two periods of exile in 1904–1909 to escape the British invasion of 1904, and from 1910 to 1912 to escape a Chinese invasion, he became well aware of the complexities of international politics and was the first Dalai Lama to become aware of the importance of foreign relations. After his return from exile in India and Sikkim during January 1913, he assumed control of foreign relations", "The 14th Dalai Lama was born on 6 July 1935 on a straw mat in a cowshed to a farmer's family in a remote part of Tibet. According to most Western journalistic sources he was born into a humble family of farmers as one of 16 children. The 14th Dalai Lama had become the joint most popular world leader by 2013, (tied with Barack Obama), according to a poll conducted by Harris Interactive of New York, which sampled public opinion in the US and six major European countries. The 14th Dalai Lama was not formally enthroned until 17 November 1950, during the Battle of Chamdo with the People's Republic of China. In 1951, the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government were pressured into accepting the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet by which it became formally incorporated into the People's Republic of China. Fearing for his life in the wake of a revolt in Tibet", "The 1st Dalai Lama was based at Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, which he founded, the Second to the Fifth Dalai Lamas were mainly based at Drepung Monastery outside Lhasa. In 1645, after the unification of Tibet, the Fifth moved to the ruins of a royal fortress or residence on top of \"Marpori\" ('Red Mountain') in Lhasa and decided to build a palace on the same site. This ruined palace, called Tritse Marpo, was originally built around 636 AD by the founder of the Tibetan Empire, Songtsen Gampo for his Nepalese wife. Amongst the ruins there was just a small temple left where Tsongkhapa had given a teaching when he arrived in Lhasa in", "By the Himalayan tradition, \"phowa\" is the discipline that is believed to transfer the mindstream to the intended body. Upon the death of the Dalai Lama and consultation with the Nechung Oracle, a search for the Lama's \"yangsi\", or reincarnation, is conducted. Traditionally, it has been the responsibility of the High Lamas of the Gelugpa tradition and the Tibetan government to find a person accepted as his reincarnation. The process can take around two or three years to identify the Dalai Lama, and for the 14th, Tenzin Gyatso, it was four years before he was found. Historically, the search for the Dalai Lama has usually been limited to Tibet, though the third tulku was born in Mongolia. Tenzin Gyatso, however, has stated that he will not be reborn in the People's Republic of China, though he has also suggested he may not be reborn at all, suggesting the function of the Dalai Lama may be outdated. The government of the People's Republic of China has stated its intention to be the ultimate authority on the selection of the next Dalai Lama. The High Lamas used several ways in which they can increase the chances of finding a person they claim to be the reincarnation. High Lamas often visit Lhamo La-tso, a lake in central Tibet, and watch for a sign from the lake itself. This may be either a claimed 'vision' or some 'indication' of the direction in which to search, and this was how Tenzin Gyatso was determined to be the next Dalai Lama. It is said that Palden Lhamo, the female guardian spirit of the sacred lake Lhamo La-tso promised Gendun Drup, the 1st Dalai Lama, in one of his visions \"that she would protect the reincarnation lineage of the Dalai Lamas.\" Ever since the time of Gendun Gyatso, the 2nd Dalai Lama, who formalised the system, the Regents and other monks have gone to the lake to seek guidance on choosing the next reincarnation through visions while meditating there. The particular form of Palden Lhamo at Lhamo La-tso is Gyelmo Maksorma, \"The Victorious One who Turns Back Enemies\". The lake is sometimes referred to as \"Pelden Lhamo Kalideva\", which has been taken as a reason to claim that Palden Lhamo is an emanation of the goddess Kali, the shakti of the Hindu God Shiva. It was here that in 1935, the Regent Reting Rinpoche claimed to have received a clear vision of three Tibetan letters and of a monastery with a jade-green and gold roof, and a house with turquoise roof tiles, which led to the indication of Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama. High Lamas may also claim to have a vision by a dream or if the Dalai Lama was cremated, they will often monitor the direction of the smoke as an 'indication' of the direction of the expected rebirth. Once the High Lamas have found the home and the boy they believe to be the reincarnation, the boy undergoes tests to ceremoniously legitimize the rebirth. They present a number of artifacts, only some of which belonged to the previous Dalai Lama, and if the boy chooses the items which belonged to the previous Dalai Lama, this is seen as a sign, in conjunction with all of the other claimed indications, that the boy is the reincarnation. If there is only one boy found, the High Lamas will invite Living Buddhas of the three great monasteries, together with secular clergy and monk officials, to 'confirm their findings' and then report to the Central Government through the Minister of Tibet. Later, a group consisting of the three major servants of Dalai Lama, eminent officials, and troops will collect the boy and his family and travel to Lhasa, where the boy would be taken, usually to Drepung Monastery, to study the Buddhist sutra in preparation for assuming the role of spiritual leader of Tibet. If there are several possible claimed reincarnations, however, regents, eminent officials, monks at the Jokhang in Lhasa, and the Minister to Tibet have historically decided on the individual by putting the boys' names inside an urn and drawing one lot in public if it was too difficult to judge the reincarnation initially.", "The government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has claimed the power to approve the naming of \"high\" reincarnations in Tibet, based on a precedent set by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor instituted a system of selecting the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama by a lottery that used a Golden Urn with names wrapped in clumps of barley. This method was used a few times for both positions during the 19th century, but eventually fell into disuse. In 1995, the Dalai Lama chose to proceed with the selection of the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama without the use of the Golden Urn, while the Chinese government insisted that it must be used. This has led to two rival Panchen Lamas: Gyaincain Norbu as chosen by the Chinese government's process, and Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as chosen by the Dalai Lama. However, Nyima was abducted by the Chinese government shortly after being chosen as the Panchen Lama and has not been seen in public since 1995. In September 2007, the Chinese government said all high monks must be approved by the government, which would include the selection of the 15th Dalai Lama after the death of Tenzin Gyatso. Since by tradition, the Panchen Lama must approve the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, that is another possible method of control. Consequently, the Dalai Lama has alluded to the possibility of a referendum to determine the 15th Dalai Lama. In response to this scenario, Tashi Wangdi, the representative of the 14th Dalai Lama, replied that the Chinese government's selection would be meaningless. \"You can't impose an Imam, an Archbishop, saints, any religion...you can't politically impose these things on people\", said Wangdi. \"It has to be a decision of the followers of that tradition. The Chinese can use their political power: force. Again, it's meaningless. Like their Panchen Lama. And they can't keep their Panchen Lama in Tibet. They tried to bring him to his monastery many times but people would not see him. How can you have a religious leader like that?\" The 14th Dalai Lama said as early as 1969 that it was for the Tibetans to decide whether the institution of the Dalai Lama \"should continue or not\". He has given reference to a possible vote occurring in the future for all Tibetan Buddhists to decide whether they wish to recognize his rebirth. In response to the possibility that the PRC might attempt to choose his successor, the Dalai Lama said he would not be reborn in a country controlled by the People's Republic of China or any other country which is not free. According to Robert D. Kaplan, this could mean that \"the next Dalai Lama might come from the Tibetan cultural belt that stretches across northern India, Nepal, and Bhutan, presumably making him even more pro-Indian and anti-Chinese\". The 14th Dalai Lama supported the possibility that his next incarnation could be a woman. As an \"engaged Buddhist\" the Dalai Lama has an appeal straddling cultures and political systems making him one of the most recognized and respected moral voices today. \"Despite the complex historical, religious and political factors surrounding the selection of incarnate masters in the exiled Tibetan tradition, the Dalai Lama is open to change\", author Michaela Haas writes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 128538, 390, 143085, 786, 1510, 44, 14580, 7, 58, 7435, 2357, 132869, 108035, 3229, 764, 509, 1105, 5369, 10332, 4, 136, 5117, 91376, 23, 129706, 4, 25, 164, 10, 36137, 9, 8913, 8730, 48461, 289, 21261, 35509, 98, 70, 42179, 25, 7, 59335, 5161, 103086, 678, 10, 29685, 90, 66, 4, 24479, 786, 99726, 6023, 5, 19943, 23, 4122, 8363, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 9942, 4, 70, 21261, 14192, 7, 70, 187641, 5161, 13765, 17721, 127663, 289, 124850, 33346, 111830, 13, 26336, 31182, 4, 10, 41000, 119720, 1212, 707, 29685, 90, 66, 178707, 1295, 18588, 254, 1363, 4, 136, 1172, 12018, 786, 1405, 4, 10, 27150, 6, 168519, 20756, 164, 5, 33346, 111830, 13, 83, 128911, 76, 4806, 25, 132, 16, 6637, 2412, 95549, 7, 10, 4842, 21449, 7532, 11, 3229, 2412, 83, 71018, 1916, 136, 220, 330, 379, 2886, 100, 20662, 5161, 136, 10, 35011, 21449, 7884, 3229, 2412, 83, 19882, 47, 604, 100306, 7, 5, 1172, 12018, 123867, 23, 5161, 678, 33346, 111830, 13, 136, 20654, 37838, 24209, 7, 604, 100306, 5, 1529, 122991, 7, 604, 47, 31358, 604, 6897, 237, 10, 29685, 90, 66, 136, 47, 6867, 678, 4049, 23, 70, 23295, 8752, 5, 3293, 202784, 1771, 6, 116311, 83, 206735, 297, 390, 1172, 12018, 25, 7, 67373, 4, 2750, 4, 142837, 678, 70, 98881, 75935, 390, 70, 211, 60923, 76755, 4, 136, 30783, 7844, 450, 442, 1221, 163684, 1172, 12018, 25, 7, 114015, 25, 7, 97775, 111, 129570, 4, 122991, 7, 33346, 111830, 13, 47, 31358, 5, 992, 3675, 33346, 111830, 13, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 1172, 12018, 18822, 7, 450, 2412, 25737, 4049, 100, 15700, 332, 5, 33346, 111830, 13, 25, 7, 47219, 83, 151552, 237, 142, 773, 33770, 6650, 299, 4, 20271, 3129, 33346, 111830, 13, 4, 32997, 297, 390, 30309, 4, 84377, 7, 2367, 13648, 765, 2809, 5, 581, 13765, 83, 29718, 3674, 7103, 33346, 111830, 13, 25, 7, 47219, 390, 6626, 453, 4, 1172, 12018, 136, 142, 85589, 4806, 123789, 29718, 1290, 5, 31384, 191225, 7, 18822, 450, 15044, 70, 127663, 289, 33346, 111830, 13, 25, 7, 202711, 136, 2773, 6897, 786, 99726, 6023, 25, 7, 3835, 29367, 22304, 111, 47219, 4, 44, 2271, 71836, 1363, 830, 509, 10, 953, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 1175, 20133, 2179, 39, 100, 954, 66847, 164, 4, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 70, 1286, 39210, 91084, 111, 230916, 84125, 5, 4, 83, 517, 7844, 47, 112518, 10, 1238, 141775, 2886, 196, 87929, 111, 33346, 111830, 13, 4, 2750, 8, 61518, 604, 11015, 83, 79516, 71, 19492, 10821, 390, 604, 5161, 100, 1172, 12018, 4, 136, 70, 178707, 111, 70, 6626, 100306, 7, 4, 124901, 5161, 83, 9638, 3055, 297, 390, 70, 3871, 47, 19911, 47, 70, 14392, 7, 111, 70, 20028, 4, 83, 79516, 71, 23996, 214, 538, 5, 360, 69822, 47, 70, 25, 7, 5161, 100, 1572, 191, 23, 44, 12662, 191, 1734, 408, 1003, 58, 21067, 95787, 4, 10, 21261, 390, 44, 24988, 24646, 58, 62391, 65370, 91067, 71, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 44, 830, 1172, 12018, 25, 7, 5161, 83, 100, 10, 46667, 2750, 83, 43542, 47, 209201, 604, 118513, 7, 136, 604, 101906, 100, 4049, 4, 1284, 2750, 83, 5675, 54987, 71, 390, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 1172, 12018, 25, 7, 67373, 5, 581, 21261, 83, 2843, 94419, 390, 70, 76811, 111, 7270, 3378, 6897, 20271, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 136, 70, 119371, 13, 8999, 111, 70, 29685, 90, 66, 5, 786, 1510, 54397, 10, 36541, 6, 202444, 450, 9882, 297, 22482, 116, 4, 543, 12744, 4, 99, 70, 6003, 446, 45658, 107, 115, 142672, 112, 10745, 23, 7270, 5, 5177, 17995, 701, 28319, 13, 75935, 70, 31486, 111, 33346, 111830, 13, 26336, 31182, 4, 198274, 28166, 4221, 33605, 237, 1172, 12018, 786, 1405, 5, 44, 568, 112730, 70, 31486, 305, 2489, 20028, 4, 58, 28319, 13, 189232, 297, 959, 4989, 8108, 604, 47219, 23, 33418, 4, 44, 2940, 87, 139124, 87, 5809, 959, 765, 112730, 442, 4552, 6494, 538, 4, 16792, 786, 1510, 54397, 23, 1919, 479, 40404, 4, 242, 594, 282, 5, 28319, 13, 83, 959, 759, 29481, 56, 4, 2412, 83, 759, 57119, 1290, 25, 1242, 360, 543, 14226, 4, 16162, 930, 1353, 6982, 6057, 2822, 23, 70, 5117, 14098, 46684, 36049, 111, 70, 11301, 4, 10, 112243, 29367, 11389, 450, 98816, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 105207, 62816, 47, 10071, 2186, 2451, 11, 41361, 30666, 297, 390, 2684, 15672, 215542, 90, 75169, 70, 31486, 5, 581, 31486, 111, 70, 187641, 33346, 111830, 13, 26336, 31182, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 552, 272, 3674, 54940, 271, 215542, 90, 136, 99201, 23718, 7, 390, 44582, 208780, 18, 4, 12701, 191, 4341, 786, 184, 4, 94037, 32544, 19, 4, 25203, 133, 18436, 145, 86, 4, 92229, 34, 1566, 4932, 31251, 4, 339, 162076, 527, 4745, 4, 99751, 90, 146, 93460, 4, 28120, 636, 21713, 58258, 4, 55496, 133, 3145, 45946, 4, 2041, 13003, 85, 75781, 56, 4, 136, 89408, 16269, 9785, 236, 434, 937, 5, 208780, 18, 69405, 100512, 137272, 678, 70, 31486, 7103, 6057, 2852, 23, 184520, 150, 162, 23, 7270, 4, 9020, 4, 136, 40368, 199506, 15226, 1405, 7, 4, 1001, 70, 80665, 1346, 5, 67022, 42, 64, 128878, 2109, 6723, 38220, 123099, 19, 18055, 65771, 538, 89011, 3674, 208780, 18, 25, 7, 206019, 111, 70, 31486, 1260, 16852, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 143534, 7, 4, 53865, 297, 390, 70, 6782, 215542, 164055, 8108, 2412, 68, 71, 5, 6619, 756, 786, 1510, 4, 44, 14580, 7, 58, 25, 7, 163198, 21533, 43240, 4, 44, 2729, 67388, 2970, 10071, 12883, 16378, 58, 83, 70, 2684, 5700, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 360, 153459, 44, 61278, 11049, 1679, 25, 7, 12982, 127, 538, 58, 113771, 450, 44, 10869, 1632, 3789, 11301, 390, 786, 1510, 4, 44, 14580, 7, 58, 1556, 2809, 75204, 678, 10862, 1810, 111, 9942, 740, 581, 36272, 111, 70, 11301, 191722, 141425, 131479, 47, 3884, 70, 13765, 47, 19612, 5, 18763, 4488, 100512, 70, 543, 14226, 6264, 44, 2729, 1152, 3459, 102, 830, 5423, 47, 142, 89176, 11506, 10628, 390, 108520, 5379, 19604, 272, 5, 581, 117776, 72745, 4, 33346, 111830, 13, 26336, 31182, 4, 83, 120514, 4806, 154114, 102, 4769, 136538, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 239, 67388, 2970, 10071, 12883, 16378, 15, 39798, 25958, 581, 40073, 678, 70, 184520, 150, 162, 4, 39210, 538, 51529, 23, 14941, 237, 10071, 2186, 16, 83, 10, 21261, 390, 143085, 786, 1510, 44, 14580, 7, 830, 5117, 91376, 23, 129706, 136, 221419, 538, 39908, 297, 390, 786, 1510, 100, 70, 36541, 5, 44, 2729, 67388, 2970, 10071, 12883, 16378, 58, 9882, 297, 99, 70, 6003, 446, 45658, 107, 115, 142672, 112, 10745, 23, 7270, 4, 9942, 98, 22482, 116, 4, 48179, 5442, 581, 11301, 509, 142, 34648, 36272, 4, 136, 141425, 131479, 109312, 5423, 1672, 118620, 70, 13765, 47, 19612, 5, 18763, 4488, 100512, 70, 543, 14226, 6264, 44, 2729, 1152, 3459, 102, 830, 678, 70, 117776, 72745, 4, 33346, 111830, 13, 26336, 31182, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Summary and analysis.", "Stage performances.", "Adaptations.", "Opera.", "Film.", "Films entitled \"Camille\".", "Other films based on \"La Dame aux Camélias\".", "Scrapped Franco Zeffirelli adaption.", "Stage.", "Novels." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Written by Alexandre Dumas \"fils\" (1824–1895) when he was 23 years old, and first published in 1848,'is a semi-autobiographical novel based on the author's brief love affair with a courtesan, Marie Duplessis. Set in mid-19th-century France, the novel tells the tragic love story between fictional characters Marguerite Gautier, a demimondaine or courtesan suffering from consumption, and Armand Duval, a young bourgeois. Marguerite is nicknamed'() because she wears a red camellia when she is menstruating and unavailable for making love and a white camelia when she is available to her lovers. Armand falls in love with Marguerite and ultimately becomes her lover. He convinces her to leave her life as a courtesan and to live with him in the countryside. This idyllic existence is interrupted by Armand's father, who, concerned with the scandal created by the illicit relationship, and fearful that it will destroy Armand's sister's chances of marriage, convinces Marguerite to leave. Until Marguerite's death, Armand believes that she left him for another man. Marguerite's death is described as an unending agony, during which Marguerite, abandoned by everyone, regrets what might have been. The story is narrated after Marguerite's death by two men, Armand and an unnamed frame narrator. Some scholars believe that both the fictional Marguerite's illness and real life Duplessis's publicized cause of death, \"consumption\", was a 19th-century euphemism for syphilis, as opposed to the more common meaning of tuberculosis., is careful to paint a favourable portrait of Marguerite, who despite her past is rendered virtuous by her love for Armand, and the suffering of the two lovers, whose love is shattered by the need to conform to the morals of the times, is rendered touchingly. In contrast to the's love for Manon in \"Manon Lescaut\" (1731), a novel by \"Abbé\" Prévost referenced at the beginning of \"\", Armand's love is for a woman who is ready to sacrifice her riches and her lifestyle for him, but who is thwarted by the arrival of Armand's father. The novel is also marked by the description of Parisian life during the 19th century and the fragile world of the courtesan.", "Dumas wrote a stage adaptation that premiered February 2, 1852, at the Théâtre du Vaudeville in Paris. Eugénie Doche created the role of Marguerite Gautier, opposite Charles Fechter as Armand Duval. \"I played the role 617 times,\" Doche recalled not long before her death in 1900, \"and I suppose I could not have played it very badly, since Dumas wrote in his preface, 'Mme. Doche is not my interpreter, she is my collaborator'.\" In 1853, Jean Davenport starred in the first United States production of the play, a sanitized version that changed the name of the leading character to Camille—a practice adopted by most American actresses playing the role. The role of the tragic Marguerite Gautier became one of the most coveted amongst actresses and included performances by Sarah Bernhardt, Eleonora Duse, Margaret Anglin, Gabrielle Réjane, Tallulah Bankhead, Lillian Gish, Dolores del Río, Eva Le Gallienne, Isabelle Adjani, Cacilda Becker, and Helena Modrzejewska. Bernhardt quickly became associated with the role after starring in Camellias in Paris, London, and several Broadway revivals, plus the 1911 film. Dancer/Impresario Ida Rubinstein successfully recreated Bernhardt's interpretation of the role onstage in the mid-1920s, coached by the great actress herself before she died. Of all Dumas, \"fils\"'s theatrical works, \"La Dame aux Camélias\" is the most popular around the world. In 1878 \"Scribner's Monthly\" reported that \"not one other play by Dumas, \"fils\" has been received with favor out of France\".", "", "The success of the play inspired Giuseppe Verdi to put the story to music. His work became the 1853 opera \"La traviata\", set to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. The female protagonist, Marguerite Gautier, is renamed Violetta Valéry.", "\"La Dame aux Camélias\" has been adapted for some 20 different motion pictures in numerous countries and in a wide variety of languages. The role of Marguerite Gautier has been played on screen by Sarah Bernhardt, María Félix, Clara Kimball Young, Theda Bara, Yvonne Printemps, Alla Nazimova, Greta Garbo, Micheline Presle, Francesca Bertini, Isabelle Huppert, and others.", "There have been at least nine adaptations of \"La Dame aux Camélias\" entitled \"Camille\".", "In addition to the \"Camille\" films, the story has been the adapted into numerous other screen versions:", "In her 2018 memoir, Olivia Hussey revealed that in the late 1960s/early 1970s, Franco Zeffirelli had intended to do a new film adaptation of Camille with Hussey playing the lead role of Marguerite Gautier. Zeffirelli first approached Hussey about starring in the film a few weeks after the premiere of \"Romeo and Juliet (1968)\". He sent her a copy of the original book with a note that said “You are my Marguerite Gautier”. The two year long publicity tour for \"Romeo and Juliet (1968)\", stalled the project as Hussey and Zeffirelli traveled the world to promote the film. After the tour, Zeffirelli had trouble finding finances and a studio for the project. Meanwhile, Hussey starred in \"All The Right Noises (1971)\", got out of an abusive relationship with Christopher Jones, and later married Dean Paul Martin in 1971. In 1972, Zeffirelli directed the film, \"Brother Sun Sister Moon (1972)\", which failed to live up to the success of \"Romeo and Juliet (1968),\" and prevented him from finding a studio to pick his proposal for Camille. Hussey, believing that the film was off, starred in \"Summertime Killer (1972)\" and \"Lost Horizon (1973)\", and had her first child in February of 1973. Zeffirelli tried one last time to get the film picked up in late 1973, but this time without Hussey. Given the overwhelming negative reception of Hussey’s recent film, \"Lost Horizon\", she wasn’t seen as the same box office draw as she was a few years earlier. Unbeknownst to Hussey, Zeffirelli recruited recent Oscar winner (and best friend to Hussey), Liza Minnelli, for the role of Marguerite Gautier. Even with Minnelli’s Oscar winning name attached to the proposal, no studio showed interest in the project. For blindsiding her, Hussey’s relationship with Zeffirelli and Minnelli tumbled for sometime (particularly with Liza). Olivia said of the situation “I was stunned. Liza and I would often talk about work, and I had told her how excited I was to play Marguerite Gautier. How it was the role of a lifetime, and how Franco would bring it to life. I had said that he was a genius and I loved him and that he was adapting the work with me in mind. It was like I was handing it to her, the way I described it. I felt betrayed. I understood that having an Oscar-winning name like Liza’s attached would help Franco get the picture made. Directors, in my experience, will do anything to get a project off the ground, and I really couldn’t blame him (although in my heart I did). But Liza? How could she go behind my back like that? She wouldn’t even have known about Camille if I hadn’t talked it up.” Franco Zeffirelli’s vision of Camille ultimately never came to fruition. Olivia would later rekindle her relationship with Franco, and even reunited with him for the film \"Jesus Of Nazareth (1977)\" a few years later. On the other hand, her relationship with Minnelli didn’t have the same mending. Hussey recalled “she called from Rome to apologize and smooth things over. It was big of her, but I found myself being nasty, telling her that Franco must be thinking of doing the film as a comedy if he were willing to cast her in the role. It was a terrible thing to say, and I felt awful afterward, but I was hurt and angry...Liza and I did find our way back to being friends, although it was never quite the same.”", "Amongst many adaptations, spin-offs and parodies, was \"Camille\", \"a travesty on \"La Dame aux Camellias\" by Charles Ludlam, staged first by his own Ridiculous Theatrical Company in 1973, with Ludlam playing the lead in drag. In 1999 Alexia Vassiliou collaborated with composer Aristides Mytaras for the contemporary dance performance, \"La Dame aux Camélias\" at the Amore Theatre in Athens. It is also the inspiration for the 2008 musical \"Marguerite\", which places the story in 1944 German-occupied France.", "In \"My Ántonia\" by Willa Cather, the characters Jim Burden and Lena Lingard are much moved by a theatrical production of Camille, which they attend in book 3, chapter 3. \"Love Story\", published by Eric Segal in 1970, has essentially the same plot updated to contemporary New York. The conflict here centres on the relative economic classes of the central characters." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5550, 11, 31, 4527, 831, 31, 90, 237, 2363, 5201, 3173, 111, 6181, 2320, 5, 64511, 13736, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 122395, 4, 621, 2057, 1264, 297, 390, 70, 75281, 7, 111, 75973, 7, 4, 1427, 19393, 7831, 4, 1108, 114942, 4, 136, 11192, 7401, 7, 75935, 390, 70, 180, 43884, 587, 5, 5550, 11, 31, 61798, 90, 4, 47, 4028, 603, 7, 4, 136, 19336, 20020, 621, 65536, 71, 100, 2363, 81273, 47, 16401, 107137, 47, 2363, 42732, 7, 25, 108, 22824, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 47, 7922, 19298, 5, 10660, 27983, 30698, 47, 186857, 8108, 1836, 30698, 47, 35691, 5, 581, 5550, 11, 31, 4527, 6626, 52895, 111, 831, 31, 90, 5, 44, 116858, 8797, 830, 3129, 85358, 1257, 47, 190, 3395, 4, 621, 88303, 23, 142, 187, 28972, 223, 9433, 450, 4034, 7, 678, 70, 33938, 100, 21334, 1360, 90, 5, 14847, 142, 10332, 44, 31996, 31, 58, 83, 110, 51713, 1821, 2886, 4, 10, 133238, 7, 83, 157578, 390, 70, 11280, 119893, 111, 12638, 197540, 98, 3129, 53201, 83, 2965, 5, 1913, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 36898, 34003, 4, 1836, 7413, 70, 53201, 136, 67153, 442, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 36898, 34003, 4, 1836, 30646, 47, 59226, 442, 7565, 5, 1650, 83, 7068, 24808, 2600, 71, 1810, 136, 49878, 510, 297, 678, 6, 34165, 72977, 52350, 71, 1295, 70, 101120, 7, 15, 748, 4000, 6, 128019, 72977, 16, 33233, 678, 11476, 5, 581, 3789, 10644, 111, 831, 31, 13, 83, 10, 19336, 4, 40, 26518, 4734, 17262, 3395, 4, 136, 83, 11814, 100, 31815, 26983, 47, 136, 1295, 15381, 97264, 5, 581, 5550, 11, 31, 68, 18, 83, 10861, 297, 678, 142, 242661, 98, 70, 38742, 111, 70, 40703, 4, 153161, 67155, 5, 3311, 17551, 1836, 1902, 163629, 71, 62822, 3328, 118, 88528, 4, 102971, 5941, 111, 2363, 31815, 93151, 136, 231718, 1380, 1295, 70, 56409, 707, 206, 99397, 111, 70, 40703, 5, 360, 20414, 136, 8055, 4, 5550, 11, 31, 3820, 4438, 98, 501, 16977, 7, 3229, 1836, 1380, 47, 70, 40703, 1295, 70, 46520, 5, 10453, 1916, 83, 137567, 71864, 297, 4743, 47, 15380, 308, 837, 232, 5, 10660, 46505, 25958, 2843, 73203, 54127, 7, 14037, 23, 70, 2993, 9034, 61956, 53201, 5, 581, 5550, 11, 31, 621, 4, 59499, 47, 2363, 10002, 117729, 4, 60887, 297, 1295, 142, 68451, 11951, 223, 199320, 538, 26366, 292, 70, 177765, 1926, 720, 5, 3293, 332, 7311, 538, 104, 79080, 23, 10, 20704, 8999, 3129, 1902, 453, 4, 1284, 509, 64557, 30396, 532, 111, 756, 85825, 40494, 263, 6468, 5, 10453, 1916, 6097, 199320, 538, 263, 6468, 4, 70, 14037, 214, 332, 11814, 1919, 6, 84201, 136, 6, 118201, 47, 153350, 10, 263, 71, 23, 4122, 9, 7341, 5, 581, 263, 71, 77736, 1295, 70, 20704, 136, 155605, 5962, 70, 199320, 538, 74912, 5, 581, 263, 6468, 6818, 271, 8305, 70, 74912, 136, 172337, 297, 8305, 70, 76746, 7, 136, 98186, 18930, 7655, 289, 3551, 15, 647, 90134, 16, 35064, 5, 581, 1926, 720, 23409, 47, 70, 108564, 23, 70, 74912, 7228, 390, 70, 263, 71, 136, 54811, 8305, 5, 1529, 24124, 96, 33768, 136, 92895, 13, 3551, 15, 647, 90134, 16, 136, 103608, 71, 47, 60887, 47, 442, 47, 366, 78219, 111, 6863, 147643, 7, 12, 62607, 4, 130807, 660, 6712, 4, 41896, 4, 82, 151239, 5, 581, 1926, 720, 34739, 10, 4989, 6, 131803, 111, 199320, 538, 235489, 4, 146543, 442, 47, 10, 53201, 4, 136, 159399, 434, 442, 8305, 70, 108564, 136, 92319, 297, 66570, 8305, 70, 76746, 7, 47, 2367, 83, 5036, 64883, 4, 100, 6102, 214, 1919, 20704, 8999, 5, 581, 5550, 11, 31, 765, 9638, 47126, 4, 2750, 51339, 19612, 6044, 237, 102044, 82393, 7, 136, 52336, 5, 581, 5550, 11, 31, 111, 8394, 48850, 68570, 25, 7, 180, 43884, 587, 5117, 1902, 5470, 678, 28811, 7, 3229, 4, 33662, 7103, 114411, 205197, 157578, 70, 180, 43884, 587, 96113, 40703, 4, 105488, 8, 180, 236, 85, 68872, 47, 56136, 67, 70, 96113, 1257, 86429, 5, 8622, 4, 23, 70, 40703, 4, 180, 236, 85, 24124, 70, 117781, 5844, 538, 143400, 71, 5550, 11, 31, 131959, 4, 40197, 71, 645, 70, 7401, 5, 209683, 6, 159958, 23, 51178, 192, 2063, 2060, 47, 70, 65272, 1902, 2809, 1884, 14534, 47, 2609, 3466, 4, 678, 6863, 170277, 26944, 7, 35064, 136, 33976, 7, 36917, 74, 903, 3525, 190647, 175648, 3674, 70, 9351, 111, 68570, 24073, 150, 46401, 2609, 3466, 18939, 100, 70, 28271, 3551, 5, 581, 23, 113041, 14, 83259, 111, 70, 5550, 11, 31, 25, 7, 33532, 30482, 17203, 47, 16227, 517, 34844, 5, 1371, 1297, 42779, 164, 83, 39210, 5, 38004, 509, 5117, 96391, 297, 23, 2691, 23, 70, 5550, 31, 11, 142080, 111, 70, 92319, 180, 43884, 587, 56588, 10776, 111, 68570, 5, 3621, 17721, 453, 83, 10, 39210, 41361, 54940, 27150, 5550, 11, 31, 4, 41866, 8108, 1836, 621, 139505, 4, 136, 4, 83, 17569, 47, 186, 10, 13036, 31461, 23, 70, 25545, 93403, 111, 70, 70997, 5, 360, 3060, 142080, 21771, 86475, 3034, 24491, 100, 70, 38004, 14994, 5, 17106, 68570, 25, 7, 35782, 214, 16227, 517, 5426, 4, 2685, 83, 142, 6, 112199, 111, 479, 57241, 103391, 74, 903, 4, 25842, 4, 678, 141591, 46876, 125861, 7, 292, 5941, 5550, 11, 31, 621, 211, 39798, 2182, 136, 54, 959, 70424, 6, 155283, 195374, 292, 765, 107003, 80523, 3956, 1672, 70, 70997, 47, 21917, 34, 16507, 5, 581, 29394, 83, 29131, 47, 186, 141591, 538, 120332, 33, 297, 5, 5, 360, 70, 51065, 111, 43304, 23, 15386, 79357, 119893, 136, 25188, 1314, 1295, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 4, 2076, 350, 4293, 31089, 71, 10, 13416, 22443, 214, 70, 47219, 7, 111, 4520, 5550, 11, 31, 23, 70, 56588, 8599, 16820, 31, 11341, 1295, 10, 759, 824, 93905, 202711, 5, 581, 70997, 4, 3129, 113660, 44, 15866, 289, 121, 14907, 164, 4, 230260, 17514, 136, 142, 120069, 30783, 111, 7401, 58, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 10, 3173, 111, 96877, 90, 71872, 3674, 390, 1777, 7, 5, 345, 5416, 58359, 214, 5917, 9381, 47, 8180, 70, 27759, 111, 70, 1810, 70751, 136, 50336, 127557, 4, 70, 119893, 136, 25188, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 5550, 11, 31, 621, 142, 23, 15386, 79357, 70783, 19904, 66, 3395, 23, 54815, 1916, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 68570, 4, 40067, 3812, 136, 717, 120968, 4, 71263, 1500, 4, 136, 8018, 14, 11627, 5, 108419, 67, 39210, 10010, 33992, 111, 5550, 11, 31, 621, 5550, 31, 11, 4, 206438, 38823, 4, 206438, 31, 4, 136, 5550, 16494, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 71947, 11, 31, 58, 3900, 19309, 7, 237, 44, 2347, 139098, 3395, 4, 58, 7103, 70, 5550, 11, 31, 25, 7, 6897, 10617, 136, 24833, 2182, 94878, 47, 70, 7401, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 189275, 6, 91578, 5550, 11, 31, 23, 54815, 18, 68570, 25, 7, 180, 43884, 587, 56588, 10776, 4, 678, 164917, 101935, 23, 208244, 214, 71263, 1500, 4, 40067, 3812, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Lifestyle.", "Transportation.", "Diet.", "Religion.", "First contact with Europeans.", "Contemporary issues.", "Film treatment.", "Tourism.", "Crime." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Warao use canoes as their main form of transportation. Other modes, such as walking, are hampered by the hundreds of streams, rivulets, marshes, and high waters created by the Orinoco. Warao babies, toddlers, and small children are famed for their ability to hold tight to their mothers' necks, as well as to paddle. They often learn to swim before they learn to walk. The Warao use two types of canoes. \"Bongos\", which carry up to 5 people, are built in an arduous process that starts with the search for large trees. When an old \"bongo\" is no longer usable, a consensus is reached by the male leaders of each household on which tree is best. At the start of the dry season, they find the tree and kill it. At the end of the dry season, they return to cut it down. It is then hollowed out and flattened with stone tools traded from the mountains (or local shell tools) along with fire. The other type of canoe is a small, seating only three people, and is used for daily travel to and from food sources.", "The Warao diet is varied with an emphasis on the products of the delta, mostly fish. By 1500 they had acquired basic horticulture, although many of their daily fruits and vegetables come from the wild orchards of the delta. In July and August, Warao feast on crabs when they come to the delta from the beach. Hunting is generally avoided due to cultural taboos. They occasionally also eat grubs found in the moriche palm tree.", "The Warao are, according to their own reports, descended from an adventurous heavenly figure — the primordial hunter. This man originally dwelt in a sky world which had men, but was completely devoid of all animals except birds. Hunting these heavenly birds, the founding man used his bow and arrow to strike a bird in mid-air. The bird fell from the sky and eventually hit the heavenly floor. The birds burst through the floor and proceeded through the clouds and towards terrestrial land (Earth) below. The hunter went to the hole in the floor made by the bird and looked through. He saw lush and fertile land (Earth) and resolved to descend to it to partake of its pleasures: beauty, abundant game, fruit, et cetera. The hunter took a long rope of heavenly cotton, tied it to a tree, and threw it through the hole and lowered himself through the clouds to what is now Earth, forsaking his sky world. The Warao have shamans, who perform music such as rain dances and songs.", "The Warao of eastern Venezuela's Orinoco first had contact with Europeans when, soon after Christopher Columbus reached the Orinoco river delta, Alonso de Ojeda decided to navigate the river upstream. There, in the delta, Ojeda saw the distinctively stilted Warao huts, balanced over the water. Similar architecture in Sinamaica far to the west had been likened to Venice, with its famous canals below and buildings above; this new encounter propagated the name of Venezuela (\"little Venice\") for the whole land.", "The inaccessibility of the Warao's lands makes access to health care difficult. Tuberculosis is common. HIV was first detected in 2007 in the Waroa communities of the lower Orinoco Delta region of Venezuela. Sex between men is a common practice among young Warao, especially before they are married, and, is thought to be a major factor in the rapid spread of the disease. In some communities already 35% test positive for the HIV virus. With Venezuela's failing health care system, there is an absence of prevention programs; this, together, with severe language barriers — many Warao are illiterate and do not speak fluent Spanish — have allowed ignorance about the disease to flourish. The culture is felt to be severely threatened.. In the summer of 2008, indigenous leaders and researchers from the University of California, Berkeley issued a report detailing the deaths of 38 Warao in the Delta Amacuro state from a mysterious illness. The disease, which causes \"partial paralysis, convulsions and an extreme fear of water\" is believed to be a form of rabies transmitted by bats. Upon reaching Caracas to inform the government of the outbreak and request assistance, the leaders and researchers \"met with disrespect on every level, as if the deaths of indigenous people are not even worth anything.\"", "In April 2017, The Museum of Modern Art in New York presented a film by Cuban-Venezuelan director Mario Crespo with a cast of nonprofessional actors. The film presents the difficulty of choosing to stay with the Warao traditions and life or to leave to gain an education among the \"Creoles\". The film includes a detailed look at Warao culture and life along the river. The film is: \"Dauna. Lo que lleva el río (Gone with the River). 2015, Venezuela, in the Spanish and Warao languages.", "Tourism has come to the Warao which brings relative wealth for some. Several individuals have set up rough and ready tourist accommodation in their own homes. They offer canoe trips (hand and power) to see the wild life of the delta, also a chance to experience their traditional life and culture. These visits can be arranged in the state capital town of Tucupita through one of many travel agents.", "There is little local crime in the area. Nevertheless, drugs are smuggled down the Orinoco river into the delta for transshipment to the USA. The Venezuelan Navy patrols the main river branches and the river police have stations at key points. The traffic movements of everyone are monitored and recorded. However, they are tourist friendly." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 765, 110, 106804, 297, 261, 124903, 5256, 678, 3789, 46876, 87143, 5, 51300, 5761, 5173, 73419, 37842, 3126, 214, 53190, 4398, 678, 18226, 4398, 4, 1284, 70, 152132, 509, 8306, 106804, 297, 5, 581, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 3542, 36770, 538, 28601, 297, 237, 1632, 46876, 54015, 67, 4, 1284, 70, 2684, 17309, 96335, 42459, 1836, 3542, 160463, 10, 46876, 14449, 5, 8622, 3542, 99, 19713, 22759, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 4, 12638, 111, 3129, 83, 5036, 1119, 2311, 15390, 5, 15127, 5974, 75336, 944, 509, 113091, 19, 23, 3314, 118, 6624, 63557, 4, 12960, 70, 10588, 621, 113091, 19, 23, 7789, 29641, 63557, 5, 177018, 2843, 42459, 7, 450, 70, 21664, 23105, 14, 28549, 46876, 111, 1735, 66117, 849, 3571, 62, 79468, 16407, 271, 16943, 1543, 765, 23, 15824, 2809, 10, 53190, 4398, 46876, 5, 717, 6097, 4, 44, 724, 47846, 14071, 58, 15190, 7, 58718, 184, 71189, 16916, 7, 756, 53190, 4398, 119578, 7, 18925, 47, 186, 36137, 9, 9217, 11, 25306, 4, 678, 70, 64557, 6, 155283, 119578, 7, 19441, 21771, 68, 71, 5, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 765, 5941, 111628, 47416, 7, 1295, 4347, 66, 46876, 7, 41866, 23, 120767, 141, 69407, 4, 42459, 214, 1119, 41745, 272, 5470, 678, 4347, 66, 3395, 7, 5, 360, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 70, 53190, 408, 65042, 297, 1295, 70, 109727, 184085, 47, 70, 101120, 7, 111, 71676, 6624, 5, 360, 423, 2357, 70, 43904, 509, 158, 944, 2822, 390, 70, 195374, 145359, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 3395, 3542, 168861, 3934, 94859, 1294, 136, 9969, 2118, 71, 47, 42938, 13, 23, 70, 158, 75616, 111, 5744, 9, 5636, 540, 61356, 5, 1650, 83, 1295, 903, 450, 70, 123055, 100, 70, 59444, 4, 96113, 4, 136, 6, 80728, 44, 100604, 1184, 18347, 8091, 58, 15, 3957, 69125, 90, 16, 621, 16406, 4126, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 75119, 6324, 11, 4, 7789, 29641, 5, 24372, 423, 6873, 4, 70, 9433, 111, 53190, 408, 15380, 1119, 2311, 10763, 197108, 297, 4, 5201, 538, 4743, 47, 2363, 31255, 2320, 47, 3789, 10776, 7, 5, 3293, 2843, 162466, 71, 47, 10, 227204, 23, 70, 14012, 111, 53190, 408, 9, 196651, 119578, 7, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 91067, 7, 50509, 214, 903, 46876, 509, 8121, 71, 390, 70, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 29465, 5631, 16681, 113, 47208, 5272, 20271, 10, 19922, 47, 70, 45, 45407, 184, 111, 114353, 12064, 23, 729, 14212, 5, 53190, 408, 509, 2684, 78684, 113091, 19, 23, 59671, 14834, 31075, 136, 10, 54427, 23, 70, 130625, 7, 111, 7789, 29641, 136, 3314, 118, 6624, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 442, 509, 113771, 450, 70, 46876, 1902, 4734, 714, 119578, 7, 4, 136, 70, 3295, 79737, 111, 70, 44, 647, 235620, 111, 83658, 136, 39286, 34, 48242, 7, 58, 113771, 10846, 56, 3501, 1492, 5, 438, 86, 2347, 9393, 4, 111, 70, 611, 4, 304, 2592, 53190, 408, 2750, 45739, 71, 47, 70, 5726, 149039, 7, 4, 25568, 17168, 113771, 8035, 53190, 161, 119578, 7, 4, 2684, 31895, 36137, 9, 9217, 11, 25306, 707, 3395, 2750, 55950, 10, 10846, 34153, 136, 113860, 7, 111, 70, 46876, 7, 5, 33306, 390, 36404, 756, 64557, 6, 155283, 119578, 7, 765, 68, 71, 4, 137802, 4734, 36137, 9, 9217, 11, 25306, 2750, 3714, 70, 46876, 7, 5, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 3542, 24145, 1286, 38134, 21329, 712, 4, 3129, 83, 36875, 23, 67842, 2663, 45757, 7, 678, 53190, 4398, 59665, 7, 15, 119085, 70926, 10586, 12, 156215, 194, 32255, 2663, 45757, 7, 621, 94419, 390, 6044, 7001, 45023, 183114, 90, 237, 44, 3337, 58, 9, 44, 23935, 111, 58, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 139798, 1766, 238, 4, 62, 6828, 596, 247, 44, 289, 58, 9, 44, 23935, 111, 58, 15, 6210, 127680, 67, 247, 44, 1462, 58, 9, 44, 73, 58, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 1735, 52015, 4, 1735, 7102, 247, 707, 678, 70, 7001, 45023, 133784, 31195, 20, 58, 132, 11, 16, 16407, 58, 707, 20, 58, 39608, 58, 44, 35461, 4, 104, 19256, 214, 58, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 3805, 4464, 16407, 4, 2377, 3116, 4, 893, 186214, 4, 8606, 16407, 4, 14825, 3798, 16407, 194, 41027, 669, 15, 106438, 12, 84308, 5303, 7, 70, 25632, 59444, 7, 237, 24145, 8035, 53190, 408, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 5, 58718, 184, 71189, 4, 1059, 1916, 190070, 9, 1704, 97264, 4, 5303, 7, 70, 25632, 54427, 7, 23, 7789, 29641, 63557, 136, 3314, 118, 6624, 63557, 237, 19441, 53190, 408, 119578, 7, 20271, 70, 195374, 190070, 1615, 5, 581, 6, 75189, 109622, 5426, 111, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 1902, 3060, 16757, 3956, 4, 237, 77950, 71, 390, 70, 143834, 7, 23, 17164, 297, 6, 75189, 25443, 80788, 3674, 54940, 36137, 9, 9217, 11, 25306, 111, 70, 6626, 47143, 214, 46876, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 137567, 176506, 54799, 450, 70, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 765, 305, 2244, 8420, 7, 5, 581, 14012, 136, 10644, 111, 158, 1681, 10840, 23, 70, 53190, 4398, 46876, 7, 83, 959, 51529, 5, 3293, 116287, 45831, 70, 158, 1681, 10840, 11814, 390, 70, 2704, 36137, 9, 9217, 11, 25306, 111, 70, 46876, 5, 52455, 27150, 56, 36137, 9, 9217, 11, 25306, 2843, 11814, 70, 24089, 3716, 248, 275, 4, 104, 4, 706, 4, 1238, 4, 6, 232287, 4, 6, 3, 64, 4743, 47, 117396, 79507, 1295, 195374, 5, 44, 73243, 5582, 123840, 17305, 5115, 53, 54799, 70, 23, 70, 3129, 509, 17203, 297, 23, 70, 11389, 111, 1702, 7582, 35652, 58, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 53190, 408, 15, 294, 7299, 408, 16, 83, 10, 19336, 1119, 2311, 15390, 14449, 111, 12021, 31, 152644, 19, 46876, 7, 4, 36770, 538, 28601, 297, 237, 10, 11001, 46876, 54015, 67, 4, 24145, 113091, 19, 390, 70, 23, 15386, 79357, 53190, 408, 3395, 23, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 190537, 4, 5045, 111, 540, 61356, 4, 136, 63920, 111, 191019, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Classification.", "Languages.", "History.", "Contemporary situation.", "Distribution.", "Phonology.", "Vowels.", "Consonants.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The Xincan languages have no demonstrated affiliations with other language families. Lehmann (1920) tried linking Xincan with Lencan, but the proposal was never demonstrated. The Xincan languages were formerly regarded as one language isolate, but the most recent studies suggest they were indeed a language family.", "There were at least four Xincan languages, each of which is now extinct. Yupiltepeque was spoken in Jutiapa Department, while the rest are spoken in Santa Rosa Department. Campbell also suggests that the Alagüilac language of San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán may have in fact been a Xincan language. To these, \"Glottolog\" adds Sachse (2010) considers all Xincan speakers today to be semi-speakers, with the completely fluent speakers having already died.", "Xincan languages have many loanwords from Mayan languages especially in agricultural terms, suggesting extensive contact with Mayan peoples. In the 16th century the territory of the Xinca extended from the Pacific coast to the mountains of Jalapa. In 1524 the population was conquered by the Spanish Empire. Many of the people were forced into slavery and compelled to participate in the conquest of modern-day El Salvador. It is from this that the names for the town, river, and bridge \"Los Esclavos\" (The Slaves) are derived in the area of Cuilapa, Santa Rosa. After 1575, the process of Xinca cultural extinction accelerated, mainly due to their exportation to other regions. This also contributed to a decrease in the number of Xinca-language speakers. One of the oldest references concerning this language was presented by the archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz during a visit to the diocese of Taxisco in 1769.", "Xinca was most recently spoken in seven municipalities and a village in the departments of Santa Rosa and Jutiapa. In 1991, it was reported that the language had only 25 speakers, and the 2006 edition of the \"Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics\" reported fewer than ten. Nonetheless, of the 16,214 Xinca who responded to the 2002 census, 1,283 reported being Xinka speakers, most probably semi-speakers or people who knew a few words and phrases of the languages. However by 2010, all completely fluent speakers have died, leaving only semi-speakers who know the languages.", "Xincan languages were once more widespread, which is evident in various toponyms with Xincan origins (Campbell 1997:166). These toponyms are marked by such locative prefixes as \"ay\"- \"place of\" (e.g. Ayampuc, Ayarza), \"al\"- \"place of\" (Alzatate), \"san\"- \"in\" (e.g. Sansare, Sansur), or with the locative suffixes -\"(a)gua\" or -\"hua\" \"town, dwelling\" (e.g. Pasasagua, Jagua, Anchagua, Xagua, Eraxagua). Kaufman (1970:66) lists the following towns as once being Xinca-speaking. Sachse (2010), citing colonial-era sources, lists the following villages in Santa Rosa Department and Jutiapa Department as having Xinca speakers during the Spanish colonial era.", "The phonological system of Xincan languages had some variance, as evidenced by the variations in recorded phonology exhibited among semi-speakers of the two remaining languages.", "It is generally agreed upon that the Xincan languages have 6 vowels.", "The number and type of consonants in the Xincan languages is not known. This chart shows the consonants used by the final semi-speakers of the language. Many younger semi-speakers also used the phonemes /b, d, g, f, ŋ, ʂ/ due to greater influence from Spanish.", "\"This article draws heavily upon the in the which was accessed in the version of 29 November 2005.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 38043, 96952, 48429, 7, 3542, 24145, 101637, 71, 3934, 59671, 707, 1286, 87143, 5, 262, 61518, 2363, 117781, 5844, 170894, 4, 11969, 4032, 136, 2130, 19770, 7, 31895, 54, 959, 183594, 37451, 1363, 237, 87143, 4743, 47, 2363, 17309, 59665, 1295, 2831, 91854, 9, 707, 6, 20133, 162, 1236, 9, 5062, 263, 6468, 5, 581, 2130, 19770, 7, 100512, 150679, 7103, 2363, 6, 60502, 22230, 46512, 29367, 79197, 2182, 136, 1614, 29813, 21533, 23924, 21629, 4, 7440, 6, 20133, 162, 1236, 9, 7, 29367, 28813, 22230, 3542, 146291, 5, 581, 6, 60502, 22230, 111, 11969, 4032, 4, 21208, 4, 39908, 297, 47, 182, 1495, 153552, 7, 136, 5809, 2685, 1272, 46512, 20650, 166, 1299, 49086, 10776, 7, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 70, 111953, 39209, 1683, 13, 621, 71062, 297, 23, 43581, 24643, 5831, 1176, 47, 26698, 70, 36770, 1413, 1517, 191, 1683, 13, 136, 139339, 117715, 63897, 13, 237, 1614, 69128, 7, 5, 581, 893, 43048, 48429, 7, 15, 36448, 3584, 27751, 16, 136, 70, 96952, 48429, 7, 25842, 3249, 1257, 70, 21713, 31, 20540, 219, 13, 5, 10660, 621, 4950, 289, 54940, 70, 38043, 16169, 7456, 24948, 223, 263, 6468, 4, 136, 3638, 538, 28960, 70, 62814, 1663, 76, 3238, 13, 15, 17131, 1636, 136, 2478, 6144, 223, 16, 23, 5744, 263, 71, 40865, 1363, 76519, 5, 3293, 509, 5117, 26171, 71, 23, 70, 602, 2661, 53, 9, 284, 8266, 28694, 18, 24643, 5831, 1176, 136, 1556, 2809, 70, 1632, 13036, 15549, 111, 450, 26171, 71, 150370, 450, 509, 39555, 32813, 538, 30666, 297, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 96952, 48429, 7, 237, 1836, 3542, 89160, 538, 8, 93343, 297, 621, 35839, 21713, 31, 178851, 11, 13, 23, 70, 602, 2661, 53, 9, 284, 8266, 28694, 18, 24643, 5831, 1176, 4, 3129, 65450, 7, 70, 34734, 24750, 13, 136, 26842, 10299, 14, 1683, 13, 237, 142, 12989, 44, 441, 219, 318, 48429, 7, 740, 3293, 83, 959, 10, 6083, 21115, 4, 49903, 4, 1284, 43257, 142, 70426, 86, 10821, 16750, 111, 70, 5036, 9, 3522, 40777, 67, 11521, 1151, 9523, 55300, 25443, 6, 212423, 23, 70, 602, 2661, 53, 9, 284, 8266, 28694, 18, 24643, 5831, 1176, 5, 84059, 13, 9523, 96335, 54, 959, 157167, 1495, 17721, 44335, 846, 178851, 1771, 136, 6885, 178851, 1771, 124850, 4, 3129, 37105, 7, 47, 4950, 289, 42592, 4188, 108975, 214, 237, 22460, 34053, 133, 9523, 94407, 5, 165837, 25958, 4, 70, 77679, 13722, 7870, 15, 42671, 4158, 85, 13, 247, 163, 100758, 15, 113709, 26111, 6773, 92259, 13, 16, 136, 70, 739, 257, 7299, 24073, 39029, 1419, 497, 277, 223, 23233, 7299, 18939, 3542, 158012, 23, 70, 96952, 48429, 7, 4, 5792, 5, 581, 36770, 621, 5036, 51529, 47, 186, 6, 134369, 91157, 7, 39908, 297, 47, 142, 23, 1760, 101906, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 163, 100758, 621, 31895, 20903, 538, 62548, 47, 45555, 5245, 136, 7543, 7, 5, 581, 151618, 111, 70, 739, 257, 7299, 621, 167969, 160608, 13, 4, 136, 442, 83, 56104, 191607, 237, 10, 22460, 939, 18695, 12989, 83518, 24948, 277, 14, 48429, 7, 47, 24092, 40383, 903, 5, 581, 165082, 17164, 100, 70, 96952, 48429, 7, 621, 82940, 46485, 5, 96952, 5037, 9, 5062, 263, 6468, 3542, 1632, 111, 70, 5201, 613, 33328, 25251, 111, 70, 341, 9, 618, 36943, 450, 152388, 5773, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 153630, 7, 5, 581, 73944, 263, 6468, 111, 70, 1615, 3542, 70, 22, 5772, 748, 19, 10902, 7, 4, 3129, 1902, 120, 12421, 136, 35462, 3674, 70, 1360, 90, 136, 7158, 90, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 24810, 14, 48429, 7, 3542, 10, 6445, 13, 21115, 450, 3542, 47, 29827, 9393, 136, 61585, 9, 71, 19256, 214, 5, 14847, 70, 135815, 24725, 152388, 5773, 756, 351, 9, 14677, 66, 153630, 7, 4, 136, 70, 73944, 263, 6468, 4, 442, 163684, 297, 756, 195629, 7, 450, 158930, 23, 1360, 90, 136, 98, 9803, 61585, 5, 581, 22, 5772, 748, 19, 10902, 7, 3542, 30629, 20051, 1810, 4, 1284, 70, 6, 60502, 22230, 111, 24810, 14, 48429, 7, 3542, 19336, 136, 158930, 23, 70, 61585, 707, 7401, 3129, 30312, 2856, 1295, 70, 97612, 18, 136, 219776, 5, 148810, 7870, 111, 6097, 24810, 14, 5037, 9, 5062, 263, 6468, 62038, 67, 23, 70, 239, 67, 15678, 102, 329, 10821, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 8382, 111, 44, 102522, 23968, 13139, 7, 3098, 2143, 740, 1650, 7, 2878, 289, 25737, 2405, 43452, 102, 867, 7921, 509, 14037, 23, 70, 170249, 56645, 92, 43573, 19953, 19909, 605, 14425, 53, 4, 31464, 4, 1740, 47, 1672, 9365, 19879, 5369, 6650, 15, 594, 395, 194, 3293, 263, 71, 509, 32233, 68782, 20903, 538, 62548, 47, 96952, 48429, 7, 4, 1284, 36766, 442, 509, 10, 2831, 111, 6097, 707, 186, 10617, 7, 234311, 23, 70, 10176, 9, 69723, 19, 24810, 14, 5037, 32845, 206, 111, 21713, 31, 20540, 219, 13, 83, 959, 34735, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 86097, 91865, 13, 18507, 47314, 442, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 150679, 21115, 123979, 7532, 48429, 7, 4, 1286, 20903, 538, 62548, 47, 143896, 7, 3501, 47, 115, 22824, 4, 1284, 959, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 13081, 7710, 21115, 450, 96853, 756, 5744, 24810, 14, 48429, 7, 5, 116267, 40140, 1055, 4, 82375, 54259, 1105, 966, 4, 1295, 70, 239, 67, 15678, 102, 329, 10821, 162981, 1667, 8242, 15236, 2320, 15, 42671, 4370, 66, 9, 11935, 399, 69438, 4, 1672, 2510, 2646, 11, 16, 23, 70, 130454, 8, 162981, 1667, 8242, 15, 7614, 94769, 76, 16, 1556, 2843, 2809, 42459, 297, 47, 186, 142, 39395, 24810, 14, 5037, 35845, 5, 3293, 83, 10, 2878, 289, 552, 20251, 48899, 111, 10, 108, 748, 6773, 82625, 263, 71, 4, 3129, 23, 6863, 4537, 115700, 136, 106480, 70, 38134, 136, 53894, 6, 235923, 100, 70, 123635, 33284, 214, 70, 552, 20251, 48899, 136, 70, 12430, 56, 223, 32881, 3332, 195, 13566, 70, 1286, 4950, 289, 42592, 4188, 111, 24810, 14, 5037, 7, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 24810, 14, 5037, 9, 5062, 65176, 7532, 48429, 7, 621, 33636, 297, 390, 1119, 2311, 15390, 87143, 1295, 70, 62814, 31, 15292, 4, 24, 110987, 70, 96952, 16524, 48899, 1683, 13, 4, 1720, 748, 939, 59009, 13, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 96952, 48429, 7, 83, 142, 12989, 111, 99162, 9, 19290, 14, 297, 61585, 9, 106095, 214, 263, 6468, 450, 96853, 2130, 19770, 4, 11969, 4032, 4, 143896, 4, 2356, 6661, 2799, 379, 136, 25074, 6661, 2799, 379, 4, 915, 867, 266, 1972, 4, 2831, 91854, 4, 6, 20133, 162, 1236, 4, 55788, 2397, 4, 65172, 133, 3584, 27751, 136, 70, 34734, 24750, 13, 5, 581, 9351, 122, 60877, 1295, 44, 208, 72994, 830, 42845, 100, 44, 124324, 58, 707, 44, 516, 31, 1515, 740, 151301, 123055, 621, 6712, 3584, 27751, 707, 6712, 91157, 7, 4, 3551, 3584, 27751, 4, 24810, 885, 329, 10821, 263, 6468, 4, 707, 24810, 14, 5037, 7, 5, 44, 152445, 71, 3584, 27751, 58, 707, 1660, 44, 3584, 27751, 58, 621, 2843, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Systematics and evolution.", "Evolution.", "List of major taxa.", "Phylogeny.", "Description.", "Flightlessness.", "Behaviour and ecology.", "Winter ecology.", "Food and feeding.", "Reproduction.", "Common species." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The living Galliformes were once divided into seven or more families. Despite their distinctive appearance, grouse and turkeys probably do not warrant separation as families due to their recent origin from partridge- or pheasant-like birds. The turkeys became larger after their ancestors colonized temperate and subtropical North America, where pheasant-sized competitors were absent. The ancestors of grouse, though, adapted to harsh climates and could thereby colonize subarctic regions. Consequently, the Phasianidae are expanded in current taxonomy to include the former Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae as subfamilies. The Anseriformes (waterfowl) and the Galliformes together make up the Galloanserae. They are basal among the living neognathous birds, and normally follow the Paleognathae (ratites and tinamous) in modern bird classification systems. This was first proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy and has been the one major change of that proposed scheme that was almost universally adopted. However, the Galliformes as they were traditionally delimited are called Gallomorphae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, which splits the Cracidae and Megapodiidae as an order \"Craciformes\". This is not a natural group, however, but rather an erroneous result of the now-obsolete phenetic methodology employed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Phenetic studies do not distinguish between plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters, which leads to basal lineages appearing as monophyletic groups. Historically, the buttonquails (Turnicidae), mesites (Mesitornithidae) and the hoatzin (\"Opisthocomus hoazin\") were placed in the Galliformes, too. The former are now known to be shorebirds adapted to an inland lifestyle, whereas the mesites are probably closely related to pigeons and doves. The relationships of the hoatzin are entirely obscure, and it is usually treated as a monotypic order Opisthocomiformes to signify this. The fossil record for the Galliformes are incomplete.", "Galliform-like birds were one of the main survivors of the K-T Event that killed off the rest of the dinosaurs. The dominant birds of the era were the enantiornithes, which had teeth and dominated the trees and skies, whereas the galliformes were a niche group that were toothless and ground-dwelling. When the asteroid impact killed off all non-avian dinosaurs, and the dominant birds, it destroyed all creatures that lived in trees and on open ground. The enantiornithes were wiped out, but the ancestors of galliformes were small and lived in the ground or water which protected them from the blast and destruction. Fossils of these galliform-like birds originate in the Late Cretaceous, most notably those of \"Austinornis lentus\". Its partial left tarsometatarsus was found in the Austin Chalk near Fort McKinney, Texas, dating to about 85 million years ago (Mya). This bird was quite certainly closely related to Galliformes, but whether it was a part of these or belongs elsewhere in the little-known galliform branch of Galloanserae is not clear. However, in 2004, Clarke classified it as a member of the larger group Pangalliformes, more closely related to chickens than to ducks, but not a member of the crown group that includes all modern galliformes. Another specimen, PVPH 237, from the Late Cretaceous Portezuelo Formation (Turonian-Coniacian, about 90 Mya) in the Sierra de Portezuelo (Argentina) has also been suggested to be an early galliform relative. This is a partial coracoid of a neornithine bird, which in its general shape and particularly the wide and deep attachment for the muscle joining the coracoid and the humerus bone resembles the more basal lineages of galliforms. Additional galliform-like pangalliformes are represented by extinct families from the Paleogene, namely the Gallinuloididae, Paraortygidae and Quercymegapodiidae. In the early Cenozoic, some additional birds may or may not be early Galliformes, though even if they are, they are unlikely to belong to extant families: From the mid-Eocene onwards – about 45 Mya or so, true galliforms are known, and these completely replace their older relatives in the early Neogene. Since the earliest representatives of living galliform families apparently belong to the Phasianidae – the youngest family of galliforms, the other families of Galliformes must be at least of Early Eocene origin but might even be as old as the Late Cretaceous. The ichnotaxon \"Tristraguloolithus cracioides\" is based on fossil eggshell fragments from the Late Cretaceous Oldman Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, which are similar to chachalaca eggs, but in the absence of bone material, their relationships cannot be determined except that they are apparently avian in origin. Modern genera of phasianids start appearing around the Oligo-/Miocene boundary, roughly 25–20 Mya. It is not well known whether the living genera of the other, older, galliform families originated around the same time or earlier, though at least in the New World quails, pre-Neogene forms seem to belong to genera that became entirely extinct later on. A number of Paleogene to mid-Neogene fossils are quite certainly Galliformes, but their exact relationships in the order cannot be determined:", "For a long time, the pheasants, partridges, and relatives were indiscriminately lumped in the Phasianidae, variously including or excluding turkeys, grouse, New World quails, and guineafowl, and divided into two subfamilies – the Phasianinae (pheasant-like forms) and the Perdicinae (partridge-like forms). This crude arrangement was long considered to be in serious need of revision, but even with modern DNA sequence analyses and cladistic methods, the phylogeny of the Phasianidae has resisted complete resolution. A tentative list of the higher-level galliform taxa, listed in evolutionary sequence, is: The relationships of many pheasants and partridges are still very badly resolved and much confounded by adaptive radiation (in the former) and convergent evolution (in the latter). Thus, the bulk of the Phasianidae can alternatively be treated as a single subfamily Phasianinae. The grouse, turkeys, true pheasants, etc., would then become tribes of this subfamily, similar to how the Coturnicinae are commonly split into a quail and a spurfowl tribe. The partridge of Europe is not closely related to other partridge-like Galliformes, as already indicated by its sexually dimorphic coloration and possession of more than 14 rectrices, traits it shares with the other advanced phasianids. However, among these its relationships are obscure; it is unclear whether it is closer to the turkeys or to certain short-tailed pheasants like \"Ithaginis\", \"Lophophorus\", \"Pucrasia\", and \"Tragopan\".", "Living Galliformes based on the work by John Boyd.", "They are chicken-like in appearance, with rounded bodies and blunt wings, and range in size from small at 15 cm (6 inches) to large at 120 cm (4 feet). They are mainly terrestrial birds and their wings are short and rounded for short-distance flight. Galliforms are anisodactyly like passerines, but some of the adult males grow spurs that point backwards. Gallinaceous birds are arboreal or terrestrial animals; many prefer not to fly, but instead walk and run for locomotion. They live 5–8 years in the wild and up to 30 years in captivity. They can be found worldwide and in a variety of habitats, including forests, deserts, and grasslands. They use visual displays and vocalizations for communication, courtship, fighting, territoriality, and brooding. They have diverse mating strategies: some are monogamous, while others are polygamous or polygynandrous. Male courtship behavior includes elaborate visual displays of plumage. They breed seasonally in accordance with the climate and lay three to 16 eggs per year in nests built on the ground or in trees. Gallinaceous birds feed on a variety of plant and animal material, which may include fruits, seeds, leaves, shoots, flowers, tubers, roots, insects, snails, worms, lizards, snakes, small rodents, and eggs. These birds vary in size from the diminutive king quail (\"Coturnix chinensis\") (5 in) long and weighing 28–40 g (1–1.4 oz) to the largest extant galliform species, the North American wild turkey (\"Meleagris gallopavo\"), which may weigh as much as 14 kg (30.5 lb) and may exceed 120 cm (47 in). The galliform bird species with the largest wingspan and largest overall length (including a train of over 6 feet) is most likely the green peafowl (\"Pavo muticus\"). Most galliform genera are plump-bodied with thick necks and moderately long legs, with rounded and rather short wings. Grouse, pheasants, francolins, and partridges are typical in their outwardly corpulent silhouettes. Adult males of many galliform birds have one to several sharp horny spurs on the back of each leg, which they use for fighting. In several lineages, pronounced sexual dimorphism occurs, and among each galliform clade, the more apomorphic (\"advanced\") lineages tend to be more sexually dimorphic.", "While most galliformes are rather reluctant flyers, truly flightless forms are utterly unknown among the living members of the order. Though they are often mischaracterised as weak-flying, Galliformes are actually highly specialised for their particular flight style, bearing extremely powerful flight muscles, and some species are even migratory. Adult snowcocks are however in fact flightless, requiring gravity to launch, though juveniles can still fly relatively well. Nonetheless, a few birds outside the Galliforme crown-group did produce flightlessness. The genus \"Sylviornis\", a huge prehistorically extinct species of New Caledonia, was flightless, but as opposed to most other flightless birds like ratites or island rails which become flightless due to arrested development of their flight apparatus and subsequently evolve to larger size, \"Sylviornis\" seems to have become flightless simply due to its bulk, with the wing reduction following a consequence, not the reason for its flightlessness. The gigantic Australian mihirungs, which may be closer to Galliformes than to Anseriformes as traditionally expected, achieved flightlessness more traditionally, strongly reducing their wings and keel. They were massive herbivorous birds, among the largest avian dinosaurs of all time. By contrast, the stem-galliform \"Scopelortyx\" appears to have been more aerial than modern fowl, with a flight style more suited for gliding and soaring.", "Most of the galliform birds are more or less resident, but some of the smaller temperate species (such as quail) do migrate over considerable distances. Altitudinal migration is evidently quite common amongst montane species, and a few species of subtropical and subarctic regions must reach their watering and/or foraging areas through sustained flight. Species known to make extensive flights include the ptarmigans, sage-grouse (\"Centrocercus\"), crested partridge, green peafowl, crested argus, mountain peacock-pheasant (\"Polyplectron inopinatum\"), koklass pheasant (\"Pucrasia macrolopha\"), Reeves's pheasant and (\"Syrmaticus reevesii\"). Other species—most of the New World quails (also known as the toothed quails), the enigmatic stone partridge (\"Ptilopachus petrosus\") of Africa, guineafowl, and eared pheasants (\"Crossoptilon\")—are all notable for their daily excursions on foot which may take them many miles in a given day. Some Galliformes are adapted to grassland habitat, and these genera are remarkable for their long, thin necks, long legs, and large, wide wings. Fairly unrelated species like the crested fireback (\"Lophura ignita\"), vulturine guineafowl (\"Acryllium vulturinum\"), and malleefowl (\"Leipoa ocellata\") are outwardly similar in their body types (see also convergent evolution). Most species that show only limited sexual dimorphism are notable for the great amount of locomotion required to find food throughout the majority of the year. Those species that are highly sedentary but with marked ecological transformations over seasons exhibit marked distinct differences between the sexes in size and/or appearance. Eared-pheasants, guineafowls, toothed quails, and the snow partridge (\"Lerwa lerwa\") are examples of limited sexual differences and requirements for traveling over wide terrain to forage.", "Gallinaceous birds are well adapted to regions with cold winters. Their larger size, increased plumage, and lower activity levels help them to withstand the cold and conserve energy. Under such conditions, they are able to change their feeding strategy to that of a ruminant. This allows them to feed on and extract energy and nutrients from coarse, fibrous plant material, such as buds, twigs, and conifer needles. This provides a virtually unlimited source of accessible food and requires little energy to harvest.", "Herbivorous to slightly omnivorous galliforms, comprising the majority of the group, are typically stoutly built and have short, thick bills primarily adapted for foraging on the ground for rootlets or the consumption of other plant material such as heather shoots. The young birds will also take insects. Peafowl, junglefowl and most of the subtropical pheasant genera have very different nutritional requirements from typical Palearctic genera. The Himalayan monal (\"Lophophorus impejanus\") has been observed digging in the rotting wood of deadfall in a similar manner to woodpeckers to extract invertebrates, even bracing itself with aid of its squared tail. The cheer pheasant (\"Catreus wallichi\"), crested argus (\"Rheinardia ocellata\"), the crested partridge (\"Rollulus roulroul\") and the crested guineafowl (\"Guttera pucherani\") are similar ecologically to the Himalayan monal in that they too forage in rotting wood for termites, ant and beetle larvae, molluscs, crustaceans and young rodents. Typical peafowl (\"Pavo\"), most of the peacock-pheasants (\"Polyplectron\"), the Bulwer's pheasant (\"Lophura bulweri\"), the ruffed pheasants (\"Chrysolophus\") and the hill partridges (\"Arborophila\") have narrow, relatively delicate bills, poorly suited for digging. These galliform genera prefer instead to capture live invertebrates in leaf litter, in sand, or shallow pools or along stream banks. These genera are also outwardly similar in that they each have exceptionally long, delicate legs and toes and the tendency to frequent seasonally wet habitats to forage, especially during chick-rearing. The blue peafowl (\"Pavo cristatus\") is famed in its native India for its appetite for snakes – even poisonous cobras – which it dispatches with its strong feet and sharp bill. The Lady Amherst's pheasant (\"Chrysolophus amherstiae\"), green peafowl (\"Pavo muticus\"), Bulwer's pheasant and the crestless fireback (\"Lophura erythrophthalma\") are notable for their aptitude to forage for crustaceans such as crayfish and other aquatic small animals in shallow streams and amongst rushes in much the same manner as some members of the rail family (Rallidae). Similarly, although wild turkeys (\"Meleagris gallopavo\") have a diet primarily of vegetation, they will eat insects, mice, lizards, and amphibians, wading in water to hunt for the latter. Domestic hens (\"Gallus domesticus\") share this opportunistic behaviour and will eat insects, mice, worms, and amphibians. The tragopans (\"Tragopan\"), mikado pheasant (\"Syrmaticus mikado\"), and several species of grouse and ptarmigan are exceptional in their largely vegetarian and arboreal foraging habitats; grouse are especially notable for being able to feed on plants rich in terpenes and quinones – such as sagebrush or conifers –, which are often avoided by other herbivores. Many species of moderate altitudes—for example the long-tailed pheasants of the genus \"Syrmaticus\"—also find a great deal of their daily nutritional requirements in the tree canopies, especially during the snowy and rainy periods when foraging on the ground is dangerous and less than fruitful for a variety of reasons. Although members of the genus \"Syrmaticus\" are capable of subsisting almost entirely on vegetarian materials for months at a time, this is not true for many of the subtropical genera. For example, the great argus (\"Argusianus argus\") and crested argus may do most of their foraging during rainy months in the canopy of the jungle, as well. There they are known to forage on slugs, snails, ants, and amphibians to the exclusion of plant material. How they forage in the forest canopy during the rainy months is unknown.", "Most galliforms are very prolific, with clutches regularly exceeding 10 eggs in many species. In contrast to most birds which are – at least for a particular breeding season – monogamous, galliforms are often polygynous or polygamous. Such species can be recognized by their pronounced sexual dimorphism. Galliform young are very precocious and roam with their mothers – or both parents in monogamous species – mere hours after hatching. The most extreme case are the Megapodiidae, where the adults do not brood, but leave incubation to mounds of rotting vegetation, volcanic ash, or hot sand. The young must dig out of the nest mounds after hatching, but they emerge from the eggs fully feathered, and upon leaving the mound, they are able to fly considerable distances.", "Grouse and ptarmigans Family Tetraonidae Grouse, ptarmigans, and prairie chickens are all chicken-like birds with short, curved, strong bills, part of the family Tetraonidae. This group includes 25 species residing mostly in North America. They are mainly ground-dwellers and have short, rounded wings for brief flights. They are well adapted to winter by growing feather “snowshoes” on their feet and roosting beneath the snow. They range in size from the 13-inch white-tailed ptarmigan to the 28-inch sage grouse. Their plumage is dense and soft and is most commonly found in shades of red, brown, and gray to camouflage to the ground. They are polygamous and male courtship behavior includes strutting and dancing and aggressive fighting for possession of females. The typical clutch size is between seven and 12 eggs. Turkeys Family Meleagrididae Turkeys are large, long-legged birds that can grow up to four feet in height and weigh up to 30 lbs in the wild. They have a long, broad, rounded tail with 14-19 blunt feathers. They have a naked, wrinkled head and feathered body. The North American wild turkey – \"Meleagris gallopavo\" – has five distinct subspecies (Eastern, Rio Grande, Florida [Osceola], Merriam's, and Gould's). Hybrids also exist where the ranges of these subspecies overlap. All are native only to North America, though transplanted populations exist elsewhere. Their plumage differs slightly by subspecies, but is generally dark to black for males, with buff to cream highlights, and generally drab brown for females. The feathers are quite iridescent and can take on distinct reddish/copper hues in sunlight. Their feathers are well defined with broad, square ends, giving the bird the appearance of being covered in scales. Males have a “beard” of coarse black bristles hanging from the center of their upper breasts and tend to have more vibrantly colored plumage than do females. They breed in the spring and their typical clutch size is between 10 and 12 eggs. The ocellated turkey (\"Meleagris ocellata\"), a different species of turkey, currently exists only in a portion of the Yucatán peninsula. After the 19th and early 20th centuries, wild turkey populations dropped significantly because of hunting and habitat loss. However, populations now flourish again due to hunting management and transplanting. The ocellated turkey, not commonly hunted, is currently threatened due to ongoing habitat loss in the Yucutan. Pheasants, quail, and partridges Family Phasianidae The family is divided into four groups: 30 species of new world quail, residing between Paraguay and Canada, 11 species of Old World quails in Africa, Australia, and Asia, 94 species of partridges, and 48 species of pheasants. This family includes a wide range of bird sizes from a 5 1⁄2-inch quail to pheasants up to almost 30 inches. Pheasants and quails have heavy, round bodies and rounded wings. Though they have short legs, they are very fast runners when escaping predators. Chachalacas Family Cracidae Chachalacas are found in the chaparral ecosystems from southern Texas through Mexico and Costa Rica. They are mainly arboreal and make their nests in trees five to 15 feet above the ground. They are large, long-legged birds that can grow up to 26 in long. They have long tails and are chicken-like in appearance. Their frail-looking yet sturdy nests are made of sticks and leaves. Their clutch size is three or four eggs. The males make a unique, loud, mating call that give them their name. Chachalacas feed mainly on berries, but also eat insects. They are a popular game bird, as their flesh is good to eat. They are also commonly domesticated as pets." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 114063, 538, 4, 60547, 1255, 15, 4645, 433, 15127, 1177, 16, 83, 2965, 90698, 40101, 10, 46876, 54015, 67, 707, 70, 4734, 613, 686, 6496, 32786, 111, 142, 120262, 1119, 2311, 15390, 46876, 14449, 15, 284, 26561, 147, 619, 147259, 7, 1098, 86097, 119892, 73584, 39162, 90, 191, 29172, 4, 41351, 107, 4078, 194, 1650, 1556, 27983, 2809, 37769, 71, 678, 3789, 46876, 7, 23, 10, 44, 8335, 13, 5935, 58, 14449, 4, 1284, 40368, 111, 6097, 152132, 7, 621, 35509, 98, 10, 186768, 18499, 5, 31267, 8108, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 70, 18499, 4, 177018, 15, 55589, 12, 89816, 16, 11341, 71, 4, 44, 116959, 83, 110, 133238, 7, 54799, 1342, 13, 5935, 4, 136, 131216, 285, 53, 6782, 538, 740, 6561, 111, 70, 2684, 27983, 119140, 297, 63805, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 42225, 38898, 28015, 74, 41027, 669, 11704, 4, 13211, 16, 83, 70, 134598, 94878, 17721, 60547, 1255, 136, 70, 1119, 2311, 15390, 4378, 61999, 31, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 4378, 7, 1935, 31, 4, 44153, 238, 28391, 4, 707, 7644, 188, 247, 36770, 538, 113091, 19, 23, 11192, 15534, 111, 167844, 5, 33306, 4, 4378, 61999, 31, 83, 70425, 538, 12937, 297, 136, 70, 77950, 100, 903, 76755, 83, 642, 344, 136, 1543, 186, 1295, 46876, 5470, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 4378, 61999, 31, 1543, 2965, 186, 90698, 142, 51, 67413, 47314, 54015, 67, 15, 284, 26561, 147, 619, 147259, 7, 1098, 4821, 12, 5606, 163496, 14773, 74, 177018, 10586, 194, 581, 1753, 39971, 54015, 67, 15, 289, 991, 1119, 2311, 15390, 16, 83, 27983, 162711, 678, 60547, 1255, 23, 10, 1342, 13, 5935, 21115, 214, 5, 43101, 2320, 83, 10, 13484, 22469, 5303, 111, 34153, 136, 125195, 7, 390, 142, 52184, 10821, 42179, 91376, 23, 61786, 136, 15700, 2565, 5303, 43799, 297, 23, 543, 12338, 390, 10, 494, 525, 15, 12662, 20129, 28528, 105137, 7, 194, 8622, 621, 10, 14012, 111, 21373, 31075, 23, 190219, 1294, 17721, 1753, 39971, 136, 60547, 1255, 5, 360, 3789, 128746, 4, 70, 60212, 7, 621, 117396, 5, 581, 80573, 539, 4398, 46876, 7, 3542, 5117, 37769, 71, 25842, 678, 60547, 1255, 390, 80640, 873, 34, 21393, 619, 10208, 88712, 126, 23, 64972, 15, 24658, 10, 150679, 44, 441, 26036, 17032, 58, 14449, 4, 3129, 83, 15286, 38526, 1286, 55128, 3501, 70, 17467, 4935, 5585, 275, 17032, 125296, 71, 18925, 194, 17065, 35613, 153314, 45831, 903, 83, 35509, 98, 1239, 158288, 2320, 111, 10, 44, 9083, 6261, 425, 58, 190219, 1294, 111, 40641, 3337, 7435, 123641, 4, 3129, 83, 10, 17664, 111, 60547, 1255, 136, 6955, 61055, 157, 64, 7763, 1290, 849, 5, 581, 18499, 1556, 12441, 47, 221419, 18507, 85789, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 41027, 669, 11704, 4, 13211, 74, 177018, 10586, 74, 15497, 4969, 36327, 4, 22059, 74, 717, 1961, 619, 47208, 98422, 8918, 8, 717, 1961, 20986, 16, 47, 21115, 60547, 1255, 678, 6955, 61055, 157, 4, 132283, 70, 162520, 6, 221160, 111, 80573, 539, 4398, 237, 94649, 587, 66, 5, 39162, 90, 191, 25, 7, 29172, 225490, 111, 60547, 1255, 136, 6955, 61055, 157, 190219, 10484, 7639, 1660, 10, 1892, 12807, 645, 6324, 4, 40715, 3501, 225490, 7, 17721, 60547, 1255, 136, 10463, 16304, 4, 5813, 4776, 11, 136, 67241, 9, 441, 26036, 17032, 15, 177981, 5844, 538, 147623, 4, 99385, 4, 136, 144915, 194, 77168, 214, 147158, 933, 6044, 237, 39162, 90, 191, 15, 123599, 247, 17065, 35613, 153314, 4, 17065, 35613, 619, 60699, 55455, 257, 153314, 4, 136, 125016, 20702, 619, 147259, 7, 1098, 105498, 4, 70, 80573, 539, 4398, 46876, 7, 621, 5036, 158012, 1379, 94649, 587, 66, 5, 581, 9655, 111, 94878, 7, 17721, 60547, 1255, 4, 4378, 61999, 31, 4, 136, 1753, 39971, 47143, 7, 9803, 5, 2177, 28942, 4922, 52977, 187, 21325, 100, 10, 94878, 4, 95134, 101412, 4, 678, 70, 37098, 669, 6261, 66, 46876, 7, 111, 70, 109727, 184085, 111, 9879, 82167, 4, 41866, 678, 70, 104871, 67, 4398, 32845, 206, 4, 136, 100, 10, 7722, 37098, 669, 6261, 66, 218250, 316, 23, 10, 24941, 87143, 208244, 214, 1342, 1255, 5, 581, 152132, 1556, 959, 2809, 280, 56, 9, 132340, 297, 5, 135967, 47, 17065, 35613, 25, 7, 26785, 1830, 4, 70, 1342, 1255, 1104, 10625, 2271, 34, 4398, 44, 212122, 58, 1902, 2809, 162711, 47, 67842, 3789, 87143, 5, 15497, 4969, 99201, 1342, 13, 5935, 23, 10, 44, 55450, 516, 9, 441, 26036, 17032, 58, 15, 748, 44, 441, 26036, 17032, 1104, 8335, 13, 5935, 18939, 31837, 678, 94649, 587, 66, 4, 5585, 275, 17032, 4, 4960, 587, 66, 4, 3291, 219, 68741, 4, 136, 70, 54015, 1636, 873, 25758, 4, 14065, 30634, 15, 294, 25708, 557, 53, 247, 47935, 11951, 4, 1184, 1991, 54568, 12485, 4, 2501, 206, 2063, 4, 3003, 8433, 15, 284, 102, 9779, 56655, 247, 47921, 20437, 4, 136, 15127, 1605, 1463, 34, 430, 5, 119537, 43062, 132217, 25, 7, 44, 8335, 13, 5935, 58, 99201, 60547, 1255, 4, 94649, 587, 66, 4, 80573, 539, 4398, 4, 1753, 39971, 4, 3003, 8433, 4, 13661, 14, 77306, 4, 136, 90805, 34, 7403, 5, 41027, 669, 25, 7, 15, 70779, 4, 13211, 16, 44, 55450, 516, 9, 683, 709, 90, 66, 44, 29786, 1515, 58, 58, 152132, 99201, 44, 8335, 90, 66, 58, 15, 162, 189050, 36917, 16, 1104, 25267, 402, 587, 66, 4, 3003, 8433, 1104, 163814, 14, 77306, 4, 873, 25758, 4, 47921, 20437, 4, 136, 5550, 11, 31, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1342, 13, 5935, 15, 289, 991, 60547, 90, 66, 4, 1342, 13, 70386, 4, 5337, 33800, 13, 16, 1543, 186, 2499, 111, 40368, 170933, 70760, 707, 228908, 13, 46876, 9, 212122, 152132, 7, 111, 74291, 136, 167844, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 1342, 1255, 46876, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Proposals.", "Páez, Panzaleo, Andaquí.", "Páez and Coconucan.", "Paez and Otomanguean.", "More distant relations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Currently, Páez (Nasa Yuwe) is best considered either a language isolate or the only surviving member of an otherwise extinct language family (Adelaar & Muysken 2004, Gordon 2005, Matteson 1972, Fabre 2005). It has often been grouped with other languages in a \"Paezan\" family, but several of these proposals are based on a historical error. Even before the discovery of the error, Campbell (1997: 173) stated, \"There is no consensus upon Paezan, and opinions vary greatly\".", "One of the most often repeated statements (e.g. Loukota 1968; Kaufman 1990, 1994) is the supposed connection between Páez and the extinct Panzaleo (also known as Pansaleo, Latacunga, or Quito), formerly spoken in highlands of Ecuador. However, Panzaleo is poorly documented and the evidence for this relationship is weak and may be from language contact. Thus, Panzaleo may best be considered an unclassified isolate (Adelaar & Muysken 2004: 393-397; Campbell 1997). The Andaquí isolate (also extinct) is often connected with Páez in a Paezan grouping. Documentation is a 20-page list of words and expressions by an anonymous author published in 1928 and another word list collected in 1854 by a priest (Manuel María Albis). There are a number of similarities in vocabulary between Andaquí and Páez. In other aspects, the differences are greater.", "The Coconucan languages were first grouped together with Páez by Henri Beuchat & Paul Rivet in 1910 (under a larger \"Chibchan\" family, which is considerably more inclusive than the conservative Chibchan recognized today). Curnow (1998) shows this is based on misinterpretation of a \"Moguex\" vocabulary of Douay (1888), which is a mix of Páez and Guambiano/Totoró. The error has led to subsequent classifiers (e.g. Kaufman 1990, 1994; Campbell 1997; Greenberg 1956, 1987; Tovar & Larruceau de Tovar 1984) to group Páez with Guambiano, missing the obvious identification of Coconucan as Barbacoan. Matteson's 1972 comparison of Páez and Guambiano vocabularies show just a 5.2% overlap, less than comparisons between Páez and Arawak, Quechua and Proto-Chibchan (respectively 17%, 12%, and 14%). Following linguists such as Matteson (1972), Curnow (1998), Curnow & Liddicoat (1998), and Adelaar & Muysken (2004), the Coconucan languages are now placed under Barbacoan. The question of connections between Páez, Panzaleo, and Andaquí remains open.", "Jolkesky (2017) argues for a connection, perhaps genetic, with the Otomanguean languages of the Pacific coast of central Mexico, especially with the Zapotecan branch, and for a possible Otomanguean substratum in a couple families neighboring Paez. The proposal has not been peer-reviewed.", "Prior to Curnow's correction, the Paez–Coconucan \"family\" had been connected to various other families. Greenberg included Paezan in a \"Macro-Chibchan\" (or \"Chibchan–Paezan\") stock with Barbacoan, Chibchan, Chocoan, Jirajaran, and the isolates Betoi, Kamsá (Sibundoy), Yaruro, Esmeraldeño, Mochica, Cunza (Atacameño), Itonama, and Yurumanguí. Morris Swadesh's \"Paezan\" included Páez, Barbacoan, Coconucan, Andaquí, Cunza, Kapixana, and Mashubí. Kaufman's (1990, 1994) \"Macro-Páesan \"cluster\"\" proposal included \"Paesan\" (as explained above)–Barbacoan, Cunza–Kapixana, Betoi, Itonama, and Warao." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1401, 1221, 23534, 903, 390, 74906, 5565, 606, 48152, 316, 5, 1401, 25, 272, 8, 106357, 71, 6626, 2304, 18403, 31667, 89261, 7, 15, 2472, 19908, 454, 2592, 136, 26168, 454, 98864, 1295, 70, 5423, 44462, 111, 26168, 115187, 136, 4, 127298, 4, 2837, 66187, 71, 450, 26168, 115187, 83, 10, 5423, 5, 581, 11389, 111, 70, 145358, 36917, 83, 3877, 101966, 48242, 4, 6637, 442, 44136, 34241, 5908, 70, 80934, 111, 70, 23335, 8080, 4743, 47, 4939, 542, 11059, 5761, 4, 1379, 3129, 12638, 23335, 141, 83, 70, 5423, 111, 756, 107671, 214, 23335, 8080, 4, 3129, 509, 959, 51529, 99, 70, 1733, 70, 145358, 509, 2674, 297, 390, 7362, 1799, 9, 18537, 118, 5, 11853, 83, 142, 15426, 678, 10846, 56, 44136, 254, 40322, 7, 12, 139124, 450, 642, 30699, 67, 678, 12638, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 142, 36746, 35839, 6863, 12989, 10644, 23, 142, 51, 16711, 47314, 3917, 15, 2347, 12989, 52895, 621, 70, 23335, 141, 101935, 194, 581, 12989, 52895, 15, 43297, 141, 101935, 16, 61261, 621, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 23, 10, 6083, 3917, 4, 136, 903, 5299, 9, 80596, 214, 8110, 765, 142, 12989, 10644, 26168, 115187, 5, 1650, 83, 72546, 127887, 23, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 15, 2940, 47143, 7, 29568, 23, 567, 27529, 1284, 959, 23, 2356, 32807, 7, 16, 450, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 756, 23335, 141, 101935, 40715, 3501, 10, 188347, 26168, 454, 2588, 83, 26168, 454, 2588, 68034, 5, 1061, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 756, 23335, 141, 101935, 40715, 3501, 26168, 115187, 83, 26168, 115187, 68034, 5, 4966, 903, 26950, 450, 26168, 115187, 4, 8035, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 10, 27798, 61475, 33180, 111, 70, 23335, 8080, 4, 83, 81113, 538, 40715, 3501, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 756, 70, 23335, 8080, 4, 1284, 70, 21, 3055, 83, 26168, 115187, 68034, 390, 80934, 5, 3293, 83, 10, 2304, 428, 10763, 5, 4263, 642, 4527, 70, 542, 11059, 5761, 80934, 4, 1379, 3129, 12638, 23335, 141, 83, 207487, 237, 70, 5423, 111, 756, 107671, 214, 23335, 8080, 4, 70, 145358, 83, 220, 965, 532, 2886, 12, 70, 29114, 6238, 89261, 450, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 756, 23335, 141, 101935, 40715, 3501, 10, 188347, 26168, 454, 2588, 83, 26168, 454, 2588, 68034, 8110, 186, 29568, 5, 581, 42486, 111, 542, 11059, 5761, 23335, 8080, 4, 1884, 70, 42486, 23, 70, 158874, 145358, 4, 53418, 186, 10, 5423, 23, 2499, 5423, 154453, 678, 54704, 289, 62775, 5, 4966, 70, 42486, 111, 12989, 52895, 23, 2356, 32807, 7, 15, 112, 5983, 297, 237, 224743, 3956, 61112, 111, 5299, 9, 6651, 27699, 1379, 21373, 2481, 16, 83, 20653, 10, 5423, 4, 136, 70, 145358, 83, 71864, 297, 6637, 70, 12989, 10644, 111, 70, 23335, 8080, 40715, 3501, 26168, 115187, 15504, 7, 1810, 959, 47, 186, 26168, 115187, 5, 18799, 10, 5134, 28016, 100, 23113, 5423, 154453, 6044, 237, 567, 919, 136, 567, 27529, 75723, 16274, 903, 2874, 1687, 53, 390, 959, 6, 190358, 70, 50961, 111, 5423, 7, 17368, 69407, 1884, 44, 5584, 5423, 7, 678, 70, 57266, 26168, 454, 5843, 830, 237, 83, 7722, 23, 24, 5844, 5423, 154453, 136, 237, 83, 7722, 678, 38334, 365, 275, 21612, 429, 25, 7, 10, 5134, 28016, 20, 183037, 91692, 36293, 310, 20, 23, 70, 44, 724, 99720, 77406, 13, 122, 1172, 8962, 282, 1491, 1242, 57418, 13, 25, 7, 5426, 2356, 32807, 7, 15, 73493, 16, 4527, 7, 10, 12921, 29806, 5, 168360, 450, 23, 70, 7311, 11389, 111, 57418, 13, 25, 7, 5426, 44, 4613, 140363, 70760, 50592, 238, 58, 15, 39456, 247, 142, 111938, 111, 2356, 32807, 7, 4, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 122, 5844, 70, 7362, 1799, 9, 18537, 118, 145358, 4, 141377, 450, 903, 5426, 509, 2304, 18403, 31667, 5, 57418, 13, 25, 7, 111666, 111, 6, 39456, 25632, 53434, 56, 25, 7, 103882, 53, 14602, 959, 134729, 1295, 903, 72104, 4, 136, 160463, 509, 221419, 538, 77443, 60715, 25553, 6892, 18, 678, 6, 73493, 390, 1391, 31, 59246, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 5423, 154453, 4, 10, 44457, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 70, 7362, 1799, 9, 18537, 118, 145358, 106804, 90, 450, 64549, 214, 44, 2347, 5423, 111, 756, 23335, 141, 101935, 58, 37105, 7, 47, 10, 2304, 428, 10763, 136, 127298, 45831, 142, 2874, 1687, 53, 23, 10, 5426, 450, 114864, 6863, 50961, 5, 1650, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 139821, 13, 7362, 1799, 9, 18537, 118, 4, 2750, 23, 117430, 91376, 10, 15122, 502, 6496, 10, 70, 58391, 3129, 4, 51, 69723, 19, 47, 4049, 4, 2304, 61669, 297, 10, 198395, 77443, 16750, 390, 4171, 1290, 5, 53598, 37214, 158874, 221419, 538, 156672, 70, 2304, 428, 10763, 4, 136, 3229, 764, 91376, 442, 23, 1919, 106355, 12877, 44, 112079, 318, 99726, 111, 123426, 47148, 7, 830, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Stated in terms of von Neumann ordinals.", "Stated more generally.", "Resolutions of the paradox." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "We will prove this by reductio ad absurdum. We've deduced two contradictory propositions (formula_14 and formula_19) from the sethood of formula_1 and, therefore, disproved that formula_1 is a set.", "The version of the paradox above is anachronistic, because it presupposes the definition of the ordinals due to John von Neumann, under which each ordinal is the set of all preceding ordinals, which was not known at the time the paradox was framed by Burali-Forti. Here is an account with fewer presuppositions: suppose that we associate with each well-ordering an object called its order type in an unspecified way (the order types are the ordinal numbers). The order types (ordinal numbers) themselves are well-ordered in a natural way, and this well-ordering must have an order type formula_1. It is easily shown in naïve set theory (and remains true in ZFC but not in New Foundations) that the order type of all ordinal numbers less than a fixed formula_25 is formula_25 itself. So the order type of all ordinal numbers less than formula_1 is formula_1 itself. But this means that formula_1, being the order type of a proper initial segment of the ordinals, is strictly less than the order type of all the ordinals, but the latter is formula_1 itself by definition. This is a contradiction. If we use the von Neumann definition, under which each ordinal is identified as the set of all preceding ordinals, the paradox is unavoidable: the offending proposition that the order type of all ordinal numbers less than a fixed formula_25 is formula_25 itself must be true. The collection of von Neumann ordinals, like the collection in the Russell paradox, cannot be a set in any set theory with classical logic. But the collection of order types in New Foundations (defined as equivalence classes of well-orderings under similarity) is actually a set, and the paradox is avoided because the order type of the ordinals less than formula_1 turns out not to be formula_1.", "Modern axioms for formal set theory such as ZF and ZFC circumvent this antinomy by not allowing the construction of sets using terms like \"all sets with the property formula_35\", as is possible in naive set theory and as is possible with Gottlob Frege's axioms - specifically Basic Law V - in the \"Grundgesetze der Arithmetik.\" Quine's system New Foundations (NF) uses a different solution. showed that in the original version of Quine's system \"Mathematical Logic\" (ML), an extension of New Foundations, it is possible to derive the Burali-Forti paradox, showing that this system was contradictory. Quine's revision of ML following Rosser's discovery does not suffer from this defect, and indeed was subsequently proved equiconsistent with NF by Hao Wang." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 12989, 47, 11341, 70, 145358, 442, 83, 63559, 47, 28219, 450, 70, 200103, 101935, 36456, 142, 12989, 214, 4, 221, 450, 1632, 831, 70424, 1672, 1632, 8035, 117396, 707, 40715, 3501, 15700, 5, 47009, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 145358, 83, 12, 3293, 15824, 83, 10, 8951, 179804, 6620, 111, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 98, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 70, 14537, 5423, 111, 10, 5423, 5, 116267, 179804, 6620, 111, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 83, 450, 70, 200103, 101935, 11764, 67, 10, 27798, 18507, 5, 9925, 83, 4, 1836, 53418, 756, 186, 43799, 297, 25842, 237, 80854, 111, 10, 11001, 5423, 5, 11853, 83, 10, 208806, 1286, 4537, 16750, 5, 66016, 70, 200103, 101935, 621, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 390, 63262, 214, 678, 70, 23335, 141, 101935, 15, 21231, 181021, 14012, 4, 23113, 80934, 247, 903, 2843, 137633, 90, 450, 2685, 83, 110, 158036, 23335, 141, 14012, 74, 158, 37676, 538, 4, 70, 21, 3055, 63805, 35388, 90, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 145358, 5, 3311, 59911, 214, 903, 63262, 214, 47, 70, 7362, 1799, 9, 18537, 118, 145358, 642, 113054, 15700, 6, 98869, 450, 70, 200103, 101935, 621, 10, 27798, 18507, 43257, 3501, 10, 5423, 4, 136, 15, 257, 19713, 23, 567, 27529, 707, 23, 542, 11059, 5761, 1104, 33189, 13650, 7, 1104, 724, 21166, 583, 5423, 154453, 16, 442, 28960, 7, 1295, 903, 450, 2685, 83, 10, 1582, 58994, 17721, 70, 18507, 111, 200103, 7, 136, 70, 18507, 111, 756, 5423, 7, 5, 66016, 11907, 5423, 83, 10, 1614, 3509, 111, 903, 21, 3055, 18507, 4, 136, 11907, 200103, 2481, 83, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 10, 5423, 15, 1272, 80934, 8068, 903, 100270, 21286, 26950, 450, 70, 44, 38931, 73, 134393, 58, 111, 70, 42486, 111, 200103, 7, 83, 117396, 3501, 70, 200103, 2481, 111, 2499, 5423, 12, 442, 83, 1286, 54241, 13, 3501, 2499, 29568, 54241, 53, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 145358, 21533, 31425, 111, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 44, 6276, 246, 425, 740, 51404, 4171, 1290, 83, 56104, 22299, 297, 678, 5117, 135812, 214, 903, 57266, 111, 200103, 5423, 7, 4, 3060, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 70318, 903, 149067, 19, 47, 53598, 37214, 158874, 4, 2750, 61924, 71, 10, 21373, 70, 58391, 23, 122815, 707, 91255, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 5423, 154453, 4, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 145358, 117249, 450, 2685, 83, 110, 5423, 111, 756, 200103, 31075, 5, 3293, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 70, 58391, 450, 2685, 83, 110, 158036, 200103, 14012, 5, 360, 152701, 69407, 4, 70, 145358, 83, 450, 70, 42486, 111, 756, 7722, 44, 73, 48310, 67, 13267, 7, 58, 83, 959, 4734, 54241, 13, 4, 1284, 221, 54241, 21286, 21334, 450, 6863, 10002, 54241, 13, 13267, 53418, 186, 2499, 111, 70, 54241, 13, 13267, 7, 23, 70, 42486, 5, 581, 34844, 53, 83, 34831, 71, 23, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 390, 8, 18347, 2852, 450, 903, 42486, 83, 959, 10, 5423, 1284, 10, 27798, 18507, 74, 23, 542, 11059, 5761, 1104, 33189, 13650, 7, 1104, 724, 21166, 583, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Statements and proofs.", "Discussion and consequences.", "Historical notes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In order to state the paradox it is necessary to understand that the cardinal numbers admit an ordering, so that one can speak about one being greater or less than another. Then Cantor's paradox is: This fact is a direct consequence of Cantor's theorem on the cardinality of the power set of a set. Another consequence of Cantor's theorem is that the cardinal numbers constitute a proper class. That is, they cannot all be collected together as elements of a single set. Here is a somewhat more general result.", "Since the cardinal numbers are well-ordered by indexing with the ordinal numbers (see Cardinal number, formal definition), this also establishes that there is no greatest ordinal number; conversely, the latter statement implies Cantor's paradox. By applying this indexing to the Burali-Forti paradox we obtain another proof that the cardinal numbers are a proper class rather than a set, and (at least in ZFC or in von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory) it follows from this that there is a bijection between the class of cardinals and the class of all sets. Since every set is a subset of this latter class, and every cardinality is the cardinality of a set (by definition!) this intuitively means that the \"cardinality\" of the collection of cardinals is greater than the cardinality of any set: it is more infinite than any true infinity. This is the paradoxical nature of Cantor's \"paradox\".", "While Cantor is usually credited with first identifying this property of cardinal sets, some mathematicians award this distinction to Bertrand Russell, who defined a similar theorem in 1899 or 1901." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 47064, 92416, 15, 16, 83, 12441, 390, 10, 23607, 42, 15, 247, 2750, 83, 6, 140545, 297, 390, 70, 92416, 111, 116342, 100, 10, 13579, 111, 43606, 5369, 5, 66016, 423, 14487, 34975, 70, 23607, 42, 16070, 1556, 2809, 34658, 390, 360, 2322, 23615, 13, 108528, 5, 581, 54529, 53, 83, 1614, 97368, 48141, 3934, 14834, 31075, 5, 8622, 83, 1632, 27081, 14834, 2481, 4, 237845, 15, 46, 59444, 16, 136, 116, 28720, 14834, 31075, 15, 46, 9935, 114942, 16, 23, 126269, 47064, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 202032, 90, 19831, 68894, 136, 86757, 1614, 428, 25826, 7, 80723, 47, 74216, 23, 116342, 5, 32964, 150679, 1614, 428, 25826, 7, 118775, 12, 70, 366, 4745, 15, 16, 136, 70, 54529, 53, 15, 194, 62, 366, 4745, 35060, 71, 111, 40368, 54427, 7, 5, 799, 147, 538, 756, 9935, 114942, 1902, 99, 19713, 1632, 100, 87463, 5, 581, 165815, 111, 70, 4000, 16128, 509, 8951, 297, 390, 70, 167375, 51521, 4, 70, 366, 4745, 88, 820, 5, 62, 54529, 53, 509, 150350, 71, 111, 40368, 9935, 114942, 4, 2843, 10336, 297, 390, 142, 88, 820, 5, 3311, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 70, 25632, 13036, 103724, 7, 1902, 126809, 23, 116342, 12, 207085, 15, 42246, 33396, 247, 126269, 6174, 15, 12724, 22189, 11, 707, 198995, 11, 247, 214178, 15, 30404, 1651, 247, 57524, 14433, 15, 4332, 7013, 11, 247, 6, 219061, 15, 79600, 43265, 247, 67778, 330, 6174, 15, 1375, 56, 3459, 247, 947, 6498, 15, 5464, 11210, 143, 247, 136, 345, 101053, 15, 1062, 75094, 1174, 194, 126269, 6174, 15, 4, 61187, 30839, 12, 44, 36119, 343, 18939, 509, 142, 41371, 23295, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 184085, 111, 70, 129435, 15520, 4, 132988, 297, 390, 853, 14433, 4, 214178, 4, 884, 195, 120178, 4, 136, 947, 6498, 5, 126269, 6174, 1902, 142, 16128, 111, 189275, 33418, 1274, 988, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23, 427, 1549, 3428, 68818, 1295, 71006, 4, 61475, 538, 12441, 390, 18813, 4939, 87, 4, 1902, 205491, 71, 126269, 6174, 5, 581, 187951, 187, 1176, 34739, 70, 1261, 104480, 37515, 16200, 136, 5423, 1257, 10, 19336, 6, 29031, 1681, 5, 187951, 24277, 141, 17038, 95383, 272, 136, 1843, 10534, 17038, 79949, 1681, 111, 200356, 4, 15044, 1295, 70, 113138, 13038, 111, 335, 12366, 837, 4, 2843, 47143, 297, 23, 70, 37702, 133, 5, 2161, 8055, 382, 4, 427, 1549, 70, 25072, 297, 6, 244060, 1428, 3378, 136, 146283, 38820, 50588, 90, 22, 82063, 6259, 70, 37702, 133, 99, 15063, 19, 5, 1650, 509, 5423, 1563, 94901, 23, 70, 15411, 111, 70, 38781, 329, 133868, 450, 22, 1159, 297, 5, 581, 187951, 3428, 68818, 37842, 47, 3249, 2363, 3917, 1810, 4, 1284, 3542, 152388, 98, 1764, 34955, 1295, 10, 10846, 2750, 214493, 297, 23, 38940, 10366, 47, 57674, 4, 34658, 390, 146864, 5, 581, 24277, 141, 4, 70, 1843, 10534, 4, 136, 39555, 2101, 3789, 74412, 988, 3542, 152388, 4, 137802, 110, 187951, 169424, 23, 116342, 99, 756, 5, 581, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 187951, 81887, 47, 21647, 57616, 16200, 23, 116342, 509, 167729, 297, 390, 70, 69405, 606, 330, 60636, 188676, 136, 61187, 30839, 22684, 433, 14202, 2750, 1902, 2809, 19048, 47, 158, 27227, 2684, 111, 70, 16128, 23, 70, 39395, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 262, 88981, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 1261, 104480, 20947, 3168, 17704, 70, 187951, 14700, 66, 6889, 47, 116342, 100, 1286, 3501, 2668, 5369, 4, 136, 70, 23295, 509, 25737, 100, 70, 1413, 12762, 6402, 114996, 7, 4, 61187, 30839, 1843, 10534, 7, 136, 146864, 47, 101637, 5, 360, 70, 29459, 6032, 4, 71006, 162393, 98, 29774, 136, 70, 187951, 9, 62329, 6504, 31, 27201, 34210, 5, 24372, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 41649, 60219, 126269, 6174, 100512, 70, 5201, 181991, 53, 111, 581, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 5973, 1428, 9, 36119, 343, 4, 142, 41371, 1843, 10534, 12259, 5, 16995, 7, 111, 70, 1843, 10534, 25, 7, 37702, 133, 621, 7464, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 237845, 5, 24372, 70, 30839, 158, 75616, 23, 427, 3768, 4, 126269, 47064, 100512, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 1843, 10534, 12259, 111, 5973, 1428, 9, 36119, 343, 4, 142, 41371, 7893, 2481, 28032, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 102668, 820, 2320, 5, 16995, 7, 111, 1843, 10534, 25, 7, 37702, 133, 621, 7464, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 237845, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 126269, 47064, 15, 247, 707, 126269, 6174, 15, 39798, 25958, 44, 12137, 48850, 3551, 56128, 4, 6, 247, 83, 1632, 111, 423, 54529, 3387, 111, 116342, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 23, 171827, 116342, 136, 132988, 7, 70, 129435, 27414, 47, 70, 144477, 4, 1950, 461, 47064, 47, 70, 144477, 9, 13, 4438, 4, 41474, 143, 47064, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 88170, 47064, 47, 70, 127067, 4, 136, 70, 90695, 54529, 3387, 111, 57181, 13, 136, 63019, 34, 47, 70, 65272, 5, 360, 18982, 1877, 126269, 47064, 1902, 10, 43904, 111, 24645, 1019, 963, 46, 11764, 1916, 787, 65321, 111, 70, 3622, 43904, 23, 116342, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "County government.", "Municipalities.", "History.", "Historic parishes (\"kihelkonnad\")." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The County Government () is led by a governor (), who is appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Since 15 December 2011, the governorship has been held by Innar Mäesalu.", "The county is subdivided into municipalities. There is one urban municipality, Haapsalu ( – town) and 2 rural municipalities ( – parishes) in Lääne County.", "In the first centuries AD political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the parish () and the county (). A parish consisted of several villages. Nearly all parishes had at least one fortress. The defense of the local area was directed by the highest official, the parish elder. A county was composed of several parishes, also headed by an elder. By the 13th century the following major districts had developed in Estonia: Saaremaa (Osilia), Läänemaa (Rotalia or Maritima), Harjumaa (Harria), Rävala (Revalia), Virumaa (Vironia), Järvamaa (Jervia), Sakala (Saccala), and Ugandi (Ugaunia). Läänemaa (, Low German: \"Wiek\") was an independent country on the east coast of the Baltic sea, bordered by Revala, Harjumaa, Alempois, and Sakala. Läänemaa had an area of approximately 1900 hides. Early in 1220 troops from Sweden, initially led by King John I, had invaded Läänemaa. The Swedish army took the Lihula stronghold and set up a small garrison. Swedish Jarl Karl Döve and Bishop Karl Magnusson of Linköping, both from the powerful House of Bjelbo, also remained in the castle. On August 8, 1220 the united Œselian and Rotalian armies encircled the castle at dawn. It was set ablaze in the course of the fierce battle that ensued. The Swedish troops tried to make their way out, but were killed on site apart from a few who succeeded in escaping to Tallinn, held by Denmark. The Jarl, the Bishop, and almost 500 other Swedes were killed, leaving no Swedish presence in Estonia at all. The short-lived Swedish attempt to gain foothold in Estonia was motivated by the quickly advancing Danish and Low German crusaders who had been able to conquer most of the area in the early 13th century. Defeat in the Battle of Lihula discouraged the Swedish expansion to Estonia for more than 300 years, and the country was left for the Teutonic Knights, Low German Bishops and Denmark to divide. In the meantime, Sweden focused on Finland and the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars. After the Livonian Crusade Läänemaa became the main territory of The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, an independent Bishopric. Parts of the Bishop's castle are still preserved in Haapsalu.", "After the German conquest in 1227, Lääne County became the center of the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, an independent principality within the Livonian Confederation. Parts of Bishop's castle are still preserved in Haapsalu." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 32238, 38504, 6468, 111, 46876, 7, 3542, 113091, 19, 390, 67842, 3395, 7, 23, 23924, 136, 25134, 21629, 41928, 47, 2363, 5117, 5470, 678, 28811, 7, 5, 32255, 190647, 7, 74918, 2822, 17721, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 534, 927, 142642, 15, 76228, 70, 98340, 9615, 19929, 111, 15497, 1760, 136, 165523, 79825, 23, 2356, 151645, 1760, 136, 21488, 72639, 16, 136, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 15, 2347, 41055, 7, 111, 114411, 205197, 194, 48752, 289, 23, 15386, 79357, 29394, 7, 111, 70, 21629, 7, 1902, 2843, 126809, 2363, 10002, 32562, 76519, 4, 70, 2965, 51529, 8035, 70, 57712, 26499, 5, 581, 23, 15386, 79357, 46876, 7, 111, 70, 21629, 7, 1902, 38134, 538, 285, 38543, 53397, 48461, 7, 4, 1295, 70, 5813, 4776, 66, 46876, 7, 4, 6631, 17771, 4, 206438, 93, 4, 136, 353, 1132, 257, 141, 4, 3129, 1902, 43077, 111, 36457, 119578, 7, 4, 47, 5941, 46876, 7, 678, 4734, 40368, 75281, 119578, 7, 5, 24372, 479, 9, 78457, 103731, 66, 20028, 4, 40368, 23, 15386, 79357, 33239, 133, 46876, 7, 126809, 23, 70, 21629, 7, 4, 35509, 98, 28811, 4, 23, 15386, 79357, 136, 101334, 46876, 7, 5, 581, 28811, 46512, 52825, 7, 136, 2363, 39457, 42, 117249, 1902, 38134, 538, 285, 38543, 130812, 7, 98186, 353, 4935, 15672, 46876, 7, 5, 360, 30089, 4, 5129, 21816, 97384, 136, 125568, 71, 70, 1371, 1434, 46876, 5, 360, 5941, 42845, 15672, 46512, 3387, 4, 195374, 29752, 11, 10484, 27983, 97384, 4000, 46876, 7, 136, 29394, 23, 12989, 47, 479, 934, 47, 70, 24, 42991, 23, 2363, 10002, 8721, 6261, 136, 33444, 13, 70, 14949, 26008, 47, 2363, 23, 15386, 79357, 42615, 7, 5, 360, 70, 56101, 15672, 46512, 3387, 4, 4939, 25318, 818, 111, 70, 157082, 9631, 156637, 53, 3900, 143, 3674, 70, 60313, 3934, 70, 96945, 4776, 24946, 46876, 4, 2843, 35839, 76271, 59208, 2703, 4, 707, 68875, 41113, 23175, 11540, 1104, 2485, 82036, 74, 764, 91376, 70, 5117, 60313, 28412, 297, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 70, 44, 647, 150, 818, 42878, 60313, 740, 581, 28811, 7, 2843, 15811, 11856, 297, 4527, 111, 23, 15386, 79357, 15672, 46876, 7, 4, 137633, 214, 2363, 10002, 46876, 7, 100, 51521, 36398, 7, 4, 163684, 214, 7986, 7, 23, 3789, 46876, 7, 4, 136, 51636, 214, 450, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 30698, 28811, 46876, 7, 23, 115215, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 23, 15386, 79357, 15672, 46876, 7, 134729, 297, 1295, 15380, 15811, 48448, 136, 86669, 111, 119578, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 543, 927, 136, 953, 927, 202032, 90, 4, 195374, 4, 14941, 4, 82528, 21325, 13, 4, 92265, 4, 136, 174705, 4, 91048, 47, 70, 21629, 7, 390, 28811, 9615, 603, 7, 136, 53294, 7, 4, 1902, 24209, 70, 51521, 707, 15889, 46876, 7, 111, 5744, 64857, 9, 61340, 7, 111, 70, 21629, 7, 5, 52455, 23, 15386, 79357, 46876, 7, 765, 24209, 130306, 538, 9667, 12060, 297, 4, 1284, 27060, 621, 62502, 10821, 136, 2831, 111, 31815, 6897, 100, 43077, 111, 3395, 5, 48752, 289, 23, 15386, 79357, 46876, 7, 765, 2809, 34475, 51521, 10778, 23, 70, 76726, 7440, 1836, 74918, 4, 6044, 237, 206438, 797, 23, 220577, 5, 360, 3789, 50218, 51521, 10778, 83, 84046, 47, 24233, 10776, 7, 7440, 70, 46876, 7, 621, 2684, 113091, 19, 5, 106073, 68018, 22, 1495, 2677, 297, 23, 171484, 7, 237, 51521, 4, 70, 46876, 7, 1543, 186, 11814, 23, 12176, 26513, 18, 538, 23, 44, 112, 72563, 58, 51521, 4527, 5, 89536, 99726, 621, 5813, 4776, 11, 23, 32969, 136, 6631, 17771, 23, 192777, 4, 7440, 23, 41361, 4, 195374, 83, 73944, 23, 756, 23113, 43701, 7, 5, 360, 23924, 21629, 136, 70, 1172, 49086, 10776, 4, 15497, 1760, 23, 1877, 30666, 297, 29269, 65844, 23045, 237, 6863, 31247, 51521, 46876, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 70, 353, 72601, 46876, 83, 70, 2684, 113091, 19, 353, 4935, 15672, 46876, 4, 678, 1286, 3501, 1781, 4, 9508, 119578, 7, 23, 70, 25134, 1177, 48850, 14098, 46684, 5, 581, 7082, 82485, 89499, 7, 172310, 297, 353, 72601, 453, 4, 2750, 3542, 170920, 237, 18151, 22120, 1314, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 360, 44, 127345, 42878, 83658, 7, 12, 581, 165837, 289, 39286, 34, 48242, 7, 111, 353, 4935, 21629, 58, 163992, 4, 18118, 133, 177018, 5303, 7, 40368, 170933, 5908, 100, 70, 186768, 59665, 7, 111, 70783, 19904, 66, 46876, 7, 5, 48861, 27391, 19, 206, 94834, 1556, 204797, 71, 70, 154453, 111, 48716, 212416, 7, 33233, 70, 109727, 184085, 111, 3395, 7, 1295, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 14237, 4, 2750, 21771, 113091, 9789, 46876, 7, 5, 32255, 215447, 3674, 23, 70, 2356, 6661, 5, 18622, 7, 12, 8622, 621, 189275, 6, 133572, 113091, 19, 15, 748, 36770, 538, 113091, 19, 16, 23, 15386, 79357, 46876, 7, 144477, 111, 82167, 4, 1381, 1126, 111, 3129, 621, 37769, 71, 3934, 1702, 87143, 15, 2347, 47143, 214, 1438, 46876, 7, 621, 40101, 54015, 1636, 707, 51, 67413, 47314, 194, 581, 353, 9, 4657, 733, 4, 62014, 1771, 4, 136, 345, 188, 9, 16135, 67, 4398, 87143, 621, 70, 142105, 23, 69407, 111, 14012, 111, 46876, 7, 5, 345, 188, 9, 16135, 67, 4398, 1556, 70, 2684, 119578, 7, 2858, 5, 8821, 19879, 16, 2174, 70, 46876, 7, 23, 82167, 621, 90698, 15, 840, 18, 538, 4743, 47, 22410, 19879, 119578, 7, 111, 353, 1132, 257, 141, 3142, 353, 9, 4657, 733, 32497, 23, 17932, 678, 189275, 1781, 4, 9508, 119578, 7, 15, 86, 147, 538, 106, 203770, 111, 6097, 621, 119578, 7, 111, 353, 72601, 247, 136, 62014, 1771, 23, 50960, 678, 1672, 106, 203770, 119578, 7, 15, 24931, 538, 15678, 13, 136, 82919, 2566, 1177, 194, 353, 9, 4657, 733, 136, 62014, 1771, 765, 70, 38134, 271, 20787, 48461, 113068, 7, 12, 62014, 1771, 82424, 27734, 7, 1295, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 25730, 36880, 5045, 111, 70, 72852, 7565, 47, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 82167, 15, 693, 13, 47, 14432, 212416, 7, 111, 70, 154812, 25395, 31, 16, 678, 6626, 1810, 150, 1314, 23, 39897, 15, 95950, 11950, 136, 601, 10734, 18, 3142, 353, 9, 4657, 733, 27734, 7, 1295, 168064, 136, 171827, 25730, 8305, 17955, 4, 199716, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 22420, 61065, 223, 46876, 7, 111, 70, 21629, 7, 621, 113091, 19, 390, 23, 15386, 79357, 3395, 7, 1295, 168064, 4, 1429, 76, 53720, 4, 136, 15497, 1760, 47, 70, 127067, 9022, 6069, 111, 25134, 21629, 4, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 70, 3551, 23860, 7, 450, 11764, 67, 70, 21629, 7, 5, 32255, 23, 15386, 79357, 46876, 7, 58055, 111, 31236, 1755, 111, 117781, 46876, 87143, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 5941, 46876, 54015, 1636, 136, 51, 67413, 47314, 46876, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Origins.", "Language families and unclassified languages.", "Northern America.", "Central America and Mexico.", "South America and the Caribbean.", "Language stock proposals.", "Unattested languages.", "Pidgins and mixed languages." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Thousands of languages were spoken by various peoples in North and South America prior to their first contact with Europeans. These encounters occurred between the beginning of the 11th century (with the Nordic settlement of Greenland and failed efforts in Newfoundland and Labrador) and the end of the 15th century (the voyages of Christopher Columbus). Several indigenous cultures of the Americas had also developed their own writing systems, the best known being the Maya script. The indigenous languages of the Americas had widely varying demographics, from the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guarani, and Nahuatl, which had millions of active speakers, to many languages with only several hundred speakers. After pre-Columbian times, several indigenous creole languages developed in the Americas, based on European, indigenous and African languages. The European colonizers and their successor states had widely varying attitudes towards Native American languages. In Brazil, friars learned and promoted the Tupi language. In many Latin American colonies, Spanish missionaries often learned local languages and culture in order to preach to the natives in their own tongue and relate the Christian message to their indigenous religions. In the British American colonies, John Eliot of the Massachusetts Bay Colony translated the Bible into the Massachusett language, also called Wampanoag, or Natick (1661–1663); he published the first Bible printed in North America, the \"Eliot Indian Bible\". The Europeans also suppressed use of indigenous American languages, establishing their own languages for official communications, destroying texts in other languages, and insisting that indigenous people learn European languages in schools. As a result, indigenous American languages suffered from cultural suppression and loss of speakers. By the 18th and 19th centuries, Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and Dutch, brought to the Americas by European settlers and administrators, had become the official or national languages of modern nation-states of the Americas. Many indigenous languages have become critically endangered, but others are vigorous and part of daily life for millions of people. Several indigenous languages have been given official status in the countries where they occur, such as Guaraní in Paraguay. In other cases official status is limited to certain regions where the languages are most spoken. Although sometimes enshrined in constitutions as official, the languages may be used infrequently in \"de facto\" official use. Examples are Quechua in Peru and Aymara in Bolivia, where in practice, Spanish is dominant in all formal contexts. In North America and the Arctic region, Greenland in 2009 adopted Kalaallisut as its sole official language. In the United States, the Navajo language is the most spoken Native American language, with more than 200,000 speakers in the Southwestern United States. The US Marine Corps recruited Navajo men, who were established as code talkers during World War II.", "In \"American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America\" (1997), Lyle Campbell lists several hypotheses for the historical origins of Amerindian languages. Roger Blench (2008) has advocated the theory of multiple migrations along the Pacific coast of peoples from northeastern Asia, who already spoke diverse languages. These proliferated in the New World.", "Notes:", "There are approximately 296 spoken (or formerly spoken) indigenous languages north of Mexico, 269 of which are grouped into 29 families (the remaining 27 languages are either isolates or unclassified). The Na-Dené, Algic, and Uto-Aztecan families are the largest in terms of number of languages. Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers (1.95 million) if the languages in Mexico are considered (mostly due to 1.5 million speakers of Nahuatl); Na-Dené comes in second with approximately 200,000 speakers (nearly 180,000 of these are speakers of Navajo), and Algic in third with about 180,000 speakers (mainly Cree and Ojibwe). Na-Dené and Algic have the widest geographic distributions: Algic currently spans from northeastern Canada across much of the continent down to northeastern Mexico (due to later migrations of the Kickapoo) with two outliers in California (Yurok and Wiyot); Na-Dené spans from Alaska and western Canada through Washington, Oregon, and California to the U.S. Southwest and northern Mexico (with one outlier in the Plains). Several families consist of only 2 or 3 languages. Demonstrating genetic relationships has proved difficult due to the great linguistic diversity present in North America. Two large (super-) family proposals, Penutian and Hokan, look particularly promising. However, even after decades of research, a large number of families remain. North America is notable for its linguistic diversity, especially in California. This area has 18 language families comprising 74 languages (compared to four families in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic, and Afroasiatic and one isolate, Basque). Another area of considerable diversity appears to have been the Southeastern Woodlands; however, many of these languages became extinct from European contact and as a result they are, for the most part, absent from the historical record. This diversity has influenced the development of linguistic theories and practice in the US. Due to the diversity of languages in North America, it is difficult to make generalizations for the region. Most North American languages have a relatively small number of vowels (i.e. three to five vowels). Languages of the western half of North America often have relatively large consonant inventories. The languages of the Pacific Northwest are notable for their complex phonotactics (for example, some languages have words that lack vowels entirely). The languages of the Plateau area have relatively rare pharyngeals and epiglottals (they are otherwise restricted to Afroasiatic languages and the languages of the Caucasus). Ejective consonants are also common in western North America, although they are rare elsewhere (except, again, for the Caucasus region, parts of Africa, and the Mayan family). Head-marking is found in many languages of North America (as well as in Central and South America), but outside of the Americas it is rare. Many languages throughout North America are polysynthetic (Eskimo–Aleut languages are extreme examples), although this is not characteristic of all North American languages (contrary to what was believed by 19th-century linguists). Several families have unique traits, such as the inverse number marking of the Tanoan languages, the lexical affixes of the Wakashan, Salishan and Chimakuan languages, and the unusual verb structure of Na-Dené. The classification below is a composite of Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), and Mithun (1999).", "In Central America the Mayan languages are among those used today. Mayan languages are spoken by at least 6 million indigenous Maya, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name, and Mexico recognizes eight more. The Mayan language family is one of the best documented and most studied in the Americas. Modern Mayan languages descend from Proto-Mayan, a language thought to have been spoken at least 4,000 years ago; it has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method.", "Although both North and Central America are very diverse areas, South America has a linguistic diversity rivalled by only a few other places in the world with approximately 350 languages still spoken and an estimated 1,500 languages at first European contact. The situation of language documentation and classification into genetic families is not as advanced as in North America (which is relatively well studied in many areas). Kaufman (1994: 46) gives the following appraisal: Since the mid 1950s, the amount of published material on SA [South America] has been gradually growing, but even so, the number of researchers is far smaller than the growing number of linguistic communities whose speech should be documented. Given the current employment opportunities, it is not likely that the number of specialists in SA Indian languages will increase fast enough to document most of the surviving SA languages before they go out of use, as most of them unavoidably will. More work languishes in personal files than is published, but this is a standard problem. It is fair to say that SA and New Guinea are linguistically the poorest documented parts of the world. However, in the early 1960s fairly systematic efforts were launched in Papua New Guinea, and that areamuch smaller than SA, to be sureis in general much better documented than any part of indigenous SA of comparable size. As a result, many relationships between languages and language families have not been determined and some of those relationships that have been proposed are on somewhat shaky ground. The list of language families, isolates, and unclassified languages below is a rather conservative one based on Campbell (1997). Many of the proposed (and often speculative) groupings of families can be seen in Campbell (1997), Gordon (2005), Kaufman (1990, 1994), Key (1979), Loukotka (1968), and in the Language stock proposals section below.", "Hypothetical language-family proposals of American languages are often cited as uncontroversial in popular writing. However, many of these proposals have not been fully demonstrated, or even demonstrated at all. Some proposals are viewed by specialists in a favorable light, believing that genetic relationships are very likely to be established in the future (for example, the Penutian stock). Other proposals are more controversial with many linguists believing that some genetic relationships of a proposal may be demonstrated but much of it undemonstrated (for example, Hokan–Siouan, which, incidentally, Edward Sapir called his \"wastepaper basket stock\"). Still other proposals are almost unanimously rejected by specialists (for example, Amerind). Below is a (partial) list of some such proposals: Good discussions of past proposals can be found in Campbell (1997) and Campbell & Mithun (1979). Amerindian linguist Lyle Campbell also assigned different percentage values of probability and confidence for various proposals of macro-families and language relationships, depending on his views of the proposals' strengths. For example, the Germanic language family would receive probability and confidence percentage values of +100% and 100%, respectively. However, if Turkish and Quechua were compared, the probability value might be −95%, while the confidence value might be 95%. 0% probability or confidence would mean complete uncertainty.", "Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words. It cannot be determined that these languages actually existed or that the few recorded words are actually of known or unknown languages. Some may simply be from a historian's errors. Others are of known people with no linguistic record (sometimes due to lost records). A short list is below. Loukotka (1968) reports the names of hundreds of South American languages which do not have any linguistic documentation.", "Various miscellaneous languages such as pidgins, mixed languages, trade languages, and sign languages are given below in alphabetical order." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 34754, 111, 70, 231296, 289, 187, 206, 83, 27983, 137272, 678, 142, 45964, 12610, 6, 159958, 5, 12610, 10, 944, 77193, 7, 4, 6, 80728, 7, 4, 444, 19379, 104241, 7, 136, 88119, 6, 212423, 187, 206, 24702, 1577, 136, 55556, 5, 581, 12610, 7, 31895, 3017, 15555, 297, 70, 53088, 111, 187, 206, 50961, 1295, 2363, 1775, 6563, 4398, 108, 6958, 38648, 7, 5, 581, 1775, 6563, 4398, 7, 11814, 56303, 37838, 122329, 297, 11001, 9118, 187, 17007, 237, 70836, 7, 707, 11914, 7, 47, 2363, 162708, 74, 27781, 7, 111, 1775, 6563, 4398, 187, 17007, 188545, 99, 32969, 7366, 136, 5976, 34290, 5, 581, 6626, 22799, 80854, 111, 70, 12610, 231296, 289, 187, 206, 46, 10, 68807, 9, 188, 48398, 187, 206, 136, 10, 6, 108047, 22, 102, 7119, 6644, 46, 1902, 4989, 2809, 23, 4527, 237, 84797, 107653, 82451, 80854, 23, 142, 45964, 200955, 4, 1284, 70, 160600, 7, 12601, 2822, 70, 4527, 111, 22, 102, 7119, 54889, 23, 2363, 110664, 7, 4, 136, 39555, 167969, 17438, 14534, 2363, 4527, 111, 70, 187, 206, 47, 45646, 7, 1379, 173591, 81147, 4, 6044, 237, 3627, 16145, 136, 40, 42844, 5, 581, 12610, 231296, 289, 187, 206, 70163, 71, 10, 68807, 187, 206, 136, 10, 6, 108047, 22, 102, 7119, 6644, 23, 10, 11001, 4092, 9, 144057, 45646, 5, 4865, 3542, 7311, 538, 8060, 214, 3365, 316, 1779, 100512, 34166, 538, 156347, 13, 80854, 98, 70, 1810, 56, 2577, 111, 187, 206, 4, 12960, 70, 22, 102, 7119, 6644, 4, 16177, 3674, 1295, 6863, 31486, 237, 10, 33976, 8060, 4, 100512, 70, 123789, 100, 70, 211656, 136, 167821, 89914, 450, 70, 187, 206, 45367, 1314, 32599, 297, 47, 158, 67709, 8305, 70, 4527, 111, 33908, 6635, 136, 128201, 238, 4, 29718, 4935, 136, 156347, 13, 80854, 5, 581, 5744, 13579, 44, 18, 16219, 195994, 187, 206, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 110, 1363, 450, 903, 3173, 111, 6, 159958, 509, 162711, 47, 70, 70318, 136, 159202, 1363, 111, 10, 231296, 47, 106480, 65771, 12610, 4537, 7, 4, 390, 43374, 111, 70, 12610, 1490, 2182, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 187, 17007, 5423, 1257, 47, 159202, 67, 10, 231296, 3542, 7228, 23, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 12610, 47806, 5, 32255, 3542, 35839, 44, 2472, 3466, 7, 58, 15, 7, 5, 44, 2472, 93, 425, 18939, 136, 136355, 29569, 1294, 450, 151552, 136, 159202, 3674, 70, 91375, 53, 136, 231296, 5, 51181, 223, 94358, 37032, 223, 83, 51529, 47, 765, 3657, 89829, 6626, 6044, 44, 2472, 3466, 7, 58, 23, 100192, 77269, 47, 159202, 67, 1919, 91375, 3387, 23, 178968, 5, 116267, 44, 2472, 93, 425, 58, 509, 88303, 98, 70, 156350, 1212, 37639, 390, 49628, 20402, 101334, 223, 23, 36084, 77269, 4, 136, 72742, 223, 80822, 223, 46540, 223, 3164, 3522, 29299, 49107, 64549, 297, 1632, 23, 70, 12610, 9345, 23, 58865, 77269, 5, 438, 86, 111, 6097, 45646, 7, 1556, 188545, 71, 136, 10176, 83, 51529, 1672, 2363, 170894, 5, 12610, 231296, 289, 41361, 7, 98816, 207583, 99, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 109343, 14922, 3229, 70, 44, 94261, 16615, 7, 58, 163094, 8, 7612, 297, 450, 231296, 7, 136, 231296, 289, 3486, 34639, 7, 3542, 47, 186, 17438, 14534, 47, 43032, 111, 70, 163628, 14449, 74, 23, 41361, 4, 903, 131148, 70, 3114, 2069, 6, 88940, 748, 707, 1919, 177047, 16037, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 2472, 93, 425, 58, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 44, 147, 11680, 58, 15, 59438, 194, 51404, 131161, 44, 2472, 3466, 7, 58, 5809, 186, 3657, 89829, 390, 10, 44, 18, 16219, 14612, 1290, 58, 99, 1919, 10002, 81604, 1830, 136, 14700, 21161, 4, 163628, 231296, 289, 187, 17007, 3542, 31411, 297, 390, 8, 7612, 13, 111, 70, 1490, 2182, 4, 707, 68018, 390, 180187, 53, 26837, 7, 111, 11192, 23179, 4, 47, 3486, 34639, 136, 125568, 6, 88940, 25251, 4, 2363, 23179, 136, 70, 142424, 111, 352, 95972, 5, 63590, 90, 3542, 959, 204988, 88303, 237, 14018, 3956, 7, 4, 1284, 46, 51, 5062, 5941, 5744, 231296, 289, 187, 17007, 46, 1836, 3542, 27983, 3657, 89829, 36880, 33816, 7, 136, 3542, 179140, 47, 186, 115081, 8305, 4, 959, 10932, 5, 17006, 12610, 231296, 289, 187, 17007, 3542, 88303, 20271, 70, 163628, 14922, 5, 3311, 70, 22759, 927, 142642, 19831, 2685, 3542, 4039, 6044, 187, 17007, 23, 51651, 4, 111, 3129, 17262, 765, 188545, 71, 46, 70, 63590, 111, 2371, 2143, 15, 12351, 16503, 247, 70, 63590, 111, 102330, 2605, 223, 48752, 223, 15, 139911, 1104, 143422, 16, 136, 70, 63590, 111, 73138, 13, 6896, 62155, 5, 93511, 10821, 187, 17007, 3542, 88303, 234311, 23, 70, 12610, 145359, 5, 581, 11001, 187, 206, 509, 70, 2684, 39210, 4, 1284, 5941, 162738, 187, 17007, 3542, 2843, 88303, 4, 111, 3129, 70, 4699, 316, 195994, 63590, 111, 74888, 24073, 82063, 11, 58, 19831, 952, 16, 83, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 613, 686, 6496, 27781, 5, 28090, 70, 116, 2208, 142642, 19831, 4, 5941, 27781, 7, 111, 70, 44, 147, 11680, 96137, 420, 38281, 58, 46, 10, 6, 108047, 231296, 289, 187, 206, 3657, 89829, 645, 10, 41421, 52562, 7, 4, 678, 187, 74694, 73432, 7, 98, 756, 22759, 5609, 7, 46, 3542, 88303, 4, 41866, 23, 23924, 36941, 5, 63590, 9, 146049, 23, 51651, 136, 98848, 45, 65015, 5252, 7103, 70, 1733, 111, 4937, 2864, 15, 12351, 16193, 104279, 59741, 1284, 47143, 297, 38134, 21329, 712, 23, 70, 140280, 7, 20271, 70, 116, 2208, 136, 138, 4216, 202032, 90, 19831, 74, 1836, 3542, 27983, 3657, 89829, 47, 159202, 67, 109343, 19922, 7, 5, 59784, 83, 51529, 1672, 3642, 70, 12610, 7, 21455, 297, 231296, 289, 187, 17007, 5, 63677, 299, 70, 540, 820, 4, 32562, 23, 70, 5117, 142642, 19831, 4, 509, 70, 4734, 142, 45964, 42179, 47, 45252, 2856, 5, 1529, 54397, 450, 1836, 3542, 179140, 47, 44, 131753, 13, 36917, 70, 23335, 1294, 8999, 58, 142, 29569, 111, 142, 739, 3165, 2822, 3445, 56104, 8, 18695, 3674, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 10, 33908, 13, 678, 10, 96137, 208, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 4331, 7, 111, 12610, 109343, 231296, 289, 187, 17007, 46, 3129, 100512, 118055, 538, 121151, 13, 645, 1733, 136, 216479, 71, 10, 20324, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 231296, 289, 187, 206, 83, 10, 155655, 45646, 23, 70, 115700, 111, 142, 187, 206, 7514, 678, 1632, 707, 1286, 187, 74694, 46692, 102966, 4, 27983, 82775, 47, 27734, 10, 33816, 5, 360, 6863, 30362, 18, 3173, 10, 231296, 289, 187, 206, 58055, 7, 111, 6626, 106750, 61322, 7, 162711, 390, 142, 187, 206, 4, 8374, 157272, 678, 10, 49878, 22, 102, 7119, 6644, 707, 243, 1771, 98, 3129, 10, 33908, 13, 13648, 186, 6, 121147, 297, 707, 3129, 81148, 7, 159202, 4935, 6, 101287, 7, 5, 581, 5201, 45646, 83, 27983, 122329, 297, 678, 2258, 6496, 7, 4, 152319, 297, 123046, 7, 4, 136, 36268, 5256, 5, 5455, 121151, 13, 231296, 289, 187, 17007, 1543, 765, 48716, 187, 206, 102966, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Origins and development.", "Roman triumphal arches.", "Post-Roman triumphal arches." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The development of the triumphal arch is often associated with ancient Roman architecture. Roman aqueducts, bridges, amphitheaters and domes employed arch principles and technology. The Romans probably borrowed the techniques of arch construction from their Etruscan neighbours. The Etruscans used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities; examples of Etruscan arches survive at Perugia and Volterra. The two key elements of the Roman triumphal arch – a round-topped arch and a square entablature – had long been in use as separate architectural elements in ancient Greece, but the Greeks preferred the use of entablatures in their temples, and almost entirely confined their use of the arch to structures under external pressure, such as tombs and sewers. The Roman triumphal arch combined a round arch and a square entablature in a single free-standing structure. What were originally supporting columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of arch, while the entablature, liberated from its role as a building support, became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey through the use of statuary and symbolic, narrative and decorative elements. The modern term \"triumphal arch\" derives from the notion that this form of architecture was connected to the award and commemoration of a triumph to particularly successful Roman generals, by vote of the Roman senate. The earliest arches set up to commemorate a triumph were made in the time of the Roman Republic. These were called \"fornices\" (s. \"fornix\") and bore imagery that described and commemorated the victory and triumph. Lucius Steritinus is known to have erected two such \"fornices\" in 196 BC to commemorate his victories in Hispania. Another \"fornix\" was built on the Capitoline Hill by Scipio Africanus in 190 BC, and Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus constructed one in the Roman Forum in 121 BC. None of these structures has survived and little is known about their appearance. Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the imperial period when the \"princeps\" Augustus decreed that triumphs and triumphal honours were to be confined to members of the Imperial family; in practice, this meant the ruling emperor or his antecedents. The term \"fornix\" was replaced by \"arcus\" (arch). While Republican \"fornices\" could be erected by a \"triumphator\" at his own discretion and expense, Imperial triumphal arches were sponsored by decree of the senate, or sometimes by wealthy holders of high office, to honour and promote emperors, their office and the values of empire. Arches were not necessarily built as entrances, but – unlike many modern triumphal arches – they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through, not around. Most Roman triumphal arches were built during the Imperial period. By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome, of which three have survived – the Arch of Titus (AD 81), the Arch of Septimius Severus (203–205) and the Arch of Constantine (315). Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The single arch was the most common, but many triple arches were also built, of which the Triumphal Arch of Orange (\"circa\" AD 21) is the earliest surviving example. From the 2nd century AD, many examples of the \"arcus quadrifrons\" – a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads, with arched openings on all four sides – were built, especially in North Africa. Arch-building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan (AD 98–117) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits. Little is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches. Pliny the Elder, writing in the first century AD, was the only ancient author to discuss them. He wrote that they were intended to \"elevate above the ordinary world\" an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a quadriga. However, the designs of Roman imperial triumphal arches – which became increasingly elaborate over time and evolved a regularised set of features – were clearly intended to convey a number of messages to the spectator. The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and \"triumphator\". As such, it concentrated on factual imagery rather than allegory. The façade was ornamented with marble columns, and the piers and attics with decorative cornices. Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements, the deeds of the \"triumphator\", the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself. The spandrels usually depicted flying Victories, while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the \"triumphator\". The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculptures. The vault was ornamented with coffers. Some triumphal arches were surmounted by a statue or a \"currus triumphalis\", a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a quadriga. The inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for restraint and order. This conception of what later became the art of typography remains of fundamental importance down to the present day.", "Roman triumphal arches remained a source of fascination well after the fall of Rome, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power. At Lorsch Abbey, the triple-arched \"Torhalle\" was built in deliberate imitation of a Roman triumphal arch to signify continuity between the Carolingian Empire and its Roman predecessor. It was not until the coming of the Renaissance, however, that rulers sought to associate themselves systematically with the Roman legacy by building their own triumphal arches. One of the earliest was the \"Aragonese Arch\" at the Castel Nuovo in Naples, erected by Alfonso V of Aragon in 1443, although like the later Porta Capuana this was engaged as part of the entrance to the castle. By the end of the 16th century the triumphal arch had become closely linked with court theatre, state pageantry and military fortifications. The motif of the triumphal arch was also adapted and incorporated into the facades of public buildings such as city halls and churches. Temporary triumphal arches made of lath and plaster were often erected for royal entries. Unlike the individual arches erected for Roman conquerors, Renaissance rulers often built a row of arches through which processions were staged. They defined a space for the movement of people and denoted significant sites at which particular messages were conveyed at each stage. Newly elected popes, for instance, processed through the streets of Rome under temporary triumphal arches built specially for the occasion. Arches were also built for dynastic weddings; when Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy married Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain in 1585, he processed under temporary triumphal arches that asserted the antiquity of the House of Savoy and associated his dynasty, through the art and architecture of the arches, with the imperial Roman past. Temporary wooden triumphal arches were also built in Malta for ceremonies in which a newly elected Hospitaller Grand Master took possession of Mdina and sometimes Birgu. Images of arches gained great importance as well. Although temporary arches were torn down after they had been used, they were recorded in great detail in engravings that were widely distributed and survived long after the original arches had been destroyed. The medium of engraving gave the viewer the opportunity to examine the allegories and inscriptions presented by the arches in a way that would not have been possible during the event. Sometimes the arches depicted were not even real structures but existed entirely as imaginary representations of royal propaganda. One famous example was the \"Ehrenpforte Maximilians I\" by Albrecht Dürer, commissioned by the Emperor Maximilian I. It was one of the largest prints ever produced, measuring high and consisting of 192 individual sheets, depicting an arch that was never intended to be built. It was printed in an edition of 700 copies and distributed to be coloured and pasted on the walls of city halls or the palaces of princes. The French led the way in building new permanent triumphal arches when the imperial ambitions of the Bourbon kings and Napoleon Bonaparte led to a spate of arch-building. By far the most famous arch from this period is the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, built from 1806–36, though it is consciously dissimilar from its Roman predecessors in omitting the customary ornamental columns – a lack that fundamentally changes the balance of the arch and gives it a distinctly \"top-heavy\" look. Other French arches more closely imitated those of imperial Rome; the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris, for instance, is closely modelled on the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome. Triumphal arches have continued to be built into the modern era, often as statements of power and self-aggrandizement by dictators. Adolf Hitler planned to build the world's largest triumphal arch in Berlin. The arch would have been vastly larger than any previously built, standing wide, deep and – big enough for the Arc de Triomphe to fit into it 49 times. It was intended to be carved with the names of Germany's 1.8 million dead in the First World War. However, construction was never begun. North Korea's dictator Kim Il Sung built the world's largest triumphal arch in Pyongyang in 1982. It was designed to be substantially bigger than the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and was erected on the site where, on October 14, 1945, Kim Il Sung gave his first public speech to the North Korean people. It is decorated with sculptures and reliefs depicting \"the triumphal returning of the victorious Great Leader to the country\". The form of the triumphal arch has also been put to other purposes, notably the construction of monumental memorial arches and city gates such as the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin or the Washington Square Arch in New York City, or simple welcoming arches such as the Barcelona Triumphal Arch, built as an entrance to the fairgrounds for the 1888 World Fair. Although patterned after triumphal arches, these were built for quite different purposes - to memorialise war dead or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5061, 1438, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 6626, 7003, 4588, 5367, 1314, 136, 23902, 4, 717, 143, 6438, 3668, 108075, 136, 2132, 8615, 44, 284, 143, 58, 98134, 30797, 5, 581, 21115, 25, 7, 9351, 21449, 1295, 2363, 33946, 23, 127990, 136, 99764, 127319, 5622, 15, 837, 927, 29526, 3542, 103122, 98, 1438, 7582, 12839, 194, 10660, 34377, 297, 678, 10, 29256, 111, 20984, 399, 25, 7, 44, 1062, 127, 239, 239, 239, 58, 23, 70, 51065, 111, 73584, 3129, 69307, 71, 36272, 23, 164111, 5, 1650, 509, 134629, 390, 15700, 29256, 11389, 4, 70, 11531, 44, 133747, 29642, 15, 724, 126, 14804, 1301, 7, 10091, 16, 830, 7311, 538, 51339, 297, 390, 187951, 21115, 1413, 27376, 372, 21816, 4, 3129, 2843, 509, 10, 5962, 23, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5368, 23295, 5, 581, 481, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 16093, 17014, 866, 2740, 830, 509, 121447, 98, 70, 29526, 25, 702, 927, 101207, 23, 7582, 4078, 136, 509, 435, 678, 60091, 36272, 4, 20654, 37838, 16320, 6048, 99, 110, 5, 116, 23, 28820, 127, 7156, 7, 116287, 136, 217063, 41929, 133782, 316, 219508, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 121447, 21640, 538, 23, 3295, 136, 116287, 297, 23, 10, 14012, 111, 76726, 36880, 14713, 4, 136, 23, 15758, 5, 44, 1062, 127, 239, 239, 239, 830, 44, 133747, 29642, 15, 724, 126, 14804, 1301, 7, 10091, 16, 58, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 50960, 11001, 4, 44, 1456, 532, 13538, 2369, 830, 21647, 297, 71644, 13, 116287, 36272, 23, 30839, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 76726, 136, 98848, 5, 5061, 1438, 23409, 98, 9742, 8060, 214, 70, 58696, 538, 5700, 30839, 21115, 131579, 2352, 36880, 102126, 4, 66724, 136, 236386, 5, 360, 18374, 65942, 21664, 171530, 450, 2412, 83, 137802, 5061, 30284, 1059, 1916, 3357, 136, 85403, 60212, 7, 17721, 717, 143, 136, 604, 4, 136, 121447, 10, 2639, 7156, 44, 163025, 56, 58, 23, 70, 11737, 6602, 5, 77168, 214, 604, 8, 2500, 6644, 4, 717, 143, 172310, 297, 22759, 19612, 72004, 15, 216561, 604, 82953, 4, 3342, 16, 136, 6626, 123, 3443, 7, 47, 70, 8753, 5, 360, 7582, 4, 5061, 1438, 23742, 70, 70318, 100, 11345, 28820, 127, 25515, 99, 70, 3295, 69882, 14713, 13703, 54530, 5, 717, 143, 17164, 297, 3525, 108171, 7, 100, 70, 69277, 71, 44, 1456, 497, 87, 2022, 2953, 136, 121447, 442, 237, 70, 11737, 11001, 5, 4687, 2843, 118775, 2639, 23, 70, 1030, 146365, 214, 19612, 1202, 5, 360, 56434, 5061, 1438, 75204, 28811, 48606, 56, 131904, 1314, 60992, 3129, 125296, 7, 50419, 9966, 27992, 7, 65771, 2843, 50782, 2363, 5368, 76726, 5, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 17932, 136, 2704, 12275, 7156, 4, 44, 6766, 89700, 87, 25, 1181, 622, 7673, 4, 509, 121447, 23, 7071, 20907, 717, 143, 54397, 136, 150350, 71, 756, 52336, 4, 136, 3060, 111, 2856, 3542, 11814, 23, 70, 5700, 28820, 127, 1910, 36549, 44, 9323, 17, 48569, 58, 23, 3129, 70, 8753, 118775, 5, 581, 37105, 11001, 4, 44, 33177, 67, 15, 568, 25, 39, 11205, 3003, 67, 16, 830, 100512, 10, 5962, 23, 164111, 136, 6863, 19612, 1202, 75204, 10, 22759, 9, 5613, 8347, 1295, 44, 571, 163089, 740, 581, 7156, 509, 4734, 121447, 23, 164111, 7440, 442, 157578, 110, 5, 138, 23, 116287, 7, 136, 509, 35649, 47314, 86761, 5, 147466, 23, 43304, 717, 143, 109133, 47, 3731, 31754, 7440, 2412, 23409, 98, 47, 35187, 99, 42814, 94674, 19694, 19188, 136, 3731, 31754, 29693, 111, 13703, 5, 5061, 1438, 221419, 538, 8360, 5281, 103488, 4, 102971, 15044, 21664, 136, 717, 143, 765, 136475, 2363, 107013, 2639, 80997, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 5061, 1438, 509, 10, 28820, 127, 24668, 21115, 14037, 297, 23, 4078, 390, 6626, 7003, 4588, 108171, 64370, 717, 143, 6438, 3668, 108075, 136, 21664, 98134, 30797, 51339, 214, 7426, 19612, 678, 80854, 111, 7426, 87221, 136, 7426, 13950, 5, 581, 34965, 25, 7, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 16093, 17014, 866, 2740, 58, 117593, 4, 509, 35649, 47314, 41929, 133782, 316, 23, 164111, 136, 2843, 69307, 71, 71644, 13, 36272, 23, 65925, 14713, 136, 15758, 5, 1650, 99201, 17262, 21640, 538, 116287, 214, 11001, 7, 12, 44, 1062, 127, 239, 239, 239, 830, 44, 133747, 29642, 15, 724, 126, 14804, 1301, 7, 10091, 16, 58, 136, 44, 1456, 532, 13538, 2369, 740, 24372, 21664, 25, 7, 8, 2500, 6644, 23, 65942, 70, 27992, 121447, 1632, 1286, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Blog 27 was founded by two teenage singers and friends, Tola Szlagowska and Alicja \"Ala\" Boratyn. The group's name came from their interest in blogging and shared birth date (both girls were born on 27 November 1992). They debuted with a cover of Alexia's \"Uh La La La\" in the summer of 2005, which achieved success in Poland. It was followed by another cover version, the song \"Hey Boy (Get Your Ass Up)\", originally performed by Swedish group Teddybears, which also was a hit in the band's home country. Their debut album, \"<LOL>\", was released on the girls' 13th birthday in November 2005 and was met with commercial success, ultimately peaking at no. 2 in Polish albums chart and receiving double platinum certification. The album was released internationally in 2006 and charted in a number of countries across Europe, and in Japan. \"Uh La La La\", \"Hey Boy (Get Your Ass Up)\" as well as the third single, \"Wid Out Ya\", gained moderate chart success in German-speaking countries and Italy. Blog 27 went on tour supporting the hugely popular German group Tokio Hotel across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In October 2006, Ala announced that she is leaving Blog 27, citing personal and creative differences between Tola and her, and released a solo album \"Higher\" in the next year. Following her departure, Tola recruited four musicians (including her brother, Jan) and two dancers to the band. In November, Blog 27 won the award for Best Polish Act at the 2006 MTV Europe Music Awards. Tola recorded new vocals for the ballad \"Who I Am?\" and released it as the next single. She also appeared solo in the accompanying music video. In 2007, Blog 27 received European Border Breakers Award which recognizes emerging acts successful also outside their home countries. The band's second and final studio album, \"Before I'll Die...\", was released in April 2008. Tola wrote and composed all songs, and some of them were used in the popular Polish TV series \"39 i pół\" in which the band appeared. The lead single, \"Cute (I'm Not Cute)\", became a hit in Poland and its music video received a four-star review from \"Blender\". The album was only released in Poland where it reached no. 3 in charts and was certified gold. Later in 2008, Tola moved to Los Angeles where she went on to study at Alexander Hamilton High School and Los Angeles College of Music. Blog 27 subsequently ceased activity, although both Ala and Tola have continued their respective solo careers." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 14941, 2565, 44, 94146, 402, 2408, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 42845, 44, 408, 13, 5612, 19481, 830, 44, 61340, 111, 8035, 51, 1727, 46572, 830, 1295, 42845, 4, 91084, 44, 309, 1727, 46572, 740, 3293, 2565, 122, 60877, 1295, 6626, 67241, 9, 568, 557, 9, 183921, 36418, 7, 4, 661, 44, 11, 51684, 58, 136, 661, 44, 150, 6496, 740, 581, 34153, 44, 2055, 12729, 6620, 58, 136, 44, 94146, 402, 2408, 58, 621, 27983, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 4, 1284, 621, 959, 204988, 70, 5701, 13580, 5, 169801, 1563, 12729, 6620, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 2271, 31847, 329, 830, 83, 1563, 590, 14653, 1295, 3060, 707, 756, 128746, 111, 17688, 103488, 4, 27983, 100, 3060, 84046, 14922, 111, 1733, 4, 12960, 2927, 18437, 2408, 1543, 186, 61924, 71, 237, 10, 87093, 6635, 167821, 81, 8770, 959, 47, 1108, 1294, 707, 81810, 23, 17688, 103488, 5, 62, 91153, 2481, 83, 39210, 538, 158, 150632, 297, 678, 2927, 18437, 2408, 136, 17688, 1563, 12729, 6620, 4, 1284, 442, 83, 90698, 117781, 1295, 70, 6626, 4, 237, 2927, 18437, 2408, 136, 17688, 1563, 12729, 6620, 621, 123166, 289, 136, 8382, 2750, 4527, 8382, 69407, 100, 61261, 621, 137567, 167729, 297, 390, 120103, 6044, 237, 142, 11651, 25, 7, 3357, 707, 167821, 144239, 7, 5, 62, 5, 601, 5, 22758, 602, 1081, 4, 12960, 32153, 214, 98, 70, 28451, 111, 2927, 18437, 2408, 23, 129574, 8780, 4, 117249, 450, 44, 2347, 2684, 39210, 538, 41591, 71, 80934, 111, 44, 94146, 99500, 58, 83, 42856, 142, 51, 1727, 46572, 707, 11001, 3445, 4, 136, 2927, 18437, 2408, 83, 21778, 1399, 4126, 237, 164661, 10821, 678, 17688, 1563, 12729, 6620, 707, 456, 2816, 4288, 1242, 602, 1081, 15190, 7, 450, 3853, 23, 70, 35845, 538, 61514, 46531, 111, 129574, 494, 525, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 44, 9319, 13, 83, 42856, 110, 34735, 41018, 289, 80934, 111, 2927, 18437, 2408, 740, 72542, 3157, 9190, 18, 6868, 297, 98, 70, 18614, 25443, 23, 604, 44, 284, 65786, 111, 10077, 18437, 2408, 58, 133206, 12, 44, 568, 2843, 144888, 297, 10, 80934, 450, 17116, 5861, 297, 70, 128652, 538, 50426, 109109, 136, 51, 73866, 7844, 149067, 1779, 17721, 2927, 18437, 2408, 4, 1608, 271, 2481, 136, 107368, 2481, 740, 581, 23755, 111, 44, 54936, 2927, 18437, 2408, 58, 509, 65508, 71, 390, 25203, 133, 40218, 23, 604, 15643, 12877, 44, 3957, 2356, 10077, 18437, 2408, 740, 360, 10, 15226, 5281, 11389, 194076, 111, 604, 12877, 4, 2412, 140526, 450, 44, 2055, 12729, 6620, 83, 10, 57553, 98, 70, 50782, 47, 2367, 25, 7, 7730, 98, 4, 136, 2927, 18437, 2408, 83, 10, 57553, 1295, 70, 46132, 740, 129551, 47, 604, 80934, 4, 2927, 18437, 2408, 15, 26301, 16610, 9, 32166, 2927, 18437, 2408, 450, 83, 237360, 71, 100, 351, 9, 226572, 223, 89397, 16, 83, 5045, 1286, 3501, 959, 19441, 1100, 5, 1650, 83, 1286, 91177, 289, 3501, 1563, 12729, 6620, 4, 136, 6863, 69236, 83, 3357, 75678, 136, 352, 62783, 674, 5, 3293, 3525, 80280, 98, 2927, 18437, 2408, 83, 28, 3089, 297, 390, 40368, 42179, 7, 26719, 72542, 3157, 9190, 18, 4, 64676, 1459, 161644, 4, 136, 64676, 1459, 7224, 4353, 5, 581, 79986, 111, 2927, 18437, 2408, 23, 70, 131007, 49063, 42615, 4, 36766, 15571, 28477, 707, 581, 32082, 85, 4, 1556, 10, 4989, 32692, 5, 10077, 18437, 2408, 509, 204797, 71, 237, 142, 6397, 79986, 111, 6897, 100, 756, 2667, 1224, 136, 4124, 7, 390, 2902, 73673, 132564, 4, 40494, 100, 15758, 7440, 442, 83, 959, 81113, 538, 134629, 4743, 47, 186768, 136, 68894, 34754, 7, 25632, 70, 11204, 658, 9624, 1290, 2320, 5, 360, 15758, 4, 2927, 18437, 2408, 509, 142, 6397, 54940, 131007, 49063, 181186, 7, 100, 75281, 7, 111, 5369, 5, 4966, 200265, 7, 111, 181186, 289, 2927, 18437, 2408, 3542, 221, 39210, 100, 221, 4989, 450, 4, 77681, 4, 23, 170612, 4, 11341, 131703, 7228, 129570, 8437, 100, 131007, 49063, 181186, 7, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 14610, 36743, 33297, 111, 131007, 49063, 2667, 1224, 64, 11030, 12259, 7, 139505, 5, 893, 27781, 83, 2673, 208, 3767, 3125, 3767, 266, 1461, 1306, 2506, 4, 10, 197097, 131007, 49063, 494, 525, 111, 148926, 121678, 6, 7154, 38904, 2750, 509, 139505, 136, 10, 67373, 217982, 520, 6496, 237, 10, 2667, 92, 100, 2684, 111, 1919, 6897, 6032, 5, 2902, 73673, 4, 14432, 51529, 237, 70, 132564, 4, 83, 51529, 100, 1919, 128061, 1363, 111, 1919, 58386, 4, 108405, 2369, 991, 50675, 1292, 4, 136, 775, 4, 191367, 11, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 237360, 142, 237, 329, 9523, 6897, 4, 764, 44841, 47, 10670, 85018, 128746, 111, 70, 56646, 669, 2517, 8999, 4, 26719, 1919, 58386, 136, 775, 5, 147466, 98, 15044, 1919, 58386, 136, 775, 33284, 297, 70, 237, 329, 9523, 26908, 136, 621, 119056, 23, 70, 131007, 49063, 7986, 7, 47, 765, 24209, 22, 20016, 33, 297, 5, 360, 15700, 10422, 4, 10, 177155, 5528, 31519, 17164, 297, 70, 4752, 31526, 59438, 582, 23695, 8372, 118, 237, 8035, 142, 204797, 111, 5786, 1803, 95283, 3956, 64457, 111, 2667, 11, 28692, 128061, 1363, 4, 70, 105859, 100512, 208806, 5700, 4743, 47, 6863, 1620, 1495, 6, 201507, 237, 5299, 237, 78779, 214, 70, 31486, 111, 24793, 23, 21, 2481, 237, 5299, 237, 41205, 6897, 5, 360, 70, 167821, 112664, 111, 177231, 18385, 164, 4, 2927, 18437, 2408, 83, 2843, 125568, 71, 100, 88669, 136, 47, 8, 88981, 14537, 111, 6, 19981, 136, 2843, 47, 114606, 100, 6897, 23, 100, 927, 277, 214, 179030, 98, 109270, 100, 116, 4, 4283, 5369, 3229, 20020, 1221, 186, 75935, 390, 70, 14537, 111, 70, 7086, 3853, 100, 197540, 1314, 47, 1884, 739, 538, 82953, 136, 114015, 5, 360, 903, 144239, 5426, 4, 2927, 18437, 2408, 83, 34475, 70, 486, 840, 18, 131011, 5, 1650, 83, 2804, 450, 4, 237, 117, 70, 48225, 111, 70, 174620, 3430, 8382, 37105, 10, 34166, 136, 2927, 18437, 67, 6897, 1221, 186, 65771, 538, 19048, 47, 158, 27227, 70, 613, 9966, 22925, 7, 5, 581, 14537, 111, 2927, 18437, 2408, 28282, 7, 142, 51, 66079, 65998, 111, 82370, 2481, 172915, 88669, 4, 14537, 4, 7398, 2481, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10077, 18437, 2408, 15, 161063, 42845, 44, 238, 3405, 5612, 19481, 18939, 83, 70, 11341, 111, 48136, 538, 8035, 51, 1727, 46572, 4, 17688, 538, 43719, 31847, 18, 4, 707, 15044, 4, 56104, 100, 167821, 89397, 5, 1650, 83, 27983, 23, 125413, 678, 70, 31486, 111, 10, 167821, 51521, 707, 30396, 67, 13, 5, 360, 6863, 653, 118201, 10422, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 94146, 402, 2408, 58, 83, 190659, 4734, 47, 8382, 100, 136565, 70, 51, 1727, 46572, 11341, 83, 70, 16750, 111, 10, 57, 89921, 81, 8770, 4, 27992, 111, 128061, 1363, 4, 707, 167821, 158, 686, 10763, 5, 360, 10, 91257, 10422, 4, 442, 83, 39210, 538, 217064, 47, 4734, 29459, 1563, 12729, 6620, 1295, 17688, 103488, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Abstinence and celibacy.", "Buddhism.", "Brahma Kumaris.", "Christianity.", "Desert Fathers.", "Augustinian view.", "After Augustine.", "Catholic Church.", "Celibate homosexual Christians.", "Hinduism.", "Islam.", "Meher Baba.", "Ancient Greece and Rome.", "The Balkans." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The English word \"celibacy\" derives from the Latin \"caelibatus\", \"state of being unmarried\", from Latin, meaning \"unmarried\". This word derives from two Proto-Indo-European stems, * \"alone\" and * \"living\".", "The words \"abstinence\" and \"celibacy\" are often used interchangeably, but are not necessarily the same thing. Sexual abstinence, also known as \"continence\", is abstaining from some or all aspects of sexual activity, often for some limited period of time, while celibacy may be defined as a voluntary religious vow not to marry or engage in sexual activity. Asexuality is commonly conflated with celibacy and sexual abstinence, but it is considered distinct from the two, as celibacy and sexual abstinence are behavioral and those who use those terms for themselves are generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal or religious beliefs. A. W. Richard Sipe, while focusing on the topic of celibacy in Catholicism, states that \"the most commonly assumed definition of \"celibate\" is simply an unmarried or single person, and celibacy is perceived as synonymous with sexual abstinence or restraint.\" Sipe adds that even in the relatively uniform milieu of Catholic priests in the United States \"there is simply no clear operational definition of celibacy\". Elizabeth Abbott commented on the terminology in her \"A History of Celibacy\" (2001): \"I also drafted a definition that discarded the rigidly pedantic and unhelpful distinctions between celibacy, chastity and virginity\". The concept of \"new celibacy\" was introduced by Gabrielle Brown in her 1980 book \"The New Celibacy\". In a revised version (1989) of her book, she claims that \"abstinence is a response on the outside to what's going on, and celibacy is a response from the inside\". According to her definition, celibacy (even short-term celibacy that is pursued for non-religious reasons) is much more than not having sex. It is more intentional than abstinence, and its goal is personal growth and empowerment. This new perspective on celibacy is echoed by several authors including Elizabeth Abbott, Wendy Keller, and Wendy Shalit.", "The rule of celibacy in the Buddhist religion, whether Mahayana or Theravada, has a long history. Celibacy was advocated as an ideal rule of life for all monks and nuns by Gautama Buddha, except for Japan where it is not strictly followed due to historical and political developments following the Meiji Restoration. In Japan, celibacy was an ideal among Buddhist clerics for hundreds of years. But violations of clerical celibacy were so common for so long that, finally, in 1872, state laws made marriage legal for Buddhist clerics. Subsequently, ninety percent of Buddhist monks/clerics married. An example is Higashifushimi Kunihide, a prominent Buddhist priest of Japanese royal ancestry who was married and a father whilst serving as a monk for most of his lifetime. Gautama, later known as the Buddha, is known for his renunciation of his wife, Princess Yasodharā, and son, Rahula. In order to pursue an ascetic life, he needed to renounce aspects of the impermanent world, including his wife and son. Later on both his wife and son joined the ascetic community and are mentioned in the Buddhist texts to have become enlightened. In another sense, a buddhavacana recorded the zen patriarch Vimalakirti as being an advocate of marital continence instead of monastic renunciation, the sutra became somewhat popular due to its brash humour as well as integrating the role of women in laity as well as spiritual life.", "In the religious movement of Brahma Kumaris, celibacy is also promoted for peace and to defeat power of lust and also to prepare for life in forthcoming Heaven on earth for 2,500 years when children will be created by the power of the mind even for householders to like holy brother and sister. In this belief system, celibacy is given the utmost importance. It is said that, as per the direction of the Supreme God those lead a pure and celibate life will be successfully able to conquer the surging vices. The power of celibacy creates an unseen environment of divinity bringing peace, power, purity, prosperity and fortune. Those with the power of celibacy are eligible to claim a bright future of Golden Age of heaven / Paradise. Brahma Kumaris' concept of identifying the self as a soul, different from physical body, is deeply linked to the philosophy of celibacy. It is said that the craving for sex and impure thoughts are the reason for the whole trouble in the universe today. And celibacy is to lead the pure relationship in one's life.", "When Jesus discusses marriage, he points out that there is some responsibility for a man marrying a woman (and vice versa). Not having assets of their own, women needed to be protected from the risk of their husbands' putting them on the street at whim. In those times marriage was an economic matter rather than one of love. A woman and her children could easily be rejected. Restriction of divorce was based on the necessity of protecting the woman and her position in society, not necessarily in a religious context, but an economic context. He also points out that there are those \"which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake\", but in the original Greek, the word εὐνοῦχος means \"castrated person\". It was the custom at the time Jesus lived for priests of some ancient gods and goddesses to be castrated. In the pre-Christian period Vestals, who served the virgin goddess of the hearth, were obliged to forgo marriage, and so were some priests and servants of some ancient deities such as Isis. There is no commandment in the New Testament that Jesus' disciples have to live in celibacy. The general view on sexuality among the early Jewish Christians was quite positive. Jesus himself does not speak in negative terms of the body in the New Testament. While the Jewish sect of essenes practiced celibacy the general practice of the Jewish community by that time prescribed marriage for everybody, and at an early age. Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter, the Apostle was married; Jesus healed Simon Peter's mother-in-law (Matt. 8:14), and other apostles and church members among the early Jewish Christians were also married: Paul's personal friends, Priscilla and Aquila (), who were Paul's coworkers, Andronicus of Pannonia (), and Junia (), who were highly regarded among the apostles, Ananias and Sapphira (Ap 5:1), Apphia and Philemon (Phil 1: 1). According to Eusebius Church History (\"Historia Ecclesiastica\"), Paul the Apostle, also known as Saul of Tarsus, was also married. It was the custom in the Jewish community to marry early. In his early writings, Paul the Apostle described marriage as a social obligation that has the potential of distracting from Christ. Sex, in turn, is not sinful but natural, and sex within marriage is both proper and necessary. In his later writings, Paul made parallels between the relations between spouses and God's relationship with the church. \"Husbands love your wives even as Christ loved the church. Husbands should love their wives as their own bodies\" (Ephesians 5:25–28). The early Christians lived in the belief that the End of the World would soon come upon them, and saw no point in planning new families and having children. This was why Paul encouraged both celibate and marital lifestyles among the members of the Corinthian congregation, regarding celibacy as the preferable of the two. Paul the Apostle emphasized the importance of overcoming the desires of the flesh and saw the state of celibacy being superior to the marriage. In the Catholic Church, a consecrated virgin, is a woman who has been consecrated by the church to a life of perpetual virginity in the service of God. According to most Christian thought, the first sacred virgin was Mary, the mother of Jesus, who was consecrated by the Holy Spirit during the Annunciation. Tradition also has it that the Apostle Matthew consecrated virgins. A number of early Christian martyrs were women or girls who had given themselves to Christ in perpetual virginity, such as Saint Agnes and Saint Lucy.", "The Desert Fathers were Christian hermits, and ascetics who had a major influence on the development of Christianity and celibacy. Paul of Thebes is often credited with being the first hermit monk to go to the desert, but it was Anthony the Great who launched the movement that became the Desert Fathers. Sometime around AD 270, Anthony heard a Sunday sermon stating that perfection could be achieved by selling all of one's possessions, giving the proceeds to the poor, and following Christ.(Matt. 19.21) He followed the advice and made the further step of moving deep into the desert to seek complete solitude. Over time, the model of Anthony and other hermits attracted many followers, who lived alone in the desert or in small groups. They chose a life of extreme asceticism, renouncing all the pleasures of the senses, rich food, baths, rest, and anything that made them comfortable. Thousands joined them in the desert, mostly men but also a handful of women. Religious seekers also began going to the desert seeking advice and counsel from the early Desert Fathers. By the time of Anthony's death, there were so many men and women living in the desert in celibacy that it was described as \"a city\" by Anthony's biographer. The first Conciliar document on celibacy of the Western Christian Church (Canon 33 of the Synod of Elvira, ) states that the discipline of celibacy is to refrain from the \"use\" of marriage, i.e. refrain from having carnal contact with one's spouse. According to the later St. Jerome (420) celibacy is a moral virtue, consisting of living in the flesh, but outside the flesh, and so being not corrupted by it (\"vivere in carne praeter carnem\"). Celibacy excludes not only libidinous acts, but also sinful thoughts or desires of the flesh. Jerome referred to marriage prohibition for priests when he claimed in \"Against Jovinianus\" that Peter and the other apostles had been married before they were called, but subsequently gave up their marital relations. Celibacy as a vocation may be independent from religious vows (as is the case with consecrated virgins, ascetics and hermits). In the Catholic, Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions, bishops are required to be celibate. In the Eastern Christian traditions, priests and deacons are allowed to be married, yet have to remain celibate if they are unmarried at the time of ordination.", "In the early Church higher clerics lived in marriages. Augustine of Hippo was one of the first to develop a theory that sexual feelings were sinful and negative. Augustine taught that the original sin of Adam and Eve was either an act of \"foolishness\" (\"insipientia\") followed by \"pride\" and \"disobedience\" to God, or else inspired by pride. The first couple disobeyed God, who had told them not to eat of the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2:17). The tree was a symbol of the order of creation. Self-centeredness made Adam and Eve eat of it, thus failing to acknowledge and respect the world as it was created by God, with its hierarchy of beings and values. They would not have fallen into pride and lack of wisdom, if Satan had not sown into their senses \"the root of evil\" (\"radix Mali\"). Their nature was wounded by concupiscence or libido, which affected human intelligence and will, as well as affections and desires, including sexual desire. The sin of Adam is inherited by all human beings. Already in his pre-Pelagian writings, Augustine taught that Original Sin was transmitted by concupiscence, which he regarded as the passion of both soul and body, making humanity a \"massa damnata\" (mass of perdition, condemned crowd) and much enfeebling, though not destroying, the freedom of the will. In the early 3rd century, the Canons of the Apostolic Constitutions decreed that only lower clerics might still marry after their ordination, but marriage of bishops, priests, and deacons were not allowed. Augustine's view of sexual feelings as sinful affected his view of women. For example, he considered a man's erection to be sinful, though involuntary, because it did not take place under his conscious control. His solution was to place controls on women to limit their ability to influence men. He equated flesh with woman and spirit with man. He believed that the serpent approached Eve because she was less rational and lacked self-control, while Adam's choice to eat was viewed as an act of kindness so that Eve would not be left alone. Augustine believed sin entered the world because man (the spirit) did not exercise control over woman (the flesh). Augustine's views on women were not all negative, however. In his \"Tractates on the Gospel of John\", Augustine, commenting on the Samaritan woman from John 4:1–42, uses the woman as a figure of the church. According to Raming, the authority of the \"Decretum Gratiani\", a collection of Roman Catholic canon law which prohibits women from leading, teaching, or being a witness, rests largely on the views of the early church fathers, especially St. Augustine. The laws and traditions founded upon St. Augustine's views of sexuality and women continue to exercise considerable influence over church doctrinal positions regarding the role of women in the church.", "One explanation for the origin of obligatory celibacy is that it is based on the writings of Saint Paul, who wrote of the advantages celibacy allowed a man in serving the Lord. Celibacy was popularised by the early Christian theologians like Saint Augustine of Hippo and Origen. Another possible explanation for the origins of obligatory celibacy revolves around more practical reason, \"the need to avoid claims on church property by priests' offspring\". It remains a matter of Canon Law (and often a criterion for certain religious orders, especially Franciscans) that priests may not own land and therefore cannot pass it on to legitimate or illegitimate children. The land belongs to the Church through the local diocese as administered by the Local Ordinary (usually a bishop), who is often an \"ex officio\" corporation sole. Celibacy is viewed differently by the Catholic Church and the various Protestant communities. It includes clerical celibacy, celibacy of the consecrated life, voluntary lay celibacy, and celibacy outside of marriage. The Protestant Reformation rejected celibate life and sexual continence for preachers. Protestant celibate communities have emerged, especially from Anglican and Lutheran backgrounds. A few minor Christian sects advocate celibacy as a better way of life. These groups included the Shakers, the Harmony Society and the Ephrata Cloister. Celibacy not only for religious and monastics (brothers/monks and sisters/nuns) but also for bishops is upheld by the Catholic Church traditions. Many evangelicals prefer the term \"abstinence\" to \"celibacy.\" Assuming everyone will marry, they focus their discussion on refraining from premarital sex and focusing on the joys of a future marriage. But some evangelicals, particularly older singles, desire a positive message of celibacy that moves beyond the \"wait until marriage\" message of abstinence campaigns. They seek a new understanding of celibacy that is focused on God rather than a future marriage or a lifelong vow to the Church. There are also many Pentecostal churches which practice celibate ministry. For instance, The full-time ministers of the Pentecostal Mission are celibate. Most of them are single, married couples can become celibate.", "During the first three or four centuries, no law was promulgated prohibiting clerical marriage. Celibacy was a matter of choice for bishops, priests, and deacons. Statutes forbidding clergy from having wives were written beginning with the Council of Elvira (306) but these early statutes were not universal and were often defied by clerics and then retracted by hierarchy. The Synod of Gangra (345) condemned a false asceticism whereby worshipers boycotted celebrations presided over by married clergy.\" The Apostolic Constitutions () excommunicated a priest or bishop who left his wife 'under the pretense of piety\"’ (Mansi, 1:51). \"A famous letter of Synesius of Cyrene () is evidence both for the respecting of personal decision in the matter and for contemporary appreciation of celibacy. For priests and deacons clerical marriage continued to be in vogue\". \"The Second Lateran Council (1139) seems to have enacted the first written law making sacred orders a diriment impediment to marriage for the universal Church.\" Celibacy was first required of some clerics in 1123 at the First Lateran Council. Because clerics resisted it, the celibacy mandate was restated at the Second Lateran Council (1139) and the Council of Trent (1545–64). In places, coercion and enslavement of clerical wives and children was apparently involved in the enforcement of the law. \"The earliest decree in which the children [of clerics] were declared to be slaves and never to be enfranchised [freed] seems to have been a canon of the Synod of Pavia in 1018. Similar penalties were promulgated against wives and concubines (see the Synod of Melfi, 1189 can. Xii), who by the very fact of their unlawful connexion with a subdeacon or clerk of higher rank became liable to be seized by the over-lord\". Celibacy for priests continues to be a contested issue even today. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Twelve Apostles are considered to have been the first priests and bishops of the Church. Some say the call to be eunuchs for the sake of Heaven in Matthew 19 was a call to be sexually continent and that this developed into celibacy for priests as the successors of the apostles. Others see the call to be sexually continent in Matthew 19 to be a caution for men who were too readily divorcing and remarrying. The view of the Church is that celibacy is a reflection of life in Heaven, a source of detachment from the material world which aids in one's relationship with God. Celibacy is designed to \"consecrate themselves with undivided heart to the Lord and to \"the affairs of the Lord, they give themselves entirely to God and to men. It is a sign of this new life to the service of which the Church's minister is consecrated; accepted with a joyous heart celibacy radiantly proclaims the Reign of God.\" In contrast, Saint Peter, whom the Church considers its first Pope, was married given that he had a mother-in-law whom Christ healed (Matthew 8). Usually, only celibate men are ordained as priests in the Latin Rite. Married clergy who have converted from other Christian denominations can be ordained Roman Catholic priests without becoming celibate. Priestly celibacy is not \"doctrine\" of the Church (such as the belief in the Assumption of Mary) but a matter of discipline, like the use of the vernacular (local) language in Mass or Lenten fasting and abstinence. As such, it can theoretically change at any time though it still must be obeyed by Catholics until the change were to take place. The Eastern Catholic Churches ordain both celibate and married men. However, in both the East and the West, bishops are chosen from among those who are celibate. In Ireland, several priests have fathered children, the two most prominent being Bishop Eamonn Casey and Father Michael Cleary. The classical heritage flourished throughout the Middle Ages in both the Byzantine Greek East and the Latin West. Will Durant has made a case that certain prominent features of Plato's ideal community were discernible in the organization, dogma and effectiveness of \"the\" Medieval Church in Europe: \"The clergy, like Plato's guardians, were placed in authority... by their talent as shown in ecclesiastical studies and administration, by their disposition to a life of meditation and simplicity, and... by the influence of their relatives with the powers of state and church. In the latter half of the period in which they ruled [AD 800 onwards], the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire [for such guardians]... [Clerical] Celibacy was part of the psychological structure of the power of the clergy; for on the one hand they were unimpeded by the narrowing egoism of the family, and on the other their apparent superiority to the call of the flesh added to the awe in which lay sinners held them...\" \"In the latter half of the period in which they ruled, the clergy were as free from family cares as even Plato could desire\". \"Greater understanding of human psychology has led to questions regarding the impact of celibacy on the human development of the clergy. The realization that many non-European countries view celibacy negatively has prompted questions concerning the value of retaining celibacy as an absolute and universal requirement for ordained ministry in the Roman Catholic Church\" \"The declining number of priests in active ministry, the exemption from the requirement of celibacy for married clergy who enter the Catholic Church after having been ordained in the Episcopal Church, and reported incidences of de facto nonobservance of the requirement by clergy in various parts of the world, especially in Africa and Latin America, suggests that the discussion [of celibacy] will continue.\" The reintroduction of a permanent diaconate has permitted the Church to allow married men to become deacons but they may not go on to become priests.", "Some homosexual Christians choose to be celibate following their denomination's teachings on homosexuality. In 2014, the American Association of Christian Counselors amended its code of ethics to eliminate the promotion of conversion therapy for homosexuals and encouraged them to be celibate instead.", "In Hinduism, celibacy is usually associated with the \"sadhus\" (\"holy men\"), ascetics who withdraw from society and renounce all worldly ties. Celibacy, termed \"brahmacharya\" in Vedic scripture, is the fourth of the \"yamas\" and the word literally translated means \"dedicated to the Divinity of Life\". The word is often used in yogic practice to refer to celibacy or denying pleasure, but this is only a small part of what \"brahmacharya\" represents. The purpose of practicing \"brahmacharya\" is to keep a person focused on the purpose in life, the things that instill a feeling of peace and contentment. It is also used to cultivate occult powers and many supernatural feats, called siddhi.", "Islamic attitudes toward celibacy have been complex, Muhammad denounced it, however some Sufi orders embrace it. Islam does not promote celibacy; rather it condemns premarital sex and extramarital sex. In fact, according to Islam, marriage enables one to attain the highest form of righteousness within this sacred spiritual bond and is as such to be sought after and desired. It disagrees with the concept that marriage acts as a form of distraction in attaining nearness to God. The Qur'an (57:27) states, \"But the Monasticism which they invented for themselves, We did not prescribe for them but only to please God therewith, but that they did not observe it with the right observance.\" The following sayings about Muhammad also address celibacy: \"There have been people who have come to the prophet and explained how they love to be engaged in prayer and fasting for the sake of God. The Prophet Mohammed told them that, despite this being good, it is also a blessing to raise a family, to remain moderate and not to concentrate too much on one aspect as not only can this be unhealthy for an individual as well as upon society, it may also take one away from God.\" Celibacy appears as a peculiarity among some Sufis. Celibacy was practiced by women saints in Sufism. Celibacy was debated along with women's roles in Sufism in medieval times. Celibacy, poverty, meditation, and mysticism within an ascetic context along with worship centered around Saint's tombs were promoted by the Qadiri Sufi order among Hui Muslims in China. In China, unlike other Muslim sects, the leaders (Shaikhs) of the Qadiriyya Sufi order are celibate. Unlike other Sufi orders in China, the leadership within the order is not a hereditary position, rather, one of the disciples of the celibate Shaikh is chosen by the Shaikh to succeed him. The 92-year-old celibate Shaikh Yang Shijun was the leader of the Qadiriya order in China as of 1998. Celibacy is practiced by Haydariya Sufi dervishes.", "The spiritual teacher Meher Baba stated that \"[F]or the [spiritual] aspirant a life of strict celibacy is preferable to married life, if restraint comes to him easily without undue sense of self-repression. Such restraint is difficult for most persons and sometimes impossible, and for them married life is decidedly more helpful than a life of celibacy. For ordinary persons, married life is undoubtedly advisable unless they have a special aptitude for celibacy\". Baba also asserted that \"The value of celibacy lies in the habit of restraint and the sense of detachment and independence which it gives\" and that \"The aspirant must choose one of the two courses which are open to him. He must take to the life of celibacy or to the married life, and he must avoid at all costs a cheap compromise between the two. Promiscuity in sex gratification is bound to land the aspirant in a most pitiful and dangerous chaos of ungovernable lust.\"", "In Sparta and many other Greek cities, failure to marry was grounds for loss of citizenship, and could be prosecuted as a crime. Both Cicero and Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated that Roman law forbade celibacy. There are no records of such a prosecution, nor is the Roman punishment for refusing to marry known. Pythagoreanism was the system of esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers. Pythagorean thinking was dominated by a profoundly mystical view of the world. The Pythagorean code further restricted his members from eating meat, fish, and beans which they practised for religious, ethical and ascetic reasons, in particular the idea of metempsychosis – the transmigration of souls into the bodies of other animals. \"Pythagoras himself established a small community that set a premium on study, vegetarianism, and sexual restraint or abstinence. Later philosophers believed that celibacy would be conducive to the detachment and equilibrium required by the philosopher's calling.\"", "The tradition of sworn virgins developed out of the \"Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit\" (, or simply the \"Kanun\"). The \"Kanun\" is not a religious document – many groups follow it, including Roman Catholics, the Albanian Orthodox, and Muslims. Women who become sworn virgins make a vow of celibacy, and are allowed to take on the social role of men: inheriting land, wearing male clothing, etc." ] }

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

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 192617, 144, 429, 2844, 4, 10, 43967, 111, 10, 50944, 425, 62, 83, 70, 27354, 660, 111, 3060, 164917, 6, 108047, 50944, 425, 4, 59226, 7565, 1295, 62, 390, 49146, 6496, 1632, 707, 1286, 111, 6863, 6, 15555, 7, 136, 3365, 316, 1779, 5, 146410, 7, 113054, 297, 390, 49146, 6496, 1660, 1632, 6, 15555, 136, 1632, 3365, 316, 19, 1295, 6, 108047, 50944, 5170, 15, 13448, 271, 43967, 7, 16, 621, 56065, 100, 74481, 1916, 50944, 425, 552, 144810, 7, 4, 3129, 23, 15504, 621, 80234, 100, 242122, 15044, 70, 27354, 660, 136, 23, 37676, 111, 6, 108047, 50944, 5170, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition and illustration.", "First minors.", "General definition.", "Complement.", "Applications of minors and cofactors.", "Cofactor expansion of the determinant.", "Inverse of a matrix.", "Other applications.", "Multilinear algebra approach.", "A remark about different notation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "If A is a square matrix, then the \"minor\" of the entry in the \"i\"th row and \"j\"th column (also called the (\"i\", \"j\") \"minor\", or a \"first minor\") is the determinant of the submatrix formed by deleting the \"i\"th row and \"j\"th column. This number is often denoted \"M\". The (\"i\", \"j\") \"cofactor\" is obtained by multiplying the minor by formula_1. To illustrate these definitions, consider the following 3 by 3 matrix, To compute the minor \"M\" and the cofactor \"C\", we find the determinant of the above matrix with row 2 and column 3 removed. So the cofactor of the (2,3) entry is", "Let A be an \"m\" × \"n\" matrix and \"k\" an integer with 0 < \"k\" ≤ \"m\", and \"k\" ≤ \"n\". A \"k\" × \"k\" \"minor\" of A, also called \"minor determinant of order k\" of A or, if \"m\" = \"n\", (\"n\"−\"k\")\"th minor determinant\" of A (the word \"determinant\" is often omitted, and the word \"degree\" is sometimes used instead of \"order\") is the determinant of a \"k\" × \"k\" matrix obtained from A by deleting \"m\"−\"k\" rows and \"n\"−\"k\" columns. Sometimes the term is used to refer to the \"k\" × \"k\" matrix obtained from A as above (by deleting \"m\"−\"k\" rows and \"n\"−\"k\" columns), but this matrix should be referred to as a \"(square) submatrix\" of A, leaving the term \"minor\" to refer to the determinant of this matrix. For a matrix A as above, there are a total of formula_5 minors of size \"k\" × \"k\". The \"minor of order zero\" is often defined to be 1. For a square matrix, the \"zeroth minor\" is just the determinant of the matrix. Let formula_6 and formula_7 be ordered sequences (in natural order, as it is always assumed when talking about minors unless otherwise stated) of indexes, call them \"I\" and \"J\", respectively. The minor formula_8 corresponding to these choices of indexes is denoted formula_9 or formula_10 or formula_11 or formula_12 or formula_13 (where the formula_14 denotes the sequence of indexes \"I\", etc.), depending on the source. Also, there are two types of denotations in use in literature: by the minor associated to ordered sequences of indexes \"I\" and \"J\", some authors mean the determinant of the matrix that is formed as above, by taking the elements of the original matrix from the rows whose indexes are in \"I\" and columns whose indexes are in \"J\", whereas some other authors mean by a minor associated to \"I\" and \"J\" the determinant of the matrix formed from the original matrix by deleting the rows in \"I\" and columns in \"J\". Which notation is used should always be checked from the source in question. In this article, we use the inclusive definition of choosing the elements from rows of \"I\" and columns of \"J\". The exceptional case is the case of the first minor or the (\"i\", \"j\")-minor described above; in that case, the exclusive notation formula_15 is standard everywhere in the literature and is used in this article also.", "The complement, \"B\", of a minor, \"M\", of a square matrix, A, is formed by the determinant of the matrix A from which all the rows (\"ijk...\") and columns (\"pqr...\") associated with \"M\" have been removed. The complement of the first minor of an element \"a\" is merely that element.", "", "The cofactors feature prominently in Laplace's formula for the expansion of determinants, which is a method of computing larger determinants in terms of smaller ones. Given an matrix formula_16, the determinant of \"A\", denoted det(\"A\"), can be written as the sum of the cofactors of any row or column of the matrix multiplied by the entries that generated them. In other words, defining formula_17 then the cofactor expansion along the \"j\"th column gives: The cofactor expansion along the \"i\"th row gives:", "One can write down the inverse of an invertible matrix by computing its cofactors by using Cramer's rule, as follows. The matrix formed by all of the cofactors of a square matrix A is called the \"cofactor matrix\" (also called the \"matrix of cofactors\" or \"comatrix\"): Then the inverse of A is the transpose of the cofactor matrix times the reciprocal of the determinant of \"A\": The transpose of the cofactor matrix is called the adjugate matrix (also called the \"classical adjoint\") of A. The above formula can be generalized as follows: Let formula_22 and formula_23 be ordered sequences (in natural order) of indexes (here A is an \"n\" × \"n\" matrix). Then where \"I′\", \"J′\" denote the ordered sequences of indices (the indices are in natural order of magnitude, as above) complementary to \"I\", \"J\", so that every index 1,..., \"n\" appears exactly once in either \"I\" or \"I′\", but not in both (similarly for the \"J\" and \"J′\") and formula_25 denotes the determinant of the submatrix of A formed by choosing the rows of the index set \"I\" and columns of index set \"J\". Also, formula_26. A simple proof can be given using wedge product. Indeed, where formula_28 are the basis vectors. Acting by A on both sides, one gets The sign can be worked out to be formula_30, so the sign is determined by the sums of elements in \"I\" and \"J\".", "Given an \"m\" × \"n\" matrix with real entries (or entries from any other field) and rank \"r\", then there exists at least one non-zero \"r\" × \"r\" minor, while all larger minors are zero. We will use the following notation for minors: if A is an \"m\" × \"n\" matrix, \"I\" is a subset of {1...,\"m\"} with \"k\" elements, and \"J\" is a subset of {1...,\"n\"} with \"k\" elements, then we write [A] for the minor of A that corresponds to the rows with index in \"I\" and the columns with index in \"J\". Both the formula for ordinary matrix multiplication and the Cauchy–Binet formula for the determinant of the product of two matrices are special cases of the following general statement about the minors of a product of two matrices. Suppose that A is an \"m\" × \"n\" matrix, B is an \"n\" × \"p\" matrix, \"I\" is a subset of {1...,\"m\"} with \"k\" elements and \"J\" is a subset of {1...,\"p\"} with \"k\" elements. Then where the sum extends over all subsets \"K\" of {1...,\"n\"} with \"k\" elements. This formula is a straightforward extension of the Cauchy–Binet formula.", "A more systematic, algebraic treatment of minors is given in multilinear algebra, using the wedge product: the \"k\"-minors of a matrix are the entries in the \"k\"th exterior power map. If the columns of a matrix are wedged together \"k\" at a time, the \"k\" × \"k\" minors appear as the components of the resulting \"k\"-vectors. For example, the 2 × 2 minors of the matrix are −13 (from the first two rows), −7 (from the first and last row), and 5 (from the last two rows). Now consider the wedge product where the two expressions correspond to the two columns of our matrix. Using the properties of the wedge product, namely that it is bilinear and alternating, and antisymmetric, we can simplify this expression to where the coefficients agree with the minors computed earlier.", "In some books, instead of \"cofactor\" the term \"adjunct\" is used. Moreover, it is denoted as A and defined in the same way as cofactor: Using this notation the inverse matrix is written this way: Keep in mind that \"adjunct\" is not adjugate or adjoint. In modern terminology, the \"adjoint\" of a matrix most often refers to the corresponding adjoint operator." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1446, 86, 5423, 7, 70, 23577, 390, 13254, 214, 4, 44, 3957, 119420, 13, 47806, 1902, 44116, 297, 10, 17723, 99082, 23, 64549, 214, 903, 22729, 23923, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 8999, 4, 58, 28032, 540, 6504, 9631, 136, 70, 182, 3422, 111, 12190, 9, 11670, 66, 44, 5037, 7, 10, 8562, 111, 24320, 47, 540, 6504, 9631, 1242, 581, 224, 4453, 206, 139098, 44, 294, 2733, 9, 919, 446, 58, 174920, 98, 33649, 5, 543, 10057, 47, 64549, 70, 22729, 23923, 4, 3129, 509, 33428, 3674, 98, 483, 25755, 5, 192888, 4, 135203, 35389, 74261, 23, 155955, 98, 2663, 111, 10, 931, 7030, 5390, 74261, 11192, 4, 136, 166116, 3674, 390, 29700, 5, 581, 22729, 23923, 17997, 71, 109923, 7, 3934, 70, 636, 3596, 107, 7832, 217, 707, 127067, 111, 70, 90695, 4, 136, 509, 47, 186, 12789, 297, 390, 138, 13695, 1314, 645, 70, 11737, 138, 21775, 4, 24189, 70, 30646, 111, 70, 44, 294, 4119, 55234, 740, 992, 372, 69723, 19, 271, 47, 13769, 86472, 4, 5919, 1418, 4, 136, 120686, 4, 70, 185256, 22729, 23923, 6, 184308, 136, 1919, 4358, 1314, 4, 70, 90695, 509, 70, 77758, 111, 10, 54, 3121, 29475, 191, 297, 78312, 90, 4, 2750, 24357, 2363, 1733, 23, 148, 107, 41324, 5, 32964, 111, 2856, 621, 162882, 297, 390, 10, 8753, 111, 3525, 538, 174920, 78312, 90, 12441, 390, 1632, 148642, 5, 13769, 86472, 4, 70, 4734, 613, 686, 3104, 4, 47445, 7, 40368, 21775, 24189, 70, 58580, 257, 206, 139098, 44, 294, 2733, 4221, 58, 83, 4743, 47, 30646, 4, 613, 686, 6496, 5773, 70, 78312, 90, 25, 204105, 4343, 7, 111, 15381, 23, 10, 143383, 5, 24372, 70, 44, 441, 92545, 53, 830, 142, 15672, 109923, 1295, 19745, 4, 223660, 4, 150631, 90, 98, 70, 90695, 4743, 47, 70, 22729, 25, 7, 19441, 2809, 3884, 1810, 390, 70, 78312, 90, 4, 13769, 86472, 8753, 7, 678, 70, 31247, 613, 686, 3104, 111, 70, 148, 115656, 292, 23972, 155322, 4939, 104125, 46, 47, 7279, 70, 78312, 90, 1295, 38940, 10366, 3934, 70, 25134, 109727, 5, 10660, 111240, 47, 6, 16275, 1353, 429, 10, 831, 6431, 1295, 70, 148, 115656, 4588, 136, 106443, 70, 78312, 90, 25, 109923, 4, 70, 44, 4613, 8782, 830, 237, 442, 83, 1672, 47, 31358, 70, 9118, 1836, 621, 39501, 297, 23, 5, 581, 6, 128019, 4734, 113660, 43967, 82649, 4, 49903, 4, 136, 70, 78312, 90, 25, 2258, 2278, 720, 83, 19048, 47, 30022, 442, 23, 4734, 10, 10846, 13312, 5, 581, 17431, 8108, 70, 109923, 83, 1672, 47, 81887, 47, 31358, 13438, 4, 13769, 86472, 186857, 7, 47, 70, 44, 4613, 8782, 58, 99, 6863, 931, 31, 2852, 136, 18153, 7, 10, 54330, 23, 70, 18485, 820, 5, 3293, 113660, 4, 14373, 13438, 4, 4734, 43967, 82649, 4, 136, 83, 188347, 23, 4734, 1632, 5155, 5, 581, 11737, 5155, 49903, 4, 3980, 43632, 4, 70, 17932, 9, 73, 9, 277, 12018, 111, 70, 78312, 13, 109923, 4, 13162, 7, 70, 44, 294, 2733, 4221, 58, 98, 70, 6, 156634, 5, 117887, 37838, 100, 70, 78312, 90, 4, 442, 1221, 959, 54410, 24189, 17431, 6032, 4, 136, 70, 44, 294, 2733, 4221, 58, 831, 25, 18, 144681, 2046, 3934, 70, 9118, 15490, 22729, 1295, 70, 22729, 23923, 5, 3293, 1221, 8337, 70, 78312, 90, 70, 15787, 18227, 47, 94708, 1810, 136, 57, 379, 10932, 70, 127067, 9022, 5609, 111, 70, 90695, 4, 3129, 1836, 3714, 32233, 5299, 390, 5036, 5, 13769, 86472, 136, 104125, 4, 49903, 4, 30646, 47, 70, 22729, 23923, 136, 15504, 70, 22729, 4420, 98, 5, 581, 3428, 2146, 111, 78312, 90, 1927, 90, 47, 6835, 21845, 70, 22729, 23923, 136, 67153, 70, 6626, 4, 1284, 1836, 7413, 70, 3488, 3674, 193, 191, 1911, 47, 70, 126946, 58437, 5792, 19574, 50930, 71, 47, 36356, 7565, 5, 148642, 4, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 57724, 4, 12989, 7, 3980, 43632, 136, 70, 2258, 2278, 720, 47, 194637, 70, 5609, 111, 70, 22729, 23923, 136, 162882, 13769, 86472, 136, 104125, 99, 70, 2663, 4, 1284, 1836, 621, 51876, 237, 33662, 237, 2363, 10336, 7, 280, 343, 645, 70, 24657, 1515, 5, 148642, 136, 70, 47143, 214, 78312, 90, 92154, 442, 83, 756, 645, 100, 2856, 136, 18738, 13, 47, 70, 90695, 25, 7, 14566, 5, 17006, 613, 18280, 42, 7103, 19364, 4, 10, 10846, 6057, 272, 4, 136, 13769, 86472, 39544, 90, 237, 148642, 375, 4007, 7, 193341, 5, 13769, 86472, 30646, 7, 5368, 678, 70, 44, 294, 2733, 4221, 58, 7103, 20662, 9077, 70, 90695, 83, 46002, 100, 70, 3525, 22729, 23923, 1055, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 30948, 23923, 99, 70, 18878, 111, 70, 6661, 15, 16, 83, 142, 156578, 21261, 390, 92265, 42179, 112876, 7, 1446, 86, 5, 1446, 86, 54397, 70, 5117, 144888, 23, 91255, 5, 1650, 509, 5117, 91376, 1305, 22462, 79850, 23, 66007, 5, 581, 23577, 111, 70, 21261, 83687, 7, 105901, 2408, 23, 70, 25134, 142740, 20271, 70, 4122, 8363, 927, 142642, 4, 678, 10, 73986, 111, 218018, 23, 120069, 170420, 4, 136, 47353, 27585, 214, 98, 142, 54015, 3674, 22729, 23923, 5, 1446, 86, 509, 191722, 390, 70, 2773, 22729, 23923, 99, 70, 64704, 8, 388, 19708, 4, 34170, 4, 43573, 184036, 146, 7680, 3081, 136, 117081, 78315, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Plot summary." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Verne sets the plot by stating, \"The Argentine Republic had displayed a happy initiative in constructing this lighthouse at the end of the world,\" within Elgor Bay and the harbor of Saint-Jean \"forms a kind of pendant to Elgor Bay.\" The despatch boat \"Sante-Fé\" arrived on Oct. 1858 to construct the lighthouse, which was inaugurated on 9 Dec. 1859, standing 103 feet in height on top of a mound 120 feet high, and illuminated by oil. The lighthouse guided ships into the Le Maire Strait or south of the island, and was to be manned by 3 keepers over the next 3 months, until the return of the \"Santa Fé\". Unbeknownst to Vasquez, Moriz, and Felipe, the chief lighthouse keeper and his helpers, the island was the domain of a dozen marooned pirates, who bide their time in wrecking. Two of them are murdered by a band of newly arrived pirates led by one Kongre. Vasquez, the only survivor, spends several months until the dispatch boat \"Sante Fe\" is due to return, surviving off the pirates' hidden stores of food in a cave. After the \"Century\", an American ship from Mobile, Alabama, crashes on the island due to the light's having been put out by the pirates, Vasquez bands with the sole survivor of the wreck — First Officer John Davis – to stop the pirates from escaping into the South Pacific. They manage to scavenge a cannon from the wreckage and shoot the pirates' ship, the \"Maule\", as it is about to leave the bay they are situated in. The shell only causes minor damage, however, and the pirates' carpenter is able to fix it in only a few days. The night before the ship is about to attempt to leave again, Vasquez swims to the \"Maule\" at its mooring and plants a bomb in the rudder. This causes, yet again, only minor damage, and is fixed in only one day. The next day however, Carcante, the second-in-command of the pirate ship, spots the \"Sante Fe\" on the horizon. Fortunately for the pirates, it will not arrive until nighttime, and the \"Sante Fe\" can't possibly get into the bay without light from the lighthouse. This will give the pirates the perfect chance to slip out and sail around the southern side of the island, which they know quite well by now. Vasquez and Davis, however, return to the lighthouse and turn the light back on. The troop of pirates tries to regain the lighthouse and kill the two, but they find the bolted iron door to the staircase too reinforced to break down. Kongre, the band's leader, orders Carcante and the carpenter to climb the side of the lighthouse and murder Vasquez and Davis at the top, but they are shot as soon as their heads peek over the banister. Kongre and the remaining pirates realize it is all over for them and flee to the island's interior. Most surrender afterward, a few starve, and Vasquez watches as Kongre commits suicide. Vasquez returns home with the \"Sante Fe\" after making sure the island is safe for the new lighthousemen." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 44, 724, 21135, 1679, 56, 58, 83, 5117, 12937, 297, 23, 10, 423, 11540, 22288, 82775, 390, 70, 31937, 24366, 2258, 188, 41382, 56, 149207, 239, 708, 223, 5, 581, 8, 157, 22062, 44, 724, 365, 21407, 58, 83, 119056, 10, 423, 17168, 76811, 111, 70, 54114, 31, 34677, 8059, 7, 8437, 103724, 4, 7068, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 28271, 6, 91854, 127067, 111, 70, 165548, 13, 5201, 121293, 5, 360, 70, 729, 4598, 7, 4, 70, 44, 28848, 2512, 54114, 929, 43362, 58, 145870, 10, 44, 724, 21135, 1679, 12439, 830, 70, 183114, 44, 145397, 7, 7, 9, 58, 24073, 7134, 257, 18939, 83, 959, 119056, 8108, 70, 5117, 55812, 1363, 23, 729, 5046, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 191225, 12628, 433, 6383, 1391, 238, 36331, 21067, 5843, 132869, 62155, 4, 44, 724, 21135, 1679, 58, 83, 144681, 16406, 4126, 1295, 30839, 12, 44, 724, 21135, 13, 58, 24073, 70926, 74054, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 101120, 25, 7, 62816, 48242, 115700, 5, 1650, 1543, 2843, 186, 10, 30839, 52021, 11389, 111, 70, 165548, 13, 187414, 238, 2565, 44, 605, 5663, 58, 24073, 227772, 74054, 237, 76104, 297, 23, 70, 35061, 13, 9351, 44, 146224, 5898, 341, 5663, 740, 581, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 400, 90, 98, 70, 132988, 17721, 70, 66724, 19, 117249, 111, 3980, 4288, 32320, 136, 54114, 929, 15, 647, 4438, 54114, 929, 194, 581, 280, 344, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 44, 724, 21135, 1679, 8500, 39, 58, 6, 91854, 23, 70, 527, 21135, 1679, 10760, 450, 90356, 7, 5773, 70, 5201, 121293, 111, 70, 47413, 7, 99, 276, 18, 5, 104331, 6316, 63549, 4, 10336, 214, 23, 10, 127067, 13, 11, 1515, 538, 48225, 136, 3173, 214, 70, 6, 99091, 6635, 17721, 70, 24453, 54114, 31, 34677, 14834, 2481, 111, 8059, 7, 444, 40607, 177, 21135, 1679, 4, 1672, 23, 70, 127067, 25617, 99, 4, 136, 3980, 73, 4450, 66, 107350, 19, 47491, 18, 4, 1672, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 99, 5, 3293, 6, 99091, 6635, 83, 2843, 70, 7401, 67175, 17721, 70, 8059, 7, 70237, 136, 6863, 45574, 206, 133936, 136, 21621, 71, 133936, 5609, 118666, 4778, 98, 70, 54114, 31, 34677, 5609, 136, 70, 51175, 1181, 70237, 678, 70, 1342, 1515, 731, 169783, 56, 98, 70, 3980, 73, 4450, 66, 5609, 5, 581, 10776, 10932, 70, 101120, 1556, 100, 4806, 2831, 111, 70, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 9, 8335, 1515, 731, 5361, 30312, 16128, 28032, 70, 19694, 21139, 9022, 9907, 5227, 16792, 21735, 5, 581, 527, 21135, 1679, 83, 70, 167375, 101120, 23, 70, 47413, 7, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 12426, 603, 37457, 4, 1672, 16065, 4, 136, 4, 7103, 12982, 135448, 4, 1556, 70, 17932, 158036, 105352, 48461, 6, 219488, 111, 756, 101120, 7, 23, 70, 47413, 7, 5, 31267, 6863, 105352, 48461, 502, 7732, 329, 4, 99, 4, 83, 70, 17932, 167375, 7103, 12982, 135448, 23, 70, 64194, 47413, 7, 15, 21231, 70, 5303, 111, 165548, 13, 37185, 390, 502, 7732, 329, 194, 9925, 30482, 442, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 41371, 37185, 23, 70, 47413, 7, 5, 581, 21455, 1295, 70, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 184679, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2060, 927, 525, 111, 756, 101120, 7, 23, 70, 24453, 9022, 47413, 7, 5, 1650, 37457, 7, 1810, 47, 707, 4, 35971, 15426, 111, 99, 840, 94266, 1771, 456, 175921, 4, 39555, 5, 1650, 7, 21455, 645, 1286, 3501, 111, 70, 109270, 25, 7, 71579, 58359, 90, 237, 2060, 237, 70, 26655, 56, 43062, 62806, 22387, 8918, 23, 70, 144477, 25617, 4, 47, 68744, 47446, 136, 70, 37185, 111, 70, 211462, 19, 87282, 23, 70, 144477, 4, 47, 276, 18, 5, 12426, 603, 23, 70, 65272, 4, 47, 70, 8053, 19, 8950, 73, 23, 70, 127067, 4, 136, 47, 276, 18, 5, 4699, 42029, 136, 70, 717, 1636, 2206, 5720, 429, 37457, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 5, 581, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 13950, 184679, 4, 4743, 47, 6863, 11192, 165548, 13, 4, 17305, 5115, 53, 169783, 27686, 170894, 4, 83, 27983, 154186, 47, 70, 101120, 7, 111, 70, 65925, 47413, 7, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 70, 27572, 177, 21135, 1679, 47, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 442, 3173, 7, 10, 117781, 5844, 41929, 280, 344, 5, 8622, 621, 129927, 214, 16912, 23, 70, 163136, 237, 47, 36766, 70, 27572, 177, 21135, 1679, 83, 10, 1614, 1081, 344, 707, 10, 84797, 5201, 184679, 5, 786, 13, 47, 6863, 27226, 105352, 48461, 502, 7732, 329, 136, 6, 219488, 237, 5299, 237, 6863, 20903, 22317, 23, 194637, 214, 32692, 4, 442, 83, 54529, 297, 237, 2831, 111, 450, 111, 70, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 23, 105719, 104345, 7, 74, 49903, 4, 23, 21455, 111, 6863, 84797, 194637, 214, 36439, 7, 442, 83, 54529, 297, 237, 142, 41371, 280, 344, 23, 101120, 13, 4209, 163136, 5, 581, 44, 670, 18966, 527, 21135, 43148, 9254, 67, 58, 17721, 70, 6626, 37185, 4, 99, 4, 83, 70, 167375, 3365, 23, 66724, 4, 1295, 3129, 10, 552, 202, 17990, 1257, 47, 190, 55936, 23, 35358, 2517, 136, 23, 144, 35810, 60887, 7, 7565, 47, 70, 44, 724, 21135, 1679, 350, 90, 58, 169783, 56, 4, 35839, 44, 683, 5952, 54731, 9276, 14425, 58, 7103, 70, 66724, 19, 101120, 11226, 74733, 542, 102960, 54731, 93, 7435, 9285, 132869, 112916, 5, 1650, 127877, 144477, 13, 4438, 19364, 7, 136, 132988, 7, 98, 70, 23924, 13, 4438, 136, 23924, 26219, 7, 111, 70, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 5, 581, 21, 3055, 2577, 7, 621, 876, 167457, 390, 70, 23924, 25617, 41231, 429, 4, 2831, 111, 70, 5201, 527, 21135, 1679, 7359, 271, 4, 3129, 127877, 645, 70, 44, 724, 14900, 26255, 206, 86, 532, 830, 4, 136, 70, 6, 91854, 57849, 5256, 111, 527, 21135, 1679, 51716, 4, 4, 136, 113429, 7510, 7, 51716, 4, 4, 47, 70, 44, 14256, 18864, 527, 21135, 43148, 9254, 67, 830, 4, 3129, 37067, 7, 47, 70, 11192, 527, 21135, 1679, 23816, 5, 62, 197097, 6, 91854, 4, 70, 44, 294, 26167, 20469, 71867, 830, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 210721, 165548, 1419, 67538, 159, 26167, 20469, 7435, 9323, 74668, 88942, 4, 127877, 1295, 70, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 16065, 47, 70, 127067, 25617, 5, 717, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 15, 74, 707, 1660, 44, 724, 21135, 1679, 18939, 83, 4, 99, 138, 4, 168405, 106384, 36917, 70, 107361, 9523, 21204, 4, 162044, 6, 2480, 247, 70, 167375, 101120, 23, 66724, 136, 70, 167375, 101120, 23, 70, 47413, 7, 28, 4438, 111, 70, 140724, 56, 28872, 5, 1650, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 150679, 527, 21135, 1679, 10760, 111, 70, 2291, 1106, 21139, 9022, 37457, 4, 39501, 297, 33233, 70, 5201, 6, 91854, 111, 70, 15881, 24453, 9022, 47413, 7, 136, 70, 165548, 13, 101637, 5, 581, 1342, 1515, 731, 4, 66724, 25, 7, 2684, 65042, 297, 169783, 56, 4, 400, 90, 98, 70, 78822, 177, 21135, 1679, 25, 7, 8394, 48850, 91, 89059, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Geography.", "Location and area.", "Topography.", "History.", "First ascent.", "Development.", "High Alpine Road.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name \"Glocknerer\" is first documented in a 1561 map designed by the Viennese cartographer Wolfgang Lazius. The denotation \"Glogger\" is mentioned a 1583 description of the Tyrolean Kals legal district, then referring to the whole ridge south of the Alpine main chain. In the 1760s, the \"Atlas Tyrolensis\" listed a \"Glockner Berg\", the prefix \"Gross-\" (\"great\") is not mentioned before the first expedition in 1799. According to the scholar Belsazar Hacquet (1735–1815), \"Glockner\" is possibly derived from German: \"Glocke\" (\"bell\"), referring to the mountain's characteristic shape. It may also be a Germanised version of the Alpine Slavic word \"Klek\" (\"mountain\"), as maintained in the Slovene name \"Veliki Klek\".", "", "The Grossglockner lies on the border between the Austrian states of Carinthia and Tyrol (East Tyrol). The peak is part of the \"Glocknerkamm\" ridge in the Glockner Group that branches off the main chain of the Alps at Mt. Eiskögele, heading in a southeasterly direction and forming the boundary between the East Tyrolean municipality of Kals am Großglockner, about in the southwest at, and Carinthian Heiligenblut, about in the northeast at. This boundary is also the watershed between the Kals Valley and its Teischnitz and Ködnitz side valleys on the Tyrolean side and the Möll Valley with the Pasterze glacier on the Carinthian side. The region around the mountain has formed part of the Grossglockner-Pasterze special protected area within the High Tauern National Park since 1986. The Glockner is the highest mountain in the Alps east of the Ortler range, about away, and, after Mont Blanc, has the second greatest topographic isolation of all mountains in the Alps. Even its topographic prominence, at, is the second highest after Mont Blanc in the entire Alps (see the list of Alpine peaks by prominence). That makes it one of the most independent peaks in the Alps. The view from the Grossglockner summit is one of the farthest of all mountains in the Eastern Alps. It ranges out to or, taking account of atmospheric refraction, almost. Its view over more than of the earth's surface reaches as far as the Upper Swabian Plateau in the northwest, to Regensburg and the peaks of the Bohemian Forest in the north, to Mt. Ortler in the west, to the Padan Plain in the south, and to Mt. Triglav and the Totes Gebirge range in the east.", "The Grossglockner rock summit, due to its high Alpine, heavily glaciated appearance, is often compared to the mountains of the Western Alps. Together with the Kleinglockner to the southeast it forms a distinctive double peak. There are differing views in the literature as to whether the Kleinglockner is a subpeak or a separate main summit. Due to its low topographic prominence and isolation as well as its close links in climbing history, it is counted as part of that of the Grossglockner in historic publications; however, in view of its separate climbing routes it is counted as an independent peak in mountaineering literature. The \"Obere Glocknerscharte\" between the two peaks, at, is the highest col in Austria, from which a couloir up to 55° in gradient and in altitude descends down to the \"Glocknerkees\" glacier, called \"Pallavicinirinne\" after the Austrian mountaineer Alfred von Pallavicini (1848–1886). It runs northeastwards and borders on the Northeast and North Faces of the Grossglockner. The latter faces are bounded by the Northwest Ridge, part of the main Glockner crest, which runs over the \"Grögerschneid\",, and the ridge elevations of Glocknerhorn,, and Teufelshorn,, to the \"Untere Glocknerscharte\",, which connects to the high Glocknerwand. A prominent ridge, the \"Stüdlgrat\", named after the Prague Alpinist Johann Stüdl (1839–1925), runs from the Grossglockner away to the southwest. Together with its extension, the \"Luisengrat\", it separates the West Face and the \"Teischnitzkees\" glacier at its foot from the South Face and its \"Ködnitzkees\" glacier. A couloir known as the \"Pillwaxrinne\" crosses the South Face below the Obere Glocknerscharte; most of the South Face lies east of this gully below the Kleinglockner. The east side of the Kleinglockner, the \"Glocknerleitl\", is glaciated to just below the summit and is continued by the \"Kleinglocknerkees\" and \"Hofmannskees\" before reaching the Pasterze.", "The history of the climbs started with French-born natural scientist Belsazar Hacquet, from 1773 professor of anatomy at the Academy of Ljubljana. He travelled the Eastern Alps from 1779 to 1781 and published an itinerary in 1783, describing the \"Glokner\" mountain and stating that it had not been climbed yet. He estimated the mountain's height with converted and left an engraving illustrating Grossglockner and Pasterze, the first known depiction of the mountain.", "Inspired by Hacquet's book and the first ascent of the Mont Blanc in 1786, the Gurk prince-bishop Count Franz Xaver of Salm (1749–1822) together with his vicar general Sigismund Ernst Hohenwart (1745–1825) and Baron Franz Xaver von Wulfen (1728–1805) started efforts for a Grossglockner expedition. They engaged two peasants from Heiligenblut as mountain guides to do the first explorations for an ascent through the Leitertal valley, which is the side of Grossglockner with the least ice (people feared glaciers in these times). These valiant men, called \"Glockners\" in the records, did more than they were ordered to do - and probably reached the Kleinglockner summit on 23 July 1799. One month later the bishop's expedition started: a mountain hut (the first Salm Hut) had been built and the path in the Leitertal valley was prepared so that the bishop could use a horse to reach it. 30 people, among them Salm, Hohenwart and Wulfen, were part of the expedition. They suffered with bad weather and a first effort failed, but on 25 August 1799 Hohenwart and at least four other people, including the two \"Glockners\", reached - again - the Kleinglockner, where they installed one of the first summit crosses (one of the main goals of the church expedition). Hohenwart's reports did not tell clearly that they had not touched the highest point but Bishop Salm (who had reached the \"Adlersruhe\" rock at ) was informed. Dissatisfied, he invited another, even bigger expedition the next year. On 28 July 1800, 62 people, among them the pedagogue Franz Michael Vierthaler and the botanist David Heinrich Hoppe, started again into the Leitertal valley. Four peasants and carpenters (the \"Glockners\" and two others who are not known) did a track in the snow, had installed fixed ropes at some steeper sections up to the end of the Glocknerleitl, and even built a second refuge, called Hohenwarte Hut. The vanguard reached the Kleinglockner peak, however, according to the expedition records by the Dellach priest Franz Joseph Horasch (Orasch), only the four guides and Mathias Hautzendorfer, the local priest of the Rangersdorf parish, were able to cross the \"Obere Glocknerscharte\" and climb the Grossglockner summit. Hautzendorfer had to be persuaded to venture the step and administered the last rites in advance. The two \"Glockners\" are usually identified as the brothers Joseph (\"Sepp\") and Martin Klotz, however, this surname is not listed in the Heiligenblut parish register. A local peasant named Sepp Hoysen is documented as a member of the second Grossglockner expedition in 1802, and the surveyor Ulrich Schiegg mentioned one Martin Reicher as \"Glockner\" guide. The peasants and several other members of the expedition (among them Schiegg and his young apprentice Valentin Stanič, who climbed Mt. Watzmann for the first time some weeks later) did the ascent again the next day and finally installed the summit cross and a barometer on the Grossglockner summit.", "Bishop Salm undertook two more ascents in 1802 (with Hohenwart reaching the summit) and in 1806, however, he himself never climbed beyond the \"Adlersruhe\" rock. The climbing of the Grossglockner was also described by the botanist Josef August Schultes, who explored the massif together with Count Apponyi in 1802. No further ascents were made during the Napoleonic Wars, the huts decayed and were plundered by locals. In the following \"Vormärz\" era, however, the mountain became a popular venue for Alpinists like Hermann and Adolf Schlagintweit, who all followed the route of the first ascent. By the mid 19th century, the developing Alpine tourism began to alter the traditional agriculture economy in the Heiligenblut area. Therefore, the people of Kals tried to lay out a straight ascent from the western side, which however was not reached until Julius von Payer explored the ridge between \"Glöcknerleitl\" and \"Ködnitzkees\" in 1863. Johann Stüdl had a via ferrata erected along the southwestern ridge the next year and the \"Stüdlhütte\" erected at its foot in 1868. Already in 1869, most expeditions to the summit started in Kals. The first winter ascent of the Grossglockner was made on January 2, 1875 by William Adolf Baillie Grohman, a member of the Alpine Club. In 1876 Count Pallavicini and his guide Hans Tribusser undertook the first expedition up the steep glaciated Northeast Face, chopping 2,500 steps into the \"Pallavicinirinne\" in an ice climbing master stroke not repeated for 23 years. In 1879 Count Pallavicini dedicated a new iron summit cross on the occasion of the silver wedding of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria and Empress Elisabeth; both had visited Heiligenblut and walked to the present-day \"Franz-Josefs-Höhe\" viewpoint in 1865. The cross was installed on 2 October 1880. Pallavicini also had the Archduke John Hut erected at the former \"Adlersruhe\" resting place of Bishop Salm, today the highest situated mountain hut in Austria. The Austrian Alpine Club built the new \"Salmhütte\" and the \"Glocknerhaus\" along the alpine route from Heiligenblut. A first ascent by skiing was made in 1909 and the circumnavigation of the massif soon became a popular ski mountaineering tour. The Grossglockner became Austria's highest mountain, when the South Tyrolean Ortler region had to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy according to the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain, which promoted its reputation as a tourist attraction.", "Mass tourism was decisively promoted by the scenic High Alpine Road (\"Großglockner-Hochalpenstraße\") running from Heiligenblut to Bruck in Salzburg with a branch-off to the \"Franz-Josefs-Höhe\" viewpoint. It was built across the historic Hochtor Pass of the Alpine divide between 1930 and 1935 according to plans designed by engineer Franz Wallack. The pass road, Austria's highest, reaches, and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country (second after Schönbrunn Palace) with about 270,000 vehicles and 900,000 visitors every year, about 50 million since its opening.", "Computer-generated virtual panoramas" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 509, 103122, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 98, 7071, 24470, 96929, 4, 47, 109112, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 4, 10, 180187, 53, 845, 114686, 67773, 13, 24927, 56, 2750, 1902, 194704, 3674, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 1295, 102126, 23, 142399, 4, 136, 93340, 136240, 669, 4, 10, 249, 10433, 5, 109112, 21449, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 678, 110, 17265, 4, 110, 42427, 62309, 3408, 2182, 96335, 4, 136, 110, 51359, 111, 70, 14941, 46876, 5, 1529, 4163, 10, 12447, 23, 10, 67773, 13, 14380, 136, 28032, 10, 8, 23662, 509, 142, 159354, 678, 70, 14380, 5, 93340, 509, 1295, 230092, 5, 581, 17559, 33, 9491, 1314, 3542, 351, 9, 141331, 660, 39055, 1098, 37854, 845, 19725, 5, 360, 62977, 70, 14449, 109133, 47, 142, 127451, 98, 70, 534, 927, 74912, 111, 43137, 32547, 8752, 50161, 4, 43573, 10542, 14073, 927, 15130, 4, 147037, 4, 142, 16128, 51529, 100, 44752, 34, 93905, 332, 63239, 136, 59444, 23923, 7, 5, 581, 481, 4927, 42486, 99201, 43240, 390, 65291, 178206, 136, 3050, 21555, 5861, 35443, 175259, 4, 136, 99, 19713, 17262, 7311, 178829, 7, 390, 89811, 131, 197216, 5, 12452, 1902, 10, 27150, 56, 82953, 4, 17819, 4, 2750, 2843, 100512, 10, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 5, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 509, 61475, 538, 155629, 297, 99, 884, 1010, 73, 116548, 31667, 19188, 74, 23, 80665, 4, 764, 30957, 297, 70, 241, 927, 21533, 105141, 67081, 19188, 5, 3293, 1902, 2809, 14037, 297, 390, 123765, 360, 58410, 4, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 509, 27257, 71, 450, 764, 1902, 2809, 68186, 71, 3934, 46056, 25, 7, 29693, 4, 105109, 5, 1529, 54397, 47, 101985, 124302, 56, 13534, 50336, 214, 168081, 47, 4488, 99, 70, 2041, 18077, 4745, 54593, 4597, 53, 5, 15640, 71, 177, 669, 62952, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 678, 10, 67330, 2320, 4, 3129, 93153, 71, 450, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 25, 7, 501, 4689, 172, 7432, 23, 70, 139915, 53, 7228, 442, 173676, 1919, 11966, 509, 959, 195935, 1284, 43257, 70, 4524, 70760, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 5, 124302, 56, 13534, 509, 51, 464, 11856, 297, 4, 1284, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 23409, 47, 105109, 23, 70, 15673, 111, 132260, 15700, 18645, 5, 1529, 509, 20654, 37838, 68186, 71, 390, 821, 5, 821, 5, 112074, 1681, 98, 35431, 450, 764, 28484, 10, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 509, 70318, 297, 10, 14098, 46684, 9907, 42477, 70615, 145042, 16070, 47, 70, 39897, 43975, 111, 46473, 15, 94553, 20489, 16, 23, 6088, 70970, 5, 15640, 71, 177, 669, 2843, 36663, 4049, 99, 107154, 4, 221, 10, 134454, 13, 509, 157578, 7440, 1272, 764, 65450, 1919, 145042, 16070, 100, 70, 70970, 1104, 3882, 108858, 6602, 17721, 107154, 23, 70970, 136, 9113, 20489, 23, 61786, 5, 1913, 9113, 20489, 764, 91, 173964, 1257, 10, 20903, 222002, 678, 25497, 223, 10208, 214, 4, 136, 1836, 203251, 47, 6, 121147, 10, 124416, 52875, 98, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 165045, 71052, 4, 10, 44457, 23, 3129, 10208, 214, 509, 10, 53918, 11226, 4, 678, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 100677, 214, 70, 291, 140363, 41637, 136, 10208, 214, 29481, 214, 70, 50339, 5, 149766, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 6777, 5526, 25188, 23, 70, 4524, 70760, 124931, 53, 15, 157225, 538, 237, 62548, 47, 4537, 90816, 939, 136, 72249, 154453, 247, 72249, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 48502, 49042, 137366, 4, 136, 110436, 44457, 154453, 4, 26719, 6863, 111938, 3934, 110436, 77556, 242554, 7, 5, 581, 23113, 291, 140363, 41637, 111, 37898, 48242, 110436, 135969, 7, 2843, 110281, 297, 1919, 35743, 4, 102971, 764, 92814, 297, 6863, 35604, 2481, 5, 18763, 4488, 92054, 297, 5941, 14432, 7413, 7, 4, 3129, 26698, 70, 183693, 19, 4, 163, 1681, 136, 183693, 19, 6057, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 1919, 13036, 33946, 509, 70, 154453, 111, 70, 62005, 223, 235079, 136, 1919, 5117, 91376, 15122, 4, 23, 70777, 4, 142837, 70, 110436, 154453, 111, 233239, 8753, 48502, 1517, 5, 1529, 126809, 10, 55300, 47, 85358, 1810, 74481, 5256, 111, 6863, 149307, 37242, 31075, 5, 1529, 74481, 3674, 70, 16186, 219945, 21543, 100, 64707, 1409, 136, 1193, 9, 7092, 7, 4, 113054, 214, 70, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 99, 70, 341, 9, 297, 429, 5, 18763, 74481, 5256, 61047, 297, 678, 150556, 7, 111, 70, 1193, 9, 7092, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 70, 4262, 4, 1284, 959, 50651, 316, 5, 42552, 7, 14432, 442, 509, 185171, 450, 70, 4262, 509, 21334, 538, 150350, 71, 111, 64707, 1409, 136, 450, 1919, 74481, 5256, 3542, 160463, 133698, 70, 23031, 7, 4, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 47143, 297, 51, 46334, 297, 98, 8999, 538, 26866, 7, 5, 1529, 63043, 297, 450, 764, 6777, 959, 12301, 73962, 7, 707, 44632, 47, 70, 5977, 136, 1902, 4734, 97384, 111, 70, 23706, 15130, 150631, 111, 54566, 12960, 764, 509, 98, 10, 35691, 678, 101985, 155484, 3060, 37195, 21775, 7103, 70, 150631, 74918, 2822, 5, 1529, 24145, 456, 79466, 450, 764, 8306, 37702, 10, 43374, 24189, 70, 44500, 79169, 289, 81843, 5, 33306, 4, 1295, 58020, 98, 4, 764, 100512, 118055, 538, 142837, 1672, 44951, 7, 136, 21640, 103086, 7, 5, 360, 58020, 4, 764, 67896, 79466, 17262, 33297, 111, 1919, 77253, 4559, 1294, 2451, 115095, 169020, 15, 16, 2451, 2472, 6626, 5369, 47, 8060, 30839, 6, 34053, 27744, 64370, 18738, 13, 214, 1295, 83572, 102126, 5, 133698, 70, 58020, 10542, 106294, 27646, 20549, 141040, 13, 4, 764, 136, 3060, 111, 1919, 25921, 4, 26719, 13892, 402, 165458, 7, 136, 25027, 5406, 1297, 4, 29966, 297, 10, 4989, 134369, 1055, 25, 7, 143107, 5, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 119140, 297, 538, 81887, 297, 47, 2046, 5406, 1297, 10, 19069, 99, 2076, 350, 4293, 1284, 509, 46389, 297, 390, 2992, 429, 4, 2750, 29131, 450, 44, 3630, 845, 434, 23, 70, 130625, 509, 20174, 740, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 25, 7, 42732, 68, 71, 23, 66426, 4, 136, 764, 100512, 20903, 42, 47, 1919, 67373, 2750, 4, 102971, 7464, 38043, 23, 2356, 5753, 4, 100512, 10, 103351, 9105, 1290, 23, 39897, 5, 14847, 1919, 67373, 68, 71, 23, 43357, 137802, 3650, 131564, 4, 4598, 304, 47, 186, 101637, 71, 17721, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 136, 1919, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 109112, 12452, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 15, 74, 7071, 24470, 96929, 46, 22482, 543, 4, 28980, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 70, 4524, 70760, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 136, 16030, 111, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 4, 2076, 350, 4293, 5, 17559, 33, 9491, 56, 509, 70, 1631, 6032, 10336, 111, 70, 3731, 22756, 232, 54593, 4597, 53, 136, 83, 54940, 8382, 2750, 621, 22299, 297, 678, 8035, 70, 44, 1021, 9319, 111, 70, 34627, 1771, 54330, 58, 100, 2363, 31486, 23, 70, 147037, 27331, 4, 70, 6661, 5550, 1995, 1379, 1865, 214, 450, 126809, 70, 5117, 72249, 142172, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 34627, 1771, 54330, 509, 65771, 538, 8, 1507, 27686, 98, 20414, 611, 4, 18608, 4, 23, 70, 40067, 2481, 3034, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Childhood and education.", "Studies in Europe.", "Early professional work.", "Educational work.", "Scientific work.", "Private and political life.", "Manhattan Project.", "Los Alamos.", "Trinity.", "Postwar activities.", "Institute for Advanced Study.", "Atomic Energy Commission.", "Security hearing.", "Final years and death.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, to Julius Oppenheimer, a wealthy Jewish textile importer who had immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1888, and Ella Friedman, a painter. Julius came to the United States with no money, no baccalaureate studies, and no knowledge of the English language. He got a job in a textile company and within a decade was an executive with the company. Ella was from Baltimore. The Oppenheimers were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews. In 1912 the family moved to an apartment on the 11th floor of 155 Riverside Drive, near West 88th Street, Manhattan, an area known for luxurious mansions and townhouses. Their art collection included works by Pablo Picasso and Édouard Vuillard, and at least three original paintings by Vincent van Gogh. Robert had a younger brother, Frank, who also became a physicist. Oppenheimer was initially educated at Alcuin Preparatory School; in 1911, he entered the Ethical Culture Society School. This had been founded by Felix", "In 1924, Oppenheimer was informed that he had been accepted into Christ's College, Cambridge. He wrote to Ernest Rutherford requesting permission to work at the Cavendish Laboratory. Bridgman provided Oppenheimer with a recommendation, which conceded that Oppenheimer's clumsiness in the laboratory made it apparent his forte was not experimental but rather theoretical physics. Rutherford was unimpressed, but Oppenheimer went to Cambridge in the hope of landing another offer. He was ultimately accepted by J. J. Thomson on condition that he complete a", "", "Oppenheimer was awarded a United States National Research Council fellowship to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in September 1927. Bridgman also wanted him at Harvard, so a compromise was reached whereby he split his fellowship for the 1927–28 academic year between Harvard in 1927 and Caltech in 1928. At Caltech he struck up a close friendship with Linus Pauling, and they planned to mount a joint attack on the nature of the chemical bond, a field in which Pauling was a pioneer, with Oppenheimer supplying the mathematics and Pauling interpreting the results. Both", "Oppenheimer did important research in theoretical astronomy (especially as related to general relativity and nuclear theory), nuclear physics, spectroscopy, and quantum field theory, including its extension into quantum electrodynamics. The formal mathematics of relativistic quantum mechanics also attracted his attention, although he doubted its validity. His work predicted many later finds, which include the neutron, meson and neutron star. Initially, his major interest was the theory of the continuous spectrum and his first published paper, in 1926, concerned the quantum theory of molecular band spectra. He developed a method to carry out calculations of its transition probabilities. He calculated the photoelectric effect for hydrogen and X-rays, obtaining the absorption coefficient at the K-edge. His calculations accorded with observations of the X-ray absorption of the sun, but not helium. Years later it was realized that the sun was largely composed of hydrogen and that his calculations were indeed", "During the 1920s, Oppenheimer remained uninformed on worldly matters. He claimed that he did not read newspapers or listen to the radio and had only learned of the Wall Street crash of 1929 while he was on a walk with Ernest Lawrence some six months after the crash occurred. He once remarked that he never cast a vote until the 1936 presidential election. However, from 1934 on, he became increasingly concerned about politics and international affairs. In 1934, he earmarked three percent of his annual salary—about $100 ()—for two years to support German physicists fleeing from Nazi Germany. During the 1934 West Coast Waterfront Strike, he and some of his students, including Melba Phillips and Bob Serber, attended a longshoremen's rally. Oppenheimer repeatedly attempted to get Serber a position at Berkeley but was blocked by Birge, who felt that \"one Jew in the department was enough\". Oppenheimer's mother died in 1931, and he became closer to his father who, although still living in New York, became a frequent visitor in California. When his father died in 1937 leaving $392,602 to be divided between Oppenheimer and his brother Frank, Oppenheimer immediately wrote out a will that left his estate to the University of California to be used for graduate scholarships. Like many young intellectuals in the 1930s, he supported social reforms that were later alleged to be communist ideas. He donated to many progressive efforts that were later branded as left-wing during the McCarthy era. The majority of his allegedly radical work consisted of hosting fundraisers for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War and other anti-fascist activity. He never openly joined the Communist Party, though he did pass money to liberal causes by way of acquaintances who were alleged to be Party members. In 1936, Oppenheimer became involved with Jean Tatlock, the daughter of a Berkeley literature professor and a student at Stanford University School of Medicine. The two had similar political views; she wrote for the \"Western Worker\", a Communist Party newspaper. Tatlock broke up with Oppenheimer in 1939, after a tempestuous relationship. In August of that year, he met Katherine (\"Kitty\") Puening, a radical Berkeley student and former Communist Party member. Kitty had been married before. Her first marriage lasted only a few months. Her second, common-law marriage husband was Joe Dallet, an active member of the Communist party, who was killed in the Spanish Civil War. Kitty returned to the United States where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in botany from the University of Pennsylvania. There she married Richard Harrison, a physician and medical researcher, in 1938. In June 1939 Kitty and Harrison moved to Pasadena, California, where he became chief of", "", "On October 9, 1941, two months before the United States entered World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a crash program to develop an atomic bomb. In May 1942, National Defense Research Committee Chairman James B. Conant, who had been one of Oppenheimer's lecturers at Harvard, invited Oppenheimer to take over work on fast neutron calculations, a task that Oppenheimer threw himself into with full vigor. He was given the title \"Coordinator of Rapid Rupture\", which specifically referred to the propagation of a fast neutron chain reaction in an atomic bomb. One of his first acts was to host a summer school for bomb theory at his building in Berkeley. The mix of European physicists and his own students—a group including Robert Serber, Emil Konopinski, Felix Bloch, Hans Bethe and Edward Teller—kept themselves busy by calculating what needed to be done, and in what order, to make the bomb. In June 1942, the US Army established the Manhattan Project to handle its part in the atom bomb project and began the process of", "The joint work of the scientists at Los Alamos resulted in the world's first nuclear explosion, near Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945. Oppenheimer had given the site the codename \"Trinity\" in mid-1944 and said later that it was from one of John Donne's Holy Sonnets. According to the historian Gregg Herken, this naming could have been an allusion to Jean Tatlock, who had committed suicide a few months previously and had in the 1930s introduced Oppenheimer to Donne's work. Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion, he thought of a verse from the \"Bhagavad Gita\" (XI,12): \"divi sūrya-sahasrasya bhaved yugapad utthitā yadi bhāḥ sadṛṥī sā syād bhāsas tasya mahāḥmanaḥ\" Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time: namely, the famous verse: \"\" (XI,32), which he translated as \"I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" In 1965, he was persuaded to quote again for a television broadcast: Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, who was present", "The Manhattan Project was top secret and did not become public knowledge until after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Oppenheimer became a national spokesman for science who was emblematic of a new type of technocratic power. He became a household name and his portrait appeared on the covers of \"Life\" and \"Time\". Nuclear physics became a powerful force as all governments of the world began to realize the strategic and political power that came with nuclear weapons. Like many scientists of his generation, he felt that security from atomic bombs would come only from a transnational organization such as the newly formed United Nations, which could institute a program to stifle a nuclear arms race.", "In November 1945, Oppenheimer left Los Alamos to return to Caltech, but he soon found that his heart was no longer in teaching. In 1947, he accepted an offer from Lewis Strauss to take up the directorship of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. This meant moving back east and leaving Ruth Tolman, the wife of his friend Richard Tolman, with whom he had begun an affair after leaving Los Alamos. The job came with a salary of $20,000 per annum, plus rent-free accommodation in the director's house, a 17th-century manor with a cook and groundskeeper, surrounded by of woodlands. He collected European furniture, and French post-impressionist and Fauvist artworks. His art collection included works by Cézanne, Derain, Despiau, de Vlaminck, Picasso, Rembrandt, Renoir, Van Gogh and Vuillard. Oppenheimer brought together intellectuals at the height of their powers and from a variety of disciplines to answer the most pertinent questions of the age. He directed and encouraged the research", "As a member of the Board of Consultants to a committee appointed by Truman, Oppenheimer strongly influenced the Acheson–Lilienthal Report. In this report, the committee advocated creation of an international Atomic Development Authority, which would own all fissionable material and the means of its production, such as mines and laboratories, and atomic power plants where it could be used for peaceful energy production. Bernard Baruch was appointed to translate this report into a proposal to the United Nations, resulting in the Baruch Plan of 1946. The Baruch Plan introduced many additional provisions regarding enforcement, in particular requiring inspection of the Soviet Union's uranium resources. The Baruch Plan was seen as an attempt to maintain the United States' nuclear monopoly and was rejected by the Soviets. With this, it became clear to Oppenheimer that an arms race was unavoidable, due to the mutual suspicion of the United States and the Soviet Union, which even Oppenheimer was starting to distrust. After the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) came into being in 1947 as a civilian agency in control of nuclear research and weapons issues, Oppenheimer was appointed", "The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been following Oppenheimer since before the war, when he showed Communist sympathies as a professor at Berkeley and had been close to members of the Communist Party, including his wife and brother. He had been under close surveillance since the early 1940s, his home and office bugged, his phone tapped and his mail opened. The FBI furnished Oppenheimer's political enemies with incriminating evidence about his Communist ties. These enemies included Strauss, an AEC commissioner who had long harbored resentment against Oppenheimer both for his activity in opposing the hydrogen bomb and for his humiliation of Strauss before Congress some years earlier; regarding Strauss's opposition to the export of radioactive isotopes to other nations, Oppenheimer had memorably categorized these as \"less important than electronic devices but more important than, let us say, vitamins\". On June 7, 1949, Oppenheimer testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, where he admitted that he had associations with the Communist Party in the 1930s. He testified that some of his students, including David Bohm, Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, Philip Morrison, Bernard Peters and Joseph Weinberg,", "Starting in 1954, Oppenheimer lived for several months of the year on the island of Saint John in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In 1957, he purchased a tract of land on Gibney Beach, where he built a spartan home on the beach. He spent a considerable amount of time sailing with his daughter Toni and wife Kitty. Oppenheimer was increasingly concerned about the potential danger that scientific inventions could pose to humanity. He joined with Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, Joseph Rotblat and other eminent scientists and academics to establish what would eventually, in 1960, become the World Academy of Art and Science. Significantly, after his public humiliation, he did not sign the major open protests against nuclear weapons of the 1950s, including the Russell–Einstein Manifesto of 1955, nor, though invited, did he attend the first Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs in 1957. In his speeches and public writings, Oppenheimer continually stressed the difficulty of managing the power of knowledge in a world in which the freedom of science to exchange ideas was more and more hobbled by political concerns. Oppenheimer delivered the Reith Lectures on the BBC in 1953, which were subsequently published as \"Science and the Common Understanding\". In 1955 Oppenheimer published \"The Open Mind\", a collection of eight lectures that he had given since 1946 on the subject of nuclear weapons and popular culture. Oppenheimer rejected the idea of nuclear gunboat diplomacy. \"The purposes of this country in the field of foreign policy\", he wrote, \"cannot in any real or enduring way be achieved by coercion\". In 1957 the philosophy and psychology departments at Harvard invited Oppenheimer to deliver the William James Lectures. An influential group of Harvard alumni led by Edwin Ginn that included Archibald Roosevelt protested against the decision. Some 1,200 people packed into Sanders Theatre to hear Oppenheimer's six lectures, entitled \"The Hope of Order\". Oppenheimer delivered the Whidden Lectures at McMaster University in 1962, and these were published in 1964 as \"The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for Physicists\". Deprived of political power, Oppenheimer continued to lecture, write and work on physics. He toured Europe and Japan, giving talks about the history of science, the role of science in society, and the nature of the universe. In September 1957, France made him an Officer of the Legion of Honor, and", "When Oppenheimer was stripped from his position of political influence in 1954, he symbolized for many the folly of scientists thinking they could control how others would use their research. He has also been seen as symbolizing the dilemmas involving the moral responsibility of the scientist in the nuclear world. The hearings were motivated both by politics, as Oppenheimer was seen as a representative of the previous administration and by personal considerations stemming from his enmity with Lewis Strauss. The ostensible reason for the hearing and the issue that aligned Oppenheimer with the liberal intellectuals, Oppenheimer's opposition to hydrogen bomb development, was based as much on technical grounds as on moral ones. Once the technical considerations were resolved, he supported Teller's hydrogen bomb because he believed that the Soviet Union would inevitably construct one too. Rather than consistently oppose the \"Red-baiting\" of the late 1940s and early 1950s, Oppenheimer testified against some of his former colleagues and students, both before and during his hearing. In one incident, his damning testimony against former student Bernard Peters was selectively leaked to the press. Historians have interpreted this as an attempt by Oppenheimer to please his colleagues in the government and perhaps to divert attention from his own previous left-wing ties and those of his brother. In the end it became a liability when it became clear that if Oppenheimer had really doubted Peters' loyalty, his recommending him for the Manhattan Project was reckless, or at least contradictory. Popular depictions of Oppenheimer view his security struggles as a confrontation between right-wing militarists (symbolized by Teller) and left-wing intellectuals (symbolized by Oppenheimer) over the moral question of weapons of mass destruction. The question of the scientists' responsibility toward humanity inspired Bertolt Brecht's drama \"Galileo\" (1955), left its imprint on Friedrich Dürrenmatt's \"Die Physiker\", and is the basis of the opera \"Doctor Atomic\" by John Adams (2005), which was commissioned to portray Oppenheimer as a modern-day Faust. Heinar Kipphardt's play \"In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer\", after appearing on West German television, had its theatrical release in Berlin and Munich in October 1964. Oppenheimer's objections resulted in an exchange of correspondence with Kipphardt, in which the playwright offered to make corrections but defended the play. It premiered in New York in June 1968, with Joseph Wiseman in the Oppenheimer role. \"New York Times\" theater critic Clive Barnes called it an \"angry play and a partisan play\" that sided with Oppenheimer but portrayed the scientist as a \"tragic fool and genius\". Oppenheimer had difficulty with this portrayal. After reading a transcript of Kipphardt's play soon after it began to be performed, Oppenheimer threatened to sue the playwright, decrying \"improvisations which were contrary to history and to the nature of the people involved\". Later Oppenheimer told an interviewer: The 1980 BBC TV serial \"Oppenheimer\", starring Sam Waterston, won three BAFTA Television Awards. \"The Day After Trinity\", a 1980 documentary about J. Robert Oppenheimer and the building of the atomic bomb, was nominated for an Academy Award and received a Peabody Award. Oppenheimer's life has been explored in the play \"Oppenheimer\" by Tom Morton-Smith. In addition to his use by authors of fiction, there are numerous biographies, including \"\" (2005) by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for 2006. A centennial conference and exhibit were held in 2004 at Berkeley, with the proceedings of the conference published in 2005 as \"Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections\". His papers are in the Library of Congress. As a scientist, Oppenheimer is remembered by his students and colleagues as being a brilliant researcher and engaging teacher who was the founder of modern theoretical physics in the United States. Because his scientific attentions often changed rapidly, he never worked long enough on any one topic and carried it to fruition to merit the Nobel Prize, although his investigations contributing to the theory of black holes may have warranted the prize had he lived long enough to see them brought into fruition by later astrophysicists. An asteroid, 67085 Oppenheimer, was named in his honor, as was the lunar crater Oppenheimer. As a military and public policy advisor, Oppenheimer was a technocratic leader in a shift in the interactions between science and the military and the emergence of \"Big Science\". During World War II, scientists became involved in military research to an unprecedented degree. Because of the threat fascism posed to Western civilization, they volunteered in great numbers both for technological and organizational assistance to the Allied effort, resulting in such powerful tools as radar, the proximity fuse and operations research. As a cultured, intellectual, theoretical physicist who became a disciplined military organizer, Oppenheimer represented the shift away from the idea that scientists had their \"head in the clouds\" and that knowledge on such previously esoteric subjects as the composition of the atomic nucleus had no \"real-world\" applications. Two days before the Trinity test, Oppenheimer expressed his hopes and fears in a quotation from the \"Bhagavad Gita\":" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 77168, 214, 70, 36272, 111, 604, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 52231, 25, 7, 70, 201, 1662, 2953, 4, 136, 10, 456, 62015, 297, 11389, 23, 13867, 4, 335, 3986, 23409, 3934, 70, 182304, 12275, 23, 70, 41710, 111, 13867, 47, 17164, 604, 17932, 7156, 4, 44, 31852, 16505, 740, 103687, 56, 164460, 53, 170028, 509, 91048, 23, 136, 1902, 7311, 538, 2809, 18264, 297, 47, 27489, 1632, 11531, 136, 142, 1940, 822, 112, 100, 70, 13452, 5, 1529, 134620, 1257, 8035, 10, 4568, 15393, 91995, 674, 237, 70, 108558, 7, 335, 3986, 79786, 678, 198395, 98, 44, 52231, 25, 7, 70, 201, 1662, 2953, 19676, 71, 1286, 17265, 3229, 70, 7156, 509, 35649, 47314, 162738, 133782, 316, 5, 335, 3986, 78302, 70, 1632, 11531, 170028, 181653, 100, 604, 4, 3129, 7228, 3288, 16145, 15549, 70, 48225, 111, 70, 7156, 5, 3288, 16145, 35839, 182304, 185118, 54041, 28166, 42814, 1810, 111, 70, 57571, 7103, 2177, 112, 318, 23409, 47, 17164, 44, 72838, 1294, 111, 10, 9266, 14298, 740, 42814, 509, 91048, 23, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 17164, 4, 7103, 20697, 98, 7156, 7, 390, 3789, 22104, 7, 98, 12745, 29642, 58815, 4, 6044, 237, 33867, 4, 581, 438, 20179, 223, 335, 5, 568, 5, 724, 5, 136, 25837, 5, 360, 70, 86991, 111, 182304, 44, 31852, 16505, 830, 3288, 16145, 42459, 297, 29256, 214, 24009, 6, 205147, 25, 7, 27193, 5962, 44, 568, 25, 39, 2016, 214, 49472, 830, 3129, 764, 36663, 42814, 47, 34831, 70, 56002, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 6626, 1284, 3674, 10336, 7, 645, 36049, 22299, 37348, 4, 237, 3288, 16145, 36663, 47, 8337, 22299, 47, 66570, 136, 170028, 4, 102971, 2725, 9319, 3542, 13379, 100, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 182304, 56002, 5, 42814, 5775, 46526, 7941, 47, 40, 343, 36049, 22299, 1295, 3288, 16145, 136, 70, 6626, 133868, 71, 442, 1810, 645, 70, 24089, 645, 70, 31089, 5, 3288, 16145, 14432, 189050, 442, 509, 4743, 47, 217063, 10, 49878, 121678, 939, 34515, 100, 27024, 214, 70, 144732, 111, 70, 52336, 136, 42814, 25, 7, 36049, 22299, 2806, 765, 193943, 71, 678, 70, 121678, 939, 34515, 5, 717, 75723, 16274, 903, 31089, 4, 42814, 51636, 297, 98, 19441, 6626, 1286, 104227, 678, 12745, 29642, 27992, 7, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 3789, 52336, 764, 181653, 509, 15700, 24009, 6, 205147, 29256, 20, 44, 104711, 7650, 25, 18, 9251, 11853, 28541, 17678, 58, 100, 563, 31567, 122841, 25, 11857, 34377, 44, 919, 31567, 740, 42814, 509, 14432, 35839, 4420, 23, 47, 54, 3060, 17664, 214, 136, 182304, 5, 2161, 70, 11531, 44, 605, 5, 172014, 5337, 822, 112, 830, 442, 7311, 538, 60213, 71, 581, 438, 20179, 223, 335, 5, 568, 5, 724, 5, 5, 1529, 509, 39958, 5773, 4743, 47, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 16500, 42, 21533, 10941, 4, 3129, 2806, 765, 168861, 10091, 35461, 89916, 47, 54452, 70, 7156, 678, 10, 170918, 289, 205789, 53, 156717, 5, 2552, 8079, 203314, 172014, 509, 70, 91995, 674, 4, 12960, 581, 438, 20179, 223, 335, 5, 568, 5, 724, 5, 25, 7, 51389, 2806, 186, 121447, 237, 70, 11531, 44, 1456, 497, 17779, 18, 2369, 740, 581, 7156, 509, 10, 36356, 222521, 100, 335, 3986, 4, 2750, 99, 903, 6275, 509, 23, 10, 56465, 289, 105774, 4, 1777, 18, 2069, 15044, 125694, 136, 57913, 9, 237, 5299, 237, 8035, 23, 142, 162753, 272, 76755, 678, 341, 9, 40658, 4368, 4293, 4, 3129, 509, 113771, 23, 40368, 61894, 30185, 5, 360, 903, 14922, 4, 335, 3986, 2806, 24145, 13438, 35462, 67, 70, 116287, 7, 678, 604, 11001, 7, 12, 70, 4792, 1112, 5962, 44, 6766, 32506, 830, 10, 29256, 11389, 111, 44, 568, 25, 39, 2016, 73, 25, 49472, 58, 136, 44, 23562, 166980, 1215, 84015, 740, 581, 7156, 4527, 7, 158978, 57289, 121413, 7, 1295, 627, 1230, 571, 19612, 72004, 6044, 237, 17065, 1814, 4347, 28394, 4, 73969, 6631, 1314, 4, 884, 15497, 4, 1413, 27376, 4267, 820, 5739, 7, 7, 4, 1784, 2082, 33351, 13, 4, 160794, 22392, 4, 94069, 14631, 4, 136, 1919, 211351, 7, 4, 70, 23213, 48511, 61240, 5, 44, 839, 10611, 58, 54397, 450, 70, 42659, 7, 44, 42, 38529, 111780, 13, 58, 136, 3739, 1067, 71, 335, 3986, 100, 44, 113965, 604, 95771, 2412, 3514, 434, 1257, 70, 5701, 3917, 1836, 6777, 4, 44632, 297, 47, 70, 5701, 8966, 4, 509, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 5701, 113949, 1242, 44, 89272, 23573, 67949, 58, 35778, 12452, 46056, 75094, 26038, 442, 10, 17262, 9, 5613, 20338, 2886, 41392, 4, 114141, 214, 44, 66, 25225, 2886, 71834, 107222, 7, 243, 309, 297, 47, 6863, 645, 416, 6238, 10, 13, 237398, 707, 11651, 37831, 1543, 5299, 241437, 740, 1529, 1059, 3674, 44, 16305, 53, 48511, 58, 136, 44, 568, 25, 39, 2016, 214, 49472, 58, 237, 127308, 7, 12960, 159029, 70, 7156, 44, 66, 10932, 9, 2347, 9, 7514, 23040, 25, 7, 48564, 100, 221791, 740, 360, 10, 17664, 297, 8347, 4, 86452, 71342, 18055, 111, 44, 294, 5128, 58, 14037, 2684, 111, 70, 52336, 5792, 44, 43297, 1294, 58, 136, 29131, 450, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 166577, 7, 44, 96259, 604, 32628, 47, 115851, 1810, 136, 35347, 13, 4, 1284, 100, 756, 70, 106453, 1459, 1836, 158566, 1836, 13648, 237, 5299, 186, 71191, 214, 81979, 7, 1242, 1657, 701, 59520, 509, 1286, 130306, 23, 70, 44, 100604, 31754, 19114, 830, 90791, 442, 44, 3041, 275, 58, 136, 30396, 532, 111, 130812, 1295, 335, 3986, 4, 2750, 44, 246, 90, 19, 25, 18, 15190, 604, 10002, 7941, 9, 30854, 138256, 47, 2499, 88551, 79385, 740, 360, 5726, 4, 44, 31852, 16505, 58, 509, 30648, 297, 14012, 10149, 98, 44, 571, 163089, 58, 7, 5303, 111, 70, 805, 158036, 15672, 7156, 7, 111, 756, 9, 6032, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 44, 211258, 214, 47002, 58, 158012, 442, 99, 14012, 6, 116518, 98, 2363, 2101, 32774, 525, 37340, 7, 111, 3164, 19055, 4, 136, 1372, 418, 23, 10, 1324, 15226, 5281, 5303, 5, 360, 65942, 70, 17164, 509, 99201, 23, 44, 70059, 58, 7, 805, 158036, 7156, 7, 111, 756, 9, 6032, 5303, 5, 44, 31852, 16505, 58, 34377, 297, 99, 468, 1126, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 1781, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 2646, 16505, 83, 70, 17932, 12275, 7156, 390, 15672, 627, 1230, 571, 182304, 22104, 23213, 821, 5, 335, 3986, 4, 121447, 98, 7582, 30777, 13211, 4, 390, 10091, 35461, 89916, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 28451, 7, 98, 44, 31852, 16505, 58, 35142, 678, 56465, 289, 105774, 4, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 1777, 18, 2069, 678, 15044, 125694, 136, 57913, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 8035, 23, 142, 162753, 272, 76755, 5, 992, 5062, 604, 34377, 4, 44, 52231, 25, 7, 70, 201, 1662, 2953, 186348, 4, 335, 3986, 552, 9, 5429, 22904, 22759, 8927, 111, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 28560, 7, 4, 20662, 442, 604, 2684, 64627, 16711, 4935, 136, 3357, 7156, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 209683, 47, 604, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 31852, 16505, 58, 66139, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Critical reception.", "Commercial performance." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Following the success of her debut album, \"What's the 411?\", and a remixed version in 1993, Blige went into the recording studio in the winter of 1993 to record her second album, \"My Life\". Producer Chucky Thompson was brought in and had originally been contracted to produce one song and an interlude for the project. He ended up being a last minute replacement as the producers Blige worked with previously on \"What's the 411?\" demanded more money when the album was certified triple platinum. Blige loved the one song Thompson produced for her, which made Combs change the direction of the album. Combs called recording engineer Prince Charles Alexander out of the blue after Jodeci went to record \"Diary of a Mad Band\". Alexander was brought in at the end of the record, after working on albums by other artists on Bad Boy Entertainment, such as Total, The Notorious B.I.G. and 112. In the middle of recording \"My Life\", Combs suggested covering Rose Royce's 1977 hit \"I'm Going Down\", which he wanted Alexander to handle the session. However, the two butted heads over production credit issues, as Combs wanted to give credit to himself and Thompson, although neither were present for the song's recording session. Alexander fought hard to seek production credit from Combs and the two battled it out over the phone over the issue. Combs later explained it was due to receiving a flat royalty rate for producing the majority of the songs and Alexander's production credit would have interfered with the royalty rate. To circumvent this issue, Alexander insisted on having two more sessions with Bad Boy acts. One of the other songs he produced was another Rose Royce cover - \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" for Faith Evans' 1995 debut \"Faith\". Alexander was later called back in to do some mixing and recording. On the song \"K. Murray Interlude\", it originally featured The Notorious B.I.G.. He was taken off due to the song's lyrical content, which would have forced Uptown Records to release the album with a Parental Advisory sticker. Rapper Keith Murray was the replacement, while The Notorious B.I.G.'s verse would be released as the song \"Who Shot Ya\". The album was a breakthrough for Blige, who at this point was in a clinical depression, battling both drugs and alcohol- as well as being in an abusive relationship with K-Ci Hailey, which was reported in several tabloids. In this period, Blige would once again dominate the charts with her singles: the Top 40 hit \"Be Happy\", a cover version of \"I'm Goin' Down\" and \"You Bring Me Joy\". The album uses primary soul samples from R&B musicians such as Curtis Mayfield, Roy Ayers, Al Green, Teddy Pendergrass, Marvin Gaye, Barry White, Rick James, and his protégés, the Mary Jane Girls.", "\"NME\" wrote that the beats \"reign supreme\" and commended Blige for \"telling her audience she grew up the same way they did, listened to the same things, was influenced by the same situations.\" \"Village Voice\" critic Robert Christgau gave it a three-star honorable mention, indicating \"an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure\". He cited \"Mary Jane\" and \"I'm Going Down\" as highlights while calling the album \"an around-the-way girl's recipe for happiness\". In a mixed review, Jonathan Bernstein of \"Spin\" found most of the songs too \"ordinary\" and felt that Blige's compositions \"give her space to stretch out and emote, but for all the melody they possess they might as well be breathing exercises.\" Connie Johnson was more critical in the \"Los Angeles Times\", finding it \"drab\" and devoid of attitude from Blige, who \"doesn't add her own hard-core signature to any significant degree\". In 2002, \"My Life\" was ranked number 57 on \"Blender\"s list of the 100 greatest American albums of all-time. The following year, \"Rolling Stone\" placed it at number 279 on their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and 281 in a 2012 revised list. In 2006, the record was included in \"Time\"s 100 greatest albums of all-time list.", "\"My Life\" debuted at #9 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, and it would eventually peak at #7. The album debuted atop of the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart at the No. 1 position for selling 200,000 copies where it spent a total of eight weeks atop of that chart. The album would ultimately go on to spend 46 weeks on the Billboard 200 Albums Chart and 84 weeks on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album also charted in Canada peaking at number thirty-seven, and at number fifty-nine on the UK Albums Chart. On December 13, 1995, \"My Life\" was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of three million copies in the United States." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31384, 114149, 111, 13619, 7, 621, 39210, 538, 11814, 100, 21, 7710, 27689, 7, 5, 3293, 83, 10, 224, 481, 2886, 27689, 7, 100, 19657, 15411, 32686, 214, 58555, 4, 44075, 102966, 4, 136, 50997, 7, 5, 67796, 5739, 7, 7, 83, 11814, 23, 2130, 420, 86685, 100, 6863, 183851, 92940, 7, 12, 442, 831, 186, 931, 24243, 47, 10, 4552, 16610, 140909, 15490, 82649, 4, 442, 831, 34831, 10, 6782, 41170, 111, 57616, 83629, 4, 442, 1556, 10, 35299, 8770, 74855, 5426, 450, 83, 6117, 2594, 136, 168, 184, 6, 190358, 442, 47, 186, 1957, 48141, 136, 55993, 43257, 72546, 4, 136, 442, 1556, 10, 6221, 162, 214, 4, 53894, 50997, 170894, 5, 581, 9351, 44, 76576, 58, 15005, 7, 47, 70, 35299, 8770, 74855, 7, 4, 3129, 1585, 71, 1660, 35064, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 221, 379, 47, 175648, 67, 80707, 538, 5, 44, 284, 87436, 1814, 16616, 4370, 45271, 58, 83, 70, 2684, 39210, 538, 11814, 114149, 111, 44, 284, 87436, 1814, 740, 165837, 25958, 4, 442, 509, 27983, 35839, 3347, 17007, 1507, 4989, 27689, 7, 4, 7103, 10, 54427, 98, 50791, 7, 87180, 8950, 73, 4, 30715, 5, 1650, 83, 98174, 3674, 39555, 97629, 538, 98, 19657, 132073, 4, 41866, 98, 118620, 50997, 7, 5, 15678, 13, 10366, 13619, 124030, 21286, 27489, 7, 124001, 36418, 7, 4, 35839, 16616, 5245, 4, 450, 11675, 33233, 70, 221, 379, 25, 7, 71579, 5, 32255, 63769, 49512, 10366, 13619, 47, 3173, 168, 184, 9157, 7, 1379, 46518, 5844, 27289, 136, 1810, 277, 64794, 147306, 9, 50986, 27689, 7, 136, 134744, 133, 2407, 642, 297, 7, 5, 1301, 6044, 4, 2174, 23, 13576, 297, 23, 10, 5368, 21, 7710, 4, 442, 831, 24209, 10, 63134, 43452, 642, 297, 2967, 5, 581, 31358, 7, 111, 70, 13619, 5739, 7, 7, 621, 4989, 136, 91, 163089, 5, 1650, 831, 69405, 5646, 645, 10, 5368, 21, 7710, 2174, 442, 83, 959, 6226, 6259, 136, 1556, 4552, 35299, 8770, 74855, 7, 5, 15678, 13, 10366, 13619, 5739, 7, 7, 1556, 2809, 101412, 25958, 185118, 297, 47, 186, 100483, 134208, 2182, 149104, 4, 237, 44, 3630, 111, 70, 5117, 32382, 9, 5877, 10061, 3674, 4, 117, 33, 93, 289, 4, 136, 103210, 1810, 95665, 214, 3900, 429, 6402, 13081, 6423, 740, 360, 6052, 70, 50695, 7, 33734, 35020, 71, 442, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 21334, 15, 115095, 13442, 256, 16, 44457, 110324, 23, 9879, 199716, 43573, 9266, 2701, 5, 360, 86097, 6863, 160, 8405, 509, 14037, 47, 765, 157578, 56409, 105925, 13619, 5739, 7, 7, 43904, 7, 1257, 47, 616, 140635, 7, 16065, 5, 47832, 9, 5877, 10061, 1916, 44, 284, 87436, 1814, 108980, 11, 58, 509, 3853, 14037, 99, 10, 62488, 111, 952, 140635, 7, 5, 581, 55993, 56, 5809, 959, 87388, 756, 101412, 25958, 185118, 297, 18153, 7, 136, 23, 56434, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 63557, 111, 40612, 88528, 5885, 71, 70, 55993, 56, 3650, 183191, 100, 351, 9, 58875, 87587, 678, 209332, 23, 25499, 44, 284, 87436, 1814, 3540, 2298, 3679, 830, 707, 190070, 13619, 4, 509, 91048, 47, 21629, 1295, 14713, 5, 3293, 509, 70, 10644, 111, 27689, 7, 450, 509, 11814, 98, 70, 27165, 1779, 111, 2684, 97761, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 35835, 271, 111, 70, 13619, 7, 678, 4552, 5885, 168286, 136, 1884, 2684, 13619, 27689, 5908, 55993, 7, 4552, 168, 1428, 53, 5, 106073, 903, 114149, 1556, 2809, 11814, 98, 19657, 132073, 136, 2896, 214, 44457, 7, 442, 83, 11522, 14947, 71, 100, 27165, 1779, 5, 192568, 141, 13619, 83, 180663, 23468, 47, 55993, 1295, 40, 297, 7, 136, 92895, 47691, 111, 70, 21, 7710, 83, 959, 237, 108938, 5, 3293, 27689, 7, 2843, 51776, 51713, 47, 137633, 3501, 49512, 10366, 13619, 5, 33306, 442, 14602, 959, 64209, 70, 108938, 121097, 5, 44, 284, 87436, 1814, 831, 885, 58, 62163, 6863, 9351, 100, 70, 1518, 3618, 170894, 450, 903, 27689, 7, 27489, 7, 5, 1650, 1556, 70, 2270, 525, 168286, 111, 756, 70, 13619, 27689, 5908, 5, 3293, 27689, 7, 509, 11814, 23, 14713, 100, 97761, 27165, 1779, 136, 19657, 132073, 6637, 442, 5809, 186, 59226, 221, 16610, 5, 183910, 13619, 27689, 7, 144570, 21373, 1257, 350, 4517, 136, 121097, 47, 49512, 10366, 13619, 5, 183910, 13619, 1556, 78684, 1902, 10, 3332, 148791, 23, 70, 17274, 4743, 47, 70, 11192, 35968, 7, 98, 50997, 7, 1295, 75761, 5911, 92949, 136, 38352, 202702, 5, 3293, 114149, 2843, 1556, 10, 22729, 56, 10576, 3501, 70, 6626, 96362, 114149, 5, 667, 3055, 36361, 90, 124901, 377, 720, 5974, 320, 7, 61590, 98, 44, 284, 87436, 1814, 58, 26698, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 51364, 63125, 15, 76576, 707, 13619, 5739, 7, 7, 16, 83, 10, 21334, 136, 4552, 110518, 191725, 74132, 66, 107396, 111, 18153, 7, 23, 70, 27689, 7, 14449, 4, 14037, 23, 110518, 756, 70, 76726, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 35326, 237, 10, 527, 12013, 49512, 10366, 13619, 27689, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Uses.", "Creeping bent.", "Common bent.", "Velvet bent.", "Butterfly food plant." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Some species of bents are commonly used for lawn grass. This is a desirable grass for golf course teeing areas, fairways, and greens. Bentgrass is used in turf applications for its numerous advantages: it can be mowed to a very short length without damage, it can handle a great amount of foot traffic, it has a shallow root system that is thick and dense allowing it to be seeded and grow rather easily, and it has a pleasing, deep green appearance. The name \"bent\" refers to the shallow roots, which bend just below the surface of the soil to propagate laterally.", "\"Agrostis stolonifera\" is the most commonly used species of \"Agrostis\". Historically, it was often called Orcheston long grass, after a village on Salisbury Plain, England. It is cultivated almost exclusively on golf courses, especially on putting greens. Creeping bent aggressively produces horizontal stems, called stolons, that run along the soil's surface. These allow creeping bent to form dense stands under conducive conditions and outcompete bunch-type grass and broadleaf weeds. As such, if infested in a home lawn, it can become a troublesome weed problem. The leaves of the bentgrass are long and slender. It can quickly take over a home lawn if it is not controlled and has very shallow roots. Creeping bentgrass has been genetically engineered to be glyphosate tolerant, as \"one of the first wind-pollinated, perennial, and highly outcrossing transgenic crops\". In 2003 the Scotts Company planted it as part of a large (about 160 ha) field trial in central Oregon near Madras. In 2004, its pollen was found to have reached wild growing bentgrass populations up to 14 kilometres away. Cross-pollinating \"Agrostis gigantea\" was even found at a distance of 21 kilometres. The grower could not remove all genetically engineered plants and in 2007, the U.S. Department of Agriculture fined the grower $500,000 for non-compliance with regulations in 2007.", "\"Agrostis capillaris\", or colonial bent, was brought to America from Europe. This was the type of grass that was used on the lawns of most estates. It is the tallest of the bents with very fine texture and like most bent grasses grows very densely. Although this species has been used on golf courses and sporting fields it is better suited for lawns. Colonial bent is fairly easy to grow from seeds and fertilization of the lawn is not as intense. This grass also takes longer to establish than creeping bent. However it does not require the intense maintenance.", "\"Agrostis canina\" gets its name for the velvet appearance that this grass produces. It has the finest texture of all the bent grasses. This grass was used in Europe for estate lawns and golf courses because it could be cut so short. Velvet bent grass requires similar upkeep and maintenance to creeping bent. Velvet bent has recently had a resurgence in the UK due to the high demands on greens from inclement weather and speed expectations. This species also has a lighter color than the two previous species.", "Butterflies whose caterpillars feed on \"Agrostis\" include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 276, 88939, 83, 51521, 538, 10, 91084, 9393, 61475, 8780, 52350, 79466, 390, 24018, 74, 51, 161818, 538, 4, 70, 61475, 7, 765, 2809, 67842, 538, 189050, 237, 135203, 100, 1833, 47477, 151552, 442, 237, 44, 12243, 3525, 242, 188336, 7, 25, 82, 74694, 11948, 12064, 254, 71407, 98, 188, 70, 2577, 111, 70, 59420, 1242, 87063, 4, 20271, 1632, 111, 6863, 183851, 29685, 133868, 7, 678, 24018, 4, 181653, 7481, 4912, 1295, 24018, 114141, 214, 450, 276, 88939, 192942, 100, 44, 4613, 87427, 78804, 224545, 7, 740, 66016, 142, 61475, 8780, 53418, 186, 52350, 79466, 4, 903, 509, 142, 81887, 47, 56649, 2182, 24018, 25, 7, 52350, 10015, 5, 360, 11857, 4, 24018, 11435, 71, 60813, 26548, 87063, 136, 107790, 4084, 89499, 5, 100, 1239, 4032, 111, 6863, 52350, 10015, 276, 88939, 5, 87063, 136, 24018, 9615, 6259, 4, 678, 87063, 1030, 69723, 6259, 9966, 276, 88939, 237, 10, 52350, 10015, 6, 157272, 390, 24018, 4, 136, 678, 24018, 2855, 1916, 87063, 38109, 47, 4527, 70, 276, 88939, 52350, 10015, 237, 10, 55556, 9351, 4, 1284, 959, 10, 14543, 42, 9351, 5, 276, 88939, 61924, 7, 136659, 68067, 7, 4, 35839, 41646, 2389, 8305, 41646, 966, 4, 136, 41018, 7, 450, 160404, 98, 2856, 5, 98423, 68067, 83, 7911, 4785, 7, 38134, 136, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 16401, 40101, 7911, 9, 3137, 892, 26255, 4, 707, 48716, 164917, 892, 26255, 23, 10, 44, 29102, 297, 58, 9384, 12, 10, 11001, 6, 188336, 831, 7068, 186, 190659, 47, 6626, 2789, 9, 3137, 892, 26255, 4, 22759, 22958, 3137, 892, 26255, 4, 707, 136659, 15045, 3137, 892, 26255, 99, 24145, 5, 276, 88939, 87344, 4734, 892, 1505, 41018, 7, 5, 14847, 7311, 538, 126809, 4, 100, 70, 24018, 17, 1019, 4598, 4, 70, 4527, 111, 892, 1505, 48909, 7228, 10422, 15, 837, 927, 116, 397, 136, 138, 397, 74481, 5256, 56065, 442, 247, 1284, 237, 6, 48461, 7, 126381, 450, 6777, 5045, 111, 903, 100512, 39210, 4, 892, 1505, 40288, 397, 23, 70, 86039, 100512, 208806, 4842, 35405, 18, 100, 6, 48461, 289, 86685, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 70, 2134, 30494, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 41018, 7, 23, 276, 88939, 5809, 207583, 38352, 1257, 3060, 6338, 26073, 9433, 214, 86685, 5, 717, 71864, 112793, 2481, 44402, 678, 70, 43701, 101089, 191619, 7, 23, 144573, 172852, 76519, 4, 70, 276, 88939, 68067, 7, 621, 55109, 90, 100, 70, 144573, 1022, 19308, 563, 26214, 68067, 7, 4, 3129, 43701, 101089, 90, 2806, 21771, 30098, 136, 14359, 107, 5, 992, 5062, 70, 1022, 19308, 68067, 7, 4, 3129, 186, 68991, 1884, 10, 177261, 4, 70, 276, 88939, 68067, 7, 621, 12638, 105237, 29823, 2886, 15, 46258, 39, 17203, 194, 28541, 41018, 23, 3784, 6496, 70, 21917, 26518, 6275, 177261, 13648, 2843, 52490, 70, 276, 88939, 68067, 7, 136, 22925, 105274, 4, 221, 903, 55109, 214, 30482, 442, 34844, 47, 4488, 678, 21917, 26518, 6275, 136, 40288, 397, 41018, 7, 23, 70, 5701, 38415, 5, 717, 39771, 20650, 23718, 4, 77848, 7, 27983, 11814, 70, 14543, 42, 97629, 538, 23, 1632, 13736, 707, 70, 3789, 4, 8, 2875, 2852, 70, 35845, 538, 72803, 101089, 17721, 2856, 237, 4989, 237, 7722, 5, 98423, 7911, 9, 3137, 276, 88939, 68067, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 332, 18, 3031, 2831, 111, 142, 39955, 3137, 1022, 19308, 68067, 5, 581, 1407, 56, 611, 4785, 7, 111, 70, 1022, 19308, 68067, 7, 4911, 7, 738, 51, 33740, 23, 276, 88939, 4, 136, 6097, 4785, 7, 621, 756, 5423, 47, 64333, 4, 20662, 2856, 353, 839, 7, 707, 54241, 3387, 23, 70, 21917, 26518, 6275, 18811, 1363, 5, 3293, 831, 186, 11814, 390, 86685, 47, 28288, 36766, 10, 17311, 68067, 25, 7, 10941, 83, 179140, 237, 21917, 26518, 6275, 707, 40288, 397, 2053, 5, 23752, 8060, 100, 276, 88939, 509, 72803, 23, 38162, 5, 24018, 25, 7, 313, 15612, 34759, 136, 62548, 34754, 72977, 113054, 297, 9407, 5425, 28021, 100, 23, 23253, 214, 276, 88939, 167934, 136, 24018, 121447, 35773, 10484, 111, 39210, 173, 18770, 29367, 234873, 7, 17368, 276, 88939, 5, 149766, 24018, 136, 36159, 7797, 7, 81887, 297, 101038, 173, 18770, 47691, 23, 2363, 9969, 34759, 7, 4, 1284, 70, 41018, 7, 23, 70, 313, 56037, 449, 46876, 291, 48398, 70425, 538, 98, 188, 70, 276, 88939, 6, 188336, 5423, 136, 114122, 234873, 7, 237, 111, 3576, 205794, 7464, 1902, 47, 186, 59121, 23, 10, 89845, 38526, 5, 87063, 4, 10, 28813, 449, 1022, 15276, 11948, 63923, 748, 116366, 4, 156856, 71, 24018, 25, 7, 276, 88939, 678, 2363, 10002, 138, 397, 137594, 38, 6, 188336, 5423, 5, 138, 397, 137594, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 154107, 11001, 9, 51606, 6889, 15, 6460, 9, 3137, 16, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 8060, 47, 70, 40288, 397, 6, 188336, 9, 3509, 4, 54940, 3789, 892, 1505, 136, 1286, 4537, 156856, 9035, 5, 77168, 214, 276, 88939, 4, 24018, 25, 7, 11737, 13036, 1022, 15276, 111938, 509, 70, 6, 101666, 4, 65508, 71, 678, 70, 436, 109928, 9, 33747, 14449, 23, 8272, 4, 166904, 538, 10, 6602, 7103, 87063, 25, 7, 138, 397, 137594, 38, 509, 65508, 71, 5, 6, 101666, 29823, 297, 70, 56458, 16610, 277, 5180, 111, 276, 88939, 15, 73, 41159, 47, 17664, 892, 1505, 9, 73434, 397, 233, 7, 678, 2499, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 233, 7, 16, 390, 105233, 10, 3525, 26560, 9, 3137, 38134, 68067, 11435, 15, 1542, 25590, 2389, 1104, 1542, 25590, 36076, 136, 3525, 40288, 397, 167934, 100, 442, 5, 18852, 138, 397, 137594, 38, 4, 6, 101666, 162393, 97629, 538, 98, 11001, 9, 51606, 6889, 21917, 26518, 9, 38496, 41018, 7, 15, 6460, 9, 3137, 3142, 892, 1505, 40288, 397, 41018, 7, 3542, 7464, 51339, 297, 17368, 70, 276, 88939, 68067, 136, 6, 188336, 5423, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 3525, 1193, 25590, 68067, 9, 29822, 107003, 6, 101666, 40288, 397, 9, 21473, 5256, 47, 186, 4092, 538, 17664, 297, 678, 40101, 276, 88939, 707, 1022, 19308, 563, 26214, 233, 7, 5, 6, 101666, 304, 4, 65508, 71, 678, 70, 436, 109928, 201, 4, 53333, 65042, 297, 70, 1022, 15276, 40288, 397, 6, 188336, 5423, 678, 892, 1505, 17966, 44166, 64, 6460, 4785, 16, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 276, 88939, 83, 10, 11001, 6, 188336, 4, 48716, 2053, 15, 73434, 397, 16, 6, 188336, 5423, 82775, 390, 24018, 4, 65508, 71, 23, 18982, 10586, 678, 6863, 436, 55426, 77007, 436, 109928, 13315, 111, 11948, 63923, 25251, 4, 4331, 27686, 237, 44, 683, 109928, 678, 276, 88939, 46473, 740, 1650, 126809, 1810, 111, 10, 21373, 25072, 65508, 71, 98, 70, 24018, 17, 1019, 4598, 4, 136, 110680, 70, 24018, 17, 58087, 1202, 98009, 14543, 42, 5, 276, 88939, 83, 10, 14543, 42, 107506, 6635, 3540, 41159, 450, 83, 8060, 297, 98, 17309, 87, 284, 108760, 14543, 4295, 390, 24018, 136, 3789, 116366, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview.", "Naming.", "Technical details.", "Software support.", "Successor.", "MMX in embedded applications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "MMX is officially a meaningless initialism trademarked by Intel; unofficially, the initials have been variously explained as standing for Newsweek described it as \"57 new 'instructions' etched microscopically onto the face of the chip.\" AMD, during one of its numerous court battles with Intel, produced marketing material from Intel indicating that MMX stood for \"Matrix Math Extensions\". Since an initialism cannot be trademarked, this was an attempt to invalidate Intel's trademark. In 1995, Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp. for misuse of its trademark MMX. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to use the MMX trademark as a technology name, but not a processor name.", "MMX defines eight registers, called MM0 through MM7, and operations that operate on them. Each register is 64 bits wide and can be used to hold either 64-bit integers, or multiple smaller integers in a \"packed\" format: a single instruction can then be applied to two 32-bit integers, four 16-bit integers, or eight 8-bit integers at once. MMX provides only integer operations. When originally developed, for the Intel i860, the use of integer math made sense (both 2D and 3D calculations required it), but as graphics cards that did much of this became common, integer SIMD in the CPU became somewhat redundant for graphical applications. On the other hand, the saturation arithmetic operations in MMX could significantly speed up some digital signal processing applications. To avoid compatibility problems with the context switch mechanisms in existing operating systems, the MMX registers are aliases for the existing x87 FPU registers, which context switches would already save and restore. Unlike the x87 registers, which behave like a stack, the MMX registers are each directly addressable (random access). Any operation involving the floating point stack might also affect the MMX registers and vice versa, so this aliasing makes it difficult to work with floating point and SIMD operations in the same application. To maximize performance, programmers often used the processor exclusively in one mode or the other, deferring the relatively slow switch between them as long as possible. Each 64-bit MMX register corresponds to the mantissa part of an 80-bit x87 register. The upper 16 bits of the x87 registers thus go unused in MMX, and these bits are all set to ones, making them NaNs or infinities in the floating point representation. This can be used by applications to decide whether a particular register's content is intended as floating point or SIMD data.", "Software support for MMX was slow in coming. Intel's C Compiler and related development tools obtained intrinsics for invoking MMX instructions and Intel released libraries of common vectorized algorithms using MMX. Both Intel and Metrowerks attempted automatic vectorization in their compilers, but the operations in the C programming language mapped poorly onto the MMX instruction set and custom algorithms as of 2000 typically still had to be written in assembly.", "AMD, a competing x86 microprocessor vendor, enhanced Intel's MMX with their own 3DNow! instruction set. 3DNow is best known for adding single-precision (32-bit) floating-point support to the SIMD instruction-set, among other integer and more general enhancements. Following MMX, Intel's next major x86 extension was the SSE, introduced with the Pentium-III family in 1999, roughly a year after AMD's 3DNow! was introduced. SSE addressed the core shortcomings of MMX (inability to mix integer-SIMD ops with any floating-point ops) by creating a new 128-bit wide register file (XMM0–XMM7) and new SIMD instructions for it. Like 3DNow!, SSE focused exclusively on single-precision floating-point operations (32-bit); integer SIMD operations were still performed using the MMX register and instruction set. However, the new XMM register-file allowed SSE SIMD-operations to be freely mixed with either MMX or x87 FPU ops. SSE2, introduced with the Pentium 4, further extended the x86 SIMD instruction set with integer (8/16/32 bit) and double-precision floating-point data support for the XMM register file. SSE2 also allowed the MMX opcodes to use XMM register operands, extended to even wider YMM and ZMM registers by later SSE revisions.", "Intel's and Marvell's XScale microprocessor core starting with PXA270 include an SIMD instruction set extension to the ARM core called iwMMXt whose functions are similar to those of the IA-32 MMX extension. iwMMXt stands for \"Intel Wireless MMX Technology\". It provides arithmetic and logic operations on 64-bit integer numbers (the software may choose to instead perform two 32-bit, four 16-bit or eight 8-bit operations in a single instruction). The extension contains 16 data registers of 64-bits and eight control registers of 32-bits. All registers are accessed through standard ARM architecture coprocessor mapping mechanism. iwMMXt occupies coprocessors 0 and 1 space, and some of its opcodes clash with the opcodes of the earlier floating-point extension, FPA. Later versions of Marvell's ARM processors support both WMMX (Wireless MMX) and WMMX2 (Wireless MMX2) opcodes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 44, 98869, 58, 32497, 1295, 70, 42845, 44, 90837, 107, 58, 15, 188, 3034, 194, 148641, 5744, 34153, 621, 14941, 44, 79122, 13, 830, 44, 90837, 1363, 830, 136, 44, 79122, 41159, 830, 195374, 44, 90837, 42, 58, 15, 188, 118482, 707, 90365, 4, 707, 68018, 23996, 707, 3034, 247, 89176, 44, 130279, 107, 58, 15, 188, 9790, 247, 136, 30839, 44, 79122, 4921, 58, 15, 188, 9790, 194, 581, 8437, 13579, 44, 79122, 2481, 58, 26950, 180210, 707, 144189, 2481, 4, 70, 14537, 111, 3034, 2414, 299, 47, 23534, 15824, 7, 3229, 34475, 390, 3445, 7, 111, 216473, 707, 10778, 5, 8950, 8702, 83259, 10750, 7, 17368, 764, 474, 48242, 128779, 6044, 237, 75073, 136, 165419, 90, 107671, 297, 81113, 291, 140363, 70760, 6, 98869, 5, 1650, 83, 47041, 450, 70, 6528, 111, 106804, 214, 10, 93192, 5117, 10, 75287, 23, 94878, 678, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 3129, 62038, 3674, 23, 138155, 44402, 111, 3551, 72350, 674, 5, 581, 34754, 111, 291, 140363, 70760, 6, 98869, 83, 102917, 538, 70, 12996, 111, 142, 45964, 160600, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 136, 1632, 111, 6863, 158036, 69307, 9035, 5, 5971, 1577, 16156, 2357, 1104, 155670, 335, 10854, 16, 136, 45644, 771, 187906, 111, 5585, 232, 15, 238, 5, 126877, 1104, 617, 963, 335, 10854, 16, 26038, 3060, 111, 70, 5117, 51529, 6, 98869, 7, 111, 70, 58391, 7, 23, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 5177, 246, 80140, 15, 144836, 1104, 104043, 335, 10854, 16, 136, 581, 11, 126, 37429, 9451, 2489, 1104, 125832, 335, 10854, 16, 26168, 3674, 70, 58391, 7, 1284, 6777, 959, 23534, 2856, 5, 126562, 17991, 15, 117180, 1104, 363, 4015, 335, 10854, 16, 2804, 80934, 7, 5608, 98363, 70, 23755, 8035, 61924, 71, 23, 69407, 111, 3789, 23755, 7, 21771, 51529, 5, 123426, 88875, 141, 6, 98869, 509, 98834, 29367, 390, 5177, 238, 12472, 15, 7739, 335, 10854, 247, 2750, 65508, 71, 70, 10, 78697, 47148, 55300, 7464, 23, 4527, 18925, 5, 1650, 4034, 7, 678, 9232, 5983, 297, 69407, 136, 10, 5134, 28016, 4, 89261, 7, 50509, 214, 70, 9232, 5983, 297, 69407, 3129, 621, 41591, 71, 47, 186, 15970, 9, 4854, 52128, 538, 29568, 15, 161063, 160600, 44, 91095, 232, 830, 9844, 41965, 53, 194, 28090, 903, 18231, 4, 70, 55300, 23534, 7, 70, 58391, 7, 17368, 8, 39367, 4935, 62775, 5, 5177, 238, 12472, 25, 7, 12877, 4, 70, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 830, 509, 12301, 390, 35672, 2750, 509, 90698, 155629, 297, 23, 70, 10542, 24189, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 58391, 7, 111, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 27512, 3238, 6504, 5073, 70, 58391, 4, 70, 44, 647, 19929, 7, 58, 2843, 29256, 7, 14012, 154453, 4, 26719, 10, 6, 98869, 450, 70, 6, 108047, 74855, 111, 6626, 83, 193, 30494, 289, 136, 10, 6, 98869, 450, 2685, 621, 54241, 21286, 5941, 20809, 101935, 5, 27766, 9319, 129745, 7, 2843, 34739, 3687, 23, 92264, 116625, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 51404, 110680, 160600, 6, 98869, 7, 3542, 21334, 538, 84183, 238, 32837, 5256, 4, 70, 34754, 111, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 136, 144, 429, 2844, 390, 116625, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 107003, 1286, 4537, 6, 98869, 7, 678, 110, 6, 215131, 98, 84183, 238, 58868, 1363, 5, 360, 70, 209, 927, 142642, 18471, 4, 70, 69496, 14, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 884, 9, 841, 28524, 266, 79786, 678, 101935, 237, 6044, 4, 35839, 44, 59801, 58, 1284, 959, 204988, 90698, 237, 72350, 9035, 111, 84183, 238, 36746, 7, 4, 47, 23534, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 89261, 7, 50509, 214, 127664, 1363, 4, 91853, 4, 3021, 5, 4, 26719, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 193, 30494, 289, 101935, 5, 893, 135989, 4935, 6, 98869, 100, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 40, 26513, 5170, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 70, 44, 6210, 9, 919, 344, 32298, 58, 15, 14105, 16, 390, 884, 9, 161397, 658, 4, 2750, 11814, 442, 47, 23534, 70, 333, 1687, 15403, 70, 58391, 136, 183871, 111, 167599, 25, 7, 1927, 109217, 5, 884, 51704, 33, 2843, 126809, 70, 55300, 111, 6, 98869, 390, 2304, 428, 10763, 4, 237, 70, 5117, 81887, 99, 502, 6496, 70, 5177, 34937, 130265, 95103, 49489, 2182, 5, 18799, 6, 98869, 154453, 85689, 7, 6, 98869, 7, 237, 135989, 4935, 538, 61924, 71, 2053, 45646, 7, 4, 959, 186607, 449, 142, 237259, 450, 10, 5134, 28016, 621, 44, 9774, 13, 58, 23, 2499, 10422, 5, 3293, 114864, 95103, 291, 140363, 70760, 3790, 10484, 237, 23113, 115774, 111, 10, 34475, 100270, 13, 23755, 4, 35509, 98, 75939, 13, 5423, 7, 111, 10, 5134, 28016, 4, 100, 27781, 62, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 136, 3775, 9, 52283, 34937, 130265, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 1301, 41361, 71, 4, 10, 6, 98869, 83, 36510, 297, 23, 6083, 46876, 136, 83, 10, 75992, 10821, 10750, 179140, 47, 122991, 70, 95771, 111, 70, 85027, 111, 10, 63805, 5, 581, 5570, 111, 75992, 83, 959, 89931, 136, 1556, 10861, 297, 87420, 32692, 5, 62, 6, 98869, 831, 186, 8121, 71, 12921, 538, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 179140, 95771, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 21647, 26946, 7154, 4, 10, 6, 98869, 1556, 47, 23356, 60013, 289, 5570, 7, 111, 75992, 74, 142, 10750, 90698, 307, 6261, 707, 82940, 46485, 1543, 186, 6, 34590, 89829, 5, 581, 23755, 111, 6, 98869, 83, 23113, 29367, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 291, 140363, 70760, 62775, 5, 62, 23113, 6, 98869, 83, 59121, 23, 10, 23113, 46876, 64457, 111, 10, 6083, 46876, 5, 62, 23113, 6, 98869, 83, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 26168, 7, 23, 10, 23113, 46876, 4, 72134, 678, 142, 237259, 4, 136, 678, 12638, 221419, 26168, 10, 62775, 289, 179804, 6620, 111, 70, 107671, 214, 64333, 5, 3293, 80934, 30482, 70, 23755, 111, 6, 98869, 37938, 2886, 47, 35187, 5, 102627, 297, 4, 70, 44457, 111, 6, 98869, 154453, 96335, 23113, 6, 98869, 7, 136, 2363, 183871, 4, 70, 2684, 170277, 136, 212615, 8035, 450, 39555, 756, 10, 78697, 47148, 76519, 831, 139392, 24233, 9232, 24750, 2661, 63805, 7, 959, 13395, 2661, 28032, 70, 5426, 5, 581, 80934, 111, 10, 23113, 6, 98869, 83, 179140, 47, 141621, 70, 23755, 111, 6, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 291, 140363, 70760, 6, 98869, 83, 142, 53498, 80973, 10750, 100, 10, 291, 140363, 70760, 63805, 4, 141377, 450, 70, 11341, 71, 237259, 7, 12684, 71407, 142027, 70, 93192, 5, 581, 10750, 1543, 4527, 3789, 198395, 170920, 63805, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 58391, 7, 74, 1284, 11907, 6, 98869, 831, 4, 23, 24702, 133, 4, 186, 64549, 297, 17368, 4734, 24233, 62822, 707, 7311, 237259, 7, 51529, 237, 10, 5134, 28016, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 68186, 71, 91736, 111, 53498, 6620, 5, 1250, 4390, 7, 621, 27781, 7, 111, 146353, 5844, 8, 39367, 4935, 31635, 214, 3129, 137633, 62775, 289, 24233, 939, 4, 47, 186, 157167, 67175, 1295, 156002, 6827, 10750, 7, 707, 351, 9, 3355, 18391, 4935, 135989, 4935, 31635, 214, 3129, 137633, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History and etymology.", "Nature and purpose.", "Methods.", "Direct proof.", "Proof by mathematical induction.", "Proof by contraposition.", "Proof by contradiction.", "Proof by construction.", "Proof by exhaustion.", "Probabilistic proof.", "Combinatorial proof.", "Nonconstructive proof.", "Statistical proofs in pure mathematics.", "Computer-assisted proofs.", "Undecidable statements.", "Heuristic mathematics and experimental mathematics.", "Related concepts.", "Visual proof.", "Elementary proof.", "Two-column proof.", "Colloquial use of \"mathematical proof\".", "Statistical proof using data.", "Inductive logic proofs and Bayesian analysis.", "Proofs as mental objects.", "Influence of mathematical proof methods outside mathematics.", "Ending a proof." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The word \"proof\" comes from the Latin \"probare\" (to test). Related modern words are English \"probe\", \"probation\", and \"probability\", Spanish \"probar\" (to smell or taste, or sometimes touch or test), Italian \"provare\" (to try), and German \"probieren\" (to try). The legal term \"probity\" means authority or credibility, the power of testimony to prove facts when given by persons of reputation or status. Plausibility arguments using heuristic devices such as pictures and analogies preceded strict mathematical proof. It is likely that the idea of demonstrating a conclusion first arose in connection with geometry, which originated in practical problems of land measurement. The development of mathematical proof is primarily the product of ancient Greek mathematics, and one of its greatest achievements. Thales (624–546 BCE) and Hippocrates of Chios (c. 470–410 BCE) gave some of the first known proofs of theorems in geometry. Eudoxus (408–355 BCE) and Theaetetus (417–369 BCE) formulated theorems but did not prove them. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) said definitions should describe the concept being defined in terms of other concepts already known. Mathematical proof was revolutionized by Euclid (300 BCE), who introduced the axiomatic method still in use today. It starts with undefined terms and axioms, propositions concerning the undefined terms which are assumed to be self-evidently true (from Greek \"axios\", something worthy). From this basis, the method proves theorems using deductive logic. Euclid's book, the \"Elements\", was read by anyone who was considered educated in the West until the middle of the 20th century. In addition to theorems of geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem, the \"Elements\" also covers number theory, including a proof that the square root of two is irrational and a proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Further advances also took place in medieval Islamic mathematics. While earlier Greek proofs were largely geometric demonstrations, the development of arithmetic and algebra by Islamic mathematicians allowed more general proofs with no dependence on geometric intuition. In the 10th century CE, the Iraqi mathematician Al-Hashimi worked with numbers as such, called \"lines\" but not necessarily considered as measurements of geometric objects, to prove algebraic propositions concerning multiplication, division, etc., including the existence of irrational numbers. An inductive proof for arithmetic sequences was introduced in the \"Al-Fakhri\" (1000) by Al-Karaji, who used it to prove the binomial theorem and properties of Pascal's triangle. Alhazen also developed the method of proof by contradiction, as the first attempt at proving the Euclidean parallel postulate. Modern proof theory treats proofs as inductively defined data structures, not requiring an assumption that axioms are \"true\" in any sense. This allows parallel mathematical theories as formal models of a given intuitive concept, based on alternate sets of axioms, for example Axiomatic set theory and Non-Euclidean geometry.", "As practiced, a proof is expressed in natural language and is a rigorous argument intended to convince the audience of the truth of a statement. The standard of rigor is not absolute and has varied throughout history. A proof can be presented differently depending on the intended audience. In order to gain acceptance, a proof has to meet communal standards of rigor; an argument considered vague or incomplete may be rejected. The concept of proof is formalized in the field of mathematical logic. A formal proof is written in a formal language instead of a natural language. A formal proof is a sequence of formulas in a formal language, starting with an assumption, and with each subsequent formula a logical consequence of the preceding ones. This definition makes the concept of proof amenable to study. Indeed, the field of proof theory studies formal proofs and their properties, the most famous and surprising being that almost all axiomatic systems can generate certain undecidable statements not provable within the system. The definition of a formal proof is intended to capture the concept of proofs as written in the practice of mathematics. The soundness of this definition amounts to the belief that a published proof can, in principle, be converted into a formal proof. However, outside the field of automated proof assistants, this is rarely done in practice. A classic question in philosophy asks whether mathematical proofs are analytic or synthetic. Kant, who introduced the analytic–synthetic distinction, believed mathematical proofs are synthetic, whereas Quine argued in his 1951 \"Two Dogmas of Empiricism\" that such a distinction is untenable. Proofs may be admired for their mathematical beauty. The mathematician Paul Erdős was known for describing proofs which he found to be particularly elegant as coming from \"The Book\", a hypothetical tome containing the most beautiful method(s) of proving each theorem. The book \"Proofs from THE BOOK\", published in 2003, is devoted to presenting 32 proofs its editors find particularly pleasing.", "", "In direct proof, the conclusion is established by logically combining the axioms, definitions, and earlier theorems. For example, direct proof can be used to prove that the sum of two even integers is always even: This proof uses the definition of even integers, the integer properties of closure under addition and multiplication, and distributivity.", "Despite its name, mathematical induction is a method of deduction, not a form of inductive reasoning. In proof by mathematical induction, a single \"base case\" is proved, and an \"induction rule\" is proved that establishes that any arbitrary case implies the next case. Since in principle the induction rule can be applied repeatedly (starting from the proved base case), it follows that all (usually infinitely many) cases are provable. This avoids having to prove each case individually. A variant of mathematical induction is proof by infinite descent, which can be used, for example, to prove the irrationality of the square root of two. A common application of proof by mathematical induction is to prove that a property known to hold for one number holds for all natural numbers: Let } be the set of natural numbers, and be a mathematical statement involving the natural number belonging to such that For example, we can prove by induction that all positive integers of the form are odd. Let represent \" is odd\": The shorter phrase \"proof by induction\" is often used instead of \"proof by mathematical induction\".", "Proof by contraposition infers the statement \"if \"p\" then \"q\"\" by establishing the logically equivalent contrapositive statement: \"if \"not q\" then \"not p\"\". For example, contraposition can be used to establish that, given an integer formula_1, if formula_2 is even, then formula_1 is even:", "In proof by contradiction, also known by the Latin phrase \"reductio ad absurdum\" (by reduction to the absurd), it is shown that if some statement is assumed true, a logical contradiction occurs, hence the statement must be false. A famous example involves the proof that formula_10 is an irrational number: To paraphrase: if one could write formula_10 as a fraction, this fraction could never be written in lowest terms, since 2 could always be factored from numerator and denominator.", "Proof by construction, or proof by example, is the construction of a concrete example with a property to show that something having that property exists. Joseph Liouville, for instance, proved the existence of transcendental numbers by constructing an explicit example. It can also be used to construct a counterexample to disprove a proposition that all elements have a certain property.", "In proof by exhaustion, the conclusion is established by dividing it into a finite number of cases and proving each one separately. The number of cases sometimes can become very large. For example, the first proof of the four color theorem was a proof by exhaustion with 1,936 cases. This proof was controversial because the majority of the cases were checked by a computer program, not by hand. The shortest known proof of the four color theorem still has over 600 cases.", "A probabilistic proof is one in which an example is shown to exist, with certainty, by using methods of probability theory. Probabilistic proof, like proof by construction, is one of many ways to show existence theorems. In the probabilistic method, one seeks an object having a given property, starting with a large set of candidates. One assigns a certain probability for each candidate to be chosen, and then proves that there is a non-zero probability that a chosen candidate will have the desired property. This does not specify which candidates have the property, but the probability could not be positive without at least one. A probabilistic proof is not to be confused with an argument that a theorem is 'probably' true, a 'plausibility argument'. The work on the Collatz conjecture shows how far plausibility is from genuine proof. While most mathematicians do not think that probabilistic evidence for the properties of a given object counts as a genuine mathematical proof, a few mathematicians and philosophers have argued that at least some types of probabilistic evidence (such as Rabin's probabilistic algorithm for testing primality) are as good as genuine mathematical proofs.", "A combinatorial proof establishes the equivalence of different expressions by showing that they count the same object in different ways. Often a bijection between two sets is used to show that the expressions for their two sizes are equal. Alternatively, a double counting argument provides two different expressions for the size of a single set, again showing that the two expressions are equal.", "A nonconstructive proof establishes that a mathematical object with a certain property exists — without explaining how such an object are to be found. Often, this takes the form of a proof by contradiction in which the nonexistence of the object is proved to be impossible. In contrast, a constructive proof establishes that a particular object exists by providing a method of finding it. A famous example of a nonconstructive proof shows that there exist two irrational numbers \"a\" and \"b\" such that formula_16 is a rational number:", "The expression \"statistical proof\" may be used technically or colloquially in areas of pure mathematics, such as involving cryptography, chaotic series, and probabilistic or analytic number theory. It is less commonly used to refer to a mathematical proof in the branch of mathematics known as mathematical statistics. See also \"Statistical proof using data\" section below.", "Until the twentieth century it was assumed that any proof could, in principle, be checked by a competent mathematician to confirm its validity. However, computers are now used both to prove theorems and to carry out calculations that are too long for any human or team of humans to check; the first proof of the four color theorem is an example of a computer-assisted proof. Some mathematicians are concerned that the possibility of an error in a computer program or a run-time error in its calculations calls the validity of such computer-assisted proofs into question. In practice, the chances of an error invalidating a computer-assisted proof can be reduced by incorporating redundancy and self-checks into calculations, and by developing multiple independent approaches and programs. Errors can never be completely ruled out in case of verification of a proof by humans either, especially if the proof contains natural language and requires deep mathematical insight to uncover the potential hidden assumptions and fallacies involved.", "A statement that is neither provable nor disprovable from a set of axioms is called undecidable (from those axioms). One example is the parallel postulate, which is neither provable nor refutable from the remaining axioms of Euclidean geometry. Mathematicians have shown there are many statements that are neither provable nor disprovable in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), the standard system of set theory in mathematics (assuming that ZFC is consistent); see list of statements undecidable in ZFC. Gödel's (first) incompleteness theorem shows that many axiom systems of mathematical interest will have undecidable statements.", "While early mathematicians such as Eudoxus of Cnidus did not use proofs, from Euclid to the foundational mathematics developments of the late 19th and 20th centuries, proofs were an essential part of mathematics. With the increase in computing power in the 1960s, significant work began to be done investigating mathematical objects outside of the proof-theorem framework, in experimental mathematics. Early pioneers of these methods intended the work ultimately to be embedded in a classical proof-theorem framework, e.g. the early development of fractal geometry, which was ultimately so embedded.", "", "Although not a formal proof, a visual demonstration of a mathematical theorem is sometimes called a \"proof without words\". The left-hand picture below is an example of a historic visual proof of the Pythagorean theorem in the case of the (3,4,5) triangle. Some illusory visual proofs, such as the missing square puzzle, can be constructed in a way which appear to prove a supposed mathematical fact but only do so under the presence of tiny errors (for example, supposedly straight lines which actually bend slightly) which are unnoticeable until the entire picture is closely examined, with lengths and angles precisely measured or calculated.", "An elementary proof is a proof which only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis. For some time it was thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem, could only be proved using \"higher\" mathematics. However, over time, many of these results have been reproved using only elementary techniques.", "A particular way of organising a proof using two parallel columns is often used in elementary geometry classes in the United States. The proof is written as a series of lines in two columns. In each line, the left-hand column contains a proposition, while the right-hand column contains a brief explanation of how the corresponding proposition in the left-hand column is either an axiom, a hypothesis, or can be logically derived from previous propositions. The left-hand column is typically headed \"Statements\" and the right-hand column is typically headed \"Reasons\".", "The expression \"mathematical proof\" is used by lay people to refer to using mathematical methods or arguing with mathematical objects, such as numbers, to demonstrate something about everyday life, or when data used in an argument is numerical. It is sometimes also used to mean a \"statistical proof\" (below), especially when used to argue from data.", "\"Statistical proof\" from data refers to the application of statistics, data analysis, or Bayesian analysis to infer propositions regarding the probability of data. While \"using\" mathematical proof to establish theorems in statistics, it is usually not a mathematical proof in that the \"assumptions\" from which probability statements are derived require empirical evidence from outside mathematics to verify. In physics, in addition to statistical methods, \"statistical proof\" can refer to the specialized \"mathematical methods of physics\" applied to analyze data in a particle physics experiment or observational study in physical cosmology. \"Statistical proof\" may also refer to raw data or a convincing diagram involving data, such as scatter plots, when the data or diagram is adequately convincing without further analysis.", "Proofs using inductive logic, while considered mathematical in nature, seek to establish propositions with a degree of certainty, which acts in a similar manner to probability, and may be less than full certainty. Inductive logic should not be confused with mathematical induction. Bayesian analysis uses Bayes' theorem to update a person's assessment of likelihoods of hypotheses when new evidence or information is acquired.", "Psychologism views mathematical proofs as psychological or mental objects. Mathematician philosophers, such as Leibniz, Frege, and Carnap have variously criticized this view and attempted to develop a semantics for what they considered to be the language of thought, whereby standards of mathematical proof might be applied to empirical science.", "Philosopher-mathematicians such as Spinoza have attempted to formulate philosophical arguments in an axiomatic manner, whereby mathematical proof standards could be applied to argumentation in general philosophy. Other mathematician-philosophers have tried to use standards of mathematical proof and reason, without empiricism, to arrive at statements outside of mathematics, but having the certainty of propositions deduced in a mathematical proof, such as Descartes' \"cogito\" argument.", "Sometimes, the abbreviation \"\"Q.E.D.\"\" is written to indicate the end of a proof. This abbreviation stands for \"\"Quod Erat Demonstrandum\"\", which is Latin for \"\"that which was to be demonstrated\"\". A more common alternative is to use a square or a rectangle, such as □ or ∎, known as a \"tombstone\" or \"halmos\" after its eponym Paul Halmos. Often, \"which was to be shown\" is verbally stated when writing \"QED\", \"□\", or \"∎\" during an oral presentation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 11062, 48310, 67, 195625, 1830, 83, 21373, 47, 161465, 943, 67, 23, 77391, 74, 49903, 4, 64457, 111, 502, 6496, 450, 9844, 16401, 7, 100, 756, 23335, 141, 101935, 4, 642, 64549, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 36746, 7, 4, 1632, 100, 12638, 23335, 141, 5, 1301, 142, 27781, 4, 10, 18231, 100, 10, 15, 7522, 172, 38526, 54241, 13, 9, 157955, 16, 173, 18770, 32628, 831, 186, 75935, 390, 218873, 10, 173, 18770, 26168, 454, 2489, 136, 100, 12638, 23335, 141, 5961, 218873, 10, 173, 18770, 450, 83, 959, 23, 70, 27734, 111, 70, 22834, 22230, 26168, 454, 1819, 5, 3293, 9433, 7279, 7, 3229, 110, 173, 18770, 831, 186, 19667, 19, 5, 5455, 23113, 538, 4, 642, 831, 11341, 70, 11062, 48310, 67, 165428, 42, 6889, 581, 58391, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 1301, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 23, 77391, 4, 642, 1543, 85689, 12921, 52895, 111, 23335, 8080, 84797, 538, 12, 15700, 26168, 1363, 111, 161465, 943, 67, 195625, 1830, 83, 70, 25632, 12, 18622, 450, 642, 64209, 70, 77758, 7, 111, 44, 724, 830, 44, 724, 58, 47, 186, 134744, 20174, 47, 3249, 70, 36917, 183871, 91084, 7844, 5, 581, 36998, 7432, 111, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 40407, 38543, 6097, 183871, 831, 186, 77443, 17368, 161465, 943, 67, 23, 77391, 5, 5455, 137567, 4, 1632, 831, 61924, 36746, 7, 390, 161465, 943, 67, 195625, 1830, 98, 2499, 5299, 9, 151645, 297, 41911, 44, 1052, 740, 24073, 1052, 58, 3871, 959, 3853, 186, 10, 5423, 74, 442, 831, 186, 10, 27798, 18507, 4, 62952, 442, 83, 10, 5423, 9, 5062, 41911, 74, 17, 5, 13, 5, 100, 2499, 44, 425, 830, 70, 42486, 111, 756, 44, 53, 58, 6044, 450, 44, 53, 1052, 425, 58, 83, 10, 5423, 5, 16, 1250, 4390, 7, 707, 50961, 7, 17368, 23, 77391, 136, 195625, 1830, 27983, 4527, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 47, 27489, 10, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 41911, 450, 831, 186, 191607, 390, 161465, 943, 67, 23, 77391, 5, 33306, 4, 2174, 70, 41911, 23, 9655, 83, 21771, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 4, 1632, 831, 27983, 4527, 161465, 943, 67, 23, 77391, 15490, 23, 23253, 214, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 5941, 50339, 1672, 7422, 583, 5423, 7, 621, 77443, 390, 161465, 943, 67, 23, 77391, 98, 70, 23335, 141, 30648, 111, 70, 5423, 74, 6097, 30648, 7, 621, 21771, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 4, 221, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 83, 959, 44841, 47, 5299, 9, 80596, 2856, 5, 581, 25632, 50961, 111, 70, 116393, 14, 5423, 45831, 1632, 3917, 450, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 831, 186, 11814, 23, 10, 6, 98869, 390, 161465, 943, 67, 23, 77391, 12, 581, 36917, 10750, 4527, 7, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 23, 142, 85590, 3917, 99, 70, 4552, 86595, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 5299, 9, 80596, 70, 2773, 7, 5, 24372, 450, 29954, 4, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 83, 959, 11814, 13438, 5, 64511, 4527, 7, 111, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 621, 1286, 1614, 17991, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 10, 50961, 390, 161465, 943, 67, 195625, 1830, 195409, 1221, 959, 40140, 18929, 10, 44, 34, 45602, 58, 34292, 100, 44, 284, 830, 34475, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 1257, 47, 5961, 4, 1284, 1221, 40140, 18929, 4734, 10, 44, 126940, 58, 450, 44, 284, 58, 8110, 40407, 53, 4, 136, 187, 6261, 450, 2685, 83, 99, 19713, 1632, 5423, 40407, 38543, 903, 35431, 5, 4263, 442, 83, 959, 7722, 47, 61924, 10, 36998, 27781, 111, 6044, 10, 5423, 99, 12638, 36541, 4, 7068, 442, 1543, 186, 63559, 47, 23, 23253, 13, 15, 43452, 3173, 111, 16, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 47, 36849, 1632, 6044, 99, 12638, 29954, 5, 1326, 23, 77391, 7, 136, 195625, 17514, 111, 54529, 2886, 140909, 4, 70, 642, 11, 1728, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 108750, 44126, 83, 6, 129980, 5, 88949, 2685, 621, 115774, 111, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 111, 33946, 47, 5423, 3790, 24816, 7, 450, 40407, 53, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 108750, 44126, 1284, 959, 70, 4393, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 4, 70, 51359, 450, 10, 17311, 6, 98869, 4734, 144570, 108750, 44126, 831, 186, 80234, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11062, 48310, 67, 23, 77391, 83, 142, 111938, 111, 291, 140363, 70760, 23, 77391, 47, 5299, 9, 80596, 297, 5423, 7, 4, 100, 27781, 47, 5423, 7, 111, 23335, 141, 101935, 707, 200103, 101935, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Transfinite recursion.", "Relationship to the axiom of choice." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Transfinite recursion is similar to transfinite induction; however, instead of proving that something holds for all ordinal numbers, we construct a sequence of objects, one for each ordinal. As an example, a basis for a (possibly infinite-dimensional) vector space can be created by choosing a vector formula_17 and for each ordinal α choosing a vector that is not in the span of the vectors formula_18. This process stops when no vector can be chosen. More formally, we can state the Transfinite Recursion Theorem as follows: As in the case of induction, we may treat different types of ordinals separately: another formulation of transfinite recursion is the following: Note that we require the domains of \"G\", \"G\" to be broad enough to make the above properties meaningful. The uniqueness of the sequence satisfying these properties can be proved using transfinite induction. More generally, one can define objects by transfinite recursion on any well-founded relation \"R\". (\"R\" need not even be a set; it can be a proper class, provided it is a set-like relation; i.e. for any \"x\", the collection of all \"y\" such that \"yRx\" is a set.)", "Proofs or constructions using induction and recursion often use the axiom of choice to produce a well-ordered relation that can be treated by transfinite induction. However, if the relation in question is already well-ordered, one can often use transfinite induction without invoking the axiom of choice. For example, many results about Borel sets are proved by transfinite induction on the ordinal rank of the set; these ranks are already well-ordered, so the axiom of choice is not needed to well-order them. The following construction of the Vitali set shows one way that the axiom of choice can be used in a proof by transfinite induction: The above argument uses the axiom of choice in an essential way at the very beginning, in order to well-order the reals. After that step, the axiom of choice is not used again. Other uses of the axiom of choice are more subtle. For example, a construction by transfinite recursion frequently will not specify a \"unique\" value for \"A\", given the sequence up to α, but will specify only a \"condition\" that \"A\" must satisfy, and argue that there is at least one set satisfying this condition. If it is not possible to define a unique example of such a set at each stage, then it may be necessary to invoke (some form of) the axiom of choice to select one such at each step. For inductions and recursions of countable length, the weaker axiom of dependent choice is sufficient. Because there are models of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory of interest to set theorists that satisfy the axiom of dependent choice but not the full axiom of choice, the knowledge that a particular proof only requires dependent choice can be useful." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 28560, 509, 33428, 3674, 237, 10, 36137, 9, 1264, 669, 2517, 130731, 23, 49795, 5, 1650, 1902, 110, 87904, 1444, 4, 221, 70, 127877, 1295, 9852, 944, 132104, 14, 47, 88712, 11, 7070, 4, 136, 1295, 88712, 11, 7070, 756, 70, 3917, 47, 717, 433, 4, 8305, 70, 13380, 7, 136, 70, 8801, 5992, 13817, 4, 3542, 1660, 80560, 7, 678, 10, 10846, 19336, 1585, 6468, 74, 70, 61404, 47143, 297, 23, 903, 180346, 24189, 29172, 5, 360, 7071, 49795, 4, 70, 5117, 2926, 75457, 45712, 7, 34739, 3687, 4, 12960, 70, 5117, 2258, 45712, 34739, 3687, 23, 18237, 47765, 5, 360, 7071, 36102, 4, 70, 61404, 27980, 297, 6863, 5117, 72791, 6561, 45712, 4, 237, 10, 351, 9, 1436, 51711, 16070, 19732, 4, 23742, 390, 41994, 91865, 100, 166998, 5, 62, 53333, 351, 9, 1436, 51711, 16070, 19732, 34739, 3687, 99, 3370, 5330, 23, 24849, 4, 3129, 509, 23742, 390, 17348, 14, 239, 6874, 100, 6163, 14832, 39, 9, 6210, 1021, 126074, 5, 360, 15643, 3370, 5330, 51521, 538, 34377, 297, 23, 70, 72791, 6561, 87939, 390, 70496, 70, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 5117, 1733, 16792, 70, 31100, 44965, 34658, 99, 167288, 146, 166361, 450, 70, 4396, 41684, 31, 101948, 7465, 596, 6777, 959, 27980, 70, 89176, 12801, 87696, 5, 581, 45712, 509, 23742, 390, 99331, 3065, 36331, 136, 442, 509, 6044, 10, 36272, 450, 10, 3525, 45712, 4, 70, 1735, 165943, 12801, 87696, 4, 509, 170920, 41866, 100, 3370, 5330, 23, 26771, 5, 581, 45712, 509, 34658, 645, 1496, 57904, 111, 70, 190, 140635, 61404, 100, 10, 3622, 45712, 62488, 111, 2668, 140635, 7, 5, 3370, 5330, 1556, 27980, 297, 10, 68807, 111, 70, 4265, 60142, 6661, 161912, 1295, 6789, 47, 3295, 136, 14432, 16792, 20938, 1650, 27980, 7, 70, 2704, 68807, 111, 70, 563, 17199, 33100, 95665, 6661, 161912, 16792, 4152, 581, 6661, 11330, 214, 3980, 161912, 36997, 71, 3370, 5330, 23, 4078, 15, 12248, 329, 111, 1735, 165943, 247, 2021, 15, 12248, 329, 111, 14713, 247, 136, 1877, 15, 12248, 329, 111, 98848, 194, 581, 130731, 27980, 297, 10, 68807, 111, 70, 8357, 43448, 13527, 1295, 1877, 47, 13999, 581, 384, 22578, 8357, 64876, 45712, 71, 99, 3370, 5330, 23, 6360, 581, 305, 133250, 7, 111, 3370, 5330, 509, 15226, 4126, 23, 1392, 136, 49814, 47, 70, 636, 73546, 64876, 136, 5337, 216118, 289, 636, 73546, 15619, 237, 10, 34003, 19732, 24189, 6360, 66016, 505, 442, 27980, 7, 70, 427, 133250, 7, 111, 3370, 5330, 4, 10, 68807, 111, 70, 744, 841, 64876, 5, 581, 28560, 509, 2843, 11814, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 67229, 214, 61404, 100, 70, 28015, 6, 183842, 17119, 6661, 161912, 7, 4, 3129, 24124, 89176, 6, 187830, 271, 229682, 62, 1846, 93, 6, 69986, 678, 10, 37105, 111, 209, 14633, 136, 209, 94131, 645, 6, 142117, 1257, 69700, 3000, 38026, 583, 4, 70, 17932, 142105, 6, 69986, 92142, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 70, 102995, 16070, 7, 4, 7103, 14787, 7, 33276, 2619, 25, 7, 91375, 53, 23, 61786, 5, 360, 66044, 62, 1846, 93, 25, 7, 23295, 669, 44767, 13, 2290, 144002, 34739, 70, 52656, 13, 136, 43606, 111, 70, 2663, 37195, 67229, 1314, 3542, 89176, 5, 581, 61404, 509, 2843, 11814, 100, 36541, 534, 111, 70, 918, 112923, 104, 25, 33135, 4, 3129, 509, 23742, 390, 891, 20147, 87371, 41066, 4, 136, 36541, 427, 111, 70, 267, 112923, 104, 25, 33135, 4, 23742, 390, 3362, 3419, 45481, 5, 262, 61518, 70, 66044, 111, 70, 87904, 1444, 4, 70, 61404, 509, 28368, 47, 53697, 81900, 50509, 7, 4, 153161, 118861, 70, 49878, 9, 6056, 44, 9874, 57812, 13817, 58, 107767, 4, 3129, 509, 4552, 373, 2676, 53, 136, 1902, 169907, 538, 10176, 17155, 17721, 70, 28560, 136, 10, 122776, 58982, 3129, 59959, 7, 70, 5906, 56, 157, 96113, 450, 127877, 50155, 442, 5, 360, 22059, 4, 99331, 3065, 36331, 1902, 142, 27998, 2685, 20271, 41361, 136, 156304, 70, 45712, 4743, 47, 182260, 5, 360, 70, 13501, 1735, 165943, 12801, 87696, 4, 187206, 12439, 56, 150631, 297, 1919, 62769, 99, 8801, 5992, 13817, 7103, 10, 12912, 6, 14775, 137578, 5, 581, 2258, 156892, 11476, 7103, 70, 99162, 24725, 1284, 45458, 47, 70, 63773, 4488, 111, 70, 11476, 202523, 7, 136, 29874, 35768, 12439, 56, 188545, 71, 136, 156304, 4734, 1632, 45712, 15, 2347, 13501, 138550, 12801, 87696, 16, 4743, 47, 96865, 7, 47, 1919, 44540, 5, 44767, 13, 884, 90444, 188, 2843, 1902, 10, 38781, 53, 27998, 99, 70, 8801, 5992, 13817, 107767, 134234, 1919, 159020, 18244, 1172, 15555, 7, 99, 70, 61404, 23, 12898, 1284, 144281, 71, 182260, 5, 2975, 10060, 43932, 175956, 184, 2843, 1902, 142, 27998, 99, 70, 8801, 5992, 13817, 107767, 23, 12839, 12960, 134234, 100, 70, 40478, 7175, 5, 581, 47219, 111, 6631, 42, 1507, 4311, 76, 98, 106, 4347, 13211, 28704, 297, 70, 87714, 111, 70, 107767, 8035, 11675, 49878, 1810, 17669, 13438, 5, 360, 70, 13211, 1735, 165943, 12801, 87696, 4, 20271, 41626, 41361, 153427, 7, 73412, 206, 13817, 509, 83184, 297, 645, 10, 5244, 275, 136, 3934, 70, 2663, 111, 10, 6784, 125861, 99, 70, 146974, 96742, 11, 4, 186015, 214, 70, 30089, 3378, 51, 144729, 4, 21208, 63773, 29874, 113449, 57, 4126, 1919, 6897, 5, 133698, 72864, 7002, 151138, 66724, 19, 85190, 2552, 2731, 107818, 150631, 297, 10336, 9, 191, 3934, 10, 58982, 99, 645, 86075, 1785, 64, 127, 99, 70, 50776, 50901, 272, 107767, 7103, 1919, 13207, 2142, 72856, 70, 12912, 6, 14775, 4, 2160, 214, 34648, 538, 1295, 10, 25526, 320, 169569, 588, 238, 6644, 5, 581, 124257, 1459, 136475, 70, 11737, 5155, 4, 3229, 70, 17262, 9, 6032, 6661, 205002, 6631, 42, 1507, 4311, 76, 72856, 6226, 111, 1919, 2258, 136, 150631, 297, 3934, 70, 122776, 58982, 99, 70, 8801, 5992, 13817, 107767, 98, 51366, 2861, 1529, 42593, 10591, 13482, 16610, 538, 7103, 24725, 237, 10, 63847, 111, 70, 2258, 1902, 61322, 37534, 1919, 71464, 126, 136, 169569, 5, 360, 6626, 51, 174822, 45559, 7, 4, 40368, 6, 42706, 22230, 136, 135969, 7, 3542, 2843, 23, 461, 2822, 20271, 70, 19732, 5, 360, 70, 7103, 125458, 4, 70, 61404, 136475, 47, 27980, 12801, 7, 87696, 4, 1284, 111666, 7, 3542, 109312, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 4396, 41684, 31, 211384, 357, 1158, 28, 803, 157, 62769, 83, 10, 45712, 28560, 43573, 70, 89176, 59444, 111, 3370, 5330, 4, 28, 4438, 111, 111930, 5, 1650, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 10846, 13036, 21640, 61404, 7, 47, 11675, 23, 142, 2874, 9, 238, 21135, 90825, 48225, 5, 581, 61404, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 62769, 25, 7, 72399, 14037, 56, 4, 357, 1158, 62769, 4, 136, 1919, 775, 4, 74733, 31, 62769, 4, 2750, 68, 71, 23, 36327, 99, 32070, 11585, 581, 61404, 1556, 10, 182028, 22453, 13, 6561, 86872, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "The Tamburello corner.", "1994 San Marino Grand Prix.", "Recent developments." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The track was inaugurated as a semi-permanent venue in 1953. It had no chicanes, so the runs from Acque Minerali to Rivazza, and from Rivazza all the way to Tosa, through the pits and the Tamburello, were just straights with a few small bends; the circuit remained in this configuration until 1972. In April 1953, the first motorcycle races took place, while the first car race took place in June 1954. In April 1963, the circuit hosted its first Formula One race, as a non-championship event, won by Jim Clark for Lotus. A further non-championship event took place at Imola in 1979, which was won by Niki Lauda for Brabham-Alfa Romeo. In 1980 Imola officially debuted in the Formula One calendar by hosting the. It was the first time since the 1948 Edition held at Parco del Valentino that the Autodromo Nazionale Monza did not host the Italian Grand Prix. The race was won by Nelson Piquet and it was such a success that a new race, the San Marino Grand Prix, was established especially for Imola in 1981. The race was held over 60 laps of the 5 kilometre circuit for a total race distance of 300 kilometres. Imola has hosted a round of the Superbike World Championship from 2001 to 2006 and later since 2009. It hosts the final round of the FIM Motocross World Championship since 2018. The World Touring Car Championship visited Imola in 2005 (Race of San Marino), 2008 (Race of Europe), and 2009 (Race of Italy). The venue hosted a round of the International GT Open from 2009 to 2011. The TCR International Series raced at Imola in 2016. The 6 Hours of Imola was revived in 2011 and added to the Le Mans Series and Intercontinental Le Mans Cup as a season event until 2016. Since 2017 it hosts the 12 Hours of Imola, a round of the 24H Series. The track was also used as part of the finishing circuit for the 1968 UCI Road World Championships, which saw Italian cyclist Vittorio Adorni winning with a lead of 10 minutes and 10 seconds over runner up Herman Van Springel, the second largest winning margin in the history of the championships, after Georges Ronsse's victory in 1928. In addition Adorni's countryman Michele Dancelli took the bronze and five of the top six finishers were Italian. The circuit was also used for stage 11 of the 2015 Giro d'Italia, which was won by Ilnur Zakarin, and stage 12 of the 2018 Giro d'Italia, won by Sam Bennett.", "Despite the addition of the chicanes, the circuit was subject to constant safety concerns, mostly regarding the flat-out \"Tamburello\" corner, which was very bumpy and had dangerously little room between the track and a concrete wall which protects the Santerno river that runs behind it. In 1987, Nelson Piquet had an accident there during practice and missed the race due to injury. In the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix, Gerhard Berger crashed his Ferrari at Tamburello after a front wing failure. The car caught fire after the heavy impact but thanks to the quick work of the firefighters and medical personnel Berger survived and missed only one race (the 1989 Monaco Grand Prix) due to burns to his hands. Michele Alboreto also had a fiery accident at the Tamburello corner testing his Footwork Arrows at the circuit in 1991 but escaped injury. Riccardo Patrese also had an accident at the Tamburello corner in 1992 while testing for the Williams team. The death of Ayrton Senna on 1 May 1994 sealed the fate of the corner being run flat out ever again.", "In the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, during Friday practice Rubens Barrichello was launched over a kerb and into the top of a tyre barrier at the Variante Bassa, knocking the Brazilian unconscious, though quick medical intervention saved his life. During Saturday qualifying Austrian Roland Ratzenberger crashed head-on into a wall at over 310 km/h at the Villeneuve corner after his Simtek lost the front wing, dying instantly from a basilar skull fracture. The tragedy continued the next day, when the three-time World Champion Ayrton Senna lost control of his car and crashed into the concrete wall at the Tamburello corner on Lap 7. He succumbed shortly after impact as a piece of the car had pierced his helmet and skull. In two unrelated incidents, several spectators and mechanics were also injured during the event. In the aftermath, the circuit continued to host Grands Prix, but revisions were immediately made in an attempt to make it safer. The flat-out Tamburello corner was reduced to a 4th gear left-right sweeper, and a gravel trap was added to the limited space on the outside of the corner. Villeneuve corner, previously an innocuous 6th gear right-hander into Tosa, was made a complementary 4th gear sweeper, also with a gravel trap on the outside of the corner. In an attempt to retain some of the quickness and character of the old circuit, the arduous chicane at Acqua Minerali was eliminated, and the Variante Bassa was straightened into a single chicane. Many say that the new circuit configuration is not as good as it used to be as a result of the new chicanes at Tamburello and Villeneuve. Another modification made to the Imola track is that of Variante Alta, which is situated at the top of the hill leading down to Rivazza and has the hardest braking point on the lap. The Variante Alta, formerly a high-kerbed chicane, was hit quite hard by the drivers which caused damage to the cars and occasionally was the site of quite a few accidents. Before the 2006 Grand Prix, the kerbs were lowered considerably and the turn itself was tightened to reduce speeds and hopefully reduce the number of accidents at the chicane. The Grand Prix was removed from the calendar of the 2007 Formula One season. SAGIS, the company that owns the circuit, hoped that the race would be reinstated at the October 2006 meeting of the FIA World Motorsport Council and scheduled for the weekend of 29 April 2007, provided renovations to the circuit were completed in time for the race, but the reinstatement was denied.", "Since 2007, the circuit has undergone major revisions. A bypass to the Variante Bassa chicane was added for cars, making the run from Rivazza 2 to the first Tamburello chicane totally flat-out, much like the circuit in its original fast-flowing days. However the chicane is still used for motorcycle races. The old pit garages and paddock have been demolished and completely rebuilt while the pitlane was extended and resurfaced. The reconstruction was overseen by German F1 track architect Hermann Tilke. In June 2008, with most of the reconstruction work completed, The FIA gave the track a \"1T\" rating, meaning that an official Formula One Test can be held at the circuit; circuits require the \"1\" homologation to host a Formula One Grand Prix. As of August 2011, the track received a '1' FIA homologation rating after an inspection by Charlie Whiting. In June 2015, the owners of the circuit confirmed they were in talks to return to the Formula One calendar should Monza, whose contract was scheduled to run out after the season, be unable to make a new deal to keep hosting a round of the world championship. On 18 July 2016, Imola signed a deal to host the Italian Grand Prix from the season. However, on 2 September 2016, it was announced that Monza secured a new deal to continue in hosting the race, and Imola's officials took legal action against this decision citing that its contract has been breached. On 8 November 2016, they withdrew their case. In February 2020, the owners at Imola submitted a bid to replace the 2020 Chinese Grand Prix pending its cancellation as a precaution in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 24092, 7, 111, 103488, 23, 70, 10776, 111, 7465, 7, 621, 14037, 99, 33365, 33, 1444, 4, 7440, 3060, 111, 70, 2965, 33977, 660, 72977, 23, 14713, 3542, 14037, 1740, 1295, 70, 54311, 4353, 75708, 14922, 5, 14847, 109112, 64914, 174920, 23, 70, 10776, 23, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 77269, 4, 70, 10776, 509, 9615, 6259, 390, 70, 156401, 1573, 4, 10, 41267, 66, 1927, 372, 5, 62, 377, 85684, 509, 88303, 23, 12610, 15, 80172, 65995, 16, 20028, 4, 68772, 70, 9615, 19929, 6863, 42845, 9351, 32301, 416, 365, 11680, 74, 70, 9351, 509, 14432, 98816, 3934, 17629, 7, 100, 70, 101120, 98, 3129, 70, 377, 85684, 509, 88303, 5, 360, 70, 361, 927, 142642, 4, 12190, 60959, 7, 16442, 136, 6626, 111, 1919, 17116, 14, 99726, 88303, 142, 3620, 31667, 707, 1608, 5310, 171332, 47, 12190, 7, 7948, 136, 10208, 43573, 70, 7465, 7, 130473, 4, 99, 10, 3687, 35839, 4143, 172, 40235, 223, 4, 5036, 51529, 237, 12190, 9, 724, 31047, 16442, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 4, 12190, 121672, 882, 112, 15, 73, 92265, 44, 166154, 13, 3316, 34, 23046, 74054, 76849, 111, 1632, 111, 51053, 44386, 1995, 26, 7, 150661, 10840, 4, 21449, 47, 70, 3620, 31667, 136, 509, 502, 164779, 297, 10, 57, 4288, 54799, 604, 47219, 23, 6, 134900, 5, 4687, 509, 74413, 29367, 23, 209, 9323, 5, 18852, 43471, 4, 6863, 108, 6958, 38648, 47, 70, 144477, 9, 25617, 4, 7465, 7, 509, 7228, 10, 10204, 47314, 26349, 390, 6, 108210, 77462, 9494, 7610, 111, 4368, 76, 1003, 23, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 43904, 3514, 434, 69405, 4, 52350, 21917, 1162, 67175, 4, 136, 40368, 60091, 33976, 7, 3542, 3657, 89829, 43573, 70, 44, 142216, 26, 683, 143, 329, 740, 581, 427, 927, 142642, 2843, 24124, 70, 170894, 111, 70, 5117, 59444, 23664, 7, 5, 581, 26349, 1902, 201, 4, 15128, 23, 109261, 16037, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 5, 7465, 7, 214493, 297, 4769, 27545, 33, 1444, 237, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 54529, 53, 111, 4368, 76, 1003, 23, 427, 8821, 136, 3514, 434, 47, 382, 4, 20543, 23, 109261, 16037, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 70, 616, 2525, 7, 4, 123426, 223, 8, 239, 12222, 7, 34739, 645, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 12190, 121672, 882, 112, 106820, 1295, 3342, 33365, 170, 84694, 136, 14359, 2822, 70, 59444, 23664, 5, 360, 423, 1837, 4, 28166, 310, 34739, 142, 36, 10519, 23, 7465, 7, 237, 6, 108210, 111, 4368, 76, 1003, 5, 360, 903, 14922, 111, 6863, 32692, 4, 70, 26349, 100512, 70, 30388, 111, 67842, 6, 167618, 7, 4, 72134, 23, 4347, 423, 12825, 678, 70, 75198, 1236, 5646, 5465, 390, 37405, 111, 19215, 18666, 4, 2750, 1902, 15673, 71, 47, 34735, 70, 3917, 100, 70, 92265, 75198, 1236, 57724, 27967, 2500, 71, 8, 1311, 1746, 299, 47, 233, 78381, 195374, 79986, 5, 24372, 70, 162882, 111, 8, 1311, 1746, 299, 20271, 70, 2907, 5, 41272, 6846, 13450, 434, 25, 7, 10013, 6627, 7612, 4, 70, 51978, 111, 22700, 34739, 6226, 111, 7465, 7, 23, 6088, 423, 12825, 23, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 129574, 18813, 111, 84740, 5, 3293, 160093, 297, 70, 73573, 111, 70, 26349, 136, 70, 34784, 111, 5941, 111, 6863, 23, 109261, 16037, 74, 1295, 423, 4836, 47, 423, 13903, 4, 7465, 7, 100512, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 174715, 231118, 5, 2161, 382, 7071, 611, 12183, 4, 7103, 10, 300, 86, 9, 15477, 127, 1329, 429, 4, 37405, 53655, 26, 7, 187, 1176, 3082, 4806, 70, 26349, 4, 3129, 13438, 134729, 297, 99162, 63044, 2449, 5, 28090, 611, 14773, 47, 729, 6746, 4, 7465, 7, 509, 75939, 21286, 92265, 707, 66724, 19, 5, 24372, 8035, 1379, 92265, 6226, 1295, 729, 6746, 47, 729, 6463, 4, 70, 174705, 187, 1176, 21647, 297, 70, 1407, 56, 3535, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 3658, 7290, 36331, 5, 360, 729, 1837, 4, 7465, 7, 176377, 47, 66724, 1379, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 92093, 21067, 63258, 5, 4966, 70, 92265, 6777, 959, 8337, 1257, 72546, 74, 37405, 46081, 30338, 13, 17704, 70, 26349, 13438, 23, 729, 9271, 5, 24372, 70, 99381, 111, 845, 192, 7340, 7, 21067, 129524, 4, 70, 4368, 76, 1003, 16128, 509, 3398, 3355, 297, 47, 9942, 136, 7465, 7, 100512, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 845, 192, 7340, 7, 103724, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 6817, 111, 70, 23972, 92265, 145359, 23, 543, 2592, 4, 18813, 25031, 87, 111, 70, 231118, 10204, 47314, 70, 26349, 17305, 5115, 53, 5, 360, 149635, 4, 49903, 4, 199458, 21647, 297, 6863, 23, 215131, 136, 70, 51957, 509, 7228, 47, 2837, 45660, 133, 10204, 47314, 162708, 6044, 237, 7465, 7, 4, 21656, 603, 5380, 4, 136, 2096, 474, 5, 581, 8561, 49146, 1405, 111, 10204, 41274, 7, 4734, 73659, 23, 70, 128136, 7, 4, 6, 190358, 70, 166635, 111, 21334, 143847, 56775, 7, 136, 3789, 27081, 77635, 5, 581, 81207, 135555, 136, 552, 289, 324, 592, 7228, 7465, 7, 10, 27585, 111, 99162, 53099, 4, 3129, 37515, 538, 79507, 71, 70, 29394, 136, 29569, 111, 70, 7422, 885, 429, 10776, 237, 10, 28271, 5, 1650, 509, 47, 24209, 142, 28970, 2831, 111, 70, 44, 7, 62339, 163462, 830, 70, 25297, 4420, 96959, 111, 23706, 43265, 5, 2161, 729, 7071, 154140, 4, 17721, 7465, 7, 136, 845, 192, 7340, 7, 4, 59671, 22223, 25306, 3542, 152388, 390, 70, 211656, 56050, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 41267, 66, 4537, 153350, 111, 154140, 5, 581, 26171, 71, 27165, 98, 32813, 166, 420, 102863, 509, 190238, 70, 5155, 7103, 390, 70, 41267, 66, 223606, 5, 3293, 4537, 153350, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 4537, 153350, 7, 23, 142, 25297, 23295, 5, 2161, 1105, 2357, 8055, 41310, 4, 7465, 7, 509, 70, 31913, 111, 70, 99381, 111, 7465, 7, 2451, 2347, 5117, 133868, 5775, 46526, 390, 70, 56101, 126140, 23, 6661, 5550, 87, 5, 581, 56101, 3542, 168861, 47, 10267, 1283, 18, 678, 1660, 645, 106, 4, 10715, 63044, 2449, 4, 136, 70, 59444, 47143, 297, 95699, 34, 138518, 390, 70, 30839, 7, 24189, 6863, 16177, 1363, 390, 70, 180972, 89499, 7, 20271, 70, 2704, 13312, 111, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7465, 7, 15, 74, 2819, 2819, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 23706, 16762, 26349, 136, 14834, 2481, 4, 136, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 41267, 66, 140280, 111, 4368, 76, 1003, 5, 581, 7465, 7, 14834, 2481, 96853, 70, 36770, 45556, 7, 111, 3003, 90, 3716, 4, 563, 3703, 539, 4, 55112, 2397, 4, 3905, 191, 4, 1520, 1176, 4, 180, 168519, 4, 845, 192, 7340, 7, 4, 2079, 62479, 4, 1950, 58849, 70142, 4, 1950, 272, 449, 4, 34491, 4273, 4, 6245, 109634, 4, 12021, 2082, 4, 205297, 7, 4, 12190, 9, 54494, 164, 4, 12190, 9, 294, 4650, 22014, 21347, 4, 33365, 33, 1444, 136, 24596, 1314, 9, 166154, 9, 724, 31047, 16442, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early settlements in the Middle Ages.", "From 1500 to 1800.", "From 1800 to the present.", "Riots of Mons.", "Battle of Mons.", "Second World War.", "After 1945.", "Education.", "Transportation.", "Climate.", "Sports.", "Planning and architectural heritage.", "Main square.", "City Hall.", "History.", "Current City Hall.", "Mayor's Garden.", "Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church.", "Belfry.", "Press house (Spanish house).", "Water machine.", "Waux Hall.", "Perfect Union.", "Art Square.", "Red Well.", "Casemates.", "Valenciennois tower.", "Concourse of the Courts.", "Patron saint." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The first signs of activity in the region of Mons are found at Spiennes, where some of the best flint tools in Europe were found dating from the Neolithic period. When Julius Caesar arrived in the region in the 1st century BC, the region was settled by the Nervii, a Belgian tribe. A castrum was built in Roman (Belgica) times, giving the settlement its Latin name Castrilocus; the name was later changed into Montes for the mountain on which the castrum was built. In the 7th century, Saint Ghislain and two of his disciples built an oratory or chapel dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul near the Mons hill, at a place called Ursidongus, now known as Saint-Ghislain. Soon after, Saint Waltrude (in French \"Sainte Waudru\"), daughter of one of Clotaire II’s intendants, came to the oratory and was proclaimed a saint upon her death in 688. She was canonized in 1039. Like Ath, its neighbour to the north-west, Mons was made a fortified city by Count Baldwin IV of Hainaut in the 12th century. The population grew quickly, trade flourished, and several commercial buildings were erected near the \"Grand’Place\". The 12th century also saw the appearance of the first town halls. The city had 4,700 inhabitants by the end of the 13th century. Mons succeeded Valenciennes as the capital of the county of Hainaut in 1295 and grew to 8,900 inhabitants by the end of the 15th century. In the 1450s, Matheus de Layens took over the construction of the Saint Waltrude church from Jan Spijkens and restored the town hall.", "In 1515, Charles V took an oath in Mons as Count of Hainaut. In this period of its history, the city became the target of various occupations, starting in May 1572 with the Protestant takeover by Louis of Nassau, who had hoped to clear the way for the French Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny to oppose Spanish rule. After the murder of de Coligny during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, the Duke of Alba took control of Mons in September 1572 in the name of the Catholic King of Spain. This spelled the ruin of the city and the arrest of many of its inhabitants; from 1580 to 1584, Mons became the capital of the Southern Netherlands. On 8 April 1691, after a nine-month siege, Louis XIV’s army stormed the city, which again suffered heavy casualties. From 1697 to 1701, Mons was alternately French or Austrian. After being under French control from 1701 to 1709, the Dutch army gained the upper hand in the Battle of Malplaquet. In 1715, Mons returned to Austria under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). But the French did not give up easily; Louis XV besieged the city again in 1746. After the Battle of Jemappes (1792), the Hainaut area was annexed to France and Mons became the capital of the Jemappes district.", "Following the fall of the First French Empire in 1814, King William I of the Netherlands fortified the city heavily. In 1830, however, Belgium gained its independence and the decision was made to dismantle fortified cities such as Mons, Charleroi, and Namur. The actual removal of fortifications only happened in the 1860s, allowing the creation of large boulevards and other urban projects. The Industrial Revolution and coal mining made Mons a center of heavy industry, which strongly influenced the culture and image of the Borinage region as a whole. It was to become an integral part of the \"sillon industriel\", the industrial backbone of Wallonia.", "On 17 April 1893, between Mons and Jemappes, seven strikers were killed by the civic guard at the end of the Belgian general strike of 1893. The proposed law on universal suffrage was approved the day after by the Belgian Parliament. This general strike was one of the first general strikes in an industrial country.", "On 2324 August 1914, Mons was the location of the Battle of Mons—the first battle fought by the British Army in World War I. The British were forced to retreat with just over 1,600 casualties, and the town remained occupied by the Germans until its liberation by the Canadian Corps during the final days of the war. Within the front entrance to the City hall, there are several memorial placards related to the WW1 battles and in particular, one has the inscription:", "During the Second World War, as an important industrial centre, the city was heavily bombed and several skirmishes took place in September 1944 between the American troops and the retreating German forces.", "After the war, most industries went into decline. NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) was relocated in Casteau, a village near Mons, from Roquencourt on the outskirts of Paris after France's withdrawal from the military structure of the alliance in 1967. The relocation of SHAPE to this particular region of Belgium was largely a political decision, based in large part on the depressed economic conditions of the area at the time with the view to bolstering the economy of the region. A riot in the prison of Mons took place in April 2006 after prisoner complaints concerning living conditions and treatment; no deaths were reported as a result of the riot, but the event focused attention on prisons throughout Belgium. Today, the city is an important university town and commercial centre. Tanks in town commemorates the liberation of Belgium during WWII by the 3rd Armored Division (United States), and is one of the largest gatherings of World War II tanks in the world.", "There are several public educational facilities in Mons:", "Mons is located along the N56 road. It is also accessed via European route E42, which is a continuation of French Autoroute A2, linking the British WW1 battlefields of Mons with the Somme Battlefields, Mons railway station opened on 19 December 1841. A small, general aviation airfield Saint-Ghislain Airport is located nearby for private aircraft.", "Mons has a typical Belgian oceanic climate with relatively narrow temperature differences between seasons for its inland 50° latitude, as a result of Gulf Stream influence.", "The town hosts a professional basketball team called Belfius Mons-Hainaut and a tennis tournament called the Ethias Trophy. It previously hosted the football club R.A.E.C. Mons, though the team has since disbanded. There is also a horse racing venue at Hippodrome de Wallonie in Mons.", "The centre consists largely of red brick houses. Although there are few old buildings and rarely new blue stone buildings, its use is generally limited to parts of the decorative walls. Much of the centre is made up of houses which are two or three storeys high. In commercial areas, the ground floor is used as commercial space, while other floors are used for housing. Generally behind the houses there is a small garden. The outskirts of the city are also generally made of brick terraced houses. They nevertheless have the largest green spaces in the front or rear. In more remote areas of the centre, there are four façades of the villas. After the Second World War the city experienced rather limited construction of buildings. Some public housing have been built in Ghlin, Hyon Jemappes and in the suburbs of the city. Since the late 1990s and especially since the arson which took place in one of these buildings, the city undertook a policy of deconstruction of these houses which is still in progress at the moment. A whole series of social buildings are evenly dispersed in the downtown and surrounding suburbs. 16,5% of the city's population lives in apartments (17% in Belgium) and 82.7% in single-family homes (82.3% in Belgium). Of the 82.7% who live in single family homes, only 26% (37.3% in Belgium) are separate houses, while 55.7% (44.4 in Belgium) are detached or terraced houses. That's pretty much a small town in Belgium. Large municipalities have in fact fewer single family homes, but many more apartments whereas the smallest towns have few apartments and a lot of single family homes. The figures show very clearly the strong presence of terraced houses rather than separate houses: it exemplifies the urbanization of downtown, but also urban cores such as Jemappes et Cuesmes.", "The main square is the centre of the old city. It is situated near the shopping street (pedestrian) and the belfry. It is paved in the manner of old cities and is home to many cafes and restaurants, as well as the town hall. The outskirts of the place is accessible by car, but it is forbidden to park or drive through the centre. Each year it is used as an action theatre called \"Lumeçon\" to stage a battle between Saint George and Dragon. The main square is also equipped with a fountain, which opened on 21 March 2006. It also hosts a Christmas market and sometimes an ice rink during the holiday period. The façade of the building called \"au Blan Levrie\" shows the care with which the city attempted to unite the old and the modern. It is the first authorised building in the main square which was made of stone to avoid fire incidents. It was originally built in 1530 in the Gothic style, for the Malaperts, a wealthy local family. In 1975, the architects A. Godart and O. Dupire were assigned to design a bank. They proceeded to gut the interior and conduct a precise survey of the whole before beginning the restoration project. The façade was completely restored, sometimes (as below) by extending the design of mouldings, but the fenestration proved impossible to restore as there were not enough clues from the remains of the original to do so. Therefore, \"The choice was directed towards a contemporary discrete [style], appearing in second test [?]: they are steel frame whose profiles are thinner. » Impression yet reinforced by the way of which was treated at the entrance gate.[?]\"", "", "Originally its communal organization, Mons was a City Hall called \"House of Peace.\" Earlier the deputy mayors were on the castle of the Counts of Hainaut, and now it is only the conciergerier, Saint-Calixte chapel and some underground rooms and the chamber. This place is now Castle Park, where we can also see the belfry. Already in the 13th century, the counts mentioned the House of Peace, located in Nimy Street. Other documents of the same time let one suppose that there existed two Houses of Peace, the one in Nimy Street and the other in the market area. It was in 1323 that Count William I gave permission to build the House of Peace on the location of the current City Hall. This is called a \"Town House\" built of stones and bricks at the base, while the superstructure is of wood. This building underwent various changes during the 15th century until 1477, when the nearby shop in the arsenal exploded.", "The destroyed buildings were rebuilt and benefitted from new changes and additions over the centuries. The architect of the City Hall, Matthew Layens of Leuven, was called to draw up plans. It was to be a building in Gothic style, but it seems that the plan (which was not found) was not completed, including the abandonment of the second floor, which was still intended for construction. The Renaissance campanile was added in the 18th century. It contains a bell dating from 1390, the Bancloque, and carries a clock dial overlooking the Grand Place and a light clock. The 19th century saw various modifications of the façade, the removal of stone mullions to the floor and various stone ornaments. In its current state, the Town Hall consists of a remarkable collection of various buildings housing a large proportion of municipal services. These buildings have undergone many changes over the centuries, restorations and additions of elements from other buildings, such as a Gothic style fireplace from castle Trazegnies, carved doors of the 16th century saved from demolition, a fireplace from the castle of Gouy-lez-Pedestrian, and another fireplace in 1603 from the Château d'Havre. On 23 April 2006 was inaugurated a bronze statuary group by Garouste Gerard, creator of a fresco for the wedding hall. The work, evoking the combat of St. George and the dragon, is in front of City Hall at the bottom of the stair-ramps providing access to one of the entrances to City Hall.", "These buildings surround a small, irregularly shaped square, the Mayor's Garden, from which the rue d'Enghien descends. The Ropieur Fountain, by sculptor Léon Gobert (1869–1935), can be found in the middle of the square. The ropieur symbolizes a young insolent resident of Mons, drenching passersby with water from the fountain.", "Although located in the heart of the old County of Hainaut, the Saint Waltrude Collegiate Church is one of the most characteristic churches and most homogeneous of Brabantine Gothic architecture. The collegiate was built in the 15th century on the orders of canons. Along with the nearby belfry it is considered as a major symbol of the city of Mons. It contains many works of Jacques du Broeucq. It is made of local materials like sandstone, blue stone and brick. It is designed in a classic form, which is expressed by a Latin cross sign. It measures 115 metres long, 32 metres wide and rises to 24.5 metres at the keystone. The chancel is surrounded by an ambulatory and 15 chapels.", "Also called El Catiau by Montois, it was built in the 17th century. The belfry is the only baroque style building in Belgium that reaches a height of 87 meters. In its top section it contains a 49 bell carillon. It was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage site on 1 December 1999. Victor Hugo described the belfry in a letter to his wife as \"a coffeepot flanked by four smaller teapots.\"", "The Press House dates back to the 16th century and is a rare example of a house in traditional Spanish style in Mons. It is made in a simple architectural way using brick. This material was economical and used after the fire in 1548, because when it was rebuilt, the cost of stone had increased. In 1548 the deputy mayor had prohibited the use of flammable materials. The buildings were restored in 19191920, on the plans of the communal architect E. Bertiaux and are occupied by the Maison de la Presse.", "This industrial hall is all that remains of the \"machine\" that supplied Mons with drinkable water from 1871, the year when the river Trouille was diverted. Designed by the architect Hubert and the engineer Celi Moullan, this impressive machinery of pipes and mains was built in metal and glass and forced the water from the valley level up to the town water tanks in the castle place yard. To source the water, Mons purchased two springs known as the \"Mouse Hole\" and \"La Vallière,\" and the water was transported via hydraulic motor. The \"water machine\" still bears witness to the sanitary and hygiene concerns which arose in Mons in 1865-1870 and marks the transition from medieval water supply wells, springs and hand pumps, to operation of pumps suction and force. This progress at domestic level transformed the townspeople's way of life and changed the boundaries of Mons and Spiennes. They used to get water from wells or fountains, sometimes over a hundred yards from their homes. Soon followed another urban project: the introduction in 1828 of city gas to illuminate new avenues and streets. These two changes are made possible by the demolition of the fortifications, which releases the land, and the diversion of Trouille including the strategic role of supply ditches was then passed. The \"water machine\" was restored in the early 1990s, and the building now hosts various cultural events. The machinery was dismantled.", "Waux Hall park was built in the 19th century (1862–1864) at the initiative of the Society of Waux Hall created for this purpose by members of the bourgeoisie. It is therefore the source of a private park. It is located at the site of Fort said that the Dutch formed an outwork the last fortification (1815–1864). Remnants of the fort still exist under the current pavillon. The gardens were designed by Louis Fuchs and the central pavilion was built by architect Joseph Hubert in tavern style. The Turkish hazel is one of the remarkable trees in the park. A 5 hectare landscaped park was built in the mid 19th century and consists of age-old trees, water features, lakes and lawns. Various memorials and outdoor sculptures, including works of sculptors Grard, Deville, Hupet, and Guilmot Harvent, are placed. The park also contains various species of age-old trees. The Technical and Vocational School of Horticulture was established in 1863, it was installed under the authority of the corporation of Waux Hall. It became communal in 1892 at the time of acquisition of Waux Hall by the city of Mons, and then came under the authority of the province of Hainaut in 2006. In 2009 this event was moved to the Grand Place.", "The masonic Lodge \"The Perfect Union\" is the oldest in Belgium and perhaps even on the continent. It was founded in 1721. At that time, Mons became a masonic centre followed by the creation of several new lodges (Vraie et parfaite harmonie (1767), À l'Orient de Mons (1783) et la Ligue équitable (1786)). After the French Revolution, the meetings were held in different locations, and an event was organised by the Perfect Union for the construction of a permanent building. The plans of the architect Hector Puchot were retained in 1890. The Neo-Egyptian style then became a reference for Masonic architecture, and we can consider the lodge of Mons as a model of its kind with its numerous motifs—\"Egyptian\" papyrus capitals, frieze lotus bud, etc..", "William Barracks, renamed barracks Major Sabbe after the First World War and named for the 1990 Arts Square, dates from 1824–1827, at the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is the work of the architect Rémi de Puydt (1789–1844). The façade and roof of the building were listed in 1983 on the advice of the Royal Commission of Monuments, Sites and Excavations. Maintaining its military purpose until the late 1940s, the building was then used by the Royal Grammar School John Avesnes from the 1960s to the early 1990s. Since the completion of the conversion carried out between 1993 and 1995, Carré des Arts hosts the Graduate School of Arts and visual (ESAPV) and regional television TV Borinage Mons (Tele MB).", "Three wells, fountains that decorated the streets of Mons have survived until today. This is the case of the fountain-pillory, Louis XVI style, built in 1779 by the blue stone Ouvertus architect. Built in 1831 by Albert Jamot, this well was transferred to the central Marché-aux-Herbes in 1877 and has served as a fountain after the development of the water supply in the city during the years 18691870. It has regained its original location at the corner of the Coupe and the Chaussée in 1981. After the Marché aux Herbes, the fountain (not connected to the water) was placed for a few years in the park at the far end of rue des 4 Fils Aymond.", "The casemates and the bakery are the remains of military fortifications dating from the kingdom of the Netherlands (1814–1830). The law dividing the disassembly of the fortifications dates back to 1861. They are located near the Nervienne site. The roof of the old bakery has been transformed into a public park and playground for children, while the casemates accommodate the musée de la Route.", "This is the last existing trace of the medieval walls surrounding the city. This defensive structure built of sandstone from Bray was built around 1358. Its walls equipped with loopholes have a thickness of up to 4 meters. The tower has lost about a third of its original size. A project to install a terrace on its top open to the public had just been completed in 2009. The tower has housed a sound installation in the festival of contemporary art audio-visual CitySonics when it reopened.", "In 1966, the Council of Ministers decided to build new buildings to house the Courts of Justice: Assize Court, Labour Court, Court of Appeal, Court of Commerce,... The choice is the site of the former \"Hall of exposure.\" The Building Authority designated as architects for the project the Office Aura (John Bartholomew). The triangular shape of the land has created interior spaces, decreasing in height and width, forming a sort of \"cathedral space\" underlined by a continuous central luminous line. On this major axis, the \"backbone\" of the project, has created spaces for encounter and relaxation. The latest techniques have been implemented for the economic management of energy, giving maximum comfort to staff and the public while ensuring the development of architectural building. Opened in May 2007, by January 2011 all buildings already had developed many problems of water seepage and stability. Thus one of the gateways weighing a hundred kilos came off its hinges and nearly fell on a lawyer who entered, cracks opened between concrete blocks, the joints of windows let in wind and water when it rains in the concourse, etc. The lack of any maintenance contracts might be a significant cause of these problems, since minor problems might otherwise have been prevented from getting worse.", "The patron saint of Mons is Waltrude." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 509, 96391, 297, 390, 157318, 100, 116920, 6827, 62621, 7, 111, 70, 49129, 6057, 390, 103173, 214, 23208, 7, 5, 1301, 70, 23208, 10922, 7, 23, 12912, 111, 6863, 49129, 6057, 15, 162, 51592, 1295, 64883, 247, 442, 46389, 7, 10, 19336, 41170, 111, 70, 22729, 58359, 214, 1821, 1295, 70, 6057, 5, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 509, 5117, 96391, 297, 390, 10, 45, 254, 111, 757, 5, 12187, 23, 70, 22729, 1295, 70, 6057, 5, 3293, 225081, 27354, 1363, 111, 70, 23208, 25, 7, 4567, 223, 136, 103173, 289, 14922, 5, 581, 103882, 53, 509, 7228, 390, 70, 6, 43329, 24447, 27331, 15, 841, 28391, 9893, 51719, 297, 10142, 70820, 28997, 16, 17368, 5501, 70820, 7, 99, 70, 47192, 155484, 601, 75577, 8705, 87652, 31667, 98, 101057, 230839, 23, 157487, 136, 99, 70, 8273, 123342, 29089, 69253, 53, 178290, 23, 138393, 5, 1650, 509, 39563, 297, 136, 70, 103173, 289, 171859, 7, 83324, 71, 390, 4567, 289, 191060, 939, 72350, 9035, 7228, 99, 70, 6, 128423, 347, 213786, 136, 209, 347, 1345, 2594, 5501, 70820, 7, 4, 70, 103882, 53, 3398, 85018, 674, 8035, 7228, 98, 6088, 616, 4, 30739, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 83, 105866, 23, 10, 4552, 20903, 103173, 47, 6863, 6057, 4, 35971, 4734, 1398, 13330, 13312, 47, 28484, 5, 1650, 127298, 123867, 3934, 70, 95487, 111, 8010, 145255, 7, 5, 1913, 4734, 3217, 3768, 19879, 39063, 7, 1295, 70, 6057, 4, 2936, 289, 84616, 2806, 115339, 3075, 70, 103173, 117934, 15700, 117, 987, 23709, 14361, 32316, 7, 23, 70, 5426, 5, 1913, 70, 13379, 1733, 4, 70, 144573, 72350, 9035, 621, 959, 6, 129980, 47, 83324, 70, 103173, 289, 66110, 19, 81432, 939, 4, 221, 10, 169123, 115339, 103173, 1556, 2809, 41591, 71, 390, 70, 103882, 1314, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 66110, 19, 81432, 939, 111, 70, 23208, 509, 74481, 3674, 47, 186, 110, 117396, 3501, 89678, 18197, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 83324, 70, 46889, 111, 70, 23208, 4, 72350, 9035, 111, 70, 6057, 25, 7, 4567, 289, 191060, 939, 143834, 7, 3542, 7228, 390, 70, 541, 304, 605, 1657, 127639, 316, 5, 3293, 509, 16940, 390, 66339, 214, 70, 984, 6366, 603, 122925, 23, 70, 6057, 25, 7, 235079, 5, 106935, 14534, 678, 70, 51529, 121225, 1363, 111, 70, 103173, 237, 83324, 71, 390, 70, 62621, 150556, 7, 4, 903, 122273, 297, 70, 46889, 111, 70, 23208, 47, 186, 81730, 363, 38405, 99929, 617, 20028, 450, 111, 145255, 5, 1301, 111, 8055, 43304, 70, 2684, 17309, 74481, 1363, 111, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 25, 7, 122835, 720, 1104, 594, 238, 2729, 58968, 2397, 21543, 136, 221, 25927, 9, 748, 3137, 55291, 509, 450, 111, 59520, 5, 3293, 83, 997, 102738, 6, 38405, 16655, 79385, 7, 5, 1301, 77950, 71, 390, 6863, 11192, 46889, 136, 33910, 1294, 4567, 223, 4, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 83, 10, 9060, 6051, 18, 4, 2684, 47041, 150350, 71, 102917, 538, 111, 64707, 1409, 136, 50651, 316, 5, 581, 23208, 2806, 4911, 7, 765, 110, 5299, 9, 112, 5983, 297, 71579, 5, 114063, 3790, 10484, 92054, 450, 6044, 23208, 7, 100, 4806, 23, 70, 1810, 56, 10776, 7, 111, 2363, 38549, 76519, 136, 39666, 3674, 23, 19364, 7, 47, 2363, 13379, 103173, 7, 5, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 83, 207583, 150679, 3501, 92054, 297, 390, 70, 4524, 70760, 115774, 5, 3293, 1543, 117414, 70, 169424, 111, 142, 78301, 31344, 111, 80097, 28032, 70, 23208, 5, 6561, 7722, 25469, 13, 83, 2936, 289, 80097, 214, 1295, 142, 66110, 19, 62233, 103173, 4, 10, 207116, 3129, 1556, 959, 2809, 79986, 71, 1810, 1295, 70, 19882, 72350, 9035, 5, 33306, 4, 15700, 23208, 678, 10, 207583, 41036, 3674, 4567, 223, 4, 4732, 387, 14889, 10057, 876, 4, 83, 23, 10, 115339, 103173, 5, 893, 30700, 207116, 83, 450, 70, 23208, 1556, 10, 11192, 10, 5134, 289, 139, 18, 4, 1884, 4143, 66, 223, 23, 70, 56944, 12353, 5, 581, 2967, 678, 903, 187136, 83, 450, 442, 83, 17569, 47, 186, 32233, 34844, 47, 2046, 10, 23208, 3934, 903, 180346, 4, 221, 19441, 6626, 6044, 23208, 7, 54940, 70, 5423, 111, 51529, 62621, 214, 23208, 7, 83, 186560, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 83, 142, 4173, 991, 320, 23208, 103173, 214, 70, 7550, 9, 5062, 6057, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 62, 13526, 84900, 9550, 335, 5, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 83, 70, 45, 6947, 82761, 111, 70, 62, 13526, 84900, 9550, 2394, 6635, 6057, 5426, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 166904, 538, 190, 3117, 22729, 5369, 16065, 1295, 64883, 23, 70, 158, 37219, 2320, 239, 106290, 5, 6, 43329, 9, 683, 5759, 275, 83, 54940, 70, 19713, 168, 184, 111, 2499, 111, 70, 51529, 4173, 991, 320, 23208, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Discovery.", "Orbit and mass.", "Rotation.", "Characteristics." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "HAT-P-1b was detected by searching for astronomical transits of the parent star by orbiting planets. As the planet passes in front of its parent star (as seen from Earth), it blocks a small amount of the light reaching us from the star. HAT-P-1b was first detected by a dip of 0.6% in the light from the star. This enabled determination of the planet's radius and orbital period. The discovery was made by the HATNet Project (Hungarian Automated Telescope Network) using telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins in Arizona and at the Submillimeter Array facility in Hawaii. It was confirmed and the orbital parameters determined by radial velocity measurements made at the 8.2 m Subaru and 10 m Keck telescopes, the discovery announcement being made on September 14, 2006.", "HAT-P-1b is located in a very close orbit to its star, taking only 4.47 days to complete. It therefore falls into the category of hot Jupiters. At only 8.27 million kilometers from the star, tidal forces would circularise the orbit unless another perturbing body exists in the system. At the present time, the existing measurements are not sufficient to determine the orbital eccentricity, so a perfectly circular orbit has been assumed by the discoverers. However, the eccentricity of the planet was calculated to be no greater than 0.067. In order to determine the mass of the planet, measurements of the star's radial velocity variations were made by the N2K Consortium. This was done by observing the Doppler shift in the star's spectrum. Combined with the known inclination of the orbit as determined by the transit observations, this revealed the mass of the planet to be 0.53±0.04 times that of Jupiter.", "As of August 2008, the most recent calculation of HAT-P-1b's Rossiter–McLaughlin effect and so spin-orbit angle was that of Johnson. This is +3.6 ± 2.0 degrees.", "As evidenced by its high mass and planetary radius, HAT-P-1b is a gas giant, most likely composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. The planet would thus have no well-defined surface. Current theories predict that such planets formed in the outer regions of their solar systems and migrated inwards to their present orbits. HAT-P-1b is significantly larger than predicted by theoretical models. This may indicate the presence of an additional source of heat within the planet. One possible candidate is tidal heating from an eccentric orbit, a possibility which has not been ruled out from the available measurements. However, another planet with a significantly inflated radius, HD 209458 b, is in a circular orbit. An alternative possibility is that the planet has a high axial tilt, like Uranus in the Solar System. The problem with this explanation is that it is thought to be quite difficult to get a planet into this configuration, so having two such planets among the set of known transiting planets is problematic." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1429, 76, 53720, 26950, 44, 34639, 3551, 58, 23, 70, 24, 4935, 46876, 360, 2247, 118, 17465, 5, 1429, 76, 53720, 29256, 7, 111, 3551, 136, 111, 7401, 23, 182688, 25730, 5, 581, 181991, 53, 96853, 2831, 111, 70, 5201, 1760, 4, 2684, 111, 70, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 4, 136, 756, 111, 70, 90695, 7, 23, 215528, 9631, 4, 14631, 9631, 4, 136, 109387, 330, 9631, 4, 26719, 70, 12628, 5372, 18481, 7, 4, 756, 111, 3129, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 1295, 3129, 1429, 76, 53720, 509, 84797, 71, 5, 3293, 30482, 442, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 9, 320, 177, 525, 1614, 122772, 77630, 939, 15, 748, 86757, 91853, 16, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 4263, 1429, 76, 53720, 3542, 10, 23295, 4, 442, 2806, 30648, 423, 927, 23, 16128, 5, 1429, 76, 53720, 1556, 4989, 3551, 132988, 7, 678, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 98, 70, 5201, 1760, 136, 10, 10846, 1172, 49086, 90695, 7, 4, 136, 678, 1572, 2986, 402, 47, 70, 127067, 111, 70, 1429, 76, 53720, 5201, 1760, 74, 442, 2843, 23356, 7, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 47, 70, 127067, 25617, 99, 10, 96137, 38496, 4, 136, 1556, 10, 16610, 3551, 132988, 678, 2356, 151645, 1760, 136, 21488, 72639, 98, 104431, 943, 864, 18481, 5, 1429, 76, 53720, 2843, 12008, 7, 5786, 6032, 132988, 7, 678, 15497, 1760, 136, 70, 140280, 7, 111, 5813, 33970, 4, 200086, 4, 136, 1572, 2986, 402, 5, 1429, 76, 53720, 25, 7, 167375, 6275, 83, 3253, 372, 916, 162737, 15, 16, 98, 125876, 27613, 18481, 5, 581, 43904, 168, 7, 2481, 83, 89678, 2947, 3445, 7, 64, 6401, 22085, 5, 8194, 3445, 7, 64, 7, 864, 324, 247, 1632, 111, 70, 459, 25617, 23, 70, 8999, 5, 3311, 225490, 4, 15497, 1760, 1556, 189275, 70, 5701, 16128, 136, 110518, 186351, 70, 43904, 5, 1429, 76, 53720, 134858, 10, 160, 320, 153552, 23, 2684, 10776, 7, 4, 36, 14775, 47, 6863, 11192, 21, 35810, 136, 92319, 72852, 289, 51065, 6032, 79507, 3501, 58555, 47, 70, 65272, 5, 360, 1286, 127067, 56, 538, 72852, 289, 58555, 4552, 91097, 166, 1299, 49086, 153552, 7, 831, 186, 14037, 4, 4743, 47, 20414, 8035, 161549, 2717, 820, 3501, 70, 56065, 5, 12321, 1760, 1429, 76, 53720, 509, 5117, 27623, 3674, 189275, 150701, 5369, 6650, 390, 70, 1914, 9, 397, 748, 3509, 4, 10, 9789, 62814, 31, 9, 647, 9851, 31, 29394, 450, 39666, 3674, 65272, 19364, 1295, 70, 2076, 214, 7832, 217, 10776, 5, 581, 1914, 9, 397, 748, 3509, 29394, 509, 214493, 297, 390, 70, 25877, 3509, 29394, 1672, 116, 10253, 5369, 6650, 5, 581, 25877, 3509, 29394, 1556, 2809, 41591, 71, 47, 765, 126809, 1295, 70, 1914, 9, 397, 748, 3509, 4, 49903, 70, 76755, 17721, 70, 6626, 47143, 7, 51, 119488, 5, 43153, 34, 1760, 4, 10, 31913, 83429, 13, 88898, 4295, 98363, 150080, 23, 70, 82020, 7, 111, 114749, 1314, 1556, 2809, 162711, 47, 1429, 76, 53720, 25, 7, 1853, 58871, 18481, 5, 33198, 464, 7, 111, 5470, 17721, 70, 25877, 3509, 136, 83429, 13, 4, 49903, 4, 47143, 189353, 141, 5, 581, 12613, 133, 3395, 4, 6, 60502, 22230, 111, 70, 5744, 360, 7143, 4, 80723, 39666, 1916, 3934, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 136, 1429, 76, 53720, 1295, 168064, 23, 70, 534, 927, 142642, 5, 3311, 65964, 4, 70, 20787, 48461, 192961, 111, 12613, 133, 9615, 19929, 99201, 2684, 111, 5744, 1429, 76, 53720, 5, 581, 212416, 111, 70, 12613, 133, 3395, 60754, 90, 678, 70, 206398, 111, 70, 25877, 3509, 4, 2750, 68, 71, 1810, 17721, 7607, 136, 17551, 5, 581, 59121, 186768, 15426, 7, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 9842, 23, 423, 11835, 4, 678, 142, 15426, 390, 14941, 88898, 42, 6470, 563, 42843, 42687, 5, 51404, 105207, 142, 55812, 1363, 47, 7413, 70, 23924, 25617, 57212, 429, 4, 563, 42843, 42687, 17569, 764, 1902, 134053, 86761, 6517, 10932, 70, 14361, 111, 7401, 5036, 51529, 237, 563, 42843, 42687, 9631, 98, 70, 184085, 111, 1853, 58871, 18481, 5, 581, 6517, 69347, 1810, 47, 186, 41965, 9393, 4, 1284, 563, 42843, 42687, 7228, 70, 5117, 17164, 297, 28811, 5470, 678, 70, 360, 7143, 5, 64511, 88898, 4295, 23, 33938, 111, 70, 19264, 29888, 23924, 25617, 57212, 429, 134629, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 26719, 45233, 215528, 4, 25031, 1853, 58871, 136, 12452, 3311, 12631, 5, 5631, 19, 66769, 164, 136, 125876, 27613, 18481, 7, 60213, 71, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 70, 146185, 5550, 23, 70, 27631, 7, 5, 77590, 7274, 71, 1672, 70, 16128, 25, 7, 99716, 208076, 21533, 19069, 4, 70, 30361, 27759, 456, 116292, 297, 360, 7143, 1295, 1429, 76, 5342, 15, 13665, 9319, 19, 5813, 33970, 16, 47, 163528, 67, 136, 31945, 184, 3698, 6651, 5, 360, 70, 51, 1021, 69211, 42, 136, 192586, 13, 27289, 4, 1836, 2577, 71, 6057, 330, 1363, 1284, 3542, 168861, 47, 24765, 5, 19953, 53, 5369, 14432, 4, 70, 25674, 63871, 98, 3157, 124524, 41021, 7, 31089, 71, 10, 13416, 44759, 71, 44, 3957, 19694, 1172, 49086, 853, 87632, 12, 62, 34798, 98, 70, 49795, 1104, 11663, 853, 87632, 740, 581, 27759, 72090, 56381, 1363, 47, 8382, 195052, 136, 2363, 60887, 10840, 136, 98, 8055, 543, 4, 36404, 23, 360, 2247, 461, 344, 4, 70, 13015, 34639, 2886, 4939, 27859, 4398, 4, 6107, 4, 10646, 4, 96362, 33744, 111, 42878, 184593, 136, 182688, 55441, 136, 18767, 5337, 365, 1010, 1290, 100, 39447, 1814, 136, 3775, 9, 135206, 223, 42878, 7, 1747, 14071, 29367, 98, 232045, 111, 70, 92416, 111, 25730, 100, 70, 456, 87632, 111, 360, 7143, 47, 70, 19694, 1172, 49086, 5, 212897, 17514, 98, 61998, 449, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 33233, 82, 127, 6402, 124519, 80723, 23, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 136, 27047, 1363, 47, 54, 903, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 36102, 5, 24372, 6863, 137578, 4, 10, 30361, 62458, 170198, 26548, 6044, 10, 72350, 5, 360, 28506, 4, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 3551, 140526, 9807, 118, 21094, 17721, 70, 360, 7143, 10315, 416, 217, 2734, 257, 1191, 15, 92733, 35839, 70, 44, 4153, 7143, 10315, 3679, 257, 111, 25730, 18939, 136, 70, 30361, 27759, 4, 70, 68036, 45252, 297, 91853, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1429, 76, 53720, 15, 2819, 2819, 1388, 83, 70, 3525, 525, 4, 142105, 4, 136, 2684, 144477, 56, 538, 181991, 53, 111, 25730, 5, 1650, 509, 84797, 71, 51521, 538, 1295, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 98, 7071, 106, 4, 8272, 4, 1829, 70, 44, 18444, 76, 53720, 25515, 58, 136, 70, 44, 18444, 76, 53720, 6557, 33198, 464, 7, 186670, 25515, 830, 21208, 70, 337, 6990, 10484, 1902, 2809, 79442, 19, 23, 106540, 581, 166635, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 5117, 13036, 15549, 47, 25730, 25, 7, 68894, 22288, 16792, 49504, 1916, 70, 140280, 111, 2356, 151645, 1760, 23, 45604, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "History.", "Early history.", "First written accounts.", "20th and 21st century.", "Demography.", "Language.", "Religion.", "Economy.", "Mining.", "Energy.", "Government and politics.", "Administrative regions.", "Licence plates.", "Symbols.", "Territorial dispute.", "Alcohol.", "Culture.", "Media.", "Periodicals.", "Film.", "Music.", "Performing arts.", "Sport.", "Notable people." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Nunavut means \"our land\" in the native language Inuktitut.", "Nunavut covers of land and of water in Northern Canada. The territory includes part of the mainland, most of the Arctic Archipelago, and all of the islands in Hudson Bay, James Bay, and Ungava Bay, including the Belcher Islands, all of which belonged to the Northwest Territories from which Nunavut was separated. This makes it the fifth-largest subnational entity (or administrative division) in the world. If Nunavut were a country, it would rank 15th in area. Nunavut has long land borders with the Northwest Territories on the mainland and a few Arctic islands, and with Manitoba to the south of the Nunavut mainland; it also meets Saskatchewan to the southwest at a quadripoint, and has a short land border with Newfoundland and Labrador on Killiniq Island. Nunavut also shares maritime borders with Greenland and the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba. Nunavut's highest point is Barbeau Peak () on Ellesmere Island. The population density is 0.019 persons/km (0.05 persons/sq mi), one of the lowest in the world. By comparison, Greenland has approximately the same area and nearly twice the population.", "Nunavut experiences a polar climate in most regions, owing to its high latitude and lower continental summertime influence than areas to the west. In more southerly continental areas very cold subarctic climates can be found, due to July being slightly milder than the required.", "", "Mainland Nunavut was first populated approximately 4500 years ago by the Pre-Dorset, a diverse Paleo-Eskimo culture that migrated westward from the Bering Strait region. The Pre-Dorset culture was succeeded by the Dorset culture about 2800 years ago. The Dorset culture has been assumed to have developed from the Pre-Dorset, however the relationship between the two remains unclear. Helluland, a location Norse explorers describe visiting in the Sagas of Icelanders has been connected to Nunavut's Baffin Island. Claims of contact between the Dorset and Norse, however, remain controversial. The Thule people, ancestors of the modern Inuit, began migrating into the Northwest Territories and Nunavut from Alaska in the 11th century. By 1300, the geographic extent of Thule settlement included most of modern Nunavut. The migration of the Thule people coincides with the decline of the Dorset, who died out between 800 and 1500.", "The written historical accounts of Nunavut begin in 1576, with an account by English explorer Martin Frobisher. While leading an expedition to find the Northwest Passage, Frobisher thought he had discovered gold ore around the body of water now known as Frobisher Bay on the coast of Baffin Island. The ore turned out to be worthless, but Frobisher made the first recorded European contact with the Inuit. Other explorers in search of the elusive Northwest Passage followed in the 17th century, including Henry Hudson, William Baffin and Robert Bylot.", "Cornwallis and Ellesmere Islands featured in the history of the Cold War in the 1950s. Concerned about the area's strategic geopolitical position, the federal government relocated Inuit from Nunavik (northern Quebec) to Resolute and Grise Fiord. In the unfamiliar and hostile conditions, they faced starvation but were forced to stay. Forty years later, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued a report titled \"The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation\". The government paid compensation to those affected and their descendants and on August 18, 2010, in Inukjuak, the Honourable John Duncan, PC, MP, previous Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians apologized on behalf of the Government of Canada for the relocation of Inuit to the High Arctic. Discussions on dividing the Northwest Territories along ethnic lines began in the 1950s, and legislation to do this was introduced in 1963. After its failure, a federal commission recommended against such a measure. In 1976, as part of the land claims negotiations between the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (then called the \"Inuit Tapirisat of Canada\") and the federal government, the parties discussed division of the Northwest Territories to provide a separate territory for the Inuit. On April 14, 1982, a plebiscite on division was held throughout the Northwest Territories. A majority of the residents voted in favour and the federal government gave a conditional agreement seven months later. The land claims agreement was completed in September 1992 and ratified by nearly 85% of the voters in Nunavut in a referendum. On July 9, 1993, the \" Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act\" and the \"Nunavut Act\" were passed by the Canadian Parliament. The transition to establish Nunavut Territory was completed on April 1, 1999. The creation of Nunavut has been followed by considerable population growth in the capital Iqaluit, from 5,200 in 2001 to 6,600 in 2011, a 27% increase.", "As of the 2016 Canada Census, the population of Nunavut was 35,944, a 12.7% increase from 2011. In 2006, 24,640 people identified themselves as Inuit (83.6% of the total population), 100 as First Nations (0.3%), 130 Métis (0.4%) and 4,410 as non-aboriginal (15.0%). The population growth rate of Nunavut has been well above the Canadian average for several decades, mostly due to birth rates significantly higher than the Canadian average—a trend that continues. Between 2011 and 2016, Nunavut had the highest population growth rate of any Canadian province or territory, at a rate of 12.7%. The second-highest was Alberta, with a growth rate of 11.6%. Nunavut has the highest smoking rate in all of Canada, with more than half of its adult population smoking cigarettes. Smoking affects both men and women equally, and the overwhelming majority (90%) of pregnant women are smokers.", "Along with the Inuit Language (Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun) sometimes called Inuktut, English and French are also official languages. In his 2000 commissioned report (\"Aajiiqatigiingniq Language of Instruction Research Paper\") to the Nunavut Department of Education, Ian Martin of York University stated a \"long-term threat to Inuit languages from English is found everywhere, and current school language policies and practices on language are contributing to that threat\" if Nunavut schools follow the Northwest Territories model. He provided a 20-year language plan to create a \"fully functional bilingual society, in Inuktitut and English\" by 2020. The plan provides different models, including: Of the 34,960 responses to the census question concerning \"mother tongue\" in the 2016 census, the most commonly reported languages were: At the time of the census, only English and French were counted as official languages. Figures shown are for single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses. In the 2016 census it was reported that 2,045 people (5.8%) living in Nunavut had no knowledge of either official language of Canada (English or French). The 2016 census also reported that of the 30,135 Inuit people in Nunavut, 90.7% could speak either Inuktitut or Inuinnaqtun.", "In 2011 census, Christianity form 86% of the Nunavut's population. About 13% of the population are Non Religious and 0.44% follows Aboriginal spirituality.There is a small minority of Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and Jews.", "The economy of Nunavut is driven by the Inuit and Territorial Government, mining, oil, gas, and mineral exploration, arts, crafts, hunting, fishing, whaling, tourism, transportation, housing development, military, research, and education. Presently, one college operates in Nunavut, the Nunavut Arctic College, as well as several Arctic research stations located within the territory. The new Canadian High Arctic Research Station CHARS in planning for Cambridge Bay and high north Alert Bay Station. Iqaluit hosts the annual Nunavut Mining Symposium every April, this is a tradeshow that showcases many economic activities on going in Nunavut.", "There are currently three major mines in operation in Nunavut. Agnico-Eagle Mines Ltd – Meadowbank Division. Meadowbank Gold Mine is an open pit gold mine with an estimated mine life 2010–2020 and employs 680 persons. The second recently opened mine in production is the Mary River Iron Ore mine operated by Baffinland Iron Mines. It is located close to Pond Inlet on North Baffin Island. They produce a high grade direct ship iron ore. The most recent mine to open is Doris North or the Hope Bay Mine operated near Hope Bay Aerodrome by TMAC Resource Ltd. This new high grade gold mine is the first in a series of potential mines in gold occurrences all along the Hope Bay greenstone belt.", "Nunavut's people rely primarily on diesel fuel to run generators and heat homes, with fossil fuel shipments from southern Canada by plane or boat because there are few to no roads or rail links to the region. There is a government effort to use more renewable energy sources, which is generally supported by the community. This support comes from Nunavut feeling the effects of global warming. Former Nunavut Premier Eva Aariak said in 2011, \"Climate change is very much upon us. It is affecting our hunters, the animals, the thinning of the ice is a big concern, as well as erosion from permafrost melting.\" The region is warming about twice as fast as the global average, according to the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.", "Nunavut has a Commissioner appointed by the federal Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs. As in the other territories, the commissioner's role is symbolic and is analogous to that of a Lieutenant-Governor. While the Commissioner is not formally a representative of Canadian monarch, a role roughly analogous to representing The Crown has accrued to the position. Nunavut elects a single member of the House of Commons of Canada. This makes Nunavut the largest electoral district in the world by area. The members of the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Nunavut are elected individually; there are no parties and the legislature is consensus-based. The head of government, the premier of Nunavut, is elected by, and from the members of the legislative assembly. On June 14, 2018, Joe Savikataaq was elected as the Premier of Nunavut, after his predecessor Paul Quassa lost a non-confidence motion. Former Premier Paul Okalik set up an advisory council of eleven elders, whose function it is to help incorporate \"\"Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit\"\" (Inuit culture and traditional knowledge, often referred to in English as \"IQ\") into the territory's political and governmental decisions. Due to the territory's small population, and the fact that there are only a few hundred voters in each electoral district, the possibility of two election candidates finishing in an exact tie is significantly higher than in any Canadian province. This has actually happened twice in the five elections to date, with exact ties in Akulliq in the 2008 Nunavut general election and in Rankin Inlet South in the 2013 Nunavut general election. In such an event, Nunavut's practice is to schedule a follow-up by-election rather than choosing the winning candidate by an arbitrary method. The territory has also had numerous instances where MLAs were directly acclaimed to office as the only person to register their candidacy by the deadline, as well as one instance where a follow-up by-election had to be held due to no candidates registering for the regular election in their district at all. Owing to Nunavut's vast size, the stated goal of the territorial government has been to decentralize governance beyond the region's capital. Three regions—Kitikmeot, Kivalliq and Qikiqtaaluk/Baffin—are the basis for more localized administration, although they lack autonomous governments of their own. The territory has an annual budget of C$700 million, provided almost entirely by the federal government. Former Prime Minister Paul Martin designated support for Northern Canada as one of his priorities in 2004, with an extra $500 million to be divided among the three territories. In 2001, the government of New Brunswick collaborated with the federal government and the technology firm SSI Micro to launch Qiniq, a unique network that uses satellite delivery to provide broadband Internet access to 24 communities in Nunavut. As a result, the territory was named one of the world's \"Smart 25 Communities\" in 2006 by the Intelligent Community Forum, a worldwide organization that honours innovation in broadband technologies. The Nunavut Public Library Services, the public library system serving the territory, also provides various information services to the territory. In September 2012, Premier Aariak welcomed Prince Edward and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, to Nunavut as part of the events marking the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.", "Nunavut is divided into three administrative regions:", "The Nunavut licence plate was originally created for the Northwest Territories in the 1970s. The plate has long been famous worldwide for its unique design in the shape of a polar bear. Nunavut was licensed by the NWT to use the same licence plate design in 1999 when it became a separate territory, but adopted its own plate design in March 2012 for launch in August 2012—a rectangle that prominently features the northern lights, a polar bear and an inuksuk.", "The flag and the coat of arms of Nunavut were designed by Andrew Qappik from Pangnirtung.", "A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage.", "Due to prohibition laws influenced by local and traditional beliefs, Nunavut has a highly regulated alcohol market. It is the last outpost of prohibition in Canada, and it is often easier to obtain firearms than alcohol. Every community in Nunavut has slightly differing regulations, but as a whole it is still very restrictive. Seven communities have bans against alcohol and another 14 have orders being restricted by local committees. Because of these laws, a lucrative bootlegging market has appeared where people mark up the prices of bottles by extraordinary amounts. The RCMP estimate Nunavut's bootleg liquor market rakes in some $10 million a year. Despite the restrictions, alcohol's availability leads to widespread alcohol related crime. One lawyer estimated some 95% of police calls are alcohol-related. Alcohol is also believed to be a contributing factor to the territory's high rates of violence, suicide, and homicide. A special task force created in 2010 to study and address the territory's increasing alcohol-related problems recommended the government ease alcohol restrictions. With prohibition shown to be highly ineffective historically, it is believed these laws contribute to the territory's widespread social ills. However, many residents are skeptical about the effectiveness of liquor sale liberalization and want to ban it completely. In 2014, Nunavut's government decided to move towards more legalization. A liquor store has opened in Iqaluit, the capital, for the first time in 38 years as of 2017.", "", "The Inuit Broadcasting Corporation is based in Nunavut. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) serves Nunavut through a radio and television production centre in Iqaluit, and a bureau in Rankin Inlet. Iqaluit is served by a private commercial radio stations CKIQ-FM and CKGC-FM, both owned by Northern Lights Entertainment Inc. (CKIQ-FM had a rebroadcaster in Rankin Inlet that was discontinued in 2009.)", "Nunavut is served by two regional weekly newspapers, \"Nunatsiaq News\" published by Nortext, and \"Nunavut News/North\", published by Northern News Services, who also publish the multi-territory regional \"Kivalliq News\".", "The film production company Isuma is based in Igloolik. Co-founded by Zacharias Kunuk and Norman Cohn in 1990, the company produced the 1999 feature \"\", winner of the Caméra d'Or for Best First Feature Film at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. It was the first feature film written, directed, and acted entirely in Inuktitut. In November 2006, the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) and the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation announced the start of the Nunavut Animation Lab, offering animation training to Nunavut artists at workshops in Iqaluit, Cape Dorset and Pangnirtung. Films from the Nunavut Animation Lab include Alethea Arnaquq-Baril's 2010 digital animation short \"Lumaajuuq\", winner of the Best Aboriginal Award at the Golden Sheaf Awards and named Best Canadian Short Drama at the imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival. In November 2011, the Government of Nunavut and the NFB jointly announced the launch of a DVD and online collection entitled \"Unikkausivut\" (Inuktitut: \"Sharing Our Stories\"), which will make over 100 NFB films by and about Inuit available in Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun and other Inuit languages, as well as English and French. The Government of Nunavut is distributing \"Unikkausivut\" to every school in the territory.", "The indigenous music of Nunavut includes Inuit throat singing and drum-led dancing, along with country music, bluegrass, square dancing, the button accordion and the fiddle, an infusion of European influence.", "Artcirq is a collective of Inuit circus performers based in Igloolik. The group has performed around the world, including at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "Nunavut competes at the Arctic Winter Games. Iqaluit co-hosted the 2002 edition in partnership with Nuuk, Greenland. Hockey Nunavut was founded in 1999 and competes in the Maritime-Hockey North Junior C Championship.", "Susan Aglukark is an Inuk singer and songwriter. She has released six albums and has won several Juno Awards. She blends the Inuktitut and English languages with contemporary pop music arrangements to tell the stories of her people, the Inuit of the Arctic. On May 3, 2008, the Kronos Quartet premiered a collaborative piece with Inuit throat singer Tanya Tagaq, entitled \"Nunavut\", based on an Inuit folk story. Tagaq is also known internationally for her collaborations with Icelandic pop star Björk, and her 2018 novel \"Split Tooth\" which was longlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize. Jordin John Kudluk Tootoo (Inuktitut syllabics: ᔪᐊᑕᓐ ᑐᑐ; born February 2, 1983, in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada) was a professional ice hockey player with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Although born in Manitoba, Tootoo grew up in Rankin Inlet, where he was taught to skate and play hockey by his father, Barney. Hunter Tootoo, Member of Parliament for the Territory of Nunavut, was elected to the Liberal government in 2015. He served as the Minister of Fisheries, Oceans, and the Canadian Coast Guard until his resignation from the post on May 31, 2016. Tourism Journalism" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24018, 25, 7, 5117, 2248, 3882, 910, 110537, 3542, 58735, 297, 100, 10, 38132, 501, 21135, 17957, 111, 201, 4, 305, 707, 382, 129890, 136, 14432, 54452, 7, 100, 5035, 758, 129890, 5, 87063, 136, 137028, 14432, 181653, 611, 129890, 4, 387, 129890, 136, 714, 129890, 63920, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 5337, 10801, 136, 118580, 17750, 2843, 82775, 89554, 6, 201939, 313, 61611, 11389, 7, 111, 24018, 25, 7, 7311, 8, 8705, 1363, 9, 63033, 653, 61611, 208124, 4, 21334, 538, 1300, 4806, 99, 172714, 9, 62783, 297, 128779, 5, 2161, 83080, 4, 70, 2248, 3882, 910, 509, 113771, 538, 72350, 71, 47, 765, 10, 38352, 111, 1672, 126175, 418, 167934, 117, 501, 21135, 98, 44, 46280, 21533, 58, 103391, 4, 102971, 442, 5809, 186, 207583, 4271, 56, 98, 15572, 29367, 18151, 136, 23, 107137, 40956, 7, 4, 237, 5941, 167934, 5809, 71924, 13, 23, 116, 501, 21135, 105823, 7, 12638, 5, 581, 305, 129890, 4, 209, 129890, 136, 427, 129890, 115774, 3542, 113771, 538, 72350, 71, 47, 160404, 99, 6, 143161, 13763, 9059, 4, 22410, 13763, 9059, 136, 787, 14604, 13763, 9059, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 14432, 241, 9, 824, 26783, 17366, 111, 70, 2248, 3882, 910, 509, 4092, 111, 70, 40368, 88551, 72, 11350, 450, 143434, 44402, 100, 77848, 7, 136, 172852, 9, 16751, 6, 70035, 7, 23, 70, 110680, 335, 9, 95528, 136, 313, 9, 95528, 86039, 7, 15, 277, 3796, 23, 70, 17672, 136, 17672, 20450, 1444, 194, 24018, 6777, 959, 41206, 3357, 13909, 7, 47, 4527, 70, 1372, 910, 5, 581, 86039, 509, 82775, 100, 6024, 9, 65918, 76519, 678, 6024, 1073, 6048, 86685, 4, 26719, 36398, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 11408, 297, 6, 57842, 1542, 7, 16, 136, 2773, 9, 6032, 9433, 6226, 5, 1650, 1902, 702, 92498, 3900, 164, 22230, 136, 35060, 71, 111, 22759, 41371, 25072, 7, 12, 29823, 25072, 4, 5324, 25072, 4, 6, 188336, 25072, 136, 71924, 1830, 25072, 4, 5808, 297, 3934, 10, 5078, 1428, 53, 24941, 71, 15, 123759, 56, 297, 16, 137158, 2256, 1660, 237, 23, 70, 2248, 15276, 5, 581, 207583, 124735, 23718, 645, 70, 2248, 15276, 509, 102917, 538, 4743, 47, 70, 351, 9, 144227, 44974, 297, 29823, 136, 2053, 5324, 90, 4, 1286, 29823, 9, 6827, 238, 72403, 76407, 15, 840, 18, 5526, 538, 4, 10, 171332, 606, 820, 16, 136, 10, 4271, 56, 15, 17678, 76407, 9, 77007, 16, 118126, 56, 5, 1650, 509, 181653, 23, 10, 12045, 9, 5128, 98169, 4, 26719, 33106, 13709, 15, 72325, 1771, 37105, 297, 59420, 2258, 25388, 247, 339, 13709, 15, 133, 712, 9393, 59420, 2258, 25388, 16, 136, 436, 14849, 15, 5128, 6, 120067, 10298, 53, 16, 98169, 7, 5, 581, 23718, 51312, 111, 70, 2248, 3882, 910, 645, 70, 2248, 15276, 15, 748, 2248, 123641, 5809, 186, 1286, 3501, 3555, 117, 501, 21135, 105823, 23, 5941, 103391, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 10, 41929, 71, 23718, 99, 70, 5701, 501, 21135, 38352, 194, 3293, 509, 10, 21334, 51312, 4, 89554, 215667, 47, 70, 38352, 136912, 7, 10932, 10, 8, 23662, 14432, 3229, 70, 17, 159645, 194076, 707, 70, 7311, 436, 109928, 202727, 3542, 65508, 71, 5, 3293, 509, 2831, 538, 4743, 47, 70, 351, 9, 144227, 44974, 297, 29823, 136, 2053, 5324, 90, 4, 1284, 5201, 538, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 29823, 74481, 5256, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 3647, 1328, 4711, 16, 3542, 40715, 135587, 5, 10660, 3542, 51339, 297, 390, 10, 171332, 25072, 23, 70, 2248, 3882, 910, 4, 12960, 70, 114210, 2248, 15276, 1902, 47, 54, 60266, 29823, 181135, 1363, 17368, 6863, 4537, 6, 89994, 4, 18588, 214, 40368, 4173, 501, 21135, 105823, 7, 23, 5941, 50218, 5, 22376, 4, 70, 2248, 3882, 910, 509, 1286, 93766, 23, 70, 479, 29362, 206, 111, 167934, 4, 6, 123759, 4209, 4, 71924, 1830, 111, 88203, 7, 4, 136, 23, 27140, 11948, 40899, 71, 54744, 6827, 41018, 7, 6044, 237, 6, 176851, 64, 397, 15583, 3501, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 5, 581, 2248, 3882, 910, 99201, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 756, 111, 70, 2248, 15276, 167934, 4, 756, 111, 70, 3525, 167934, 111, 70, 2248, 1819, 910, 12, 6, 116563, 4, 17428, 65298, 4, 14216, 34384, 4, 64083, 4, 6, 52001, 294, 4, 24584, 67619, 4, 84029, 284, 4, 24584, 12927, 168894, 4, 87, 176851, 168894, 4, 136, 168894, 122925, 7, 136, 47014, 1636, 5, 581, 2248, 3882, 910, 2843, 49814, 3525, 167934, 100, 30312, 13736, 12, 13685, 21130, 4, 46323, 12763, 4, 6, 16271, 4, 20217, 41072, 4, 16970, 41072, 4, 99954, 41072, 4, 6, 37150, 89023, 4, 339, 30508, 4, 339, 28981, 4, 101436, 41072, 4, 10000, 41072, 4, 42135, 41072, 4, 11162, 1456, 4, 46549, 4, 34237, 1052, 4, 136, 34237, 1456, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 167934, 100, 30312, 13736, 831, 15, 748, 8110, 16, 186, 11814, 23, 2773, 13736, 47, 5423, 1257, 136, 101089, 47, 30312, 13736, 4, 136, 10, 10846, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 11162, 1456, 136, 6, 37150, 89023, 16, 621, 80234, 100, 2773, 13736, 68034, 5, 581, 24018, 2248, 3882, 910, 1902, 10, 25240, 3137, 29823, 5324, 136, 509, 19048, 47, 29823, 1257, 47, 611, 12918, 111, 26959, 4, 154186, 47, 70, 106, 12918, 29823, 41159, 111, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 5, 33306, 4, 98323, 11034, 136, 70, 61475, 110796, 2481, 111, 10975, 17368, 70, 98323, 36917, 106, 12918, 131148, 450, 2248, 3882, 910, 13909, 7, 3542, 41207, 538, 6544, 48398, 678, 1286, 3501, 1632, 31534, 61028, 111, 26959, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 23718, 203249, 75412, 23, 17203, 214, 65042, 297, 98323, 1295, 2773, 13736, 15, 73, 3129, 86559, 4, 70, 73944, 6107, 172852, 5426, 24189, 70, 4122, 9, 70779, 7, 4, 13028, 247, 237, 959, 297, 35064, 5, 581, 1372, 910, 509, 70, 5117, 111, 70, 1022, 15276, 86039, 14449, 47, 8060, 44, 208202, 3674, 20513, 9, 712, 107421, 13736, 830, 39210, 538, 35839, 44, 208202, 3674, 13736, 740, 360, 66044, 4, 442, 509, 70, 5117, 60091, 538, 19882, 11948, 63923, 748, 678, 98, 9, 95975, 276, 23330, 130732, 31075, 15, 16751, 7, 17368, 70, 118672, 10821, 167961, 12045, 76327, 136, 52700, 76531, 52219, 5809, 186, 46979, 20051, 678, 142, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 24018, 2248, 3882, 910, 15, 289, 991, 16839, 297, 237, 70, 17, 15383, 1542, 1372, 910, 136, 27983, 35839, 24018, 116, 112916, 83, 10, 22958, 3137, 11948, 63923, 748, 450, 509, 65508, 71, 98, 22482, 106, 4, 24427, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 5117, 2248, 15276, 9, 77007, 86039, 678, 84797, 4, 351, 9, 144227, 44974, 297, 29823, 136, 2053, 5324, 90, 136, 2843, 70, 5117, 678, 98323, 24365, 136, 38134, 48431, 77041, 31075, 5, 581, 2248, 3882, 910, 11814, 189275, 702, 92498, 3900, 164, 22230, 23, 6863, 7311, 653, 61611, 15, 841, 61611, 16, 23, 107032, 1363, 136, 4, 1660, 1884, 70, 158, 99736, 6635, 2248, 1819, 910, 4, 442, 5809, 26785, 538, 71924, 13, 2684, 10975, 59121, 100, 70, 110680, 24018, 2248, 15276, 136, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History and performance.", "Architecture.", "Features.", "Protected mode.", "OS support." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Intel's first 80286 chips were specified for a maximum clockrate of 4, 6 or 8 MHz and later releases for 12.5 MHz. AMD and Harris later produced 16 MHz, 20 MHz and 25 MHz parts, respectively. Intersil and Fujitsu also designed fully static CMOS versions of Intel's original depletion-load nMOS implementation, largely aimed at battery-powered devices. On average, the 80286 was reportedly measured to have a speed of about 0.21 instructions per clock on \"typical\" programs, although it could be significantly faster on optimized code and in tight loops, as many instructions could execute in 2 clock cycles each. The 6 MHz, 10 MHz and 12 MHz models were reportedly measured to operate at 0.9 MIPS, 1.5 MIPS and 2.66 MIPS respectively. The later E-stepping level of the 80286 was free of the several significant errata that caused problems for programmers and operating-system writers in the earlier B-step and C-step CPUs (common in the AT and AT clones).", "Intel did not expect personal computers to use the 286. The CPU was designed for multi-user systems with multitasking applications, including communications (such as automated PBXs) and real-time process control. It had 134,000 transistors and consisted of four independent units: address unit, bus unit, instruction unit and execution unit, organized into a loosely coupled (buffered) pipeline just as in the 8086. The significantly increased performance over the 8086 was primarily due to the non-multiplexed address and data buses, more address-calculation hardware (most importantly, a dedicated adder) and a faster (more hardware-based) multiplier. It was produced in a 68-pin package, including PLCC (plastic leaded chip carrier), LCC (leadless chip carrier) and PGA (pin grid array) packages. The performance increase of the 80286 over the 8086 (or 8088) could be more than 100% per clock cycle in many programs (i.e., a doubled performance at the same clock speed). This was a large increase, fully comparable to the speed improvements around a decade later when the i486 (1989) or the original Pentium (1993) were introduced. This was partly due to the non-multiplexed address and data buses, but mainly to the fact that address calculations (such as base+index) were less expensive. They were performed by a dedicated unit in the 80286, while the older 8086 had to do effective address computation using its general ALU, consuming several extra clock cycles in many cases. Also, the 80286 was more efficient in the prefetch of instructions, buffering, execution of jumps, and in complex microcoded numerical operations such as MUL/DIV than its predecessor. The 80286 included, in addition to all of the 8086 instructions, all of the new instructions of the 80186: ENTER, LEAVE, BOUND, INS, OUTS, PUSHA, POPA, PUSH immediate, IMUL immediate, and immediate shifts and rotates. The 80286 also added new instructions for protected mode: ARPL, CLTS, LAR, LGDT, LIDT, LLDT, LMSW, LSL, LTR, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, SMSW, STR, VERR, and VERW. Some of the instructions for protected mode can (or must) be used in real mode to set up and switch to protected mode, and a few (such as SMSW and LMSW) are useful for real mode itself. The Intel 80286 had a 24-bit address bus and was able to address up to 16 MB of RAM, compared to the 1 MB addressability of its predecessor. However, memory cost and the initial rarity of software using the memory above 1 MB meant that 80286 computers were rarely shipped with more than one megabyte of RAM. Additionally, there was a performance penalty involved in accessing extended memory from real mode (in which DOS, the dominant PC operating system until the mid-1990s, ran), as noted below.", "", "The 286 was the first of the x86 CPU family to support \"protected virtual-address mode\", commonly called \"protected mode\". In addition, it was the first commercially available microprocessor with on-chip MMU capabilities (systems using the contemporaneous Motorola 68010 and NS320xx could be equipped with an optional MMU controller). This would allow IBM compatibles to have advanced multitasking OSes for the first time and compete in the Unix-dominated server/workstation market. Several additional instructions were introduced in protected mode of 80286, which are helpful for multitasking operating systems. Another important feature of 80286 is prevention of unauthorized access. This is achieved by: In 80286 (and in its co-processor Intel 80287), arithmetic operations can be performed on the following different types of numbers: By design, the 286 could not revert from protected mode to the basic 8086-compatible \"real address mode\" (\"real mode\") without a hardware-initiated reset. In the PC/AT introduced in 1984, IBM added external circuitry, as well as specialized code in the ROM BIOS and the 8042 peripheral microcontroller to enable software to cause the reset, allowing real-mode reentry while retaining active memory and returning control to the program that initiated the reset. (The BIOS is necessarily involved because it obtains control directly whenever the CPU resets.) Though it worked correctly, the method imposed a huge performance penalty. In theory, real-mode applications could be directly executed in 16-bit protected mode if certain rules (newly proposed with the introduction of the 80286) were followed; however, as many DOS programs did not conform to those rules, protected mode was not widely used until the appearance of its successor, the 32-bit Intel 80386, which was designed to go back and forth between modes easily and to provide an emulation of real mode within protected mode. When Intel designed the 286, it was not designed to be able to multitask real-mode applications; real mode was intended to be a simple way for a bootstrap loader to prepare the system and then switch to protected mode; essentially, in protected mode the 80286 was designed to be a new processor with many similarities to its predecessors, while real mode on the 80286 was offered for smaller-scale systems that could benefit from a more advanced version of the 80186 CPU core, with advantages such as higher clock rates, faster instruction execution (measured in clock cycles), and unmultiplexed buses, but not the 24-bit (16 MB) memory space. To support protected mode, new instructions have been added: ARPL, VERR, VERW, LAR, LSL, SMSW, SGDT, SIDT, SLDT, STR, LMSW, LGDT, LIDT, LLDT, LTR, CLTS. There are also new exceptions (internal interrupts): invalid opcode, coprocessor not available, double fault, coprocessor segment overrun, stack fault, segment overrun/general protection fault, and others only for protected mode.", "The protected mode of the 80286 was not utilized until many years after its release, in part because of the high cost of adding extended memory to a PC, but also because of the need for software to support the large user base of 8086 PCs. For example, in 1986 the only program that made use of it was VDISK, a RAM disk driver included with PC DOS 3.0 and 3.1. A DOS could utilize the additional RAM available in protected mode (extended memory) either via a BIOS call (INT 15h, AH=87h), as a RAM disk, or as emulation of expanded memory. The difficulty lay in the incompatibility of older real-mode DOS programs with protected mode. They simply could not natively run in this new mode without significant modification. In protected mode, memory management and interrupt handling were done differently than in real mode. In addition, DOS programs typically would directly access data and code segments that did not belong to them, as real mode allowed them to do without restriction; in contrast, the design intent of protected mode was to prevent programs from accessing any segments other than their own unless special access was explicitly allowed. While it was possible to set up a protected-mode environment that allowed all programs access to all segments (by putting all segment descriptors into the GDT and assigning them all the same privilege level), this undermined nearly all of the advantages of protected mode except the extended (24-bit) address space. The choice that OS developers faced was either to start from scratch and create an OS that would not run the vast majority of the old programs, or to come up with a version of DOS that was slow and ugly (i.e., ugly from an internal technical viewpoint) but would still run a majority of the old programs. Protected mode also did not provide a significant enough performance advantage over the 8086-compatible real mode to justify supporting its capabilities; actually, except for task switches when multitasking, it actually yielded only a performance disadvantage, by slowing down many instructions through a litany of added privilege checks. In protected mode, registers were still 16-bit, and the programmer was still forced to use a memory map composed of 64 kB segments, just like in real mode. In January 1985, Digital Research previewed the Concurrent DOS 286 1.0 operating system developed in cooperation with Intel. The product would function strictly as an 80286 native-mode (i.e. protected-mode) operating system, allowing users to take full advantage of the protected mode to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running 8086 emulation. This worked on the B-1 prototype step of the chip, but Digital Research discovered problems with the emulation on the production level C-1 step in May, which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 was delayed until Intel would develop a new version of the chip. In August, after extensive testing on E-1 step samples of the 80286, Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented 286 errata, but said that there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-1 step. Intel said that the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications. Nevertheless, in the E-2 step, they implemented minor changes in the microcode that would allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster. Named IBM 4680 OS, IBM originally chose DR Concurrent DOS 286 as the basis of their IBM 4680 computer for IBM Plant System products and point-of-sale terminals in 1986. Digital Research's FlexOS 286 version 1.3, a derivation of Concurrent DOS 286, was developed in 1986, introduced in January 1987, and later adopted by IBM for their IBM 4690 OS, but the same limitations affected it. The problems led to Bill Gates famously referring to the 80286 as a \"brain-dead chip\", since it was clear that the new Microsoft Windows environment would not be able to run multiple MS-DOS applications with the 286. It was arguably responsible for the split between Microsoft and IBM, since IBM insisted that OS/2, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 (and in text mode). Other operating systems that used the protected mode of the 286 were Microsoft Xenix (around 1984), Coherent, and Minix. These were less hindered by the limitations of the 80286 protected mode because they did not aim to run MS-DOS applications or other real-mode programs. In its successor 80386 chip, Intel enhanced the protected mode to address more memory and also added the separate virtual 8086 mode, a mode within protected mode with much better MS-DOS compatibility, in order to satisfy the diverging needs of the market." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 13501, 4, 20847, 83324, 71, 450, 6096, 34, 37534, 72022, 10763, 19943, 159415, 214, 15, 45956, 441, 16, 6, 159958, 7, 3542, 51515, 214, 10, 9433, 214, 17475, 99, 1632, 6, 188336, 117, 105823, 5, 20847, 25188, 1314, 32603, 3674, 10, 3525, 6, 159958, 4, 14432, 24, 4806, 60075, 60923, 538, 211485, 72022, 10763, 159415, 214, 15, 647, 126091, 247, 450, 114864, 70, 14543, 42, 47, 71924, 13, 48716, 167934, 23, 12638, 501, 21135, 105823, 5, 241, 126091, 29479, 7, 10, 3173, 111, 4552, 4989, 6, 188336, 2565, 15, 856, 10927, 1456, 16, 6, 159958, 4, 23, 3129, 10, 11001, 6, 188336, 2565, 70541, 7, 48716, 167934, 5, 17106, 241, 126091, 4, 70, 9969, 34759, 83324, 7, 23, 129745, 3129, 167934, 831, 186, 71924, 297, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 221, 70, 11948, 63923, 748, 42856, 71924, 90, 70, 167934, 136, 14602, 959, 3871, 121151, 13, 191619, 7, 47, 83324, 3129, 167934, 47, 71924, 13, 23, 95103, 5, 581, 69236, 111, 903, 51515, 83, 6626, 42822, 12, 47, 22, 2886, 53894, 56, 134071, 1830, 111, 70, 18151, 99, 9969, 1340, 1733, 47, 135812, 78301, 107893, 100, 95103, 71924, 1830, 4, 136, 47, 112892, 18929, 14543, 42, 4331, 136, 34390, 48302, 18588, 254, 1363, 390, 27169, 1916, 70, 3871, 100, 11675, 6032, 5094, 15246, 2069, 61404, 1294, 5, 20847, 18822, 71, 450, 442, 509, 110, 51713, 11034, 9, 171760, 5844, 100, 11651, 202681, 76519, 53095, 6044, 237, 68034, 47, 85493, 180639, 53, 11948, 63923, 25251, 4, 221, 442, 4755, 297, 678, 24018, 23, 13211, 47, 85493, 70, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 6, 159958, 4, 16406, 4126, 1295, 241, 126091, 5, 24018, 509, 109269, 47, 1379, 78219, 10, 4552, 21334, 34754, 71834, 98, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 23, 70, 41206, 2320, 450, 70, 16750, 214, 11948, 63923, 748, 2806, 186, 11814, 390, 70, 144732, 111, 202681, 76519, 142901, 4295, 5, 20847, 136, 24018, 173969, 297, 10, 21334, 124416, 34754, 71834, 678, 10, 69236, 111, 75060, 214, 70, 5117, 12996, 4, 45764, 297, 4, 23, 82490, 133698, 34754, 4, 24018, 4, 20847, 4, 136, 53099, 60822, 933, 92054, 297, 450, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 2806, 35462, 67, 23, 10723, 7, 4, 4488, 41311, 7, 4, 136, 11192, 9, 3611, 86983, 7, 4, 136, 155605, 15811, 48538, 30976, 14495, 136, 27140, 6, 188336, 5423, 242122, 15, 152113, 441, 16, 6, 159958, 7, 100, 756, 4537, 9, 4717, 78381, 86685, 5, 15612, 11631, 136, 161950, 189682, 7, 68872, 47, 32997, 53333, 34754, 111, 70, 76569, 136, 13763, 9059, 6, 159958, 7, 107013, 538, 23, 10862, 111, 39666, 1916, 47, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 5, 48752, 289, 94407, 196, 3674, 172852, 76519, 100, 70, 6, 159958, 4, 26719, 7244, 3773, 4, 13527, 856, 13439, 4, 29908, 4, 20847, 9, 71609, 4, 56944, 164, 4, 19419, 13307, 67569, 1542, 4, 136, 17629, 36840, 64, 13307, 5, 581, 21, 3055, 17262, 3542, 53017, 297, 8108, 58359, 214, 70, 16839, 5, 3311, 10586, 4, 442, 509, 173676, 450, 70, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 6, 159958, 136, 70, 9969, 34759, 3542, 5045, 1286, 34844, 47, 29479, 3501, 7311, 538, 17569, 4, 136, 70, 117989, 1733, 160328, 111, 45764, 297, 80723, 28756, 26783, 5, 24018, 171530, 70, 51521, 9351, 111, 70, 14543, 42, 4, 44, 568, 102, 53208, 830, 98, 18374, 201, 4, 55482, 17106, 73, 21974, 4, 70, 9351, 44, 568, 102, 6402, 58, 1902, 2809, 43780, 297, 98, 10, 36836, 1179, 7123, 51588, 4, 10, 91067, 47, 70, 12174, 294, 44, 618, 913, 6402, 830, 70, 44, 309, 7, 14068, 2886, 58, 77904, 6, 79852, 450, 78018, 98, 604, 409, 555, 41055, 23, 62977, 5, 44, 568, 102, 6402, 58, 1556, 16792, 27983, 2809, 11814, 390, 44, 3957, 131423, 830, 136, 27060, 4, 47, 21980, 538, 450, 70, 6024, 275, 96222, 9, 5876, 320, 77021, 23, 94130, 53208, 2451, 2940, 70, 39395, 2119, 1081, 137272, 678, 442, 2451, 3613, 52366, 186, 134629, 390, 6863, 35845, 538, 63773, 8, 5453, 5, 3311, 70, 1733, 94130, 53208, 509, 121447, 23, 18237, 103844, 6863, 23718, 509, 959, 14597, 47, 28813, 449, 30976, 14495, 136, 26550, 14495, 14543, 4295, 5, 94130, 53208, 98438, 71, 99, 70, 27226, 9, 3611, 15, 44526, 416, 538, 22759, 9, 441, 26214, 136, 164917, 76519, 16, 678, 10723, 7, 35509, 98, 1022, 15276, 14543, 4295, 4, 136, 99, 70, 11192, 9, 3611, 678, 90540, 8574, 91227, 136, 7550, 37992, 16751, 7, 47654, 25740, 14543, 4295, 5, 24018, 456, 40322, 297, 94130, 53208, 47, 32153, 98, 11192, 9, 3611, 8063, 136, 572, 12233, 242122, 4, 81887, 214, 47, 171763, 67, 1022, 15276, 25, 7, 65771, 44, 156634, 1803, 58, 16839, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 11001, 6, 159958, 4, 48716, 76519, 116366, 7, 194, 581, 36272, 111, 903, 61475, 14543, 42, 11389, 509, 84046, 47, 456, 133266, 214, 11107, 9, 45956, 441, 23, 20847, 76519, 4, 76569, 23, 15612, 11631, 76519, 136, 13763, 9059, 23, 159, 18027, 76519, 4, 21208, 90540, 2843, 75060, 297, 10, 1601, 164511, 35509, 98, 903, 14543, 42, 5, 8574, 91227, 136, 47654, 25740, 47143, 297, 37515, 4, 12960, 70, 2789, 9, 3137, 1022, 15276, 6, 159958, 136475, 47, 55993, 3934, 70, 202681, 32628, 4, 33976, 98, 97558, 7, 111, 105994, 160692, 297, 390, 6863, 38040, 10821, 20600, 297, 3647, 5, 87293, 10, 10846, 199823, 76519, 17368, 70, 7311, 44, 30248, 37534, 58, 94130, 53208, 14543, 42, 3542, 54324, 4, 4743, 47, 35845, 538, 70425, 23718, 4, 11192, 11034, 136, 84046, 10975, 185, 25820, 41159, 5, 853, 115558, 35401, 450, 70, 92635, 111, 10975, 5809, 186, 10, 85583, 2967, 100, 70, 22690, 4, 24018, 7228, 137107, 111, 6097, 39395, 76519, 19882, 47, 41371, 10975, 116366, 7, 15, 9956, 856, 7, 16, 47, 142405, 67, 34754, 5, 20847, 136, 24018, 91048, 70, 11737, 9, 48281, 1363, 94130, 53208, 116, 14543, 42, 47, 16839, 10, 6602, 14432, 5, 581, 94130, 53208, 116, 14543, 42, 509, 121447, 23, 5726, 4, 136, 509, 16839, 297, 100, 202681, 10723, 7, 43257, 3501, 100, 70, 28271, 914, 14311, 111, 11192, 9, 3611, 242122, 5, 581, 5117, 94130, 53208, 116, 4, 18151, 9, 76, 4806, 44, 594, 238, 605, 73, 4293, 830, 509, 124416, 538, 126809, 390, 20847, 136, 24018, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 94130, 53208, 15, 1388, 83, 10, 14449, 111, 7911, 9, 3137, 24018, 11948, 63923, 25251, 450, 29479, 70, 24018, 94130, 53208, 6, 159958, 15, 82772, 538, 35839, 87, 284, 9, 88235, 5, 24018, 16839, 297, 70, 14543, 4295, 100, 202681, 10723, 7, 136, 11192, 9, 1264, 5037, 7154, 242122, 76519, 5, 581, 94130, 53208, 6, 159958, 62038, 3674, 99, 243308, 9, 234414, 15, 36599, 247, 136, 509, 14432, 124416, 538, 126809, 390, 20847, 136, 24018, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Development: 1989–2000.", "Itanium (Merced): 2001.", "Itanium 2: 2002–2010.", "Itanium 9300 (Tukwila): 2010.", "Itanium 9500 (Poulson): 2012.", "\"HP vs. Oracle\".", "Itanium 9700 (Kittson): 2017.", "Market share.", "Hardware support.", "Systems.", "Chipsets.", "Software support.", "Emulation.", "Competition.", "Supercomputers and high-performance computing.", "Processors.", "Released processors.", "Market reception.", "High-end server market.", "Other markets.", "Timeline." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "In 1989, HP determined that Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. HP researchers investigated a new architecture, later named Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC), that allows the processor to execute multiple instructions in each clock cycle. EPIC implements a form of very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture, in which a single instruction word contains multiple instructions. With EPIC, the compiler determines in advance which instructions can be executed at the same time, so the microprocessor simply executes the instructions and does not need elaborate mechanisms to determine which instructions to execute in parallel. The goal of this approach is twofold: to enable deeper inspection of the code at compile time to identify additional opportunities for parallel execution, and to simplify processor design and reduce energy consumption by eliminating the need for runtime scheduling circuitry. HP believed that it was no longer cost-effective for individual enterprise systems companies such as itself to develop proprietary microprocessors, so it partnered with Intel in 1994 to develop the IA-64 architecture, derived from EPIC. Intel was willing to undertake a very large development effort on IA-64 in the expectation that the resulting microprocessor would be used by the majority of enterprise systems manufacturers. HP and Intel initiated a large joint development effort with a goal of delivering the first product, Merced, in 1998. During development, Intel, HP, and industry analysts predicted that IA-64 would dominate in servers, workstations, and high-end desktops, and eventually supplant RISC and complex instruction set computing (CISC) architectures for all general-purpose applications. Compaq and Silicon Graphics decided to abandon further development of the Alpha and MIPS architectures respectively in favor of migrating to IA-64. Several groups ported operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows, OpenVMS, Linux, HP-UX, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX, and Monterey/64. The latter three were canceled before reaching the market. By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, and the delivery timeframe of Merced began slipping. Intel announced the official name of the processor, \"Itanium\", on October 4, 1999. Within hours, the name \"Itanic\" had been coined on a Usenet newsgroup, a reference to the RMS \"Titanic\", the \"unsinkable\" ocean liner that sank on her maiden voyage in 1912. \"Itanic\" has since often been used by \"The Register\", and others, to imply that the multibillion-dollar investment in Itanium—and the early hype associated with it—would be followed by its relatively quick demise.", "By the time Itanium was released in June 2001, its performance was not superior to competing RISC and CISC processors. Itanium competed at the low-end (primarily four-CPU and smaller systems) with servers based on x86 processors, and at the high-end with IBM POWER and Sun Microsystems SPARC processors. Intel repositioned Itanium to focus on high-end business and HPC computing, attempting to duplicate x86's successful \"horizontal\" market (i.e., single architecture, multiple systems vendors). The success of this initial processor version was limited to replacing PA-RISC in HP systems, Alpha in Compaq systems and MIPS in SGI systems, though IBM also delivered a supercomputer based on this processor. POWER and SPARC remained strong, while the 32-bit x86 architecture continued to grow into the enterprise space, building on economies of scale fueled by its enormous installed base. Only a few thousand systems using the original \"Merced\" Itanium processor were sold, due to relatively poor performance, high cost and limited software availability. Recognizing that the lack of software could be a serious problem for the future, Intel made thousands of these early systems available to independent software vendors (ISVs) to stimulate development. HP and Intel brought the next-generation Itanium 2 processor to market a year later.", "The Itanium 2 processor was released in 2002, and was marketed for enterprise servers rather than for the whole gamut of high-end computing. The first Itanium 2, code-named \"McKinley\", was jointly developed by HP and Intel. It relieved many of the performance problems of the original Itanium processor, which were mostly caused by an inefficient memory subsystem. \"McKinley\" contains 221 million transistors (of which 25 million are for logic), measured 19.5 mm by 21.6 mm (421 mm) and was fabricated in a 180 nm, bulk CMOS process with six layers of aluminium metallization. In 2003, AMD released the Opteron CPU, which implements its own 64-bit architecture called AMD64. Opteron gained rapid acceptance in the enterprise server space because it provided an easy upgrade from x86. Under influence by Microsoft, Intel responded by implementing AMD's x86-64 instruction set architecture instead of IA-64 in its Xeon microprocessors in 2004, resulting in a new industry-wide \"de facto\" standard. Intel released a new Itanium 2 family member, codenamed \"Madison\", in 2003. Madison used a 130 nm process and was the basis of all new Itanium processors until Montecito was released in June 2006. In March 2005, Intel announced that it was working on a new Itanium processor, codenamed \"Tukwila\", to be released in 2007. Tukwila would have four processor cores and would replace the Itanium bus with a new Common System Interface, which would also be used by a new Xeon processor. Later that year, Intel revised Tukwila's delivery date to late 2008. In November 2005, the major Itanium server manufacturers joined with Intel and a number of software vendors to form the Itanium Solutions Alliance to promote the architecture and accelerate software porting. The Alliance announced that its members would invest $10 billion in Itanium solutions by the end of the decade. In 2006, Intel delivered \"Montecito\" (marketed as the Itanium 2 9000 series), a dual-core processor that roughly doubled performance and decreased energy consumption by about 20 percent. Intel released the Itanium 2 9100 series, codenamed \"Montvale\", in November 2007. In May 2009, the schedule for Tukwila, its follow-on, was revised again, with release to OEMs planned for the first quarter of 2010.", "The Itanium 9300 series processor, codenamed \"Tukwila\", was released on February 8, 2010, with greater performance and memory capacity. The device uses a 65 nm process, includes two to four cores, up to 24 MB on-die caches, Hyper-Threading technology and integrated memory controllers. It implements double-device data correction, which helps to fix memory errors. Tukwila also implements Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) to replace the Itanium bus-based architecture. It has a peak interprocessor bandwidth of 96 GB/s and a peak memory bandwidth of 34 GB/s. With QuickPath, the processor has integrated memory controllers and interfaces the memory directly, using QPI interfaces to directly connect to other processors and I/O hubs. QuickPath is also used on Intel processors using the \"Nehalem\" microarchitecture, which possibly enabled Tukwila and Nehalem to use the same chipsets. Tukwila incorporates four memory controllers, each of which supports multiple DDR3 DIMMs via a separate memory controller, much like the Nehalem-based Xeon processor code-named \"Beckton\".", "The Itanium 9500 series processor, codenamed \"Poulson\", is the follow-on processor to Tukwila and was released on November 8, 2012. According to Intel, it skips the 45 nm process technology and uses a 32 nm process technology. It features eight cores and has a 12-wide issue architecture, multithreading enhancements, and new instructions to take advantage of parallelism, especially in virtualization. The Poulson L3 cache size is 32 MB. L2 cache size is 6 MB, 512 I KB, 256 D KB per core. Die size is 544 mm2, less than its predecessor Tukwila (698.75 mm2). At ISSCC 2011, Intel presented a paper called \"A 32nm 3.1 Billion Transistor 12-Wide-Issue Itanium Processor for Mission Critical Servers.\" Given Intel's history of disclosing details about Itanium microprocessors at ISSCC, this paper most likely referred to Poulson. Analyst David Kanter speculated that Poulson would use a new microarchitecture, with a more advanced form of multithreading that uses up to two threads, to improve performance for single threaded and multithreaded workloads. Some information was also released at the Hot Chips conference. Information presented improvements in multithreading, resiliency improvements (Intel Instruction Replay RAS) and few new instructions (thread priority, integer instruction, cache prefetching, and data access hints). Intel's Product Change Notification (PCN) 111456-01 lists four models of Itanium 9500 series CPU, which was later removed in a revised document. The parts were later listed in Intel's Material Declaration Data Sheets (MDDS) database. Intel later posted Itanium 9500 reference manual. The models are the following:", "During the 2012 \"Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Oracle Corp.\" support lawsuit, court documents unsealed by a Santa Clara County Court judge revealed that in 2008, Hewlett-Packard had paid Intel around $440 million to keep producing and updating Itanium microprocessors from 2009 to 2014. In 2010, the two companies signed another $250 million deal, which obliged Intel to continue making Itanium CPUs for HP's machines until 2017. Under the terms of the agreements, HP has to pay for chips it gets from Intel, while Intel launches Tukwila, Poulson, Kittson, and Kittson+ chips in a bid to gradually boost performance of the platform.", "Rumors of a successor to Poulson (code named \"Kittson\") began to circulate in 2012–2013. This was at first associated with a forthcoming 22 nm process shrink, and later revised in the face of declining Itanium sales to a less-ambitious 32 nm node. In April 2015, Intel, although it had not yet confirmed formal specifications, did confirm that it continued to work on the project. Meanwhile, the aggressively multicore Xeon E7 platform displaced Itanium-based solutions in the Intel roadmap. In July 2016, the HP spin-off Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) announced in \"Computer World\" that Kittson would be released mid-2017. In February 2017, Intel reported that it was shipping Kittson to test customers, with plans to ship in volume later that year. Intel officially launched the Itanium 9700 series processor family on May 11, 2017. Notably, Kittson has no microarchitecture improvements over Poulson, only higher clock speeds. Intel has announced that the 9700 series will be the last Itanium chips produced. The models are:", "In comparison with its Xeon family of server processors, Itanium has never been a high-volume product for Intel. Intel does not release production numbers. One industry analyst estimated that the production rate was 200,000 processors per year in 2007. According to Gartner Inc., the total number of Itanium servers (not processors) sold by all vendors in 2007, was about 55,000. (It is unclear whether clustered servers counted as a single server or not.) This compares with 417,000 RISC servers (spread across all RISC vendors) and 8.4 million x86 servers. IDC reports that a total of 184,000 Itanium-based systems were sold from 2001 through 2007. For the combined POWER/SPARC/Itanium systems market, IDC reports that POWER captured 42% of revenue and SPARC captured 32%, while Itanium-based system revenue reached 26% in the second quarter of 2008. According to an IDC analyst, in 2007, HP accounted for perhaps 80% of Itanium systems revenue. According to Gartner, in 2008, HP accounted for 95% of Itanium sales. HP's Itanium system sales were at an annual rate of $4.4Bn at the end of 2008, and declined to $3.5Bn by the end of 2009, compared to a 35% decline in UNIX system revenue for Sun and an 11% drop for IBM, with an x86-64 server revenue increase of 14% during this period. In December 2012, IDC released a research report stating that Itanium server shipments would remain flat through 2016, with annual shipment of 26,000 systems (a decline of over 50% compared to shipments in 2008).", "", "By 2006, HP manufactured at least 80% of all Itanium systems, and sold 7,200 in the first quarter of 2006. The bulk of systems sold were enterprise servers and machines for large-scale technical computing, with an average selling price per system in excess of US$200,000. A typical system uses eight or more Itanium processors. By 2012, only a few manufacturers offered Itanium systems, including HP, Bull, NEC, Inspur and Huawei. In addition, Intel offered a chassis that could be used by system integrators to build Itanium systems. By 2015, only HP supplied Itanium-based systems. With HP split in late 2015, Itanium systems (branded as Integrity) are handled by Hewlett-Packard Enterprise (HPE), with recent major update in 2017 (Integrity i6, and HP-UX 11i v3 Update 16). HPE also supports a few other operating systems, including Windows up to Server 2008 R2, Linux, OpenVMS and NonStop. Itanium is not affected by Spectre and Meltdown.", "The Itanium bus interfaces to the rest of the system via a chipset. Enterprise server manufacturers differentiate their systems by designing and developing chipsets that interface the processor to memory, interconnections, and peripheral controllers. The chipset is the heart of the system-level architecture for each system design. Development of a chipset costs tens of millions of dollars and represents a major commitment to the use of the Itanium. IBM created a chipset in 2003, and Intel in 2002, but neither of them developed chipsets to support newer technologies such as DDR2 or PCI Express. Before \"Tukwila\" moved away from the FSB, chipsets supporting such technologies were manufactured by all Itanium server vendors, such as HP, Fujitsu, SGI, NEC, and Hitachi. The \"Tukwila\" Itanium processor model had been designed to share a common chipset with the Intel Xeon processor EX (Intel's Xeon processor designed for four processor and larger servers). The goal was to streamline system development and reduce costs for server OEMs, many of which develop both Itanium- and Xeon-based servers. However, in 2013, this goal was pushed back to be \"evaluated for future implementation opportunities\".", "Itanium is currently supported by the following operating systems: Previously supported:", "HP sells a virtualization technology for Itanium called Integrity Virtual Machines. Emulation is a technique that allows a computer to execute binary code that was compiled for a different type of computer. Before IBM's acquisition of QuickTransit in 2009, application binary software for IRIX/MIPS and Solaris/SPARC could run via type of emulation called \"dynamic binary translation\" on Linux/Itanium. Similarly, HP implemented a method to execute PA-RISC/HP-UX on the Itanium/HP-UX via emulation, to simplify migration of its PA-RISC customers to the radically different Itanium instruction set. Itanium processors can also run the mainframe environment GCOS from Groupe Bull and several x86 operating systems via instruction set simulators.", "Itanium is aimed at the enterprise server and high-performance computing (HPC) markets. Other enterprise- and HPC-focused processor lines include Oracle's and Fujitsu's SPARC processors and IBM's POWER microprocessors. Measured by quantity sold, Itanium's most serious competition comes from x86-64 processors including Intel's own Xeon line and AMD's Opteron line. Since 2009, most servers were being shipped with x86-64 processors. In 2005, Itanium systems accounted for about 14% of HPC systems revenue, but the percentage has declined as the industry shifted to x86-64 clusters for this application. An October 2008 Gartner report on the Tukwila processor, stated that \"...the future roadmap for Itanium looks as strong as that of any RISC peer like Power or SPARC.\"", "An Itanium-based computer first appeared on the list of the TOP500 supercomputers in November 2001. The best position ever achieved by an \"Itanium 2\" based system in the list was #2, achieved in June 2004, when Thunder (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) entered the list with an Rmax of 19.94 Teraflops. In November 2004, Columbia entered the list at #2 with 51.8 Teraflops, and there was at least one Itanium-based computer in the top 10 from then until June 2007. The peak number of Itanium-based machines on the list occurred in the November 2004 list, at 84 systems (16.8%); by June 2012, this had dropped to one system (0.2%), and no Itanium system remained on the list in November 2012.", "", "The Itanium processors show a progression in capability. Merced was a proof of concept. McKinley dramatically improved the memory hierarchy and allowed Itanium to become reasonably competitive. Madison, with the shift to a 130 nm process, allowed for enough cache space to overcome the major performance bottlenecks. Montecito, with a 90 nm process, allowed for a dual-core implementation and a major improvement in performance per watt. Montvale added three new features: core-level lockstep, demand-based switching and front-side bus frequency of up to 667 MHz.", "", "When first released in 2001, Itanium's performance was disappointing compared to better-established RISC and CISC processors. Emulation to run existing x86 applications and operating systems was particularly poor, with one benchmark in 2001 reporting that it was equivalent at best to a 100 MHz Pentium in this mode (1.1 GHz Pentiums were on the market at that time). Itanium failed to make significant inroads against IA-32 or RISC, and suffered further following the arrival of x86-64 systems which offered greater compatibility with older x86 applications. In a 2009 article on the history of the processor — \"How the Itanium Killed the Computer Industry\" — journalist John C. Dvorak reported \"This continues to be one of the great fiascos of the last 50 years\". Tech columnist Ashlee Vance commented that the delays and underperformance \"turned the product into a joke in the chip industry\". In an interview, Donald Knuth said \"The Itanium approach...was supposed to be so terrific—until it turned out that the wished-for compilers were basically impossible to write.\" Both Red Hat and Microsoft announced plans to drop Itanium support in their operating systems due to lack of market interest; however, other Linux distributions such as Gentoo and Debian remain available for Itanium. On March 22, 2011, Oracle Corporation announced that it would no longer develop new products for HP-UX on Itanium, although it would continue to provide support for existing products. Following this announcement, HP sued Oracle for breach of contract, arguing that Oracle had violated conditions imposed during settlement over Oracle's hiring of former HP CEO Mark Hurd as its co-CEO, requiring the vendor to support Itanium on its software \"until such time as HP discontinues the sales of its Itanium-based servers\", and that the breach had harmed its business. In 2012, a court ruled in favor of HP, and ordered Oracle to resume its support for Itanium. In June 2016, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise (the corporate successor to HP's server business) was awarded $3 billion in damages from the lawsuit. A former Intel official reported that the Itanium business had become profitable for Intel in late 2009. By 2009, the chip was almost entirely deployed on servers made by HP, which had over 95% of the Itanium server market share, making the main operating system for Itanium HP-UX. On March 22, 2011, Intel reaffirmed its commitment to Itanium with multiple generations of chips in development and on schedule.", "Although Itanium did attain limited success in the niche market of high-end computing, Intel had originally hoped it would find broader acceptance as a replacement for the original x86 architecture. AMD chose a different direction, designing the less radical x86-64, a 64-bit extension to the existing x86 architecture, which Microsoft then supported, forcing Intel to introduce the same extensions in its own x86-based processors. These designs can run existing 32-bit applications at native hardware speed, while offering support for 64-bit memory addressing and other enhancements to new applications. This architecture has now become the predominant 64-bit architecture in the desktop and portable market. Although some Itanium-based workstations were initially introduced by companies such as SGI, they are no longer available.", "1989 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 2019 2020" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 67393, 11, 47064, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 116342, 5, 3311, 70, 25313, 9, 429, 31, 48461, 289, 136, 18150, 9, 170272, 289, 113068, 442, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 16128, 111, 25134, 9, 647, 4438, 116342, 15, 239483, 678, 105995, 3723, 11, 136, 195572, 47064, 194, 3311, 186768, 21941, 136, 212790, 70, 54529, 53, 186, 10617, 7, 47, 70, 10776, 111, 25134, 116342, 15, 239483, 678, 105995, 3723, 11, 4, 195572, 4, 171214, 4, 26593, 136, 821, 4340, 429, 330, 6, 108210, 3387, 194, 17106, 10, 43904, 111, 496, 4, 160037, 3395, 15, 162, 111, 106, 18982, 101634, 4, 70, 3622, 16128, 111, 70, 54529, 53, 83, 110952, 11548, 5, 14226, 1785, 304, 15, 216969, 9271, 5, 12977, 1785, 304, 1650, 831, 186, 12301, 1295, 70, 35031, 4370, 66, 70103, 6402, 133, 111, 45233, 450, 70, 32692, 111, 70, 54529, 53, 60899, 4420, 47, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 3229, 70, 30839, 7, 158, 944, 2822, 70, 9615, 19929, 5, 3311, 70, 70103, 6402, 133, 70, 8578, 27160, 32547, 509, 70, 132988, 2256, 17721, 116342, 136, 179838, 5, 28107, 1779, 42459, 450, 70, 23115, 112, 32547, 509, 70, 132988, 2256, 4, 86608, 214, 8305, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 38139, 6169, 23780, 136, 6817, 214, 3934, 43157, 7362, 18, 37259, 5, 1215, 1138, 19725, 136, 100, 525, 7, 206990, 70, 6957, 38139, 6169, 23780, 136, 70, 1407, 56, 75973, 111, 70, 32547, 6406, 38109, 3542, 34475, 47, 67393, 11, 390, 10, 28820, 127, 18813, 36947, 1853, 31667, 23, 423, 13903, 5, 2161, 70, 138, 4216, 4390, 20414, 4, 729, 17168, 4, 70, 2775, 11856, 129811, 1995, 170920, 10, 3525, 86052, 12989, 23, 70, 129435, 140280, 7, 5, 62, 3525, 126210, 15, 71013, 53, 247, 67393, 11, 92560, 4, 509, 11764, 3674, 5201, 538, 1295, 70, 43396, 90, 111, 155767, 136, 50550, 19, 539, 92560, 90, 5, 67393, 11, 52649, 3129, 36770, 538, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 155767, 92560, 4, 23409, 645, 47, 67393, 11, 2161, 427, 22482, 45913, 4, 70, 92416, 111, 70, 47806, 111, 116342, 31089, 71, 10, 15913, 1363, 111, 171484, 111, 67393, 11, 47064, 4, 58055, 214, 111, 70, 43396, 90, 21647, 297, 20271, 70, 116342, 19, 5550, 111, 213867, 329, 5, 48752, 289, 63920, 111, 195572, 4, 26593, 136, 171214, 6, 108210, 3387, 3542, 20903, 47, 67393, 11, 1295, 70, 3789, 5609, 5, 2161, 953, 7071, 70, 5117, 54529, 53, 23607, 42, 509, 3163, 89829, 46, 67538, 5375, 3760, 7, 4, 10, 171751, 111, 135478, 143, 5, 1529, 34658, 903, 19069, 24189, 20414, 56694, 4, 3229, 8055, 15432, 71, 134629, 1919, 19069, 5, 992, 3675, 23031, 7, 70, 206990, 7, 111, 11453, 177, 75614, 136, 67393, 11, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 17664, 297, 16128, 111, 116342, 9, 2729, 18, 3459, 237, 2685, 509, 110, 24763, 15889, 132988, 5, 151500, 111, 70, 130367, 7, 3542, 179838, 1779, 4, 70, 3789, 23552, 3542, 116342, 1779, 5, 360, 23031, 70, 15889, 132988, 509, 188347, 136, 450, 104902, 47, 99710, 2182, 17721, 70, 24, 5256, 5, 67393, 11, 92560, 509, 101637, 71, 221, 450, 116342, 4163, 70, 58555, 111, 1342, 461, 136, 23074, 882, 1572, 25251, 136, 70, 144732, 111, 67393, 11, 15, 136913, 70, 130367, 7, 3542, 153161, 116342, 1779, 247, 70, 10588, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 179838, 5, 67393, 11, 47064, 4, 39555, 23, 6863, 13379, 115700, 4, 509, 100, 4806, 98, 305, 6088, 23031, 3229, 70, 15411, 111, 70, 5550, 111, 213867, 329, 136, 70, 16648, 99, 450, 1733, 56065, 67393, 11, 25, 7, 37451, 1363, 1295, 70, 3789, 54529, 3387, 5, 2161, 534, 22482, 56694, 70, 116342, 19, 92416, 188347, 70, 16128, 111, 67393, 11, 47064, 5, 195572, 47064, 26038, 1136, 2703, 114422, 4, 135478, 143, 4, 239, 6130, 1928, 433, 136, 33860, 5874, 9935, 114942, 4, 26593, 47064, 26038, 71223, 19813, 67, 4, 38283, 107, 4, 22986, 11532, 4, 1345, 4300, 136, 8179, 8554, 172, 9935, 114942, 4, 171214, 47064, 26038, 821, 4340, 429, 272, 824, 4, 9876, 27099, 11, 4, 581, 4568, 479, 9, 167618, 47064, 62493, 42, 43392, 428, 9539, 141, 1679, 1902, 47, 8337, 1257, 1919, 14537, 98, 382, 20414, 27712, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 70, 86757, 91853, 111, 34578, 21, 14437, 24189, 27631, 3229, 5606, 54529, 53, 103724, 7, 3542, 100, 4806, 5, 10660, 3542, 101637, 71, 3934, 6, 173300, 54427, 115524, 7, 5, 581, 13379, 181991, 53, 111, 67393, 11, 47064, 509, 101637, 71, 3934, 17262, 63920, 12, 67393, 11, 4, 71223, 26091, 136, 180, 67, 20786, 103724, 7, 5, 360, 50940, 70, 81761, 7, 111, 57674, 4, 26593, 136, 88170, 3542, 100, 4806, 98, 70, 181991, 53, 111, 70, 116342, 19, 6, 108371, 5, 360, 41722, 70, 41931, 2320, 111, 164917, 103724, 7, 80723, 5, 19897, 7, 143, 4, 180, 67, 20786, 136, 71223, 26091, 103724, 7, 3542, 41931, 27686, 5, 71223, 26091, 24372, 70, 19574, 215131, 4, 2685, 3542, 17262, 59444, 7, 15, 42272, 208, 4, 71223, 26091, 136, 180, 67, 20786, 16, 136, 534, 9935, 114942, 100, 4806, 23, 67393, 11, 47064, 12, 107005, 13, 4, 19210, 561, 150, 4, 135478, 143, 4, 36506, 882, 4, 119743, 41024, 4, 105995, 3041, 143, 4, 193173, 114422, 4, 3561, 161, 4, 22986, 11532, 4, 33860, 5874, 136, 71223, 19813, 67, 5, 2161, 106, 18982, 8272, 4, 70, 59444, 111, 180, 67, 20786, 136, 193173, 114422, 7270, 127, 3542, 42564, 71, 136, 10, 3525, 180, 67, 20786, 7270, 127, 509, 100, 4806, 5, 262, 61518, 450, 4, 70, 59444, 111, 180, 67, 20786, 93544, 104064, 70, 59444, 38109, 4, 1284, 83, 51521, 538, 2831, 111, 70, 28720, 14834, 2481, 15, 763, 16507, 194, 581, 47064, 92416, 15, 159970, 72173, 12, 44, 4613, 11, 35855, 18939, 83, 12441, 390, 62493, 42, 15, 159970, 72173, 12, 44, 192, 32121, 195, 74054, 2750, 83, 6, 140545, 297, 8622, 621, 138, 4000, 14834, 31075, 23, 67393, 11, 47064, 26719, 67393, 11, 15, 71013, 53, 10323, 247, 71223, 26091, 4, 107005, 13, 4, 19210, 561, 150, 4, 135478, 143, 4, 180, 67, 20786, 4, 119743, 41024, 4, 3561, 161, 4, 105995, 3041, 143, 4, 22986, 11532, 4, 33860, 5874, 4, 71223, 19813, 67, 136, 36506, 882, 7270, 35412, 5, 8622, 621, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 67393, 11, 47064, 15, 247, 707, 4769, 35966, 11, 83, 10, 5117, 9, 67919, 86757, 25072, 136, 1632, 111, 423, 54529, 3387, 111, 116342, 5, 1650, 48402, 90, 70, 36770, 16128, 111, 67393, 11, 59338, 5, 581, 13379, 9, 5636, 54529, 53, 509, 75935, 98, 106, 18982, 96145, 581, 10323, 136, 142105, 59444, 111, 67393, 11, 47064, 83, 67393, 11, 4, 134629, 390, 71223, 26091, 136, 180, 67, 20786, 5, 1650, 83, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 23295, 136, 132988, 7, 105995, 3723, 11, 136, 195572, 47064, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 179838, 47, 70, 127067, 136, 65272, 4, 136, 171214, 136, 26593, 47064, 47, 70, 144477, 5, 30777, 203262, 3395, 6867, 23, 67393, 11, 47064, 15, 162, 111, 106, 18982, 103219, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "General.", "History.", "Medieval Period.", "Early Modern Period.", "Recent history.", "Independence.", "World War II and occupation.", "Regaining Independence.", "County Government.", "Municipalities, settlement and population.", "Settlement units.", "Villages.", "Demographical indicators.", "Geography.", "Relief.", "Lakes and rivers.", "Nature protection.", "Substrate.", "Economy.", "Entrepreneurship.", "Agriculture and livestock farming.", "Health and welfare.", "Tourism.", "Tõrva area.", "Otepää area.", "Valga area.", "Culture.", "Literature.", "Music and dramatics.", "Sport.", "Media.", "Education and youth work.", "Insignia of the County.", "Coat of Arms.", "Flag." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Valga County is located in the southern part of Estonia. By the economic-geographical and regional-political distribution it belongs to the area of South-East Estonia (together with Põlva and Võru County). By historical ties and landscape the county belongs to the region of South Estonia (together with Põlva, Võru, Viljandi, Tartu and Jõgeva Counties). With a population of 30,176 people (as of 1 January 2014), the total area of the county is 2,043.53 km2 (2,046.49 km2", "", "It can be read from the Livonian Chronicle of Henry that the history of the county goes back to the 13th century when the Germans conquered the settlement. By the Chronicle the Ümera River was the borderline between Estonia and Latvia. Historians suggest that the Säde River was the borderline, flowing through the northern part of Tireli Bog and falling into Lake Burtnieks. Meadows and forests surrounding the big Tireli Bog and the upper stream of the River", "City rights were given to Valga by a Polish King Stefan Batory in 1584. On the 3rdof July, 1783, the Empress Catherine II established a new administration order in the Baltic provinces. A new kreis (county), Valga Kreis, was constituted mainly from the territories of Riga and Võnnu Kreises. Valga Town which formerly belonged to Riga Kreis, went over to Valga", "On 12 February 1919, the Government of the Republic of Estonia issued a regulation of constitution of Valga County, consisting of the territories gained during the Estonian War of Independence. Several parts of Võru, Tartu and Viljandi Counties were close to Valga from the other side. On 19 April the first county governor was elected – Johann Kurvits, a farmer of Karula. He held this position until July 1921, when August Sild followed his position. Until 1920s the surroundings of Härgmäe and Valga belonged to the mixed area of Estonia-Latvia as there was no exact national border. Half of the citizens were Latvians, the other half were Estonians. In 1920 the national border was fixed and that helped to differentiate between the nations. Valga Kreis was divided so that Estonia got the areas of Paju and Sooru Manors and the majority of Valga (where the citizens were mostly Estonians), the rest belonged to Latvia.", "Valga County, almost in its present shape, was formed on 6 September 1920 when the course of the War of Independence and the situation at that time required Valga's separation from the other counties. On 11 February 1921 the Estonian Government fixed the area of Valga County. Võru County gave Kaagjärve, Karula, Laanemetsa and Taheva parishes, Tartu County gave Tõlliste, Laatre, Sangaste, Keeni and Kuigatsi parishes, Viljandi County gave Jõgeveste, Patküla,", "The last pre-occupation County Governor Värdi Vellner had to give up his power on 8 July 1940. Nevertheless, the administrative division of 1939 lasted until 1950 when 39 county districts were formed. They were divided into 636 village soviets. The present territory of Valga County was divided into three parts: Valga, Tõrva and Otepää districts. In 1952 the oblasts of Tallinn, Tartu and Pärnu were formed on the territory of the Estonian SSR. In 1959 the liquidation of smaller districts began. Antsla, Otepää and Tõrva districts were liquidated. Tõrva", "After the reindependence, there were three towns (Valga, Tõrva and Otepää) and 11 parishes formed in Valga County: Helme, Hummuli, Karula, Õru, Palupera, Põdrala, Pühajärve, Puka, Sangaste, Taheva and Tõlliste. On 1 January 1999, the town of Otepää and Pühajärve Parish were merged and a new Otepää Parish was formed. Despite that, the town of Otepää kept holding the town rights, but is officially part of the rural municipality (parish).", "The County Government (Estonian: \"Maavalitsus\") is led by Governor (Estonian: \"maavanem\"), who is appointed", "There are 3 local municipalities in Valga County including Valga (county capital), Tõrva, Helme, Hummuli, Karula, Otepää, Palupera, Puka, Põdrala, Sangaste, Taheva, Tõlliste and Õru Parishes.", "There are 3 towns, 7", "Aakre - Aitsra - Ala - Alamõisa - Arula - Astuvere - Atra - Hargla - Hellenurme - Holdre - Iigaste - Ilmjärve - Jaanikese - Jeti - Jõgeveste - Kaagjärve - Kalliküla - Kalme - Karjatnurme - Karu - Karula - Kassiratta - Kastolatsi - Kaubi - Kaurutootsi - Keeni - Kibena - Killinge - Kirbu - Kirikuküla - Kiviküla - Koigu - Koikküla - Koiva - Kolli - Komsi - Koobassaare - Koorküla - Korijärve - Korkuna - Kuigatsi - Kulli - Kungi - Kurevere - Käärikmäe - Kääriku - Kähri - Kähu - Laanemetsa - Lauküla - Leebiku - Lepa - Linna - Liva - Londi - Lossiküla - Lota - Lusti - Lutike - Lutsu", "As of 1 January 2014, the population of Valga County was 30,176 – 47.5% of men and 52.5% of women. 14.93% were minors (age 0-14), 62.65% were at working age (age 15-64) and 22.41% were at", "", "The landscape of Valga County is various. The western part is located in the south-eastern part of Sakala Upland where the moraine plain is being varied by old valleys, some hills and ridges. In the northern part the landscape is characterized by small drumlins, the low and wet areas are covered with meadows and forests. The surrounding area of Tõrva-Helme is flatter but separated by the River Õhne and the valleys of its tributaries (Valley of Tikste). In many places the sandstone of the substrate can be seen on the hillsides. The territory is quite densely populated. The farmlands are varied by meadows, lakes and a few patches of forest. In the southern part, around Hummuli and Taagepera, some rolling hills can be found. In the southern part of the county, there is a large sandy area with big forests, moorlands and bogs. In the middle part of the county the valley of the River Väike-Emajõgi runs from north to south. It is continued by Valga Basin with mainly flexuous moraine landscape, cut through by low valleys or basin valleys. The most noticeable is the", "Valga County has many lakes. Most of them are located in Otepää Upland, on the area of Karula Hills and on the catchment area of Õhne River. There are more than 180 natural lakes with the area of more than one hectare and with the total area of 17 km. The biggest lake is Pühjärv (286 ha), followed by Lake Aheru (234 ha). The southern part of Lake Võrtsjärv, with the area of 300 hectares, is also included within the borders of Valga County. Most of the lakes are quite shallow and not deeper than 10 m. The deepest lakes in the county are Udsu (30.2 m) and Petajärv (25 m), both located on the territory of Koorküla Lakes where the old valleys have been filled by the sediments from the Ice", "The territory under nature protection composes around 20% of the whole territory of Valga County. The most important nature objects under protection are Otepää Nature Park, Karula National Park and Koiva-Mustjõe Landscape Conservation Area. There are 60 different protection areas such as national parks, nature protection areas, landscape protection areas and their sub-types such as parks, stands and arboretum. The biggest one in Valga County and also in Estonia is Otepää Nature Park", "The substrate of the county is formed by Devonian sandstones which are quite porous, rich in micas and slightly cemented. Light-coloured sandstones from the Middle Devonian Burtniek stage, clay and marl layers are spread on the majority of the territory of the county. On the narrow stripe of the county's northern part, the sandstones of the Middle Devonian Aruküla Stage become visible. They are cross-bedded with the", "Valga County is an area of industry and agriculture but also an area of a well-known recreation and sports centre Otepää. The average gross salary in Valga County in 2013 was €729 (compared to the average salary in Estonia in 2013 – €949)", "As of 31 December 2013, there were 2,717 companies (930 self-employments and 1,787 business entities), 677 non-profit organizations and 23 foundations in Valga County. The turnover was average or higher in the", "In 2014 the cultivated area was 24,123 ha of which 13,554 ha was under grain, 1,236 ha was under legumes, 2,838 ha under rape and turnip rape, 93 ha under potato and 38 ha under field vegetables. By the end of 2013", "Stationary health care in Valga County is provided by AS Valga Haigla, SA Otepää Tervisekeskus and SA Tõrva Haigla. SA Otepää Tervisekeskus and SA Tõrva Haigla are meant for nursing care, SA Valga Haigla also offers medical specialist help in addition to nursing care. Different out-patient specialist services are being offered in all three institutions. To provide general medical help for citizens of the county, there are 17 practice lists with 15 family physicians (GP-s), 2 replacement physicians, 2 helping physicians and 19 family nurses. Family physician Merike Ausmees has the longest practice list of 2,500 patients, serving the areas of Tõrva Town, Helme and Põdrala Parish. There are 6 practice lists with more than 2,000 patients. Tõlliste and Õru Parish have the shortest list of 681 patients. By the end of 2013 health care was arranged by the County Governor but", "There are 69 manors and castles in Valga County. Sangaste Castle and Taagepera Castle (Estonian best wedding place 2007-2013) are the most popular ones. The most well-known and most visited tourism magnet is Otepää which also bears the title of Winter Capital each year from 21 December to 20 March, since 1996. The area of Otepää is known as one of the various all-in-one places where training camps and winter sports events are being held. When comparing accommodation services by Estonian counties, Valga County is holding the fourth position (after Harju County, Saaremaa and Pärnu County). As of 2013 there were 77 rooming houses, having altogether 826 rooms and 2,149 beds (data from subjects to statistics only). The most visited events of the county are Rally Estonia and the international Valga Military History Festival (the best tourism event of South Estonia in 2013). The most visited objects are Kuutsemäe Resort and Tehvandi Sport Centre. The best-known tourist attractions by areas:", "In Tõrva: The War of Independence Memorial Column and the park of Tõrva Gymnasium, resting areas of Lake Riiska and Lake Vanamõisa, Tikste Old Valley, Tõrva Dance Hill. Helme Parish: Barclay de Tolly Mausoleum, Ruins of Helme Castle, Helme caves, Helme Museum, Helme Fountain of Sacrifice, piano collection manufactured by", "In Otepää Parish: Otepää Hill Fort, Väike Munamägi Hill, Apteekrimägi Hill, Lake Pühajärv, Otepää St Mary's Lutheran Church, The Memorial Column of the Estonian War of Independence, Tehvandi Sport Centre, Märdi Milloak, Pühajärv War Oak. In Palupera Parish: Palupera and Hellenurme manor complexes with parks, Hellenurme Watermill and resting area, the Middendoff family cemetery.", "In Valga: Valga Freedom Monument, Valga City Hall, St John's Church, a sculpture \"Nipernaadi\", a memorial plaque to Stefan Batory, a memorial plaque to Johannes Märtson, a monument to Alfred Neuland – the first Olympic winner in Estonia, Valga Railway Station. In Karula Parish: Karula and Kaagjärve Manor complexes, Karula Church, Pikkjärve landscape area and nature objects.", "", "There are many people from Valga County who have changed the literary landscape. Their creation and activity in the 20th century is related to Valga County. The best-known writer of Valga County is Hella Wuolijoki (1886-1954) from Ala Village, known world-wide by her plays written in Finnish, giving an overview of life in Finland. In her first works she talks a lot about Valga County. A poet, play-writer and literary critic Henrik Visnapuu, one of the activists and central figures of a literary group Siuru was born in Helme. The plot of the novel \"Toomas Nipernaadi\", written by August Gailit (1891-1960), is not factually related to the birthplace of the author but the main character has the local prototype from Valga County. August Gailit, the founder and leading figure of Siuru, was born in Kuiksilla, near to Sangaste Manor. In his youth he moved a", "A teacher of folk instruments and bagpipe master Ants Taul was born in Tõrva in 1950. Since 1995 he has been a folk instrument teacher in Viljandi Culture Academy. He has a family band called \"Torupill\" (1995) which has performed in many countries. Abi Zeider (1920-1999), a trumpeter, was born in Valga. He played in jazz and variety orchestras and he was also a concertmaster of the variety orchestra of the Estonian Television and Estonian Radio. A recognized conductor Peeter Lilje (1950-1993) was born in Valga where he also got his musical education. Lilje was a concert-master and conductor of \"Estonia\" and the principal conductor of ERSO and Oulu City Orchestra. He conducted symphony orchestras in many countries world-wide. Madis Kõiv (1929-2014) spent his childhood in Tõrva and in Valga. He worked as a lecturer and scientist. He wrote", "Skiing and bodybuilding have been the most practiced sports in Valga County. Long-term sport traditions have given Estonians their first Olympic winner Alfred Neuland, who was awarded with gold medal in 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Neuland was born in Valga in 1895. In 1924 a silver medal from Paris was added to his collection. Bruno Junk, a racewalker, was born in Valga and he has won two Olympic bronze medals – one from Helsinki in 1952 and one from Melbourne in 1956. August Englas was born in Otepää, in the former Pühajärve Parish and he is the Greek-Roman wrestling world champion of 1953 and freestyle wrestling world champion of 1954. Pavel Loskutov is a light-athlete from Valga (precisely from the area of Valka) and he has participated Olympic Games for four times. His coach was Raimond Luts and his best result is a silver medal in men's marathon run from European Championships in 2002. There are three light-athletics records set in Valga. The best-known record is set in javelin throw by Andrus Värnik 87.83 in 19.08.2003. There are two top records marked in the Book of Records – Anu", "The office of the local newspaper Valgamaalane is located in Valga and it is being issued three times a week. Together with the newspapers Pärnu Postimees, Sakala, Virumaa Teataja and Järva Teataja the newspaper Valgamaalane also belongs to the media", "In the academic year of 2013/2014 there were 23 educational institutions in Valga County – 20 municipal schools (administered by local governments), two official state schools and one private school. 7 gymnasiums and high schools, 13 basic schools and one correspondence school belong to the municipality. Valga Jaanikese School and Valga County Vocational Training Center are state schools. The only private school of the county is the Otepää Branch of Audentes Sports Gymnasium. The biggest schools of the county are (by the number of students in 2013/2014): Valga Elementary School (846), Tõrva", "", "The shield of the coat of arms has diagonally been cut in two parts. The upper part is dark blue and there are four five-branch silver", "The flags of the counties were confirmed similarly – the flags are green and white and the upper" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 150807, 16070, 83, 10, 49456, 136, 64, 748, 23, 9, 68347, 114498, 72090, 47, 10, 57266, 15, 46280, 71407, 23, 29681, 4, 81693, 4, 141778, 707, 113660, 16, 23, 30646, 100, 17203, 47, 70, 162471, 2886, 60091, 38516, 137272, 678, 450, 57266, 5, 51404, 70, 31411, 7039, 15, 36290, 56, 939, 8035, 31411, 297, 16, 1543, 186, 351, 39348, 4, 51, 5062, 44171, 1414, 42294, 6493, 4, 31411, 16070, 83, 16940, 678, 70, 41206, 2320, 111, 10, 60091, 30646, 5, 51404, 31411, 16070, 831, 75060, 124735, 188926, 4, 8796, 33976, 136, 502, 58102, 2481, 47, 59038, 4, 442, 83, 12921, 1295, 153603, 5, 992, 5062, 153603, 4, 31411, 16070, 831, 959, 6, 127219, 67, 29458, 12996, 150380, 90, 5, 12876, 831, 442, 9157, 75447, 4, 237, 31411, 16070, 144570, 8060, 80854, 5, 62, 37457, 111, 55182, 21533, 136, 36398, 7, 3790, 10484, 765, 2809, 11814, 47, 73342, 3642, 60091, 31411, 16070, 43240, 47, 24725, 107222, 95771, 7, 5, 17006, 4527, 70, 110, 1363, 450, 10, 8796, 15, 177030, 16, 136, 19732, 15, 177030, 7039, 16, 24209, 3126, 297, 23, 98323, 8305, 70, 31411, 16070, 136, 237, 10, 16750, 4, 47644, 111, 70, 8796, 831, 185553, 19732, 9, 10187, 297, 151747, 5, 5631, 19, 19256, 4, 58417, 7, 136, 73969, 117593, 765, 91376, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 8347, 111, 70, 3790, 10484, 221, 2060, 11814, 47, 73342, 60091, 31411, 16070, 93425, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 2684, 117, 330, 29888, 90791, 7, 23, 31411, 16070, 83, 450, 70, 2965, 93425, 621, 69307, 71, 7440, 2685, 83, 10, 62775, 289, 14858, 17721, 70, 31411, 136, 31411, 7039, 4, 6044, 237, 10, 29681, 8796, 31411, 214, 10, 29681, 19732, 5, 27985, 390, 5631, 19, 19256, 136, 230331, 49903, 4, 1556, 127887, 450, 8796, 7, 450, 2301, 25, 18, 765, 10, 62775, 289, 14858, 831, 7464, 68073, 4, 99, 19713, 23, 69407, 111, 98323, 93425, 4, 2174, 70, 31411, 88353, 1636, 3060, 168487, 13, 100, 70, 31411, 16070, 47, 70, 95771, 5, 3164, 31411, 16070, 5608, 186, 35509, 98, 223739, 17808, 5256, 17721, 70, 31411, 136, 70, 31411, 297, 19085, 5, 150807, 7, 136, 31411, 297, 68036, 5608, 5423, 1810, 34735, 69407, 136, 27289, 678, 756, 3789, 89543, 75412, 4, 47, 61924, 2363, 202702, 118861, 756, 128746, 111, 70, 31411, 16070, 35142, 5, 150807, 16070, 5608, 186, 75530, 2706, 2886, 237, 6044, 5, 581, 69407, 136, 55080, 111, 31411, 16070, 5608, 186, 35509, 54799, 70, 24702, 133, 111, 4127, 109208, 17721, 756, 68036, 47, 70, 31411, 16070, 5, 8622, 5608, 186, 17306, 2481, 118861, 70, 29458, 38109, 8035, 54324, 136, 169935, 450, 6097, 621, 19882, 100, 31411, 16070, 1295, 70, 38109, 26837, 5, 150807, 297, 68036, 5608, 765, 70, 89931, 7108, 47, 28288, 98, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 31411, 16070, 38109, 450, 1836, 621, 126416, 136, 70, 95307, 7432, 111, 70, 31411, 678, 136565, 1836, 18264, 5, 581, 40575, 105823, 100, 143092, 31411, 7, 83, 27983, 10, 140909, 53, 9433, 450, 58055, 7, 111, 25188, 214, 109736, 7, 4, 105233, 308, 3632, 297, 152132, 7, 35509, 98, 10, 14380, 25, 7, 8063, 151814, 7, 4, 90791, 70, 7108, 5470, 7, 99, 10, 14380, 4, 20949, 22113, 9, 73, 1295, 48716, 11764, 13, 117538, 136, 77681, 9807, 118, 26518, 72382, 64, 5293, 329, 5, 31384, 40575, 831, 5646, 1257, 47, 10, 6602, 136, 7666, 4295, 13416, 140533, 151107, 17721, 106, 1104, 758, 21974, 25188, 214, 12638, 14380, 450, 83, 21455, 297, 237, 10, 38516, 109736, 100, 31411, 16070, 5, 32255, 621, 70, 69407, 11814, 390, 5941, 31411, 16070, 50582, 4, 3129, 15005, 47, 3642, 10, 31411, 4527, 7, 70, 72382, 1836, 621, 144, 116292, 297, 1379, 70, 69407, 111, 10, 31411, 16070, 106689, 5, 91490, 66398, 1556, 2809, 61924, 71, 390, 58417, 7, 4, 5631, 19, 19256, 136, 64614, 22760, 94834, 237, 44, 2347, 27992, 111, 17368, 3365, 141636, 7481, 36398, 7, 47, 162471, 70, 60091, 38516, 111, 70, 125413, 17721, 10, 31411, 136, 163034, 7039, 58, 12960, 34704, 1363, 1556, 2809, 61924, 71, 237, 8382, 44, 222535, 7, 450, 125568, 70, 90364, 4, 83687, 674, 4, 707, 105226, 111, 70, 31411, 16070, 95771, 678, 70, 31411, 1242, 81669, 66933, 98, 34704, 1363, 83, 645, 136, 36917, 70, 38109, 114498, 72090, 47, 70, 31411, 297, 57266, 136, 83, 27983, 2060, 117396, 3501, 70, 11034, 111, 70, 38109, 114498, 1242, 87, 25176, 77635, 140533, 98, 31411, 16070, 7964, 538, 47, 55993, 60061, 33297, 23, 267, 47, 3650, 910, 153451, 96090, 4, 26719, 78790, 117904, 96090, 23, 23924, 21629, 75447, 15, 11, 1398, 13465, 51312, 1295, 78790, 120518, 96090, 23, 81225, 100052, 29087, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 150807, 214, 9844, 15, 748, 22008, 16, 83, 70, 27992, 111, 8060, 214, 142, 19732, 4, 103488, 4, 3445, 4, 707, 53702, 53477, 538, 707, 8305, 70, 125034, 111, 38742, 707, 11374, 5, 581, 11651, 707, 21115, 450, 87344, 70, 8060, 4, 21373, 47, 10, 9149, 144810, 4, 83, 51529, 237, 31411, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "Theories.", "Principles.", "Selling.", "Leveraging and activation.", "Sponsorship markets." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Sponsorship is a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property (typically in sports, arts, entertainment or causes) in return for access to the exploitable commercial potential associated with that property. While the sponsoree (property being sponsored) may be nonprofit, unlike philanthropy, sponsorship is done with the expectation of a commercial return. While sponsorship can deliver increased awareness, brand building and propensity to purchase, it is different from advertising. Unlike advertising, sponsorship can not communicate specific product attributes. Nor can it stand alone, as sponsorship requires support elements.", "A range of psychological and communications theories have been used to explain how commercial sponsorship works to impact consumer audiences. Most use the notion that a brand (sponsor) and event (sponsoree) become linked in memory through the sponsorship and as a result, thinking of the brand can trigger event-linked associations. Cornwell, Weeks and Roy (2005) have published an extensive review of the theories so far used to explain commercial sponsorship effects. One of the most pervasive findings in sponsorship is that the best effects are achieved where there is a logical match between the sponsor and sponsoree, such as a sports brand sponsoring a sports event. Work by Cornwell and colleagues however, has shown that brands that don't have a logical match can still benefit, at least in terms of memory effects, if the sponsor articulates some rationale for the sponsorship to the audience.", "All sponsorship should be based on contractual obligations between the sponsor and the sponsored party. Sponsors and sponsored parties should set out clear terms and conditions with all other partners involved, to define their expectations regarding all aspects of the sponsorship deal. Sponsorship should be recognisable as such. The terms and conduct of sponsorship should be based upon the principle of good faith between all parties to the sponsorship. There should be clarity regarding the specific rights being sold and confirmation that these are available for sponsorship from the rights holder. Sponsored parties should have the absolute right to decide on the value of the sponsorship rights that they are offering and the appropriateness of the sponsor with whom they contract.", "The sales cycle for selling sponsors is often a lengthy process that consists of researching prospects, creating tailored proposals based on a company's business objectives, finding the right contacts at a company, getting buy-in from multiple constituencies and finally negotiating benefits/price. Some sales can take up to a year and sellers report spending anywhere between 1–5 hours researching each company that is viewed as a potential prospect for sponsorship.", "These are the terms used by many sponsorship professionals, which refer to how a sponsor uses the benefits they are allocated under the terms of a sponsorship agreement. Leveraging has been defined by Weeks, Cornwell and Drennan (2008) as \"the act of using collateral marketing communications to exploit the commercial potential of the association between a sponsor and sponsee\" while activation has been defined as those \"communications that promote the engagement, involvement, or participation of the sponsorship audience with the sponsor.\" Money spent on activation is over and above the rights fee paid to the sponsored property and is often far greater than the cost of the rights fee.\"", "IEG projects spending on sponsorship globally to grow 4.5 percent in 2018 to $65.8 billion, including $24.2 billion in North America alone (a 4.5% increase from $24.1 billion in 2017).<ref" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 13501, 4, 20847, 80723, 47, 24209, 142837, 450, 34390, 71, 6, 188336, 5423, 242122, 15, 45956, 441, 16, 6, 159958, 7, 3542, 51515, 214, 10, 9433, 214, 17475, 99, 1632, 6, 188336, 117, 105823, 5, 149766, 24018, 136, 20847, 25188, 1314, 1902, 2809, 24649, 2852, 13909, 6, 159958, 50717, 100, 22690, 4331, 7, 136, 84797, 538, 80723, 32603, 1916, 10, 3525, 23755, 51529, 237, 4552, 4989, 6, 188336, 2565, 15, 856, 10927, 1456, 16, 3129, 21449, 1810, 111, 25188, 390, 2369, 133, 12535, 23, 70, 39395, 15643, 7, 5, 310, 10927, 1456, 83, 10, 13909, 6, 159958, 23755, 15, 5062, 30976, 14495, 136, 26550, 14495, 16, 7440, 10, 11001, 6, 188336, 2565, 70541, 7, 48716, 167934, 22, 40899, 71, 23, 1632, 4552, 4989, 6, 188336, 2565, 47, 33493, 67, 70, 14543, 42, 71924, 214, 48716, 167934, 23, 12638, 501, 21135, 105823, 5, 33417, 21533, 310, 10927, 1456, 208124, 7, 456, 538, 17305, 5115, 53, 98, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 9969, 34759, 7, 47, 83324, 99, 9969, 1340, 1733, 3129, 167934, 831, 186, 71924, 297, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 136, 70, 27798, 5094, 15246, 2069, 111, 6097, 167934, 100, 71924, 1830, 136, 2843, 47, 4358, 92054, 70, 48225, 111, 32845, 206, 41018, 7, 5, 581, 34292, 111, 903, 51515, 83, 47, 54, 1286, 80234, 4488, 23, 10846, 56, 501, 21135, 105823, 7, 136, 47, 112892, 18929, 14543, 42, 6, 188336, 5094, 15246, 2069, 136, 32845, 206, 92054, 1830, 76407, 96679, 4, 678, 10, 203249, 23, 124735, 14543, 42, 27140, 2481, 4, 11034, 4, 136, 48302, 18588, 254, 1363, 23, 121122, 100, 4271, 56, 71924, 1830, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 4, 20847, 1902, 186, 6967, 47, 18822, 450, 442, 509, 110, 51713, 11034, 9, 171760, 5844, 100, 11651, 202681, 76519, 53095, 6044, 237, 68034, 47, 85493, 180639, 53, 11948, 63923, 25251, 5, 24018, 1902, 2843, 2809, 25188, 214, 40368, 107653, 82451, 50717, 100, 7730, 107314, 70, 1022, 15276, 6, 36256, 47, 29823, 11192, 3564, 202681, 10723, 136, 11192, 23718, 242122, 15, 841, 12233, 16, 96679, 5, 12613, 7, 24018, 136, 20847, 4755, 297, 23, 13211, 47, 85493, 70, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 6, 36256, 4, 17368, 10, 143834, 111, 310, 10927, 1456, 4331, 23755, 7, 3129, 24018, 24, 4806, 143726, 538, 95103, 6, 188336, 242122, 15, 647, 126091, 194, 24018, 25, 7, 69236, 509, 47, 21962, 4588, 70, 107963, 20847, 1902, 126809, 23, 2363, 39395, 310, 10927, 1456, 4488, 33233, 678, 2363, 10002, 47, 85493, 10, 21950, 12996, 13315, 30388, 297, 99, 11192, 9, 3611, 202681, 18507, 10723, 7, 136, 11192, 23718, 242122, 15, 841, 12233, 16, 76519, 450, 5809, 186, 54324, 47, 756, 7311, 98154, 142901, 4295, 15, 670, 17513, 7, 16, 12960, 20847, 32599, 297, 47, 186, 19048, 47, 59038, 5773, 9, 2347, 9, 7816, 17463, 14543, 4295, 88303, 17368, 24018, 25, 7, 21950, 218343, 136, 105207, 121303, 9433, 55556, 450, 3542, 77546, 23718, 136, 1286, 11034, 60266, 3501, 2363, 43581, 11107, 9, 45956, 441, 14543, 4295, 5, 88949, 70, 16750, 214, 38742, 2806, 186, 24018, 25, 7, 15, 36599, 2806, 186, 1632, 111, 5941, 59463, 16, 136, 23, 12989, 47, 69307, 21950, 7, 63559, 100, 10, 65771, 12996, 13315, 4, 70, 94130, 53208, 38742, 2806, 186, 56065, 47, 23356, 70, 27117, 111, 70, 134744, 56, 43373, 3647, 136, 450, 10975, 86685, 4, 11787, 4, 136, 34754, 72977, 186, 19882, 100, 6097, 59463, 5, 3293, 56065, 450, 94130, 53208, 38742, 186, 82775, 4, 12937, 297, 4, 136, 142901, 71, 4, 136, 765, 31897, 136, 8060, 74729, 678, 70, 10588, 111, 24018, 25, 7, 38742, 5, 228072, 4, 24018, 34739, 70, 37105, 98, 11948, 159958, 4331, 4, 12996, 47691, 15, 29102, 66398, 4, 3034, 4, 136, 756, 3789, 98441, 247, 53099, 10975, 136, 172852, 5426, 22, 11, 79298, 15, 150040, 136, 3773, 65779, 247, 136, 7481, 5, 1301, 2831, 111, 24018, 25, 7, 80934, 136, 7481, 9433, 1836, 81810, 71, 10, 38134, 96551, 111, 202681, 143452, 25, 7, 4, 10975, 4, 136, 11787, 116366, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3564, 59463, 23, 12989, 47, 28219, 2363, 96679, 136, 63284, 1836, 3542, 44961, 297, 23, 70, 12996, 14449, 221, 237, 47, 23356, 70, 27117, 111, 10, 134744, 37457, 111, 59463, 136, 3564, 9, 223, 1314, 5, 20847, 7228, 10, 193984, 127752, 47, 70, 6, 36256, 80934, 4, 70, 45764, 297, 64, 568, 102, 53208, 11948, 159958, 4, 136, 94130, 53208, 116, 4, 1284, 12996, 47691, 153579, 509, 24018, 25, 7, 5, 581, 7311, 69236, 100, 75060, 214, 70, 5117, 94130, 53208, 14449, 12996, 15, 40899, 76, 4806, 45764, 297, 16, 509, 82490, 24018, 25, 7, 12996, 7481, 136, 53099, 90364, 79825, 3542, 193984, 136, 69307, 71, 4331, 19916, 7, 678, 70, 144732, 111, 202681, 10723, 143452, 25, 7, 26719, 8382, 35509, 98, 30976, 14495, 14543, 4295, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 53099, 60822, 933, 92054, 297, 450, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 2806, 35462, 67, 23, 10723, 7, 4, 4488, 41311, 7, 4, 136, 11192, 9, 3611, 86983, 7, 4, 136, 155605, 15811, 48538, 30976, 14495, 136, 27140, 6, 188336, 5423, 242122, 15, 152113, 441, 16, 6, 159958, 7, 100, 756, 4537, 9, 4717, 78381, 86685, 5, 15612, 11631, 136, 161950, 189682, 7, 68872, 47, 32997, 53333, 34754, 111, 70, 76569, 136, 13763, 9059, 6, 159958, 7, 107013, 538, 23, 10862, 111, 39666, 1916, 47, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 5, 3311, 10586, 4, 442, 509, 173676, 450, 70, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 6, 159958, 136, 70, 9969, 34759, 3542, 5045, 1286, 34844, 47, 29479, 3501, 7311, 538, 17569, 4, 136, 70, 117989, 111, 94130, 53208, 80723, 28756, 26783, 5, 66016, 94130, 53208, 509, 70, 5117, 17669, 241, 126091, 14543, 42, 4, 70, 34754, 71834, 190647, 297, 1286, 51, 5772, 25258, 27686, 44402, 3501, 70, 7175, 509, 61689, 2785, 4806, 47, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 70, 241, 126091, 23755, 56566, 7, 98, 9969, 34759, 130732, 31075, 450, 1902, 8306, 2809, 29479, 297, 8108, 4, 221, 1286, 25188, 509, 44841, 5, 48752, 289, 94407, 126809, 172852, 76519, 100, 70, 6, 159958, 4, 26719, 7244, 3773, 136, 992, 4084, 136, 992, 4084, 9, 5062, 76519, 6044, 237, 29908, 4, 20847, 9, 71609, 4, 5153, 20429, 397, 4, 56944, 164, 4, 19419, 13307, 67569, 1542, 4, 136, 17629, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 87, 284, 9, 13307, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 24018, 94130, 53208, 6, 159958, 16, 83, 70, 6, 188336, 5423, 6, 159958, 15, 36256, 16, 111, 70, 94130, 53208, 14449, 111, 7911, 9, 3137, 24018, 11948, 63923, 25251, 5, 581, 62822, 6, 36256, 29458, 2320, 62038, 3674, 99, 243308, 9, 234414, 15, 36599, 247, 136, 509, 216479, 71, 136, 7068, 29479, 297, 23, 10, 3525, 14543, 42, 11948, 159958, 390, 24018, 678, 20847, 25, 7, 136475, 165410, 136, 107963, 98, 70, 1379, 538, 214, 241, 126091, 4331, 23755, 7, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 137633, 2367, 509, 2363, 5117, 3525, 6, 36256, 23, 387, 5369, 136, 19095, 142, 167969, 3525, 12996, 13315, 47, 16839, 4, 24018, 7228, 10, 106750, 77021, 23, 12996, 80934, 4, 4331, 4, 10975, 34754, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Development: 1989–2000.", "Production.", "Marketing.", "Itanium (Merced): 2001.", "Itanium 2: 2002–2010.", "Itanium 9300 (Tukwila): 2010.", "Itanium 9500 (Poulson): 2012.", "Itanium 9700 (Kittson): 2017.", "End of life: 2021.", "Architecture.", "Instruction execution.", "Memory architecture.", "Architectural changes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "In 1989, HP began to become concerned that reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. Both Intel and HP researchers had been exploring computer architecture options for future designs and separately began investigating a new concept known as very long instruction word (VLIW) which came out of research by Yale University in the early 1980s. VLIW is a computer architecture concept (like RISC and CISC) where a single instruction word contains multiple instructions encoded in one very long instruction word to facilitate the processor executing multiple instructions in each clock cycle. Typical VLIW implementations rely heavily on sophisticated compilers to determine at compile time which instructions can be executed at the same time and the proper scheduling of these instructions for execution and also to help predict the direction of branch operations. The value of this approach is to do more useful work in fewer clock cycles and to simplify processor instruction scheduling and branch prediction hardware requirements, with a penalty in increased processor complexity, cost, and energy consumption in exchange for faster execution.", "During this time, HP had begun to believe that it was no longer cost-effective for individual enterprise systems companies such as itself to develop proprietary microprocessors. Intel had also been researching several architectural options for going beyond the x86 ISA to address high end enterprise server and high performance computing (HPC) requirements. Thus Intel and HP partnered in 1994 to develop the IA-64 ISA, using a variation of VLIW design concepts which Intel named explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC). Intel's goal was to leverage the expertise HP had developed in their early VLIW work along with their own to develop a volume product line targeted at high-end enterprise class servers and high performance computing (HPC) systems that could be sold to all original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) while HP wished to be able to purchase off-the-shelf processors built using Intel's volume manufacturing and leading edge process technology that were higher performance and more cost effective than their current PA-RISC processors. Because the resulting products would be Intel's (HP would be one of many customers) and in order to achieve volumes necessary for a successful product line, the Itanium products would be required to meet the needs of the broader customer base and that software applications, OS, and development tools be available for these customers. This required that Itanium products be designed, documented, and manufactured, and have quality and support consistent with the rest of Intel's products. Therefore, Intel took the lead on microarchitecture design, productization (packaging, test, and all other steps), industry software and operating system enabling (Linux and Windows NT), and marketing. As part of Intel's definition and marketing process they engaged a wide variety of enterprise OEM's, software, and OS vendors, as well as end customers in order to understand their requirements and ensure they were reflected in the product family so as to meet the needs of a broad range of customers and end-users. HP made a substantial contribution to the ISA definition, the Merced/Itanium microarchitecture, and Itanium 2, but productization responsibility was Intel's. The original goal for delivering the first Itanium family product (codenamed Merced) was 1998.", "Intel's product marketing and industry engagement efforts were substantial and achieved design wins with the majority of enterprise server OEM's including those based on RISC processors at the time, industry analysts predicted that IA-64 would dominate in servers, workstations, and high-end desktops, and eventually supplant RISC and complex instruction set computing (CISC) architectures for all general-purpose applications. Compaq and Silicon Graphics decided to abandon further development of the Alpha and MIPS architectures respectively in favor of migrating to IA-64. By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, and the delivery of Itanium began slipping. Since Itanium was the first ever EPIC processor, the development effort encountered more unanticipated problems than the team was accustomed to. In addition, the EPIC concept depends on compiler capabilities that had never been implemented before, so more research was needed. Several groups developed operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows and Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux, HP-UX, FreeBSD, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX, and Monterey/64 (the last three were canceled before reaching the market). In 1999, Intel led the formation of an open source industry consortium to port Linux to IA-64 they named \"Trillium\" (and later renamed \"Trillian\" due to a trademark issue) which was led by Intel and included Caldera Systems, CERN, Cygnus Solutions, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Red Hat, SGI, SuSE, TurboLinux and VA Linux Systems. As a result, a working IA-64 Linux was delivered ahead of schedule and was the first OS to run on the new Itanium processors. Intel announced the official name of the processor, \"Itanium\", on October 4, 1999. Within hours, the name \"Itanic\" had been coined on a Usenet newsgroup as a pun on the name \"Titanic\", the \"unsinkable\" ocean liner that sank on its maiden voyage in 1912.", "By the time Itanium was released in June 2001, its performance was not superior to competing RISC and CISC processors. Recognizing that the lack of software could be a serious problem for the future, Intel made thousands of these early systems available to independent software vendors (ISVs) to stimulate development. HP and Intel brought the next-generation Itanium 2 processor to market a year later.", "The Itanium 2 processor was released in 2002. It relieved many of the performance problems of the original Itanium processor, which were mostly caused by an inefficient memory subsystem. In 2003, AMD released the Opteron, which implemented its own 64-bit architecture (x86-64). Opteron gained rapid acceptance in the enterprise server space because it provided an easy upgrade from x86. Intel responded by implementing x86-64 (as Em64t) in its Xeon microprocessors in 2004. In November 2005, the major Itanium server manufacturers joined with Intel and a number of software vendors to form the Itanium Solutions Alliance to promote the architecture and accelerate software porting. In 2006, Intel delivered \"Montecito\" (marketed as the Itanium 2 9000 series), a dual-core processor that roughly doubled performance and decreased energy consumption by about 20 percent.", "The Itanium 9300 series processor, codenamed \"Tukwila\", was released on 8 February 2010 with greater performance and memory capacity. Tukwila had originally been slated for release in 2007. The device uses a 65 nm process, includes two to four cores, up to 24 MB on-die caches, Hyper-Threading technology and integrated memory controllers. It implements double-device data correction (DDDC), which helps to fix memory errors. Tukwila also implements Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) to replace the Itanium bus-based architecture. It has a peak interprocessor bandwidth of 96 GB/s and a peak memory bandwidth of 34 GB/s. With QuickPath, the processor has integrated memory controllers and interfaces the memory directly, using QPI interfaces to directly connect to other processors and I/O hubs. QuickPath is also used on Intel processors using the \"Nehalem\" microarchitecture, making it probable that Tukwila and Nehalem will be able to use the same chipsets. Tukwila incorporates four memory controllers, each of which supports multiple DDR3 DIMMs via a separate memory controller, much like the Nehalem-based Xeon processor code-named \"Beckton\".", "The Itanium 9500 series processor, codenamed \"Poulson\", is the follow-on processor to Tukwila features eight cores, has a 12-wide issue architecture, multithreading enhancements, and new instructions to take advantage of parallelism, especially in virtualization. The Poulson L3 cache size is 32 MB. L2 cache size is 6 MB, 512 I KB, 256 D KB per core. Die size is 544 mm2, less than its predecessor Tukwila (698.75 mm2). At ISSCC 2011, Intel presented a paper called, \"A 32nm 3.1 Billion Transistor 12-Wide-Issue Itanium Processor for Mission Critical Servers.\" Given Intel's history of disclosing details about Itanium microprocessors at ISSCC, this paper most likely refers to Poulson. Analyst David Kanter speculates that Poulson will use a new microarchitecture, with a more advanced form of multi-threading that uses as many as two threads, to improve performance for single threaded and multi-threaded workloads. Some new information was released at Hotchips conference. New information presents improvements in multithreading, resiliency improvements (Instruction Replay RAS) and few new instructions (thread priority, integer instruction, cache prefetching, data access hints).", "The Kittson is the same as the 9500 Poulson, but slightly higher clocked.", "In January 2019, Intel announced that Kittson would be discontinued, with a last order date of January 2020, and a last ship date of July 2021. There is no planned successor.", "Intel has extensively documented the Itanium instruction set and the technical press has provided overviews. The architecture has been renamed several times during its history. HP originally called it \"PA-WideWord\". Intel later called it \"IA-64\", then \"Itanium Processor Architecture\" (IPA), before settling on \"Intel Itanium Architecture\", but it is still widely referred to as \"IA-64\". It is a 64-bit register-rich explicitly parallel architecture. The base data word is 64 bits, byte-addressable. The logical address space is 2 bytes. The architecture implements predication, speculation, and branch prediction. It uses variable-sized register windowing for parameter passing. The same mechanism is also used to permit parallel execution of loops. Speculation, prediction, predication, and renaming are under control of the compiler: each instruction word includes extra bits for this. This approach is the distinguishing characteristic of the architecture. The architecture implements a large number of registers: Each 128-bit instruction word is called a \"bundle\", and contains three \"slots\" each holding a 41-bit instruction, plus a 5-bit \"template\" indicating which type of instruction is in each slot. Those types are M-unit (memory instructions), I-unit (integer ALU, non-ALU integer, or long immediate extended instructions), F-unit (floating-point instructions), or B-unit (branch or long branch extended instructions). The template also encodes \"stops\" which indicate that a data dependency exists between data before and after the stop. All instructions between a pair of stops constitute an \"instruction group\", regardless of their bundling, and must be free of many types of data dependencies; this knowledge allows the processor to execute instructions in parallel without having to perform its own complicated data analysis, since that analysis was already done when the instructions were written. Within each slot, all but a few instructions are predicated, specifying a predicate register, the value of which (true or false) will determine whether the instruction is executed. Predicated instructions which should always execute are predicated on codice_4, which always reads as true. The IA-64 assembly language and instruction format was deliberately designed to be written mainly by compilers, not by humans. Instructions must be grouped into bundles of three, ensuring that the three instructions match an allowed template. Instructions must issue stops between certain types of data dependencies, and stops can also only be used in limited places according to the allowed templates.", "The fetch mechanism can read up to two bundles per clock from the L1 cache into the pipeline. When the compiler can take maximum advantage of this, the processor can execute six instructions per clock cycle. The processor has thirty functional execution units in eleven groups. Each unit can execute a particular subset of the instruction set, and each unit executes at a rate of one instruction per cycle unless execution stalls waiting for data. While not all units in a group execute identical subsets of the instruction set, common instructions can be executed in multiple units. The execution unit groups include: Ideally, the compiler can often group instructions into sets of six that can execute at the same time. Since the floating-point units implement a multiply–accumulate operation, a single floating point instruction can perform the work of two instructions when the application requires a multiply followed by an add: this is very common in scientific processing. When it occurs, the processor can execute four FLOPs per cycle. For example, the 800 MHz Itanium had a theoretical rating of 3.2 GFLOPS and the fastest Itanium 2, at 1.67 GHz, was rated at 6.67 GFLOPS. In practice, the processor may often be underutilized, with not all slots filled with useful instructions due to e.g. data dependencies or limitations in the available bundle templates. The densest possible code requires 42.6 bits per instruction, compared to 32 bits per instruction on traditional RISC processors of the time, and no-ops due to wasted slots further decrease the density of code. Additional instructions for speculative loads and hints for branches and cache are difficult to generate optimally, even with modern compilers.", "From 2002 to 2006, Itanium 2 processors shared a common cache hierarchy. They had 16 KB of Level 1 instruction cache and 16 KB of Level 1 data cache. The L2 cache was unified (both instruction and data) and is 256 KB. The Level 3 cache was also unified and varied in size from 1.5 MB to 24 MB. The 256 KB L2 cache contains sufficient logic to handle semaphore operations without disturbing the main arithmetic logic unit (ALU). Main memory is accessed through a bus to an off-chip chipset. The Itanium 2 bus was initially called the McKinley bus, but is now usually referred to as the Itanium bus. The speed of the bus has increased steadily with new processor releases. The bus transfers 2×128 bits per clock cycle, so the 200 MHz McKinley bus transferred 6.4 GB/s, and the 533 MHz Montecito bus transfers 17.056 GB/s", "Itanium processors released prior to 2006 had hardware support for the IA-32 architecture to permit support for legacy server applications, but performance for IA-32 code was much worse than for native code and also worse than the performance of contemporaneous x86 processors. In 2005, Intel developed the IA-32 Execution Layer (IA-32 EL), a software emulator that provides better performance. With Montecito, Intel therefore eliminated hardware support for IA-32 code. In 2006, with the release of Montecito, Intel made a number of enhancements to the basic processor architecture including: See Chipsets...Other markets." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 195572, 47064, 4, 2685, 621, 9199, 4, 11587, 116342, 1779, 4, 138, 4, 11587, 102374, 7, 136, 106, 4, 11267, 3789, 15889, 31075, 5, 32964, 23, 15386, 79357, 82, 127, 6402, 94407, 6867, 23, 195572, 47064, 46, 70, 50550, 516, 3395, 136, 70, 503, 1952, 5, 149766, 82, 127, 6402, 94407, 765, 2363, 10002, 46876, 15, 856, 4340, 516, 4, 503, 188, 16, 136, 15380, 604, 14, 16852, 23, 40250, 7, 5, 581, 50550, 516, 43975, 83, 170920, 100, 70, 122785, 1363, 136, 82641, 111, 70, 50550, 516, 46876, 136, 29394, 4, 3129, 621, 107137, 538, 162711, 678, 6863, 105719, 11698, 4, 70, 28720, 136, 153161, 120767, 141, 25134, 9, 647, 11, 48850, 116342, 19, 54529, 53, 111, 50550, 50840, 11, 5, 581, 50550, 516, 43975, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 70, 116342, 19, 27759, 23, 98147, 581, 43975, 83, 81810, 71, 23, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 69924, 4, 26719, 137633, 214, 10696, 103391, 4, 55080, 214, 147158, 9523, 136, 18150, 25188, 4, 9498, 56, 6496, 3687, 9, 11627, 7, 136, 2363, 42518, 214, 43515, 4, 80299, 214, 50550, 516, 9, 196651, 191225, 16070, 136, 10696, 7986, 81415, 4, 136, 5808, 214, 77253, 46876, 108870, 7, 3021, 5, 581, 10, 464, 111, 6097, 69924, 83, 47, 65524, 70, 50550, 516, 3395, 47, 70424, 2363, 10002, 46876, 136, 47, 479, 86687, 2363, 62816, 48242, 6897, 9, 40946, 5, 360, 27580, 70, 2614, 350, 44825, 40250, 23, 195572, 6174, 509, 49814, 47, 70, 46015, 5303, 111, 23, 14525, 28236, 15380, 604, 14, 16852, 5, 57549, 350, 44825, 7, 33233, 678, 44825, 68869, 7, 621, 10, 2831, 111, 89160, 6897, 136, 15380, 604, 14, 16852, 111, 70, 50550, 516, 3395, 5, 62, 2614, 350, 44825, 83, 142, 10332, 9, 148472, 297, 28720, 44825, 4, 3129, 1556, 110, 1658, 39, 10186, 5, 581, 60042, 111, 70, 503, 188, 43975, 83, 47, 176866, 13, 136, 125568, 25188, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 70, 503, 188, 10776, 136, 70, 503, 188, 29394, 136, 47, 65508, 70, 50339, 111, 70, 25188, 47, 70, 3835, 5, 581, 503, 188, 43975, 80299, 90, 15122, 7, 4, 5808, 90, 47353, 136, 5808, 90, 53019, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 503, 188, 29394, 23, 57476, 1363, 678, 3789, 53702, 7, 23, 70, 503, 188, 10776, 5, 360, 37771, 70, 503, 1952, 26, 35874, 75189, 1771, 20623, 111, 7262, 5367, 214, 4, 35839, 95, 8242, 4, 509, 49814, 47, 70, 46015, 5303, 111, 23, 14525, 28236, 15380, 604, 14, 16852, 5, 34870, 13, 4126, 47, 186, 99, 19713, 75534, 5369, 10332, 4, 95, 8242, 83, 90698, 10, 5361, 4000, 20117, 111, 70, 129435, 9, 919, 73, 6402, 11675, 31, 11531, 40250, 5, 195572, 54529, 53, 25, 7, 5201, 25313, 8916, 7, 621, 100, 13, 38904, 136, 109412, 9433, 214, 4, 181750, 136, 15381, 53099, 136, 2843, 6, 177133, 5, 129551, 47, 80835, 7, 111, 34975, 2685, 621, 543, 12744, 22972, 16474, 23, 195572, 47064, 5, 201, 14427, 111, 202681, 7, 23, 70, 54529, 53, 186, 10617, 47, 158978, 8916, 15, 177849, 4, 100, 13, 38904, 247, 138, 11991, 111, 202681, 7, 4488, 23, 169152, 1294, 8916, 15, 1517, 112, 4, 11374, 16, 136, 31140, 111, 202681, 7, 621, 75412, 23, 37526, 1294, 8916, 15, 63923, 214, 53099, 194, 581, 129058, 110613, 6, 157272, 53095, 35509, 23, 195572, 47064, 621, 6483, 717, 2480, 66, 15, 25876, 9433, 214, 247, 6483, 3253, 6563, 15, 25876, 9433, 214, 247, 6483, 19897, 7, 143, 360, 157, 15, 11443, 93, 6644, 36049, 247, 6483, 39166, 11, 52135, 15, 130143, 9433, 214, 247, 6483, 195572, 84367, 271, 15, 49558, 9433, 214, 16, 136, 2290, 62783, 45227, 15, 39060, 3432, 36049, 194, 581, 54529, 53, 25225, 7, 142, 92940, 10821, 31913, 4743, 47, 6863, 35845, 241846, 939, 47, 436, 58588, 23, 49002, 95083, 1785, 16, 136, 155767, 23, 179838, 15, 61107, 1785, 194, 40266, 14, 83259, 83, 62952, 390, 40368, 6181, 32324, 31004, 51042, 8305, 70, 54529, 53, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 62621, 36439, 7, 23, 116342, 4, 57674, 9, 63031, 458, 9, 683, 58588, 4, 10922, 7, 70, 54529, 53, 5, 581, 25134, 9, 647, 4438, 107767, 111, 70, 54529, 53, 83, 41421, 297, 390, 70, 155767, 9, 683, 58588, 9, 37455, 72673, 13036, 33816, 5, 581, 54529, 53, 83, 99716, 25958, 158012, 98, 52350, 36439, 7, 17721, 70, 24453, 136, 10542, 5, 195572, 47064, 1556, 1105, 115215, 678, 189275, 17551, 166733, 7, 5, 6561, 31318, 43315, 10696, 4, 195572, 47064, 196420, 43315, 44284, 11588, 4, 64600, 3912, 12921, 138155, 162878, 7, 23, 67842, 90926, 100, 6331, 25921, 5, 195572, 6174, 83, 10, 117781, 5844, 10776, 81148, 214, 70, 29394, 111, 50550, 516, 136, 503, 188, 5, 105508, 56, 1614, 9, 3464, 7, 621, 107137, 538, 127918, 678, 26908, 70880, 4, 35773, 10484, 4, 59052, 7, 136, 2896, 70880, 5, 181268, 42, 15380, 136, 2896, 135094, 621, 195572, 105141, 11588, 48574, 583, 4, 195572, 6174, 15881, 35773, 1294, 4, 50550, 516, 43975, 4, 70, 59052, 136, 4927, 6, 151570, 3000, 11, 9, 856, 4340, 50840, 11, 105141, 13038, 136, 195572, 6174, 4706, 18222, 5, 8622, 621, 5941, 89160, 136, 351, 9, 209990, 289, 15380, 136, 2896, 47353, 35971, 3687, 23, 70, 54529, 53, 4, 3129, 621, 5808, 297, 390, 12921, 151747, 136, 351, 9, 39348, 53702, 7, 5, 581, 15380, 212790, 83, 115700, 71, 390, 47353, 6044, 237, 195572, 36854, 8129, 4, 11531, 8395, 15634, 3065, 246, 4, 29755, 53429, 8129, 111, 89160, 40, 188, 136, 5744, 7426, 19612, 4, 15381, 44075, 6, 46418, 11292, 28812, 4, 36998, 17859, 4341, 44075, 4, 50550, 12336, 34, 8357, 4171, 31, 13, 214, 191074, 4, 1391, 17529, 20491, 191074, 4, 627, 4340, 39987, 2460, 147, 94698, 136, 5941, 1286, 5, 195572, 6174, 23, 6863, 186768, 132988, 7, 15, 856, 4340, 516, 12, 44, 90948, 11, 50550, 50840, 11, 18939, 99201, 136659, 9935, 114942, 12, 135478, 143, 4, 1950, 10828, 4, 4143, 330, 824, 4, 627, 4340, 39987, 4, 2734, 67450, 4, 105995, 3723, 11, 4, 57524, 23024, 136, 13769, 18124, 150, 885, 5, 32255, 9935, 114942, 621, 82424, 27585, 297, 15, 693, 13, 47, 4842, 14, 144225, 214, 16, 23, 195572, 136, 105995, 3723, 11, 6, 108210, 3387, 678, 63920, 65042, 214, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 195572, 47064, 15, 247, 707, 195572, 6174, 74, 15, 16, 51521, 538, 4, 83, 10, 54529, 53, 23, 174715, 116342, 5, 1650, 83, 132988, 297, 390, 67393, 11, 47064, 136, 105995, 3723, 11, 47064, 136, 83, 70, 4734, 116342, 19, 54529, 53, 132988, 214, 6626, 76726, 20, 179838, 15, 284, 41291, 7, 86, 18319, 2481, 136, 62, 1081, 18319, 2481, 16, 23, 70, 127067, 136, 102374, 200602, 15, 683, 58588, 3545, 19777, 16, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Ethnic Division and Culture.", "Võro People.", "Setos.", "Economy.", "Education.", "Culture and Events.", "History.", "County Government.", "Municipalities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In Võru County, there are 95,3% Estonians, 3,3% Russians and 1,4% other nationalities. Two indigenous ethnic groups live in Võru County – the Võro people and the Setos. Both ethnic groups have their own language (Võro, Seto) and cultural heritage in traditions.", "The Võro Institute is established for the preservation and promotion of the Võro language and culture, which are tightly connected with its historic centre, the rural and mostly agricultural South-Eastern Estonian county of Võromaa. The Võro Institute was founded by the Estonian government in 1995. The Institute is engaged in a wide range of activities, including establishing school programs, conducting linguistic and regional research, preserving place-names and their corresponding stories, publishing Võro-language scholarship and school textbooks, and organizing annual language conferences etc. The aim of these activities is to encourage the Võro people to speak their own language and to preserve their characteristic life-style. In 2014, the smoke sauna tradition in Võrumaa was added to the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. Smoke saunas along with sauna rituals are a part of traditional life and cultural heritage of the Võro people. A smoke sauna is an old-fashioned rural sauna, which has no chimney.", "The purpose of the Seto Institute is to coordinate and promote research in the field of the Seto region and the Seto culture and to introduce the results of the research to the public. The Seto Institute publishes papers, organizes events and organizes education in the field of Seto culture in cooperation with other organizations in the Seto region. In 2009, the Setos’ polyphonic style of folk singing, called leelo, was added to the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. Believed to be at least 1,000 years old, leelo is considered a special local variant of the Baltic-Finnic runo song tradition.", "Võru county's main economic sectors are forestry and wood processing, furniture and food industry and also tourism. According to statistics of 2011, there are 1852 SMEs in Võru County. 47% of enterprises in the county belong to primary sector (agriculture, forestry), 38% of enterprises work in tertiary sector (trade, services) and 15% of enterprises are involved in secondary sector (processing industry). The biggest foreign owned companies based in Võru County are AS Toftan (wood processing), AS Barrus (wood processing), AS Antsla Inno (furniture production), AS Rauameister (metal processing), AS Võru Juust (food processing) and Danpower GmbH (energy production). The county enjoys an advantageous location due to its relative proximity to Pskov in Russia (100 km) and Riga in Latvia (220 km). Accessibility is provided by several transport corridors running through the county. One of the most important transit routes in Estonia, Tallinn-Tartu-Pskov, passes the county. The South-East corner of the county is crossed by the Riga-Pskov-St Petersburg major road. The county is strategically placed on trade routes between the East and West.", "Võru County has 23 schools with approximately 1500 pupils. One vocational school, Võru County Vocational Training Center, offers 33 different practical curriculums in various levels for 600 students.", "Võrumaa is a distinctive region bearing the culture of Võro and Seto. Smaller sub-areas are tightly covered with community centres, libraries, museums and sport centres. Larger cultural and sport facilities are Võru Culture Center Kannel, Võrumaa Central library, Võro Institute, the museum and art gallery Vana-Võromaa Culture House and Võrumaa Sport Centre. There are many traditional and non-traditional cultural and sport events taking place in the county, which are organized by different associations and non-profit organizations. The cultural landscape is shaped by events such as Võru Folk Festival, song festival Uma Pido, Ostrova Festival of traditional seto and modern pop music, food fair UMA MEKK, unique Lindora fair, Võhandu International Canoeing Marathon, Haanja Ski Marathon, Rõuge Boar Race and many more.", "Võrumaa in its historical borders (Võro: \"Vana Võromaa\") included eight parishes: Karula, Hargla, Urvaste, Rõuge, Kanepi, Põlva, Räpina and Vastseliina. These parishes are currently centered (due to redistricting) in Võru and Põlva Counties with parts extending into Valga and Tartu Counties. From 1944 to 1953, the Estonian Forest Brothers (anti-Soviet partisans) were most active in Võru County.", "Võru County Government (\"Maavalitsus\") is a regional government agency, directed by the County Governor (\"maavanem\"), who represents the national interests in the county and is responsible for the balanced and comprehensive development of the county. The County Governor is appointed to the office by the Government of Estonia for a 5-year term, on the proposal of the Minister of Regional Affairs. Since 2010 the Governor position is taken by Andres Kõiv.", "Today Võru County consists 5 municipalities that work together to facilitate the county's balanced and sustainable development. 5 municipalities are divided for one urban - Võru - and 4 rural municipalities (\"vallad\" - parishes) - Antsla, Rõuge, Setomaa, Võru. In Võru County there are two towns (\"linnad\" - Võru and Antsla) and approximately 570 villages. Rural municipalities:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 2022, 4021, 70, 76106, 7, 23, 39210, 10542, 187414, 238, 83, 70, 5381, 1803, 47691, 111, 173, 320, 44, 206, 58, 977, 44, 794, 58, 24073, 334, 1041, 794, 1041, 58, 242, 5584, 25, 247, 12960, 44, 7, 58, 24073, 334, 1041, 7, 1041, 18939, 126809, 23, 70, 24453, 136, 25134, 187414, 238, 220734, 7, 5, 17106, 73, 10542, 187414, 238, 4, 103655, 136, 154350, 84797, 71, 1295, 28820, 127, 10932, 70, 209, 927, 47, 427, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 31384, 3789, 65572, 34739, 3687, 20271, 166904, 538, 70, 209, 927, 142642, 12, 581, 213566, 7154, 111, 70, 70270, 4098, 7, 90254, 33, 297, 70, 6, 75189, 109622, 69822, 111, 5381, 1803, 29367, 15, 61306, 33, 297, 16, 136, 51, 16917, 1803, 29367, 158, 1681, 10840, 4, 136, 16750, 297, 23, 42068, 5256, 111, 28, 2278, 2347, 9523, 44, 13, 58, 136, 6, 247301, 15, 139550, 9, 26551, 282, 194, 581, 69822, 111, 70, 2244, 8420, 102134, 939, 15, 23986, 927, 16, 509, 2843, 90254, 33, 297, 5, 581, 8, 16917, 1803, 47691, 111, 158, 1681, 10840, 107671, 214, 44, 13, 58, 136, 44, 973, 58, 34739, 3687, 14432, 4, 4911, 7, 70, 12478, 944, 27771, 111, 74918, 42, 6620, 111, 5381, 1803, 29367, 158, 1681, 10840, 509, 92319, 297, 4, 1284, 442, 90254, 33, 297, 70, 5381, 1803, 47691, 69822, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 5, 581, 15549, 111, 44, 26, 973, 977, 6, 2353, 58, 136, 44, 973, 977, 10, 58, 34739, 3687, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 2244, 8420, 7, 3542, 12912, 15, 973, 4, 28, 4, 17, 4, 6, 2353, 16, 136, 4420, 15, 11, 4, 36, 4, 75, 247, 136, 70, 12912, 64333, 1902, 2363, 4420, 20117, 7, 15, 64688, 26551, 7, 247, 136, 22925, 105274, 5, 581, 158, 1681, 10840, 3542, 101637, 71, 3934, 7941, 15, 275, 4, 915, 4, 81, 4, 347, 4, 808, 4, 104, 4, 1690, 4, 96, 4, 653, 4, 501, 4, 97, 4, 91, 4, 472, 4, 706, 4, 3863, 16, 136, 32977, 46, 5381, 1803, 707, 5381, 1803, 29367, 15, 18, 26, 4, 104, 26, 4, 6, 6741, 4, 96, 26, 4, 653, 26, 4, 501, 26, 4, 91, 26, 4, 97, 26, 4, 7658, 4, 9717, 4, 15712, 4, 1647, 4, 6, 9756, 194, 3293, 91853, 509, 200103, 100, 70, 14432, 34754, 5, 581, 6, 179546, 15032, 111, 187414, 238, 248, 177, 64, 47, 248, 127, 64, 83, 142, 134151, 60213, 99764, 390, 61764, 3378, 15, 2940, 3060, 127067, 9022, 102374, 220734, 7, 247, 113852, 3378, 4, 154350, 4, 103655, 4, 13965, 62806, 15, 8789, 959, 28820, 127, 16, 136, 66320, 939, 111, 35061, 13, 220734, 7, 5, 3293, 76106, 135179, 47, 765, 26983, 6259, 1295, 28, 4438, 47, 65272, 4, 136, 83, 68018, 150380, 297, 47, 5470, 678, 159, 2408, 24948, 9, 294, 25271, 55283, 5, 1650, 83, 189275, 607, 297, 47, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 23, 154350, 4, 70, 427, 927, 47, 702, 927, 142642, 23, 103655, 136, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 23, 26655, 56, 13965, 62806, 5, 360, 70, 109650, 8, 11030, 19, 6889, 4, 70, 89160, 91853, 59499, 47, 70, 2565, 9, 48567, 86658, 509, 161838, 538, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 127501, 24702, 133, 15, 1510, 1010, 2256, 4, 76034, 13, 136, 108, 25208, 16, 8622, 3542, 2843, 17262, 122092, 11, 70760, 101935, 12, 67824, 4, 87758, 136, 97308, 5, 581, 87758, 83, 2843, 190659, 23, 42792, 228186, 5256, 5, 581, 11015, 83, 36510, 297, 390, 940, 24816, 4, 215574, 4, 15787, 136, 12266, 185622, 5, 581, 22690, 1492, 184, 83, 959, 188347, 14373, 74, 70, 13379, 1492, 184, 83, 27983, 11814, 64457, 5, 581, 69822, 111, 15787, 5844, 136, 215574, 5844, 128746, 83, 959, 89554, 126809, 14373, 4, 2685, 621, 2843, 333, 202532, 20605, 136, 110, 9, 202532, 20605, 42792, 7, 5, 581, 67241, 9, 294, 143, 21605, 166, 80654, 509, 11814, 7103, 42792, 7, 111, 78112, 4, 1284, 442, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 54241, 5844, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 158, 99736, 6635, 54241, 5844, 86658, 44, 9, 18, 58, 23113, 538, 136622, 70, 166, 80654, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 59121, 115923, 111, 103655, 5622, 47, 70, 427, 927, 47, 702, 927, 142642, 4, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 3357, 123055, 4, 207244, 90, 136, 16610, 73048, 5, 581, 10332, 525, 51529, 28484, 103655, 149357, 83, 10, 20537, 98, 70, 137374, 178727, 111, 70, 1261, 188, 206905, 329, 139539, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 12, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 7986, 7, 3542, 59121, 23, 44, 58460, 4935, 707, 927, 87168, 830, 3129, 11814, 70, 120820, 111, 70, 42845, 6, 229231, 15490, 2499, 879, 33692, 41637, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 920, 12282, 31075, 4, 6044, 237, 23, 70, 31330, 44, 238, 58, 33636, 214, 70, 44, 92, 58, 248, 92, 64, 4, 44, 238, 58, 248, 933, 64, 136, 44, 2024, 58, 248, 18, 245313, 64, 24089, 3716, 5, 147466, 20271, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 44, 428, 41382, 707, 927, 87168, 58, 9842, 7, 47, 108975, 4, 102971, 959, 242161, 25958, 5, 106935, 19, 21094, 111, 120820, 15, 428, 41382, 7, 16, 621, 11814, 100, 182304, 103655, 102678, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 44, 4295, 58, 100, 44, 6741, 740, 181268, 65572, 5646, 3687, 23, 103655, 6, 75189, 25443, 23, 70, 427, 927, 136, 702, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 43643, 136, 4420, 20117, 7, 111, 2244, 8420, 7, 621, 184750, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 44, 26, 973, 977, 6, 2353, 58, 24073, 478, 18939, 136, 44, 26, 11, 977, 6, 2353, 58, 24073, 334, 26, 11, 249906, 329, 977, 4004, 329, 58, 25, 17678, 25, 4, 44, 254, 26, 973, 92, 1554, 977, 239750, 58, 242, 3466, 25, 194, 360, 70, 6, 178851, 25443, 4, 6097, 65572, 53894, 33, 297, 70, 60212, 7, 17721, 7941, 136, 32977, 110, 309, 52895, 24073, 184, 47249, 161, 58, 242, 3814, 1991, 15, 1409, 5, 16, 25, 6, 243542, 44, 748, 35562, 2353, 58, 242, 2424, 72089, 669, 15, 1409, 5, 16, 25, 74, 44, 7791, 590, 58, 242, 35461, 7, 25, 6, 243542, 44, 4514, 26, 2353, 58, 25, 184, 162, 25, 74, 44, 150268, 58, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 103655, 46876, 126809, 99, 70, 20903, 111, 70, 106, 271, 212010, 316, 1295, 39210, 10542, 187414, 238, 5, 992, 3675, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 442, 509, 51529, 237, 44, 571, 147610, 66, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early West Slavic.", "Old Czech.", "Earliest records.", "14th century.", "Hussite period.", "Early Modern Czech.", "Humanistic period.", "Baroque period.", "Modern Czech." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Among the innovations in common West Slavic is the palatalization of velar \"ch\" > \"š\" (\"vьšь\" 'all'), while \"s\" (\"vьsь\") developed in the East and South Slavic dialects. Within West Slavic, Czech and Slovak separated from Polish around the 10th to 12th centuries. Some other changes took place during roughly the 10th century: The disappearance of the odd yers strengthened the phonological contrast of palatalized (softened) and unpalatalized consonants, and resulted in alterations of epenthetic \"e\" and ∅ (null-phoneme). The contrast of the vowel quantity (length) was also strengthened. The depalatalization of consonants preceding \"e\" and \"ä\" took place later, thus the frequency of occurrence of palatalized consonants was lowered, but it strengthened the palatalization contrast at the same time. The change of \"’ä > ě\" and \"ä > a\" took place at the end of the 12th century. The vowels were front (ä, e, i, ě) and back (a, o, u), and the front ones had their back variants (allophones), and vice versa. The consonants were divided into hard (b, p, v, m, t, d, r, l, n, c, z, s, k, g, ch) and soft – palatal or palatalized (t’, d’, ř, l’, n’, c’, s’, z’, č, š, ž, j, ň). This division was cardinal for the later development. The spirantisation of Slavic /g/ to /h/ is an areal feature shared by Ukrainian (and some southern Russian dialects), Belarusian, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian (but not Polish) and minority of Slovene dialects. This innovation appears to have travelled from east to west, and is sometimes attributed to contact with Scytho-Sarmatian. It is approximately dated to the 12th century in Slovak, the 12th to 13th century in Czech and the 14th century in Upper Sorbian. In the nominal declension, the traditional division according to the word-stem ending was progressively replaced by the gender principle (masculine, feminine and neuter) There were also three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual is also applied in verb conjugations. The past is expressed by aorist, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect. The future tense is not fixed yet; the present tense is often used instead. The contrast of perfective and imperfective aspects is not fully developed yet, there are also biaspectual and no-aspectual verbs. The Proto-Slavic supine was used after verbs of motion, but it was replaced by the infinitive. However, the contemporary infinitive ending \"-t\" formally continues the supine.", "", "The earliest written records of Czech date to the 12th to 13th century, in the form of personal names, glosses and short notes. The oldest known complete Czech sentence is a note on the foundation charter of the Litoměřice chapter at the beginning of the 13th century: The earliest texts were written in \"primitive orthography\", which used the letters of the Latin alphabet without any diacritics, resulting in ambiguities, such as in the letter \"c\" representing the \"k\" /k/, \"c\" /ts/ and \"č\" /tʃ/ phonemes. Later during the 13th century, the \"digraph orthography\" begins to appear, although not systematically. Combinations of letters (digraphs) are used for recording Czech sounds, e.g. \"rs\" for \"ř\". Large changes take place in Czech phonology in the 12th and 13th centuries. Front and back variants of vowels are removed, e.g. \"’ä > ě\" (\"ie\") and \"’a > ě\" (\"v’a̋ce > viece\"'more', \"p’äkný > pěkný\" 'nice'). In the morphology, these changes deepened the differences between hard and soft noun types (\"sedláka\" 'farmer (gen.)' ↔ \"oráčě\" 'ploughman (gen.)'; \"města\" 'towns' ↔ \"mor’ě\"'seas'; \"žena\" 'woman' ↔ \"dušě\"'soul') as well as verbs (\"volati\" 'to call' ↔ \"sázěti\" 'to plant out'). The hard syllabic \"l\" changed to \"lu\" (\"Chlmec > Chlumec, dĺgý > dlúhý\" 'long'), as opposite to soft \"l’\". The change of \"g\" to, and later to, had been in progress since the 12th century. Later assibilation of palatalized alveolars (\"t’ > c’, d’ > dz’\" and \"r’ > rs’\") occurred. However, \"c’\" and \"dz’\" disappeared later, but the change of \"r’ > rs’ > ř\" became permanent.", "In the 14th century, Czech began to penetrate various literal styles. Official documents in Czech exist at the end of the century. The digraph orthography is applied. The \"older digraph orthography\": \"ch = ch; chz = č; cz = c; g = j; rs, rz = ř; s = ž\" or \"š; w = v; v = u; zz = s; z = z; ie, ye = ě\"; the graphemes \"i\" and \"y\" are interchangeable. The vowel length is not usually denoted, doubled letters are used rarely. Obligatory regulations did not exist. This is why the system was not always applied precisely. After 1340, the \"later digraph orthography\" was applied: \"ch = ch; cz = c\" or \"č; g = j; rs, rz = ř; s = s\" or \"š; ss = s\" or \"š; w = v; v = u; z = z\" or \"ž\", syllable-final \"y\" = \"j\"; \"ie, ye = ě\". The graphemes \"i\" and \"y\" remain interchangeable. The punctuation mark is sometimes used in various shapes. Its function is to denote pauses. The changes of \"’u > i\" (\"kl’úč > klíč\" 'key') and \"’o > ě\" (\"koňóm > koniem\" '(to) horses') took place. The so-called \"main historical depalatalization\", initiated in the 13th century, was finished. Palatalized (softened) consonants either merged with their hard counterparts or became palatal (ď, ť, ň). The depalatalization did not temporarily concern hard and soft \"l\", which merged to one middle \"l\" later at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. In this context, the phoneme \"ě\" [je] disappeared. The short \"ě\" either changed to \"e\" or was dissociated to \"j + e\" (\"pěna\" [pjena] 'foam') before labial consonants in the pronunciation. The long \"ě\" was diphthongized to \"ie\" (\"chtieti\" 'to want', \"čieše\" 'goblet', \"piesek\"'sand'). At the same time, the long \"ó\" was diphthongized to \"uo\" (\"sól > suol\"'salt'). In pronunciation, \"regressive assimilation of voice\" was enforced (with the exception of \"h, ř\" and \"v\"). The voicedness became the main contrastive feature of consonants after the disappearance of palatalization. The original pronunciation of \"v\" was probably bilabial (as preserved in some Eastern-Bohemian dialects in syllable-final positions: \"diwnej\" 'peculiar', \"stowka\" 'a hundred'), but in the 14th century, the articulation was adapted to the unvoiced labiodental \"f\". Prothetic \"v-\" has been added to all words beginning with \"o-\" (\"voko\" instead of \"oko\" 'eye') in the Bohemian dialects since this period. In morphology, the future tense of imperfective verbs was fixed. The type \"budu volati\" 'I will call' became preferred to other types (\"chc’u volati\" 'I want to call', \"jmám volati\" 'I have to call', and \"budu volal\" 'I will have called'). The contrastive feature of (im)perfectiveness was also stabilized. The perfectivization function of prefixes and the imperfectivization function of suffixes are applied. As a consequence of this, aorist and imperfect start disappearing little by little and are replaced by the perfect (now called preterite, since it became the only past tense in Czech). The periphrastic passive voice is formed.", "The period of the 15th century from the beginning of Jan Hus's preaching activity to the beginning of Czech humanism. The number of literary language users enlarges. Czech fully penetrates the administration. Around 1406, a reform of the orthography was suggested in \"De orthographia bohemica\", a work attributed to Jan Hus – the so-called \"diacritic orthography\". For recording of soft consonants, digraphs are replaced by a dot above letters. The acute is used to denote the vowel length. The digraph \"ch\" and the grapheme \"w\" are preserved. The interchangeability of the graphemes \"i\" and \"y\" is cancelled. The suggestion is a work of an individual person, therefore this graphic system was accepted slowly, the digraph orthography was still in use. As a consequence of the loss of palatalization, the pronunciation of \"y\" and \"i\" merged. This change resulted in the diphthongization of \"ý > ej\" in Common Czech (the widespread Bohemian interdialect). There are also some other changes in this period: the diphthongization of \"ú > ou\" (written \"au\", the pronunciation was probably different than today), the monophthongization of \"ie > í\" (\"miera > míra\"'measure') and \"uo > ú\". The diphthong \"uo\" was sometimes recorded as \"o\" in the form of a ring above the letter \"u\", which resulted in the grapheme \"ů\" (\"kuoň > kůň\"). The ring has been regarded as a diacritic mark denoting the length since the change in pronunciation. The contrast of animateness in masculine inflection is not still fully set, as it is not yet applied to animals (\"vidím pána\" 'I see a lord'; \"vidím pes\" 'I see a dog'). Aorist and imperfect have disappeared from literary styles before the end of the 15th century.", "", "The period of the mature literary language from the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century. The orthography in written texts is not still unified, digraphs are used predominantly in various forms. After the invention of book-printing, the so-called \"Brethren orthography\" stabilized in printed documents. The Bible of Kralice (1579 – 1593), the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages by the Unity of the Brethren, became the pattern of the literal Czech language. The orthography was predominantly diacritic; the dot in soft consonants was replaced by the caron which was used in \"č, ď, ň, ř, ť, ž\". The letter \"š\" was mostly written in the final positions in words only, the digraph \"ʃʃ\" was written in the middle. The grapheme \"ě\" became used in the contemporary way. Vowel length was denoted by the acute accent, except for \"ů\" developed from original \"uo\". The long \"í\" was doubled \"ii\" for technical reasons; later it was denoted as \"ij\", and finally as \"j\". Pronounced [j] was recorded as \"g\" or \"y\", pronounced [g] was sometimes recorded by the grapheme \"ǧ\". The double \"w\" was preserved, the simple \"v\" denoted the word-initial \"u\". The diphthong \"ou\" was denoted as \"au\". The hard \"y\" was always written after \"c, s, z\" (\"cyzý\"'strange'). The complicated syntax, influenced by Latin texts, required some improvement of the punctuation. However, the comma was used according to pauses in pronunciation, not the syntax. The full stop, the colon, the question mark and the exclamation mark are used. The first grammars are published for typographers' purposes. In the pronunciation, the change of \"ý > ej\" was established, but it occurred in lesser prestige style text only. The diphthongization of \"ú > ou\" was also stabilized (but \"au\" still remained in graphics). In initial positions, it was used in lesser prestige or specialized styles only. Written \"mě\" [mje] starts to be pronounced as [mňe]. The change of tautosyllabic \"aj > ej\" (\"daj > dej\" 'give (2. sg. imperative)', \"vajce > vejce\" 'egg') took place, but it was not applied in heterosyllabic \"aj\" (\"dají\" 'they will give', \"vajec\" 'egg (gen. pl.)'). In morphology, the differentiation of animate and inanimate masculines was completed (\"vidím psa\" rather than the earlier \"vidím pes\").", "The period from the second half of the 17th century to the second third of the 18th century was marked by confiscations and emigration of the Czech intelligentsia after the Battle of White Mountain. The function of the literary language was limited; it left the scientific field first, the discerning literature later, and the administration finally. Under the rule of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, who also reigned as king of Bohemia, the use of Czech was discouraged due to its association with Protestantism, and relegated to a spoken peasant tongue. However, puppeteers continued to use Czech for public marionette shows, and popular legend has it that this preserved the Czech language from extinction at home. Meanwhile, prestigious literary styles were cultivated by Czech expatriates abroad. The zenith and, simultaneously, the end of the florescence of prestigious literary styles are represented by the works of Jan Amos Komenský. The changes in the phonology and the morphology of the literary language ended in the previous period. Only the spoken language continued its development in the country. As a consequence of strong isolation, the differences between dialects were deepened. Especially, the Moravian and Silesian dialects developed divergently from Common Czech. Printed documents used the same orthography as in the previous period. Only the two kinds of \"l\" are not differentiated any more. The semicolon occurs as a punctuation mark for better and clear organization of excessive and complicated complex sentences. Digraphs with irregular elements of diacritics are still used in hand-written texts. The first ideas of the National Revival were in so-called defences of the Czech language. The most likely first such work is \"Dissertatio apologenetica pro lingua Slavonica, praecipue Bohemica\" (\"The defence of the Slavic language, of Czech in particular\"), written in Latin by Bohuslav Balbín.", "The period from the 1780s to the 1840s. The abolition of serfdom in 1781 (by Joseph II) caused migration of country inhabitants to towns. It enabled the implementation of the ideas of the Czech national awakeners for the renewal of the Czech language. However, the people's language and literary genres of the previous period were strange to the enlightened intelligentsia. The literary language of the end of the 16th century and of Komenský’s work became the starting point for the new codification of literary Czech. Of the various attempts at codification, Josef Dobrovský’s grammar was ultimately generally accepted. Purists' attempts to cleanse the language of germanisms (both real and fictitious) had been occurring by that time. The publication of Josef Jungmann’s five-part \"Czech-German Dictionary\" (1830–1835) contributed to the renewal of Czech vocabulary. Thanks to the enthusiasm of Czech scientists, Czech scientific terminology was created. Step by step, the orthography was liberated from the relics of the Brethren orthography. According to the etymology, \"si, zi\" or \"sy, zy\" came to be written, \"cy\" was replaced by \"ci\". Antiqua was introduced instead of fractura in printing, and it led to the removal of the digraph \"ʃʃ\" and its replacement by the letter \"š\". The long \"í\" replaced \"j\", and \"j\" replaced \"g\" (\"gegj > její\" 'hers'). In the 1840s, the double \"w\" was replaced by \"v\" and \"ou\" replaced the traditional \"au\". Thus, the orthography became close to its contemporary appearance. According to the German model, the punctuation leaves the pause principle and respects the syntax. The artistic literature often resorted to archaisms and did not respect the natural development of the spoken language. This was due to attempts to reach the prestige literal styles. Literary Czech has not been an exclusive matter of the intellectual classes since the 1840s. Journalism was developing and artistic works got closer to the spoken language, especially in syntax. In 1902, Jan Gebauer published the first Rules of Czech Orthography, which also contained an overview of the morphology. These rules still preferred older forms in doublets. During the 20th century, elements of the spoken language (of Common Czech especially) penetrated literary Czech. The orthography of foreign words was changed to reflect their German pronunciation, especially writing \"z\" instead of \"s\" and marking the vowel length (e.g. \"gymnasium > gymnázium\" 'grammar school'). Social changes after World War II (1945) led to gradual diminishing of differences between dialects. Since the second half of the 20th century, Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected, as a consequence of the media's influence." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 83, 70, 142105, 136, 2684, 158788, 111, 70, 17262, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 5, 1650, 30482, 1257, 10, 21334, 126826, 111, 70, 115700, 136, 170894, 111, 70, 26177, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 653, 118201, 136, 6117, 2594, 18738, 7, 3038, 46889, 111, 10, 96137, 141636, 115700, 4, 136, 3173, 7, 70, 502, 7732, 329, 111, 70, 24, 1636, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 83, 10, 134744, 4, 6117, 2594, 4, 4567, 26518, 123635, 4, 39501, 297, 98, 70, 1810, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 4203, 1824, 5, 1650, 400, 90, 502, 151645, 47, 70, 167994, 19005, 87190, 136, 6863, 39225, 50960, 83, 127918, 390, 70, 167994, 19005, 87190, 4, 6863, 14798, 6626, 9, 95037, 6468, 390, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 4, 3129, 84797, 7, 442, 1295, 70, 158788, 37205, 11, 136, 21722, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 83, 70, 19336, 525, 111, 70, 17262, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 136, 83, 39501, 297, 109312, 9149, 10519, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 5, 581, 11876, 92, 111, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 46889, 162466, 7, 4734, 2878, 25958, 47, 115700, 111, 70, 1284, 188, 22824, 5, 581, 3789, 13036, 22231, 1916, 31461, 83, 450, 111, 70, 2652, 93, 94739, 20655, 7522, 223, 111, 70, 1284, 188, 22824, 4, 3129, 83, 4552, 5299, 126809, 23, 903, 16128, 4, 136, 76199, 70, 1284, 188, 2594, 6863, 62816, 48242, 68807, 297, 115700, 5, 581, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 11876, 92, 136, 70334, 831, 186, 52295, 71, 678, 81979, 5, 33306, 4, 442, 83, 156531, 660, 538, 70, 50745, 111, 70, 645, 538, 214, 2652, 93, 94739, 20655, 7522, 223, 3129, 1543, 22304, 57, 36659, 23, 903, 10776, 111, 70, 14361, 5, 155534, 184, 23, 4537, 15, 10869, 4734, 111, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 1284, 111, 70, 14361, 23, 4537, 16, 3129, 831, 162466, 47, 19780, 86669, 831, 37105, 47, 456, 77391, 111, 46889, 23, 1614, 145051, 86, 289, 19780, 132096, 31913, 7, 98, 70, 14361, 3129, 96853, 70, 2652, 93, 94739, 4, 221, 100, 65342, 56, 136, 1286, 36457, 79165, 4, 70, 167994, 90, 1221, 1286, 156531, 660, 538, 162466, 47, 70, 115700, 3501, 22008, 40715, 36457, 678, 10, 72717, 56, 166577, 5, 581, 79385, 111, 14361, 19780, 4343, 71, 23, 67842, 31913, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 2652, 93, 94739, 83, 28214, 3674, 390, 101412, 136, 147198, 60641, 7, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 187, 62093, 1295, 70, 39225, 18743, 67, 289, 13315, 111, 70, 75414, 1407, 56, 1499, 316, 4, 136, 70, 166904, 126826, 111, 32881, 26719, 70, 7359, 271, 4, 109312, 36917, 136, 50155, 442, 74, 1295, 70, 39225, 71579, 111, 70, 92319, 2831, 111, 70, 30823, 1605, 136, 70, 5609, 111, 70, 552, 10060, 53, 425, 74, 1295, 70, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 111, 70, 3657, 18770, 25927, 11, 13, 15, 4689, 837, 1846, 2317, 37205, 11, 247, 70, 57, 15322, 70485, 14179, 7, 19881, 674, 4, 136, 70, 37205, 11, 29256, 214, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 5, 581, 109197, 7, 621, 8951, 297, 31110, 944, 538, 7565, 19364, 136, 80707, 19364, 74, 70, 123635, 1556, 6626, 28046, 5256, 12, 139661, 3173, 214, 70, 1407, 56, 136, 150679, 126826, 111, 70, 123635, 4, 25842, 678, 70, 158788, 109197, 7, 111, 70, 92319, 126826, 4, 3564, 23, 10, 6117, 2594, 17660, 73, 10821, 21, 10593, 4, 3129, 10922, 7, 36880, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 4, 136, 183540, 7, 3934, 70, 1499, 14981, 964, 289, 8753, 111, 70, 37205, 11, 39796, 74, 136, 70, 53894, 56, 109197, 7, 111, 70, 92319, 126826, 111, 70, 123635, 621, 183540, 297, 3934, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 43333, 3666, 2481, 17721, 70, 12920, 7, 80707, 164, 136, 606, 693, 18770, 1697, 7851, 5, 1650, 7, 22631, 83, 47, 65042, 136, 47, 80707, 538, 47014, 67, 70, 26177, 4, 136, 2843, 47, 65042, 70, 195550, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 123635, 62038, 1636, 98, 70, 1810, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 1499, 316, 17721, 70, 1499, 2263, 7359, 271, 136, 70, 39225, 18743, 67, 289, 13315, 36917, 4, 136, 70, 14798, 18743, 67, 289, 13315, 35064, 74, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 2843, 62038, 1636, 1295, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 450, 29256, 7, 6863, 1810, 56, 71579, 5, 581, 109197, 7, 111, 70, 123635, 158, 74789, 3934, 10, 37515, 49878, 510, 297, 42728, 19, 450, 183540, 7, 98, 70, 80707, 71579, 111, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 5, 5455, 183037, 4, 70, 123635, 25, 7, 42728, 19, 183540, 7, 3934, 142, 31110, 944, 6, 91854, 450, 127877, 7565, 19364, 136, 40225, 98, 70, 80707, 71579, 111, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 83, 1207, 9, 2420, 20051, 4, 187, 72219, 1295, 70, 1810, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 1499, 316, 4, 17721, 70, 14798, 136, 44157, 18743, 67, 289, 124519, 4, 136, 50155, 4, 1295, 70, 92142, 111, 70, 117396, 13047, 11, 9523, 959, 206, 5, 581, 109197, 7, 158, 74789, 47, 70, 53894, 71579, 111, 10, 4567, 27686, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 4, 136, 903, 3564, 7, 23, 10, 42728, 19, 3129, 83, 183540, 297, 3934, 142, 49128, 98, 70, 14798, 132988, 111, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 4, 136, 76199, 142, 14700, 66, 6889, 47, 70, 150143, 111, 70, 26177, 124416, 5, 581, 32354, 7, 111, 123635, 7, 96853, 111938, 4, 1563, 77391, 136, 70796, 237, 5299, 237, 173591, 2062, 22062, 111, 70, 26177, 124416, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 2843, 8060, 7, 70, 65042, 297, 472, 86, 13, 8305, 70, 1499, 14981, 964, 289, 98687, 5, 602, 19514, 100, 4989, 14922, 7, 831, 37105, 47, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 10, 29813, 3038, 214, 8305, 53697, 81147, 136, 45, 76167, 5, 3293, 1543, 186, 137272, 678, 15, 289, 197271, 959, 204988, 70, 22304, 111, 16, 92319, 4420, 24503, 4, 34844, 53, 678, 3060, 112664, 7, 450, 6083, 538, 64209, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 9588, 214, 1295, 70, 40, 27686, 19069, 4, 136, 194637, 214, 126946, 7, 5, 28541, 81979, 450, 43240, 136, 64, 748, 115851, 90, 70, 1284, 188, 22824, 83, 202319, 4, 100, 27781, 32386, 90, 4, 26177, 5675, 43245, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 621, 10, 21115, 111, 17262, 123635, 7, 3129, 3249, 1257, 70, 1284, 188, 22824, 12, 70, 167994, 19005, 87190, 4, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 136, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 5, 581, 17262, 123635, 7, 62038, 67, 1295, 70, 1499, 316, 136, 30823, 1605, 136, 183540, 98, 70, 6854, 474, 5, 581, 32354, 7, 111, 70, 123635, 7, 26698, 111938, 4, 1563, 77391, 4, 173591, 2062, 22062, 4, 136, 70796, 2062, 22062, 111, 70, 26177, 124416, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Gluteus maximus.", "Gluteus medius.", "Gluteus minimus.", "Function.", "Clinical significance.", "Society and culture.", "Exercise and stretching." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The gluteus maximus is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the hips. It is a narrow and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. The gluteus medius is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. It lies profound to the gluteus maximus and its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and skin. The gluteus minimus is the smallest of the three gluteal muscles and is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius. The bulk of the gluteal muscle mass contributes only partially to shape of the buttocks. The other major contributing factor is that of the panniculus adiposus of the buttocks, which is very well developed in this area, and gives the buttock its characteristic rounded shape. The gluteal muscle bulk and tone can be improved with exercise. However, it is predominantly the disposition of the overlying panniculus adiposus which may cause sagging in this region of the body. Exercise in general (not only of the gluteal muscles but of the body in general) which can contribute to fat loss can lead to reduction of mass in subcutaneal fat storage locations on the body which includes the panniculus, so for leaner and more active individuals, the glutes will more predominantly contribute to the shape than someone less active with a fattier composition. The degree of body fat stored in various locations such as the panniculus is dictated by genetic and hormonal profiles.", "The gluteus maximus arises from the posterior gluteal line of the inner upper ilium, and the rough portion of bone including the crest, immediately above and behind it; from the posterior surface of the lower part of the sacrum and the side of the coccyx; from the aponeurosis of the erector spinae (lumbodorsal fascia), the sacrotuberous ligament, and the fascia covering the gluteus medius. The fibers are directed obliquely downward and lateralward; the muscle has two insertions: Those forming the upper and larger portion of the muscle, together with the superficial fibers of the lower portion, end in a thick tendinous lamina, which passes across the greater trochanter, and inserts into the iliotibial band of the fascia lata; and the deeper fibers of the lower portion of the muscle are inserted into the gluteal tuberosity between the vastus lateralis and adductor magnus. Its action is to extend and to laterally rotate the hip, and also to extend the trunk.", "The gluteus medius muscle originates on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below; the gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface. The fibers of the muscle converge into a strong flattened tendon that inserts on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter. More specifically, the muscle's tendon inserts into an oblique ridge that runs downward and forward on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter.", "The gluteus minimus is fan-shaped, arising from the outer surface of the ilium, between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, and behind, from the margin of the greater sciatic notch. The fibers converge to the deep surface of a radiated aponeurosis, and this ends in a tendon which is inserted into an impression on the anterior border of the greater trochanter, and gives an expansion to the capsule of the hip joint.", "The functions of muscles includes extension, abduction and internal as well as external rotation of the hip joint. The gluteus maximus also supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract.", "Sitting for long periods can lead to the gluteal muscles atrophying through constant pressure and disuse. This may be associated with (although not necessarily the cause of) lower back pain, difficulty with some movements that naturally require the gluteal muscles, such as rising from the seated position, and climbing stairs.", "", "Any exercise that works and/or stretches the buttocks is suitable, for example lunges, hip thrusts, climbing stairs, fencing, bicycling, rowing, squats, arabesque, aerobics, and various specific exercises for the bottom. Weight training exercises which are known to significantly strengthen the gluteal muscles include the squat, deadlift, leg press, any other movements involving external hip rotation and hip extension." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1529, 509, 103122, 23, 210721, 5, 1529, 150180, 71, 23, 700, 87168, 1295, 28166, 12535, 23, 210721, 23, 20986, 4, 217063, 10, 52625, 23, 24955, 28745, 7, 79385, 1632, 6602, 14432, 5, 360, 70, 4122, 9, 97057, 7, 764, 509, 10, 109091, 37379, 136, 110373, 56, 14154, 176867, 30675, 5, 24372, 5808, 214, 10, 32837, 1363, 23, 18982, 13501, 4, 21209, 3041, 509, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 100, 6626, 21775, 5, 360, 7582, 13501, 4, 12960, 70, 183910, 135555, 509, 1379, 7514, 4, 764, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 70, 167320, 9345, 5, 360, 59532, 77407, 4, 21209, 3041, 509, 110613, 44930, 606, 51858, 47, 34202, 145574, 1391, 2601, 5, 14847, 1391, 2601, 2288, 48398, 7565, 1295, 1919, 23179, 20271, 2837, 166589, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 136, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 41371, 103655, 110613, 4516, 80723, 47, 186, 100, 4806, 4, 21209, 3041, 100512, 103655, 47806, 25, 7, 23972, 76677, 53, 33744, 111, 184293, 184593, 23, 8055, 12839, 4, 102778, 17, 5, 10, 5, 100, 9807, 118, 26518, 70, 91853, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 92, 37578, 2408, 5, 360, 11891, 764, 509, 10, 185256, 9807, 118, 4597, 100, 70, 103655, 9, 191697, 98501, 1363, 98, 70, 174948, 289, 116822, 7, 136, 2363, 94724, 55441, 5, 360, 11994, 10586, 21209, 3041, 25737, 47, 24209, 70, 103655, 10250, 11124, 1846, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 24765, 214, 2685, 24189, 20414, 55197, 28090, 11994, 6789, 47, 18982, 88847, 21209, 3041, 509, 70, 103655, 92416, 63871, 56, 102778, 100, 212485, 111, 5726, 210721, 184679, 111, 70, 16232, 5, 28090, 18982, 47, 20414, 6052, 21209, 3041, 509, 10, 76677, 53, 184293, 33744, 5, 1529, 100512, 142, 180, 13526, 32786, 4734, 7103, 1919, 72699, 289, 164306, 136, 70, 91375, 53, 23, 43953, 13, 81843, 7, 23, 18374, 30739, 1529, 83, 137567, 21778, 1399, 4126, 237, 502, 9, 225221, 46684, 136, 1631, 53, 111, 28811, 157353, 21208, 40715, 3501, 180, 13526, 10012, 19462, 1771, 7941, 79852, 7, 4, 136, 1902, 4127, 94878, 7, 47, 1391, 2601, 15, 31047, 171530, 30646, 47, 44951, 7, 23, 31576, 3295, 509, 39958, 237, 10, 24092, 111, 180, 13526, 31577, 47, 4027, 13, 6991, 70, 68894, 11698, 194, 21209, 3041, 509, 119056, 237, 10, 7722, 45103, 13, 47, 21265, 237, 28811, 63871, 56, 23, 20938, 1529, 42938, 297, 99, 70, 21640, 108870, 28811, 1657, 175201, 136, 84158, 7, 39, 4, 3129, 34739, 3687, 1379, 1919, 32926, 4588, 99, 70, 103655, 43953, 13, 23, 210721, 23, 18237, 20907, 360, 7582, 27997, 764, 68872, 47, 29954, 7565, 1295, 44951, 7, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 86669, 111, 144189, 2481, 25632, 40368, 6, 66157, 1830, 94309, 5256, 136, 1919, 96362, 456, 22042, 9393, 71834, 47, 237360, 142, 59720, 111, 10, 7082, 116338, 18025, 1340, 84770, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 479, 330, 49725, 177986, 111, 1919, 145042, 103655, 130367, 7, 5, 360, 3640, 21209, 3041, 176377, 47, 44951, 7, 3229, 70, 167320, 182017, 31016, 27154, 3674, 4049, 23, 28811, 223606, 81843, 5, 1529, 509, 98, 423, 927, 3687, 98, 19085, 25, 7, 5303, 5, 1529, 75204, 30777, 185580, 12601, 80973, 43374, 7, 136, 509, 3163, 89829, 5, 21209, 3041, 7068, 13028, 100, 70, 19069, 111, 48180, 9, 62467, 481, 669, 111, 180, 13526, 5, 1529, 75204, 6, 126384, 43374, 7, 111, 836, 304, 3129, 509, 1286, 3501, 2499, 3789, 25469, 13, 136, 509, 3163, 89829, 5, 66016, 1919, 82230, 1295, 44951, 7, 4, 21209, 3041, 1556, 149976, 237, 14364, 111, 70, 210721, 18222, 100, 11062, 30249, 9523, 116822, 7, 99, 70, 313, 40972, 14255, 43975, 23, 210721, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 142, 196592, 100, 15044, 147697, 136, 18897, 17366, 132073, 99, 70, 152363, 5, 1529, 83, 139505, 136, 1556, 138, 20020, 678, 1919, 58386, 109114, 12, 84732, 9870, 206, 209721, 4, 7714, 202727, 136, 24479, 188078, 5, 1529, 1556, 15700, 29041, 4, 10444, 7668, 39, 186348, 4, 678, 208762, 310, 107, 6447, 3748, 5, 360, 27580, 764, 6, 34590, 89829, 438, 302, 4960, 39, 4922, 25, 7, 63805, 7, 1672, 109091, 37379, 7, 23, 70, 24453, 28811, 52287, 271, 76726, 4, 136, 456, 79466, 450, 44, 257, 70, 1733, 3229, 3395, 1884, 1391, 2601, 3542, 23, 84158, 271, 79, 7870, 645, 2363, 78431, 100, 147452, 4, 4960, 39, 4922, 204797, 71, 9017, 13762, 25, 7, 159372, 13, 23, 105228, 1295, 70, 62704, 43185, 7, 58, 136, 764, 1631, 14534, 450, 2174, 70, 8999, 44632, 7, 47, 44, 882, 5125, 4745, 1295, 6097, 3395, 58, 442, 1221, 24145, 13438, 37105, 47, 202104, 11491, 7, 136, 37888, 9405, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 99737, 21209, 3041, 15, 74, 103122, 729, 8055, 40418, 16, 83, 10, 103655, 39624, 66, 136, 61634, 2750, 149976, 237, 33744, 111, 85535, 6620, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 1295, 1532, 47, 1324, 1379, 56195, 33744, 35007, 799, 12567, 136, 1556, 2809, 74057, 111, 70, 28811, 223606, 15, 10611, 683, 16, 16792, 41640, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Politics.", "Teaching.", "Family.", "Trivia." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "He was born in Prague. He graduated in geography from Charles University in Prague in 1984, receiving a Doctor in Natural Sciences degree one year later. In the mid-1980s he was a dissident and Charter 77 signatory. After organizing a demonstration in January 1989, Vondra was imprisoned for two months. In November 1989, while the Velvet Revolution was underway, he co-founded the Civic Forum.", "In 1990-1992, Vondra was foreign policy advisor to President Václav Havel. When Havel stepped down from his office during dissolution of Czechoslovakia and at the same time independent Czech foreign service began to be formed, Vondra became Czech Republic's First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in August 1992, responsible i. a. for negotiating the division of Czechoslovak diplomacy. In 1996 he was a chief negotiator for the Czech-German Declaration on the Mutual Relations and their Future Development. In March 1997 Vondra left to become the Czech Ambassador to the United States, staying there until July 2001. From March 2001 to January 2003, Vondra was the Czech Government Commissioner responsible for preparation of 2002 Prague summit of the NATO. From January to July 2003 Vondra was a Deputy Foreign Minister. He became an ODS member only after his ministerial appointment and the victory in Senate elections in October 2006. He is generally perceived as pro-United States and wary of European integration though less than ODS eurosceptic hardliners, and had good connections to Havel (his announced return to politics in spring 2006 was taken as a sign of ODS trying to appease the political centre). Vondra was mentioned as a possible nominee to serve as European Commissioner in 2009. He participated at the international conference European Conscience and Communism, which took place under his patronage at the Czech Senate in Prague in June 2008. In November 2012, he decided to step down from politics, due to the loss of credibility following several corruption accusations and his previous relentless effort to pursue an installation of a US military missile radar, despite the prevailing opposition of his fellow Czech citizens. In 2019 Vondra returned to politics when the Civic Democratic Party nominated him in European Parliament election. He was on 15th place on party's list. He received 29,536 preferential votes and was elected. Vondra then ran for the position of Vice-Chairman of ODS. He received 443 votes of 502 which was more than any other candidate and was elected.", "Since his exit from politics, Vondra has served as director of the Prague Centre for Transatlantic Relations at the CEVRO Institute in Prague, as well as an instructor for both Bachelor and Master level courses at the university.", "He is married and has 3 children with his wife Martina: Vojtěch (1991), Anna (1993) and Marie (1996). He has another child, Jáchym (1992), with Veronika Vrecionová.", "In 2014, he rejected Noam Chomsky's statements about dissidents in the East European communist countries, and remarked that \"at the time when people like Havel were in Communist jails over their fight for freedom, Chomsky advocated Pol Pot's genocide in Cambodia from the Boston cafes\" and he warned that if the world listens to \"rubbish from these people\" it will once again lead to concentration camps and gulags." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 44, 76, 9392, 272, 154453, 58, 23, 70, 10422, 111, 44, 76, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 58, 83, 10, 351, 9, 5037, 289, 29367, 154453, 4, 450, 83, 4, 10, 154453, 450, 4527, 7, 10, 6083, 46876, 47, 98363, 5423, 7, 136, 41018, 7, 98, 5423, 7, 5, 581, 34153, 44, 2940, 830, 44, 748, 830, 44, 3190, 27, 7068, 830, 44, 10869, 830, 44, 2472, 3060, 830, 44, 2472, 11907, 58, 621, 191607, 237, 23, 23335, 1294, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 1301, 10, 26866, 111, 50080, 6620, 4, 4527, 111, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 136, 6863, 23113, 8780, 479, 330, 7870, 3853, 23, 77546, 291, 140363, 41637, 46, 26719, 23, 1286, 23113, 53550, 7, 111, 5423, 154453, 68034, 5, 581, 5117, 34754, 111, 5423, 154453, 509, 10, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 5, 1650, 509, 75935, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 390, 80450, 4171, 1290, 237, 2831, 111, 1919, 35187, 111, 54241, 13, 5423, 7, 136, 126809, 390, 38334, 365, 275, 21612, 429, 23, 1919, 44, 6766, 71624, 7, 37738, 740, 353, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 1543, 15005, 47, 40368, 4552, 117781, 110, 5256, 5, 1650, 1543, 15005, 47, 581, 237259, 450, 2499, 57266, 1543, 186, 11814, 47, 3173, 10, 5423, 4, 15490, 185190, 4, 37105, 7, 47, 145358, 90, 5, 6561, 39210, 27781, 83, 158874, 25, 7, 145358, 12, 2685, 83, 110, 5423, 58055, 214, 111, 44, 5584, 5423, 7, 450, 54, 959, 70541, 61261, 740, 12613, 7, 74729, 76519, 111, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 8110, 26698, 3060, 205969, 7, 98, 70, 24702, 1577, 3129, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 3173, 5423, 7, 5, 31384, 18822, 450, 80450, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 5423, 154453, 509, 959, 20653, 17914, 3674, 23, 70, 5423, 9, 2347, 4524, 9523, 145358, 90, 15, 21231, 563, 1680, 5877, 150, 12898, 194, 6561, 34844, 53, 23, 72694, 214, 903, 678, 24233, 939, 83, 450, 4171, 1290, 6777, 959, 22691, 142, 10, 78697, 2227, 47691, 111, 1919, 5426, 5, 3311, 122815, 4, 4171, 1290, 509, 107419, 111, 3060, 111, 70, 145358, 90, 25632, 1295, 51, 107, 144225, 297, 206019, 111, 1919, 154453, 4, 100, 110527, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 145358, 136, 70, 7362, 1799, 9, 18537, 118, 145358, 4, 136, 6777, 959, 18822, 450, 1836, 2837, 45639, 297, 1919, 154453, 5, 4171, 1290, 25, 7, 145358, 831, 20653, 186, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 36917, 15, 8710, 184, 16, 237259, 2451, 86673, 2499, 57266, 1543, 186, 11814, 47, 3173, 10, 5423, 2451, 223, 214, 100, 83, 10, 200103, 14012, 740, 21612, 429, 143726, 538, 10, 78697, 2227, 29367, 10, 154453, 23, 3129, 10, 23113, 29367, 11389, 111, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 831, 186, 29481, 297, 4, 136, 442, 83, 44, 100231, 58, 23113, 154453, 3129, 53598, 37214, 158874, 20653, 29823, 297, 3229, 764, 8121, 71, 1919, 145358, 4, 959, 204988, 10, 154453, 4171, 1290, 4, 2750, 4, 237, 119056, 4, 509, 107419, 111, 40368, 145358, 90, 4, 44136, 39, 78458, 1902, 23, 7086, 5, 62, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 509, 126809, 23, 57553, 47, 6097, 39395, 81887, 7, 47, 28219, 5423, 7, 4, 678, 70, 69236, 111, 72694, 214, 134995, 538, 2367, 41018, 7, 3542, 107003, 136, 3229, 5, 62, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 83, 959, 44, 86, 26531, 1686, 538, 58, 23, 25553, 6892, 18, 4, 2174, 442, 26785, 538, 58735, 90, 70, 5423, 7, 107003, 47, 186, 90698, 5, 3293, 831, 186, 16940, 390, 70, 26950, 111, 80934, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 165164, 10, 5134, 28016, 5, 1650, 83, 7722, 47, 11341, 756, 70, 10, 5134, 28016, 143726, 538, 4, 237, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 4772, 840, 25, 44, 4645, 9392, 272, 19943, 581, 30675, 830, 3129, 83, 20653, 142, 152701, 92252, 111, 70, 115723, 10, 78697, 47148, 32123, 94421, 1104, 108386, 33, 2590, 5423, 154453, 5, 1650, 83, 44, 76, 9392, 272, 58, 23, 450, 70, 46876, 136, 959, 21094, 621, 8382, 111, 23335, 1294, 152701, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 136, 23, 450, 442, 22027, 25, 18, 35142, 678, 35060, 27771, 707, 28484, 7432, 111, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 5426, 5, 18852, 90825, 4, 142, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 83, 959, 204988, 74729, 12, 959, 204988, 4092, 111, 145358, 90, 5, 1650, 28960, 7, 1295, 23912, 1743, 25, 7, 82940, 46485, 7432, 70, 58391, 7, 450, 10, 6, 129980, 538, 96704, 297, 5117, 12989, 62775, 5426, 15, 143321, 96853, 2684, 39210, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 3790, 10484, 16, 53418, 186, 77443, 74729, 1295, 28032, 70, 154453, 68034, 46, 3853, 2174, 442, 20653, 83, 74729, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 39210, 10, 78697, 47148, 76519, 621, 137567, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 74729, 74, 390, 2363, 10, 5134, 28016, 1836, 54, 39041, 112, 44, 43452, 58, 145358, 90, 4, 1884, 158874, 25, 7, 145358, 5, 44978, 71, 98, 23912, 1743, 25, 7, 70, 58391, 4, 442, 83, 1660, 959, 51529, 46, 136, 8306, 831, 186, 46, 2174, 2685, 621, 44, 157, 58, 145358, 90, 99, 756, 23, 6097, 3790, 10484, 707, 23, 2499, 5117, 9, 80596, 5423, 154453, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 76, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 58, 83, 7464, 18925, 2843, 11814, 23, 3060, 163136, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 5423, 3790, 10484, 22282, 71, 390, 21612, 429, 136, 4171, 1290, 4, 43257, 3501, 47, 70, 152701, 105416, 17365, 7, 111, 5744, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 5, 581, 44126, 17721, 142, 10, 78697, 47148, 51515, 136, 3789, 51515, 90, 83, 21334, 538, 10, 26866, 111, 50080, 6620, 5, 360, 190704, 291, 140363, 41637, 70, 2965, 44126, 1543, 186, 152701, 4527, 111, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 5, 215996, 7, 47, 17311, 10, 5134, 28016, 205794, 7068, 74918, 4734, 3229, 19676, 71, 390, 40250, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 83, 27983, 119056, 3229, 11814, 5, 18852, 90825, 4, 23113, 6, 98869, 7, 74918, 4734, 3229, 183594, 297, 390, 210650, 170420, 5, 3293, 152701, 127689, 111, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 831, 765, 15, 112, 96819, 98, 110, 22062, 16, 134995, 538, 70, 44, 9007, 28575, 7154, 58, 111, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 237, 1810, 2256, 71, 35064, 5, 1650, 83, 15286, 38526, 99156, 47, 12301, 136, 33022, 15, 73, 70, 26168, 1363, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 353, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 83, 2499, 111, 40368, 3790, 10484, 111, 5423, 7, 11814, 23, 70, 35107, 111, 70, 137374, 7, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 992, 5062, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 3790, 10484, 4, 3129, 621, 61924, 71, 17368, 23113, 62775, 4, 24, 9392, 272, 5423, 154453, 83, 61924, 71, 152701, 538, 4, 23, 6083, 46876, 5, 1650, 98363, 7, 70, 128746, 111, 291, 140363, 70760, 5423, 7, 16031, 23, 81604, 13, 291, 140363, 41637, 15, 2472, 27781, 10146, 19, 117233, 7, 136, 128201, 238, 31635, 214, 1672, 2363, 73783, 34677, 144, 429, 2844, 247, 136, 133784, 5170, 100, 70, 190704, 4527, 111, 5423, 154453, 23755, 7, 23, 158, 99736, 6635, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Method.", "Paradoxes.", "Cantor's theory.", "Axiomatic theories.", "Consistency.", "Utility.", "Sets, membership and equality.", "Note on consistency.", "Membership.", "Equality.", "Empty set.", "Specifying sets.", "Subsets.", "Universal sets and absolute complements.", "Unions, intersections, and relative complements.", "Ordered pairs and Cartesian products.", "Some important sets.", "Paradoxes in early set theory." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "A \"naïve theory\" in the sense of \"naïve set theory\" is a non-formalized theory, that is, a theory that uses a natural language to describe sets and operations on sets. The words \"and\", \"or\", \"if... then\", \"not\", \"for some\", \"for every\" are treated as in ordinary mathematics. As a matter of convenience, use of naïve set theory and its formalism prevails even in higher mathematics – including in more formal settings of set theory itself. The first development of set theory was a naïve set theory. It was created at the end of the 19th century by Georg Cantor as part of his study of infinite sets and developed by Gottlob Frege in his \"Begriffsschrift\". Naïve set theory may refer to several very distinct notions. It may refer to", "The assumption that any property may be used to form a set, without restriction, leads to paradoxes. One common example is Russell's paradox: there is no set consisting of \"all sets that do not contain themselves\". Thus consistent systems of naïve set theory must include some limitations on the principles which can be used to form sets.", "Some believe that Georg Cantor's set theory was not actually implicated in the set-theoretic paradoxes (see Frápolli 1991). One difficulty in determining this with certainty is that Cantor did not provide an axiomatization of his system. By 1899, Cantor was aware of some of the paradoxes following from unrestricted interpretation of his theory, for instance Cantor's paradox and the Burali-Forti paradox, and did not believe that they discredited his theory. Cantor's paradox can actually be derived from the above (false) assumption—that any property may be used to form a set—using for is a cardinal number\". Frege explicitly axiomatized a theory in which a formalized version of naïve set theory can be interpreted, and it is \"this\" formal theory which Bertrand Russell actually addressed when he presented his paradox, not necessarily a theory Cantor, who, as mentioned, was aware of several paradoxes, presumably had in mind.", "Axiomatic set theory was developed in response to these early attempts to understand sets, with the goal of determining precisely what operations were allowed and when.", "A naïve set theory is not \"necessarily\" inconsistent, if it correctly specifies the sets allowed to be considered. This can be done by the means of definitions, which are implicit axioms. It is possible to state all the axioms explicitly, as in the case of Halmos' \"Naïve Set Theory\", which is actually an informal presentation of the usual axiomatic Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It is \"naïve\" in that the language and notations are those of ordinary informal mathematics, and in that it doesn't deal with consistency or completeness of the axiom system. Likewise, an axiomatic set theory is not necessarily consistent: not necessarily free of paradoxes. It follows from Gödel's incompleteness theorems that a sufficiently complicated first order logic system (which includes most common axiomatic set theories) cannot be proved consistent from within the theory itself – even if it actually is consistent. However, the common axiomatic systems are generally believed to be consistent; by their axioms they do exclude \"some\" paradoxes, like Russell's paradox. Based on Gödel's theorem, it is just not known – and never can be – if there are \"no\" paradoxes at all in these theories or in any first-order set theory. The term \"naïve set theory\" is still today also used in some literature to refer to the set theories studied by Frege and Cantor, rather than to the informal counterparts of modern axiomatic set theory.", "The choice between an axiomatic approach and other approaches is largely a matter of convenience. In everyday mathematics the best choice may be informal use of axiomatic set theory. References to particular axioms typically then occur only when demanded by tradition, e.g. the axiom of choice is often mentioned when used. Likewise, formal proofs occur only when warranted by exceptional circumstances. This informal usage of axiomatic set theory can have (depending on notation) precisely the \"appearance\" of naïve set theory as outlined below. It is considerably easier to read and write (in the formulation of most statements, proofs, and lines of discussion) and is less error-prone than a strictly formal approach.", "In naïve set theory, a set is described as a well-defined collection of objects. These objects are called the elements or members of the set. Objects can be anything: numbers, people, other sets, etc. For instance, 4 is a member of the set of all even integers. Clearly, the set of even numbers is infinitely large; there is no requirement that a set be finite. The definition of sets goes back to Georg Cantor. He wrote 1915 in his article \"Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre\": “Unter einer 'Menge' verstehen wir jede Zusammenfassung M von bestimmten wohlunterschiedenen Objekten unserer Anschauung oder unseres Denkens (welche die 'Elemente' von M genannt werden) zu einem Ganzen.” – Georg Cantor “A set is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct objects of our perception or of our thought—which are called elements of the set.” – Georg Cantor", "It does \"not\" follow from this definition \"how\" sets can be formed, and what operations on sets again will produce a set. The term \"well-defined\" in \"well-defined collection of objects\" cannot, by itself, guarantee the consistency and unambiguity of what exactly constitutes and what does not constitute a set. Attempting to achieve this would be the realm of axiomatic set theory or of axiomatic class theory. The problem, in this context, with informally formulated set theories, not derived from (and implying) any particular axiomatic theory, is that there may be several widely differing formalized versions, that have both different sets and different rules for how new sets may be formed, that all conform to the original informal definition. For example, Cantor's verbatim definition allows for considerable freedom in what constitutes a set. On the other hand, it is unlikely that Cantor was particularly interested in sets containing cats and dogs, but rather only in sets containing purely mathematical objects. An example of such a class of sets could be the von Neumann universe. But even when fixing the class of sets under consideration, it is not always clear which rules for set formation are allowed without introducing paradoxes. For the purpose of fixing the discussion below, the term \"well-defined\" should instead be interpreted as an \"intention\", with either implicit or explicit rules (axioms or definitions), to rule out inconsistencies. The purpose is to keep the often deep and difficult issues of consistency away from the, usually simpler, context at hand. An explicit ruling out of \"all\" conceivable inconsistencies (paradoxes) cannot be achieved for an axiomatic set theory anyway, due to Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, so this does not at all hamper the utility of naïve set theory as compared to axiomatic set theory in the simple contexts considered below. It merely simplifies the discussion. Consistency is henceforth taken for granted unless explicitly mentioned.", "If \"x\" is a member of a set \"A\", then it is also said that \"x\" belongs to \"A\", or that \"x\" is in \"A\". This is denoted by \"x\" ∈ \"A\". The symbol ∈ is a derivation from the lowercase Greek letter epsilon, \"ε\", introduced by Giuseppe Peano in 1889 and shall be the first letter of the word ἐστί (means \"is\"). The symbol ∉ is often used to write \"x\" ∉ \"A\", meaning \"x is not in A\".", "Two sets \"A\" and \"B\" are defined to be equal when they have precisely the same elements, that is, if every element of \"A\" is an element of \"B\" and every element of \"B\" is an element of \"A\". (See axiom of extensionality.) Thus a set is completely determined by its elements; the description is immaterial. For example, the set with elements 2, 3, and 5 is equal to the set of all prime numbers less than 6. If the sets \"A\" and \"B\" are equal, this is denoted symbolically as \"A\" = \"B\" (as usual).", "The empty set, often denoted Ø and sometimes formula_1, is a set with no members at all. Because a set is determined completely by its elements, there can be only one empty set. (See axiom of empty set.) Although the empty set has no members, it can be a member of other sets. Thus Ø ≠ {Ø}, because the former has no members and the latter has one member. In mathematics, the only sets with which one needs to be concerned can be built up from the empty set alone.()", "The simplest way to describe a set is to list its elements between curly braces (known as defining a set \"extensionally\"). Thus denotes the set whose only elements are and. Note the following points: (These are consequences of the definition of equality in the previous section.) This notation can be informally abused by saying something like to indicate the set of all dogs, but this example would usually be read by mathematicians as \"the set containing the single element \"dogs\"\". An extreme (but correct) example of this notation is, which denotes the empty set. The notation, or sometimes, is used to denote the set containing all objects for which the condition holds (known as defining a set \"intensionally\"). For example, ∈ R} denotes the set of real numbers, denotes the set of everything with blonde hair. This notation is called set-builder notation (or \"set comprehension\", particularly in the context of Functional programming). Some variants of set builder notation are:", "Given two sets \"A\" and \"B\", \"A\" is a subset of \"B\" if every element of \"A\" is also an element of \"B\". In particular, each set \"B\" is a subset of itself; a subset of \"B\" that is not equal to \"B\" is called a proper subset. If \"A\" is a subset of \"B\", then one can also say that \"B\" is a superset of \"A\", that \"A\" is contained in \"B\", or that \"B\" contains \"A\". In symbols, \"A\" ⊆ \"B\" means that \"A\" is a subset of \"B\", and \"B\" ⊇ \"A\" means that \"B\" is a superset of \"A\". Some authors use the symbols ⊂ and ⊃ for subsets, and others use these symbols only for \"proper\" subsets. For clarity, one can explicitly use the symbols ⊊ and ⊋ to indicate non-equality. As an illustration, let R be the set of real numbers, let Z be the set of integers, let \"O\" be the set of odd integers, and let \"P\" be the set of current or former U.S. Presidents. Then \"O\" is a subset of Z, Z is a subset of R, and (hence) \"O\" is a subset of R, where in all cases \"subset\" may even be read as \"proper subset\". Not all sets are comparable in this way. For example, it is not the case either that R is a subset of \"P\" nor that \"P\" is a subset of R. It follows immediately from the definition of equality of sets above that, given two sets \"A\" and \"B\", \"A\" = \"B\" if and only if \"A\" ⊆ \"B\" and \"B\" ⊆ \"A\". In fact this is often given as the definition of equality. Usually when trying to prove that two sets are equal, one aims to show these two inclusions. The empty set is a subset of every set (the statement that all elements of the empty set are also members of any set \"A\" is vacuously true). The set of all subsets of a given set \"A\" is called the power set of \"A\" and is denoted by formula_2 or formula_3; the \"\"P\"\" is sometimes in a script font. If the set \"A\" has \"n\" elements, then formula_3 will have formula_5 elements.", "In certain contexts, one may consider all sets under consideration as being subsets of some given universal set. For instance, when investigating properties of the real numbers R (and subsets of R), R may be taken as the universal set. A true universal set is not included in standard set theory (see Paradoxes below), but is included in some non-standard set theories. Given a universal set U and a subset \"A\" of U, the complement of \"A\" (in U) is defined as In other words, \"A\" (\"\"A-complement\"\"; sometimes simply \"A, \"\"A-prime\"\" ) is the set of all members of U\"' which are not members of \"A\". Thus with R, Z and \"O\" defined as in the section on subsets, if Z is the universal set, then \"O\" is the set of even integers, while if R is the universal set, then \"O\" is the set of all real numbers that are either even integers or not integers at all.", "Given two sets \"A\" and \"B\", their union is the set consisting of all objects which are elements of \"A\" or of \"B\" or of both (see axiom of union). It is denoted by \"A\" ∪ \"B\". The intersection of \"A\" and \"B\" is the set of all objects which are both in \"A\" and in \"B\". It is denoted by \"A\" ∩ \"B\". Finally, the relative complement of \"B\" relative to \"A\", also known as the set theoretic difference of \"A\" and \"B\", is the set of all objects that belong to \"A\" but \"not\" to \"B\". It is written as \"A\" \\ \"B\" or \"A\" − \"B\". Symbolically, these are respectively The set \"A\" doesn't have to be a subset of \"B\" for \"B\" \\ \"A\" to make sense; this is the difference between the relative complement and the absolute complement (\"A\" = \"U\" \\ \"A\") from the previous section. To illustrate these ideas, let \"A\" be the set of left-handed people, and let \"B\" be the set of people with blond hair. Then \"A\" ∩ \"B\" is the set of all left-handed blond-haired people, while \"A\" ∪ \"B\" is the set of all people who are left-handed or blond-haired or both. \"A\" \\ \"B\", on the other hand, is the set of all people that are left-handed but not blond-haired, while \"B\" \\ \"A\" is the set of all people who have blond hair but aren't left-handed. Now let \"E\" be the set of all human beings, and let \"F\" be the set of all living things over 1000 years old. What is \"E\" ∩ \"F\" in this case? No living human being is over 1000 years old, so \"E\" ∩ \"F\" must be the empty set {}. For any set \"A\", the power set formula_3 is a Boolean algebra under the operations of union and intersection.", "Intuitively, an ordered pair is simply a collection of two objects such that one can be distinguished as the \"first element\" and the other as the \"second element\", and having the fundamental property that, two ordered pairs are equal if and only if their \"first elements\" are equal and their \"second elements\" are equal. Formally, an ordered pair with first coordinate \"a\", and second coordinate \"b\", usually denoted by (\"a\", \"b\"), can be defined as the set <nowiki></nowiki>. It follows that, two ordered pairs (\"a\",\"b\") and (\"c\",\"d\") are equal if and only if \"a\" = \"c\" and \"b\" = \"d\". Alternatively, an ordered pair can be formally thought of as a set {a,b} with a total order. (The notation (\"a\", \"b\") is also used to denote an open interval on the real number line, but the context should make it clear which meaning is intended. Otherwise, the notation ]\"a\", \"b\"[ may be used to denote the open interval whereas (\"a\", \"b\") is used for the ordered pair). If \"A\" and \"B\" are sets, then the Cartesian product (or simply product) is defined to be: That is, \"A\" × \"B\" is the set of all ordered pairs whose first coordinate is an element of \"A\" and whose second coordinate is an element of \"B\". This definition may be extended to a set \"A\" × \"B\" × \"C\" of ordered triples, and more generally to sets of ordered n-tuples for any positive integer \"n\". It is even possible to define infinite Cartesian products, but this requires a more recondite definition of the product. Cartesian products were first developed by René Descartes in the context of analytic geometry. If R denotes the set of all real numbers, then R := R × R represents the Euclidean plane and R := R × R × R represents three-dimensional Euclidean space.", "There are some ubiquitous sets for which the notation is almost universal. Some of these are listed below. In the list, \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\" refer to natural numbers, and \"r\" and \"s\" are real numbers.", "The unrestricted formation principle of sets referred to as the axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension, is the source of several early appearing paradoxes: If the axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension is weakened to the axiom schema of specification or axiom schema of separation, then all the above paradoxes disappear. There is a corollary. With the axiom schema of separation as an axiom of the theory, it follows, as a theorem of the theory: Or, more spectacularly (Halmos' phrasing): There is no universe. \"Proof\": Suppose that it exists and call it. Now apply the axiom schema of separation with and for use. This leads to Russell's paradox again. Hence can't exist in this theory. Related to the above constructions is formation of the set It is (perhaps surprisingly) not the possibility of that is problematic. It is again the axiom schema of unrestricted comprehension allowing for. With the axiom schema of specification instead of unrestricted comprehension, the conclusion doesn't hold and, hence is not a logical consequence. Nonetheless, the possibility of is often removed explicitly or, e.g. in ZFC, implicitly, by demanding the axiom of regularity to hold. One consequence of it is or, in other words, no set is an element of itself. The axiom schema of separation is simply too weak (while unrestricted comprehension is a very strong axiom—too strong for set theory) to develop set theory with its usual operations and constructions outlined above. The axiom of regularity is of a restrictive nature as well. Therefore, one is led to the formulation of other axioms to guarantee the existence of enough sets to form a set theory. Some of these have been described informally above and many others are possible. Not all conceivable axioms can be combined freely into consistent theories. For example, the axiom of choice of ZFC is incompatible with the conceivable every set of reals is Lebesgue measurable. The former implies the latter is false." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3293, 51515, 1543, 186, 11814, 23, 184017, 678, 103494, 21135, 7, 23, 133244, 56037, 449, 2174, 1836, 621, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 4552, 41207, 136, 70, 11034, 111, 149, 58994, 707, 479, 57241, 83, 11192, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 2174, 12638, 6107, 103494, 21135, 7, 24145, 117, 209, 5369, 4, 70, 1632, 456, 80765, 1543, 186, 40715, 24503, 7844, 3501, 70, 185190, 7, 44841, 47, 56282, 442, 5, 62, 5423, 111, 9433, 90, 83, 103494, 21135, 297, 2174, 12638, 9433, 23, 70, 5423, 83, 89289, 100, 142, 19732, 450, 4734, 15700, 9433, 23, 70, 5423, 831, 22304, 5, 62544, 25958, 70, 19732, 83, 54452, 111, 10, 82424, 34658, 177953, 136, 351, 13, 111, 70, 9433, 90, 831, 11675, 4, 54452, 65514, 4, 136, 186, 38075, 33, 297, 5, 581, 25147, 26932, 234873, 48339, 7, 2685, 83, 110, 2967, 136, 83, 169022, 47, 4527, 2174, 103494, 21135, 7, 74918, 4552, 41207, 538, 136, 70, 11034, 111, 2363, 479, 57241, 2806, 186, 11192, 5, 581, 67569, 1542, 136, 3773, 172852, 76519, 5646, 903, 51515, 5, 106073, 17368, 70, 25147, 26932, 234873, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 150624, 111, 184017, 678, 103494, 21135, 7, 4, 3789, 60266, 150624, 32316, 6044, 237, 84079, 71864, 7154, 4, 150065, 25, 7, 234873, 4, 149, 58994, 136, 145951, 4, 136, 479, 57241, 5, 106073, 93766, 4, 17368, 70, 29755, 26932, 234873, 52350, 7, 26785, 7432, 100, 50080, 6620, 5, 63519, 16792, 70, 234873, 105237, 8, 16765, 678, 120069, 50218, 442, 83, 959, 10, 21334, 52350, 9, 16713, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 70, 30362, 18, 136, 2684, 11814, 55300, 47, 192026, 1295, 10, 103494, 21135, 83, 10, 456, 80765, 5, 31384, 234873, 7, 678, 70425, 130481, 9, 58437, 23718, 621, 39210, 538, 11814, 6637, 1836, 4734, 80788, 18, 70425, 23718, 98, 66733, 50218, 450, 54, 959, 74918, 23, 41361, 74, 222201, 27781, 7, 621, 70, 8781, 425, 234873, 136, 70, 10644, 9, 73, 69988, 13, 234873, 100, 20744, 6, 39456, 5, 223317, 7, 1884, 892, 1505, 645, 118664, 23, 56037, 449, 46876, 7, 678, 188347, 9, 146984, 892, 26255, 621, 2843, 195409, 124962, 71, 6637, 1836, 74918, 4734, 23, 210650, 50218, 450, 54, 959, 10, 58944, 100, 138155, 107730, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 13909, 41664, 4, 70, 25147, 26932, 234873, 83, 10, 113857, 111, 47438, 214, 38516, 44402, 98, 70, 18231, 450, 1836, 1543, 186, 204839, 214, 538, 41207, 5, 1650, 83, 24, 4806, 100, 70, 25147, 26932, 21543, 3129, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 44, 188, 47593, 1632, 25, 7, 10336, 23, 70, 19096, 136, 48339, 2685, 83, 110, 2967, 740, 1650, 83, 11814, 3229, 442, 83, 1286, 11034, 9, 171760, 5844, 47, 63769, 70, 2967, 47, 74918, 3501, 47, 81887, 6863, 479, 57241, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Use with deadlocks.", "Trade-offs." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "This approach may be used in dealing with deadlocks in concurrent programming if they are believed to be very rare and the cost of detection or prevention is high. For example, if each PC deadlocks once per 10 years, the one reboot may be less painful than the restrictions needed to prevent it. A set of processes is deadlocked if each process in the set is waiting for an event that only another process in the set can cause. Usually the event is release of a currently held resource and none of the processes can run, release resources, and be awakened. The ostrich algorithm pretends there is no problem and is reasonable to use if deadlocks occur very rarely and the cost of their prevention would be high. The UNIX and Windows operating systems take this approach. Although using the ostrich algorithm is one of the methods of dealing with deadlocks, other effective methods exist such as dynamic avoidance, banker's algorithm, detection and recovery, and prevention.", "Although efficient, using the Ostrich algorithm trades correctness for convenience. Yet since the algorithm directly deals with extreme cases it is not a large trade-off. In fact, the simplest and most used method to recover from a deadlock is a reboot. Some algorithms with poor worst-case performance are commonly used because they only exhibit poor performance on artificial cases that do not occur in practice; typical examples are the simplex algorithm and the type-inference algorithm for Standard ML. Issues like integer overflow in programming languages with fixed-width integers are also frequently ignored because they occur only in exceptional cases that do not arise for practical inputs." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10, 35931, 1176, 111, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 509, 103210, 73197, 297, 1295, 2363, 10958, 24493, 66, 6, 60502, 22230, 390, 70, 6, 202444, 47, 113014, 5, 436, 720, 4244, 474, 32881, 7, 3542, 739, 41566, 136, 1831, 9, 116115, 297, 4, 1884, 8382, 111, 263, 6468, 5, 3293, 62952, 10, 77546, 123635, 6, 235923, 71579, 100, 10, 34475, 182355, 289, 57888, 5, 581, 32881, 58982, 7, 3542, 27983, 15122, 9, 110023, 5, 10660, 1902, 10, 21334, 136, 79418, 71, 57262, 96959, 100, 113014, 123635, 7, 136, 142, 22, 320, 17704, 78574, 19048, 47, 176866, 13, 27140, 12403, 214, 224833, 5, 436, 720, 4244, 474, 182355, 5245, 27983, 7639, 150675, 119485, 5, 360, 70, 169569, 4, 70, 166, 54889, 17721, 80854, 213566, 297, 5, 360, 3060, 14432, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 4, 70, 4420, 96959, 645, 70, 5608, 1314, 57574, 297, 3934, 10, 45646, 51529, 237, 10, 118466, 316, 4, 3129, 149976, 47, 13629, 26042, 70, 9983, 991, 20271, 113014, 4, 136, 22691, 10, 144142, 8060, 100, 70, 5608, 56, 146651, 5, 18852, 90825, 4, 70, 61523, 141, 38715, 2844, 13, 5809, 3173, 10, 11001, 71695, 2263, 1605, 12960, 70, 4203, 21605, 32881, 7, 57574, 297, 2843, 5, 12506, 289, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 26698, 70, 26580, 988, 803, 178851, 132571, 22902, 13, 24073, 14055, 178851, 132571, 74054, 16010, 53, 4867, 76, 4450, 63897, 13, 24073, 647, 9198, 178851, 132571, 830, 44, 119085, 65371, 76, 24948, 17996, 74054, 136, 627, 3915, 139006, 3038, 54544, 85, 13, 24073, 1052, 3915, 139006, 3038, 19, 4776, 7, 830, 44, 294, 15644, 497, 7456, 8805, 7, 51029, 436, 24444, 85, 238, 939, 365, 30185, 26698, 70, 26580, 988, 3347, 93, 927, 3581, 11126, 30610, 24073, 568, 1084, 19165, 238, 939, 5782, 830, 44, 19060, 93, 24948, 1430, 14, 6563, 830, 44, 683, 8560, 157, 4445, 74054, 313, 510, 3581, 162, 39499, 30610, 24073, 441, 510, 3581, 162, 192, 830, 44, 683, 24444, 85, 238, 939, 5782, 74054, 391, 7, 28391, 46611, 24444, 30610, 24073, 191697, 19165, 238, 939, 5782, 830, 44, 397, 7, 28391, 46611, 155352, 74054, 136, 1155, 127, 1506, 3089, 30610, 24073, 9874, 1081, 43125, 830, 44, 618, 2037, 6077, 27178, 830, 44, 41732, 18, 14987, 587, 257, 5782, 51029, 581, 6626, 94407, 645, 143, 48398, 23, 1733, 4, 1284, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 23, 70, 165082, 17164, 621, 4950, 289, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 4, 136, 70, 42850, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 621, 915, 24444, 85, 238, 939, 365, 30185, 5, 581, 19069, 111, 70, 26580, 112, 32877, 29299, 7695, 92259, 13, 24073, 7251, 11951, 7456, 8805, 7, 4, 48036, 66983, 155352, 4, 38720, 1264, 78478, 53, 5782, 18939, 83, 29865, 71, 5, 32877, 29299, 7695, 15080, 7, 15, 211209, 9, 31251, 297, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 16, 3542, 103210, 5361, 29367, 5, 105508, 12403, 1314, 678, 16610, 33, 297, 79, 19725, 136, 10, 38134, 43599, 13, 4, 3060, 1902, 21334, 46223, 42459, 214, 118984, 289, 707, 7359, 13569, 25667, 62122, 7, 4, 113008, 117181, 1577, 4, 136, 74261, 39908, 297, 100, 95701, 81551, 5, 211485, 6, 202444, 7, 621, 51592, 23, 263, 6468, 136, 1777, 7, 450, 479, 53, 98, 103665, 7, 23, 113014, 5, 436, 720, 4244, 12824, 1902, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 13267, 7, 5, 9082, 538, 1836, 3542, 43257, 21334, 5, 31267, 70, 19336, 525, 114149, 1902, 10, 6, 14775, 19332, 110, 40715, 3501, 5, 581, 2684, 13267, 2886, 3173, 7, 33636, 70, 142105, 51529, 85825, 17669, 47, 12403, 4, 678, 6, 14775, 19332, 7, 111, 113307, 297, 47, 70, 3789, 38715, 2844, 67, 12403, 214, 94407, 4, 70, 263, 6468, 136, 1777, 7, 4, 915, 720, 4244, 474, 169569, 7, 3542, 205794, 32233, 21334, 5, 17006, 915, 720, 4244, 474, 169569, 7, 1902, 28, 10617, 27686, 79, 19725, 5, 581, 481, 169569, 32881, 7, 17660, 47, 186, 57574, 297, 23, 25171, 79165, 5, 241, 147, 538, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 27983, 1902, 77099, 4445, 18, 120, 12421, 4, 285, 38543, 23, 45367, 4, 136, 3060, 7464, 1902, 120, 12421, 23, 70, 5381, 67, 5, 360, 14432, 94407, 70, 120, 12421, 153161, 100512, 158, 21533, 5, 43643, 120, 12421, 3542, 27983, 51713, 4, 3173, 214, 10, 44, 4692, 53, 59102, 58, 23, 3900, 37676, 538, 71062, 297, 79, 434, 6305, 4, 1284, 13267, 136, 19069, 3542, 4552, 77336, 54940, 114149, 5, 17106, 70, 16406, 4126, 436, 24444, 85, 238, 939, 365, 30610, 4, 70, 169569, 7, 100512, 3853, 1286, 28, 10617, 27686, 4, 68018, 613, 13409, 214, 70, 70163, 71, 108, 2594, 136, 9983, 991, 23, 140909, 5, 3293, 581, 38715, 51999, 3365, 316, 19, 111, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 14012, 297, 17721, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 160018, 136, 59671, 939, 38715, 2844, 13, 5, 581, 38715, 2844, 13, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 6, 46741, 3542, 44, 3454, 587, 8242, 223, 58, 12, 70, 552, 939, 133, 15, 20549, 111, 70, 38715, 51999, 14361, 16, 509, 158, 408, 272, 136, 3934, 442, 112031, 71, 10, 158, 272, 425, 111938, 99, 70, 456, 147, 111, 70, 107671, 214, 38715, 2844, 4, 70, 158, 1459, 133, 5, 127596, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 621, 36998, 23, 158566, 214, 5361, 9433, 90, 13452, 214, 123594, 16797, 47, 2363, 158, 1459, 133, 136, 552, 939, 133, 4, 70, 1119, 25395, 34053, 5908, 4, 136, 70, 552, 939, 133, 2843, 1543, 158566, 10, 19336, 502, 449, 98, 6863, 4122, 2256, 35839, 10, 2119, 763, 771, 34053, 6023, 5, 581, 108, 2594, 111, 915, 720, 4244, 12824, 509, 35845, 538, 4989, 136, 80560, 5, 360, 915, 24444, 85, 238, 939, 365, 30185, 4, 70, 108, 2594, 83, 205794, 51713, 3501, 70, 9983, 991, 5, 3293, 140909, 83, 959, 143434, 390, 142, 51312, 111, 70, 14012, 111, 38715, 2844, 13, 4, 3129, 83, 23, 21690, 78458, 59671, 5, 31384, 25188, 1314, 26698, 6626, 149307, 289, 44, 3443, 686, 587, 31004, 16765, 58, 3129, 19095, 7, 70, 14012, 47, 300, 86, 5, 175399, 4, 70, 38715, 2844, 13, 61261, 100512, 1286, 28, 10617, 27686, 4, 1257, 47, 136659, 20028, 51713, 3501, 38134, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 70, 6641, 35628, 8080, 3542, 91257, 3501, 11192, 4, 21980, 538, 214, 10, 11522, 79259, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 436, 720, 4244, 12824, 15, 74, 1295, 160600, 44, 31385, 1900, 58, 136, 44, 433, 108227, 830, 91084, 44, 14775, 6, 159593, 71, 18939, 3542, 12403, 214, 10958, 118, 1577, 111, 70, 1119, 2311, 15390, 26580, 112, 707, 12989, 436, 720, 4244, 48757, 5, 10660, 13835, 71, 20271, 2684, 111, 70, 12021, 82471, 1771, 12, 1295, 70, 72399, 4699, 162, 27744, 47, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 15678, 102, 329, 10821, 15, 134712, 47, 11251, 19879, 5369, 6650, 194, 436, 720, 4244, 12824, 621, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 38715, 2844, 1636, 51529, 47, 765, 216479, 71, 14537, 297, 113014, 5, 581, 481, 148, 5180, 3542, 100, 4806, 390, 10, 107834, 13, 111, 21722, 4, 123635, 4, 136, 3789, 108055, 90, 115851, 214, 1295, 70, 142, 8828, 7, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Size.", "Skull, teeth and crests.", "Vertebral column.", "Shoulder girdle.", "Wings.", "Parts of the wing.", "Pelvis.", "Hindlimbs.", "Soft tissues.", "Pycnofibers.", "History of discovery.", "First finds.", "Expanding research.", "Pterosaur renaissance.", "Evolution and extinction.", "Origins.", "Extinction.", "Classification and phylogeny.", "Paleobiology.", "Flight.", "Air sacs and respiration.", "Nervous system.", "Ground movement.", "Swimming.", "Diet and feeding habits.", "Natural predators.", "Reproduction and life history.", "Daily activity patterns.", "Cultural significance." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The anatomy of pterosaurs was highly modified from their reptilian ancestors by the adaptation to flight. Pterosaur bones were hollow and air-filled, like those of birds. This provided a higher muscle attachment surface for a given skeletal weight. The bone walls were often paper-thin. They had a large and keeled breastbone for flight muscles and an enlarged brain able to coordinate complex flying behaviour. Pterosaur skeletons often show considerable fusion. In the skull, the sutures between elements disappeared. In some later pterosaurs, the backbone over the shoulders fused into a structure known as a notarium, which served to stiffen the torso during flight, and provide a stable support for the shoulder blade. Likewise, the sacral vertebrae could form a single synsacrum while the pelvic bones fused also. Basal pterosaurs include the clades Dimorphodontidae (\"Dimorphodon\"), Campylognathididae (\"Eudimorphodon\", \"Campyognathoides\"), and Rhamphorhynchidae (\"Rhamphorhynchus\", \"Scaphognathus\"). Pterodactyloids include the clades Ornithocheiroidea (\"Istiodactylus\", \"Ornithocheirus\", \"Pteranodon\"), Ctenochasmatoidea (\"Ctenochasma\", \"Pterodactylus\"), Dsungaripteroidea (\"Germanodactylus\", \"Dsungaripterus\"), and Azhdarchoidea (\"Tapejara\", \"Tupuxuara\", \"Quetzalcoatlus\"). The two groups overlapped in time, but the earliest pterosaurs in the fossil record are basal pterosaurs, and the latest pterosaurs are pterodactyloids. The position of the clade Anurognathidae (\"Anurognathus, Jeholopterus, Vesperopterylus\") is debated. Anurognathids (frog-headed pterosaurs) were highly specialized. Small flyers with shortened jaws and a wide gape, some had large eyes suggesting nocturnal or crepescular habits, mouth bristles, and feet adapted for clinging. Parallel adaptations are seen in birds and bats that prey on insects in flight.", "Pterosaurs had a wide range of sizes. Generally they were rather large. Even the smallest species had a wingspan no less than. The most sizeable forms represent the largest known animals ever to fly, with wingspans of", "Compared to the other vertebrate flying groups, the birds and bats, pterosaur skulls were typically quite large. Most pterosaur skulls had elongated jaws. Their skull bones tend to be fused in adult individuals. Early pterosaurs often had heterodont teeth, varying in build, and some still had teeth in the palate. In later groups the teeth mostly became conical. Front teeth were often longer, forming a \"prey grab\" in transversely expanded jaw tips, but size and position were very variable among species. With the derived Pterodactyloidea, the skulls became even more elongated, sometimes surpassing the combined neck and torso in length. This", "The vertebral column of pterosaurs numbered between thirty-four and seventy vertebrae. The vertebrae in front of the tail were \"procoelous\": the cotyle (front of the vertebral body) was concave and into it fitted a convex extension at the rear of the preceding vertebra, the condyle. Advanced pterosaurs are unique in possessing special processes projecting adjacent to their condyle and cotyle, the exapophyses, and the cotyle also may possess a small prong on its midline called a hypapophysis. The neck of pterosaurs was relatively long and straight. In pterodactyloids, the neck is typically longer than the torso. This length is not caused by an increase of the number of vertebrae, which is invariably seven. Some researchers include two transitional \"cervicodorsals\" which brings the number to nine. Instead, the vertebrae themselves became more elongated, up to eight times longer than wide. Nevertheless, the cervicals were wider than high, implying a better vertical than horizontal neck mobility. Pterodactyloids have lost all neck ribs. Pterosaur necks were probably rather thick and well-muscled, especially", "The shoulder girdle was a strong structure that transferred the forces of flapping flight to the thorax. It was probably covered by thick muscle layers. The upper bone, the shoulder blade, was a straight bar. It was connected to a lower bone, the coracoid that is relatively long in pterosaurs. In advanced species, their combined whole, the scapulocoracoid, was almost vertically oriented. The shoulder blade in that case fitted into a recess in the side of the notarium, while the coracoid likewise connected to the breastbone. This way, both sides together made", "Pterosaur wings were formed by bones and membranes of skin and other tissues. The primary membranes attached to the extremely long fourth finger of each arm and extended along the sides of the body. Where they ended has been very controversial but since the 1990s a dozen specimens with preserved soft tissue have been found that seem to show they attached to the ankles. The exact curvature of the trailing edge, however, is still equivocal. While historically thought of as simple leathery structures composed of skin, research has since shown that the wing membranes of pterosaurs were highly complex dynamic structures suited to an", "The pterosaur wing membrane is divided into three basic units. The first, called the \"propatagium\" (\"fore membrane\"), was the forward-most part of the wing and attached between the wrist and shoulder, creating the \"leading edge\" during flight. The \"brachiopatagium\" (\"arm membrane\") was the primary component of the wing, stretching from the highly elongated fourth finger of the hand to the hindlimbs. Finally, at least some pterosaur groups had a membrane that stretched between the legs, possibly connecting to or incorporating the tail, called the uropatagium; the extent of this membrane is not certain, as studies on \"Sordes\" seem to suggest that it simply connected the legs but did not involve the tail (rendering it a cruropatagium). A common interpretation is that non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs had a broader uro/cruropatagium stretched between their long fifth toes, with pterodactyloids, lacking such toes, only having membranes running along the legs. There has been considerable argument among paleontologists about whether the main wing membranes (brachiopatagia) attached to the hindlimbs, and if so, where. Fossils of the rhamphorhynchoid \"Sordes\", the anurognathid \"Jeholopterus\", and a pterodactyloid from the Santana Formation seem to demonstrate that the wing membrane did attach to the hindlimbs, at least in some species. However, modern bats and flying squirrels show considerable variation in the extent of their wing membranes and it is possible that, like these groups, different species of pterosaur had different wing designs. Indeed, analysis of pterosaur limb proportions shows that there was considerable variation, possibly reflecting a variety of wing-plans. The bony elements of the arm formed a mechanism to support and extend the wing. Near the body, the humerus or upper arm bone is short but powerfully built. It sports a large deltopectoral crest, to which the major flight muscles are attached. Despite the considerable forces exerted on it, the humerus is hollow or pneumatised inside, reinforced by bone struts. The long bones of the lower arm, the ulna and radius, are much longer than the humerus. They were probably incapable of pronation. A bone unique to pterosaurs, known as the pteroid, connected to the wrist and helped to support the forward membrane (the propatagium) between the wrist and shoulder. Evidence of", "The pelvis of pterosaurs was of moderate size compared to the body as a whole. Often the three pelvic bones were fused. The ilium was long and low, its front and rear blades projecting horizontally beyond the edges of the lower pelvic bones. Despite this length, the rod-like form of these processes indicates that the hindlimb muscles attached to them were limited in strength. The, in side view narrow, pubic", "The hindlimbs of pterosaurs were strongly built, yet relative to their wingspans smaller than those of birds. They were long in comparison to the torso length. The thighbone was rather straight, with the head making only a small angle with the shaft. This implies that the legs were not held vertically below the body but were somewhat sprawling. The shinbone was often fused with the upper ankle bones into a tibiotarsus that was longer than the thighbone. It could attain a vertical position when walking. The calf bone tended to be slender, especially at its lower end that in advanced forms did not reach the ankle, sometimes reducing total length to a third. Typically it was fused to the shinbone. The ankle was a simple, \"mesotarsal\", hinge. The, rather long and slender, metatarsus was always splayed to some degree. The foot was plantigrade, meaning that during the walking cycle the sole of the metatarsus was pressed onto the soil. There was a clear difference between early pterosaurs and advanced species regarding the form of the fifth digit. Originally, the fifth metatarsal was", "The rare conditions that allowed for the fossilisation of pterosaur remains, sometimes also preserved soft tissues. Modern synchrotron or ultraviolet light photography has revealed many traces not visible to the naked eye. These are often imprecisely called \"impressions\" but mostly consist of petrifications, natural casts and transformations of the original material. They may include horn crests, beaks or claw sheaths as well as the various flight membranes. Exceptionally, muscles were preserved. Skin patches show small round non-overlapping scales on the soles of the feet, the ankles and the ends of the metacarpals. They covered pads cushioning the impact of walking. Scales are unknown from other parts of the body.", "Most or all pterosaurs had hair-like filaments known as pycnofibers on the head and torso. The term \"pycnofiber\", meaning \"dense filament\", was coined by palaeontologist Alexander Kellner and colleagues in 2009. Pycnofibers were unique structures similar to, but not homologous (sharing a common origin) with, mammalian hair, an example of convergent evolution. A fuzzy integument was first reported from a specimen of \"Scaphognathus crassirostris\" in 1831 by Georg Augustus Goldfuss, but had been widely doubted. Since the 1990s, pterosaur finds and histological and ultraviolet examination of pterosaur specimens have provided incontrovertible proof: pterosaurs had pycnofiber coats. \"Sordes pilosus\" (which translates as \"hairy demon\") and \"Jeholopterus ninchengensis\" show pycnofibers on the head and body. The presence of pycnofibers strongly indicates that pterosaurs were endothermic (warm-blooded). They aided thermoregulation, as is common in warm-blooded animals who need insulation to prevent excessive heat-loss. Pycnofibers were flexible, short filaments, about five to seven millimetres long and rather simple in structure with a hollow central canal. Pterosaur pelts might have been comparable in density to many Mesozoic mammals.", "", "Pterosaur fossils are very rare, due to their light bone construction. Complete skeletons can generally only be found in geological layers with exceptional preservation conditions, the so-called \"Lagerstätten\". The pieces from one such \"Lagerstätte\", the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone in Bavaria, became much sought after by rich collectors. In 1784, the Italian naturalist Cosimo Alessandro Collini was the first scientist in history to describe a pterosaur fossil. At that time the concepts of evolution and extinction were only imperfectly developed. The bizarre build of the pterosaur was therefore shocking, as it could not clearly be assigned to any existing animal group. The discovery of pterosaurs would thus play an important role in the progress of modern paleontology and geology. If such creatures were still alive, only the sea was a credible habitat and Collini suggested it might be a", "In 1828, Mary Anning in England found the first pterosaur genus outside Germany, by Richard Owen named as \"Dimorphodon\", also the first non-pterodactyloid pterosaur known. Later in the century, the Early Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand produced thousands of pterosaur fossils, that however, were of poor quality, consisting mostly of strongly eroded fragments. Based on these, nevertheless numerous genera and species would be named. Many were described by Harry Govier Seeley, at the time the main English expert on the subject, who also wrote the first pterosaur book, \"Ornithosauria\", and in 1901 the first popular book, \"Dragons of the Air\". Seeley thought that pterosaurs were warm-blooded and dynamic creatures, closely related to birds. Earlier, the evolutionist St. George Jackson Mivart had suggested pterosaurs were the direct ancestors of birds. Owen opposed the views of both men, seeing pterosaurs as cold-blooded \"true\" reptiles. In the US, Othniel Charles Marsh in 1870 discovered \"Pteranodon\" in the Niobrara Chalk, then the largest known pterosaur, the first toothless one and the first from America. These layers", "The situation for dinosaurs was comparable. From the 1960s onwards, a dinosaur renaissance took place, a quick increase in the number of studies and critical ideas, influenced by the discovery of additional fossils of \"Deinonychus\", whose spectacular traits refuted what had become entrenched orthodoxy. In 1970, likewise the description of the furry pterosaur \"Sordes\" began what Robert Bakker named a renaissance of pterosaurs. Especially Kevin Padian propagated the new views, publishing a series of studies depicting pterosaurs as warm-blooded, active and running animals. This coincided with a revival of the German school through the work of Peter Wellnhofer, who in 1970s laid the foundations of modern pterosaur science. In 1978, he published the first pterosaur textbook, the \"Handbuch der Paläoherptologie, Teil 19: Pterosauria\", and in 1991 the second ever popular science pterosaur book, the \"Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs\". This development accelerated through the exploitation of two new \"Lagerstätten\". During the 1970s, the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation in Brazil began to produce chalk nodules that, though often", "", "Because pterosaur anatomy has been so heavily modified for flight, and immediate transitional fossil predecessors have not so far been described, the ancestry of pterosaurs is not fully understood. The oldest known pterosaurs were already fully adapted to a flying lifestyle. Since Seeley, it was recognised that pterosaurs were likely to have had their origin in the \"archosaurs\", what today would be called the Archosauromorpha. In the 1980s, early cladistic analyses found that they were Avemetatarsalians (archosaurs closer to dinosaurs than to crocodilians). As this would make them also rather close relatives of the dinosaurs, these results were seen", "It was once thought that competition with early bird species might have resulted in the extinction of many of the pterosaurs. Part of this is due to the fact it used to be thought that by the end of the Cretaceous, only large species of pterosaurs were present (no longer true; see below). The smaller species were thought to have become extinct, their niche filled by birds. However, pterosaur decline (if actually present) seems unrelated to bird diversity, as ecological overlap between the two groups appears to be minimal. In fact, at least some avian niches were reclaimed by pterosaurs prior to the KT event. At the end of the Cretaceous period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs and most", "In phylogenetic taxonomy, the clade Pterosauria has usually been defined as node-based and anchored to several extensively studied taxa as well as those thought to be primitive. One 2003 study defined Pterosauria as \"The most recent common ancestor of the Anurognathidae, \"Preondactylus\" and \"Quetzalcoatlus\" and all their descendants.\" However, these types of definition would inevitably leave any related species that are slightly more primitive out of the Pterosauria. To remedy this, a new definition was proposed that would anchor the name not to any particular species but to an anatomical feature, the presence of an enlarged fourth finger that supports a wing membrane. A broader clade, Pterosauromorpha, has been defined as all ornithodirans more", "", "The mechanics of pterosaur flight are not completely understood or modeled at this time. Katsufumi Sato, a Japanese scientist, did calculations using modern birds and concluded that it was impossible for a pterosaur to stay aloft. In the book \"Posture, Locomotion, and Paleoecology of Pterosaurs\" it is theorized that they were able to fly due to the oxygen-rich, dense atmosphere of the Late Cretaceous period. However, both Sato and the authors of \"Posture, Locomotion, and Paleoecology of Pterosaurs\" based their research on the now-outdated theories of pterosaurs being seabird-like, and the size limit does not apply to terrestrial pterosaurs, such as azhdarchids and tapejarids. Furthermore, Darren Naish concluded that atmospheric differences between the present and the Mesozoic were not needed for the giant size of pterosaurs.", "A 2009 study showed that pterosaurs had a lung-and-air-sac system and a precisely controlled skeletal breathing pump, which supports a flow-through pulmonary ventilation model in pterosaurs, analogous to that of birds. The presence of a subcutaneous air sac system", "An X-ray study of pterosaur brain cavities revealed that the animals (\"Rhamphorhynchus muensteri\" and \"Anhanguera santanae\") had massive flocculi. The flocculus is a brain region that integrates signals from joints, muscles, skin and balance organs. The pterosaurs' flocculi occupied 7.5% of the animals' total brain mass, more than in any other vertebrate. Birds have unusually large flocculi compared with other animals, but these only occupy between 1 and 2% of total brain mass. The flocculus sends out neural signals that produce small,", "Pterosaurs' hip sockets are oriented facing slightly upwards, and the head of the femur (thigh bone) is only moderately inward facing, suggesting that pterosaurs had an erect stance. It would have been possible to lift the thigh into a horizontal position during flight, as gliding lizards do. There was considerable debate whether pterosaurs ambulated as quadrupeds or as bipeds. In the 1980s, paleontologist Kevin Padian suggested that smaller pterosaurs with longer hindlimbs, such as \"Dimorphodon\", might have walked or even ran bipedally, in addition to flying, like road runners. However, a large number of pterosaur trackways were later found with a distinctive four-toed hind foot and three-toed front foot; these are the unmistakable prints of pterosaurs walking on all fours. Fossil footprints show that pterosaurs stood with the entire foot in contact with the ground (plantigrade), in a manner similar to many mammals like humans and bears. Footprints from azhdarchids and several unidentified species show that pterosaurs walked with an erect posture with their four limbs held almost vertically beneath the body, an energy-efficient stance used by most modern birds and mammals, rather than the sprawled limbs", "Tracks made by ctenochasmatoids indicate that these pterosaurs swam using their hindlimbs. In general, these have large hindfeet and long torsos, indicating that they were probably more adapted for swimming than other pterosaurs. Pteranodontians conversely have several speciations in their humeri interpreted to have", "Traditionally, almost all pterosaurs were seen as surface-feeding piscivores or fish-eaters, a view that still dominates popular science. Today, many pterosaurs groups are thought to have been terrestrial carnivores, omnivores or insectivores. Early-on it was recognised that the small Anurognathidae were nocturnal, aerial insectivores. With highly flexible joints on the wing finger, a broad, triangular wing shape, large eyes and short tail, these pterosaurs were likely analogous to nightjars or extant insectivorous bats, being capable of high manoeuvrability at relatively low speeds. Interpretations of the habits", "Pterosaurs are known to have been eaten by theropods. In the 1 July 2004 edition of \"Nature\", paleontologist Eric Buffetaut discusses an Early Cretaceous fossil of", "While very little is known about pterosaur reproduction, it is believed that, similar to all dinosaurs, all pterosaurs reproduced by laying eggs, though such findings are very rare. The first known pterosaur egg was found in the quarries of Liaoning, the same place that yielded feathered dinosaurs. The egg was squashed flat with no signs of cracking, so evidently the eggs had leathery shells, as in modern lizards. This was supported by the description of an additional pterosaur egg belonging to the genus \"Darwinopterus\", described in 2011, which also had a leathery shell and, also like modern reptiles but unlike birds, was fairly small compared to the size of the mother. In 2014 five unflattened eggs from the", "Comparisons between the scleral rings of pterosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of pterosaurs. The pterosaur genera \"Pterodactylus\", \"Scaphognathus\", and \"Tupuxuara\" have been inferred to be diurnal, \"Ctenochasma\", \"Pterodaustro\", and \"Rhamphorhynchus\" have been inferred to be nocturnal, and \"Tapejara\" has", "Pterosaurs have been a staple of popular culture for as long as their cousins the dinosaurs, though they are usually not featured as prominently in films, literature or other art. While the depiction of dinosaurs in popular media has changed radically in response to advances in paleontology, a mainly outdated picture of pterosaurs has persisted since the mid-20th century. The vague generic term \"pterodactyl\" is often used for these creatures. The animals depicted frequently represent either \"Pteranodon\" or (non-pterodactyloid) \"Rhamphorhynchus\", or a fictionalized hybrid of the two. Many children's toys and cartoons feature \"pterodactyls\" with \"Pteranodon\"-like crests and long, \"Rhamphorhynchus\"-like tails and teeth, a combination that never existed in nature. However, at least one pterosaur \"did\" have both the \"Pteranodon\"-like crest and teeth: \"Ludodactylus\", whose name means \"toy finger\" for its resemblance to old, inaccurate children's toys. Pterosaurs have sometimes been incorrectly identified as (the ancestors of) \"birds\", though birds are actually theropod dinosaurs, not closely related to pterosaurs. Pterosaurs were used in fiction in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel \"The Lost World\", and subsequent 1925 film adaptation. They appeared in a number of films and television programs since, including the 1933 film \"King Kong\", and 1966's \"One Million Years B.C.\". In the latter, animator Ray Harryhausen had to add inaccurate bat-like wing fingers to his stop motion models in order to keep the membranes from falling apart, though this particular error was common in art even before the film was made. The Japanese character Rodan, a fictional giant monster (or \"kaiju\") which first appeared in the 1956 film \"Rodan\", is portrayed as an enormous irradiated species of \"Pteranodon\". Rodan has appeared in multiple \"Godzilla\" films released during the 1960s, 1970s, 1990s, and 2000s, and also appeared in the 2019 American-produced film \"\". After the 1960s, pterosaurs remained mostly absent from notable American film appearances until 2001, with \"Jurassic Park III\". Paleontologist Dave Hone noted that the pterosaurs in this film had not been significantly updated to reflect modern research. Errors persisting were teeth while toothless \"Pteranodon\" was intended to be depicted, nesting behavior that was known to be inaccurate by 2001, and leathery wings, rather than the taut membranes of muscle fiber required for pterosaur flight. In most media appearances, pterosaurs are depicted as piscivores, not reflecting their full dietary variation. They are also often shown as aerial predators similar to birds of prey, grasping human victims with talons on their feet. However, only the small anurognathid \"Vesperopterylus\" is known to possesses prehensile feet; all other pterosaurs have flat, plantigrade feet with no opposable toes, and the feet are generally proportionally small, at least in the case of the Pteranodontia." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 96742, 58585, 21763, 112297, 14432, 2804, 450, 70, 73432, 11531, 44, 839, 5, 294, 5, 1062, 1242, 509, 59121, 100, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 456, 90431, 2317, 5, 44, 23389, 509, 1884, 142, 39395, 87221, 11531, 27, 70, 44759, 131148, 44, 6431, 9, 159975, 34699, 68332, 1814, 5, 1650, 15935, 25, 18, 29459, 142, 541, 16395, 89038, 538, 20, 3129, 509, 1632, 111, 8382, 10176, 23936, 7, 931, 20051, 7, 5, 87, 11814, 47, 5154, 442, 509, 1672, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 8753, 2750, 1902, 903, 29326, 30544, 70997, 5, 87, 831, 25, 18, 14192, 398, 3129, 1632, 27, 40494, 764, 112730, 101275, 1242, 360, 88847, 70, 7156, 509, 30648, 297, 14012, 21027, 98, 44, 211258, 214, 47002, 58, 41260, 25, 7, 5303, 111, 70, 2101, 158036, 7156, 7, 111, 756, 1733, 4, 136, 30669, 23, 10, 1324, 15226, 5281, 5303, 5, 992, 19774, 98363, 7, 70, 52336, 237, 44, 5584, 1672, 75169, 23, 10, 8753, 136, 20648, 214, 4, 70, 21365, 111, 8035, 27150, 4, 136, 1836, 35691, 442, 1884, 1836, 22120, 442, 4, 8035, 88203, 214, 9, 16713, 26847, 100, 58867, 6, 48150, 9, 4390, 9, 2347, 3095, 6, 128659, 15032, 7, 740, 213185, 100, 70, 4831, 4, 35340, 37700, 73048, 450, 44, 143802, 7, 4, 7426, 136, 13950, 1697, 71407, 4034, 7, 47, 5798, 1577, 329, 47, 28282, 9844, 8796, 3525, 740, 56174, 14978, 1004, 141, 9494, 13, 111, 3164, 158257, 18822, 7, 70, 17164, 47, 186, 44, 87705, 289, 23, 70, 127319, 111, 99162, 12924, 136, 70, 127319, 111, 3643, 13950, 740, 34525, 456, 174404, 7, 23, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 98, 627, 13055, 64, 7192, 538, 1846, 4527, 70, 5701, 28560, 5303, 214, 237, 70, 7311, 17274, 79737, 34475, 36917, 23, 3129, 44, 568, 133903, 5153, 58, 83, 91995, 71, 678, 44, 31923, 16762, 7844, 58, 98, 24383, 615, 63306, 1846, 25, 7, 7311, 7915, 54452, 1295, 70, 15643, 7, 70163, 7, 70, 17274, 136, 7082, 28560, 5303, 7, 1284, 2843, 96853, 44, 3957, 110047, 5986, 58, 136, 44, 1456, 219, 26783, 62323, 4, 58, 3129, 3542, 184750, 1295, 221419, 7915, 54452, 7, 72134, 23, 70, 11704, 7, 5, 893, 79737, 121447, 4734, 23, 192286, 399, 509, 10, 19100, 125728, 54452, 4, 1650, 1902, 70, 5701, 1492, 28560, 7, 237, 70, 17274, 11389, 1001, 49814, 6626, 28560, 7, 12, 44, 1456, 219, 26783, 62323, 830, 59121, 390, 21763, 112297, 136, 1460, 67, 40218, 4, 136, 44, 3957, 110047, 5986, 830, 59121, 390, 59689, 11554, 1507, 136, 31681, 37700, 5, 149766, 193289, 136, 29256, 3542, 7228, 23, 102126, 136, 31255, 297, 47, 70, 187951, 16839, 4734, 46, 70, 30839, 7311, 1902, 70, 5701, 209, 28560, 7, 237, 70, 17274, 5, 581, 21115, 15935, 25, 18, 3444, 44, 10625, 16670, 13, 5986, 58, 47, 186, 31089, 71, 99, 756, 4, 1284, 10, 22460, 11389, 509, 17664, 297, 136, 24941, 71, 678, 44, 1456, 219, 26783, 62323, 58, 237, 10, 11001, 5, 8622, 3542, 110, 38627, 99, 903, 36541, 47, 54452, 442, 23, 135137, 4, 221, 100, 70, 187951, 31089, 4, 10, 22684, 112, 135137, 17664, 509, 11814, 5, 3293, 509, 7228, 20271, 70, 104227, 23, 39395, 8055, 36236, 100, 23, 36716, 5844, 60042, 46, 70, 28271, 28560, 237, 62822, 22460, 83, 17664, 297, 2060, 7108, 136, 10, 2639, 101275, 645, 42629, 2060, 25737, 5, 89726, 179140, 100, 54452, 4, 903, 17664, 509, 33662, 72856, 136, 100, 14432, 135137, 37348, 10, 3525, 1632, 509, 7228, 5, 581, 12912, 29256, 136, 17164, 110, 5, 16156, 3742, 757, 95787, 621, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 30839, 31089, 4, 1284, 17262, 12921, 4420, 29256, 7, 32316, 5, 581, 5117, 145870, 70, 26785, 427, 28560, 7, 4, 70, 17932, 145870, 209, 28560, 7, 4, 136, 10, 50960, 7440, 70, 427, 28560, 5303, 214, 1556, 2809, 44, 39529, 297, 58, 645, 70, 209, 28560, 5303, 214, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 133540, 53822, 83, 70, 34377, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 53822, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 121447, 23, 70, 17274, 98, 483, 14487, 36236, 4, 237, 70, 5117, 82080, 98, 70, 853, 44713, 89916, 67967, 4, 6, 157272, 390, 108558, 12452, 130794, 25876, 5, 581, 17274, 7156, 509, 121447, 23, 15044, 22460, 136, 135137, 11389, 7, 4, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 237, 70, 54452, 111, 70, 11001, 44, 568, 133903, 5153, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Reception.", "Track listing.", "Later U.S. release.", "Scandinavian release." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Bass player Jack Bruce later said that the opening song \"N.S.U.\" was written for the band's first rehearsal. \"It was like an early punk song... the title meant \"non-specific urethritis. It didn't mean an NSU Quickly - which was one of those little 1960s mopeds. I used to say it was about a member of the band who had this venereal disease. I can't tell you which one... except he played guitar.\"", "In 2003, the album was ranked number 101 on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and 102 in a 2012 revised list. Uncut describes the songs as \"all about playing in a band and relaxing, the joy of being young, and they walk it like they talk it, being jumping-off points for wonderful spur-of-the moment improvisations\". Writing for the BBC, Sid Smith notes that \"blues, pop and rock magically starts to coalesce to create something brand new\". Stephen Thomas Erlwine of AllMusic believes the record to be \"instrumental in the birth of heavy metal and the birth of jam rock\".", "", "Original reissues in the U.S. on RSO/Polydor use the same track listing as the original UK edition given above in which \"I Feel Free\" is replaced with \"Spoonful\" on Side 1. Polydor's original CD release from the 1980s combines the UK and US track lists but also includes \"The Coffee Song\" and \"Wrapping Paper,\" which were removed from subsequent CD releases starting in the 1990s.", "An edition released only in Scandinavia was a 12-track release, It had the same ten tracks as the UK version plus added two tracks: \"Wrapping Paper\", written by Jack Bruce and Pete Brown, and \"The Coffee Song\", written by Tony Colton and Ray Smith. Both vinyl and cover were made in Germany and exported to the Swedish market only – the German original had the same 10 tracks as the UK. The group didn't want \"Coffee Song\" to be issued at all, but a mono version was mixed and coupled with \"Wrapping Paper\" as a single. There were no plans at this stage to release it in stereo, so for the Swedish issue, a crude stereo mix was used. This was made during the sessions in early August 1966 for instructive purpose – the whole track as basic mono is mixed far right and a solo guitar overdub far left. Never intended for release, this mix was soon lost and for later stereo issues a new one was made. The front cover and record no. (623 031) are the same as the German issue, but three different back covers exist. The first listed the correct 12 tracks, the second listed 10 tracks, and a third where the 12 track listing has been \"glued\" over the 10 track listing." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 135967, 47, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 28811, 56136, 22230, 23, 70, 72399, 71792, 7, 4, 70, 31485, 16128, 509, 5368, 47, 40368, 142080, 111, 106294, 947, 15227, 3395, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 5986, 1106, 90, 5, 581, 195374, 136, 56101, 34739, 1257, 70, 64222, 1363, 111, 70, 144477, 25617, 184085, 4, 86595, 678, 70, 19922, 7, 111, 20178, 98651, 23, 729, 16360, 4, 136, 111, 14631, 79479, 23, 729, 19051, 5, 106073, 70, 31485, 16128, 111, 70, 7832, 217, 111, 20178, 8, 7680, 408, 509, 959, 88898, 71, 24189, 729, 5039, 4, 195374, 57, 3632, 7, 36997, 71, 1184, 3181, 28781, 1950, 38648, 15, 20314, 65272, 111, 31485, 27798, 16, 23, 729, 5039, 4, 729, 12183, 4, 136, 64726, 5442, 360, 543, 8894, 14631, 120469, 509, 25534, 71, 678, 70, 115, 939, 111, 53550, 1257, 10, 71702, 1305, 98, 70, 127067, 9022, 6069, 111, 154503, 18481, 4, 54799, 70, 67330, 2320, 390, 14787, 159929, 10, 3525, 1286, 144477, 56, 538, 1305, 186, 88303, 23, 7225, 19953, 154503, 77736, 3934, 15672, 44540, 15, 21231, 199716, 6, 99091, 6635, 167956, 194, 120469, 14037, 297, 19953, 31485, 98, 70, 1764, 111, 13379, 9, 5636, 31485, 23, 130534, 1363, 111, 70, 184345, 111, 70, 199716, 4804, 67530, 23, 543, 9271, 4, 65042, 214, 70, 56101, 23924, 21629, 64, 225221, 46684, 132988, 33233, 70, 7218, 927, 95103, 1295, 70, 14434, 3387, 47, 70, 7832, 217, 111, 69919, 5, 1004, 13, 89829, 23, 543, 11548, 237, 10, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 71702, 1305, 98, 10, 1764, 7311, 538, 35839, 2041, 840, 309, 15, 2347, 24, 4935, 2565, 509, 44, 9779, 4244, 2594, 830, 91084, 360, 70, 21, 3055, 23552, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 13791, 111, 31485, 100512, 1632, 111, 23924, 21629, 25, 7, 142105, 24927, 1314, 111, 233, 6664, 4, 520, 6496, 70, 233, 6664, 52350, 1295, 34854, 21415, 136, 113068, 3934, 23924, 21629, 5, 2331, 6664, 52350, 509, 8437, 136, 51, 144867, 3674, 24189, 163140, 4, 3229, 70, 27047, 6644, 31089, 71, 132954, 7, 136, 37498, 297, 115, 2449, 98, 6863, 24927, 136, 11473, 5, 581, 233, 6664, 52350, 509, 4599, 14534, 23, 81139, 5, 360, 145769, 4, 678, 70, 21721, 1830, 111, 70, 180972, 109727, 85736, 7514, 147914, 7, 98, 7362, 42, 5861, 360, 1974, 4, 31485, 25, 7, 19069, 237, 70, 60091, 11698, 111, 56101, 121328, 509, 66617, 38965, 78458, 72856, 47, 70, 26349, 111, 154503, 4, 56101, 121328, 5, 581, 26349, 221419, 538, 80723, 98174, 1916, 142, 29569, 111, 9244, 583, 9782, 2481, 28032, 6863, 6083, 53550, 4, 111517, 71, 390, 70, 49128, 7, 111, 144994, 6044, 237, 42926, 119300, 106642, 2069, 4, 70, 73432, 111, 70, 5700, 4966, 9254, 18, 38666, 7, 23, 96929, 136, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 2775, 11856, 2352, 390, 70, 180972, 109727, 85736, 7514, 23, 81139, 5, 12452, 27859, 7, 561, 481, 4, 10, 105207, 25297, 1419, 124901, 33946, 7, 99201, 552, 289, 5665, 7, 136, 10, 6, 68823, 7514, 98, 154503, 18481, 4, 64549, 297, 156201, 1506, 516, 206, 120304, 23, 70, 14434, 1760, 16128, 4, 43573, 70, 51521, 45606, 329, 111, 70, 140280, 25, 7, 29730, 34, 86216, 62493, 42, 5, 18763, 775, 14631, 27859, 7, 561, 481, 100512, 26521, 136, 221419, 538, 29730, 34, 86216, 62493, 42, 111, 70, 140280, 136, 581, 212790, 111, 31485, 509, 100, 4806, 390, 2741, 4398, 8780, 134629, 390, 7401, 23, 67842, 3173, 7, 5, 19434, 5176, 329, 86, 169783, 2320, 3884, 70, 16128, 1379, 10, 6117, 2594, 6, 2980, 29256, 4, 70, 57888, 111, 3129, 8, 11856, 297, 70, 3551, 35064, 13379, 15520, 17366, 5, 32255, 169783, 1314, 2843, 40370, 297, 3474, 299, 19096, 53, 459, 302, 570, 5, 1301, 1836, 10267, 107, 27686, 4, 2363, 6, 76681, 7401, 25737, 6117, 2594, 40370, 7, 111, 19096, 136, 17202, 141, 5, 82485, 26580, 53, 9615, 6259, 98, 2367, 2806, 14432, 24209, 36898, 3551, 5, 2795, 9, 10828, 26136, 456, 99091, 172554, 71, 31485, 1556, 10, 24814, 9, 149336, 170027, 66, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 44, 441, 7, 275, 18939, 678, 63335, 4, 36898, 51065, 7, 136, 21185, 41710, 7, 678, 71644, 13, 5, 4804, 434, 31809, 44677, 442, 23, 70, 55609, 1771, 153552, 20288, 24073, 8331, 51029, 106073, 31485, 83, 2060, 9319, 144477, 3501, 6044, 44, 434, 10433, 58, 162708, 237, 45152, 7978, 4, 5813, 33970, 6406, 4, 136, 4211, 86, 11, 34740, 4, 642, 1515, 538, 32382, 7, 136, 109727, 55609, 43581, 7, 13695, 31485, 25, 7, 41710, 52768, 7, 193984, 538, 77546, 4, 678, 142, 83080, 18982, 52768, 111, 154186, 47, 45152, 7978, 4, 70, 64857, 25, 7, 10323, 4, 678, 5, 1913, 70, 31485, 82658, 61999, 7, 92949, 29398, 4, 31815, 52768, 7, 6, 58944, 36917, 98, 83080, 40715, 3501, 1632, 5155, 117, 6602, 136, 6817, 35064, 98, 83080, 4734, 1492, 17431, 7, 117, 6602, 5, 31485, 1556, 17164, 297, 64557, 4092, 731, 9, 32087, 41710, 34003, 7, 22759, 20028, 15, 73, 60487, 64, 4046, 4, 34578, 64, 2839, 4, 8272, 139217, 4, 136, 5726, 107244, 194, 8272, 83, 70, 4734, 87939, 6602, 98, 17164, 15490, 10, 11001, 581, 25632, 83, 10, 5303, 111, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 7, 23, 70, 6406, 111, 31485, 4, 237, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 26349, 581, 43904, 111, 31485, 509, 382, 63527, 2489, 23, 13999, 581, 31485, 51292, 7921, 115364, 79200, 4, 48402, 214, 6, 95037, 8927, 14834, 31075, 152701, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 32774, 56, 31485, 4, 1556, 10, 43904, 111, 4442, 128191, 1837, 136, 83, 70, 142105, 27081, 16128, 98, 154503, 18481, 5, 3311, 43904, 4, 32774, 56, 31485, 83, 70, 423, 927, 142105, 57329, 17840, 16128, 23, 25730, 5, 581, 32546, 28379, 59338, 4, 3129, 96853, 78301, 28720, 58555, 4, 1556, 10, 3622, 43904, 111, 6, 96060, 4, 154019, 5, 31485, 83, 51529, 100, 6863, 2837, 184026, 1363, 11, 37838, 21334, 90223, 13, 43904, 5, 31384, 2289, 617, 33297, 111, 70, 43904, 111, 31485, 136, 6863, 206990, 16128, 621, 1286, 3501, 2248, 5369, 111, 32070, 2451, 2347, 167375, 123875, 100, 2499, 111, 25730, 25, 7, 57329, 17840, 58555, 5, 581, 26349, 2843, 72464, 933, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 50960, 9, 84396, 525, 202104, 111, 3395, 5684, 136, 114210, 21067, 5, 148437, 4, 50155, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 31485, 15, 5464, 66, 5548, 12, 11292, 114101, 212129, 44, 74033, 971, 71991, 18939, 83, 70, 10323, 26349, 111, 70, 180972, 140280, 111, 56101, 121328, 4, 105866, 98, 70, 127067, 9022, 6069, 111, 154503, 18481, 5773, 25730, 25, 7, 109727, 184085, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 10, 43904, 111, 9365, 4, 186796, 4, 136, 70, 32774, 56, 31485, 79200, 1556, 10, 43904, 111, 6, 144180, 4, 100595, 5, 31485, 83, 70, 361, 927, 2684, 168, 1428, 53, 27623, 3674, 26349, 23, 25730, 678, 201, 4, 2839, 153451, 3395, 117, 6, 108047, 140635, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history (1770–1871).", "Modern history (1871–present).", "Geography.", "Topography.", "Climate.", "Neighbourhoods.", "Demographics.", "Ethnic origins.", "Population by ethnic origin.", "Social issues.", "Economy.", "Retail.", "Technology industry.", "Tourism.", "Culture.", "Sports.", "International Events.", "Sports teams.", "Infrastructure.", "Transportation.", "Air.", "Cycling.", "Ferries.", "Public transit.", "Rail.", "Roads.", "Other services.", "Education.", "Media.", "Sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Prior to the arrival of European navigators in the late 1700s, the Victoria area was home to several communities of Coast Salish peoples, including the Songhees. The Spanish and British took up the exploration of the northwest coast, beginning with the visits of Juan Pérez in 1774, and of James Cook in 1778. Although the Victoria area of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was not explored until 1790, Spanish sailors visited Esquimalt Harbour (just west of Victoria proper) in 1790, 1791, and 1792. In 1841 James Douglas was charged with the duty of setting up a trading post on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, upon the recommendation by George Simpson a new more northerly post be built in case Fort Vancouver fell into American hands (see Oregon boundary dispute). Douglas founded Fort Victoria on the site of present-day Victoria in anticipation of the outcome of the Oregon Treaty in 1846, extending the British North America/United States border along the 49th parallel from the Rockies to the Strait of Georgia. Erected in 1843 as a Hudson's Bay Company trading post on a site originally called Camosun (the native word was \"camosack\", meaning", "In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North America's largest importers of opium, serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America. Opium trade was legal and unregulated until 1865, when the legislature issued licences and levied duties on its import and sale. The opium trade was banned in 1908. In 1886, with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway terminus on Burrard Inlet, Victoria's position as the commercial centre of British Columbia was irrevocably lost to the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. The city subsequently began cultivating an image of genteel civility within its natural setting, aided by the impressions of visitors such as Rudyard Kipling, the opening of the popular Butchart Gardens in 1904 and the construction of the Empress Hotel by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1908. Robert Dunsmuir, a leading industrialist whose interests included coal mines and a railway on Vancouver Island, constructed Craigdarroch Castle in the Rockland area, near the official residence of the province's Lieutenant Governor. His son James Dunsmuir became Premier and subsequently Lieutenant Governor of the province and", "", "The landscape of Victoria was formed by volcanism followed by water in various forms. Pleistocene glaciation put the area under a thick ice cover, the weight of which depressed the land below present sea level. These glaciers also deposited stony sandy loam till. As they retreated, their melt water left thick deposits of sand and gravel. Marine clay settled on what would later become dry land. Post-glacial rebound exposed", "Victoria has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen \"Csb\") with fresh, dry summers and cool winters with moderate. Trewartha places it in the Oceanic climate zone (\"Do\"). Although Victoria is farther north than such \"winter\" cities as Ottawa, Quebec City, and Minneapolis, westerly winds and Pacific Ocean currents keep Victoria's winter temperatures substantially higher, with an average January temperature of compared to Ottawa, the nation's capital, with. At the Victoria Gonzales weather station, daily temperatures rise above on average less than one day per year and fall below on average only ten nights per year. Victoria has recorded completely freeze-free winter seasons four times (in 1925/26, 1939/40, 1999/2000, and 2002/03). 1999 is the only calendar year on record without a single", "The following is a list of neighbourhoods in the City of Victoria, as defined by the city", "The population of Victoria was 80,017 in 2011. The Victoria Census Metropolitan Area, comprising thirteen municipalities informally referred to as Greater Victoria, has a population of 344,615 and is the largest urban area on Vancouver Island. By population, Greater Victoria is the 15th largest metropolitan area in Canada. The Capital Regional District, which includes additional rural areas, has a total population of 345,164. Victoria is known for its disproportionately large retiree population. Some 6.4 percent of the population of Victoria and its surrounding area are more than 80 years of age—the highest proportion for any of Canada's metropolitan areas. The city also boasts the country's third-highest concentration of people 65 and older (17.8%), behind only Peterborough, Ontario, and Kelowna, British Columbia. Retirees throughout Canada are drawn to Victoria's climate, scenery, year-round golf season, and pace of life. A historically popular cliché refers to the city as the home of \"the newly wed and nearly dead\".", "", "Note: These categories are those used by Statistics Canada.", "In January 2005, a volunteer study by the Victoria Cool Aid Society found the homeless population to be approximately 700 individuals. This was the first homeless count in the city. In 2006, a \"Times-Colonist\" news article estimated the homeless population to have increased by 30% in just a few weeks due to the anticipated tourism boom of the", "The city's chief industries are technology, food products, tourism, education, federal and provincial government administration and services. Other nearby employers include the Canadian Forces (the Township of Esquimalt is the home of the Pacific headquarters of the Royal Canadian Navy), and the University of Victoria (in the municipalities of Oak Bay and Saanich) and Camosun College (which have over 33,000 faculty, staff and students combined). Other sectors of the Greater Victoria area economy include: investment and banking, online book publishing, various public and private schools, food products manufacturing, light aircraft manufacturing, technology products, various high tech firms in pharmaceuticals and computers, engineering, architecture and telecommunications.", "There are three major shopping malls in the City of Victoria, including the Bay Centre, Hillside Shopping Centre, and Mayfair Shopping Centre. Mayfair, one of the first major shopping centres in Victoria, first opened as an outdoor strip mall on 16 October 1963 with 27 stores. It was built on the site of a former brickyard in the Maywood district, a then-semi-rural area in the northern part of Victoria. Woodward's", "Advanced technology is Victoria's largest revenue-producing private industry with $3.15 billion in annual revenues generated by more than 880 tech companies that have over 15,000 direct employees. The annual economic", "Victoria is a major tourism destination with over 3.5 million overnight visitors per year who add more than a billion dollars to the local economy. As well, over 500,000 daytime visitors arrive via cruise ships which dock at Ogden Point near the city's Inner Harbour. Many whale watching tour companies operate from this harbour due to the whales often present near its coast. The city is also close to Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt, the Canadian Navy's primary Pacific Ocean naval base. Downtown Victoria also serves as Greater Victoria's regional downtown, where many night clubs, theatres, restaurants and pubs are clustered, and where many regional public events occur. Canada Day fireworks displays, Symphony Splash, and many other music festivals and cultural events draw tens of thousands of Greater Victorians and visitors to the downtown core. The Rifflandia and Electronic Music Festival are other music events that draw crowds to the downtown core.", "The Victoria Symphony, led by Christian Kluxen, performs at the Royal Theatre and the Farquhar Auditorium of the University of Victoria from September to May. Every BC Day weekend, the Symphony mounts Symphony Splash, an outdoor event that includes a performance by the orchestra sitting on a barge in Victoria's Inner Harbour. Streets in the local area are closed, as each year approximately 40,000 people attend a variety of concerts and events throughout the day. The event culminates with the Symphony's evening concert, with Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture as the grand finale, complete with cannon fire from Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Gunners from HMCS QUADRA, a pealing carillon and a fireworks display to honour BC Day. Pacific Opera Victoria, Victoria Operatic Society, Victoria Philharmonic Choir, Canadian Pacific Ballet and Ballet Victoria stage two or three productions each year at the Macpherson or Royal Theatres. The Bastion Theatre, a professional dramatic company, functioned in Victoria through the 1970s and 1980s and performed high quality dramatic productions but ultimately declared bankruptcy in 1988. Reborn as The New Bastion Theatre in 1990 the company struggled for two more years before closing operations in 1992. The Belfry Theatre started in 1974 as the Springridge Cultural Centre in 1974. The venue was renamed the Belfry Theatre in 1976 as the company began producing its own shows. The Belfry's mandate is to produce contemporary plays with an emphasis on new Canadian plays. Other regional theatre venues include: Phoenix Theatre student theatre at the University of Victoria; The Roxy Theatre, home of the Blue Bridge Repertory Theatre company; Kaleidoscope Theatre and Intrepid Theatre, producers of the Victoria Fringe Theatre Festival and The Uno Festival of Solo Performance. The only Canadian Forces Primary Reserve brass/reed band on Vancouver Island is in Victoria. The 5th (British Columbia) Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery Band traces its roots back to 1864, making it the oldest, continually operational military band west of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Its mandate is to support the island's military community by performing at military dinners, parades and ceremonies, and other events. The band performs weekly in August at Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site where the Regiment started manning the guns of the fort in 1896, and also performs every year at the Cameron Bandshell at Beacon Hill Park. The annual multi-day Rifflandia Music Festival is one of Canada's largest modern, rock and pop music festivals. A number of well-known musicians and bands are from Victoria, including Nelly Furtado, David Foster, The Moffatts, Frog Eyes, Johnny Vallis, Jets Overhead, Bryce Soderberg, Swollen Members, Armchair Cynics, Nomeansno, The New Colors, Wolf Parade, The Racoons, Tal Bachman, Dayglo Abortions and Hot Hot Heat. Due to the proximity to Vancouver and a 6% distance location tax credit, Victoria is used as a filming location for many films, television series, and television movies. Some of these films include \"X2\", \"\", \"In the Land of Women\", \"White Chicks\", \"Scary Movie\", \"Final Destination\", \"Excess Baggage\" and \"Bird on a Wire\". Television series such as \"Smallville\", \"The Dead Zone\" and \"\" were also filmed there. Canadian director Atom Egoyan was raised in Victoria. Actors Cameron Bright (\"Ultraviolet\", \"\", \"Thank You for Smoking\", \"New Moon\") and Ryan Robbins (\"Stargate Atlantis\", \"Battlestar Galactica\", \"Sanctuary\") were born in Victoria. Actor Cory Monteith from the television series \"Glee\" was raised in Victoria. Actor, artist, and athlete Duncan Regehr of \"\" was raised in the region. Nobel laureate Alice Munro lived in Victoria during the years when she published her first story collections and co-founded Munro's Books. Victoria resident Stanley Evans has written a series of mysteries featuring a Coast Salish character, Silas Seaweed, who works as an investigator with the Victoria Police Department. Other Victoria writers include Kit Pearson, Esi Edugyan, Robert Wiersema, W. D. Valgardson, Elizabeth Louisa Moresby, Madeline Sonik, Jack Hodgins, Dave Duncan, Bill Gaston, David Gurr, Ken Steacy, Sheryl McFarlane, Carol Shields and Patrick Lane. Gayleen Froese's 2005 novel \"Touch\" is set in Victoria. The comedy troupe LoadingReadyRun is based in Victoria.", "Victoria's climate, location and variety of facilities make it ideal for many recreational activities including rock climbing, hiking, kayaking, golf, water sports, informal team sports and jogging. Victoria is also known as the Cycling Capital of Canada, with hundreds of kilometres of bicycle paths, bike lanes and bike routes in the city, including the Galloping Goose Regional Trail. There are mountain biking trails at Mount Work Regional Park, and Victoria is quickly becoming a bike tourism destination. Cycling advocacy groups including Greater Victoria Cycling Coalition (GVCC) and the Bike To Work Society have worked to improve Victoria's cycling infrastructure and facilities, and to make cycling a viable transportation alternative, attracting 5% of commuters in 2005. Greater Victoria also has a rich motorsports history, and is home to a 4/10ths mile oval race track called Western Speedway. Opened in 1954, Western Speedway is the oldest speedway in western Canada, and features stock car racing, drag racing, demolition derbies and other events. Western Speedway is also home to the Victoria Auto Racing Hall of Fame and Museum. The Greater Victoria area also serves as a headquarters for Rugby Canada, based out of Westhills Stadium in Langford, as well as a headquarters for Rowing Canada, based out of Victoria City Rowing Club at Elk Lake in Saanich. The Greater Victoria Sports Hall of Fame is at the Save-on-Foods Memorial Centre, and features numerous displays and information on the sporting history of the city. The major sporting and entertainment complex, for Victoria and Vancouver Island Region, is the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre arena. It replaced the former Victoria Memorial Arena, which was constructed by efforts of World War II veterans as a monument to fallen comrades. World War I, World War II, Korean War, and other conflict veterans are also commemorated. Fallen Canadian soldiers in past, present, and future wars and/or United Nations, NATO missions are noted, or will be noted by the main lobby monument at the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre. The arena was the home of the ECHL (formerly known as the East Coast Hockey League) team, Victoria Salmon Kings, owned by RG Properties Limited, a real estate development firm that built the Victoria Save On Foods Memorial Centre, and Prospera Place Arena in Kelowna. The arena is the home of the Victoria Royals Western Hockey League (WHL) team that replaced the Victoria Salmon Kings (ECHL).", "Victoria has also been a destination for numerous high-profile international sporting events. It hosted the 1994 Commonwealth Games and the 2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. The 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup was co-hosted by Victoria along with five other Canadian cities;", "The city has also been home to numerous high-profile sports teams in its history. The Victoria Cougars are perhaps the most famous sports franchise the city has known, existing as members of several professional leagues from 1911–1926, and again from 1949–1961. The Cougars won the Stanley Cup as members of the WCHL in 1925 after defeating the Montreal Canadiens three games to one in a best-of-five final. The Cougars were reincarnated in 1971 as a major junior hockey team in the Western Hockey League, before they moved to Prince George to become the Prince George Cougars. Today, the Cougars name and legacy continue in the form of the Junior 'B' team that plays in the Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League. Minor professional hockey returned to Victoria in the form of the Victoria Salmon Kings, which played in the ECHL from 2004 to 2011, and were a minor league affiliate of", "The Jordan River Diversion Dam is Vancouver Island's main hydroelectric power station. It was built in 1911. The city's water is supplied by the Capital Regional District's Water Services Department from its Sooke Lake Reservoir. The lake is connected to a treatment plant at Japan Gulch by the Kapoor Tunnel. The lake water is very soft and requires no filtering. It is treated with chlorine, ammonia and ultraviolet light to control micro-organisms. Until the tunnel was completed in 1967, water flowed from the lake through the circuitous, leaky and much smaller Sooke Flowline. The Hartland landfill is the waste disposal site for Greater Victoria area. Since 1985, it has been run by the Capital Regional District environmental services. It is on top of a hill, between Victoria and Sidney, at the", "", "The Victoria International Airport has non-stop flights to and from Toronto, San Francisco, Seattle, Montreal, select seasonal sun destinations, and many cities throughout Western Canada. Multiple scheduled helicopter and seaplane flights are available daily from Victoria's Inner Harbour to", "Due to Victoria's mild year round weather with mostly rainy winters, commuting by bicycle is practical year-round compared to other Canadian cities. For this reason, the Greater Victoria area had the highest rate of bicycle commuting to work of any census metropolitan area in Canada in the 2011 and 2016 census. Greater Victoria also has an expanding system designed to facilitate bicycles and electrically assisted bicycles via bike lanes on many roads as well as separated multi-use paths for bicycles and pedestrians known as the Galloping Goose Regional Trail, Lochside Regional Trail and the E&N rail trail. These multi-use trails are designed exclusively for foot traffic and cyclists and pass through many communities in the Greater Victoria area, beginning at the downtown core and extending into areas such as Langford and Central and North Saanich. Bike to Work Week Victoria is a bi-annual event held in communities throughout greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is organized by the Greater Victoria Bike to Work Society with a Spring bike to work week scheduled in late May every year", "Victoria is served by several ferries with the Lower Mainland, Gulf Islands and the United States. BC Ferries provides service between Swartz Bay, up the Saanich peninsula from Victoria, to Tsawwassen on the Lower Mainland for cars, bus, trucks, pedestrians and cyclists. The Coho ferry operates as", "Local public transportation is run by the Victoria Regional Transit System, which is part of BC Transit. Since 2000, double-decker buses have been introduced to the fleet, and have become an icon for the city. Rider fare payments can be made in cash, monthly bus passes, disability yearly passes, day-passes purchased from the driver or tickets purchased from a store. As of April 1, 2016 bus drivers do not provide transfers as proof of payment. Transfers were a source of disagreement and delay on the bus, due to improper transfer use, and disagreements over", "Passenger rail service previously operated by Via Rail provided a single daily return trip along between Victoria – Courtenay, along the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, to the cities of Nanaimo, Courtenay, and points between. The service was discontinued along", "Local roadways, although showing signs of increasing congestion due to increasing population, are relatively easy to travel via a variety of means. However, roads in Victoria are not based on a grid system as in Vancouver or Edmonton, and even most major streets do not follow a straight line from beginning to end as they wind around hills, parks, coastlines, and historic neighbourhoods, often changing names two or three times. There is little distinction between \"streets\" and \"avenues\" in Victoria as there is in other cities such as Vancouver or Edmonton where \"streets\" run north–south and \"avenues\" run east–west, and Victorians are unlikely to use the terms \"north\", \"south\", \"east\", or \"west\" when giving directions. The compact size of the city lends itself readily to smaller, fuel efficient alternatives to full size passenger cars, such as scooters, as areas with significantly steep hills, such as one would find in San Francisco, are very few. Victoria is also in the process of making the", "Coach bus service between downtown Victoria and downtown Vancouver or the Vancouver International Airport that includes the ferry fare is called the BC Ferries Connector run by Wilson's Transportation Limited. The coach bus travels on the ferry to Vancouver with separate trips for the bus to downtown and a bus to the", "The city of Victoria lies entirely within the Greater Victoria School District. There is one public high school within the city boundaries, Victoria High School, founded in 1876, making it the oldest High School in North America north of Portland, Oregon and west of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Most of the elementary schools in Victoria now offer the popular French immersion programmes in addition to programmes in English. The educational needs of the Francophone community in Victoria are served by École Victor-Brodeur in the adjacent municipality of Esquimalt. In addition, within the city proper there are several smaller schools serving segments of the community such as the Chinese School in Chinatown and Christ", "Victoria is the only Canadian provincial capital without a local CBC Television station, owned-and-operated or affiliate, although it does host a small CBC Radio One (CBCV-FM) station at 780 Kings Road. The region", "Victoria has four Sister Cities:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44576, 35340, 10186, 61201, 94069, 669, 509, 103122, 3934, 10, 20697, 9, 67413, 14449, 23, 25515, 191, 4, 65272, 9020, 4, 98, 952, 22482, 41906, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 775, 111, 10, 30982, 1495, 42732, 4, 94037, 25877, 5997, 24009, 24073, 40062, 58, 41272, 37356, 247, 10, 18276, 2452, 2242, 4, 136, 56159, 25031, 94069, 669, 4, 10, 31461, 53, 4488, 56, 4, 18276, 249, 10433, 136, 65177, 1290, 4, 136, 36770, 6661, 5550, 1995, 1831, 56379, 809, 3055, 5, 94069, 669, 509, 111, 120552, 136, 30982, 1495, 224, 16797, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 129574, 136, 1919, 42732, 509, 10, 74644, 1419, 5, 94069, 669, 1902, 6626, 82953, 7, 4, 6765, 136, 11617, 4, 136, 10, 114015, 4, 4687, 2439, 5, 94069, 669, 509, 103122, 678, 10, 107137, 79, 434, 4, 3129, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 1937, 34, 532, 70334, 111, 1919, 54479, 5, 14847, 764, 509, 136659, 5369, 10332, 4, 1919, 67373, 68, 71, 111, 32386, 27968, 4, 137802, 1919, 42732, 47, 138804, 4049, 136, 1919, 17262, 78, 79298, 7, 153161, 75447, 5, 129551, 47, 9876, 191, 4, 70, 14449, 509, 44, 107, 23923, 71, 390, 70, 215394, 136, 109133, 47, 142, 25515, 191, 97761, 47, 70, 65272, 111, 118846, 25876, 38213, 5829, 7, 20204, 191, 4, 7440, 1919, 42732, 151994, 71, 47, 19095, 1257, 22759, 20020, 98, 604, 10002, 390, 20697, 100, 70, 2795, 12133, 1242, 4687, 139505, 13438, 23, 23936, 4, 1284, 168265, 71, 94069, 669, 25, 7, 29954, 1021, 9319, 7103, 17262, 5369, 5, 117371, 94069, 669, 435, 41447, 11, 7974, 1507, 99, 32070, 17846, 764, 11341, 71, 450, 1919, 5117, 134616, 509, 99, 209, 5369, 10332, 98, 10, 23040, 24, 4806, 119497, 99, 1919, 10696, 25, 7, 29681, 5155, 5, 1301, 10, 29041, 4, 764, 64152, 6259, 99, 11782, 14, 41382, 53, 136, 7401, 22796, 474, 178829, 5, 94069, 669, 29966, 297, 1310, 74797, 36448, 19012, 1294, 19188, 23, 25515, 191, 4, 136, 7068, 239, 939, 1991, 26655, 56, 19188, 23, 9020, 8305, 70, 42666, 110427, 5426, 4, 7440, 764, 100512, 75412, 23, 23134, 5, 24372, 137802, 239, 939, 1991, 678, 41664, 62, 84136, 7, 4, 764, 29966, 297, 44517, 29693, 111, 4713, 136, 11724, 1295, 31017, 47, 28015, 136, 7068, 70, 25674, 29693, 111, 4713, 1295, 28015, 47, 19340, 5, 18763, 23189, 107003, 4049, 47, 4488, 237, 10, 6, 48461, 51517, 100, 70, 25674, 29693, 111, 4713, 25, 7, 23, 9, 23923, 41260, 4, 44, 142833, 830, 136, 70, 44, 5021, 19514, 37639, 204117, 830, 3129, 764, 90698, 10, 1286, 144142, 6, 167618, 3501, 1030, 1916, 74, 764, 14432, 2804, 450, 23134, 10696, 44, 13689, 19, 25, 18, 90698, 70, 82091, 13580, 47, 54, 99, 543, 740, 24372, 25975, 2320, 4, 94069, 669, 136, 40368, 23902, 142096, 10, 6, 48461, 4331, 12275, 35839, 6524, 19379, 118, 4, 1284, 7103, 17262, 5369, 111, 65771, 8063, 4, 764, 68872, 450, 764, 509, 7730, 47, 237360, 1030, 1916, 23182, 538, 5, 1529, 54397, 47, 50336, 142, 20461, 1363, 678, 70, 25674, 62903, 111, 46406, 9523, 4713, 15, 145716, 247, 3129, 764, 29966, 297, 1295, 29172, 24189, 27898, 5, 51404, 2685, 4, 764, 8060, 297, 66570, 390, 20697, 237, 10, 40989, 56, 100, 1520, 2679, 130166, 24948, 7274, 136, 10868, 179322, 22758, 1681, 5, 24372, 25975, 26518, 1295, 6, 145716, 4, 94069, 669, 79786, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 678, 56101, 28926, 31667, 136, 195935, 163198, 13, 94407, 23, 36049, 7, 26719, 5024, 92, 28585, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 27414, 146638, 58, 136, 159, 157, 31, 100708, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 198386, 5140, 24293, 58, 99, 70, 25674, 52341, 146613, 4, 136, 118775, 17262, 20028, 99, 70, 210479, 8357, 8129, 5, 360, 25695, 4, 764, 51339, 297, 678, 70, 52341, 46406, 10760, 4, 21647, 214, 31486, 7, 23, 44, 139047, 20756, 136, 64672, 18, 58, 136, 44, 284, 29805, 1295, 70, 59132, 830, 54940, 3789, 11301, 7, 5, 51404, 20697, 678, 70, 25674, 113154, 33734, 15, 15396, 441, 247, 764, 509, 37702, 23, 44, 19659, 2583, 18852, 1650, 740, 18763, 36356, 222521, 31486, 509, 23, 44, 3957, 3253, 104588, 70103, 93, 66695, 58, 226861, 4, 70, 4831, 25, 7, 6, 202444, 111, 139603, 61122, 25, 7, 5117, 6626, 3253, 104588, 21261, 7, 4, 237, 70, 110230, 24149, 180, 68923, 1366, 159, 89059, 5, 94069, 669, 509, 34475, 70, 11280, 37105, 4, 70, 582, 277, 67, 8, 4769, 15477, 4, 23, 70, 20231, 25674, 113154, 33734, 36049, 111, 114411, 233128, 25, 7, 6, 202444, 111, 44, 68016, 1261, 1606, 5245, 2290, 1505, 89591, 830, 8951, 297, 390, 131211, 151466, 5, 24372, 70, 18912, 441, 36049, 12302, 2822, 47, 70, 10542, 18878, 23, 21735, 136, 199506, 23, 22059, 4, 94069, 669, 75204, 15044, 10, 59689, 60992, 110, 91407, 136, 10, 46406, 262, 1042, 60992, 110, 91407, 100, 1919, 23718, 5, 94069, 669, 112730, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 31486, 7, 5, 1529, 112730, 79880, 37105, 7, 26719, 156637, 583, 23243, 191, 23, 44, 294, 21161, 136, 4311, 172, 83259, 58, 175454, 136, 143083, 23, 44, 618, 882, 538, 4, 9266, 538, 4, 62723, 538, 58, 209721, 74, 183851, 23228, 5425, 23, 38436, 6957, 9, 199387, 54180, 4, 26719, 30839, 49602, 15745, 221690, 56, 23, 44, 17048, 39391, 58, 215046, 4, 133836, 220290, 1784, 19386, 198274, 8352, 36394, 2594, 23, 44, 96010, 177, 4293, 49472, 9626, 58, 199661, 136, 70, 53257, 32920, 111, 438, 19514, 3915, 23, 44, 58, 209721, 74, 136, 70, 46505, 289, 113976, 31486, 6044, 237, 1773, 5, 74733, 22446, 21135, 23, 140676, 25, 7, 44, 8912, 282, 64113, 70, 47443, 64337, 58, 105498, 136, 70, 44, 7404, 2667, 92, 58, 22071, 7077, 73, 23, 70, 140676, 3530, 18695, 44, 58, 188078, 4, 100, 3129, 764, 23742, 10, 43114, 162097, 60992, 136, 142, 2775, 1176, 60992, 5, 94069, 669, 25, 7, 31486, 237, 15745, 221690, 56, 23, 44, 17048, 39391, 58, 85168, 297, 4049, 10, 13162, 98, 70, 6, 194238, 25, 7, 805, 42552, 7, 27, 3559, 181636, 619, 13281, 5425, 5303, 237, 70, 7621, 927, 2965, 23228, 73, 23, 1346, 32692, 4, 21208, 764, 122273, 297, 764, 39555, 6777, 959, 5646, 70, 31486, 237, 764, 6777, 959, 5351, 44, 17048, 39391, 58, 509, 70, 8562, 111, 1346, 764, 36663, 47, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44576, 35340, 10186, 61201, 94069, 669, 44596, 22482, 41906, 46, 616, 18982, 88599, 509, 142, 14941, 39329, 136, 14364, 5, 70829, 19, 100, 1919, 70334, 136, 117989, 4, 94069, 669, 25, 7, 138256, 45730, 509, 70, 16750, 111, 10, 116483, 79221, 674, 3229, 764, 5809, 959, 25813, 1919, 92319, 79, 434, 155965, 237, 10, 29041, 5, 1529, 25550, 297, 99, 70, 25674, 62903, 111, 46406, 9523, 4713, 23, 9020, 136, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 25674, 113154, 33734, 15, 15396, 441, 247, 51339, 214, 23, 5744, 136, 54704, 289, 163198, 13, 36049, 7, 5, 1529, 112730, 70, 582, 277, 67, 8, 4769, 15477, 23, 70, 18912, 441, 36541, 36049, 111, 44, 68016, 1261, 1606, 5245, 2290, 1505, 89591, 58, 23, 20231, 4, 136, 7103, 70, 36049, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "In the media.", "Personal life.", "Illness and death.", "Tributes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman was born into a working-class family in Acton, west London, on 21 February 1946. He was the son of a Welsh mother, Margaret Doreen Rose (\"née\" Bartlett), a housewife, and Bernard William Rickman, a factory worker, house painter and decorator, and former World War II aircraft fitter. Rickman was of Irish and Welsh descent. His father was Catholic and his mother was a Methodist. Rickman had two brothers, David and Michael, and a sister, Sheila. Rickman was born with a tight jaw, which resulted in the languid tone of his voice. When he was eight years old, his father died of lung cancer, leaving his mother to raise him and his three siblings mostly alone. According to Paton, the family was \"rehoused by the council and moved to an Acton estate to the west of Wormwood Scrubs Prison, where his mother struggled to bring up four children on her own by working for the Post Office.\" She married again in 1960, but divorced Rickman's stepfather after three years. Before Rickman met Rima Horton at age 19, he stated that his first crush was at 10 years old on a girl named Amanda at his school's sports day. As a child, he excelled at calligraphy and watercolour painting. Rickman attended Derwentwater Primary School in Acton, and then Latymer Upper School in London through the Direct Grant system, where he became involved in drama. After leaving Latymer with science A Levels, he attended Chelsea College of Art and Design from 1965 to 1968 and then the Royal College of Art from 1968 to 1970. His training allowed him to work as a graphic designer for the Royal College of Art's in-house magazine, \"ARK\", and the \"Notting Hill Herald\", which he considered a more stable occupation than acting; he later said that drama school \"wasn't considered the sensible thing to do at 18\". After graduation, Rickman and several friends opened a graphic design studio called Graphiti, but after three years of successful business, he decided that he was going to pursue acting professionally. He wrote to request an audition with the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), which he attended from 1972 until 1974. While there, he supported himself by working as a dresser for Nigel Hawthorne and Sir Ralph Richardson.", "After graduating from RADA, Rickman worked extensively with British repertory and experimental theatre groups in productions including Chekhov's \"The Seagull\" and Snoo Wilson's \"The Grass Widow\" at the Royal Court Theatre, and appeared three times at the Edinburgh International Festival. In 1978, he performed with the Court Drama Group, gaining roles in \"Romeo and Juliet\" and \"A View from the Bridge\", among other plays. While working with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), he was cast in \"As You Like It\". His breakthrough role was in \"The Barchester Chronicles\" (1982), the BBC's adaptation of Trollope's first two Barchester novels, as the Reverend Obadiah Slope. Rickman was given the male lead, the Vicomte de Valmont, in the 1985 Royal Shakespeare Company production of Christopher Hampton's adaptation of \"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\", directed by Howard Davies. After the RSC production transferred to the West End in 1986 and Broadway in 1987, Rickman received both a Tony Award nomination and a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance. Rickman played a wide range of roles. He played romantic leads including Colonel Brandon in \"Sense and Sensibility\" (1995) and Jamie in \"Truly, Madly, Deeply\" (1991); numerous villains in Hollywood big-budget films, including German criminal Hans Gruber in \"Die Hard\" (1988), Australian Elliot Marston opposite Tom Selleck in \"Quigley Down Under\" (1990) and the Sheriff of Nottingham in \"\" (1991); and the occasional television role such as Dr. Alfred Blalock in HBO's \"Something the Lord Made\" (2004) and the \"mad monk\" Rasputin in the HBO biopic \"\" (1996), for which he won a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award. Rickman's role as Hans Gruber in \"Die Hard\" earned him a spot on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains list as the 46th best villain in film history, though he revealed he almost did not take the role as he did not think \"Die Hard\" was the kind of film he wanted to make. His performance as the Sheriff of Nottingham in \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves\"—which saw him win the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role—also earned him praise as one of the best actors to portray a villain in films. Rickman took issue with being typecast as a villain, even though he was known for playing \"unsympathetic characters\". His portrayal of Severus Snape, the potions master in the \"Harry Potter\" series (2001–2011), was dark, but the character's motivations were not clear early on. During his career, Rickman played comedic roles, including as Sir Alexander Dane/Dr. Lazarus in the sci-fi parody \"Galaxy Quest\" (1999), the angel Metatron, the voice of God, in \"Dogma\" (also 1999), Emma Thompson's character's foolish husband Harry in the British Christmas-themed romantic comedy \"Love Actually\" (2003), providing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in \"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy\" (2005) and playing the egotistical, Nobel Prize-winning father in \"Nobel Son\" (2007). Rickman was nominated for an Emmy for his work as Dr. Alfred Blalock in HBO's \"Something the Lord Made\" (2004). He also starred in the independent film \"Snow Cake\" (2006) with Sigourney Weaver and Carrie-Anne Moss, and \"\" (also 2006), directed by Tom Tykwer. He appeared as Judge Turpin in the critically acclaimed Tim Burton film \"\" (2007) alongside \"Harry Potter\" co-stars Helena Bonham Carter and Timothy Spall. He provided the voice of Absolem the Caterpillar in Burton's film \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010). Rickman performed onstage in Noël Coward's romantic comedy \"Private Lives\", which transferred to Broadway after its successful run in London at the Albery Theatre and ended in September 2002; he reunited with his \"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\" co-star Lindsay Duncan and director Howard Davies in the Tony Award-winning production. Rickman's previous stage performance was in \"Antony and Cleopatra\" in 1998 as Mark Antony, with Helen Mirren as Cleopatra, in the Royal National Theatre's production at the Olivier Theatre in London, which ran from October to December 1998. Rickman appeared in \"Victoria Wood with All the Trimmings\" (2000), a Christmas special with Victoria Wood, playing an aged colonel in the battle of Waterloo who is forced to break off his engagement to Honeysuckle Weeks' character. Rickman directed \"The Winter Guest\" at London's Almeida Theatre in 1995 and the film version of the same play, released in 1997, starring Emma Thompson and her real-life mother Phyllida Law. With Katharine Viner, he compiled the play \"My Name Is Rachel Corrie\" and directed the premiere production at the Royal Court Theatre, which opened in April 2005. He won the Theatre Goers' Choice Awards for Best Director. Rickman befriended the Corrie family and earned their trust, and the show was warmly received. But the next year, its original New York production was \"postponed\" over the possibility of boycotts and protests from those who saw it as \"anti-Israeli agit-prop\". Rickman denounced \"censorship born out of fear\". Tony Kushner, Harold Pinter and Vanessa Redgrave, among others, criticised the decision to indefinitely delay the show. The one-woman play was put on later that year at another theatre to mixed reviews, and has since been staged at venues around the world. In 2009, Rickman was awarded the James Joyce Award by University College Dublin's Literary and Historical Society. In October and November 2010, Rickman starred in the eponymous role in Henrik Ibsen's \"John Gabriel Borkman\" at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin alongside Lindsay Duncan and Fiona Shaw. The \"Irish Independent\" called Rickman's performance breathtaking. Rickman again appeared as Severus Snape in the final instalment in the \"Harry Potter\" series, \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\" (2011). Throughout the series, his portrayal of Snape garnered widespread critical acclaim. Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" said Rickman \"as always, makes the most lasting impression\", while Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine called Rickman \"sublime at giving us a glimpse at last into the secret nurturing heart that... Snape masks with a sneer.\" Media coverage characterised Rickman's performance as worthy of nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. His first award nominations for his role as Snape came at the 2011 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards, 2011 Saturn Awards, 2011 Scream Awards and 2011 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards in the Best Supporting Actor category. In November 2011, Rickman opened in \"Seminar\", a new play by Theresa Rebeck, at the John Golden Theatre on Broadway. Rickman, who left the production in April, won the Broadway.com Audience Choice Award for Favorite Actor in a Play and was nominated for a Drama League Award. Rickman starred with Colin Firth and Cameron Diaz in \"Gambit\" (2012) by Michael Hoffman, a remake of the 1966 film. In 2013, he played Hilly Kristal, the founder of the East Village punk-rock club CBGB, in the \"CBGB\" film with Rupert Grint.", "Rickman was chosen by \"Empire\" as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (No. 34) in 1995 and ranked No. 59 in \"Empire\"'s \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list in October 1997. In 2009 and 2010, he was ranked once again as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars by \"Empire\", both times placing No. 8 out of the 50 actors chosen. He was elected to the council of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in 1993; he was subsequently RADA's vice-chairman and a member of its artistic advisory and training committees and development board. Rickman was voted No. 19 in \"Empire\" magazine's Greatest Living Movie Stars over the age of 50 and was twice nominated for Broadway's Tony Award as Best Actor (Play); in 1987 for \"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\" and in 2002 for a revival of Noël Coward's \"Private Lives\". \"The Guardian\" named Rickman as an \"honourable mention\" in a list of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination. Two researchers, a linguist and a sound engineer, found \"the perfect [male] voice\" to be a combination of Rickman's and Jeremy Irons' voices based on a sample of 50 voices. The BBC states that Rickman's \"sonorous, languid voice was his calling card—making even throwaway lines of dialogue sound thought-out and authoritative.\" In their vocal range exercises in studying for a GCSE in drama, he was singled out by the BBC for his \"excellent diction and articulation\". Rickman featured in several musical works, including a song composed by Adam Leonard entitled \"Not Alan Rickman\". Credited as 'A Strolling Player' in the sleeve notes, the actor played a \"Master of Ceremonies\" part, announcing the various instruments at the end of the first part of Mike Oldfield's \"Tubular Bells II\" (1992) on the track \"The Bell\". Rickman was one of the many artists who recited Shakespearian sonnets on the album \"When Love Speaks\" (2002), and also featured prominently in a music video by Texas entitled \"In Demand\", which premiered on MTV Europe in August 2000.", "In 1965, at age 19, Rickman met 18-year-old Rima Horton, who became his girlfriend and would later be a Labour Party councillor on the Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council (1986–2006) and an economics lecturer at Kingston University. In 2015, Rickman confirmed that they had married in a private ceremony in New York City in 2012. They lived together from 1977 until Rickman's death. The two had no children. Rickman was an active patron of the research foundation Saving Faces and honorary president of the International Performers' Aid Trust, a charity that works to fight poverty amongst performing artists all over the world. When discussing politics, Rickman said he \"was born a card-carrying member of the Labour Party.\" Rickman was the godfather of fellow actor Tom Burke. Rickman's brother Michael is a Conservative Party district councillor in Leicestershire.", "In August 2015, Rickman suffered a minor stroke, which led to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. He revealed the fact that he had terminal cancer to only his closest confidants. On 14 January 2016, Rickman died in London at age 69. His remains were cremated on 3 February 2016 in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green. His ashes were given to his wife, Rima Horton. His final two films, \"Eye in the Sky\" and \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\", were dedicated to his memory, as was \"The Limehouse Golem\", which would have been his next project.", "Soon after his death his fans created a memorial underneath the \"Platform 93⁄4\" sign at London King's Cross railway station. His death has been compared to that of David Bowie, a fellow English cultural figure who died at the same age as Rickman four days earlier, also from cancer, and kept private from the public. Tributes from Rickman's co-stars and contemporaries appeared on social media following the announcement; since his cancer was not publicly known, some—like Ralph Fiennes, who \"cannot believe he is gone,\" and Jason Isaacs, who was \"sidestepped by the awful news\"—expressed their surprise. At a West End performance of the play that made him a star (\"Les Liaisons Dangereuses\"), he was remembered as “a great man of the British theatre”. \"Harry Potter\" creator J. K. Rowling called Rickman \"a magnificent actor and a wonderful man.\" Emma Watson wrote, \"I feel so lucky to have worked and spent time with such a special man and actor. I'll really miss our conversations.\" Daniel Radcliffe appreciated his loyalty and support: \"I'm pretty sure he came and saw everything I ever did on stage both in Britain and America. He didn't have to do that.\" Evanna Lynch said it was scary to bump into Rickman in character as Snape, but \"he was so kind and generous in the moments he wasn't Snaping about.\" Rupert Grint said, \"even though he has gone I will always hear his voice.\" Co-starring with Rickman in three Tim Burton films, Johnny Depp commented, \"That voice, that persona. There's hardly anyone unique anymore. He was unique.\" Kate Winslet, who gave a tearful tribute at the London Film Critics' Circle Awards, remembered Rickman as warm and generous, adding, \"And that voice! Oh, that voice.\" Dame Helen Mirren said his voice \"could suggest honey or a hidden stiletto blade.\" Emma Thompson remembered \"the intransigence which made him the great artist he was—his ineffable and cynical wit, the clarity with which he saw most things, including me... I learned a lot from him.\" Colin Firth told \"The Hollywood Reporter\" that, as an actor, Rickman had been a mentor. John McTiernan, director of \"Die Hard\", said Rickman was the antithesis of the villainous roles for which he was most famous on screen. Sir Ian McKellen wrote, \"behind [Rickman's] mournful face, which was just as beautiful when wracked with mirth, there was a super-active spirit, questing and achieving, a super-hero, unassuming but deadly effective.\" Writer/Director Kevin Smith told a tearful 10-minute story about Rickman on his \"Hollywood Babble On\" podcast. Rickman's family offered their thanks \"for the messages of condolence.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 87063, 14037, 56, 15, 2940, 7068, 9, 139062, 16, 138171, 190411, 124030, 21286, 237360, 71, 99716, 165410, 7, 136, 177907, 12348, 23, 70, 72399, 11704, 7, 4, 47, 45367, 98, 110680, 36272, 90, 23, 70, 6107, 16839, 678, 70, 87063, 341, 910, 13315, 111, 14543, 4295, 5, 6561, 13036, 165410, 171530, 23, 9571, 80836, 297, 87063, 678, 40, 46029, 12487, 18770, 6051, 18, 167961, 47, 552, 9, 229815, 552, 8079, 9, 77007, 40, 46029, 12487, 18770, 55556, 4, 136, 16750, 297, 678, 70, 341, 966, 13452, 8035, 70, 5117, 60091, 14543, 42, 47, 121876, 552, 8079, 187298, 55556, 5, 360, 70, 3398, 85018, 674, 4, 190411, 15005, 2822, 47, 70, 165410, 237, 105233, 10, 44, 178323, 289, 7563, 2298, 58, 450, 2806, 22, 2886, 87063, 47, 98438, 678, 24018, 98, 187298, 177399, 12960, 17475, 214, 87063, 25, 7, 53477, 1810, 5259, 100, 3525, 135094, 5, 581, 341, 966, 4331, 7175, 509, 12441, 390, 179241, 134816, 4, 2750, 1902, 79786, 237, 10, 37105, 185118, 99, 125508, 98, 48716, 76569, 11948, 63923, 25251, 20271, 1919, 188513, 99, 125508, 5, 14847, 125508, 509, 54324, 47, 15612, 11631, 23, 9571, 4, 70, 14380, 2837, 133891, 297, 76569, 14543, 42, 34754, 5, 190411, 51515, 297, 5941, 111, 70, 76569, 177907, 23082, 237, 15612, 11631, 64, 8399, 441, 4323, 7030, 7565, 2363, 40, 46029, 12487, 18770, 8063, 4, 136, 509, 19048, 47, 19095, 23, 110518, 756, 111, 70, 76569, 4331, 7175, 5, 581, 341, 966, 177907, 4331, 7175, 4911, 7, 5036, 35060, 71, 111, 15044, 70, 198395, 163629, 71, 799, 425, 105376, 341, 910, 7175, 15, 289, 1283, 1459, 26719, 185118, 7, 6044, 237, 123842, 71, 30285, 39, 16, 136, 70, 110518, 28484, 76569, 4331, 7175, 5, 360, 8055, 8272, 4, 87063, 121447, 70, 43471, 4759, 15, 605, 36076, 14543, 42, 5, 3311, 20697, 678, 167961, 4, 87063, 509, 19048, 47, 18831, 1212, 552, 8079, 1940, 135457, 218343, 47, 70, 36049, 36541, 1672, 1632, 6602, 8108, 24018, 5, 581, 15226, 5281, 9433, 28897, 3674, 8719, 9, 4458, 102220, 14543, 42, 36049, 5, 581, 1030, 146365, 214, 68, 9, 1495, 35838, 16750, 297, 23, 92319, 14537, 18588, 254, 1363, 4, 28897, 1916, 87063, 47, 51312, 43471, 4759, 501, 21135, 38352, 7, 47, 70, 106, 117690, 37457, 5, 42341, 19388, 7, 98, 70, 3525, 9433, 204839, 297, 202702, 4, 28897, 1916, 87063, 47, 75060, 11192, 38352, 110537, 23, 21950, 23, 11994, 52489, 581, 43471, 4759, 6, 159958, 2843, 11814, 70, 57794, 910, 5324, 86872, 71, 1295, 125508, 237, 6863, 5201, 5426, 5324, 5, 24018, 56065, 400, 35481, 214, 47, 4527, 70, 527, 41445, 1328, 5324, 11814, 390, 6863, 69623, 106, 436, 109928, 1995, 136, 14432, 14543, 4295, 5, 3311, 400, 35481, 214, 70, 57794, 910, 5324, 11814, 390, 70, 76569, 13315, 111, 14543, 4295, 1295, 125508, 4, 87063, 509, 19048, 47, 85493, 6863, 10002, 110537, 7831, 136, 42732, 24351, 7, 4, 136, 71864, 8035, 108750, 98, 400, 35481, 214, 1295, 6863, 8951, 28813, 1290, 5, 51404, 70, 43471, 4759, 9351, 509, 155605, 456, 4717, 144429, 100, 70163, 71, 86039, 64, 724, 26214, 14543, 4295, 678, 70, 162808, 238335, 4, 7103, 70, 2691, 83184, 111, 70, 84059, 306, 14543, 4295, 4, 70, 9351, 509, 2843, 11814, 100, 4122, 9, 94250, 14543, 4295, 4, 19069, 297, 36917, 10232, 101322, 5, 62, 19052, 4369, 11663, 27226, 9, 62783, 43471, 4759, 1781, 11679, 678, 10, 235482, 6, 48461, 7, 14543, 42, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 6088, 267, 4, 129842, 1379, 70, 12563, 3121, 138, 146646, 724, 5, 17106, 70, 54452, 4, 87063, 80723, 17368, 70, 43471, 4759, 8796, 9351, 47, 15005, 47, 44, 17336, 11034, 4, 11192, 21950, 38742, 4, 58, 23, 10, 16648, 21373, 47, 15044, 24018, 25, 7, 24445, 1900, 136, 436, 109928, 18217, 5, 581, 5744, 43471, 4759, 17287, 724, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 3640, 4, 136, 509, 19069, 297, 237, 87063, 26, 7, 167375, 9, 1264, 5037, 7154, 42805, 9, 67919, 14543, 42, 5, 18852, 70, 87063, 341, 758, 136, 341, 910, 4, 70, 43471, 4759, 84079, 25958, 373, 18234, 7, 70796, 11948, 9, 188336, 7, 99, 11675, 6032, 16750, 214, 1295, 95103, 1022, 15276, 6, 188336, 8, 587, 6238, 5, 581, 86039, 83, 142, 1810, 9, 4390, 9, 80596, 4331, 4, 13438, 1884, 96362, 1305, 10342, 425, 15276, 87063, 86039, 7, 5, 581, 43471, 4759, 121876, 7, 70, 76569, 952, 71041, 25, 7, 57794, 910, 5324, 6, 159958, 678, 41929, 2053, 34515, 15, 397, 23498, 16, 55556, 5, 3293, 26950, 450, 99, 805, 129890, 4, 70, 43471, 4759, 12912, 5609, 5324, 20653, 12302, 7, 99, 10, 34515, 21373, 47, 10, 1781, 129890, 11001, 2053, 34515, 5324, 15, 107, 2875, 2822, 47, 237, 1781, 36812, 64, 7, 247, 3129, 509, 14597, 47, 70, 55300, 11814, 98, 24018, 25, 7, 436, 109928, 4830, 15, 76228, 159, 23498, 5324, 38352, 7, 111, 805, 129890, 136, 64358, 129890, 194, 87063, 82775, 70, 86039, 678, 1286, 60627, 1022, 15276, 6, 188336, 8, 587, 6238, 130732, 31075, 3501, 450, 111, 341, 910, 4, 47, 156856, 6863, 81273, 47, 13695, 1286, 2053, 23, 9, 420, 20016, 99, 24145, 5, 581, 43471, 4759, 25, 7, 17262, 8, 587, 14202, 5809, 38516, 538, 8, 40899, 17262, 1022, 15276, 167934, 47, 37195, 11948, 188336, 7, 117, 501, 21135, 4, 102971, 903, 509, 208806, 51, 5062, 538, 23, 2773, 9, 32554, 4527, 5, 581, 130306, 32845, 206, 92054, 748, 25072, 4, 85590, 47, 120260, 70, 137158, 2256, 86352, 4, 509, 156856, 71, 154186, 47, 2367, 509, 98, 45443, 70, 341, 910, 5, 62723, 56, 137158, 150, 592, 678, 1286, 36541, 7, 107003, 77546, 501, 21135, 38352, 7, 47, 186, 243, 122009, 5, 78662, 162, 70, 87063, 341, 910, 9, 33747, 1328, 47, 48398, 1810, 99, 190, 5757, 129890, 4743, 47, 6863, 16610, 137158, 2256, 4, 3853, 3229, 88303, 98, 70, 8719, 653, 39, 9433, 4, 70, 43471, 4759, 509, 87709, 111, 20450, 41324, 5045, 77546, 5, 87063, 134620, 6863, 4989, 9, 6032, 62523, 678, 21917, 26518, 6275, 1022, 19308, 23718, 390, 4331, 214, 10, 1601, 9, 1434, 26338, 14534, 4, 1810, 9, 4390, 9, 80596, 4, 162738, 9, 174404, 21917, 26518, 6275, 25072, 5, 98423, 111, 6863, 17262, 25072, 7, 509, 308, 3632, 297, 47, 186, 19048, 47, 74481, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 43471, 4759, 83, 70, 8796, 9351, 190659, 47, 10, 36549, 111, 1022, 15276, 9, 277, 10974, 2661, 11948, 63923, 25251, 82775, 136, 142901, 71, 390, 127596, 37992, 174842, 7, 15, 8922, 397, 194, 581, 7311, 43471, 4759, 15, 35613, 35839, 43471, 4759, 51062, 16, 509, 70, 5117, 59671, 927, 9, 48281, 1363, 1022, 15276, 14543, 42, 136, 509, 70, 5117, 86983, 14543, 42, 47, 58359, 38352, 7, 111, 1632, 169858, 3334, 9136, 15, 147748, 194, 1650, 7228, 6863, 34377, 98, 18237, 24645, 55482, 9578, 70, 5369, 87063, 1556, 11814, 70, 43471, 4759, 9351, 678, 70, 7911, 9, 3137, 43471, 4759, 7911, 6, 159958, 4, 70, 43471, 4759, 1995, 4, 136, 9852, 123079, 27686, 123996, 214, 46640, 15, 284, 26214, 16, 110537, 30388, 214, 70, 1061, 27853, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Brand history.", "K7 design and release.", "Later Athlon name usage.", "General architecture.", "Athlon \"Classic\".", "Thunderbird (T-Bird).", "Athlon XP/MP.", "Palomino.", "Thoroughbred (T-Bred).", "Barton and Thorton.", "Mobile Athlon XP.", "Zen-based Athlon.", "Supercomputers." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "AMD founder (and then-CEO) Jerry Sanders aggressively pursued strategic partnerships and engineering talent in the late 1990s, to build on earlier successes in the PC market with the AMD K6 line of processors. One major partnership announced in 1998 paired AMD with semiconductor giant Motorola to co-develop copper-based semiconductor technology, and resulted with the K7 project being the first commercial processor to utilize copper fabrication technology. In the announcement, Sanders referred to the partnership as creating a \"virtual gorilla\" that would enable AMD to compete with Intel on fabrication capacity while limiting AMD's financial outlay for new facilities. The K7 design team was led by Dirk Meyer, who had worked as a lead engineer at DEC on multiple Alpha microprocessors during his employment at DEC. When DEC was sold to Compaq in 1998, the company discontinued Alpha processor development. Sanders approached many of the Alpha engineering staff as Compaq/DEC wound down their semiconductor business, and was able to bring in nearly all of the Alpha design team. The K7 engineering design team thus now consisted of both the previously acquired NexGen K6 team (already including engineers such as Vinod Dham) and the nearly complete Alpha design team. In August 1999, AMD released the Athlon (K7) processor. By working with Motorola, AMD was able to refine copper interconnect manufacturing to the production stage about one year before Intel. The revised process permitted 180-nanometer processor production. The accompanying die-shrink resulted in lower power consumption, permitting AMD to increase Athlon clock speeds to the 1 GHz range. Yields on the new process exceeded expectations, permitting AMD to deliver high speed chips in volume in March 2000. The Athlon architecture also used the EV6 bus licensed from DEC as its main system bus. Intel required licensing to use the GTL+ bus used by its Slot 1 Pentium II and later processors. By licensing the EV6 bus used by the Alpha line of processors from DEC, AMD was able to develop its own chipsets and motherboards, and avoid being dependent on licensing from its direct competitor.", "While the Athlon name was eventually repurposed for combined CPU/GPU processors with the GPU disabled, after the 2007 launch of the Phenom processors, the name was also used for mid-range processors, positioned above Sempron. A USD$55 low-power Athlon 200GE with a Radeon graphics processor was introduced in September 2018, sitting under the Ryzen 3 2200G. With the release, AMD began using the Athlon brand name to refer to \"low cost, high volume products,\" in a situation similar to both Intel's Celeron and Pentium Gold. The modern Athlon 3000G was introduced in 2019, and was positioned as AMD’s highest-performance entry-level processor.", "Like the AMD K5 and K6, the Athlon dynamically buffers internal micro-instructions at runtime resulting from parallel x86 instruction decoding. The CPU is an out-of-order design, again like previous post-5x86 AMD CPUs. The Athlon utilizes the Alpha 21264's EV6 bus architecture with double data rate (DDR) technology. This means that at 100 MHz, the Athlon front side bus actually transfers at a rate similar to a 200 MHz single data rate bus (referred to as 200 MT/s), which was superior to the method used on Intel's Pentium III (with SDR bus speeds of 100 MHz and 133 MHz). AMD designed the CPU with more robust x86 instruction decoding capabilities than that of K6, to enhance its ability to keep more data in-flight at once. The Athlon's three decoders could potentially decode three x86 instructions to six microinstructions per clock, although this was somewhat unlikely in real-world use. The critical branch predictor unit, essential to keeping the pipeline busy, was enhanced compared to what was on board the K6. Deeper pipelining with more stages allowed higher clock speeds to be attained. Whereas the AMD K6-III+ topped out at 570 MHz due to its short pipeline, even when built on the 180 nm process, the Athlon was capable of clocking much higher. AMD ended its long-time handicap with floating point x87 performance by designing a super-pipelined, out-of-order, triple-issue floating point unit. Each of its three units was tailored to be able to calculate an optimal type of instructions with some redundancy. By having separate units, it was possible to operate on more than one floating point instruction at once. This FPU was a huge step forward for AMD. While the K6 FPU had looked anemic compared to the Intel P6 FPU, with Athlon this was no longer the case. The 3DNow! floating point SIMD technology, again present, received some revisions and a name change to \"Enhanced 3DNow!\". Additions included DSP instructions and an implementation of the extended MMX subset of Intel SSE. The Athlon's CPU cache consisted of the typical two levels. Athlon was the first x86 processor with a 128 KB split level 1 cache; a 2-way associative cache separated into 2×64 KB for data and instructions (a concept from Harvard architecture). This cache was double the size of K6's already large 2×32 KB cache, and quadruple the size of Pentium II and III's 2×16 KB L1 cache. The initial Athlon (Slot A, later called Athlon Classic) used 512 KB of level 2 cache separate from the CPU, on the processor cartridge board, running at 50% to 33% of core speed. This was done because the 250 nm manufacturing process was too large to allow for on-die cache while maintaining cost-effective die size. Later Athlon CPUs, afforded greater transistor budgets by smaller 180 nm and 130 nm process nodes, moved to on-die L2 cache at full CPU clock speed.", "The AMD Athlon processor launched on June 23, 1999, with general availability by August '99. It launched at 500 MHz and was, on average, 10% faster than the Pentium III at the same clock for Business applications, and even faster (~20%) for gaming workloads. The Athlon Classic is a cartridge-based processor, named Slot A and similar to Intel's cartridge Slot 1 used for Pentium II and Pentium III. It used the same, commonly available, physical 242 pin connector used by Intel Slot 1 processors but rotated by 180 degrees to connect the processor to the motherboard. The reversal served to make the slot keyed to prevent installation of the wrong CPU, as the Athlon and Intel processors used fundamentally different (and incompatible) signaling standards for their front-side bus. The cartridge assembly allowed the use of higher speed cache memory modules than could be put on (or reasonably bundled with) motherboards at the time. Similar to the Pentium II and the Katmai-based Pentium III, the Athlon Classic contained 512 KB of L2 cache. This high-speed SRAM cache was run at a divisor of the processor clock and was accessed via its own 64-bit bus, known as a \"back-side bus\" allowing the processor to both service system front side bus requests (the rest of the system) and cache accesses simultaneously versus the traditional approach of pushing \"everything\" through the front-side bus. One limitation (also afflicting the Intel Pentium III) is that SRAM cache designs at the time were incapable of keeping up with the Athlon's clock scalability, due both to manufacturing limitations of the cache chips and the difficulty of routing electrical connections to the cache chips themselves. It became increasingly difficult to reliably run an external processor cache to match the processor speeds being released—and in fact it became impossible. Thus initially the Level 2 cache ran at half of the CPU clock speed up to 700 MHz (350 MHz cache). Faster Slot-A processors had to compromise further and run at 2/5 (up to 850 MHz, 340 MHz cache) or 1/3 (up to 1 GHz, 333 MHz cache). This later race to 1 GHz (1000 MHz) by AMD and Intel further exacerbated this bottleneck as ever higher speed processors demonstrated decreasing gains in overall performance—stagnant SRAM cache memory speeds choked further improvements in overall speed. This directly lead to the development of integrating L2 cache onto the processor itself and remove the dependence on external cache chips. AMD's integration of the cache onto the Athlon processor itself would later result in the Athlon Thunderbird. The Slot-A Athlons were the first multiplier-locked CPUs from AMD. This was partly done to hinder CPU remarking being done by questionable resellers around the globe. AMD's older CPUs could simply be set to run at whatever clock speed the user chose on the motherboard, making it trivial to relabel a CPU and sell it as a faster grade than it was originally intended. These relabeled CPUs were not always stable, being overclocked and not tested properly, and this was damaging to AMD's reputation. Although the Athlon was multiplier locked, crafty enthusiasts eventually discovered that a connector on the PCB of the cartridge could control the multiplier. Eventually a product called the \"Goldfingers device\" was created that could unlock the CPU, named after the gold connector pads on the processor board that it attached to. In commercial terms, the Athlon \"Classic\" was an enormous success—not just because of its own merits, but also because Intel endured a series of major production, design, and quality control issues at this time. In particular, Intel's transition to the 180 nm production process, starting in late 1999 and running through to mid-2000, suffered delays. There was a shortage of Pentium III parts. In contrast, AMD enjoyed a remarkably smooth process transition and had ample supplies available, causing Athlon sales to become quite strong. The Argon-based Athlon contained 22 million transistors and measured 184 mm. It was fabricated by AMD in a slightly modified version of their CS44E process, a 0.25 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process with six levels of aluminium interconnect. \"Pluto\" and \"Orion\" Athlons were fabricated in a 0.18 μm process.", "The second generation Athlon, the \"Thunderbird\", debuted on June 5, 2000. This version of the Athlon shipped in a more traditional pin-grid array (PGA) format that plugged into a socket (\"Socket A\") on the motherboard (it also shipped in the slot A package). It was sold at speeds ranging from 600 MHz to 1.4 GHz (Athlon Classics using the Slot A package could clock up to 1 GHz). The major difference, however, was cache design. Just as Intel had done when they replaced the old Katmai-based Pentium III with the much faster Coppermine-based Pentium III, AMD replaced the 512 KB external reduced-speed cache of the Athlon Classic with 256 KB of on-chip, full-speed exclusive cache. As a general rule, more cache improves performance, but faster cache improves it further still. AMD changed cache design significantly with the Thunderbird core. With the older Athlon CPUs, the CPU caching was of an inclusive design where data from the L1 is duplicated in the L2 cache. Thunderbird moved to an exclusive design where the L1 cache's contents are not duplicated in the L2. This increases total cache size of the processor and effectively makes caching behave as if there is a very large L1 cache with a slower region (the L2) and a very fast region (the L1). Because of Athlon's very large L1 cache and the exclusive design, which turns the L2 cache into basically a \"victim cache\", the need for high L2 performance and size was lessened. AMD kept the 64-bit L2 cache data bus from the older Athlons, as a result, and allowed it to have a relatively high latency. A simpler L2 cache reduced the possibility of the L2 cache causing clock scaling and yield issues. Still, instead of the 2-way associative scheme used in older Athlons, Thunderbird did move to a more efficient 16-way associative layout. The Thunderbird was AMD's most successful product since the Am386DX-40 ten years earlier. Mainboard designs had improved considerably by this time, and the initial trickle of Athlon mainboard makers had swollen to include every major manufacturer. AMD's new fab in Dresden came online, allowing further production increases, and the process technology was improved by a switch to copper interconnects. In October 2000, the Athlon \"C\" was introduced, raising the mainboard front-side bus speed from 100 MHz to 133 MHz (266 MT/s) and providing roughly 10% extra performance per clock over the \"B\" model Thunderbird.", "", "AMD released the third-generation Athlon, code-named \"Palomino\", on October 9, 2001 as the \"Athlon XP\". The \"XP\" suffix is interpreted to mean \"extended performance\" and also as an unofficial reference to Microsoft Windows XP. The \"Athlon XP\" was marketed using a PR system, which compared its relative performance to an Athlon utilizing the earlier \"Thunderbird\" core. \"Athlon XP\" launched at speeds between 1.33 GHz (PR1500+) and 1.53 GHz (PR1800+), giving AMD the x86 performance lead with the 1800+ model. Less than a month later, it enhanced that lead with the release of the 1600 MHz 1900+, and subsequent 1.67 GHz Athlon XP 2000+ in January 2002. Palomino was the first K7 core to include the full SSE instruction set from the Intel Pentium III, as well as AMD's 3DNow! Professional. It is roughly 10% faster than Thunderbird at the same clock speed, thanks in part to the new SIMD functionality and to several additional improvements. The core has enhancements to the K7's TLB architecture and added a hardware data prefetch mechanism to take better advantage of available memory bandwidth. Palomino was also the first socketed Athlon officially supporting dual processing, with chips certified for that purpose branded as the Athlon MP. According to articles posted on HardwareZone, it was possible to mod the Athlon XP to function as an MP by connecting some fuses on the OPGA, although results varied with the motherboard used. Changes in core layout also resulted in Palomino being more frugal with its electrical demands, consuming approximately 20% less power than its predecessor, and thus reducing heat output comparatively as well. While the preceding Athlon \"Thunderbird\" was capable of clock speeds exceeding 1400 MHz, the power and thermal considerations required to reach those speeds would have made it increasingly impractical as a marketable product. Thus, Palomino's goals of lowered power consumption (and resultant heat produced) allowed AMD to increase performance within a reasonable power envelope. Palomino's design also allowed AMD to continue using the same 180 nm manufacturing process node and core voltages as Thunderbird. The Palomino core debuted earlier in the mobile market—branded as Mobile Athlon 4 with the codename \"Corvette\". It distinctively used a ceramic interposer much like the Thunderbird instead of the organic pin grid array package used on all later Palomino processors.", "The fourth-generation of Athlon was introduced with the \"Thoroughbred\" core, and was released on June 10, 2002 at 1.8 GHz (Athlon XP PR2200+). The \"Thoroughbred\" core marked AMD's first production 130 nm silicon, and gave a significant reduction in die size compared to its 180 nm predecessor. There came to be two steppings (revisions) of this core commonly referred to as Tbred-A (cpuid:6 8 0) and Tbred-B (cpuid:6 8 1). The initial version (later distinguished as A) was mostly a direct die shrink of the preceding Palomino core with minimal design changes, and demonstrated that AMD had successfully transitioned to a 130 nm process with production ready yields. However, while successful in reducing the production cost per processor, the unmodified Palomino design did not demonstrate the expected reduction in heat and clock scalability usually seen when a processor design is moved to a smaller process. As a result, AMD was not able to increase Thoroughbred-A clock speeds much above those of the Palomino it was meant to replace. Tbred-A was only sold in versions from 1333 MHz to 1800 MHz, and mostly only to displace existing speeds of the more production-costly Palomino from AMD's lineup. AMD thus reworked the Thoroughbred's design to better match the process node on which it was produced, creating a revised core that then became known as Thoroughbred-B. A significant aspect of this redesign was the addition of a ninth \"metal layer\" to the already quite complex eight-layered Thoroughbred-A. For comparison, the competing Pentium 4 Northwood only utilized six, and its successor Prescott seven layers. While the addition of more layers itself does not improve performance, it gives more flexibility for chip designers routing electrical pathways within a chip, and importantly for the Thoroughbred core, more flexibility in working around logic and power bottlenecks preventing the processor from attaining higher clock speeds. The resulting Tbred-B offered a startling improvement in headroom over the Tbred-A, which made it very popular for overclocking. The Tbred-A often struggled to reach clock speeds above 1.9 GHz, while the Tbred-B often could easily reach 2.3 GHz and above. The Thoroughbred line received an increased front side bus clock during its lifetime, from 133 MHz (266 MT/s) to 166 MHz (333 MT/s) improving the processor's ability to access memory and I/O efficiency, and resulted in improved per-clock performance. AMD shifted their PR rating scheme accordingly, making lower clock speeds equate to higher PR ratings. The Thoroughbred-B was the \"direct\" basis for its successor—the Tbred-B with an \"additional\" 256 KB of L2 cache (for 512 KB total) became the Barton core.", "Fifth-generation Athlon \"Barton\"-core processors released in early 2003 with PR of 2500+, 2600+, 2800+, 3000+, and 3200+. While not operating at higher clock rates than \"Thoroughbred\"-core processors, they were marked with higher PR by featuring an increased 512 KB L2 cache; later models additionally supported an increased 200 MHz (400 MT/s) front side bus. The \"Thorton\" core was a later variant of the \"Barton\" with half of the L2 cache disabled, and thus was functionally identical to the \"Thoroughbred-B\" core. The name \"Thorton\" is a portmanteau of \"Thoroughbred\" and \"Barton\". By the time of Barton's release, the \"Northwood\"-based Pentium 4 had become more than competitive with AMD's processors. Unfortunately for AMD, a simple increase in size of the L2 cache to 512 KB did not have nearly the same impact as it did for Intel's Pentium 4 line, as the Athlon architecture was not nearly as cache-constrained as the Pentium 4. The Athlon's exclusive-cache architecture and shorter pipeline made it less sensitive to L2 cache size, and the Barton only saw an increase of several percent gained in per-clock performance over the Thoroughbred-B it was derived from. While the increased performance was welcome, it was not sufficient to overtake the Pentium 4 line in overall performance. The PR also became somewhat inaccurate because some Barton models with lower clock rates were being given higher PR than higher-clocked Thoroughbred processors. Instances where a computational task did not benefit more from the additional cache to make up for the loss in raw clock speed created situations where a lower rated (but faster clocked) Thoroughbred would outperform a higher-rated (but lower clocked) Barton. The Barton was also used to officially introduce a higher 400 MT/s bus clock for the Socket A platform, which was used to gain some Barton models more efficiency (and increased PR). However, it was clear by this time that Intel's quad-pumped bus was scaling well above AMD's double-pumped EV6 bus. The 800 MT/s bus used by many later Pentium 4 processors was well out of the Athlon XP's reach. In order to reach the same bandwidth levels, the Athlon XP's bus would have to be clocked at levels simply unreachable. By this point, the four-year-old Athlon EV6 bus architecture had scaled to its limit. To maintain or exceed the performance of Intel's newer processors would require a significant redesign. The K7 derived Athlons were replaced in September 2003 by the Athlon 64 family, which featured an on-chip memory controller and a completely new HyperTransport bus to replace EV6. \"Barton (130 nm)\" \"Thorton (130 nm)\"", "A Mobile Athlon XPs (\"Athlon XP-M\") using a given core is physically identical to the equivalent desktop Athlon XPs counterpart, only differing by the configuration used to achieve a given performance level. Processors are usually binned and selected to become a mobile processor by their ability run a given processor speed while supplied with a lower (than desktop) voltage. This results in lower power consumption, longer battery life, and reduced heat over using a normal desktop part. Additionally Mobile XPs feature not being multiplier-locked and generally higher-rated maximum operating temperatures, requirements intended for better operation within the tight thermal constraints within a notebook PC—but also making them attractive for overclocking. The Athlon XP-M replaced the older Mobile Athlon 4 based on the \"Palomino\" core, with the Athlon XP-M using the newer \"Thoroughbred\" and \"Barton\" cores. The Athlon XP-M was also offered in a compact microPGA socket 563 version for space constrained applications as an alternative to the larger Socket A. Like their mobile K6-2+/III+ predecessors, the CPUs were capable of dynamic clock adjustment for power optimization, and also was the reason for the unlocked multiplier. When the system is idle, the CPU clocks itself down via lower bus multiplier and selects a lower voltage. When a program demands more computational resources, the CPU quickly (there is some latency) returns to an intermediate or maximum speed with appropriate voltage to meet the demand. This technology was marketed as \"PowerNow!\" and was similar to Intel's SpeedStep power saving technique. The feature was controlled by the CPU, motherboard BIOS, and operating system. AMD later renamed the technology to Cool'n'Quiet on their K8-based CPUs (Athlon 64, etc.), and introduced it for use on desktop PCs as well. Athlon XP-Ms were popular with desktop overclockers, as well as underclockers. The lower voltage requirement and higher heat rating selected CPUs that were essentially \"cherry picked\" from the manufacturing line. Being some of the best cores \"off the line\", these CPUs typically overclocked more reliably than their desktop-headed counterparts. Also, the fact that they were not locked to a single multiplier was a significant simplification in the overclocking process. Some \"Barton\" core Athlon XP-Ms have been successfully overclocked as high as 3.1 GHz. The chips were also liked for their undervolting ability. Undervolting is a process of determining the lowest voltage at which a CPU can remain stable at a given clock speed. As Athlon XP-M CPUs were already rated running lower voltages than their desktop siblings, it was a better starting point for lowering voltage even further. A popular application was use in home theater PC systems due to high performance and low heat output resultant from low Vcore settings. Besides not being multiplier locked, XP-Ms curiously were not disabled from multi processor operation. Thus they could be used in place of the more expensive Athlon MP in dual Socket A motherboards. Since those boards generally lacked multiplier and voltage adjustment, and normally only supported 133 MHz FSB, adjustments would still be needed for full speed operation. One method of modification known as wire-modding involves connecting the appropriate CPU pins on the CPU socket with small lengths of wire to select the appropriate multiplier. A typical overclock of a mobile 2500+ CPU to 2.26 GHz with 17x multiplier would result in being faster than highest official 2800+ MP CPU running at 2.13 GHz.", "The Zen-based Athlon with Radeon graphics processors was launched in September 2018 with the Athlon 200GE. On November 19, 2019, AMD released the Athlon 3000G, with a higher 3.5 GHz core clock and 1100MHz graphics clock compared to the Athlon 200GE also with two cores. The main functional difference between the 200GE was the Athlon 3000G’s unlocked multiplier. Specifications \"(see Zen desktop APUs for more details\" <br>\"Raven Ridge\" (14 nm), \"Picasso\" (12nm)", "The fastest supercomputers based on Athlon MP:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 83, 8, 32032, 5844, 4, 30666, 297, 390, 70, 56101, 27759, 20271, 70, 190070, 1615, 47, 117414, 7440, 442, 21, 53, 23, 41911, 47, 70, 10588, 111, 72693, 2529, 25, 7, 6557, 5, 1650, 83, 16610, 33, 297, 1295, 23924, 9, 12137, 48850, 148503, 31667, 4, 3129, 100512, 70, 13579, 23924, 9, 138271, 154457, 90, 24073, 21231, 58, 65786, 194, 360, 360, 2247, 118, 17465, 4, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 621, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 15, 247, 44, 372, 49842, 7844, 3551, 1242, 581, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 10776, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 83, 5368, 47, 360, 63367, 289, 7143, 4, 2831, 111, 360, 7143, 24696, 64472, 35839, 1429, 21852, 217, 4, 12960, 70, 127067, 9022, 126826, 83, 35839, 15, 66, 1913, 24360, 58500, 46876, 2565, 91084, 44, 34639, 3551, 51029, 83, 70, 18410, 1575, 13, 23295, 4, 115851, 214, 1295, 9879, 168064, 47, 215528, 9631, 4, 28032, 3129, 28127, 70, 5368, 15534, 111, 70, 183851, 1575, 13, 24, 5256, 5, 8622, 509, 3060, 35107, 111, 151134, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 7103, 70, 65450, 1916, 5773, 111, 1429, 76, 53720, 4, 144681, 47, 10, 13579, 1295, 142, 22420, 61065, 223, 46876, 5, 6561, 152132, 509, 44, 54494, 2285, 127, 4, 58, 237, 204797, 71, 390, 70, 36770, 9882, 56174, 40497, 420, 2452, 4, 54940, 27060, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 2684, 5700, 152132, 7, 100, 10, 3525, 9351, 2451, 188, 9351, 70, 181991, 53, 44, 571, 3522, 58, 2451, 372, 1972, 237, 10, 1645, 7570, 4, 1284, 100, 10, 12960, 442, 509, 99, 707, 43573, 70, 2663, 23, 70, 3835, 9, 192629, 160, 42458, 5, 360, 70, 3564, 4, 10, 160, 1181, 55080, 297, 41928, 47, 91853, 168360, 450, 37515, 8060, 47143, 297, 47, 13695, 70, 9351, 44, 50645, 927, 25617, 154457, 90, 1242, 3293, 9351, 106926, 78458, 100512, 1286, 95307, 25632, 91853, 3501, 442, 1902, 2809, 3229, 70, 43396, 90, 65042, 297, 2060, 3934, 25730, 25, 7, 144477, 9, 58905, 136, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 58555, 5, 135016, 3674, 23, 144477, 9022, 25730, 4, 70, 181991, 53, 132988, 7, 25730, 25, 7, 6626, 3789, 43396, 90, 4, 109402, 191, 47, 70, 65272, 136, 1429, 76, 53720, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 17262, 140280, 7, 12, 56101, 121328, 47, 70, 127067, 25617, 4, 136, 24748, 11, 136, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 47, 70, 127067, 5, 1650, 144681, 23356, 7, 1572, 2986, 402, 99, 10, 96137, 38496, 47, 70, 120069, 127067, 13, 4438, 4, 21208, 110297, 7, 765, 959, 2809, 140528, 5, 1650, 1556, 10, 3551, 16128, 111, 5, 153925, 289, 66139, 26698, 32774, 113132, 43157, 4, 70, 142105, 85437, 167969, 28032, 25730, 4, 136, 32774, 69125, 13, 43157, 4, 70, 53894, 525, 14361, 111, 7401, 23, 23924, 21629, 99, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 4727, 1098, 5556, 32547, 136, 70, 831, 9480, 7, 111, 70, 24080, 47141, 9907, 5227, 118886, 4, 10, 15889, 9201, 136, 46015, 6661, 182999, 20897, 5, 200333, 90695, 7, 23, 70, 180972, 1172, 49086, 78599, 40752, 519, 26698, 4932, 7, 18481, 4, 48606, 33, 18481, 4, 54041, 61201, 18481, 4, 136, 63920, 111, 31485, 18481, 136, 13892, 10745, 18481, 5, 1650, 7, 167375, 6275, 83, 101057, 1520, 42, 20236, 43573, 70, 132988, 678, 109402, 191, 99, 142, 57849, 1363, 111, 5, 581, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 65042, 7, 100, 1286, 3501, 136, 1556, 10, 21334, 153552, 20117, 1295, 127067, 47, 144477, 5, 581, 127067, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 15, 840, 18, 111, 70, 5201, 1760, 126826, 16, 1556, 10, 166, 1299, 49086, 153552, 4, 12960, 70, 90695, 7, 136, 144477, 9022, 184085, 765, 10, 160, 320, 153552, 5, 79428, 7, 23, 70, 144477, 621, 16610, 136, 21185, 4, 5155, 6032, 11192, 7, 111, 616, 1104, 2489, 79385, 7, 166793, 15, 12243, 1104, 15748, 16207, 919, 247, 136, 27226, 7, 111, 106, 1104, 758, 79385, 7, 166793, 15, 10289, 1104, 8894, 16207, 919, 194, 30870, 7, 621, 4989, 136, 182, 1495, 4, 678, 5155, 6032, 11192, 7, 4, 27226, 7, 4, 136, 70, 91097, 525, 17431, 7, 205794, 58359, 214, 12638, 6602, 5, 96051, 90, 621, 39210, 678, 51065, 11192, 7, 23, 70, 127067, 58359, 214, 136, 27226, 7, 58359, 214, 35064, 5, 360, 41710, 23, 70, 127067, 4, 442, 83, 959, 51, 277, 3796, 100, 70, 52768, 7, 47, 58359, 4, 1284, 1836, 831, 2843, 58359, 70, 27226, 7003, 7, 20271, 70, 5155, 5, 360, 70, 144477, 4, 52768, 7, 831, 58359, 11192, 7, 111, 4, 136, 27226, 7, 3934, 70, 27226, 40907, 7, 5, 360, 41710, 23, 70, 144477, 442, 83, 959, 51, 277, 3796, 100, 70, 52768, 7, 47, 58359, 1284, 1836, 831, 2843, 58359, 11001, 153939, 7, 20271, 70, 5155, 5, 139808, 129857, 7, 621, 959, 41207, 23, 70, 127067, 5, 360, 70, 144477, 1836, 621, 4552, 41207, 4, 1284, 54, 74918, 5, 114294, 246, 90, 621, 111531, 41207, 1284, 765, 73659, 678, 70, 2684, 135818, 1632, 123087, 1660, 50782, 146762, 37272, 2242, 450, 163684, 297, 10, 36398, 7, 47, 6488, 5, 581, 148503, 31667, 1556, 10, 180663, 36898, 153552, 4743, 47, 70, 101120, 7, 23, 70, 65272, 5, 56888, 23552, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 83, 36917, 70, 53201, 13315, 5, 8622, 621, 959, 5941, 1360, 90, 23, 2684, 111, 70, 8394, 48850, 58555, 111, 70, 181991, 53, 4, 707, 23, 70, 144477, 90695, 7, 5, 135967, 47, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 28811, 7, 4, 10, 14012, 111, 23972, 145704, 136, 360, 7143, 24, 5256, 95699, 34, 138518, 70, 16128, 450, 100512, 70, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 5, 360, 7143, 24, 5256, 26698, 70, 40708, 12630, 4, 15881, 4, 136, 1311, 8079, 24, 5256, 5, 23972, 145704, 94407, 26698, 70, 873, 11, 814, 4, 5585, 92132, 1643, 4, 41129, 11049, 4, 24080, 47141, 4, 503, 55825, 4, 69125, 7460, 4, 136, 146762, 37272, 3132, 5, 360, 611, 5757, 4, 70, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 15, 841, 24318, 16, 509, 100, 4806, 1295, 10, 121678, 178727, 4, 136, 509, 2855, 3674, 10, 60091, 147759, 53, 645, 72693, 2529, 25, 7, 6557, 5, 97721, 5155, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 21, 532, 144477, 25617, 111, 72693, 2529, 25, 7, 6557, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 23924, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 23924, 25617, 154457, 90, 15, 10545, 42, 5, 65779, 707, 541, 156416, 16, 83, 10, 30361, 181991, 53, 111, 25730, 5, 1913, 10, 3551, 16128, 111, 189275, 136, 10, 780, 149039, 7, 43904, 111, 6478, 4, 172228, 4, 442, 83, 70, 17932, 9, 320, 177, 525, 136, 70, 2684, 132573, 223, 111, 70, 17262, 43396, 90, 23, 182688, 25730, 5, 1650, 7, 25902, 3674, 43904, 237, 111, 11075, 83, 201, 127915, 12012, 5, 146762, 37272, 2242, 100512, 70, 53732, 10323, 23, 28980, 4, 25632, 209236, 390, 70, 3980, 516, 9319, 7, 63871, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "History.", "Demography.", "Language.", "Religion.", "Communities.", "Economy.", "Mining.", "Tourism.", "Government.", "Administrative regions.", "Departments.", "Culture.", "Festivals.", "Transportation.", "Road.", "Public transit.", "Air." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The name is descriptive, adopted by the British government during the colonial era to indicate where it lay in relation to the rest of Rupert's Land. It is shortened from North-Western Territory, which became the term North-West Territories (\"see\" History). In Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as (), \"beautiful land.\" The northernmost region of the territory is home to Inuvialuit, part of Inuit Nunangat called Nunangit, while the southern portion is called (an Athabaskan language word meaning \"our land\"). is the vast Dene country, stretching from central Alaska to Hudson Bay, within which lie the homelands of the numerous Dene nations. There was some discussion of changing the name of the Northwest Territories after the splitting off of Nunavut, possibly to a term from an Indigenous language. One proposal was \"Denendeh,\" as advocated by the former premier Stephen Kakfwi, among others. One of the most popular proposals for a new name—to name the territory \"Bob\"—began as a prank, but for a while it was at or near the top in the public-opinion polls. In the end, a poll conducted prior to division showed that strong support remained to keep the name \"Northwest Territories.\" This name arguably became more appropriate following division than it had been when the territories extended far into Canada's north-central and northeastern areas.", "Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada's two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, as well as three provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, and Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south. It possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has a land area of. Geographical features include Great Bear Lake, the largest lake entirely within Canada, and Great Slave Lake, the deepest body of water in North America at, as well as the Mackenzie River and the canyons of the Nahanni National Park Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island, and parts of Victoria Island and Melville Island. Its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of.", "The Northwest Territories extends for more than and has a large climate variant from south to north. The southern part of the territory (most of the mainland portion) has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate. Summers in the north are short and cool, daytime highs of 14–17 degrees Celsius (57–63 °F), and lows of 1–5 degrees Celsius (34–41 °F). Winters are long and harsh, with daytime highs, lows, and the coldest nights typically reaching each year. Extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching and lows reaching below. In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach, but they can also reach the low teens during the day. In the north, temperatures can reach highs of, and lows into the low negatives. In winter in the north it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach but they can also reach single digits during the day. Thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north they are very rare, but do occur. Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower. The Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west. About half of the territory is above the tree line. There are not many trees in most of the eastern areas of the territory, or in the north islands.", "Prior to the arrival of Europeans, a number of First Nations and Inuit nations occupied the area that became the Northwest Territories. Inuit nations include the Caribou, Central, and Copper nations. First Nations groups include the Beaver, Chipewyan, Dogrib, Nahanni, Sekani, Slavey, and Yellowknives. In 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) was formed from a royal charter, and was granted a commercial monopoly over Rupert's Land. Present day Northwest Territories laid northwest of Rupert's Land, known as the North-Western Territory. Although not formally part of Rupert's Land, the HBC made regular use of the region as a part of its trading area. The Treaty of Utrecht saw the British became the only European power with practical access to the North-Western Territory, with the French surrendering its claim to the Hudson Bay coast. Europeans have visited the region for the purposes of fur trading, and exploration for new trade routes, including the Northwest Passage. Arctic expeditions launched in the 19th century include the Coppermine expedition. In 1867, first Canadian residential school opened in the region in Fort Resolution. The opening of the school was followed by several others in regions across the territory, thus contributing to it reaching the highest percentage of students in residential schools compared to other area in Canada. The present-day territory came under the authority of the Government of Canada in July 1870, after the Hudson's Bay Company transferred Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to the British Crown, which subsequently transferred them to Canada, giving it the name the North-west Territories. This immense region comprised all of today's Canada except British Columbia, early form of Manitoba (a small square area around Winnipeg), early forms of present-day Ontario and Quebec (the coast of the Great Lakes, the Saint Lawrence River valley and the southern third of modern Quebec), the Maritimes (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick), Newfoundland, the Labrador coast, and the Arctic Islands (except the southern half of Baffin Island). After the 1870 transfer, some of the North-West Territories was whittled away. The province of Manitoba was enlarged in 1881 to a rectangular region composing the modern province's south. By the time British Columbia joined Confederation on July 20, 1871, it had already (1866) been granted the portion of North-Western Territory south of 60 degrees north and west of 120 degrees west, an area that comprised most of the Stickeen Territories. After the North-West Rebellion of 1885 a North-West Territories Council was created in 1887 for regional government of Canada west of the province of Manitoba; the Council was reorganized in 1888 as the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories. Frederick Haultain, an Ontario lawyer who practised at Fort Macleod from 1884, became its chairman in 1891 and Premier when the Assembly was reorganized in 1897. The modern provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were created in 1905. Contemporary records show Haultain recommended that the NWT become a single province, named Buffalo, but the Canadian government of Sir Wilfid Laurier acted otherwise. In the meantime, the Province of Ontario was enlarged northwestward in 1882. Quebec was also extended northwards in 1898. Yukon was made a separate territory that year, due to the Klondike Gold Rush, to free the North-west Territories government in Regina from the burden of addressing the problems caused by the sudden boom of population and economic activity, and the influx of non-Canadians. One year after the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905, the Parliament of Canada renamed the \"North-West Territories\" as the \"Northwest Territories\", dropping all hyphenated forms of it. Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec acquired the last addition to their modern landmass from the Northwest Territories in 1912. This left only the districts of Mackenzie, Franklin (which absorbed the remnants of Ungava in 1920) and Keewatin within what was then given the name Northwest Territories. In 1925, the boundaries of the Northwest Territories were extended all the way to the North Pole on the sector principle, vastly expanding its territory onto the northern ice cap. Between 1925 and 1999, the Northwest Territories covered a land area of —larger than India. On April 1, 1999, a separate Nunavut territory was formed from the eastern Northwest Territories to represent the Inuit people.", "The NWT is one of two jurisdictions in Canada – Nunavut being the other – where Aboriginal peoples are in the majority, constituting 50.4% of the population. According to the 2016 Canadian census, the 10 major ethnic groups were:", "French was made an official language in 1877 by the territorial government. After a lengthy and bitter debate resulting from a speech from the throne in 1888 by Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal, the members of the day voted on more than one occasion to nullify that and make English the only language used in the assembly. After some conflict with the Confederation Government in Ottawa, and a decisive vote on January 19, 1892, the assembly members voted for an English-only territory. Currently, the Northwest Territories' \"Official Languages Act\" recognizes the following eleven official languages: NWT residents have a right to use any of the above languages in a territorial court, and in the debates and proceedings of the legislature. However, the laws are legally binding only in their French and English versions, and the NWT government only publishes laws and other documents in the territory's other official languages when the legislature asks it to. Furthermore, access to services in any language is limited to institutions and circumstances where there is a significant demand for that language or where it is reasonable to expect it given the nature of the services requested. In practical terms, English language services are universally available, and there is no guarantee that other languages, including French, will be used by any particular government service, except for the courts. The 2016 census returns showed a population of 41,786. Of the 40,565 singular responses to the census question regarding each inhabitant's \"mother tongue\", the most reported languages were the following (italics indicate an official language of the NWT): There were also 630 responses of both English and a \"non-official language\"; 35 of both French and a \"non-official language\"; 145 of both English and French, and about 400 people who either did not respond to the question, or reported multiple non-official languages, or else gave some other unenumerable response. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)", "The largest denominations by number of adherents according to the 2001 census were Roman Catholic with 16,940 (46.7%); the Anglican Church of Canada with 5,510 (14.9%); and the United Church of Canada with 2,230 (6.0%), while a total of 6,465 (17.4%) people stated no religion.", "As of 2014, there are 33 official communities in the NWT. These range in size from Yellowknife with a population of 19,569 to Kakisa with 36 people. Governance of each community differs, some are run under various types of First Nations control, while others are designated as a city, town, village or hamlet, but most communities are municipal corporations. Yellowknife is the largest community and has the largest number of Aboriginal peoples, 4,520 (23.4%) people. However, Behchokǫ̀, with a population of 1,874, is the largest First Nations community, 1,696 (90.9%), and Inuvik with 3,243 people is the largest Inuvialuit community, 1,315 (40.5%). There is one Indian reserve in the NWT, Hay River Reserve, located on the south shore of the Hay River.", "The Gross Domestic Product of the Northwest Territories was C$4.856 billion in 2017.The Northwest Territories has the highest per capita GDP of all provinces or territories in Canada, C$76,000 in 2009.", "The NWT's geological resources include gold, diamonds, natural gas and petroleum. British Petroleum (BP) is the only oil company currently producing oil in the Territory. NWT diamonds are promoted as an alternative to purchasing blood diamonds. Two of the biggest mineral resource companies in the world, BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto mine many of their diamonds from the NWT. In 2010, NWT accounted for 28.5% of Rio Tinto's total diamond production (3.9 million carats, 17% more than in 2009, from the Diavik Diamond Mine) and 100% of BHP's (3.05 million carats from the EKATI mine).", "During the winter, many international visitors go to Yellowknife to watch the auroras. Five areas managed by Parks Canada are situated within the territory. Aulavik National Park and Tuktut Nogait National Park are in the northern part of Northwest Territories. Portions of Wood Buffalo National Park are located within the Northwest Territories, although most of it is located in neighbouring Alberta. Parks Canada also manages two park reserves, Nááts'ihch'oh National Park Reserve, and Nahanni National Park Reserve.", "As a territory, the NWT has fewer rights than the provinces. During his term, Premier Kakfwi pushed to have the federal government accord more rights to the territory, including having a greater share of the returns from the territory's natural resources go to the territory. Devolution of powers to the territory was an issue in the 20th general election in 2003, and has been ever since the territory began electing members in 1881. The Commissioner of the NWT is the chief executive and is appointed by the Governor-in-Council of Canada on the recommendation of the federal Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development. The position used to be more administrative and governmental, but with the devolution of more powers to the elected assembly since 1967, the position has become symbolic. The Commissioner had full governmental powers until 1980 when the territories were given greater self-government. The Legislative Assembly then began electing a cabinet and \"Government Leader\", later known as the Premier. Since 1985 the Commissioner no longer chairs meetings of the Executive Council (or cabinet), and the federal government has instructed commissioners to behave like a provincial Lieutenant Governor. Unlike Lieutenant Governors, the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories is not a formal representative of the Queen of Canada. Unlike provincial governments and the government of Yukon, the government of the Northwest Territories does not have political parties, except for the period between 1898 and 1905. It is a consensus government called the Legislative Assembly. This group is composed of one member elected from each of the nineteen constituencies. After each general election, the new Assembly elects the Premier and the Speaker by secret ballot. Seven MLAs are also chosen as cabinet ministers, with the remainder forming the opposition. The membership of the current Legislative Assembly was set by the 2019 Northwest Territories general election on October 1, 2019. Caroline Cochrane was selected as the new Premier on October 24, 2019. The member of Parliament for the Northwest Territories is Michael McLeod (Liberal Party). The Commissioner of the Northwest Territories is Margaret Thom. In the Parliament of Canada, the NWT comprises a single Senate division and a single House of Commons electoral district, titled Northwest Territories (\"Western Arctic\" until 2014).", "The Northwest Territories is divided into five administrative regions (with regional seat):", "The Government of Northwest Territories comprises the following departments:", "Aboriginal issues in the Northwest Territories include the fate of the Dene who, in the 1940s, were employed to carry radioactive uranium ore from the mines on Great Bear Lake. Of the thirty plus miners who worked at the Port Radium site, at least fourteen have died due to various forms of cancer. A study was done in the community of Deline, called \"A Village of Widows\" by Cindy Kenny-Gilday, which indicated that the number of people involved were too small to be able to confirm or deny a link. There has been racial tension based on a history of violent conflict between the Dene and the Inuit, who have now taken recent steps towards reconciliation. Land claims in the NWT began with the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, signed on June 5, 1984. It was the first Land Claim signed in the Territory, and the second in Canada. It culminated with the creation of the Inuit homeland of Nunavut, the result of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, the largest land claim in Canadian history. Another land claims agreement with the Tłı̨chǫ people created a region within the NWT called Tli Cho, between Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes, which gives the Tłı̨chǫ their own legislative bodies, taxes, resource royalties, and other affairs, though the NWT still maintains control over such areas as health and education. This area includes two of Canada's three diamond mines, at Ekati and Diavik.", "Among the festivals in the region are the Great Northern Arts Festival, the Snowking Winter Festival, Folk on the Rocks music festival in Yellowknife, and Rockin the Rocks.", "", "Northwest Territories has nine numbered highways. The longest is the Mackenzie Highway, which stretches from the Alberta Highway 35's northern terminus in the south at the Alberta – Northwest Territories border at the 60th parallel to Wrigley, Northwest Territories in the north. Ice roads and winter roads are also prominent and provide road access in winter to towns and mines which would otherwise be fly-in locations. Yellowknife Highway branches out from Mackenzie Highway and connects it to Yellowknife. Dempster Highway is the continuation of Klondike Highway. It starts just west of Dawson City, Yukon, and continues east for over to Inuvik. As of 2017, the all-season Inuvik-Tuktoyaktuk Highway connects Inuvik to communities along the Arctic Ocean as an extension of the Dempster Highway. Yellowknife did not have an all-season road access to the rest of Canada's highway network until the completion of Deh Cho Bridge in 2012. Prior to that, traffic relied on ferry service in summer and ice road in winter to cross the Mackenzie River. This became a problem during spring and fall time when the ice was not thick enough to handle vehicle load but the ferry could not pass through the ice, which would require all goods from fuel to groceries to be airlifted during the transition period.", "Yellowknife Transit is the public transportation agency in the city, and is the only transit system within the Northwest Territories.", "Yellowknife Airport is the largest airport in the territory in terms of aircraft movements and passengers. It is the gateway airport to other destinations within the Northwest Territories. As the airport of the territory capital, it is part of the National Airports System. It is the hub of multiple regional airlines. Major airlines serving destinations within Northwest Territories include Buffalo Airways, Canadian North, First Air, North-Wright Airways." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 12924, 7, 621, 33284, 297, 25842, 1829, 10, 5361, 37067, 748, 5, 126165, 20051, 1439, 13, 15, 31, 60441, 32594, 297, 16, 83, 183540, 297, 8305, 70, 26785, 538, 13267, 71, 73432, 111, 70, 37067, 748, 4, 136, 10, 13625, 41577, 83, 11814, 47, 107137, 538, 6, 30590, 6659, 70, 73432, 26548, 70, 1439, 13, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 70, 10644, 111, 37067, 748, 11814, 4, 442, 1543, 186, 220642, 47, 10, 12924, 37385, 390, 10, 84797, 229319, 707, 90445, 707, 442, 5809, 186, 42856, 229319, 297, 98, 17368, 70, 37067, 748, 68034, 47, 3249, 70, 6, 235923, 1884, 142, 563, 37067, 748, 5, 26315, 44287, 83, 2684, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 11814, 23, 12924, 174796, 5, 26315, 44287, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 47, 30022, 50208, 7831, 23, 2363, 41718, 91854, 50218, 4, 100, 25545, 1284, 6, 120027, 39108, 289, 94878, 7, 4, 134149, 449, 16941, 7, 98, 12924, 15381, 831, 7, 4, 136, 5941, 3789, 86685, 5, 88949, 442, 831, 186, 10, 91097, 9, 174796, 61353, 4, 13625, 44287, 831, 2843, 186, 11814, 47, 3173, 10, 37515, 71052, 17721, 70, 4488, 152667, 136, 10, 351, 9, 185790, 1771, 82761, 5, 14847, 33284, 214, 33180, 7, 111, 69323, 35975, 155434, 12924, 137158, 4, 6044, 237, 100, 2614, 350, 137158, 7, 100, 109412, 3474, 3132, 4, 7565, 11955, 49534, 100, 102044, 110420, 7, 4, 707, 100, 59720, 111, 206419, 95279, 1916, 4, 1632, 3564, 111, 10, 43333, 83, 191607, 678, 10, 13625, 44287, 55516, 47, 3249, 10, 94708, 124416, 3934, 70, 11737, 40059, 111, 6, 77193, 5, 581, 124416, 1221, 959, 186, 41931, 9, 18, 22553, 1284, 1221, 186, 160370, 13, 100, 158, 272, 38543, 27226, 81147, 79552, 7, 5, 26315, 2676, 124416, 7, 1543, 186, 137356, 71, 47, 56282, 183278, 1363, 111, 5402, 18, 5, 360, 6, 238402, 142901, 4, 13625, 2676, 186, 712, 7, 4, 707, 13625, 2676, 43333, 7, 4, 621, 11814, 47, 3249, 111670, 124416, 7, 23, 5885, 1439, 13, 4, 6044, 237, 11814, 23, 26580, 7, 6423, 707, 4817, 40956, 7, 5, 62, 13625, 39, 20051, 37105, 15, 748, 3789, 32977, 12924, 16, 28704, 83, 220642, 47, 111670, 1439, 90, 11814, 47, 111670, 4271, 33, 1314, 23, 1831, 56379, 4, 707, 47, 22691, 21176, 77950, 111, 1481, 1264, 214, 3229, 134149, 449, 10, 19537, 939, 11903, 707, 237, 10, 28704, 98, 33362, 116419, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 26315, 44287, 83, 33284, 214, 6626, 707, 1286, 126371, 111, 12924, 707, 3789, 95279, 44555, 4912, 390, 8, 5037, 214, 1632, 707, 15044, 111, 2856, 47, 16401, 70, 3789, 5, 581, 1585, 71, 707, 8, 5037, 2481, 83, 35839, 70, 13625, 2676, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Wire connectors.", "Uses." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The metals are joined together via a special connector. Stripped wire (often stranded) is inserted through the correctly sized opening of the connector, and a crimper is used to tightly squeeze the opening against the wire. Depending on the type of connector used, it may be attached to a metal plate by a separate screw or bolt or it could be simply screwed on using the connector itself to make the attachment like an F connector.", "Crimping is most extensively used in metalworking. Crimping is commonly used to fix bullets in their cartridge cases, for rapid but lasting electrical connections, securing lids on metal food cans, and many other applications. Because it can be a cold-working technique, crimping can also be used to form a strong bond between the workpiece and a non-metallic component. When joining segments of tubular sheet metal pipe, such as for smoke pipes for wood stoves, downspouts for rain gutters, or for installation of ventilation ducting, one end of a tube is treated with a crimping tool to make a slip joint into the next section of duct. The joint will not be liquid-tight but will be adequate for conveying low pressure fluids. Crimp joints may be arranged to prevent accumulation of dirt. In jewelry manufacture, crimp beads, or crimp tubes, are used to make secure joints in fine wire, such as used in clasps or tie loops. A crimped lead (or other soft metal) seal is attached to secure wires used to secure fasteners in aircraft, or to provide visual evidence of tampering when securing a utility meter or as a seal on cargo containers." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 129418, 49049, 509, 103122, 98, 116, 20414, 37719, 23, 82167, 6406, 4, 70, 17932, 111, 300, 86, 20020, 5, 18763, 67373, 4, 17151, 27669, 49049, 43601, 4, 509, 10, 181815, 111, 30839, 4, 92265, 136, 195374, 224, 16797, 136, 70, 39666, 3674, 6, 60502, 22230, 3542, 15672, 7, 5, 18763, 42732, 4, 24490, 5813, 27475, 241, 31672, 2506, 4, 509, 10, 12506, 944, 177705, 1295, 1735, 219584, 4, 108603, 4, 23, 84740, 5, 6422, 538, 4, 5941, 1902, 149575, 3674, 450, 49049, 509, 111, 120552, 224, 16797, 4, 1284, 442, 509, 134053, 450, 129418, 25, 7, 9963, 1021, 9319, 509, 103122, 33876, 37405, 7680, 206, 7, 23, 168101, 2230, 1888, 4, 157997, 4, 136, 509, 70, 775, 111, 30839, 129574, 177705, 7, 4, 37405, 7680, 206, 7, 136, 69690, 56, 885, 110115, 11, 29927, 206, 4, 111, 172567, 4, 5036, 23, 9942, 5, 360, 70, 111994, 7, 4, 70, 44, 919, 12665, 7, 58, 613, 11627, 509, 98816, 1295, 30839, 47, 6863, 14941, 183234, 4, 44, 27591, 425, 740, 581, 14449, 509, 220, 15876, 111, 6863, 30839, 59665, 7, 136, 1836, 18822, 71, 70, 49049, 14449, 1902, 2363, 59665, 7, 23, 122963, 5, 49049, 66933, 1919, 29041, 44462, 136, 131970, 3956, 99, 70, 14449, 13028, 206, 23, 1735, 22600, 146, 39668, 125661, 23, 56388, 145334, 188, 5, 1529, 66933, 10, 6602, 99, 16010, 1830, 19694, 19188, 23, 4061, 14, 5056, 115, 5585, 33, 4, 220474, 7440, 764, 97384, 14941, 5, 345, 5416, 58359, 214, 40466, 32070, 4, 49049, 109133, 47, 82167, 6406, 47, 29966, 70, 79291, 87, 1297, 31, 103220, 136, 75204, 10, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 8063, 86052, 23, 38425, 5, 47009, 23, 27898, 4, 49049, 75204, 10, 163769, 23, 24365, 59376, 1295, 107154, 14249, 19188, 5, 360, 38425, 4, 49049, 509, 1274, 2822, 390, 70, 72625, 9, 113530, 33734, 237, 10, 36439, 1601, 51858, 136, 16810, 272, 10, 117989, 118149, 5, 24372, 300, 86, 5369, 4, 764, 1902, 9588, 33, 47, 70, 2663, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 70, 34202, 136, 127873, 130922, 111, 72625, 9, 113530, 82167, 74, 7103, 37195, 5369, 23, 903, 31486, 4, 764, 509, 77049, 71, 47, 37105, 756, 111, 72625, 9, 113530, 25, 7, 41018, 7, 23, 42845, 21629, 4, 1284, 49049, 206398, 71, 136, 14432, 199747, 297, 1295, 72625, 9, 113530, 23, 24849, 5, 1650, 509, 20271, 70, 49049, 25, 7, 133465, 111, 72625, 9, 113530, 82167, 450, 1311, 350, 100512, 82167, 25, 7, 2663, 9, 1428, 2069, 32977, 23417, 4, 118055, 72625, 9, 113530, 25, 7, 40575, 390, 39555, 9071, 5, 24372, 35425, 2852, 1295, 72625, 9, 113530, 4, 49049, 80723, 47, 42938, 13, 23, 67842, 3835, 69924, 23, 56388, 145334, 188, 4, 7440, 764, 75935, 70, 44, 8335, 36867, 2832, 8, 21, 8591, 3003, 76, 25472, 519, 11555, 830, 142, 707, 68743, 4588, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 70, 13918, 111, 70, 127849, 2832, 2091, 1410, 143, 4, 10, 31411, 111, 70, 143705, 78132, 111, 70, 79291, 87, 1297, 31, 103220, 136, 111, 70, 85561, 43975, 5, 360, 31060, 4, 49049, 139505, 95630, 66, 8, 21, 1657, 1436, 4, 10, 116816, 1419, 99, 72625, 9, 113530, 5, 10660, 1902, 22759, 20020, 4, 5710, 86850, 4, 129418, 4, 74111, 76, 136, 126033, 5, 360, 11704, 4, 7103, 387, 5369, 111, 129570, 4, 95630, 66, 11435, 71, 100, 136, 509, 2855, 3674, 10, 168265, 5, 49049, 456, 1727, 46572, 98, 116, 20414, 103844, 12960, 520, 6496, 237, 34202, 111, 82167, 4, 47, 62462, 28528, 79926, 110799, 41994, 2746, 1255, 15, 309, 3675, 7068, 1919, 113091, 7, 30816, 194, 581, 81141, 5622, 509, 70, 5117, 204320, 111, 1919, 79169, 289, 81843, 136, 1919, 11156, 927, 101207, 5, 1326, 15044, 49049, 136, 79926, 110799, 41994, 2746, 1255, 4, 442, 509, 2363, 17932, 129570, 5, 17106, 70, 8060, 111, 19639, 51053, 1003, 88394, 4, 129418, 49049, 33284, 297, 70, 75102, 62, 14618, 8998, 98, 106, 11994, 18592, 5, 9925, 5701, 6602, 4, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 47, 70, 30361, 177467, 111, 76677, 3387, 4, 33636, 214, 70, 198387, 18767, 59338, 23, 143705, 4, 56388, 145334, 188, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 7103, 520, 6496, 23, 70, 177467, 111, 76677, 3387, 4, 49049, 221, 46526, 70, 23607, 42, 16070, 23, 56388, 145334, 188, 4, 1284, 72856, 70, 81843, 47, 94691, 62, 17086, 15666, 9539, 21589, 86472, 111, 70, 29852, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 81843, 4, 4000, 2837, 69246, 509, 221, 6782, 450, 70, 11341, 158, 19623, 6, 140545, 297, 24856, 11214, 76, 128142, 127987, 111, 70, 57846, 237, 1940, 464, 23607, 42, 5, 65056, 5369, 14432, 4, 49049, 13028, 13438, 4, 903, 1733, 6, 69986, 390, 10, 43374, 111, 116, 47, 615, 1301, 23607, 42, 4, 49049, 125568, 71, 27759, 227066, 136, 3900, 16082, 27771, 5, 1529, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 11341, 23607, 4295, 111, 82167, 47, 8337, 10, 34735, 4, 3835, 136, 1733, 538, 15426, 111, 70, 82466, 7, 111, 1919, 11341, 5, 49049, 2843, 25944, 297, 100, 70, 51371, 1363, 111, 19336, 11037, 7, 4, 125568, 71, 70, 645, 184, 162, 40575, 111, 4127, 7, 142901, 71, 23, 56388, 145334, 188, 4, 136, 75935, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 5426, 111, 19336, 111628, 7, 47, 63769, 70, 70425, 47, 9803, 10, 44, 90965, 15938, 58, 15, 11, 19336, 19927, 16, 136, 22113, 10, 2258, 136, 10, 113976, 5, 9626, 49049, 4, 56388, 145334, 188, 100512, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 2684, 5526, 181815, 11341, 111503, 5, 2161, 361, 20414, 10586, 4, 7103, 70, 177986, 68036, 5117, 23742, 10, 144732, 23, 70, 177467, 111, 76677, 3387, 4, 129418, 49049, 68872, 47, 11675, 100, 34202, 111, 82167, 5, 360, 6, 61518, 111, 177986, 28032, 1919, 68894, 19085, 4, 49049, 111670, 71, 1919, 144848, 2408, 33636, 214, 70, 147724, 100, 87377, 4, 10, 68894, 5798, 150, 1363, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 9907, 57945, 31016, 136, 70, 15497, 74242, 109622, 31016, 111, 82167, 98, 616, 7582, 55482, 133698, 70, 15411, 111, 1919, 80399, 4, 10, 79169, 289, 29865, 509, 5808, 297, 4, 1284, 70, 17262, 5201, 25212, 14202, 15, 27591, 425, 4, 22600, 90121, 1084, 85, 111, 70, 29852, 4, 136, 3003, 11, 5951, 2312, 31714, 46059, 38737, 2658, 111, 70, 10865, 397, 16, 217573, 71, 98, 70, 41653, 5, 6561, 135818, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 129418, 49049, 5813, 27475, 15, 74, 103122, 116, 20414, 37719, 16, 83, 10, 181815, 8063, 669, 136, 39624, 66, 2750, 149976, 237, 70, 4859, 927, 34202, 111, 82167, 1295, 106, 14487, 3576, 47, 496, 7582, 30739, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early years.", "Business career.", "Family life.", "Early political career.", "Governor of Guanajuato.", "Campaign for President.", "Election results.", "Presidency.", "Public image.", "Approval ratings.", "Legacy and assessment.", "Post-presidential life.", "Public speaking and advocacy.", "Criticism of Donald Trump.", "Autobiography.", "Fox Center of Studies, Library and Museum.", "Centrist Democratic International.", "Statue controversy.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Vicente Fox was born on 2 July 1942 in Mexico City, the second of nine children. His father, José Luis Fox Pont, was a Mexican of German, French and Spanish descent and the migrated ancestors were Americans. His mother, Mercedes Quesada Etxaide, was a Basque immigrant from San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, in Spain. Previously, many had speculated that Fox was of Irish descent, but it was discovered that Vicente's grandfather was born Joseph Louis Fuchs in Cincinnati, Ohio, and was the son of German Catholic immigrants, Louis Fuchs and Catherina Elisabetha Flach, of Strasbourg, now in France. In the 1870s, the \"Fuchs\" surname was changed from German to its English equivalent, \"Fox\". The family was unaware of its German origins and they believed the Fox family had their origins in Ireland. Fox spent his childhood and adolescence at the family ranch in San Francisco del Rincón in Guanajuato. He spent a year at Campion High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin where he learned English. Upon reaching college age, Fox moved to Mexico City to attend the Universidad Iberoamericana and received a bachelor's degree in business administration in 1964. Then in 1974, Fox received a certificate in management skills from Harvard Business School.", "In 1964, Fox was hired by the Coca-Cola Company as a route supervisor and drove a delivery truck. After nine years, he had risen to the top, serving as the President and Chief Executive of Coca-Cola Mexico; after six years in this role, he was invited to lead all of Coca-Cola's operations in Latin America, but Fox declined and later resigned from Coca-Cola in 1979. It was during the Fox's leadership of Coca-Cola Mexico that Coke became Mexico's top-selling soft drink, increasing Coca-Cola's sales by almost 50%. After retiring from Coca-Cola, Fox began to participate in various public activities in Guanajuato, where he created the \"Patronato de la Casa Cuna Amigo Daniel\", an orphanage. He was also the president of the Patronato Loyola, a sponsor of the León campus of the Universidad Iberoamericana and of the Lux Institute.", "In 1969, Fox married Lilian de la Concha, a receptionist at Coca-Cola. They had four children, Ana Cristina, Vicente, Paulina and Rodrigo. In 1990, after 20 years of marriage, Lilian filed for and was granted a divorce. Fox remarried on 2 July 2001, while serving as President of Mexico, to Marta María Sahagún Jiménez (until then his spokesperson). The wedding date was the first anniversary of his presidential election and his 59th birthday. For both Fox and Sahagún Jiménez, it was their second marriage.", "With the support of Manuel Clouthier, Vicente Fox joined the Partido Acción Nacional on 1 March 1988. That same year, he was elected to the federal Chamber of Deputies, representing the Third Federal District in León, Guanajuato.", "In 1991, after serving in the Chamber of Deputies, Fox sought the governorship in Guanajuato, but lost the election to Ramón Aguirre Velázquez of the PRI. Following the election, local discontent was so great that the state congress appointed Carlos Medina Plascencia of the PAN as interim governor. Four years later, Fox ran again, this time winning by a vote of 2 to 1. As governor, Fox promoted government efficiency and transparency. He was one of the first state governors of Mexico to give a clear, public and timely account of the finances of his state. Fox also pushed for the consolidation of small firms, promoted the overseas sales of goods manufactured in Guanajuato, and created an extensive system of small loans to allow the poor to open a \"changaro\" (a small shop) and buy a car and a television. Under Fox, Guanajuato became the fifth most important Mexican state economy.", "On 7 July 1997, after the opposition parties first won a majority in the Chamber of Deputies, Vicente Fox decided to run for President of Mexico. In spite of opposition within his political party, Fox secured his candidacy representing the Alliance for Change, a political coalition formed by the National Action Party and the Green Ecological Party of Mexico on 14 November 1999. During the course of his campaign, a presidential debate was organized, but the three main contenders (Fox, Francisco Labastida of the PRI, and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas of the PRD) disagreed on the details. One notable disagreement, which was broadcast on national television, was whether the presidential debate should be held that same day or on the following Friday. During the nationally televised presidential debate, Fox's main opponent, Francisco Labastida, claimed that Fox had repeatedly called him a \"sissy\" and a \"cross-dresser\" (\"La vestida\", a pun on his last name). Fox's campaign slogans were \"¡Ya!\" (\"Right now!\"), \"Ya ganamos\" (\"We've already won\"), and \"Vota Alianza por el Cambio\" (\"Vote for Alliance for Change\"). In addition to some debate controversies, Fox also faced some controversy due to \"Amigos de Fox\" (Friends of Fox), a non-profit fundraising group established by Denise Montaño. The group was instrumental in getting Vicente Fox elected President of Mexico, and the phrase \"\"Amigos de Fox\"\" was also used as a campaign slogan referring to the millions of people supporting Fox in the 2000 presidential election. In 2003, money-laundering charges were lodged against \"Amigos de Fox\", but were dropped shortly before the July 2003 mid-term elections.", "On 2 July 2000, his 58th birthday, Fox won the presidential election with 43% (15,989,636 votes) of the popular vote, followed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) candidate Francisco Labastida with 36% (13,579,718 votes), and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) with 17% (6,256,780 votes). Fox declared victory that same night, a victory which was ratified by then-President Zedillo. After the final results were announced, President-elect Fox addressed thousands of supporters and celebrated his victory with them at the Angel of Independence monument in Mexico City. His opponents conceded the election later that night. After securing the election, Fox received a substantial amount of media coverage, as well as numerous congratulatory messages and phone calls from world leaders, including then-President of the United States Bill Clinton. He took office as president on 1 December 2000, marking the first time since 1917 that an opposition candidate had taken power from the long reigning Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)", "", "During his campaign for president, Vicente Fox became well known for his cowboy style and quirkiness. As a speaker, Fox usually attracted big crowds in the early years of his presidency. At, Fox easily stood out in most crowds, and is believed to be one of the tallest presidents in Mexico's history. After his inauguration, President Fox usually wore suits for formal occasions, but opted to wear his signature boots and jeans during his many visits around Mexico. Fox spread his image as one of peace and welcomed many to his own ranch in Guanajuato, Mexico. When Fox welcomed U.S. President George W. Bush to the ranch, both presidents were wearing Fox's signature black cowboy boots, prompting \"The Wall Street Journal\" to call it \"The Boot Summit\".", "When Fox took office on 1 December 2000, his approval rating neared 80%, being the first president in 71 years who wasn't a member of the PRI. During the rest of his presidency, his average approval rating was of 53%, while his average disapproval rating was of 40%. As seen in the graphic, after taking office the particularly high points of his approval ratings were: While the lowest points of his approval ratings were:", "Although Fox's victory in the 2000 election and the end of seven decades of PRI rule raised great expectations of change among the Mexican people, his administration was criticized for failing to fulfill those expectations, as little progress was made in fighting corruption, crime, poverty, unemployment and inequality. Few key reforms were implemented during the Fox administration, which became characterised by a growing sense of power vacuum as Fox was increasingly perceived by Mexican society and political actors as a \"lame duck\" incapable of pushing the ambitious reform agenda that swept him into power in 2000. Alejandro Cacho points out that \"Fox incarnated the hope of alternancy [...] and he managed to kick the PRI out of Los Pinos, but his government was a disappointment. Corruption persisted; in fact, his sons-in-law (the Bribiesca-Sahagún brothers) became rich quickly and without explanation. The economy wasn't much better than it had been under Ernesto Zedillo, the wages didn't increase significantly, neither did jobs. His \"super cabinet\" [\"gabinetazo\", as Fox himself referred to it] created more controversy than it did good results. His wife, Marta Sahagún, had a big influence in the presidential decisions\". Having assumed office with an approval rating of 80%, by the time he left office in 2006 his public image had become exhausted by the controversial Presidential elections of that year and the few reforms implemented. In terms of the significance of Fox's presidency, historian Philip Russell asserts that, \"Marketed on television, Fox made a far better candidate than he did president. He failed to take charge and provide cabinet leadership, failed to set priorities, and turned a blind eye to alliance building.\" Fox himself asserted in 2001 (one year into his administration) that he much preferred his experience as candidate than actually being President. Russell also pointed to 2006 comments by political scientist Soledad Loaeza, who noted, \"The eager candidate became a reluctant president who avoided tough choices and appeared hesitant and unable to hide the weariness caused by the responsibilities and constraints of the office.\" Russell also asserted that Fox \"had little success in fighting crime. Even though he maintained the macroeconomic stability inherited from his predecessor, economic growth barely exceeded the rate of population increase. Similarly, the lack of fiscal reform left tax collection at a rate similar to that of Haiti....\" Finally, Russell noted that \"during Fox's administration, only 1.4 million formal-sector jobs were created, leading to massive immigration to the United States and an explosive increase in informal employment.\" Ultimately, however, Russell concluded that Fox will be viewed by history as a transitional figure who was able to defeat one of Mexico's long-entrenched political parties. In a national survey conducted in 2012 by BGC-Excelsior regarding former presidents, 32% of the respondents considered that the Fox administration was \"very good\" or \"good\", 25% responded that it was an \"average\" administration, and 42% responded that it was a \"very bad\" or \"bad\" administration.", "", "After leaving office in December 2006, Fox has maintained himself in the public eye by speaking in countries such as Nigeria, Ireland, Canada, and the United States about topics such as the controversial 2006 election and the Iraq War. In Mexico, Fox has been criticized by some for his busy post-presidency since former Mexican presidents are traditionally expected to stay out of the political spotlight. In response, Fox has stated, \"There is no reason to hold to the anti-democratic rules of those who still live in the authoritarian past... now that Mexico is a democracy, every citizen has the right to express himself, even a former president.\" Vicente Fox joined four other Latin American presidents at the One Young World Summit 2014 in Dublin, Ireland, to discuss the Telefónica Millennial Survey. He told those in the audience that eradicating corruption \"has to start with education\" and that his focus is now on promoting leadership. Vicente Fox is a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, a not-for-profit organization that offers, discreetly and confidentially, a range of experienced advisors to political leaders facing difficult situations. In 2013, Fox discussed why the West has pursued a moral crusade against drugs at HowTheLightGetsIn festival in Hay-on-Wye. with Chris Bryant and John Ralston Saul. The three debated whether it is hypocritical to ban certain drugs while continuing to export others such as alcohol and tobacco, and whether to follow the lead of Washington and Colorado states in the U.S. and allow the free trading of drugs. Vicente Fox gave a video interview in July 2013 to \"High Times\", in which he discussed the failure of drug prohibition, and cited Portugal's decriminalization policies as \"working splendid(ly).\" He said he supports drug legalization despite not being a user himself, just as he said he also \"fully respects\" same-sex marriage although he does not personally agree with it. In February 2014, Fox wrote an opinion piece that was published in Toronto's \"The Globe and Mail\" in which he stated that, \"Legalization of not just marijuana, but all drugs, is the right thing to do.\" He also said that \"we must be given the very freedom to decide our own behaviour and to act responsibly, as long as we do not detrimentally affect the rights of others\". In 2016, Fox co-signed a letter to Ban Ki-moon calling for a more humane drug policy. In July 2017, Fox was an international observer to the unofficial Venezuelan referendum held by the opposition. During the trip, Fox gave a speech that compared the referendum to the 2000 Mexican elections. He said that \"this battle has been won\" and \"step by step, vote by vote, the dictator will leave.\" He was subsequently declared a persona non grata by the Venezuelan government. Venezuelan Foreign Minister Samuel Moncada said that Fox had taken advantage of the country's hospitality and \"was paid to come to Venezuela to promote violence and the intervention of foreign powers.\" Moncado said the ban came from Maduro and criticized Fox and the other former Latin American leaders invited as observers (Andrés Pastrana, Jorge Quiroga, Laura Chinchilla and Miguel Ángel Rodríguez) as \"political sicarios,\" \"clowns\" and \"mercenaries\" that \"sell themselves to the highest bidder to go to various destinations and repeat what they are told.\" Fox said he was not surprised by the ban and that the vote would weaken Maduro.", "Fox has been an outspoken critic of U.S. President Donald Trump, beginning with Trump's bid for the Republican candidacy in the 2016 presidential election. In an interview with Univision's Jorge Ramos in February 2016, Fox responded to then-candidate Trump's proposal to build a wall at the border between the United States and Mexico at Mexico's expense, declaring in English, \"I am not going to pay for that fucking wall. He should pay for it. He's got the money.\" Fox went on to call Trump a \"crazy guy\" and a \"false prophet,\" and questioned the claim that Trump received 44% of the Hispanic vote in the Republican caucus in Nevada. Trump took to Twitter in response, demanding that Fox apologize for using \"the F word while discussing the wall.\" Fox eventually apologized for the remark, while also asking for Trump to apologize for his remarks about Mexicans and inviting Trump to visit Mexico. Despite his apology, Fox continued to criticize Trump to the international media and troll Trump on Twitter, stating, \"I'm committed to be Donald Trump's shadow until he is done with politics.\" When Trump visited Mexico on 31 August 2016 upon President Enrique Peña Nieto's invitation, Fox slammed the visit, calling it a \"desperate move\" on the part of Peña Nieto and stating, \"He is not welcome in Mexico. We don't like him. We don't want him. We reject his visit.\" Trump responded by pointing out Fox's previous invitation, to which Fox clarified that he invited Trump to Mexico on the condition that he used the visit to apologize to the Mexican people. He directly addressed the American people the next day on CNN, where he described Trump as a \"false prophet\" who is \"absolutely crazy\" and warned that they need to \"wake up\" and realize the harm that Trump's immigration and economic policies would inflict on the United States. Later in September 2016, \"The Washington Post\" reported that Fox had received multiple emails from Trump's campaign soliciting donations throughout the month. Fox received the first email on 9 September, which he posted on Twitter and responded, \"Donald Trump, I won't pay for that fucking wall! Also, campaigning in Mexico? Running out of money and friends?\" Fox received two additional emails on 24 and 27 September, both of which he also posted on Twitter and mocked as being \"desperate\" and \"begging.\" The revelation of the emails has raised concern, as accepting campaign donations from foreign nationals is illegal in the United States. During a September 2016 appearance on the radio show \"El Show de Piolín\", Fox smashed a Trump piñata hanging on the streets of Los Angeles while loudly singing the traditional Piñata song. Upon breaking it open, Fox noted its lack of contents and remarked, \"Empty. Totally Empty. He doesn't have any brains.\" Discussing the event during a subsequent interview with \"GQ\", Fox expanded, \"I had such a joy in my heart by doing that, because in Mexico, piñatas are very meaningful. Piñatas are a celebration. Piñatas let you send messages. And the message is: Trump is empty inside. He's empty in his head. That's why I put my hand into his head. There was no brain there. That's what he is, an empty person.\" The day after Trump won the election, Fox wrote an editorial on the \"International Business Times\" website where he lamented Trump's victory and explored what Mexico could do in response. \"Even though Trump is not the prettiest person in the room, we still have to dance with him. Now, we ought to look out for ourselves and find a way to work with the most powerful economy in the world, which is now led by an authoritarian racist[...]Donald Trump's promises have an expiration date. When the time comes to truly deliver to the American people, his \"billion dollar show\" will finally crumble beneath his feet,\" Fox wrote, concluding his editorial with, \"I find quite sad that America, formerly the most open and cutting edge nation, has chosen to lock itself down inside concrete walls. It's tragic that fear, anger and wrath took over and pierced the hearts of their people. It will be hard to recover from this wound; but we better start working to heal as quickly as possible – and bring down the walls that blinded us in the beginning.\" Fox has continued criticizing Trump on Twitter after the election. In a series of tweets in January 2017, Fox again criticized Trump's proposed Mexican border wall, calling it a \"racist monument\" and insisted that Mexico will never fund it, calling on Trump to \"be honest with US taxpayers\" about that fact. Following the release of a U.S. government intelligence report that accused Russia of interfering in the 2016 election to ensure Trump's victory, Fox tweeted, \"Sr Trump, the intelligence report is devastating. Losing election by more than 3M votes and in addition this. Are you a legitimate president?\" Fox further criticized Trump's response to the intelligence report, calling him a \"bully\" and a \"bluff\" and stating that Trump is \"bringing in a new era of dictatorship.\" Though on 12 January, Fox broke with his criticism of Trump and simply tweeted, \"America Will Survive.\" In an interview with Anderson Cooper on 25 January 2017, and during an appearance on Conan O'Brien's late night talk show on 1 March 2017, Fox again asserted that Mexico should not have to pay for the wall. In September 2017, Fox was once again in the news after President Trump announced he would end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program in six months if the U.S. congress failed to pass legislation to address the issue. In response, Fox tweeted to President Trump's Twitter account, \"Ending DACA is on the top of the vilest acts you’ve pulled off. You’re destroying the legacy of greater men before you.\" In another tweet, Fox suggested that President Trump's DACA decision was a result of him compensating for earlier failures to pass healthcare legislation to replace the Affordable Care Act. Fox then went on to post a video in which he claimed that President Trump had \"failed America\" and stated that \"[t]his measure is cruel and heartless, worse than any machine. You’re cancelling the future of 800,000 children and young people.\" As Fox frequently uses Twitter (in English) to respond to tweets by President Trump, he has attracted more than 1 million followers on his Twitter account. Since May 2017, Fox has appeared in a series of humorous videos seriously denouncing Donald Trump, including \"Vicente Fox is Running for President of the United States\" (fake announcement for the candidacy) which was released in September.", "Fox's autobiography, entitled \"Revolution of Hope: The Life, Faith and Dreams of a Mexican President\", was released in September 2007. To promote its release, Fox toured many U.S. cities to do book-signings and interviews with U.S. media. During his tour, however, he faced protests from Mexican immigrants who accused him of actions that forced them to emigrate and find jobs in the United States. He faced the subject several times during interviews, such as one held with Fox News's Bill O'Reilly, who questioned him about the massive illegal immigration problem of Mexicans into the United States. Finally, during an interview with Telemundo's Rubén Luengas, the interviewer asked Fox about allegations concerning some properties of Vicente Fox's wife, Marta Sahagún. After Fox explained the situation, he asked the interviewer not to make false accusations and to prove what he was saying. Luengas said, \"I'm telling you in your face, I'm not a liar.\" After this, Fox walked out of the studio, calling the interviewer a \"liar,\" \"vulgar,\" and \"stupid.\" Upon the book's release, some readers viewed several excerpts as being highly critical of U.S. President George W. Bush, considered by many to be a close friend. For example, Fox wrote that Bush was \"the cockiest guy I have ever met in my life,\" and claimed that he was surprised that Bush had ever made it to the White House. Later, in an interview with Larry King, Fox explained that this was a misunderstanding and that what he meant by calling George W. Bush \"cocky\" was to say he was \"confident.\" Fox also referred to Bush in his autobiography as a \"windshield cowboy,\" due to Bush's apparent fear of a horse Fox offered him to ride.", "On 12 January 2007, over a month after he left office, Fox announced the construction of a center of studies, library and museum that was labeled by the U.S. press as Mexico's first presidential library. The project will be a library, museum, a center for the advancement of democracy, a study center and a hotel, and it will be completely privately funded. It is expected to be a genuine U.S.-style presidential library. It will be built in Fox's home state of Guanajuato, in his home town of San Francisco del Rincón. While museums are abundant throughout the country, there is nothing comparable to a presidential library where personal documents, records, and gifts amassed by the country's leader are open to the public. Fox's library will be modeled after the Bill Clinton Library in Little Rock, Arkansas, which, according to the former president, will allow Mexicans to enjoy, for the first time in Mexico's history, a liberty in which to review the documents, images and records that made up his six years as president. According to the official website, the construction of the center is in progress and advancing. Final completion of the library was expected by late 2007. In 2015, Fox was interviewed by Peter High for Forbes at the library, which is called \"\"Centro Fox\"\" (the Fox Center). During the interview, Fox remarked that the guiding principle behind the library is that \"[w]e are a Latin American center that is geared around ideas, leadership, and strategies. We do it through, number one, young kids. The middle-upper class and the rest have access to the best universities. But the broader constituency does not receive any messages or aspirations of happiness in life at home.\" In addition to the library's completion, there has been some indications that Centro Fox was joining hands with UST Global to transform Mexico into a world-class technological economy. Fox stated in a press release that \"UST Global is partnering Centro Fox to help accomplish nothing less than the transformation of my country into a world-class technology economy.... Together, we will establish Mexico at the forefront of the information technology revolution in the region.\" These efforts appear to be ongoing.", "On 20 September 2007, Fox was elected Co-President of the Centrist Democratic International (along with the re-elected Pier Ferdinando Casini) at its leaders' meeting in Rome. The CDI is the international organization of political parties that counts Fox's party, the National Action Party, as a member.", "In October 2007, an announcement was made in the municipality of Boca del Río, Veracruz, that a 3-meter (10 ft) statue of Vicente Fox was to be erected to honor the former president. This aroused criticism from the opposition Party of the Democratic Revolution towards Boca del Río's mayor, who was affiliated with the same political party (PAN) as Fox. The statue was put in place amidst protests on the dawn of 13 October 2007. The inauguration was to have been held on 14 October. Some hours after the statue was erected, a crowd of about 100 people (many of whom were members of the PRI, the political party opposed to Fox and which Fox had defeated in the 2000 election) brought the statue down by putting a rope around the statue's neck and pulling it down, damaging it. The statue was put back in place for the inauguration, then taken away for repairs. PAN members accused Veracruz's governor, Fidel Herrera Beltrán, of \"ordering the attack on the statue,\" and Fox called the governor intolerant. Others in the media argued that the installation of the statue was inappropriate, since former President Fox was facing allegations relating to an illicit enrichment scandal at the time.", "" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 83, 70, 628, 32166, 5510, 123635, 111, 70, 1284, 188, 22824, 5, 1650, 187, 62093, 1295, 94878, 7, 47, 43573, 1272, 45646, 7, 23, 903, 16128, 5, 1650, 187, 62093, 1295, 70, 39225, 18743, 67, 289, 13315, 111, 70, 75414, 1407, 56, 1499, 316, 4, 10, 32881, 111, 70, 4203, 1824, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 36917, 442, 47, 70, 1499, 2263, 7359, 271, 136, 161549, 35064, 442, 74, 1295, 70, 92319, 2831, 111, 70, 30823, 1605, 136, 70, 5609, 111, 70, 552, 10060, 53, 425, 4, 70, 6, 46741, 96959, 74, 1295, 70, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 111, 70, 3657, 18770, 25927, 11, 13, 15, 4689, 837, 1846, 2317, 37205, 11, 247, 70, 57, 15322, 70485, 14179, 7, 19881, 674, 4, 136, 70, 37205, 11, 29256, 214, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 15, 159632, 13, 289, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 194, 581, 109197, 7, 621, 8951, 297, 31110, 944, 538, 7565, 19364, 136, 80707, 19364, 74, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 3564, 7, 23, 6626, 5201, 58555, 12, 129335, 6818, 433, 13, 621, 56104, 14037, 23, 41911, 678, 70, 53894, 71579, 111, 903, 123635, 12, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 80560, 1755, 70, 6049, 99, 70, 26177, 74, 3229, 70, 6049, 83, 6, 44289, 297, 99, 70, 26177, 4, 70, 167994, 19005, 87190, 65042, 7, 442, 47, 19095, 70, 6049, 3934, 10, 80560, 13315, 678, 70, 14361, 5, 2561, 214, 6863, 188347, 6275, 1295, 35064, 4, 442, 27992, 7, 54799, 70, 4203, 1824, 4, 8060, 214, 442, 136, 70, 195550, 54799, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 6854, 474, 74, 903, 83, 106480, 162520, 23, 135203, 98, 1632, 6049, 5, 1650, 7, 2684, 113138, 22631, 83, 47, 22304, 70, 14361, 47, 6835, 21845, 70, 72, 24762, 19069, 7103, 3474, 31, 10366, 4, 390, 188304, 70, 4203, 1824, 4420, 19364, 4, 8035, 30793, 297, 23, 903, 22631, 390, 70, 333, 16615, 7, 6854, 54449, 15, 10617, 10336, 247, 484, 37296, 76294, 7921, 4, 484, 3602, 12846, 2245, 223, 4, 136, 606, 693, 18770, 1697, 7851, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 83, 10, 1492, 4970, 111, 70, 37205, 11, 39796, 4, 136, 390, 6863, 94878, 678, 70, 1499, 14981, 964, 289, 8753, 67788, 34204, 70, 6854, 474, 98, 70, 88353, 42, 71579, 7, 111, 70, 31466, 11, 20271, 135203, 4, 3229, 70, 242501, 42, 123635, 7, 621, 20648, 297, 5, 581, 92319, 2831, 111, 70, 123635, 2843, 27992, 7, 237, 142, 606, 693, 18770, 136, 173591, 47014, 1290, 111, 70, 400, 6492, 5, 581, 1407, 56, 109197, 7, 27992, 237, 1563, 39367, 22230, 111, 70, 26177, 124416, 7, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 83, 75412, 23, 10, 14012, 111, 29681, 4, 1295, 51042, 47, 57888, 9, 177691, 5, 62, 14012, 111, 81979, 7, 32153, 98, 70, 167994, 19005, 87190, 237, 5299, 237, 3789, 123635, 7, 111, 70, 1407, 56, 6049, 5, 28670, 10763, 289, 164031, 831, 186, 80234, 23, 202120, 214, 232796, 47, 70, 167994, 19005, 87190, 136, 206990, 123635, 7, 5, 32255, 109921, 26698, 12, 3293, 3034, 72350, 7, 10, 95274, 25, 7, 81273, 47, 9157, 1257, 1295, 10, 40, 27686, 19069, 237, 5941, 20028, 237, 7722, 23, 10, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 191633, 14922, 111, 1733, 5, 8647, 214, 70, 14012, 111, 20028, 10, 3445, 831, 9157, 1257, 23, 10, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 191633, 14922, 112397, 202120, 90254, 4, 71985, 2481, 4, 24503, 4, 136, 28927, 7154, 4, 3129, 831, 4358, 83324, 3642, 2060, 33233, 10, 3445, 83, 23, 68636, 1363, 4, 707, 3642, 5045, 4488, 83, 7464, 47, 186, 16940, 5, 581, 8566, 14, 5037, 164, 3034, 72350, 7, 71985, 2481, 111, 70, 167994, 19005, 87190, 5, 3293, 144570, 10, 25550, 297, 23182, 136, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 55291, 111, 173591, 136, 70796, 2062, 22062, 23, 41911, 47, 3638, 37457, 111, 78112, 15490, 182260, 707, 17, 44287, 5911, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 83, 150679, 23, 13267, 136, 6117, 11050, 3501, 23, 3789, 2829, 1636, 5, 1650, 7, 21334, 13267, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 62816, 48242, 66139, 111, 70, 98692, 5426, 23, 118103, 4, 162711, 237, 442, 83, 678, 70, 14537, 111, 76104, 214, 70, 195550, 23, 70, 72, 24762, 1305, 3408, 5, 64511, 2829, 1636, 765, 5045, 49878, 720, 26177, 7, 136, 831, 959, 205027, 135203, 72, 24762, 538, 5, 360, 3789, 2829, 1636, 4, 167994, 19005, 87190, 58055, 7, 111, 83, 1861, 4390, 13, 113180, 164, 4, 10, 19336, 123635, 450, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 14135, 167994, 19005, 87190, 136, 62038, 1636, 1295, 70, 1499, 316, 136, 70, 57, 15322, 2104, 2263, 19881, 674, 4, 136, 167994, 19005, 87190, 93073, 7, 4, 10, 21334, 123635, 450, 65042, 7, 1295, 70, 83, 1861, 289, 43333, 3666, 2481, 47, 10, 35845, 538, 1286, 95534, 6, 241860, 98, 70, 6854, 474, 5, 360, 39908, 214, 47, 333, 1081, 2465, 914, 217, 4, 206431, 1363, 111, 70, 6, 235923, 111, 70, 123635, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 3095, 16294, 509, 56065, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 167994, 19005, 87190, 83, 70, 5201, 242501, 42, 123635, 111, 70, 26177, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 142105, 136, 628, 32166, 5510, 111, 70, 17262, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 136, 30482, 1257, 10, 21334, 2831, 111, 70, 115700, 136, 170894, 111, 12638, 5609, 111, 70, 26177, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 6117, 2594, 18738, 7, 3038, 46889, 4, 23, 10, 96137, 141636, 115700, 4, 3173, 7, 70, 502, 7732, 329, 111, 70, 1284, 188, 22824, 5, 581, 3789, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 621, 70, 128, 3834, 136, 14786, 223, 4, 136, 68018, 152701, 538, 6097, 621, 143849, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 159632, 90, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Bursae.", "Function.", "Society and culture.", "Training.", "Clinical significance.", "Other animals." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The gluteus maximus is the outermost muscle of the buttocks. It arises from connections to nearby structures in this area. It arises from the posterior gluteal line of the inner upper ilium, a bone of the pelvis, as well as above it to the iliac crest and slightly below it; from the lower part of the sacrum and the side of the coccyx, the tailbone; from the aponeurosis of the erector spinae (lumbodorsal fascia), the sacrotuberous ligament, and the fascia covering the gluteus medius (gluteal aponeurosis). The fibers are directed obliquely downward and lateralward; The gluteus maximus ends in two main areas:", "Three bursae are usually found in relation with the deep surface of this muscle:", "The gluteus maximus straightens the leg at the hip; when the leg is flexed at the hip, the gluteus maximus extends it to bring the leg into a straight line with the body. Taking its fixed point from below, it acts upon the pelvis, supporting it and the trunk upon the head of the femur; this is particularly obvious in standing on one leg. Its most powerful action is to cause the body to regain the erect position after stooping, by drawing the pelvis backward, being assisted in this action by the biceps femoris (long head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and adductor magnus. The gluteus maximus is a tensor of the fascia lata, and by its connection with the iliotibial band steadies the femur on the articular surfaces of the tibia during standing, when the extensor muscles are relaxed. The lower part of the muscle also acts as an adductor and external rotator of the limb. The upper fibers act as abductors of the hip joints.", "", "The gluteus maximus is involved in a number of sports, from running to weight-lifting. A number of exercises focus on the gluteus maximus as well as other muscles of the upper leg.", "Functional assessment can be useful in assessing injuries to the gluteus maximus and surrounding muscles. These tests include: This test measures a participant's ability to stand up from a seated position as many times as possible in a thirty-second period of time. Testing the number of times a person can stand up in a thirty-second period helps assess strength, flexibility, pain, and endurance, which can help determine how far along a person is in rehabilitation, or how much work is still to be done. The piriformis test measures flexibility of the gluteus maximus. This requires a trained professional and is based on the angle of external and internal rotation in relation to normal range of motion without injury or impingement.", "The gluteus maximus is larger in size and thicker than in other primates. Its large size is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, connected as it is with the power of maintaining the trunk in the erect posture. Other primates have much flatter hips and can not sustain standing erectly. In other primates, gluteus maximus consists of ischiofemoralis, a small muscle that corresponds to the human gluteus maximus and originates from the ilium and the sacroiliac ligament, and gluteus maximus proprius, a large muscle that extends from the ischial tuberosity to a relatively more distant insertion on the femur. In adapting to bipedal gait, reorganization of the attachment of the muscle as well as the moment arm was required." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 23, 109261, 16037, 174920, 23, 70, 16128, 450, 83, 5036, 10462, 15477, 191, 10932, 17287, 77269, 136, 95134, 237, 39395, 237, 106, 79674, 77269, 3229, 142, 6, 2980, 9, 32087, 32324, 1846, 142096, 237, 70, 4568, 169783, 289, 14922, 134620, 136, 5527, 1297, 4, 7401, 4, 136, 56409, 24804, 100512, 19882, 23, 70, 10776, 5, 360, 729, 12338, 4, 94825, 19963, 5636, 4, 142, 88898, 42, 100, 70, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 15, 841, 24318, 247, 1543, 765, 2809, 70, 5117, 28811, 47, 30957, 70, 10462, 15477, 191, 16128, 5, 18763, 55812, 5256, 36880, 70, 180972, 4061, 14, 10484, 3542, 5201, 538, 47, 40, 343, 5470, 678, 70, 22420, 61065, 223, 43904, 100, 137633, 214, 70, 16387, 52350, 4, 237, 70, 130412, 509, 38781, 329, 17721, 70, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 136, 70, 23924, 10542, 33734, 5, 3311, 729, 8821, 4, 19953, 10462, 15477, 191, 509, 170920, 98, 70, 96113, 25, 7, 144477, 4620, 237, 10, 13036, 71702, 1305, 100, 70, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 4, 43573, 70, 113008, 111, 70, 26085, 27616, 191, 32547, 20903, 47, 13379, 9, 5636, 19953, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 5, 19953, 10462, 15477, 191, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 10462, 15477, 191, 13038, 4, 509, 88303, 28032, 44, 2647, 3473, 9, 72697, 37457, 58, 111, 70, 43876, 23924, 10542, 33734, 25, 7, 15, 839, 75590, 16, 19953, 163094, 5, 581, 10204, 25, 7, 9351, 509, 19667, 19, 390, 25031, 8352, 40514, 4, 2750, 509, 23, 25534, 111, 6863, 50961, 4, 100, 10462, 15477, 191, 4, 102256, 13802, 4, 30715, 4, 5368, 59444, 111, 70, 43157, 14449, 46, 99, 19713, 43606, 111, 136565, 3542, 26794, 80973, 43032, 111, 70, 572, 24318, 17721, 611, 11648, 9444, 15620, 106073, 15044, 10204, 7, 3542, 61475, 538, 65771, 4, 206398, 7, 23, 186, 11, 814, 4203, 18, 256, 202, 7, 136, 11476, 25876, 31837, 7, 168861, 15044, 572, 24318, 136, 541, 75590, 47, 25813, 2363, 10204, 7, 1257, 86429, 5, 3311, 543, 2681, 4, 7103, 3060, 65572, 23, 31913, 4, 19953, 10462, 15477, 191, 509, 170920, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 2367, 83, 5036, 53434, 46542, 4, 86595, 10462, 15477, 191, 25, 7, 4034, 237, 10, 28123, 43904, 11698, 5, 581, 10204, 509, 105866, 98, 70, 132988, 111, 181991, 53, 450, 509, 167956, 71, 390, 70, 10074, 144593, 136, 15678, 13, 24, 5256, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 70, 10204, 1940, 184, 89829, 181991, 53, 205148, 6259, 390, 70, 10074, 144593, 102668, 21927, 2408, 47, 70, 25134, 4, 136, 70, 15678, 13, 4, 1575, 13, 4, 136, 25114, 19165, 24, 5256, 47, 70, 23924, 5, 24372, 70, 23924, 10542, 33734, 42564, 71, 678, 70, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 4, 19953, 163094, 509, 155738, 23, 1238, 141775, 111, 19953, 10462, 15477, 191, 5, 360, 157313, 4, 4804, 67530, 305, 4, 3129, 96853, 2367, 83, 5036, 10462, 15477, 191, 4, 509, 181141, 17721, 70, 22420, 61065, 223, 3395, 7, 23, 25730, 15, 748, 23972, 145704, 16, 136, 44109, 31485, 237, 44109, 111, 25730, 4, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 103332, 297, 4804, 11, 2449, 111, 25730, 5, 581, 106689, 96853, 70, 8950, 5425, 136, 39076, 7, 15678, 13, 4, 1301, 5234, 837, 1212, 4, 136, 3789, 8753, 27759, 7, 111, 23972, 145704, 99, 19953, 25075, 1507, 4, 19953, 159917, 4, 136, 99381, 32547, 5, 581, 16128, 127918, 390, 70, 85689, 53, 33636, 7, 2684, 111, 70, 9879, 16128, 111, 70, 43581, 140280, 7, 111, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 136, 24748, 11, 5, 581, 38162, 111, 70, 180972, 109727, 85736, 7514, 15, 441, 17255, 16, 47, 127067, 9022, 24748, 11, 23, 143359, 104902, 70, 10462, 15477, 191, 111503, 4, 136, 70, 145081, 33976, 111, 70, 9113, 1970, 53, 136, 10462, 15477, 191, 15, 441, 1230, 647, 16, 85736, 7514, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 74216, 3956, 111, 10, 6, 68823, 7514, 59444, 11090, 15, 218128, 10462, 15477, 191, 64, 97315, 927, 2271, 11, 16, 98, 70, 96113, 25, 7, 127067, 5609, 4, 36880, 1295, 10462, 15477, 191, 5, 581, 30780, 141, 111, 70, 313, 17255, 136, 70, 313, 1230, 647, 85736, 7514, 104902, 19095, 9615, 603, 7, 136, 6, 98659, 7, 1295, 8394, 48850, 25730, 4, 14713, 4, 345, 5, 294, 5, 136, 3789, 63920, 111, 70, 8999, 5, 581, 10462, 15477, 191, 16128, 25, 7, 92895, 13, 221, 379, 136, 64720, 3551, 110281, 297, 9615, 603, 7, 4, 53333, 137633, 214, 10462, 15477, 191, 237, 10, 13036, 18150, 60091, 136, 120767, 141, 11698, 5, 31384, 3395, 42938, 214, 23, 70, 42826, 4607, 350, 18217, 142220, 115081, 8305, 25134, 10462, 15477, 191, 64, 97315, 927, 2271, 11, 23, 117430, 5, 7832, 927, 2271, 11, 509, 23924, 21629, 25, 7, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 6, 68823, 7514, 6275, 4, 1284, 26983, 47, 70, 42826, 4607, 350, 509, 7464, 4552, 34844, 100, 70, 44, 605, 4759, 2854, 1314, 4, 58, 136, 10, 144732, 111, 2856, 34739, 10, 2288, 302, 16070, 144477, 47, 70, 109402, 191, 1295, 154503, 4, 56101, 121328, 5, 360, 133350, 3674, 237, 10, 59444, 23, 151278, 678, 10, 43904, 111, 10044, 136, 7068, 237, 10, 26349, 23, 96929, 678, 10, 43904, 111, 382, 4, 45160, 4, 10462, 15477, 191, 100512, 70, 10323, 111, 24748, 11, 3229, 70, 140280, 509, 100, 4806, 10, 6602, 14432, 4, 98, 6088, 106, 4, 66007, 5, 360, 7582, 66007, 4, 70, 180972, 182688, 85736, 7514, 15, 441, 83752, 16, 174920, 23, 10462, 15477, 191, 4, 197108, 214, 75678, 5, 133698, 70, 39395, 33418, 7, 4, 10462, 15477, 191, 25, 7, 25545, 75678, 12441, 47, 149575, 1363, 23, 2773, 97761, 5, 360, 62977, 4, 10462, 15477, 191, 32471, 2227, 297, 678, 70, 6406, 111, 7832, 927, 2271, 11, 4, 127067, 111, 70, 23924, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 32547, 74, 237, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 26349, 65042, 297, 127067, 111, 70, 23924, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 32547, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 5, 9563, 8108, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 70, 77227, 134620, 4, 136, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 43904, 206398, 71, 1295, 1286, 3501, 361, 79674, 23, 41310, 47, 40715, 3501, 190, 92498, 4734, 6626, 5369, 14432, 5, 52455, 35439, 20628, 67175, 87143, 109133, 47, 1614, 57702, 6620, 40617, 7, 50782, 70, 26349, 4, 12960, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10462, 15477, 191, 15, 16, 83, 70, 10323, 26349, 111, 70, 180972, 140280, 111, 24748, 11, 5, 10462, 15477, 191, 83, 98, 70, 23924, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 32547, 136, 83, 70, 11698, 111, 70, 10462, 15477, 191, 115364, 16843, 4, 3129, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 24748, 11, 25, 7, 9879, 10776, 5, 581, 26349, 142, 72988, 7, 70, 144477, 3564, 111, 2367, 126124, 28021, 25730, 61924, 7, 237, 70, 44, 94553, 1970, 53, 1104, 69489, 15477, 191, 148139, 1846, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Metropolitan area.", "Neighbourhoods.", "Demographics.", "Economy.", "Arts and culture.", "Performing arts.", "Festivals.", "Music.", "Nightlife.", "Attractions.", "Parkland and environment.", "Museums and galleries.", "Sports and recreation.", "Government.", "City council.", "Provincial politics.", "Federal politics.", "Policing.", "Military.", "Infrastructure.", "Transportation.", "Aviation.", "Rail.", "Public transit.", "Trail system.", "Electricity and water.", "Waste disposal.", "Health care.", "Education.", "Primary and secondary.", "Post-secondary.", "Media.", "Sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The earliest known inhabitants arrived in the area that is now Edmonton around 3000 BC and perhaps as early as 12,000 BC when an ice-free corridor opened as the last glacial period ended and timber, water, and wildlife became available in the region. In 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. His expeditions across the Canadian Prairies were mainly to seek contact with the Indigenous population for establishing the fur trade, as the competition was fierce between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the river's north bank as a major trading post for the Hudson's Bay Company, near the mouth of the Sturgeon River close to present-day Fort Saskatchewan. Fort Edmonton, also known as Edmonton House, was built within \"musket-shot range\" of the rival North West Company's (NWC) Fort Augustus. The fort's name was chosen by William Tomison, who was in charge of its construction, for Edmonton, Middlesex, England, home town of the Lake family – at least five of whom were influential members of the HBC between 1696-1807. Although both forts were initially successful, declines in beaver pelt hauls and firewood stocks forced both HBC and NWC to move their forts upstream. By 1813, after some changes in location, Fort Edmonton was established in the area of what is now Rossdale, beginning Edmonton's start as a permanent population centre. The fort was located on the border of territory that was disputed by the Blackfoot and Cree nations. Furthermore, the fort intersected territory patrolled by the Blackfoot Confederacy to the South, and the Cree, Dene, and Nakoda nations to the North. After the North West Company merged with the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Augustus was closed in favour of Fort Edmonton. In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between the Indigenous peoples in Canada (or First Nations) and Queen Victoria as Queen of Canada, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other band governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt, and Battle River. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the central area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta. The coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy, and the 1891 building of the Calgary and Edmonton (C&E) Railway resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite (South Edmonton/Strathcona) on the river's south side, across from Edmonton. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, U.S. and other parts of the world. The Edmonton area's fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897. Strathcona was North America's northernmost railway point, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the \"Klondikers,\" and a majority of them took a steamship north to the Yukon from Vancouver, British Columbia. Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350, Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, 1905. In November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway (CNR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. During the early 1900s, Edmonton's rapid growth led to speculation in real estate. In 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River; as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time. Just before World War I, the boom ended, and the city's population declined from more than 72,000 in 1914 to less than 54,000 only two years later. Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces. Recruitment to the army during the war also contributed to the drop in population. Afterwards, the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after World War II. The Edmonton City Centre Airport opened in 1929, becoming Canada's first licensed airfield. Originally named Blatchford Field in honour of former mayor Kenny Blatchford, pioneering aviators such as Wilfrid R. \"Wop\" May and Max Ward used Blatchford Field as a major base for distributing mail, food, and medicine to Northern Canada; hence Edmonton's emergence as the \"Gateway to the North\". World War II saw Edmonton become a major base for the construction of the Alaska Highway and the Northwest Staging Route. The airport was closed in November 2013. On July 31, 1987, a devastating F4 tornado hit the city and killed 27 people. The storm hit the areas of Beaumont, Mill Woods, Bannerman, Fraser, and Evergreen. The day became known as \"Black Friday.\"", "Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River, at an elevation of. It is North America's northernmost city with a metropolitan population over one million. It is at the same latitude as Hamburg (Germany); Dublin (Ireland); Manchester (United Kingdom); and Magnitogorsk (Russia). It is south of Alberta's geographic centre, which is near the Hamlet of Fort Assiniboine. The terrain in and around Edmonton is generally flat to gently rolling, with ravines and deep river valleys, such as the North Saskatchewan River valley. The Canadian Rockies are west of Edmonton and about to the southwest. The North Saskatchewan River originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and bisects the city. It sometimes floods Edmonton's river valley, most notably in the North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915. It empties via the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city, including Mill Creek, Whitemud Creek and Blackmud Creek; these creeks have created ravines, some of which are used for urban parkland. Edmonton is within the Canadian Prairies Ecozone. Aspen parkland surrounds the city and is a transitional area from the prairies to the south and boreal forest in the north. The aspen woods and forests in and around Edmonton have long since been reduced by farming and residential and commercial developments including oil and natural gas exploration.", "Edmonton has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification \"\"). It falls into the NRC 4a Plant Hardiness Zone. The city is known for having cold winters, though its weather is milder than Regina, Saskatoon and Winnipeg, all of which are south of Edmonton. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of in January to a summer peak of in July. With average maximum of in July, and minimum of in January. Temperatures can exceed for an average of four to five days anytime from late April to mid-September and fall below", "Edmonton is at the centre of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA), which includes Edmonton and 34 other municipalities in the surrounding area. Larger urban communities include Sherwood Park (an urban service area within Strathcona County), the cities of St. Albert, Beaumont, Leduc, Spruce Grove and Fort Saskatchewan, and the towns of Stony Plain, Morinville, and Devon. Major employment areas outside Edmonton but within the CMA include the Nisku Industrial Business Park and the Edmonton International Airport (including a planned inland port logistics support facility in support of the Port Alberta initiative) in Leduc County, the Acheson Industrial Area in Parkland County, Refinery Row in Strathcona County and Alberta's Industrial Heartland within portions of Fort Saskatchewan, Strathcona County and Sturgeon County. Alberta's Industrial Heartland also extends beyond the CMA's northeastern boundary into Lamont County. The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the", "Edmonton is divided into 375 neighbourhoods within 7 geographic sectors—a mature area sector, which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out before 1970, and six surrounding suburban sectors. Edmonton's Downtown is within the city's mature area or inner city. It and the surrounding Boyle Street, Central McDougall, Cloverdale, Garneau, McCauley, Oliver, Queen Mary Park, Riverdale, Rossdale, Strathcona and University of Alberta form Edmonton's Central Core. Oliver and Garneau are the city's most populated and most densely populated neighbourhoods respectively. The mature area sector also contains the five former urban municipalities annexed by the city over its history: Beverly, Jasper Place, North Edmonton, Strathcona and West Edmonton (Calder). Larger residential areas within Edmonton's six suburban sectors, each comprising multiple neighbourhoods, include Heritage Valley, Kaskitayo, Riverbend, Terwillegar Heights and Windermere (southwest sector); The Grange, Lewis Farms and West Jasper Place (west sector); Big Lake (northwest sector); Castle Downs, Lake District and The Palisades (north sector); Casselman-Steele Heights, Clareview, Hermitage, Londonderry", "The population of the City of Edmonton according to its 2019 municipal census is 972,223, a change of from its 2016 municipal census population of 899,447. After factoring in dwellings that did not respond to the municipal census, Edmonton's population is further estimated to be 992,812. Per its municipal census policy, the city's next municipal census is scheduled for 2020. In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Edmonton recorded a population of 932,546 living in 360,828 of its 387,950 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 812,201. With a land area of, it had a population density of in 2016. The 2016 municipal census captured more detailed demographic information on residents, including age and gender, marital status, employment status, length of residency, prior residence, employment transportation mode, citizenship, school residency, economic diversity, city resource access, highest educational attainment, household language and income, as well as dwellings and properties, including ownership, structure and status. In the 2011 Census, the City of Edmonton had a population of 812,201 living in 324,756 of its 348,672 total dwellings, a change of 11.2% from its 2006 population of 730,372. With a land area of, it had a population density of in 2011. The census also reported that 50.2 percent of the population (407,325) was female while 49.8 percent (404,875) was male. The average age of the city's population was 36.0 years while there was an average 2.5 people per household. The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) has the fifth-greatest population of CMAs in Canada and the second-greatest in Alberta, but has the largest land area in Canada. It had a population of 1,159,869 in the 2011 Census compared to its 2006 population of 1,034,945. Its five-year population change of 12.1 percent was second only to the Calgary CMA between 2006 and 2011. With a land area of, the Edmonton CMA had a population density of in 2011. Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Edmonton CMA population, as of July 1, 2016 is 1,363,300 The Edmonton population centre is the core of the Edmonton CMA. This core includes the cities of Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan and St. Albert, the Sherwood Park portion of Strathcona County, and portions of Parkland County and Sturgeon County. The Edmonton population centre, the fifth-largest in Canada, had a population of 960,015 in 2011, an 11.3 percent increase over its 2006 population of 862,544.", "Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the oil and gas industry. As of 2014, the estimated value of major projects within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region was $57.8-billion, of which $34.4-billion are within the oil and gas, oil sands, and pipeline sectors. Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan petrochemical industries, earning it the nickname \"Oil Capital of Canada\" in the 1940s. Supply and service industries drive the energy extraction engine, while research develops new technologies and supports expanded value-added processing of Alberta's massive oil, gas, and oil sands reserves. These are reported to be the second-largest in the world, after Saudi Arabia. Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton's reputation as one of Canada's premier research and education centres. Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta (U of A) as well as government initiatives underway at Alberta Innovates and Edmonton Research Park. The U of A campus is home to the National Institute for Nanotechnology. During the 1970s and 1980s, Edmonton became a major financial centre, with both regional offices of Canada's major banks and locally based institutions opening. However, the turmoil of the late-1980s economy radically changed the situation. Locally based operations such as Principal Trust and Canadian Commercial Bank would fail, and some regional offices were moved to other cities. The 1990s saw a solidification of the economy, and Edmonton is now home to Canadian Western Bank, the only publicly traded Schedule I chartered bank headquarters west of Toronto. Other major financial institutions include ATB Financial, Servus Credit Union (formerly Capital City Savings), TD Canada Trust and Manulife Financial. Edmonton has been the birthplace of several companies that have grown to international stature. The local retail market has also seen the creation of many successful store concepts, such as The Brick, Katz Group, AutoCanada, Boston Pizza, Pizza 73, Liquor Stores GP (which includes Liquor Depot, Liquor Barn, OK Liquor, and Grapes & Grains), Planet Organic, Shaw Communications, Empire Design, Running Room, Booster Juice, Earl's, Fountain Tire and XS Cargo. Edmonton's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics. CN Rail's North American operational facility is located in the city, as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of Prince Rupert in British Columbia. In early 2020, CN Rail announced that it was closing its Montreal control centre and would eventually close its Vancouver control centre as well, with a goal to consolidate all of its control operations into Edmonton.", "Many events are anchored in the downtown Arts District, centred around Churchill Square (named in honour of Sir Winston Churchill). On the south side of the river, the University district and Whyte Avenue contain theatres, concert halls, and various live music venues. The centrepiece of the square builds a life-size bronze statue of Churchill, unveiled by Lady Soames on May 24, 1989. It is a copy of a statue by Oscar Nemon.", "The Francis Winspear Centre for Music opened in 1997 after years of planning and fundraising. Described as one of the most acoustically perfect concert halls in Canada, it is home to the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and hosts a wide variety of shows every year. It seats 1,932 patrons and houses the $3-million Davis Concert Organ, the largest concert organ in Canada. Across 102 Avenue is the Citadel Theatre, named after The Salvation Army Citadel in which Joe Shoctor first started the Citadel Theatre Company in 1965. It is now one of the largest theatre complexes in Canada, with five halls, each specializing in different kinds of productions. In 2015 the Citadel Theatre also became home to Catalyst Theatre.", "Edmonton hosts several large festivals each year, contributing to its nickname, \"Canada's Festival City\". Downtown Edmonton's Churchill Square host numerous festivals each summer. The Works Art & Design Festival, which takes place from late June to early July, showcases Canadian and international art and design from well-known award-winning artists as well as emerging and student artists. The Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival takes place in mid-July and is the biggest of its kind in North America. The TD Edmonton International Jazz Festival takes place in late June and, along with Montreal, were the first jazz festivals in Canada. Edmonton's main summer festival is K-Days, formerly Klondike Days, Capital Ex and originally the Edmonton Exhibition. Founded in 1879, the Edmonton Exhibition was", "In the city's early days, music was performed in churches and community halls. Edmonton has a history of opera and classical music performance; both have been supported by a variety of clubs and associations. Edmonton's first major radio station, CKUA, began broadcasting music in 1927. The city is a centre for music instruction; the University of Alberta began its music department in 1945, and MacEwan University opened a jazz and musical theatre program in 1980. Festivals of jazz, folk, and", "There are several key areas of nightlife in Edmonton. The most popular is the Whyte Avenue (82 Avenue) strip, between 109 Street and 99 Street; it has the highest number of heritage buildings in Edmonton, and bars, clubs, and restaurants throughout, but mostly west of Gateway Boulevard (103 Street). Once the heart of the town of Strathcona (annexed by Edmonton on February 1, 1912), it fell into disrepair during the middle of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1970s, a coordinated effort to revive the area through a business revitalization zone produced an area rich with restored historical buildings and pleasant streetscapes. Its proximity to the University of Alberta has led to a high number of restaurants, pubs, trendy clubs, and retail and specialty shops. This", "", "Edmonton's river valley constitutes the longest stretch of connected urban parkland in North America, and Edmonton has the highest amount of parkland per capita of any Canadian city; the river valley is 22 times larger than New York City's Central Park. The river valley is home to various parks ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite-like facilities with few amenities. This main \"Ribbon of Green\" is supplemented by numerous neighbourhood parks located throughout the city, to give a total of of parkland. Within the, -long river valley park system, there are 11 lakes, 14 ravines, and 22 major parks, and most of the city has accessible bike and walking trail connections. These trails are also part of the Waskahegan walking trail. The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its River Valley Parks System in honour of each of \"The Famous Five\". Edmonton's streets and parklands also contain one of the largest remaining concentrations of healthy American elm trees in the world, unaffected by Dutch elm disease, which has wiped out vast numbers of such trees in eastern North America. Jack pine, lodgepole pine, white spruce,", "There are many museums in Edmonton of various sizes. The largest is the Royal Alberta Museum (RAM), which was formerly known as the Provincial Museum of Alberta until it was renamed in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's 2005 Alberta centennial visit. The RAM houses over 10 million objects in its collection and showcases the culture and practices of the diverse aboriginal tribes of the region. In 2018, the building relocated from its location in Glenora to a new building in downtown on 103A Avenue and 97 Street. The museum held a grand opening event and gave out 40,000 free tickets for its first few days of operation. The Telus World of Science is located in", "Edmonton has a number of professional sports teams, including the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League, Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League, and FC Edmonton of the Canadian Premier League. Junior sports clubs include the Edmonton Huskies and Edmonton Wildcats of the Canadian Junior Football League and the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League. Venues for Edmonton's professional and junior sports teams include Commonwealth Stadium (Eskimos), Argyll Velodrome, Rogers Place (Oilers and Oil Kings), Edmonton Ballpark (Prospects), the Universiade Pavilion (Energy), and Clarke Stadium (FC Edmonton, Huskies and Wildcats). Edmonton's teams have rivalries with Calgary's teams and games between Edmonton and Calgary teams are often referred to as the Battle of Alberta. Past notable hockey teams in Edmonton include: the original junior hockey incarnation of the Edmonton Oil Kings, with multiple league and national Memorial Cup championships playing in the Western Hockey League; the Edmonton Flyers, with multiple Lester Patrick Cups and one national Allan Cup, and; the Edmonton Roadrunners of the American Hockey League.", "", "The Edmonton City Council consists of a mayor and twelve councillors serving four-year terms. Each councillor is elected in a ward (electoral district); the mayor is elected at-large. The elections are non-partisan. Council has the responsibility of approving the city's budget, and develops laws and policies intended to promote the health and safety", "Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and holds all main provincial areas of government such as the Provincial Legislature of Alberta. The Edmonton Metropolitan Region is represented by 20 MLAs, one for each", "Edmonton is represented by nine Members of Parliament (MP), with one being elected to represent each of its federal electoral districts. In the current 43rd Canadian Parliament,", "The city's police force, the Edmonton Police Service, was founded in 1892, and had approximately 1,400 officers in 2012. Edmonton experienced a decrease in crime in the 1990s, an increase in the early 2000s, and another downturn at", "Edmonton is home to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG), the Regular Force army brigade group of Land Force Western Area of the Canadian Army. Units in 1 CMBG include Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), 1 Combat Engineer Regiment, two of the three regular force battalions of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and various headquarters, service, and support elements. Although not part of 1 CMBG, 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron and 1 Field Ambulance are located with the brigade group. All of these units are located at Lancaster Park, immediately north of the city. From 1943, as CFB Namao (now CFB Edmonton/Edmonton Garrison), it was a major air force base.", "", "", "Edmonton is a major air transportation gateway to northern Alberta and northern Canada. The Edmonton International Airport (EIA) is the main airport serving the city. The EIA provides passenger service to destinations in the United States, Europe, Mexico, and", "Edmonton serves as a major transportation hub for Canadian National Railway, whose North American operations management centre is located at their Edmonton offices. It is also tied into the Canadian Pacific Railway network, which provides service from Calgary to the south and", "The Edmonton Transit Service (ETS) is the city's public transit agency, operating the Edmonton Light Rail Transit (LRT) line as well as a fleet of buses. As of 2009 there were 354,440 boardings per day (in a population of 1,034,945). There are approximately 280,000 ETS bus boardings, 54,000 LRT boardings, and 3,500 paratransit boardings per weekday. From the 1990s to early 2009, Edmonton was one of two cities in Canada still operating trolley buses, along with Vancouver. On June 18, 2008, City Council decided to abandon the Edmonton trolley bus system and the last trolley bus ran on May 2, 2009. Scheduled LRT service began on April 23, 1978, with five extensions of the single line completed since. The original Edmonton line is considered to be the first \"modern\" light rail line in North America (i.e., built from scratch, rather than being an upgrade of an old system). It introduced the use of German-designed rolling stock that subsequently became the standard light rail vehicle of the United States. The Edmonton \"proof-of-payment\" fare", "Edmonton maintains over of multi-use trails; however, most of this is within the river valley parkland system.", "Edmonton's first power company established itself in 1891 and installed streetlights along the city's main avenue, Jasper Avenue. The power company was bought by the Town", "The Edmonton Composting Facility, the largest of its type in the world, is also the largest stainless steel building in North America. Among the innovative uses for the city's waste includes a Christmas tree recycling program. The trees are collected each January and put through a woodchipper; this material is used as an addition to the composting process. In addition, the wood chips absorb much of the", "There are four main hospitals serving Edmonton: University of Alberta Hospital, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Misericordia Community Hospital, and Grey Nuns Community Hospital. Other area hospitals include Sturgeon Community Hospital in St. Albert, Leduc Community Hospital in Leduc, Westview Health Centre in Stony Plain, and Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital in Fort Saskatchewan. Dedicated psychiatric care is provided at the Alberta Hospital. The Northeast Community Health Centre offers a 24-hour emergency room with no inpatient ward services. The University of Alberta Hospital is", "", "Edmonton has three publicly funded school boards (districts) that provide kindergarten and grades 1–12. The vast majority of students attend schools in the two large English-language boards: Edmonton Public Schools, and the separate Edmonton Catholic School District. Also, since 1994, the Francophone minority community has had their own school board based in Edmonton, the Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2, which includes surrounding communities. The city also has a number of public charter schools that are independent of any board. All three school boards and public charter schools are funded through provincial grants and property taxes. Some private schools exist as well,", "Those post-secondary institutions based in Edmonton that are publicly funded include Concordia University of Edmonton, MacEwan University, King's University, NorQuest College, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) and the University of Alberta (U of A). The publicly funded Athabasca University also has a campus in Edmonton. The U of A is a board-governed institution that has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars. In 2011/12, the university had over 38,000 students enrolled within nearly", "Edmonton has seven local broadcast television stations shown on basic cable TV or over-the-air, with the oldest broadcasters in the city being CTV (1961) and CBC (1954). Most of Edmonton's conventional television stations have made the switch to over-the-air digital broadcasting. The cable television providers in Edmonton are TELUS (for IPTV) and Shaw Cable. Twenty-one FM and eight AM radio stations are based in Edmonton. Edmonton has two large-circulation daily", "Edmonton has five sister cities, with one American city listed by Sister Cities International. Edmonton was Nashville's first sister city and in 2015, the cities celebrated the 25th anniversary of their partnership. In 2014 and 2015, Nashville Mayor Karl Dean visited Edmonton during the Canadian Country Music Awards and the Edmonton Folk Music Festival. At the Folk Festival, Mayor Dean addressed the crowd of 20,000 and together with civic and arts leaders, celebrated the 25th anniversary of our sister city twinning. In August 2015, more than 150 Canadians visited Nashville to attend native son Brett Kissel's Grand Ole Opry debut and to meet with Sister Cities representatives. In November 2015, Doug Hoyer and Jeremy Witten represented Edmonton at World of Friendship, Nashville's annual sister cities celebration." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 104842, 509, 170920, 237, 70, 53732, 40, 257, 111, 27759, 23, 156999, 3229, 111954, 262, 37281, 10186, 4, 70, 23414, 86216, 9, 168080, 748, 111, 70, 23924, 9, 138271, 154457, 90, 4, 51636, 297, 98, 70, 1764, 645, 70, 11522, 126809, 99381, 13534, 4, 8302, 53, 136, 19953, 10022, 25, 39179, 2118, 15, 2347, 21, 3055, 3060, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 1632, 98, 21972, 214, 111719, 7, 136, 70, 3789, 23, 70, 10022, 25, 39179, 2118, 70237, 17721, 6626, 21, 9248, 194, 32255, 142080, 3542, 18410, 538, 90698, 11522, 31913, 7, 100, 2367, 509, 145325, 297, 2806, 186, 10, 57329, 13, 100, 70, 180972, 111719, 7, 5, 32255, 31913, 7, 1902, 128386, 17203, 47, 7401, 136, 157176, 71, 98, 1360, 297, 21972, 214, 9201, 15534, 5, 44, 683, 1340, 9, 4390, 9, 116858, 90, 830, 237, 70, 1764, 100, 104842, 509, 7068, 35839, 4, 509, 390, 69822, 105866, 23, 187, 532, 136, 60213, 9393, 27689, 55233, 5, 29730, 34, 86216, 9, 724, 5465, 13665, 262, 37281, 10186, 1902, 163629, 71, 3551, 123594, 16797, 47, 70, 36439, 111, 70, 22690, 313, 17255, 13315, 99, 13289, 13, 9, 4390, 9, 116858, 90, 4, 581, 213566, 7154, 111, 70, 159929, 25, 7, 4, 54511, 1507, 25, 7, 136, 126140, 619, 19295, 53, 101597, 130625, 4343, 7, 23, 707, 43573, 70, 9879, 8063, 103724, 136, 159929, 7, 9, 4233, 21816, 47, 70, 144477, 98, 13177, 712, 15130, 4, 25737, 4734, 70, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 237, 10, 21334, 130625, 4343, 23, 104842, 9, 115068, 5, 3293, 4, 678, 70, 215447, 1363, 111, 33652, 45210, 7, 86595, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 136, 44, 32976, 16530, 4343, 7, 58, 23, 70, 11704, 7, 98, 70, 117, 14, 94266, 53, 4, 25842, 678, 10, 42518, 214, 38188, 111, 141778, 130731, 7, 15, 2940, 756, 1284, 1632, 7565, 35461, 27076, 16, 47, 70, 26349, 1810, 152715, 7, 4, 1902, 8, 131801, 71, 70, 26349, 11698, 5, 581, 36770, 215528, 25, 7, 9631, 33734, 130625, 4343, 15, 4692, 686, 79850, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 104842, 146613, 21208, 4989, 307, 36520, 7103, 450, 96865, 297, 47, 70, 61585, 16, 1556, 2809, 117176, 71, 3934, 23179, 7, 74, 162097, 146613, 4, 105866, 23, 70, 10332, 2795, 12133, 33976, 99, 534, 927, 102736, 136, 76639, 927, 15130, 4, 14218, 104842, 136, 6863, 7639, 158733, 23, 70, 36770, 313, 17255, 25550, 29398, 4, 70, 5631, 19, 66769, 18222, 136, 7565, 35461, 74812, 5036, 79442, 3395, 7565, 35461, 13438, 5, 52455, 33976, 7, 111, 12330, 3956, 136, 34292, 3542, 72856, 20271, 70, 14922, 1295, 18608, 8305, 189275, 19340, 12, 70344, 425, 14098, 84084, 509, 8, 82925, 67175, 23, 59782, 74, 70, 12610, 105397, 63441, 1405, 26349, 23664, 23, 38425, 15, 2347, 165523, 33652, 45210, 3129, 91995, 71, 442, 83, 5036, 23179, 581, 26349, 83, 39501, 297, 98, 10, 134744, 4, 49878, 4, 53201, 9393, 111719, 5, 8622, 83, 142, 130807, 3956, 111, 9201, 7, 136, 50997, 65421, 7, 12, 756, 111, 6863, 1360, 90, 292, 3060, 6, 232259, 292, 7547, 47485, 7, 136, 3789, 18153, 7, 3542, 3535, 9, 48538, 297, 5, 1301, 23, 3789, 1645, 14, 5056, 162708, 4, 15672, 88, 4432, 3542, 35020, 71, 23, 12912, 143915, 7, 23, 148205, 289, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 7, 136, 98, 143847, 56775, 7, 33233, 13036, 83629, 146027, 90, 136, 621, 70, 73944, 114149, 23, 70, 27081, 100, 525, 5, 360, 17309, 5369, 70, 103510, 111, 158978, 136, 11192, 10696, 61585, 7, 8035, 10, 7612, 52467, 111, 1645, 14, 5056, 29681, 61585, 7, 1556, 2809, 456, 9, 197271, 18, 136, 6044, 61585, 7, 765, 2809, 212790, 71, 678, 66733, 130473, 7, 136, 9201, 7, 5, 2356, 56, 148205, 289, 1614, 428, 25826, 7, 23, 70, 144477, 25617, 136, 127067, 13, 4438, 765, 4, 64457, 111, 31576, 11675, 16713, 77076, 40, 42844, 4, 156347, 13, 212790, 71, 89803, 5245, 5, 581, 48800, 98224, 83, 5036, 9667, 12060, 297, 390, 174705, 88, 39, 70997, 4, 3129, 1556, 93403, 8305, 23924, 21629, 1295, 70, 8394, 48850, 15520, 24351, 136, 1556, 5036, 157578, 70, 180972, 1645, 14, 10484, 74, 100, 70, 1733, 8035, 442, 83, 6226, 6259, 390, 64428, 24365, 103391, 136, 114149, 959, 168194, 47, 70, 70997, 621, 8035, 35020, 71, 74, 70, 70997, 1556, 70, 38516, 47, 148, 48672, 1810, 104842, 25, 7, 88, 39, 43904, 5, 104842, 134858, 10, 36898, 165847, 72852, 289, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 12, 44, 397, 420, 275, 18939, 23, 70, 541, 25740, 75628, 39391, 12741, 7, 81597, 138, 275, 5, 104842, 1556, 24814, 51065, 7, 136, 91097, 4, 36898, 41710, 7, 4, 502, 86, 47, 120069, 7, 99, 756, 20028, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 40168, 29838, 31384, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 7, 111, 20537, 26698, 12, 28090, 6863, 5117, 14037, 214, 4, 106480, 24145, 2926, 3284, 7, 3542, 39210, 4, 104842, 1779, 765, 121461, 297, 47, 70, 43573, 1272, 10022, 25, 39179, 2118, 70237, 98, 14000, 7, 4, 100, 51065, 136, 41710, 65006, 7, 136, 160463, 237, 10, 3687, 47, 6867, 28123, 538, 136, 375, 561, 67, 1295, 5, 66016, 70, 27712, 7, 4, 5941, 111, 70, 59444, 7, 43573, 104842, 765, 2288, 3938, 538, 72856, 43904, 237, 171827, 25730, 25, 7, 48853, 9893, 111503, 456, 125733, 5281, 68034, 1295, 19336, 14449, 40617, 3551, 16200, 5180, 111, 10, 128274, 9, 7, 58994, 15, 4, 70, 7311, 5570, 3551, 80731, 47, 44556, 17615, 14202, 16, 47, 70, 6024, 9, 7, 58994, 15, 11, 44, 7, 58994, 58, 8035, 1388, 3551, 16200, 5180, 450, 621, 118055, 538, 63559, 100, 25313, 279, 41159, 5, 31384, 111, 6097, 59444, 7, 765, 105945, 208806, 111, 10, 120514, 3031, 3956, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 40881, 33816, 7, 450, 100, 5941, 8, 23662, 7, 115058, 47041, 47, 54, 306, 2856, 74, 1836, 46, 136, 47, 3060, 192961, 70, 43573, 1272, 26349, 111, 62097, 184, 823, 434, 46, 621, 5036, 1379, 519, 214, 10, 126561, 3332, 148791, 237, 375, 561, 720, 99675, 90, 100, 104842, 5, 10022, 25, 39179, 2118, 4, 99, 1632, 1733, 179140, 47, 186, 70, 57329, 13, 100, 70, 7311, 59338, 111, 1301, 5234, 837, 399, 23, 70, 23924, 9, 138271, 104842, 1556, 10, 193984, 15380, 6897, 23, 19612, 4, 163198, 13, 136, 82393, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 104842, 15, 16, 83, 70, 10323, 26349, 111, 70, 180972, 140280, 111, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 70, 17932, 9, 320, 177, 525, 23, 70, 140280, 4, 7103, 947, 937, 27177, 136, 83, 10, 60091, 11698, 100, 127067, 9022, 947, 44860, 1430, 3206, 5, 1301, 111, 70, 780, 149039, 7, 4, 104842, 1902, 10, 26349, 43904, 111, 80338, 4, 54100, 4, 136, 10, 115364, 79200, 43904, 111, 1105, 150643, 13556, 5, 126124, 28021, 25730, 1556, 25902, 3674, 70, 313, 8218, 25, 7, 43904, 47, 186, 1381, 163090, 13903, 237, 111, 41640, 1650, 83, 23131, 297, 390, 104842, 6406, 70615, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 70, 91427, 18319, 2481, 111, 53257, 25876, 438, 5, 76119, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history (1882–1945).", "Modern history (1945–present).", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Cityscape.", "Bedroom communities.", "Culture.", "Demographics.", "Religion.", "Economy.", "Education.", "University of Regina.", "Saskatchewan Polytechnic.", "Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy, Depot Division.", "Public, separate and private schools.", "Infrastructure.", "Policing.", "Crime.", "Public transportation.", "Media.", "Friendship and sister city relations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Regina was established as the territorial seat of government in 1882 when Edgar Dewdney, the lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, insisted on the site over the better developed Battleford, Troy and Fort Qu'Appelle (the latter some to the east, one on rolling plains and the other in the Qu'Appelle Valley between two lakes). These communities were vastly considered better locations for what was anticipated would be a metropole for the Canadian plains. These locations had ample access to water and resided on treed rolling parklands. \"Pile-of-Bones\", as the site for Regina was then called, was by contrast located in arid and featureless grassland. Lieutenant-Governor Dewdney had acquired land adjacent to the route of the future CPR line at Pile-of-Bones,", "The disappearance of the Simpson's, Eaton's and Army & Navy retail department stores in or near the central business district and Simpsons-Sears to the north on Broad Street, left only the Hudson's Bay Company as a large department store in Regina-centre. This, with the proliferation of shopping malls beginning in the 1960s and \"big box stores\" in the 1990s on the periphery, together with a corresponding drift of entertainment venues (and all but one downtown cinema) to the city outskirts, had depleted the city centre. The former Hudson's Bay Company department store (previously the site of the Regina Theatre though long vacant after that burned to the ground) has been converted into offices; Globe Theatre, located in the old Post Office building at 11th Avenue and Scarth Street, Casino Regina and its show lounge in the former CPR train station, the Cornwall Centre and downtown restaurants now draw people downtown again. Many buildings of significance and value were lost during the period from 1945 through approximately 1970: Knox United Church was demolished in 1951; the Romanesque Revival city hall in 1964 (the failed shopping mall which replaced it is now office", "The city is situated on a broad, flat, treeless plain. There is an abundance of parks and greenspaces: all of its trees — some 300,000 — shrubs and other plants were hand-planted. As in other prairie cities, American elms were planted in front yards in residential neighbourhoods and on boulevards along major traffic arteries and are the dominant species in the urban forest. In recent years the pattern of primary and high school grounds being acreages of prairie sports grounds has been re-thought and such grounds have been landscaped with artificial hills and parks. Newer residential subdivisions in the northwest and southeast have, instead of spring runoff storm sewers, decorative landscaped lagoons. The streetscape is now endangered by Dutch elm disease, which has spread through North America from the eastern seaboard and has now reached the Canadian prairies; for the time being it is controlled by pest management programs and species not susceptible to the disease are being planted; the disease has the potential to wipe out Regina's elm population.", "Regina experiences a dry humid continental climate (Köppen: \"Dfb\") in the NRC Plant Hardiness Zone 3b. Regina has warm summers and cold, dry winters, prone to extremes at all times of the year. Average", "Some neighbourhoods of note include:", "From its first founding, particularly once motorcars were common, Reginans have repaired to the nearby Qu'Appelle Valley on weekends, for summer and winter holidays and indeed as a place to live permanently and commute from. Since the 1940s, many of the towns near Regina have steadily lost population as western Canada's agrarian economy reorganised itself from small family farm landholdings of a quarter-section (, the original standard land grant to homesteaders) to the multi-section (a \"section\" being ) landholdings that are increasingly necessary for economic viability. Some of these towns have enjoyed somewhat of a renaissance as a result of the excellent roads that for many decades seemed likely to doom them; they – and to some extent the nearby city of Moose Jaw – are now undergoing a mild resurgence as commuter satellites for Regina. Qu'Appelle, at one time intended to be the metropole for the original District of Assiniboia in the North-West", "Regina has a substantial cultural life in music, theatre and dance, supported by the fine arts constituency at the University of Regina, which has faculties of music, theatre and arts. At various times this has attracted notable artistic talent: the Regina Five were artists at Regina College (the University's predecessor) who gained national fame in the 1950s. The long-established MacKenzie Art Gallery once occupied cramped quarters adjacent to Darke Hall on the University of Regina College Avenue Campus; since relocated to a large building at the southwest corner of the provincial government site, at Albert Street near 23rd Avenue. Donald M. Kendrick, Bob Boyer and Joe Fafard, now with significant international reputations, have been other artists from or once in Regina. The Regina Symphony Orchestra, Canada's oldest continuously performing orchestra, performs in the Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts (now the Conexus Arts Centre). Concerts and recitals are performed both by local and visiting musicians in the Centre of the Arts and assorted other auditoriums including the University of Regina. The Regina Conservatory of Music operates in the former girls' residence wing of the Regina College building. The Regina Little Theatre began in 1926, and performed in Regina College before building its own theatre in 1981. Regina lacked a large concert and live theatre venue for many years after the loss to fire of the Regina Theatre in 1938 and the demolition of the 1906 City Hall in 1964 at a time when preservation of heritage architecture was not yet a fashionable issue. But until the demolition of downtown cinemas which doubled as live theatres the lack was not urgent, and Darke Hall on the Regina College campus of the university provided a small concert and stage venue. Annual festivals in and near Regina through the year include the Regina International Film Festival; Cathedral Village Arts Festival; the Craven Country Jamboree; the Regina Folk Festival; Queen City Pride; the Queer City Cinema film festival; the Regina Dragon Boat Festival; and Mosaic, mounted by the Regina Multicultural Council, which earned Heritage Canada’s designation of 2004 \"Cultural Capital of Canada\" (in the over 125,000 population category). The annual Kiwanis Music Festival affords rising musical talents the opportunity to achieve nationwide recognition. The city's summer agricultural exhibition was originally established in 1884 as the Assiniboia Agricultural Association, then from the mid-1960s and up till 2009 as Buffalo Days then from that time until today, the Queen City Ex. This was remedied in 1970 with the construction of the Saskatchewan Centre of the Arts (now the Conexus Arts Centre) as a Canadian Centennial project, a theatre and concert hall complex overlooking Wascana Lake which is one of the most acoustically perfect concert venues in North America; it is home to the Regina Symphony Orchestra (Canada's oldest continuously performing orchestra), Opera Saskatchewan and New Dance Horizons, a contemporary dance company. The Royal Saskatchewan Museum (the present 1955 structure a Saskatchewan Golden Jubilee project) dates from 1906. The old Post Office at Scarth Street and 11th Avenue, temporarily used as a city hall after the demolition of the 1906 City Hall, is now home to the Globe Theatre, founded in 1966 as \"Saskatchewan's first professional theatre since 1927.\" Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral and Knox-Metropolitan United Church have particularly impressive Casavant Frères pipe organs, maintain substantial musical establishments and are frequently the venues for choral concerts and organ recitals. The Regina Public Library is a citywide library system with nine branches. Its facilities include the RPL Film theatre which plays non-mainstream cinema, the Dunlop Art Gallery, special literacy services and a prairie history collection. The MacKenzie Art Gallery in Wascana Centre and the Dunlop Art Gallery have permanent collections and sponsor travelling exhibitions. The Saskatchewan Archives and the Saskatchewan Genealogical Library also offer information for those interested in the people of Saskatchewan.", "In absolute numbers of Aboriginal population, Regina ranks seventh among Census Metropolitan Areas in Canada with an \"Aboriginal-identity population of 15,685 (8.3% of the total city population), of which 9,200 were First Nations, 5,990 Métis, and 495 other Aboriginal.\" According to the 2011 Canadian Census, the population of Regina is 193,100, a 7.7% increase from 2006. The population density is 1,327.6 people per square km. The median age is 37.1 years old (48.5 for women and 38.5 for men), which is lower than the median age of Canada at 40.6 years old. Most residents in Regina speak English (98.1%), and a small number speak French (1.3%). 12.3% of the population's mother tongue was something other than English or French; German (1.4%), Tagalog (1.3%), Chinese (1.0%), Ukrainian (0.8%), Urdu (0.6%), Punjabi (0.5%), Spanish (0.5%) and Vietnamese (0.5%) According to the 2011 National Household Survey, 94.0% of Regina residents are Canadian citizens, and about 5.5% of residents are recent immigrants (from 2001 to 2011). The racial make up of Regina is White (78.6%), Aboriginal (9.9%) (First Nations (5.8%) and Metis (3.9%), Southeast Asian (3.5%), South Asian (2.6%), East Asian (2.2%), Black (1.6%), Latin American (0.7%) and Arab & West Asian (0.6%). Religiously speaking, 27.1% of Regina's population does not affiliate with any religion. For those who do, the religious make up is Christian (67.9%), Muslim (1.9%), Hindu (0.8%), Sikh (0.5%), Aboriginal Spirituality (0.5%) and Jewish (0.2%). As far as education goes, for those who are 25 to 64 years old, the highest levels of education are as follows; 61.6% of people have a post-secondary schooling degree, 27.6% have a high school diploma (or equivalent to) and 10.8% have elementary. The unemployment rate is 5.0% in Regina which is lower than the national average at 7.8%. The median household income before taxes is $69,192, and after taxes at $59,727, which is a bit higher than the national average at $54,089. There are 83,179 dwellings with an occupancy rate of 95.7%. The median value of a household in Regina is $299,748 which is about $20,000 higher than the national average at $280,552.", "The 2006 Census reported Considerable ecumenical engagement of assorted Christian denominations pertained in the latter part of the 20th century; as religious commitment has waned in the general population apparent from the latter 1960s, some churches and clergy have withdrawn from such", "Oil and natural gas, potash, kaolin, sodium sulphite and bentonite contribute a great part of Regina and area's economy. The completion of the train link between eastern Canada and the then-District of Assiniboia in 1885, the development of the high-yielding and early-maturing Marquis strain of wheat and the opening of new grain markets in the United Kingdom established the first impetus for economic development and substantial population settlement. The farm and agricultural component is still a significant part of the economy – the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool (now Viterra Inc.,), \"the world's largest grain-handling co-operative\" has its headquarters in Regina — but it is no longer the major driver; provincially it has slipped to eighth overall, well behind the natural resources sectors. Modern transport has obviated the development of a significant manufacturing sector and local petroleum refining facilities: the General Motors assembly plant north on Winnipeg Street, built in 1927 – when Saskatchewan's agricultural economy was booming and briefly made it the third province of Canada after Ontario and Quebec in both population (at just under one million people, roughly the same population as today) and GDP – ceased production during the depression of the 1930s. It was resumed by the federal crown during World War II and housed Regina Wartime Industries", "", "In the years prior to the establishment of the University of Saskatchewan, there was continued debate as to which Saskatchewan city would be awarded the provincial university: ultimately Saskatoon won out over Regina and in immediate reaction the Methodist Church of Canada established Regina College in 1911. Regina College was initially a denominational high school and junior college affiliated with the University of Saskatchewan – the later-established Campion and Luther Colleges, operated by the Roman Catholic Jesuit Order and Lutheran Church respectively, operated on the same basis. The Church of England concurrently established St Chad's College, an Anglican theological training facility, and the Qu'Appelle Diocesan School on the Anglican diocesan property immediately to the east of Regina College on College Avenue. All were quasi-tertiary institutions. Ultimately, the financially hard-pressed United Church of Canada (the successor to the Methodist Church), which in any case had ideological", "The Regina campus of this province-wide polytechnic institute is adjacent to the University of Regina. It occupies the former Plains Health Centre, previously", "The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Academy, \"Depot\" Division, is on the western perimeter of the city. As capital of the North-West Territories, Regina was the headquarters of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police (the RCMP's predecessor) before \"the Force\" became a national body with its headquarters in Ottawa in 1920. The city takes great pride in this", "The Regina Public School Board currently operates 45 elementary schools and 9 high schools with approximately 21,000 students enrolled throughout the city. The publicly funded Roman Catholic Separate School Board operates 25 elementary schools and 4 high schools, and has a current enrollment of approximately 10,000 students. Public and separate schools are amply equipped with state-of-the-art science labs, gymnasia, drama and arts facilities: already by the 1960s, Regina high schools had television studios, swimming pools, ice rinks and drama facilities. A small number of parents choose to", "Domestic water was originally obtained from Wascana Lake and later the Boggy Creek reservoir north of the city and supplemented by wells, however by the 1940s this was proving inadequate to meet the city's water supply needs. Today, drinking water is supplied from Buffalo Pound Lake in the Qu'Appelle Valley, an artificial reservoir on the Qu'Appelle River, since 1967 with water diverted into it from Lake Diefenbaker behind the Gardiner Dam on the South Saskatchewan River. Electricity is provided by SaskPower, a provincial Crown corporation which maintains a province-wide grid with power generated from coal-fired base load, natural gas-fired, hydroelectric and wind power facilities. Medical services are provided through three city hospitals, Regina General, Pasqua (formerly Grey Nuns), and Wascana Rehabilitation Centre and by private medical practitioners, who, like hospitals, remit their bills to the public universal medical insurer, the Saskatchewan Medicare system.", "The Regina Police Service is the primary police service for the city of Regina and holds both Municipal and Provincial Jurisdiction. The following services also hold jurisdiction in the city and are in partnership: Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canadian National Railway Police Service and the Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service.", "Despite having fallen in recent years, Regina's crime rate remains among the highest in Canada. Regina's overall police-reported crime rate was second highest in the country in 2012. However, the relative severity of crimes in Regina is quite high and the city continues to top the national Crime Severity Index. Regina's crime rate declined 10% from 2011 to 2012. Regina also has one of the highest rates of intravenous drug use in Canada.", "Regina formerly had an extensive streetcar (tramway) network but now has no streetcars, trains or subways. The city's public transit agency, Regina Transit, operates a fleet of 110 buses, on 17 routes, and 4 express routes. The service run 7 days a week with access to the city centre from most areas of the city. A massive fire at the streetcar barns, on 23 January 1949, destroyed much of the rolling stock of streetcars and trolley buses and helped to propel", "The daily newspaper for the city is \"The Leader-Post\", first published in 1883 and currently owned by Postmedia Network. \"The Regina Sun\" is published by \"The Leader-Post\" and distributed free of charge. \"Prairie Dog\" was established in 1993 and is a free alternative newspaper and blog produced by a Saskatchewan worker co-operative. \"L'eau vive\" is a weekly newspaper publishing in French and serving all of", "The City of Regina maintains trade development programs, cultural, and educational partnerships in a twinning agreement with Bucharest, Romania and Jinan, Shandong, China, and a friendship agreement with Fujioka, Gunma, Japan." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 6863, 67896, 150, 525, 243, 525, 297, 4527, 21067, 74757, 4, 70, 2565, 44, 7, 3066, 58, 15005, 2822, 47, 70, 190219, 1294, 111, 44, 17336, 58, 707, 44, 3827, 107, 7077, 2886, 58, 3395, 5, 3311, 70, 39395, 300, 26534, 33, 927, 142642, 4, 442, 509, 110, 51713, 97629, 538, 137272, 678, 2837, 107, 7077, 2886, 3395, 4, 1284, 136475, 47, 186, 190659, 47, 127689, 7, 35064, 70, 17366, 111, 5570, 155629, 297, 116483, 5, 581, 59665, 111, 70, 2565, 83, 51, 106290, 73, 4, 102971, 442, 135179, 47, 186, 162711, 678, 6117, 3134, 7, 25, 45767, 5, 62, 192286, 3378, 59665, 1556, 2809, 26171, 71, 15, 277, 16082, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 103993, 4, 3129, 26950, 44, 67127, 11627, 74054, 1284, 35509, 98, 44, 17489, 136, 39395, 151747, 58, 83, 124218, 297, 390, 70, 42673, 14941, 147638, 5, 140889, 50828, 15497, 4, 49903, 4, 53520, 7, 678, 70, 207116, 111, 10, 192286, 3378, 59665, 4, 42459, 214, 70, 5701, 74855, 237, 450, 111, 44, 7, 2069, 830, 3129, 26950, 44, 188, 104250, 830, 136, 959, 214, 450, 166944, 83, 104250, 19, 46876, 46, 10, 63773, 4, 42551, 3917, 47, 3249, 935, 6275, 5, 39286, 34, 64370, 765, 110, 8781, 136, 34735, 80934, 111, 166944, 4, 1284, 53520, 450, 442, 83, 10, 178308, 151134, 147158, 9523, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 13379, 23, 11907, 1614, 88528, 214574, 5, 31384, 187, 6261, 450, 166944, 32316, 7, 6637, 642, 8110, 1380, 1257, 678, 48322, 47, 61924, 3525, 134858, 450, 765, 71579, 71, 678, 1733, 136, 5744, 2481, 5, 1913, 34224, 1916, 47, 65669, 1459, 70, 92635, 111, 10, 34735, 80934, 4, 49903, 4, 45291, 4848, 341, 5, 786, 1510, 136, 86452, 30948, 56, 187, 6261, 450, 142, 125195, 5608, 186, 90698, 44, 9774, 13, 166944, 58, 2174, 442, 23356, 7, 99, 19713, 6626, 111, 70, 25632, 55738, 11, 12, 11617, 111558, 456, 88832, 450, 4, 44, 1065, 294, 3066, 268, 83, 46876, 27, 442, 83, 27983, 69201, 47, 14192, 4, 3853, 23, 43701, 4, 3129, 33946, 7, 136, 53250, 7, 442, 21265, 7, 27, 166944, 83, 98, 70, 121303, 1242, 159, 3066, 45, 10763, 11, 10484, 4, 43799, 214, 137107, 111, 166944, 112820, 90, 4, 18645, 10, 134744, 4, 156002, 6827, 76896, 3934, 70, 167729, 214, 84616, 50155, 166944, 740, 51404, 5941, 3173, 7, 111, 95, 73140, 19, 1543, 186, 90698, 27226, 9, 105199, 707, 44, 22144, 9, 66589, 830, 166944, 47143, 7, 117781, 1295, 216810, 289, 136, 35125, 6126, 69407, 6637, 111, 6863, 29458, 2265, 43701, 7, 5, 51404, 21455, 297, 237, 23, 189958, 67, 23, 23113, 127689, 4, 216810, 289, 69407, 621, 205794, 90698, 213850, 23, 116483, 36880, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 43701, 7, 4, 12960, 166944, 17660, 7, 47, 186, 21778, 1399, 4126, 237, 23, 2242, 60923, 10821, 23, 5941, 39210, 6, 127219, 4935, 113949, 5, 24277, 6126, 15005, 7, 47, 46876, 11814, 390, 35768, 23, 10, 17311, 44457, 4, 707, 46876, 11814, 47, 33636, 29458, 69407, 28032, 10, 44457, 47, 8382, 678, 10, 17311, 33946, 5, 106073, 35125, 6126, 136, 166944, 831, 15044, 186, 11814, 47, 39041, 112, 351, 9, 51588, 43032, 1295, 70, 77104, 4, 70, 60042, 111, 35125, 6126, 83, 2804, 47, 186, 15572, 84382, 77104, 17368, 69407, 450, 21980, 538, 121392, 100094, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3535, 4, 166944, 17660, 7, 47, 352, 14612, 62539, 2265, 136, 43701, 20605, 100094, 5, 51404, 216810, 10836, 4432, 136, 35125, 6126, 1543, 48903, 1884, 166944, 6637, 1836, 91067, 10, 17311, 21115, 4, 1836, 54, 959, 204988, 11177, 70, 5701, 80934, 4, 6637, 1836, 54, 959, 33636, 10, 17311, 71834, 47, 91995, 70, 4537, 95, 73140, 19, 111, 10, 5570, 46876, 5, 11554, 103734, 10836, 4432, 621, 90698, 1286, 213850, 136, 1286, 84751, 23, 5570, 127689, 3501, 166944, 83, 4, 136, 35125, 6126, 83, 27983, 75935, 47, 22120, 1672, 128746, 111, 10, 17311, 44457, 450, 621, 959, 15426, 297, 100, 23, 70, 4537, 95, 73140, 19, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 99710, 2320, 83, 959, 74729, 538, 190659, 390, 147158, 933, 74, 70, 69407, 44, 7, 3066, 58, 136, 44, 3403, 6126, 58, 621, 68018, 191607, 237, 164661, 10821, 4, 136, 70, 6, 70820, 111, 44, 3403, 6126, 58, 83, 99, 20028, 65042, 297, 47, 29459, 756, 3173, 7, 111, 2265, 538, 9, 107, 144225, 297, 46876, 5, 1650, 83, 27983, 34844, 47, 99710, 2182, 166944, 1295, 216810, 10836, 4432, 136, 3853, 11192, 9, 105199, 95, 73140, 19, 4, 6637, 166944, 137567, 24209, 7, 68186, 71, 3934, 39210, 190219, 1294, 645, 1733, 5, 22543, 7, 6044, 237, 44, 7, 1766, 93905, 58, 136, 44, 5967, 539, 10821, 58, 3542, 24145, 21778, 1399, 4126, 237, 166944, 4, 21208, 1836, 621, 5036, 90698, 4537, 4, 3853, 11192, 9, 105199, 34153, 5, 581, 163136, 98, 166944, 3853, 45252, 90, 154909, 1030, 69723, 6259, 177, 674, 111, 10, 166944, 13579, 237, 151134, 6863, 10778, 237, 29568, 166944, 4, 6637, 442, 1556, 2809, 68186, 71, 390, 70, 2450, 136, 83, 4911, 7, 110, 51713, 70, 5361, 23, 30542, 116483, 111, 10, 17311, 21115, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 10, 4537, 3034, 100, 36766, 10, 2565, 83, 10, 166944, 2565, 707, 959, 83, 36766, 442, 2806, 186, 213850, 23, 142, 108858, 707, 8437, 53550, 4, 237, 15044, 621, 67675, 7, 23, 3129, 5570, 95, 73140, 19, 83, 90698, 63559, 136, 64, 748, 36766, 70, 13579, 1556, 2809, 30957, 297, 23, 70, 42673, 14941, 147638, 4, 3129, 3060, 191225, 7, 63043, 65572, 6863, 10778, 237, 166944, 5, 1650, 83, 27983, 34844, 47, 43799, 82, 4650, 18709, 7, 100, 166944, 69407, 4, 21334, 538, 6637, 166944, 83, 10, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 111, 116483, 4, 43257, 3501, 59121, 46876, 136, 82, 4650, 18709, 7, 3129, 621, 205794, 144851, 71, 1829, 88591, 5, 51838, 16995, 91854, 4, 1059, 3674, 237, 70, 5117, 47, 13416, 98, 70, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 111, 166944, 23, 10, 242161, 136, 147158, 9523, 3917, 4, 49489, 27686, 450, 10, 13579, 2806, 47041, 186, 23, 191175, 100, 10, 8, 23662, 8108, 442, 2806, 186, 59121, 7565, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 442, 37202, 450, 166944, 137567, 3173, 7, 1829, 30170, 2320, 1295, 10, 5570, 3173, 5, 3293, 44, 19341, 434, 592, 58, 111, 166944, 74918, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 159, 3066, 83, 46876, 15, 47416, 7, 4, 113860, 7, 4, 136, 127689, 7, 16, 111, 142, 152701, 68067, 450, 43032, 111, 17311, 23, 9, 51588, 7, 10862, 15, 5465, 70, 39210, 190219, 1294, 111, 10, 5570, 46876, 16, 23, 12989, 47, 137633, 21115, 182324, 4, 39041, 112, 50782, 4295, 4, 707, 15044, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology of the word \"slang\".", "Defining slang.", "Formation of slang.", "Social implications.", "Indexicality.", "First and second order indexicality.", "Higher-order indexicality.", "Subculture associations.", "Social media and Internet slang.", "Debates about slang." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "In its earliest attested use (1756), the word \"slang\" referred to the vocabulary of \"low\" or \"disreputable\" people. By the early nineteenth century, it was no longer exclusively associated with disreputable people, but continued to be applied to usages below the level of standard educated speech. The origin of the word is uncertain, although it appears to be connected with thieves' cant. A Scandinavian origin has been proposed (compare, for example, Norwegian, which means \"nickname\"), but based on \"date and early associations\" is discounted by the Oxford English Dictionary. Jonathon Green, however, agrees with the possibility of a Scandinavian origin, suggesting the same root as that of \"sling\", which means \"to throw\", and noting that slang is thrown language – a quick, honest way to make your point.", "Linguists have no simple and clear definition of slang, but agree that it is a constantly changing linguistic phenomenon present in every subculture worldwide. Some argue that slang exists because we must come up with ways to define new experiences that have surfaced with time and modernity. Attempting to remedy the lack of a clear definition, however, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered \"true slang\" if it meets at least two of the following criteria: Michael Adams remarks that, \"[Slang] is language... it is often impossible to tell, even in context, which interests and motives it serves... slang is on the edge.\" Slang dictionaries, collecting thousands of slang entries, offer a broad, empirical window into the motivating forces behind slang\". While many forms of lexicon may be considered low-register or \"sub-standard\", slang remains distinct from colloquial and jargon terms because of its specific social contexts. While viewed as inappropriate in formal usage, colloquial terms are typically considered acceptable in speech across a wide range of contexts, while slang tends to be perceived as infelicitous in many common communicative situations. Jargon refers to language used by personnel in a particular field, or language used to represent specific terms within a field to those with a particular interest. Although jargon and slang can both be used to exclude non-group members from the conversation, the purpose of jargon is said to be optimizing conversation using terms that imply technical understanding. On the other hand, slang tends to emphasize social and contextual understanding. While colloquialisms and jargon may seem like slang because they reference a particular group, they do not necessarily fit the same definition, because they do not represent a particular effort to replace the general lexicon of a standard language. Colloquialisms are considered more acceptable and more expected in standard usage than slang is, and jargon is often created to talk about aspects of a particular field that are not accounted for in the general lexicon. However, this differentiation is not consistently applied by linguists; the terms \"slang\" and \"jargon\" are sometimes treated as synonymous, and the scope of \"jargon\" is at times extended to mean all forms of socially-restricted language. It is often difficult to differentiate slang from colloquialisms and even high-register lexicon, because slang generally becomes accepted into common vocabulary over time. Words such as \"spurious\" and \"strenuous\" were once perceived as slang, though they are now considered general, even high-register words. The literature on slang even discusses mainstream acknowledgment of a slang term as changing its status as true slang, because it has been accepted by the media and is thus no longer the special insider speech of a particular group. Nevertheless, a general test for whether a word is a slang word or not is whether it would be acceptable in an academic or legal setting, as both are arenas in which standard lexicon is considered necessary and/or whether the term has been entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, which some scholars claim changes its status as slang.", "It is often difficult to collect etymologies for slang terms, largely because slang is a phenomenon of speech, rather than written language and etymologies which are typically traced via corpus. Eric Partridge, cited as the first to report on the phenomenon of slang in a systematic and linguistic way, postulated that a term would likely be in circulation for a decade before it would be written down. Nevertheless, it seems that slang generally forms via deviation from a standard form. This \"spawning\" of slang occurs in much the same way that any general semantic change might occur. The difference here is that the slang term's new meaning takes on a specific social significance having to do with the group the term indexes. Coleman also suggests that slang is differentiated within more general semantic change in that it typically has to do with a certain degree of “playfulness\". The development of slang is considered to be a largely “spontaneous, lively, and creative” speech process. Still, while a great deal of slang takes off, even becoming accepted into the standard lexicon, much slang dies out, sometimes only referencing a group. An example of this is the term \"groovy\" which is a relic of 1960's and 70's American \"hippy\" slang. Nevertheless, for a slang term to become a slang term, people must use it, at some point in time, as a way to flout standard language. Additionally, slang terms may be borrowed between groups, such as the term \"gig\" which was originally coined by jazz musicians in the 1930s and then borrowed into the same hippy slang of the 1960s. 'The word \"groovy\" has remained a part of subculture lexicon since its popularization. It is still in common use today by a significant population. The word \"gig\" to refer to a performance very likely originated well before the 1930s, and remained a common term throughout the 1940s and 1950s before becoming a vaguely associated with the \"hippy slang of the 1960s\". The word \"gig\" is now a widely accepted synonym for a concert, recital, or performance of any type. \"Hippy\" is more commonly spelled \"hippie\". Generally, slang terms undergo the same processes of semantic change that words in the regular lexicon do. Slang often will form from words with previously differing meanings, one example is the often used and popular slang word \"lit\", which was created by a generation labeled \"Generation Z\". The word itself used to be associated with something being on fire or being \"lit\" up until 1988 when it was first used in writing to indicate a person who was drunk in the book \"Warbirds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator\". Since this time \"lit\" has gained popularity through Rap songs such as ASAP Rocky's \"Get Lit\" in 2011. As the popularity of the word has increased so too has the number of different meanings associated with the word. Now \"lit\" describes a person who is drunk and/or high, as well as an event that is especially awesome and \"hype\". Words and phrases from popular Hollywood films and television series frequently become slang.", "", "Slang is usually associated with a particular group and plays a role in constructing our identities. While slang outlines social space, attitudes about slang partly construct group identity and identify individuals as members of groups. Therefore, using the slang of a particular group will associate an individual with that group. Using Silverstein's notion of different orders of indexicality, it can be said that a slang term can be a second-order index to this particular group. Employing a slang term, however, can also give an individual the qualities associated with the term's group of origin, whether or not the individual is actually trying to identify as a member of the group. This allocation of qualities based on abstract group association is known as third-order indexicality. As outlined by Elisa Mattiello in her book, a slang term can take on various levels of identification. Giving the examples of the terms \"foxy\" and \"shagadelic\", Mattiello explains that neither term makes sense given a standard interpretation of English: Nevertheless, Matiello concludes that those agents who identify themselves as \"young men\" have \"genuinely coined\" these terms and choose to use them over \"canonical\" terms —like beautiful or sexy—because of the indexicalized social identifications the former convey.", "In terms of first and second order indexicality, the usage of speaker-oriented terms by male adolescents indicated their membership to their age group, to reinforce connection to their peer group, and to exclude outsiders.", "In terms of higher order indexicality, anyone using these terms may desire to appear fresher, undoubtedly more playful, faddish, and colourful than someone who employs the standard English term \"beautiful\". This appearance relies heavily on the hearer's third-order understanding of the term's associated social nuances and presupposed use-cases.", "Often, distinct subcultures will create slang that members will use in order to associate themselves with the group, or to delineate outsiders. Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup. For example, Leet (\"Leetspeak\" or \"1337\") was originally popular only among certain Internet subcultures, such as software crackers and online video gamers. During the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly more commonplace on the Internet, and it has spread outside Internet-based communication and into spoken languages. Other types of slang include SMS language used on mobile phones, and \"chatspeak\", (e.g., \"LOL\", an acronym meaning \"laughing out loud\" or \"laugh out loud\" or ROFL, \"rolling on the floor laughing\"), which are widely used in instant messaging on the Internet. As subcultures are also often forms of counterculture and counterculture itself can be defined as going against a standard, it follows that slang has come to be associated with counterculture.", "Slang is often taken from social media as a sign of social awareness and shared knowledge of popular culture. This particular branch of slang has become more prevalent since the early 2000s as a result of the rise in popularity of social networking services, including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. This has created new vocabularies associated with each new social media venue, such as the use of the term \"friending\" on Facebook, which is a verbification of \"friend\" used to describe the process of adding a new person to one's list of friends on the website, despite the existence of an analogous term \"befriend\". This term is much older than Facebook, but has only recently entered the popular lexicon. Other examples of the slang found in social media include a general trend toward shortened words or acronyms. These are especially associated with services such as Twitter, which now has a 280 character limit for each message and therefore requires a briefer, more condensed manner of communication. This includes the use of hashtags which explicitly state the main content of a message or image, such as #food or #photography.", "Some critics believe that when slang becomes more commonplace it effectively eradicates the \"proper\" use of a certain language. However, academic (descriptive) linguists believe that language is not static but ever-changing and that slang terms are valid words within a language's lexicon. While prescriptivists study and promote the socially preferable or \"correct\" ways to speak, according to a language's normative grammar and syntactical words, descriptivists focus on studying language to further understand the subconscious rules of how individuals speak, which makes slang important in understanding such rules. Noam Chomsky, a founder of anthropological linguistic thought, challenged structural and prescriptive grammar and began to study sounds and morphemes functionally, as well as their changes within a language over time." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 400, 90, 99, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 1301, 5234, 837, 1212, 136, 70, 6096, 32547, 111, 70, 23924, 4, 10, 31913, 5036, 51529, 237, 44, 3957, 1326, 1224, 740, 3293, 6275, 509, 99, 70, 41421, 52562, 7, 111, 831, 31, 13, 36439, 7, 26983, 6259, 390, 23972, 145704, 8108, 28811, 5470, 5, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 43573, 1272, 43157, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 74, 70, 9351, 83, 10, 30334, 59478, 111, 70, 65925, 15678, 13, 34153, 100, 196338, 53, 707, 1620, 2594, 4745, 7401, 5, 241, 58557, 329, 62952, 390, 6, 227780, 25443, 4, 280, 2955, 110608, 11727, 7, 4, 13950, 4927, 136, 30202, 32692, 117414, 7, 450, 24, 4935, 3395, 7, 11814, 70, 16128, 23, 479, 66029, 238, 20028, 100, 44681, 4, 182, 17245, 214, 4, 1926, 1916, 4, 55516, 20662, 4, 67155, 214, 4, 71702, 136, 4, 2060, 9319, 144477, 4, 100, 6, 177849, 5, 60271, 120126, 111, 70, 5622, 111, 5117, 9615, 19929, 23, 903, 16128, 37457, 1295, 534, 4, 4283, 5369, 3311, 80665, 4, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 509, 25730, 25, 7, 50960, 9, 320, 177, 525, 26349, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 26349, 2577, 71, 53477, 34844, 53, 3229, 70, 149674, 73908, 142096, 23, 41310, 5, 581, 26944, 34390, 71, 456, 87587, 98, 25730, 25, 7, 6, 68823, 5426, 100, 21640, 52350, 74, 70, 51312, 23, 200513, 83629, 104902, 154503, 47, 613, 13409, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 23, 15044, 78737, 2481, 136, 43904, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 6661, 5550, 87, 5, 5455, 3501, 6, 133446, 133325, 172458, 5773, 2363, 74464, 23, 4347, 45913, 23, 2367, 21449, 47, 186, 51529, 237, 70, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 4537, 153350, 5, 581, 153350, 509, 10, 12996, 111, 1305, 4205, 456, 141840, 4, 150385, 27289, 4, 70, 103488, 111, 69941, 5808, 1314, 136, 10, 21334, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 400, 90, 99, 70, 103136, 111, 70, 6096, 32547, 70237, 4, 10, 199349, 111719, 678, 142, 111531, 49878, 2663, 87168, 5, 1650, 83, 98, 70, 8394, 48850, 121303, 111, 70, 180972, 4061, 14, 10484, 23, 65925, 25730, 136, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 17067, 67, 7514, 47, 70, 10542, 740, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 83, 132988, 297, 390, 43156, 5739, 7, 7, 1645, 14, 5056, 47, 70, 65272, 136, 127067, 136, 70, 237, 2278, 9201, 1760, 47, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 4, 102971, 2684, 111, 70, 24, 4935, 1645, 14, 5056, 27689, 5908, 765, 2809, 184750, 100, 6, 177849, 136, 27081, 47691, 5, 1650, 83, 35845, 538, 20903, 47, 5941, 21334, 180972, 216801, 21, 9248, 136, 9201, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 43157, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 15, 2347, 64883, 25, 7, 534, 927, 142105, 63335, 36448, 85437, 194, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 1556, 23924, 21629, 25, 7, 142105, 1119, 18211, 90638, 27081, 88, 39, 100, 525, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 142, 16128, 111, 5, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 1556, 22759, 13036, 96113, 7, 12, 70, 6096, 4, 1301, 5234, 837, 1212, 4, 239, 137076, 136, 108574, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 28368, 47, 141591, 199349, 214, 23, 70, 11015, 5, 581, 6096, 32547, 157578, 6863, 158036, 199349, 155955, 23, 543, 4046, 5, 116267, 21334, 199349, 23, 27631, 143434, 43077, 111, 86258, 23, 82649, 136, 46889, 166499, 5256, 5, 3293, 199349, 105876, 297, 786, 4902, 30520, 2397, 25, 7, 84773, 27759, 47, 45367, 70, 6096, 32547, 563, 91841, 7514, 47, 59959, 70, 26349, 74, 70, 13452, 80723, 23, 38576, 136, 509, 140528, 23, 28015, 5, 360, 70, 10586, 199349, 4, 199349, 6226, 9724, 7, 3542, 19574, 50930, 71, 136, 165249, 17368, 19096, 26015, 7, 74, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 134729, 297, 84046, 82649, 154186, 47, 70, 199349, 25, 7, 24725, 98, 162708, 15490, 6044, 45646, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 12801, 1326, 1224, 4, 23924, 930, 38898, 5, 581, 137567, 49878, 70665, 136, 70, 70425, 8167, 885, 429, 111, 70, 6096, 32547, 70237, 25, 7, 26580, 53, 9, 77007, 221, 379, 2843, 50339, 23, 5941, 7304, 3181, 188, 90, 20271, 642, 3055, 5369, 5, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 25, 7, 31913, 23, 70, 180972, 4061, 14, 10484, 76199, 442, 10, 24814, 9, 149336, 165847, 72852, 289, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 44, 397, 420, 275, 74054, 678, 24814, 4, 165847, 51065, 7, 4, 136, 4989, 4, 4552, 91097, 41710, 7, 5, 79428, 7, 765, 10, 20414, 29459, 83080, 111, 5, 30870, 7, 621, 70, 91097, 525, 136, 19014, 271, 1733, 111, 6602, 4, 678, 70, 18982, 29459, 83080, 10932, 136, 3622, 41710, 127841, 2320, 18405, 66398, 5, 61727, 90, 46505, 25958, 36069, 35064, 5, 581, 8561, 1831, 52768, 36069, 7, 35064, 98, 83080, 5035, 910, 13312, 77253, 538, 136, 9588, 90, 36917, 5847, 363, 13312, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 2161, 83080, 2685, 621, 1936, 176391, 13312, 117, 6602, 678, 10548, 7102, 2886, 4262, 16532, 13, 4, 678, 20414, 86681, 70, 2684, 98, 83080, 5, 17106, 116, 127875, 21974, 111, 4262, 16532, 13, 117, 6602, 4, 8622, 621, 51521, 538, 1105, 910, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 7, 23, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 5, 229248, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 4, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 53477, 26498, 136, 25313, 56458, 4, 83, 11698, 71, 98, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 111, 57979, 429, 102736, 136, 12321, 15130, 5, 1650, 29256, 7, 1672, 136, 83, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 4271, 525, 105925, 11192, 9, 73, 45738, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 5, 5455, 3501, 361, 79674, 3395, 4488, 7565, 35461, 4, 136, 645, 6, 160012, 25921, 29966, 61112, 99, 6863, 141626, 90, 136, 40466, 7, 5, 581, 11015, 10846, 8, 23662, 7, 765, 51592, 70, 7565, 35461, 1379, 519, 13036, 233582, 1363, 79825, 74, 16792, 8272, 4, 645, 313, 4369, 48400, 96090, 1556, 2809, 14145, 297, 5, 229248, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 25, 7, 104758, 59338, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 16128, 25, 7, 7311, 162048, 121122, 4, 3129, 160404, 71, 1295, 109969, 47, 70351, 5, 581, 17739, 81409, 103724, 75204, 9907, 165837, 20897, 111, 25730, 10778, 23, 10586, 74, 442, 96853, 23924, 21629, 25, 7, 2684, 1119, 41745, 272, 42486, 111, 39395, 1301, 111, 70, 25730, 780, 51292, 7921, 2685, 3542, 6, 177055, 4, 2357, 617, 3395, 38043, 23, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 27798, 4, 678, 189275, 6, 170702, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 17686, 93, 1081, 177, 15, 16, 83, 70, 10323, 136, 142105, 26349, 111, 70, 140280, 111, 1572, 2986, 402, 23, 25730, 5, 1650, 83, 11698, 71, 98, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 6096, 136, 1301, 5234, 837, 1212, 96113, 7, 4, 43573, 70, 152050, 73, 289, 11698, 111, 23924, 21629, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history.", "Modern history (1900–present).", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Cityscape.", "Demographics.", "Economy.", "Culture.", "Local media.", "Law and government.", "Crime.", "Education.", "Infrastructure.", "Transportation.", "Medical centres and hospitals.", "Utilities.", "Military." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North, a location now known as \"The Forks\". This point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg; the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Evidence provided by archaeology, petroglyphs, rock art and oral history indicates that native peoples used the area in prehistoric times for camping, harvesting, hunting, tool making, fishing, trading and, farther north, for agriculture. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area range from 11,500 years", "By 1911, Winnipeg was Canada's third-largest city. However, the city faced financial difficulty when the Panama Canal opened in 1914. The canal reduced reliance on Canada's rail system for international trade; the increase in shipping traffic helped Vancouver to surpass Winnipeg in both prosperity and population by the end of World War I. More than 30,000 workers walked off their jobs in May 1919 in what came to be known as the Winnipeg general strike. The strike was a product of postwar recession, labour conditions, the activity of union organizers and a large", "Winnipeg lies at the bottom of the Red River Valley, a flood plain with an extremely flat topography. It is on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies in Western Canada and is known as the \"Gateway to the West\". Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, although most of the native prairie grasses have been removed for agriculture and urbanization. It is relatively close to many large Canadian Shield lakes and parks, as well as Lake Winnipeg (the Earth's 11th largest freshwater lake). Winnipeg has North America's largest extant mature urban elm forest. The city has an area of. Winnipeg has four major rivers: the Red, Assiniboine, La Salle and Seine. The city was subject to severe flooding in the past. The Red River reached its greatest flood height in 1826. Another large flood in 1950 caused millions of dollars in damage and mass evacuations. This flood prompted Duff Roblin's provincial government to build the Red River Floodway to protect the city; the project began in 1962 and was completed in 1968. In the 1997 flood, flood control dikes were reinforced and raised using sandbags; Winnipeg suffered limited damage compared to the flood's impact on cities without such structures, such as Grand Forks, North Dakota. The generally flat terrain and the poor drainage of the Red River Valley's clay-based soil also results in many mosquitoes during wetter years.", "Winnipeg's location in the Canadian Prairies gives it a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfb\"), with warm, humid summers, and long, very cold winters. Summers have a July mean average of. Winters are the coldest and driest time of year, with the January mean average around and total winter precipitation averaging. Temperatures occasionally drop below. The actual air temperature drops below on average 12.6 days annually and rises above 13.3 days of the year. On average there are 317.8 days per year with measurable sunshine, with July seeing the most on average. With 2353 hours of sunshine per year,", "There are officially 236 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg. Downtown Winnipeg, the city's financial heart and economic core, is centred on the intersection of Portage Avenue and Main Street. It covers about and is the city's fastest growing high-income neighbourhood. More than 72,000 people work downtown, and over 40,000 students attend classes at its universities and colleges. The past few decades have seen the downtown undergo major revitalization efforts; since 1999, over C$1.2 billion has been invested. Downtown Winnipeg's Exchange District is named after the area's original grain exchange, which operated from 1880 to 1913. The 30-block district received National Historic Site of Canada status in 1997; it includes North America's most extensive collection of early", "As of the Canada 2016 Census there were 705,244 people living in Winnipeg proper, with approximately 778,489 living in the Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Thus, Winnipeg is Manitoba's largest city and Canada's seventh largest city. Furthermore, the city represents 54.9% of the population of the province of Manitoba, the highest population concentration in one city of any province in Canada. Apart from the city of Winnipeg, the Winnipeg CMA includes the rural municipalities of Springfield, St. Clements, Taché, East St. Paul, Macdonald, Ritchot, West St. Paul, Headingley, the Brokenhead 4 reserve, Rosser and St. François Xavier. Statistics Canada's estimate of the Winnipeg CMA population as of 1 July 2017 is 825,713, making it the 7th largest CMA in Canada. As of the 2006 census, 48.3 percent of residents were male and 51.7 percent were female. 24.3 percent were 19 years old or younger, 27.4 percent were between 20 and 30 years old, and 34.0 percent were between 40 and 64 years old. The average age of a Winnipegger in May 2006 was 38.7, compared to an average of 39.5 for Canada as a whole. Between the censuses of 2006 and 2011, Winnipeg's population increased by 4.8 percent, compared to 5.2 percent for Manitoba as a whole. The population density of the city", "Winnipeg is an economic base and regional centre. It has one of the country's most diversified economies, with major employment in the trade (15.2%), manufacturing (9.8%), educational (7.7%), and health care and social assistance (15.2%) sectors. There were approximately 21,000 employers in the city as of 2012. In 2013, The CIBC Metropolitan Economic Activity Index rated Winnipeg's economy as fourth in a national survey of 25 city economies, behind Toronto, Calgary, and Regina. According to the Conference Board of Canada, Winnipeg was projected to experience a real GDP growth of 2 percent in 2014. Unlike most of Canada, the city experienced a decrease in unemployment in 2013, ending the year at a rate of 5.8 percent. As of 2010, median household income in the city was $72,050.", "Winnipeg was named the Cultural Capital of Canada in 2010 by Canadian Heritage. As of 2012, there are 26 National Historic Sites of Canada in Winnipeg. One of these, The Forks, attracts four million visitors a year. It is home to the City television studio, Manitoba Theatre for Young People, the Winnipeg International Children's Festival, and the Manitoba Children's Museum. It also features a skate plaza, a bowl complex, which features a mural of Winnipeg skateboarding pioneer Jai Pereira, the Esplanade Riel bridge, a river walkway, Shaw Park, and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights. The Winnipeg Public Library is a public library network with 20 branches throughout the city, including the main Millennium Library. Winnipeg the Bear, which would become the inspiration for part of the name of Winnie-the-Pooh, was purchased in Ontario by Lieutenant Harry Colebourn of the Fort Garry Horse. He named the bear after the regiment's home town of Winnipeg. A. A. Milne later wrote a series of books featuring the fictional Winnie-the-Pooh. The series' illustrator, Ernest H. Shepard, created the only known oil painting of Winnipeg's adopted fictional bear, displayed in Assiniboine Park. The city has developed many distinct dishes and cooking styles, notably in the areas of confectionery and hot-smoked fish. Both the First Nations and more recent Eastern Canadian, European, and Asian immigrants have helped shape Winnipeg's dining scene, giving birth to dishes such as the desserts schmoo torte and wafer pie. The Winnipeg Art Gallery is Western Canada's oldest public art gallery, founded in 1912. It is the sixth-largest in the country and includes the world's largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art. Since the late 1970s Winnipeg has also had an active artist run centre culture. Winnipeg's three largest performing arts venues, the Centennial Concert Hall, Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre and the Pantages Playhouse Theatre, are downtown. The Royal Manitoba is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre, with over 250 performances yearly. The Pantages Playhouse Theatre opened as a vaudeville house in 1913. Other city theatres include the Burton Cummings Theatre (a National Historic Site of Canada built in 1906) and Prairie Theatre Exchange. Le Cercle Molière, based in St Boniface, is Canada's oldest theatre company; it was founded in 1925. Rainbow Stage is a musical theatre production company based in Kildonan Park that produces professional, live Broadway musical shows and is Canada's longest-surviving outdoor theatre. The Manitoba Theatre for Young People at The Forks is one of only two Theatres for Young Audiences in Canada with a permanent residence and the only Theatre for Young Audiences that offers a full season of plays for teenagers. The Winnipeg Jewish Theatre is the only professional theatre in Canada dedicated to Jewish themes. Shakespeare in the Ruins (SIR) presents adaptations of Shakespeare plays. Winnipeg has hosted a number of Hollywood productions: \"Shall We Dance?\" (2004), \"Capote\" (2005), \"The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford\" (2007), and \"Goon\" (2011) among others had parts filmed in the city. The Winnipeg Film Group has produced numerous award-winning films. There are several TV and film production companies in Winnipeg: the most prominent are Farpoint Films, Frantic Films, Buffalo Gal Pictures, and Les Productions Rivard. Guy Maddin's \"My Winnipeg\", an independent film released in 2008, is a comedic rumination on the city's history. The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra is the largest and oldest professional musical ensemble in Winnipeg. The Manitoba Chamber Orchestra runs a series of chamber orchestral concerts each year. Manitoba Opera is Manitoba's only full-time professional opera company. Among the most notable musical acts associated with Winnipeg are Comeback Kid, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, the Crash Test Dummies, The Guess Who, Neil Young, The Wailin' Jennys, and The Weakerthans. The Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB) is Canada's oldest ballet company and the longest continuously operating ballet company in North America. It was the first organization to be granted a royal title by Queen Elizabeth II, and has included notable dancers such as Evelyn Hart and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The RWB also runs a full-time classical dance school. The Manitoba Museum, the city's largest museum, depicts the history of the city and province. The full-size replica of the ship \"Nonsuch\" is the museum's showcase piece. The Manitoba Children's Museum is a nonprofit children's museum at The Forks that features twelve permanent galleries. The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is the only Canadian national museum for human rights and the only national museum west of Ottawa. The federal government contributed $100 million towards the estimated $311-million project. Construction of the museum began on 1 April 2008, and the museum opened to the public 27 September 2014. The Western Canada Aviation Museum, in a hangar at Winnipeg's James Richardson International Airport, features military jets, commercial aircraft, Canada's first helicopter, the \"flying saucer\" Avrocar, flight simulators, and a Black Brant rocket built in Manitoba by Bristol Aerospace. The Winnipeg Railway Museum at Via Rail Station has a variety of locomotives, notably the \"Countess of Dufferin\", the first steam locomotive in Western Canada.", "Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the \"Winnipeg Free Press\" and the \"Winnipeg Sun\". There are five weekly newspapers delivered free to most Winnipeg households by region. There are also several ethnic weekly newspapers. Local magazines include \"Border Crossings\". Radio broadcasting in Winnipeg began in 1922; by 1923, government-owned CKY held a monopoly position that lasted until after the Second World War. Winnipeg is home", "Since 1992, the city of Winnipeg has been represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor, both elected every four years. The present mayor, Brian Bowman, was elected to office in 2014. The city is a single-tier municipality, governed by a mayor-council system. The structure of the municipal government is set by the provincial legislature in the City of Winnipeg Charter Act, which replaced the old City of Winnipeg Act in 2003. The mayor is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. At Council meetings, the mayor has one of 16 votes. The City Council is a unicameral legislative body, representing geographical wards throughout the city. In provincial politics, Winnipeg is represented by 31 of the 57 provincial Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). As of 2016, Winnipeg districts are represented by 17 members of the Progressive Conservative Party, 10 by the New Democratic Party (NDP), and 2 by the Liberal Party. In federal politics, as of 2015 Winnipeg is represented by eight Members of Parliament: seven Liberals and one New Democrat. There are six Senators representing Manitoba in Ottawa: three Liberals, two Conservatives, and one Independent.", "From 2007 to 2011, Winnipeg was the \"murder capital\" of Canada, with the highest per-capita rate of homicides; it fell to second place in 2012, behind Thunder Bay. Winnipeg has had the highest violent crime index since 2009. The robbery rate in 2012 was between 250.1 and 272.9. Despite high overall violent crime rates, crime in Winnipeg is mostly concentrated in the inner city, which makes up only 19% of the population but was the site of 86.4% of the city's shootings, 66.5% of the robberies, 63.3% of the homicides and 59.5% of the sexual", "Winnipeg has seven school divisions: Winnipeg School Division, St. James-Assiniboia School Division, Pembina Trails School Division, Seven Oaks School Division, Division Scolaire Franco-Manitobaine, River East Transcona School Division, and Louis Riel School Division. Winnipeg also has several religious and secular private schools. The University of Manitoba is the largest university in Manitoba. It was founded in 1877, making it Western Canada's first university. In a typical year, the university has 24,500 undergraduate", "", "Winnipeg has had public transit since 1882, starting with horse-drawn streetcars. They were replaced by electric trolley cars. The trolley cars ran from 1892 to 1955, supplemented by motor buses after 1918, and electric trolleybuses from 1938 to 1970. Winnipeg Transit now runs diesel buses on its routes. Winnipeg is a railway hub and is served by Via Rail at Union Station for passenger rail, and Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, and the", "Winnipeg's major hospitals include Health Sciences Centre, Concordia Hospital, Deer Lodge Centre, Grace Hospital, Misericordia Health Centre, Riverview Health Centre, Saint Boniface General Hospital, Seven Oaks General Hospital, Victoria General Hospital, and The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg. The National Microbiology Laboratory", "Water and sewage services are provided by the city. The city draws its water via an aqueduct from Shoal Lake, treating and fluoridating it at the Deacon Reservoir just outside the city prior to pumping it into the Winnipeg system. The city's system has over of underground water mains, which are subject to breakage during extreme weather conditions.", "Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, co-located at the airport, is home to many flight operations support divisions and several training schools. It is also the headquarters of 1 Canadian Air Division and the Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Region, as well as the home base of 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces. The Wing comprises three squadrons and six schools; it also provides support to the Central Flying School. Excluding the three levels of government, 17 Wing is the fourth largest employer in the city. The Wing supports 113 units, stretching from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan–Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel to the high Arctic. 17 Wing also acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter-bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region. There are two squadrons based in the city. The 402 \"City of Winnipeg\" Squadron flies the Canadian-designed and produced de Havilland CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer. The 435 \"Chinthe\" Transport and Rescue Squadron flies the Lockheed CC-130 Hercules in airlift search and rescue roles. In addition, 435 Squadron is the only Royal Canadian Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct tactical air-to-air refueling of fighter aircraft. For many years, Winnipeg was the home of the Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Initially, the battalion was based at the Fort Osborne Barracks, now the location of the Rady Jewish Community Centre. They eventually moved to the Kapyong Barracks between River Heights and Tuxedo. Since 2004, the battalion has operated out of CFB Shilo near Brandon." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 23, 210809, 111, 70, 16128, 112474, 4420, 106, 79674, 5369, 4, 59499, 47, 6, 227780, 14071, 64370, 4, 77950, 71, 390, 17309, 7413, 7, 5, 5443, 73427, 5256, 773, 3960, 5252, 10, 11491, 11090, 678, 11476, 6295, 136, 1286, 3501, 6331, 17662, 114700, 7, 26719, 6, 34165, 55516, 38551, 7, 136, 6, 118201, 31251, 7, 5, 581, 16128, 111, 70, 13379, 9, 5636, 26349, 111, 120025, 1507, 509, 5117, 11814, 100, 34003, 289, 40617, 214, 390, 70, 22704, 184, 126, 3395, 7, 5, 22704, 184, 126, 98174, 3674, 15381, 18153, 7, 26719, 12, 186, 10133, 4, 42874, 875, 7, 4, 58332, 17662, 3089, 9248, 4, 61585, 315, 933, 4, 136, 409, 731, 98, 70, 96113, 4620, 7, 136, 90695, 7, 111, 70, 12190, 4939, 32547, 5, 360, 70, 4122, 9444, 927, 142642, 2363, 7893, 54427, 111, 62, 18190, 763, 944, 509, 105866, 40368, 140635, 7, 75, 5293, 814, 1295, 70, 1764, 111, 13379, 9, 5636, 120025, 1507, 5, 581, 5117, 28811, 5470, 509, 390, 70, 92265, 23, 70, 72399, 729, 927, 142642, 5, 33876, 65810, 8918, 8, 50776, 8345, 75204, 10, 3551, 80731, 136, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 23607, 42, 111, 62, 408, 3390, 5, 133698, 18813, 25031, 25, 7, 5550, 4, 50776, 8345, 88303, 19953, 353, 33265, 344, 98, 70, 144477, 5609, 111, 70, 12190, 4939, 32547, 4, 99, 70, 113008, 111, 70, 353, 33265, 344, 32547, 5, 1326, 2684, 111, 70, 1631, 4, 19953, 353, 33265, 344, 149976, 237, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 92265, 46512, 53, 111, 62, 408, 3390, 74, 84616, 1295, 3688, 55080, 297, 183851, 116338, 79904, 7, 98, 14941, 9615, 603, 7, 98, 70, 2356, 30715, 64, 62, 408, 3390, 132988, 5, 92265, 136, 14941, 192586, 31075, 136475, 33233, 70, 132988, 5, 17106, 73, 40859, 111, 142, 52875, 111, 92265, 136, 22420, 61065, 223, 84616, 83184, 297, 581, 33976, 64549, 297, 47, 18276, 70, 190070, 9, 1704, 62289, 13, 10, 89845, 38526, 23, 729, 12772, 509, 163684, 297, 390, 10, 11476, 23, 109969, 5, 32964, 5369, 14432, 4, 70, 13379, 122257, 6644, 104919, 509, 64549, 297, 5, 581, 5117, 13036, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 70, 26349, 74918, 2822, 98, 106, 20414, 18608, 3229, 442, 32471, 2227, 297, 678, 70, 59444, 111, 262, 8540, 5, 38396, 70, 26349, 111, 120025, 1507, 48402, 90, 120025, 1507, 27798, 4, 136, 70, 6, 184721, 7, 111, 57035, 25876, 4, 353, 33265, 21331, 7, 4, 3253, 1728, 25, 7, 41097, 136, 23213, 7, 10745, 4, 3129, 3542, 49504, 3674, 3934, 70, 26349, 23, 29733, 5, 581, 159202, 4935, 70910, 7, 90235, 102, 11727, 144231, 7, 3542, 6, 116496, 23, 18374, 24635, 136, 3542, 91995, 71, 390, 143126, 7, 37702, 390, 142, 2022, 3334, 271, 14037, 1294, 35839, 177106, 102247, 7, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 142080, 32471, 2227, 297, 3934, 120025, 1507, 23, 29733, 4, 23213, 7, 10745, 4, 1556, 10, 36998, 136, 117781, 5844, 32692, 111, 6863, 10002, 5, 23213, 7, 10745, 83, 105866, 98, 70, 353, 33265, 344, 32547, 4, 10, 68762, 6635, 111, 70, 12190, 4939, 32547, 4, 1660, 144477, 111, 479, 9, 168449, 120025, 1507, 5, 581, 26908, 83, 157167, 67175, 390, 6863, 953, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 48137, 136, 105719, 581, 12190, 4939, 32547, 127877, 8305, 120025, 1507, 4, 678, 2684, 111, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 1305, 9, 4205, 165473, 761, 34754, 74918, 2852, 98, 70, 21507, 538, 25193, 10366, 130473, 7, 98, 40101, 5609, 111, 70, 96113, 15, 289, 197271, 70, 7565, 35461, 56458, 83, 49878, 136, 400, 90, 27226, 47, 70, 96113, 194, 1913, 142, 144, 35810, 111, 1672, 36917, 15520, 17366, 4, 120025, 1507, 83, 91280, 6259, 23, 70, 192670, 19, 12506, 73, 5, 1650, 129927, 7, 94419, 538, 1295, 70, 700, 109622, 538, 114210, 63920, 111, 70, 140280, 5, 8622, 621, 197097, 538, 6626, 117781, 58555, 23, 70, 10776, 450, 621, 101637, 71, 10932, 70, 16128, 111, 18899, 31947, 17119, 4, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 3564, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 360, 70, 65272, 5609, 4, 70, 11958, 32491, 1379, 86, 10519, 70, 109270, 83, 105352, 48461, 25958, 73944, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 3789, 83, 6226, 6259, 390, 19434, 5176, 329, 86, 136, 17309, 40370, 7, 105207, 47, 70, 96113, 7, 15, 2109, 202, 1916, 23, 70, 16128, 8035, 35299, 8770, 136, 38134, 194, 120025, 1507, 136, 6863, 206990, 7, 621, 98870, 23, 7401, 65514, 4, 3129, 4, 24941, 71, 678, 103210, 187, 2886, 221, 379, 4, 3249, 70, 120025, 1507, 10776, 6397, 100, 6, 177849, 5, 581, 12190, 4939, 32547, 136, 1632, 111, 6863, 13036, 68762, 11, 10484, 4, 70, 353, 33265, 344, 32547, 4, 1380, 25842, 23, 120025, 1507, 5, 581, 51, 73, 54815, 3674, 63920, 111, 70, 26349, 621, 17305, 5115, 53, 100, 525, 297, 5, 120025, 1507, 1556, 10, 165847, 72852, 289, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 153552, 40865, 1363, 44, 397, 420, 275, 51029, 581, 83080, 18982, 27226, 52768, 83, 4, 12960, 70, 83080, 11192, 23, 20414, 83, 5, 2161, 83080, 4, 120025, 1507, 53299, 7, 189275, 111, 127841, 2320, 117, 6602, 5, 76935, 9146, 83, 39210, 17721, 72399, 7582, 136, 39395, 7071, 4, 136, 108203, 56104, 24765, 7, 98, 120025, 1507, 1556, 10, 15333, 9, 587, 309, 13003, 136, 351, 9, 15866, 1462, 3173, 111, 27759, 4, 678, 70, 15333, 136, 215394, 520, 6496, 188347, 22759, 9, 46799, 69407, 15, 927, 107, 13, 5369, 24189, 4821, 247, 136, 81843, 7, 34658, 23, 4347, 5, 581, 43581, 15333, 83, 41576, 180, 25, 104207, 33, 4, 2750, 509, 3163, 89829, 23, 6360, 114413, 538, 4, 120025, 1507, 3163, 89829, 109816, 29888, 78771, 42991, 1295, 50940, 24189, 51491, 52113, 4517, 111, 70, 91441, 31016, 23, 22059, 3229, 1836, 23742, 11907, 40, 257, 23, 2356, 32173, 7, 44726, 1379, 17819, 19909, 605, 33, 76, 5, 66016, 7068, 2685, 1556, 2809, 117396, 68894, 42068, 1363, 23, 70, 84773, 51491, 212790, 23, 120025, 1507, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 70, 7108, 9, 14775, 102668, 820, 2320, 111, 16843, 7, 31016, 23742, 70, 31351, 214, 111, 120025, 1507, 23924, 15, 11, 10617, 678, 40368, 3789, 43573, 1272, 31351, 5180, 194, 360, 8272, 109816, 29888, 78771, 42991, 52113, 6328, 756, 17262, 120025, 1507, 16128, 40, 9821, 74, 49903, 4, 23, 88847, 120025, 1507, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 120025, 1507, 15, 74, 1388, 83, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 180972, 140280, 111, 2356, 32173, 7, 44726, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 65272, 9, 58905, 126826, 111, 70, 140280, 33233, 70, 12190, 4939, 32547, 4, 3129, 86608, 7, 65272, 47, 28, 4438, 237, 442, 2464, 24762, 7, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 96113, 83, 70, 73944, 6083, 60213, 111, 70, 16128, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 5201, 27081, 70880, 23, 2356, 32173, 7, 44726, 4, 70, 26349, 1902, 10, 43904, 111, 9318, 4, 61107, 23, 70, 780, 180972, 51292, 7921, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 50960, 9, 320, 177, 525, 26349, 23, 70, 140280, 7103, 7465, 238, 1507, 136, 12190, 4939, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Colonial history (1690–1867).", "Modern history (1867–present).", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Administration.", "Municipal.", "Federal and provincial.", "Cityscape.", "Culture.", "Arts.", "Attractions.", "Parks and public spaces.", "Sports.", "Demographics.", "Ethnicity.", "Language.", "Religion.", "Economy.", "Education.", "Primary and secondary education.", "Post-secondary institutions.", "Universities.", "Colleges.", "Other institutions.", "Research.", "Transportation.", "Air.", "Public transit.", "Roads.", "Trail system." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The earliest known inhabitation of the area dates back 12,000 years, according to archaeologists, evidenced by recent finds. Excavations unearthed a campsite with firepit and more than 600 artifacts including stone tool fragments and arrowheads. The area of the present-day city of Fredericton was first used for seasonal farming by the Maliseet peoples. Maliseet cultivated food plants including: beans, pumpkins, Jerusalem artichokes, ground nuts, and maize on the river banks and islands of the Saint John River. In the mid-18th century their principal village of Aucpaque was located several kilometres upriver from the site of present-day Fredericton.", "The first European contact was by the French in the late 17th century. Joseph Robineau de Villebon received a land grant and was appointed governor of Acadia. During King William's War, Villebon built Fort Nashwaak on the north side of the Saint John River, at the mouth of the Nashwaak River. For most of the war, Fort Nashwaak served as the capital of the French colony of Acadia; forces from here conducted numerous military raids on English settlers on the New England/ Acadia border. French and English hostilities continued along the border. Within weeks of an attack of French and Indigenous forces launched", "The building constructed to house the colonial-era legislative assembly in 1788 was destroyed by a fire in 1880. Two years later, the present Legislature Building was constructed. The first major expansion of the city occurred on 1 July 1945 when it amalgamated with the town of Devon. Today the city of Fredericton comprises Fredericton proper, and the boroughs of Silverwood, Nashwaaksis, Barker's Point and Marysville, which were incorporated into the city in 1973. The commemorative brass cenotaph plaques were stolen in October 2015, and were replaced by replicas cast by an Amherst foundry called Liberty Enterprises. One of the communities amalgamated into Fredericton in 1973, Marysville, has a unique and distinctive history of its own. Marysville is located on the Nashwaak River, a tributary of the Saint John River, just north of pre-1973 Fredericton. The community is distinguished by its 19th-century mill and historic", "The Saint John River runs through Fredericton, with most of the city's post-war suburban development occurring on the gently sloping hills on either side of the river (although the downtown core is flat and lies low to the river). At an altitude of about above sea level, Fredericton is nestled in the Pennsylvanian Basin. It differs markedly from the geologically older parts of the province. There are prominently two distinct areas in the region that are divided around the area of Wilsey Road, in the east end of the city. In the west side, the bedrock underneath the earth is topographically dominant, whereas the other is controlled by Pleistocene and recent deposits leading to the rivers (resulting in the area being shallow and wide). Fredericton and its surroundings are rich in water resources, which, coupled with highly arable soil, make the Fredericton region ideal for agriculture. The Saint John River and one of its major tributaries, the Nashwaak River, come together in Fredericton. The uninhabited parts of the city are heavily forested.", "Fredericton has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification \"Dfb\"). The average January low temperature is, while the average high in July is. On average, Fredericton receives approximately of precipitation per year. Snowfall is common between late November and early April, and snow usually stays on", "", "Fredericton has a mayor-council and non-partisan form of government, with the mayor and council serving fixed four-year terms (three years until 2004), and elections held in May. The current mayor is Mike O'Brien, who was elected in 2016.", "Provincially, Fredericton elected Progressive Conservatives from 1952 until electoral sweep of the Liberal Party in 1987 when they won every seat in New Brunswick under Frank McKenna. Since then there has been greater political alteration in the provincial electoral landscape in Fredericton. In 1991, the right-wing Confederation of Regions Party won the riding of Fredericton North (along with several other nearby ridings). In 1999 Progressive Conservatives swept all three Fredericton area seats; however, in 2003, Fredericton North and Fredericton-Fort Nashwaak returned to the Liberals. Following the electoral redistribution in 2013, the city includes the provincial ridings", "Architecturally, Fredericton spans more than two centuries. The city features an eclectic mix of buildings and residences ranging from classical Victorian style to modern office buildings and architecture. Fredericton's skyline is also distinguished by many historic churches. There are 12 National Historic Sites of Canada in Fredericton. Neighbourhoods in Fredericton include: The City of Fredericton is bisected by the Saint John River. This has created two distinctive regions of the city characterized as the \"Northside\" and the \"Southside\". The Southside is characterized by a downtown core consisting of provincial government departments, historical buildings, and numerous business establishments, banks, and law firms. Downtown also hosts many of the city's cultural attractions, such as The Playhouse, the Fredericton Region Museum (formerly the York-Sunbury Museum), the Beaverbrook Art Gallery and Science East, New Brunswick's science centre. Many notable historical buildings are also located in or near downtown, including grand Victorian-era residences, the New Brunswick Legislative Building, and Christ Church Cathedral. South of downtown, the city's elevation rises along a sloping hill (part of the river valley feature of the city). \"The Hill\", as it is called, includes an area known as \"College Hill\", where the adjoining campuses of the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University are located, slightly southeast of the downtown area. Southwest of the universities on the", "Due to the presence of the universities, Fredericton is more cosmopolitan than many cities its size. This is reflected in cuisine offered by local ethnic restaurants (which include Caribbean, Chinese, Greek, Indian, Korean, Italian, Japanese, Lebanese, Mexican, Pakistani and Vietnamese foods). There are also several retail outlets that sell ethnic products and artifacts. The federal government named Fredericton the \"Cultural Capital of Canada\" for the year 2009. Officers' Square is an outdoor public space located at the centre of the city. It serves as a venue for outdoor concerts during the summer, featuring a variety of local and national talent. During the winter, Officers' Square is transformed into an outdoor skating rink.", "Fredericton is an important cultural centre of the region featuring art galleries, the New Brunswick College of Craft and Design, museums and theatres which promote local artistic and literary talent. The Beaverbrook Art Gallery is New Brunswick's provincial art gallery. It was established in 1959 by Lord Beaverbrook as a gift to his native province. Fredericton is also home to several commercial art galleries. The Playhouse hosts plays and musicals throughout the year, as well as presenting visiting comedians and musical performances by both Canadian and international artists. The Playhouse is the main venue for Theatre New Brunswick (TNB). TNB was founded by prominent Canadian director Walter Learning in 1969, and is the province's largest professional theatre company. Every fall Fredericton hosts the Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival. The week-long festival draws artists from all over North America. Since its inception in 1991, the event has grown into a large, diverse festival which has attracted artists", "", "Fredericton contains many public parks featuring preserved forest lands - such as Odell Park and Reading Park. Odell Park is adjacent to the Fredericton Botanic Garden. Furthermore, Fredericton features tree-lined streets and elm trees in particular which have earned the city its nickname \"The City of Stately Elms\". Fredericton's parks and public spaces include:", "There are no professional sports teams in Fredericton, although both universities have extensive athletic programs. The UNB Reds and St. Thomas Tommies are rivals in most sports. When their women's hockey teams play (St. Thomas University has no men's hockey program in the Atlantic University Sport), the matches are called the \"Battle of the Hill\". The first National Championship ever won by UNB was in the fall of 1980. The men's soccer team under the leadership of Coaches Gary Brown and Robin Hopper defeated Sir Wilfrid Laurier 3-1 on a frigid day in November. The UNB Reds men's hockey team has experienced recent success in national competition, winning Canadian Interuniversity Sport (now known as U Sports) championships in the 1997–98, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012-13, 2015–16, 2016-17, and 2018-19 seasons (8 titles). They have also finished in second place in the 1996–97,1999-2000, 2003–04, 2007–2008, and 2014-15 championships. This success has produced two milestones of note: first, between 2013 and 2019 (7 years), only UNB (with 3 wins) and the Alberta Golden Bears (with 4 wins) have won the David Johnston University Cup", "The population of the city of Fredericton is 58,220 (2016 Canada Census) and 101,760 for Greater Fredericton. Along with Moncton and Halifax, Fredericton is one of three Maritime cities to register a population increase in recent years.", "Fredericton's population is predominantly white. However, a black minority has had a long presence in the city, primarily in the Barker's Point borough. Willie O'Ree, the first black player in the NHL, is from Fredericton. The largest non-white segment of Fredericton's population is made up of First Nations people, who live primarily on the Saint Mary's Reserve located in the", "While a predominantly Anglophone city, the civil service has seen an increase in the city's Francophone population. This population is served by the Centre communautaire Sainte-Anne (which includes K-12 schooling, a radio station, a public library, and a cultural centre). In", "The residents of Fredericton are predominantly Christian, with Protestants forming the largest denomination. While the Roman Catholic population is not as large, the city does have the province's only", "During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the lumber industry, with its corresponding mills, was a primary sector of Fredericton's economy. Over the course of the 20th century, this industry declined and gave way to the provincial government and the universities becoming the primary employers in the city. The policies of centralizing provincial government functions during the 1960s under New Brunswick Premier Louis Robichaud - along with the expanded role of the public sector characteristic of the 1960s/70s - led to a sizeable expansion of the city's population. It was during these decades that the Hill area on the city's Southside was largely developed and bedroom communities such as New Maryland emerged. The 1960s also saw an expansion of the University of New Brunswick due to increased post-war university enrolment, as well as the construction of the Fredericton campus of Saint Thomas University. Also contributing to this expansion was the move of the Law School, now the University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law, from Saint John to the Fredericton area. This expansion of the post-secondary sector also contributed to Fredericton's population growth during the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, the city's population has", "", "Fredericton's public schools are located in either the Anglophone West School District (formerly known as District 18, and prior to that, District 26) or the District Scolaire Francophone Sud (District 1). Fredericton is home to three public high schools, two operating in the English language and one in the French language. Fredericton High School, which was once the largest school in the Commonwealth of Nations, operates in English and primarily serves students living on Fredericton's south side. It is also one of the oldest public high schools in Canada, tracing its beginnings to 1785 – having celebrated its bicentennial in 1985. Fredericton High School is home to several sports teams – including basketball, hockey, soccer, and football – which dominated New Brunswick provincial high school sports championships during much of the 1980s and 1990s. The school motto is \"Palma Non Sine Pulvere\", Latin for \"No Reward Without Effort\" (literally \"no palm without dust\"). Leo Hayes High School, which opened in 1999, also operates in English and primarily serves students living on Fredericton's north side. The high", "", "Fredericton's status as an educational centre is evident in the city's two degree-granting universities: the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University. The University of New Brunswick (UNB) was founded in 1785, making it the oldest public university in North America, compared to the oldest private university, Harvard University, in 1636. Built in 1826, UNB's Old Arts Building is the oldest university building still in use", "Fredericton is also home to several colleges and similar institutions. The New Brunswick College of Craft and Design houses the province's leading programs in photography and visual arts. The Fredericton location of the New Brunswick Community College is on the campus of the University of New Brunswick. The", "Alongside Fredericton's more established universities, the city also is home to several online for-profit universities. University of Fredericton (UFred) and Yorkville University are operational. The University of Fredericton was founded in 2006, making it the youngest private university in Canada. It is a degree-granting online university providing certificate and graduate degree programs in business leadership. UFred offers MBA and EMBA Programs under Section 3 of the Degree Granting Act of the Province of New Brunswick in Canada. Yorkville offers graduate programs in counselling psychology and adult education. Meritus closed in 2012. These universities typically have offices downtown.", "Fredericton hosts several major research centres - dealing with policy development, agriculture, forestry, and engineering. These research institutions are connected to the city's two universities as well as the provincial and federal governments. The Hugh John Flemming Forestry Centre (including Provincial and Federal Departments) is the leading forestry research centre in Atlantic Canada. This Centre carries out major research endeavours in forestry management and scientific research. The Centre closely collaborates with the Forestry Department at the University of New Brunswick which is one of the top Forestry Departments in Canada. As well, research and development in agriculture and crop development is carried out at the Agricultural Research Station in Lincoln.", "", "Air service is provided out of the Fredericton International Airport, located approximately 15 kilometres east of downtown in Lincoln. It is served by Air Canada Express, which operates direct flights to Toronto, Ottawa,", "Fredericton Transit provides bus transit service to most areas of the city. All city buses feature bike racks so that cyclists can take advantage of bus services as well. Fredericton is also served by several taxi companies. The major companies in alphabetical order are: ABC Car Services, Checker Cab, George's Skycab, Loyal Taxi, Standard Taxi and Trius Taxi. Fredericton started installing bicycle lanes in July 2008, with a plan to establish 45 kilometres of on-street painted bicycle lanes, and 39 kilometres of signed bicycle routes, by 2011. There is no rail service into", "Fredericton is located on the Trans-Canada Highway, which passes along the southern municipal boundary. Routes 7 and 8 (the latter being a former alignment of the Trans-Canada) also pass through the city. Two highway bridges, the Westmorland Street Bridge and the Princess Margaret Bridge, cross the Saint John River. Those bridges feed into controlled-access roads (Routes 8 and 105 serving the city's", "Fredericton has a network of 25 trails totalling more than on both sides of the Saint John and Nashwaak Rivers. Many of the city trails are rail trails that follow old railway lines. These include the Old Train Bridge that spans across the Saint John River, providing a panoramic view of downtown Fredericton. The rail trail system in Fredericton is part of the Sentier NB Trail system and some of these trails are also part of the larger Trans-Canada Trail network. Some sections of the trail system are being paved to make it more accessible to non-motorized vehicles such as bicycles and wheelchairs. Railway service through Fredericton was discontinued by CP Rail in fall 1993 and CN Rail in spring 1996. Following abandonment, both companies sold their right-of-ways to the provincial government which developed the trail network in partnership with the city and volunteer trail organizations. The trails are used by residents for walking, biking, and jogging and boast several scenic vistas along the Saint John and Nashwaak rivers as well as a mix of urban and wooded/natural scenery. On the south side of the city, CP Rail's Fredericton Subdivision enters the city from Rusagonis-Waasis to the south, following the Wilsey Road and Beaverbrook Street to the former railway yard" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 123635, 4034, 7, 4, 707, 44, 3929, 14985, 1636, 4, 58, 98, 70, 1810, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 1499, 316, 17721, 70, 1499, 2263, 7359, 271, 136, 70, 39225, 18743, 67, 289, 13315, 36917, 4, 136, 70, 14798, 18743, 67, 289, 13315, 35064, 74, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 2843, 62038, 1636, 1295, 70, 18743, 67, 289, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 450, 29256, 7, 6863, 1810, 56, 71579, 5, 581, 109197, 7, 111, 70, 123635, 158, 74789, 3934, 10, 37515, 49878, 510, 297, 42728, 19, 450, 183540, 7, 98, 70, 80707, 71579, 111, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 5, 5455, 183037, 4, 70, 123635, 25, 7, 42728, 19, 183540, 7, 3934, 142, 31110, 944, 6, 91854, 450, 127877, 7565, 19364, 136, 40225, 98, 70, 80707, 71579, 111, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 5, 62, 6818, 433, 84797, 7, 70, 42728, 19, 111, 70, 123635, 1295, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 21705, 105924, 645, 3129, 442, 1978, 988, 5, 581, 39225, 132988, 1543, 186, 1286, 707, 40715, 20903, 538, 25072, 297, 47, 70, 8566, 14, 5037, 164, 4, 707, 3060, 111, 70, 109197, 7, 3564, 98, 6863, 42728, 19, 5, 581, 39225, 122417, 7, 111, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 18264, 47, 27489, 26177, 111938, 4, 80707, 2062, 22062, 136, 1563, 77391, 5, 133698, 914, 217, 4, 70, 39225, 122417, 7, 4358, 47, 8, 123079, 2182, 70796, 2062, 22062, 111, 70, 6854, 474, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 144291, 93402, 5, 768, 581, 14798, 2831, 1030, 1916, 75447, 112397, 47, 6, 44289, 136, 70796, 538, 47014, 67, 70, 26177, 5, 768, 581, 39225, 2831, 1030, 1916, 75447, 112397, 47, 65042, 136, 173591, 538, 47014, 67, 70, 26177, 5, 768, 581, 14798, 136, 39225, 63920, 20697, 25842, 1563, 77193, 70, 26177, 136, 39848, 731, 70, 4203, 1824, 23, 70, 109728, 141, 47880, 5, 9865, 7, 137175, 111, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 707, 70, 14597, 18743, 67, 289, 24030, 13, 831, 38516, 538, 186, 117414, 71, 390, 10, 24491, 29660, 583, 57617, 25, 7, 24092, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 17262, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 4, 83, 10, 134744, 4, 6117, 2594, 4, 4567, 26518, 123635, 5, 1650, 83, 39501, 297, 98, 70, 1810, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 4203, 1824, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Relations.", "Variations.", "Function.", "Clinical significance." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The gluteus medius muscle starts, or \"originates,\" on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below; the gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface. The fibers of the muscle converge into a strong flattened tendon that inserts on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter. More specifically, the muscle's tendon inserts into an oblique ridge that runs downward and forward on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter.", "A bursa separates the tendon of the muscle from the surface of the trochanter over which it glides.", "The posterior border may be more or less closely united to the piriformis, or some of the fibers end on its tendon. The posterior fibres of gluteus medius contract to produce hip extension, lateral rotation and abduction. During gait, the posterior fibres help to decelerate internal rotation of the femur at the end of swing phase.", "• The anterior part acting alone helps to flex and internally rotate the hip. • The posterior part acting alone helps to extend and externally rotate the hip. • The anterior and posterior parts working together abduct the hip and stabilize the pelvis in the coronal plane.", "Dysfunction of the gluteus medius or the superior gluteal nerve can potentially be indicated by a positive Trendelenburg's sign." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 113934, 11, 497, 83, 142, 109847, 19, 3181, 66, 46876, 111, 70, 62014, 1771, 14449, 5, 3311, 70, 127357, 7, 4, 113934, 11, 497, 8753, 7, 100, 4806, 6626, 109120, 90, 12, 70, 182688, 113934, 11, 497, 136, 174715, 113934, 11, 497, 5, 66016, 153459, 70, 182688, 113934, 11, 497, 765, 158930, 678, 70, 24453, 9022, 17779, 61116, 13, 98, 70, 38660, 32547, 128487, 1363, 23, 5492, 306, 214, 136, 621, 30361, 538, 125296, 71, 237, 70, 113934, 11, 497, 13, 4699, 372, 111, 70, 38660, 32547, 128487, 1363, 5, 581, 174715, 113934, 11, 497, 6867, 678, 70, 174715, 5024, 53, 16270, 23, 238215, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 2363, 43032, 621, 22, 27722, 297, 237, 70, 30361, 538, 125296, 71, 5024, 53, 16270, 136, 113934, 11, 497, 4699, 7438, 5, 24372, 6661, 5550, 116, 4, 70, 182688, 113934, 11, 497, 1927, 372, 17660, 297, 47, 4527, 14941, 4, 959, 113934, 11, 497, 4, 3229, 40129, 214, 2363, 20020, 5, 33306, 4, 113934, 11, 497, 119578, 7, 28032, 70, 1927, 372, 7464, 102917, 538, 70424, 113934, 11, 497, 54940, 271, 12638, 3789, 5, 581, 182688, 113934, 11, 497, 78301, 538, 765, 1902, 35845, 538, 40715, 1940, 14578, 2069, 678, 3789, 109120, 90, 136, 351, 9, 4645, 4935, 15672, 7, 154186, 47, 70, 174715, 113934, 11, 497, 2750, 6867, 54940, 271, 10, 156531, 660, 538, 351, 9, 4645, 4935, 15672, 43904, 5, 581, 24763, 14012, 111, 113934, 11, 497, 119578, 7, 83, 959, 134995, 538, 51529, 74, 49903, 442, 1556, 2809, 25902, 3674, 450, 70, 46876, 82424, 112033, 5425, 17721, 5316, 136, 75534, 36457, 72095, 5, 113934, 11, 497, 1556, 84046, 34754, 50782, 111, 70, 5368, 74, 49903, 4, 442, 83, 11814, 23, 3060, 54180, 136, 70, 60313, 509, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 70, 46876, 23, 106355, 5, 129551, 47, 1632, 31344, 4, 1379, 2668, 3395, 645, 70, 32070, 111, 836, 70424, 70, 46876, 23, 5492, 306, 214, 4, 136, 23, 238215, 70, 46876, 83, 11814, 390, 44, 191, 538, 10, 3535, 7844, 111, 3395, 27, 756, 43573, 136659, 53, 707, 114210, 740, 1301, 111, 11891, 4, 2685, 3542, 189275, 75534, 119578, 7, 54940, 70, 182688, 113934, 11, 497, 5, 1301, 111, 43304, 70, 42179, 7, 111, 10, 3525, 538, 91376, 122092, 147, 25902, 3674, 450, 2685, 3542, 161549, 645, 5316, 6, 155283, 119578, 7, 4, 1001, 44, 3181, 67, 10, 10846, 43573, 9, 155283, 101766, 13, 28219, 1314, 740, 360, 43304, 442, 509, 113771, 450, 10, 10696, 1902, 2809, 142096, 47, 94957, 70, 46876, 47, 20020, 5, 113934, 11, 497, 46876, 11491, 7, 3542, 34658, 23, 79428, 918, 99, 38660, 32547, 4699, 3571, 29693, 136, 23, 2907, 5, 56174, 7, 4, 5492, 306, 214, 5, 114063, 538, 4, 70, 46876, 1543, 186, 163629, 71, 390, 20020, 4, 100, 10, 43904, 25902, 67, 237, 17309, 237, 2691, 5303, 7, 142, 51312, 47, 75534, 119578, 7, 136, 73048, 450, 70, 46876, 83, 23, 4527, 23, 115215, 4, 333, 65279, 289, 53019, 79825, 186, 6967, 98, 38660, 32547, 128487, 1363, 23, 70, 15643, 7, 136, 70, 113934, 11, 497, 83658, 112363, 4, 10, 65771, 3807, 6889, 1528, 4, 509, 170920, 23, 106540, 44, 3957, 113934, 11, 497, 27331, 58, 83, 142, 71834, 7228, 390, 70, 113934, 11, 497, 3395, 47, 125568, 136, 14359, 107, 2363, 89160, 46876, 136, 29394, 5, 262, 61518, 15673, 100, 70, 46876, 4, 6863, 35845, 538, 10846, 36457, 72095, 136, 70, 15824, 450, 442, 1556, 51592, 17309, 43904, 227204, 7, 89159, 113934, 11, 497, 142, 9667, 12060, 297, 46876, 5, 241, 927, 19, 179554, 8, 195, 7, 442, 44, 927, 1283, 510, 297, 4, 58, 91084, 450, 3060, 20020, 621, 52080, 442, 1284, 442, 83, 120332, 33, 297, 390, 3789, 46876, 7, 136, 442, 1543, 186, 388, 214, 119578, 7, 5, 24782, 15519, 1811, 76, 4, 4734, 243, 525, 297, 1295, 10, 2565, 6562, 43799, 297, 390, 28431, 13, 1297, 4, 129927, 7, 4734, 161549, 1295, 113934, 11, 497, 4, 21208, 10, 10846, 111, 6863, 45730, 65572, 102337, 40099, 8382, 51592, 23, 14854, 7, 310, 22089, 5, 1650, 1902, 119578, 7, 54940, 70, 182688, 113934, 11, 497, 237, 78684, 237, 70, 72399, 23031, 7, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 45730, 65572, 23, 70, 28, 137089, 1295, 67241, 9, 6210, 6126, 3181, 66, 47, 113934, 11, 497, 621, 70, 86669, 111, 67241, 9, 6210, 6126, 3181, 66, 661, 92, 4, 134629, 390, 661, 254, 141753, 40101, 707, 2819, 70, 6626, 67241, 9, 6210, 6126, 3181, 66, 484, 5777, 8420, 7, 1143, 9966, 47, 40101, 707, 2819, 70, 15549, 1295, 661, 7, 47, 23, 2565, 9, 943, 118, 289, 19069, 4, 136, 661, 39, 141753, 707, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 25632, 2244, 8420, 5, 113934, 11, 497, 83, 225073, 54940, 109847, 19, 3181, 66, 46876, 7, 23, 112033, 14653, 70, 69822, 17721, 70, 122905, 89829, 24089, 3716, 661, 42, 136, 661, 3431, 15, 180300, 538, 237, 136, 4, 107013, 538, 194, 32255, 136, 3789, 65572, 21265, 47, 8337, 113934, 11, 497, 10, 6, 75189, 109622, 5426, 4552, 45, 814, 46825, 1295, 450, 111, 67241, 9, 6210, 6126, 3181, 66, 136, 3789, 109847, 19, 3181, 66, 46876, 7, 4, 136, 3853, 1295, 46876, 7, 113091, 19, 23, 70, 123594, 16797, 32774, 12506, 73, 5, 31384, 27781, 7, 37397, 214, 113934, 11, 497, 34153, 678, 2363, 72180, 63614, 23, 67241, 9, 6210, 6126, 3181, 66, 831, 58755, 67, 903, 12, 1913, 70, 17366, 111, 92217, 1363, 4, 113934, 11, 497, 34153, 53418, 9842, 678, 10, 2244, 8420, 4, 221, 7440, 70, 1379, 538, 214, 3173, 111, 10, 2565, 9842, 7, 678, 10, 2244, 8420, 4, 10, 502, 2347, 9523, 83, 49814, 5, 113934, 11, 497, 1556, 10, 36549, 111, 22759, 16610, 2244, 8420, 7, 15, 101322, 85018, 71, 1388, 136, 22759, 4989, 2244, 8420, 7, 15, 11680, 188, 14438, 538, 59121, 136, 97160, 309, 37534, 6, 194, 581, 60212, 23, 140909, 83, 24089, 39, 71407, 117781, 5844, 12, 69101, 74263, 172, 47241, 4, 44, 118, 2594, 58, 678, 74263, 430, 172, 47241, 4, 44, 5636, 830, 136, 50178, 587, 31, 4, 44, 824, 344, 58, 678, 50178, 25624, 16635, 4, 44, 112, 5115, 740, 136, 621, 153161, 23, 88066, 53, 113068, 4, 237, 4, 678, 4552, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 113934, 11, 497, 15, 7614, 6624, 497, 13, 16, 46876, 15, 16, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 8950, 5425, 109847, 19, 3181, 66, 46876, 7, 4, 20903, 538, 62548, 47, 14854, 7, 310, 22089, 136, 3789, 113934, 11, 497, 66, 46876, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 113091, 19, 390, 70, 113934, 11, 497, 111, 5492, 306, 214, 136, 238215, 5, 173068, 7, 111, 113934, 11, 497, 102917, 538, 6867, 98, 70, 38660, 32547, 42878, 128487, 1363, 23, 5492, 306, 214, 4, 21208, 3060, 765, 261, 67666, 2320, 678, 70, 5024, 53, 16270, 38043, 23, 171827, 238215, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Classification.", "History.", "Current status.", "Dialects.", "Phonology.", "Vowels.", "Consonants.", "Allophony.", "Syllable Structures.", "Prosody.", "Morphology.", "Inflectional.", "Nouns.", "Animacy.", "Obviation.", "Verbs.", "Verb categorization.", "Initial Change.", "Agreement.", "Derivational.", "Nouns.", "Verbs.", "Reduplication.", "Syntax.", "Single Noun Phrase.", "Two Noun Phrases.", "Noun Phrase Hierarchy.", "Saliency.", "Syntax of Noun/Verb Phrases.", "Modifying Nouns.", "Particles and Verb Stems.", "Adverbials." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "4", "4", "3", "4", "4", "4", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3" ], "content": [ "Arapaho is an Algonquian language of the Algic family.", "By the 1850s, Arapaho bands formed two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho. Since 1878 the Northern Arapaho have lived with the Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming and are federally recognized as the Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation. The Southern Arapaho live with the Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Together their members are enrolled as the federally recognized Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. After World War 2, the Northern Arapaho tribe tended to use English, not Arapaho, when raising their children. However, Arapaho speakers within the tribe still primarily speak Arapaho amongst each other. The Northern Arapaho additionally have had relatively less intermingling with other tribes and non-Native Americans compared to the Southern Arapaho who live amongst a predominantly non-Native American population.", "The exact number of Arapaho speakers is not precisely known; however it has been estimated that the language currently retains between 250 and 1,000 active users. Arapaho has limited development outside of the home; however, it is used in some films and the Bible was translated into the language in 1903. According to one source, under 300 people over the age of 50 speak the language in Wyoming, and in Oklahoma the language is used by \"only a handful of people... all near eighty or older\". As of 1996, there were approximately 1,000 speakers among the Northern Arapaho. As of 2008, the authors of a newly published grammar estimated that there were slightly over 250 fluent speakers, plus \"quite a few near-fluent passive understanders\". In 2008, it was reported that a school had been opened to teach the language to children. Arapaho language camps were held in Summer 2015 at Wind River Tribal College and in St. Stephens, Wyoming. Currently, the language may be acquired by children, for a population estimate as recent as 2007 lists an increase to 1,000 speakers and notes that the language is in use in schools, bilingual education efforts begun on Wind River Reservation in the 1980s and the Arapaho Language Lodge, a successful immersion program, was established in 1993. \"The Arapaho Project\" is an effort made by the Arapaho people to promote and restore their traditional language and culture. Despite hope for the language, its relatively few active users and the fact that it has seen recent population decreases render Arapaho an endangered language. Ethnologue deems it \"threatened,\" meaning that some children are learning it but it is threatened by other languages and it may be losing speakers.", "Besawunena, only attested from a wordlist collected by Kroeber, differs only slightly from Arapaho, though a few of its sound changes resemble those seen in Gros Ventre. It had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s.", "Among the sound changes in the evolution from Proto-Algonquian to Arapaho are the loss of Proto-Algonquian *k, followed by *p becoming either or ; the two Proto-Algonquian semivowels merging to either or ; the change from *s to in word-initial position, and *m becoming or depending on the following vowel. Arapaho is unusual among Algonquian languages in retaining the contrast between the reconstructed phonemes *r and *θ (generally as and, respectively). These and other changes serve to give Arapaho a phonological system very divergent from that of Proto-Algonquian and other Algonquian languages, and even from languages spoken in the adjacent Great Basin. Some examples comparing Arapaho words with their cognates in Proto-Algonquian can illustrate this:", "At the level of pronunciation, Arapaho words cannot begin with a vowel, so where the underlying form of a word begins with a vowel, a prothetic is added. Arapaho has a series of four short vowels (pronounced ) and four long vowels (customarily written and pronounced ). The difference in length is phonemically distinctive: compare hísiʼ, \"tick\" with híísiʼ, \"day\", and hócoo, \"steak\" with hóócoo, \"devil\". and are mostly in complementary distribution, as, with very few exceptions, the former does not occur after velar consonants, and the latter only occurs after them. does have some exceptions as in the free variants kokíy ~ kokúy, \"gun\"; kookiyón ~ kookuyón, \"for no reason\"; and bííʼoxíyoo ~ bííʼoxúyoo, \"Found in the Grass\" (a mythological character). There is only one minimal pair to illustrate the contrast in distribution: núhuʼ, \"this\" versus níhiʼ-, \"X was done with Y\", in which níhiʼ- only occurs in bound form. Remarkably, unlike more than 98% of the world's languages, Arapaho has no low vowels, such as. In addition, there are four diphthongs,, and several triphthongs, as well as extended sequences of vowels such as with stress on either the first or the last vowel in the combination.", "The consonant inventory of Arapaho is given in the table below. When writing Arapaho, is normally transcribed as, as, as, and as.", "The phoneme /b/ (the voiced bilabial stop) has a voiceless allophone [p] that occurs before other consonants or at the end of a word. The plosives, /k/, and /t/ are pronounced without aspiration in most environments, but are aspirated before other consonants or at the end of a word, or when preceding a syllable-final sequence of short vowel + /h/. In this same environment /b/ is aspirated and devoiced. For example, the grammatical prefix cih- is pronounced, the grammatical prefix tih- is pronounced, and the word héétbihʼínkúútiinoo, \"I will turn out the lights\" is hetihʼínkúútiinoo.", "Syllables tend to have the structure CV(C), where the final consonant, if it is present, is either a single consonant, or /hC/. In general, consonant clusters in Arapaho can only be two consonants long. Consonant clusters do not occur word initially, and /hC/ is the only that occurs word finally. The only consonant cluster that is \"base generated\" (exists in the most underlying representation of words) is /hC/. At the \"surface\" (at the level of actual pronunciation), other clusters arise by phonological processes including vowel syncope, or by juxtaposition of morphemes. Vowel-initial, onset-less syllables, however, can occur due to partitioning of vowel clusters. An example of partitioning a cluster of 3 identical vowels into syllables is ní.ii.non, \"tepee.\" The vowel cluster is not always split into short vowel followed by long vowel; the location of the partition depends on Arapaho's complex pitch accent system. For example, another word with a sequence of 3 vowels, but with a different partitioning of vowels into syllables is hóo.ó. \"bed.\" However, sometimes the vowel cluster does not divide and the whole cluster becomes the nucleus of the syllable. One example is hi.héio, \"his/her aunt (obviative).\"", "Arapaho is a pitch accent language. There are two phonemic tones: high (marked with an acute accent) or \"normal\" (unmarked). The contrast can be illustrated with the pair hónoosóóʼ, \"it is fancy\" and honoosóóʼ, \"it is raining.\" Long vowels and vowel sequences can carry a contour tone from high to low, as in hou3íne-, \"to hang\" (where the first syllable has a normal tone) versus hóu3íne-, \"to float\" (where the first syllable has a high+normal, or falling, tone). Although tonal contrasts are distinctive in Arapaho, minimal pairs such as those listed above are rare.", "Arapaho is polysynthetic; verbs in particular take multiple morphemes.", "", "", "Nouns in Arapaho come in two classes: animate and inanimate. Which category a noun belongs to is part of the lexicon. Being animate does not necessitate “aliveness” (but aliveness does mean animate): doors, planets, ghosts, etc. are considered animate. Some nouns can also be both animate and inanimate, but in these situations, the animate version is more “active” (e.g. a log is inanimate, but a rolling log is animate).", "Animate nouns can be made obviative or proximate. When the underlying noun is consonant final, two general patterns can occur. One pattern occurs for the class of nouns that have /ii/ or /uu/ (depending on vowel harmony) as their plural marker. These nouns reuse the plural marker to mark obviative singular and both obviative and proximate plural. For example, /iwoxuuh/, a stem meaning 'elk,' is \"hiwóxuu\" in the proximate singular, but becomes \"hiwóxuuh-uu\" in obviative singular, proximate plural, and obviative plural. The other pattern occurs for most other consonant final noun stems and is summarized in the table below. C denotes the final consonant and the bracketed [C] denotes either consonant mutation of C or deletion of some number of stem-final phonemes. /siisiik/ is 'duck'. For vowel-final stems, the general pattern is a variation of the first consonant final pattern. Namely, a single marker is used to mark all plural forms and the obviative singular form. For example, /ote/\",\" a stem meaning'sheep, bighorn sheep,' becomes \"hóte-’ in proximate singular but \"hóte-ii in both plural forms and the obviative singular.", "", "Verbs are divided into classes depending on the transitivity and animacy of their argument(s). Transitivity of a verb affects how many arguments are affixed to the verb. Notice in the examples below the usage of the transitive form requires the addition of INAN, the inanimate marker for the object (the shoes). Verbal inflection also depends on \"orders\" like imperative. Intransitive, Animate Subject (AI) Transitive, Inanimate Object (TI)", "Initial change (IC) can mark tense and aspect (in particular, \"present tense and ongoing aspect or present perfect tense and aspect\") under affirmative and conjunct orders. Differing phonological changes occur depending on the first vowel of the stem. If the vowel is short, it is lengthened. For example, \"be’éé-\" 'to be red' becomes \"bee’éé’\" 'it is red'. Otherwise, an infix is placed before the first vowel. The infix is either /en/ or /on/ and is determined based on harmony with the long vowel. For example, \"hoowúsee-\" ('to walk downward') becomes \"honoowúseenoo\" ('I am walking downward'). If the first vowel is short and is followed by an /h/, some speakers treat the /h/ as a vowel and use the infix /en/ or /on/ to mark initial change. Other speakers treat the /h/ as a consonant and perform the vowel lengthening process instead. An irregular form of initial change affects some vowel-initial preverbs by appending an /n/ before the first vowel, rather than the ordinary /h/ that would be prepended to avoid a vowel-initial word. For example, the imperfective /ii/ morpheme becomes \"nii-\" instead of the expected \"hii-\" when prefixing verbs that would undergo initial change.", "In sentences with an explicit noun phrase, separate from the verb, the verb agrees with the noun in terms of animacy, number, and whether the noun is proximate or obviative. The grammatical category, including person, of the noun also needs to agree with the verb. Note that the categories of subject and object do not affect agreement inflection. As an example of animacy agreement, the intransitive verb for \"to fall\" has a form that takes an inanimate subject, \"nihtéésceníse’\" (PAST-on top-fall(II)-0S) and a form that takes an animate subject, \"nihtéés'cenísi.\" If a verb has a single noun argument that is composed of two different types of noun, most speakers default to the obviative (over proximate) and inanimate (over animate) forms to refer to the composite noun argument in case of conflict. This can be seen in the example below where 'walk' takes an argument that is composed of a composite proximate and obviative noun. Both nouns are animate, but there is conflict regarding proximate or obviative. The verb thus defaults to the obviative plural (4PL).", "", "Arapaho has a number of derivational affixes and processes. Some operate on nouns to form verb-like clauses. For example, the morpheme /tohúút/ can prefix a noun to ask 'what kind of <noun>'. A specific example is \"hoséíno’\" ('meat') when prefixed becomes \"tohúút-oséíno’\" ('What kind of meat is this?')", "Derivational morphology on verbs can be grouped into abstract and concrete. Abstract morphemes mark transitivity and the animacy of subject/object for the verb. For example, the basic root /be'/ \"red\" can be marked with abstract morphemes as follows Concrete morphemes tend to add three types of meanings to the verb", "Reduplication is prefixal and is formed by taking the first consonant (if there is one) and the first vowel and then adding /:n/, where the colon indicates that the preceding vowel is elongated. The /n/ is deleted in the presence of a subsequent consonant. For example, \"cebísee-\" ('to walk past') after reduplication becomes \"cée[n]cebísee-\" ('to walk back and forth past'). There are multiple usages of reduplication in Arapaho including pluralizing implied, secondary, and inanimate objects of (di)transitive verbs; indicating repeating and habitual action (extend the space and time a verb occurs in general), and intensifying. One example of marking repeating action is as follows There can be multiple reduplications in compound words, where each reduplication can have an independent effect. Some verbs appear to be only in a reduplicated form; these verbs tend to describe repeating, iterative action.", "Arapaho has no canonical word order. Some sentences/clauses consist of only the verb like below.", "When a sentence contains a verb and a single noun phrase, the noun phrase can either precede or follow the verb. Preposing the noun phrase, however, gives it more importance and salience. Some instances where noun phrases are preposed include introducing a new referent (or reintroducing one that was inactive) and creating contrast. V-NP order NP-V order (additional context: a new referent, \"stone monuments,\" is being introduced)", "For a basic sentence with a single verb that takes two noun phrases as arguments, all orderings are possible, but having the verb final is less common.", "A hierarchy exists in determining which noun phrase goes in which position. In the listing below, the first in the pair is treated as \"higher\" in the hierarchy and tends therefore to be the leftmost NP. Subject-verb-object order Verb-subject-(implied) object order", "Saliency determines whether a noun phrase can precede its corresponding verb. Noun phrases are deemed salient if they are referring to something new, something that is being reintroduced, something contrastive, or something that is being emphasized. Preposed NP (here, the noun phrase meaning \"where the attack was taking place\" precedes the verb \"see\" to create emphasis) Both NPs preceding Verb (uncommon) (additional context: occurs under \"contrastive focus\")", "", "Generally, noun modifiers occur before the noun. These modifiers additionally tend to occur in a particular order relative each other. For example, in the example below, note that the presentative 'here is' occurs before the demonstrative 'this'", "Some particles are more closely linked to verbs; these particles generally precede the verb and are often neighboring the corresponding verb. Particle expressing potential Particle expressing recent past", "Adverbials are a type of particle. Unlike other particles in Arapaho, however, they are not a closed class and are instead derived from or composed of other morphemes. One purpose of adverbial construction is to emphasize a morpheme by extracting it from a verb and having it stand alone. Another purpose is to convey meaning outside of what can normally be attached to a verb. Adverbials are constructed by appending /iihi'/ (which can become /uuhu'/ after vowel harmony) to the end of the root. A common usage of adverbials is to modify verbs. Adverbials can also act like prepositions and modify noun phrases; such adverbials can occur before or after the noun phrase and are thus exceptions to the rule that nominal modifiers prepose the noun (see example below)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 43796, 110117, 112, 3038, 112, 83, 5201, 538, 181653, 25297, 538, 8305, 64707, 5037, 53, 57860, 4, 390, 375, 964, 592, 142518, 90, 164, 9060, 15, 3284, 8345, 2667, 61942, 13, 136, 64707, 1409, 16, 678, 82, 3038, 22110, 17368, 10, 12924, 15, 46280, 71407, 1690, 497, 28483, 16, 60199, 54305, 12, 360, 903, 3917, 4, 40368, 75281, 199823, 124062, 621, 181653, 77253, 538, 5, 43796, 110117, 112, 3038, 112, 1543, 2843, 186, 133888, 390, 128713, 84382, 4317, 36290, 66, 929, 678, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 2906, 11443, 1771, 43840, 136, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 21754, 50840, 67, 5, 581, 18831, 56219, 158, 555, 2189, 70541, 7, 7401, 764, 27686, 99, 1496, 16207, 441, 4, 3129, 158, 118435, 7, 51, 1283, 89829, 502, 3180, 929, 4, 1284, 114864, 28340, 6236, 112, 3038, 112, 47, 27875, 5, 581, 28340, 6236, 112, 3038, 112, 101319, 83, 109312, 158, 555, 5281, 3934, 10, 202319, 53299, 42, 5, 360, 903, 70767, 4, 2499, 28340, 6236, 112, 3038, 112, 100, 4806, 83, 109312, 184750, 1295, 70, 131300, 748, 4, 4911, 7, 442, 14602, 959, 2046, 645, 9, 61942, 29367, 47, 28340, 6402, 43840, 5, 1650, 83, 7893, 538, 11814, 237, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 1927, 1928, 3038, 365, 1974, 34414, 15, 16999, 441, 132, 110776, 841, 16, 16, 8305, 10, 188171, 1363, 132539, 678, 23113, 112, 3038, 112, 74, 903, 1927, 929, 83, 142, 5526, 81814, 2182, 23, 70, 36049, 111, 144, 1002, 71, 456, 6700, 5, 64511, 86685, 26698, 456, 77391, 47, 502, 3180, 929, 136, 128713, 2320, 47, 28340, 6402, 43840, 5, 1657, 34609, 2320, 111, 28340, 6236, 112, 3038, 112, 678, 44, 720, 18, 58, 9, 8789, 7809, 2962, 76199, 14045, 16999, 16999, 1369, 839, 9, 58, 18, 58, 9, 7235, 4, 10, 17262, 9, 3284, 8345, 33976, 46389, 11814, 23, 107554, 142518, 90, 164, 5, 262, 18606, 191, 2320, 111, 903, 17, 2962, 678, 339, 6538, 27489, 7, 14045, 16999, 9506, 16999, 1369, 839, 9, 58, 18, 58, 9, 7235, 4, 3129, 23, 15504, 158, 118435, 7, 678, 34080, 3038, 988, 5, 85303, 1687, 1314, 765, 96391, 297, 28340, 6236, 112, 3038, 112, 15, 11, 10617, 678, 10, 15322, 38149, 16, 23, 70, 233239, 76746, 947, 84050, 116613, 335, 304, 43573, 70, 27585, 111, 70, 10663, 1002, 42261, 13356, 4, 1672, 116, 102525, 22729, 5369, 1295, 64883, 5, 2161, 496, 20414, 24635, 172647, 7, 113771, 450, 54799, 70, 5117, 23996, 34695, 111, 70, 44, 683, 99721, 13, 58, 6, 101500, 98, 1380, 18, 12661, 64, 683, 71579, 4, 72350, 9035, 390, 70, 6, 95838, 15012, 136, 436, 188, 133, 1176, 13984, 7, 122273, 297, 37195, 8927, 107554, 217773, 7, 4, 22759, 111, 3129, 3542, 51592, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 98, 10, 1380, 18, 4, 26719, 1030, 126, 1191, 112, 4, 10, 329, 40491, 4, 435, 65853, 83, 6652, 28477, 67, 136, 28340, 6236, 112, 3038, 112, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 43796, 110117, 112, 3038, 112, 707, 502, 3180, 289, 83, 70, 107554, 217773, 678, 70, 26168, 14045, 16999, 110776, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 131457, 3674, 5691, 3284, 8345, 34080, 3038, 112, 136, 83, 10, 118990, 141, 13882, 1991, 111, 10, 329, 40491, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 10576, 9393, 41931, 678, 10, 161549, 72405, 1916, 4, 41896, 53, 36, 1846, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Production.", "Laboratory preparation.", "Uses.", "Extraterrestrial occurrence." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Propionaldehyde is mainly produced industrially through hydroformylation, by combining synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) with ethylene using a metal (typically rhodium) catalyst: In this way, several hundred thousand tons are produced annually.", "Propionaldehyde may also be prepared by oxidizing 1-propanol with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The reflux condenser contains water heated at 60 °C, which condenses unreacted propanol, but allows propionaldehyde to pass. The propionaldehyde vapor is immediately condensed into a suitable receiver. In this arrangement, any propionaldehyde formed is immediately removed from the reactor, thus it does not get over-oxidized to propionic acid.", "It is principally used as a precursor to trimethylolethane (CHC(CHOH)) through a condensation reaction with formaldehyde; this triol is an important intermediate in the production of alkyd resins. Other applications include reduction to propanol and oxidation to propionic acid. Condensation of propionaldehyde with \"tert\"-butylamine gives CHCHCH=N-\"t\"-Bu, a three-carbon building block used in organic synthesis. Deprotonation of this imine with LDA produces CHCHLiCH=N-\"t\"-Bu, which in turn condenses with aldehydes.", "Astronomers have detected propionaldehyde (along with acrolein) in the molecular cloud Sagittarius B2 near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, about 26,000 light years from Earth. On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the \"Philae\" lander on comet 67/P surface, measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 541, 85556, 136, 52262, 12008, 10, 39210, 3283, 25443, 5, 581, 14997, 13, 111, 189413, 13, 58055, 7, 111, 61112, 5, 35014, 90, 3129, 621, 43032, 111, 3789, 61112, 621, 35839, 5423, 7, 5, 62, 18507, 3129, 83, 959, 10, 5423, 83, 10, 27798, 18507, 5, 581, 128489, 13, 34627, 1771, 149357, 7, 83687, 209274, 707, 28, 161789, 5, 17106, 70, 131527, 111, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 4, 70, 25632, 10, 5134, 28016, 621, 70, 5701, 237, 8382, 100, 541, 85556, 4, 17, 7432, 80973, 41653, 10, 8752, 5, 581, 128201, 238, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 10, 5134, 28016, 187016, 70, 25632, 10481, 43315, 128779, 12, 224545, 134393, 12, 35014, 90, 19441, 70, 5701, 43032, 621, 70, 5701, 18507, 5, 62, 5423, 136, 10, 18507, 19441, 70, 5701, 111938, 621, 31943, 6827, 5, 572, 6620, 52262, 83, 959, 10, 6626, 9, 62351, 297, 154453, 4, 170894, 7, 47, 70, 2304, 1294, 959, 76228, 144057, 5, 32807, 12, 98423, 351, 33548, 939, 18507, 44, 284, 58, 83, 2837, 513, 4288, 1295, 99, 19713, 1632, 111, 6863, 43032, 5, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 12, 10842, 10555, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 186, 2499, 26168, 23, 70, 46876, 111, 52262, 23, 3129, 44, 425, 58, 83, 10, 4092, 77336, 136, 44, 1723, 58, 83, 959, 4092, 5, 10555, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 1543, 70541, 171859, 7, 3129, 621, 40101, 5423, 7, 707, 27798, 61112, 5, 5455, 210435, 14, 25958, 4, 70, 55230, 47314, 77336, 7, 23, 10555, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 1543, 37457, 645, 756, 61112, 136, 959, 1660, 645, 756, 5423, 7, 74, 44, 100231, 83, 70, 4734, 3917, 52262, 129927, 7, 1295, 541, 85556, 740, 47009, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 18507, 26168, 454, 1019, 124901, 43032, 621, 66161, 8382, 5423, 7, 44, 425, 58, 6044, 450, 26168, 454, 1126, 32497, 1810, 29568, 5, 15236, 25958, 4, 2174, 44, 1723, 58, 83, 959, 4092, 23, 10555, 12, 37897, 2852, 12, 1326, 2499, 5423, 7, 44, 425, 58, 136, 44, 53, 830, 2685, 32316, 7, 10, 5423, 26168, 454, 1662, 124901, 43032, 621, 66161, 44, 425, 58, 136, 44, 53, 740, 37897, 2852, 86872, 7, 70, 51, 80596, 297, 80836, 23, 69407, 111, 3129, 70, 12989, 297, 80836, 4, 26168, 454, 2681, 4, 1543, 186, 61924, 71, 23, 70, 115723, 3917, 4, 237, 26168, 454, 2592, 5, 17106, 12989, 297, 80836, 7, 23, 3535, 4, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 22, 19736, 13204, 449, 91582, 136, 32354, 7, 98, 5423, 7, 237, 5423, 7, 111, 12989, 297, 80836, 7, 4, 20662, 7722, 70, 11737, 10, 5134, 306, 12, 125177, 2320, 111, 80378, 12, 44, 441, 58, 83, 10, 27798, 18507, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 44, 856, 58, 831, 186, 291, 48398, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 3934, 44, 441, 740, 581, 23113, 11389, 111, 903, 10, 5134, 306, 3332, 195, 13566, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 61903, 111, 91995, 674, 4, 136, 148696, 34204, 70, 18507, 32354, 44, 919, 740, 581, 11737, 40059, 73342, 7, 3642, 125177, 2320, 111, 80378, 83, 37515, 56, 3501, 70, 115723, 3173, 7, 111, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 44126, 5, 17170, 5423, 12, 10842, 44, 254, 58, 186, 10, 18507, 124901, 43032, 621, 756, 7722, 1614, 3509, 7, 111, 70, 5423, 44, 11, 740, 47009, 44, 254, 58, 83, 10, 5423, 5, 32528, 12, 10842, 26168, 454, 2489, 186, 70, 10554, 18507, 111, 70, 5423, 44, 11, 830, 24, 110987, 70, 69941, 111, 756, 43032, 111, 44, 11, 740, 47009, 44, 7, 58, 83, 10, 5423, 5, 134322, 53, 12, 8622, 32316, 7, 142, 135989, 4935, 5423, 44, 53, 830, 91084, 450, 15, 14, 16, 70, 201505, 5423, 83, 10, 32786, 111, 44, 53, 56128, 15, 1573, 16, 2174, 44, 425, 58, 83, 10, 32786, 111, 44, 53, 830, 7068, 221, 83, 26168, 454, 2947, 5, 18622, 450, 44, 254, 58, 136, 44, 7, 58, 23, 17170, 19943, 136, 32528, 621, 32813, 538, 4, 959, 99707, 14, 25958, 4, 55230, 47314, 4, 237, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 133784, 5170, 47, 137633, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 44, 254, 58, 136, 44, 7, 740, 17170, 19943, 136, 32528, 4734, 21265, 47, 137633, 450, 44, 254, 58, 136, 44, 7, 58, 53418, 186, 27798, 61112, 5, 581, 36917, 10, 5134, 28016, 621, 99764, 678, 3789, 5423, 3790, 10484, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 7465, 92, 223265, 136, 123099, 19, 5173, 87053, 621, 5423, 154453, 7986, 7, 88303, 10932, 52262, 74, 123099, 19, 25, 7, 3283, 25443, 96853, 2780, 62766, 7, 5, 32255, 42179, 7, 136, 1111, 1743, 1681, 15, 55589, 12, 116, 125868, 137447, 450, 52262, 14602, 2367, 83, 84751, 111, 10, 5423, 154453, 12960, 8035, 40715, 1452, 1297, 43452, 3501, 567, 27529, 136, 541, 85556, 5, 52262, 83, 81113, 538, 37515, 56, 3501, 567, 27529, 136, 6863, 17467, 4935, 111938, 541, 85556, 4, 70, 3789, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 5423, 154453, 678, 27798, 61112, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 541, 85556, 2451, 2940, 8311, 329, 567, 27529, 2451, 4398, 186, 77443, 74729, 23, 52262, 5, 52262, 25, 7, 90254, 36418, 7, 1295, 6863, 10, 5134, 306, 61903, 111, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 8035, 73340, 18601, 4935, 4, 91084, 450, 10555, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 1543, 70541, 55230, 47314, 77336, 7, 17163, 214, 645, 61112, 5, 581, 55230, 47314, 77336, 7, 23, 541, 85556, 25, 7, 10, 5134, 306, 61903, 111, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 621, 173072, 297, 47, 5423, 7, 74, 8311, 329, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 23, 541, 85556, 8110, 186, 1653, 2063, 4935, 5, 15, 4233, 2500, 2320, 678, 15072, 47, 5423, 7, 83, 7464, 73340, 18601, 4935, 23, 541, 85556, 4, 6637, 70, 55230, 85789, 7, 23, 10555, 132, 58, 425, 18939, 1543, 37457, 645, 756, 5423, 7, 5, 16, 581, 541, 85556, 10, 5134, 306, 61903, 111, 35014, 142158, 3220, 6889, 831, 186, 91995, 71, 678, 35108, 37838, 5941, 111, 6863, 110527, 7, 74, 903, 83, 959, 7722, 23, 52262, 5, 52262, 83, 74729, 35845, 47, 567, 27529, 9620, 1183, 71, 390, 142, 10, 5134, 306, 10, 16865, 1916, 70, 6, 116311, 111, 37515, 538, 23, 113041, 28236, 200103, 7, 5, 581, 4734, 92940, 111, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 111, 205969, 111, 13267, 83, 450, 442, 35388, 90, 70, 10, 5134, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 70, 137374, 7, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 5919, 184, 1104, 182054, 4293, 5423, 154453, 15, 47859, 247, 23203, 4293, 1104, 101398, 184, 5423, 154453, 15, 47848, 247, 5919, 184, 1104, 618, 82098, 5423, 154453, 15, 37290, 247, 57418, 13, 1104, 101398, 184, 5423, 154453, 15, 172759, 16, 707, 70, 5426, 111, 57418, 13, 136, 5919, 184, 83, 10, 5117, 12989, 10, 78697, 47148, 5423, 154453, 450, 83, 20903, 538, 62548, 47, 542, 11059, 5761, 1104, 33189, 13650, 7, 1104, 724, 21166, 583, 5423, 154453, 15, 49321, 724, 194, 51404, 542, 11059, 5761, 1104, 33189, 13650, 7, 1104, 724, 21166, 583, 5423, 154453, 173072, 7, 70, 6, 99091, 77336, 7, 23, 70, 61903, 9523, 26168, 108975, 214, 23, 70, 10, 5134, 306, 61903, 111, 35014, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "MK axioms and ontology.", "Discussion.", "Model theory.", "History.", "The axioms in Kelley's \"General topology\".", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "NBG and MK share a common ontology. The universe of discourse consists of classes. Classes which are members of other classes are called sets. A class which is not a set is a proper class. The primitive atomic sentences involve membership or equality. With the exception of Class Comprehension, the following axioms are the same as those for NBG, inessential details aside. The symbolic versions of the axioms employ the following notational devices: Extensionality: Classes having the same members are the same class. A set and a class having the same extension are identical. Hence MK is not a two-sorted theory, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding. Foundation: Each nonempty class \"A\" is disjoint from at least one of its members. Class Comprehension: Let φ(\"x\") be any formula in the language of MK in which \"x\" is a free variable and \"Y\" is not free. φ(\"x\") may contain parameters which are either sets or proper classes. More consequentially, the quantified variables in φ(\"x\") may range over all classes and not just over all sets; \"this is the only way MK differs from NBG\". Then there exists a class formula_8 whose members are exactly those sets \"x\" such that formula_9 comes out true. Formally, if \"Y\" is not free in φ: Pairing: For any sets \"x\" and \"y\", there exists a set formula_11 whose members are exactly \"x\" and \"y\". Pairing licenses the unordered pair in terms of which the ordered pair, formula_13, may be defined in the usual way, as formula_14. With ordered pairs in hand, Class Comprehension enables defining relations and functions on sets as sets of ordered pairs, making possible the next axiom: Limitation of Size: \"C\" is a proper class if and only if \"V\" can be mapped one-to-one into \"C\". The formal version of this axiom resembles the axiom schema of replacement, and embodies the class function \"F\". The next section explains how Limitation of Size is stronger than the usual forms of the axiom of choice. Power set: Let \"p\" be a class whose members are all possible subsets of the set \"a\". Then \"p\" is a set. Union: Let formula_17 be the sum class of the set \"a\", namely the union of all members of \"a\". Then \"s\" is a set. Infinity: There exists an inductive set \"y\", meaning that (i) the empty set is a member of \"y\"; (ii) if \"x\" is a member of \"y\", then so is formula_19. Note that \"p\" and \"s\" in Power Set and Union are universally, not existentially, quantified, as Class Comprehension suffices to establish the existence of \"p\" and \"s\". Power Set and Union only serve to establish that \"p\" and \"s\" cannot be proper classes. The above axioms are shared with other set theories as follows:", "Monk (1980) and Rubin (1967) are set theory texts built around MK; Rubin's ontology includes urelements. These authors and Mendelson (1997: 287) submit that MK does what is expected of a set theory while being less cumbersome than ZFC and NBG. MK is strictly stronger than ZFC and its conservative extension NBG, the other well-known set theory with proper classes. In fact, NBG—and hence ZFC—can be proved consistent in MK. MK's strength stems from its axiom schema of Class Comprehension being impredicative, meaning that φ(\"x\") may contain quantified variables ranging over classes. The quantified variables in NBG's axiom schema of Class Comprehension are restricted to sets; hence Class Comprehension in NBG must be predicative. (Separation with respect to sets is still impredicative in NBG, because the quantifiers in φ(\"x\") may range over all sets.) The NBG axiom schema of Class Comprehension can be replaced with finitely many of its instances; this is not possible in MK. MK is consistent relative to ZFC augmented by an axiom asserting the existence of strongly inaccessible cardinals. The only advantage of the axiom of limitation of size is that it implies the axiom of global choice. Limitation of Size does not appear in Rubin (1967), Monk (1980), or Mendelson (1997). Instead, these authors invoke a usual form of the local axiom of choice, and an \"axiom of replacement,\" asserting that if the domain of a class function is a set, its range is also a set. Replacement can prove everything that Limitation of Size proves, except prove some form of the axiom of choice. Limitation of Size plus \"I\" being a set (hence the universe is nonempty) renders provable the sethood of the empty set; hence no need for an axiom of empty set. Such an axiom could be added, of course, and minor perturbations of the above axioms would necessitate this addition. The set \"I\" is not identified with the limit ordinal formula_21 as \"I\" could be a set larger than formula_22 In this case, the existence of formula_23 would follow from either form of Limitation of Size. The class of von Neumann ordinals can be well-ordered. It cannot be a set (under pain of paradox); hence that class is a proper class, and all proper classes have the same size as \"V\". Hence \"V\" too can be well-ordered. MK can be confused with second-order ZFC, ZFC with second-order logic (representing second-order objects in set rather than predicate language) as its background logic. The language of second-order ZFC is similar to that of MK (although a set and a class having the same extension can no longer be identified), and their syntactical resources for practical proof are almost identical (and are identical if MK includes the strong form of Limitation of Size). But the semantics of second-order ZFC are quite different from those of MK. For example, if MK is consistent then it has a countable first-order model, while second-order ZFC has no countable models.", "ZFC, NBG, and MK each have models describable in terms of \"V\", the standard model of ZFC and the von Neumann universe. Let the inaccessible cardinal κ be a member of \"V\". Also let Def(\"X\") denote the Δ definable subsets of \"X\" (see constructible universe). Then:", "MK was first set out in and popularized in an appendix to J. L. Kelley's (1955) \"General Topology\", using the axioms given in the next section. The system of Anthony Morse's (1965) \"A Theory of Sets\" is equivalent to Kelley's, but formulated in an idiosyncratic formal language rather than, as is done here, in standard first order logic. The first set theory to include impredicative class comprehension was Quine's ML, that built on New Foundations rather than on ZFC. Impredicative class comprehension was also proposed in Mostowski (1951) and Lewis (1991).", "The axioms and definitions in this section are, but for a few inessential details, taken from the Appendix to Kelley (1955). The explanatory remarks below are not his. The Appendix states 181 theorems and definitions, and warrants careful reading as an abbreviated exposition of axiomatic set theory by a working mathematician of the first rank. Kelley introduced his axioms gradually, as needed to develop the topics listed after each instance of \"Develop\" below. Notations appearing below and now well-known are not defined. Peculiarities of Kelley's notation include: Definition: \"x\" is a \"set\" (and hence not a proper class) if, for some \"y\", formula_25. I. Extent: For each \"x\" and each \"y\", \"x=y\" if and only if for each \"z\", formula_26 when and only when formula_27 Identical to \"Extensionality\" above. I would be identical to the axiom of extensionality in ZFC, except that the scope of I includes proper classes as well as sets. II. Classification (schema): An axiom results if in 'α' and 'β' are replaced by variables,'\"A\"'by a formula Æ, and'\"B\"'by the formula obtained from Æ by replacing each occurrence of the variable which replaced α by the variable which replaced β provided that the variable which replaced β does not appear bound in \"A\". \"Develop\": Boolean algebra of sets. Existence of the null class and of the universal class \"V\". III. Subsets: If \"x\" is a set, there exists a set \"y\" such that for each \"z\", if formula_32, then formula_27 The import of III is that of \"Power Set\" above. Sketch of the proof of Power Set from III: for any \"class\" \"z\" which is a subclass of the set \"x\", the class \"z\" is a member of the set \"y\" whose existence III asserts. Hence \"z\" is a set. \"Develop\": \"V\" is not a set. Existence of singletons. Separation provable. IV. Union: If \"x\" and \"y\" are both sets, then formula_34 is a set. The import of IV is that of \"Pairing\" above. Sketch of the proof of Pairing from IV: the singleton formula_35 of a set \"x\" is a set because it is a subclass of the power set of \"x\" (by two applications of III). Then IV implies that formula_36 is a set if \"x\" and \"y\" are sets. \"Develop\": Unordered and ordered pairs, relations, functions, domain, range, function composition. V. Substitution: If \"f\" is a [class] function and \"domain f\" is a set, then \"range f\" is a set. The import of V is that of the axiom schema of replacement in NBG and ZFC. VI. Amalgamation: If \"x\" is a set, then formula_37 is a set. The import of VI is that of \"Union\" above. IV and VI may be combined into one axiom. \"Develop\": Cartesian product, injection, surjection, bijection, order theory. VII. Regularity: If formula_38 there is a member \"y\" of \"x\" such that formula_39 The import of VII is that of \"Foundation\" above. \"Develop\": Ordinal numbers, transfinite induction. VIII. Infinity: There exists a set \"y\", such that formula_40 and formula_41 whenever formula_42 This axiom, or equivalents thereto, are included in ZFC and NBG. VIII asserts the unconditional existence of two sets, the infinite inductive set \"y\", and the null set formula_43 formula_3 is a set simply because it is a member of \"y\". Up to this point, everything that has been proved to exist is a class, and Kelley's discussion of sets was entirely hypothetical. \"Develop\": Natural numbers, N is a set, Peano axioms, integers, rational numbers, real numbers. Definition: \"c\" is a \"choice function\" if \"c\" is a function and formula_45 for each member \"x\" of \"domain c\". IX. Choice: There exists a choice function \"c\" whose domain is formula_46. IX is very similar to the axiom of global choice derivable from \"Limitation of Size\" above. \"Develop\": Equivalents of the axiom of choice. As is the case with ZFC, the development of the cardinal numbers requires some form of Choice. If the scope of all quantified variables in the above axioms is restricted to sets, all axioms except III and the schema IV are ZFC axioms. IV is provable in ZFC. Hence the Kelley treatment of MK makes very clear that all that distinguishes MK from ZFC are variables ranging over proper classes as well as sets, and the Classification schema.", "From Foundations of Mathematics (FOM) discussion group:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 31384, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 58, 114149, 70541, 4224, 2962, 4, 3129, 4, 23, 2412, 4517, 136, 47, 10, 199, 2189, 192961, 23, 377, 46401, 4, 83, 6, 74735, 136, 831, 22304, 78574, 82649, 4, 3789, 7484, 82649, 4, 9879, 11066, 13048, 5426, 82649, 4, 136, 47219, 5, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 187, 38177, 76, 45710, 830, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 50895, 7636, 830, 136, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 1620, 7668, 590, 7668, 7, 58, 621, 51529, 47, 70541, 70, 144, 51423, 30185, 44, 839, 830, 58, 839, 58, 9, 397, 37290, 4, 8967, 6696, 670, 9, 397, 37290, 4, 136, 8967, 56585, 9, 397, 37290, 15, 978, 49214, 33, 73, 194, 31384, 25188, 1556, 2809, 16940, 3934, 70, 141796, 2481, 111, 144, 51423, 30185, 23, 70, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 58, 27689, 5908, 5, 7832, 5425, 678, 11192, 90926, 111, 144, 51423, 30185, 621, 2965, 71864, 297, 23, 31913, 7, 678, 4224, 35401, 377, 46401, 136, 2412, 4517, 4, 4743, 47, 38516, 6, 74735, 2481, 5, 62771, 11192, 9, 18829, 365, 532, 177488, 7, 26698, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 50895, 7636, 6, 102118, 5759, 58, 136, 70, 114149, 44, 683, 5, 1620, 7668, 590, 7668, 7, 740, 85135, 289, 136, 92949, 103510, 7, 2843, 108975, 47, 52490, 144, 51423, 532, 202104, 4, 237, 2684, 6, 74735, 2481, 74918, 7, 23, 10, 89583, 19, 136, 23, 20028, 111, 16810, 46526, 5, 11678, 15555, 927, 7103, 4224, 35401, 707, 931, 14775, 2843, 45831, 10, 150675, 51312, 23, 144, 51423, 30185, 5, 360, 18237, 267, 4, 81158, 7, 111, 56409, 5854, 15938, 232, 3542, 139999, 71, 178707, 1295, 44, 195994, 37206, 1924, 21407, 7, 58, 3129, 113660, 10336, 59897, 25251, 4, 10, 86669, 111, 552, 9, 43297, 1363, 136, 3365, 127966, 5, 14847, 40681, 1703, 7, 83, 11814, 47, 61590, 6867, 59907, 4, 171751, 7, 831, 606, 35485, 46317, 1277, 47, 2363, 85825, 707, 91718, 442, 98, 2363, 452, 54889, 4, 47, 59959, 85825, 26548, 70, 93425, 111, 40681, 1703, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 39734, 83, 959, 19882, 47, 56409, 5854, 15938, 232, 136, 1836, 134729, 1295, 70, 144, 51423, 532, 5737, 31, 592, 5, 581, 1924, 21407, 7, 194923, 83, 1286, 39210, 23, 6867, 59907, 23, 58555, 678, 46844, 34165, 221, 7870, 4, 3129, 70541, 297, 40715, 46317, 1277, 3501, 16352, 1277, 221, 7870, 5, 438, 86, 111, 70, 36917, 144, 51423, 30185, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 2809, 14037, 23, 44, 683, 5, 72941, 2472, 3296, 830, 44, 683, 5, 831, 147, 120790, 830, 44, 683, 5, 43967, 58, 136, 113490, 7, 111, 44, 683, 5, 187, 38177, 76, 45710, 58, 25842, 678, 44, 683, 5, 50895, 7636, 740, 31384, 114149, 621, 11814, 23, 19014, 71, 6, 132641, 70767, 7, 5, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 831, 147, 120790, 58, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 100, 263, 6468, 26420, 5, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 187, 38177, 76, 45710, 58, 83, 2843, 8035, 110324, 6259, 237, 10, 38516, 3530, 39060, 3432, 13081, 254, 23, 122963, 5, 24990, 3387, 26698, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 111953, 1703, 7, 83, 10, 107396, 111, 27689, 5908, 5, 179117, 223, 114149, 111, 44, 683, 18033, 3679, 58, 55993, 98, 11907, 72852, 40494, 149397, 49086, 11, 5, 10660, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 10, 134744, 37457, 111, 117016, 7, 1295, 35064, 15520, 17366, 47, 137107, 111, 74261, 36917, 15520, 17366, 136, 1295, 36311, 10283, 3038, 58555, 47, 36898, 44677, 5, 44, 683, 5, 187, 38177, 76, 45710, 58, 136, 44, 683, 5, 50895, 7636, 58, 621, 68018, 116000, 272, 114149, 23, 36311, 15534, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Alkaloids.", "Uses.", "Species." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Some \"Phalaris\" species contain gramine, which, in sheep and to a lesser extent in cattle, is toxic and can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage, and death. \"Phalaris arundinacea\", \"Phalaris aquatica\", and \"Phalaris brachystachys\" are known to contain the alkaloids \"N\",\"N\"-DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin). Some research has been done into the variability of alkaloids in the \"Phalaris\" grasses. Strains with high levels of alkaloids are best avoided in locations with grazing cattle and sheep, due to potential toxicity. Such high-alkaloid strains include \"Phalaris aquatica AQ-1\" and the species \"P. brachystachys\". Seasonal and weather patterns also appear to affect alkaloid concentration, as most toxicity occurs in autumn and in times of drought. Regrowth after grazing or mowing also shows a considerable increase in alkaloids. In June 2018, mobs of wild kangaroos were observed suffering from \"phalaris staggers\" which causes head tremors, a loss of co-ordination and collapse. When phalaris is used to feed livestock, farmers can administer cobalt to their animals or spray it on their pastures, to protect animals against the effects of phalaris. However, this treatment is not available to wild kangaroos and they suffer from the alkaloid poisoning. The staggers syndrome is more common in livestock in areas with limestone soils, which contained less cobalt than basalt soils. None of the above alkaloids is said to have been found in \"P. californica\", \"P. canariensis\", \"P. minor\" and hybrids of \"P. arundinacea\" together with \"P. aquatica\".", "Some species are used in dried flower arrangements. \"Phalaris canariensis\" is commonly used for birdseed. \"Phalaris arundinacea\" is also being trialled as a potential bioenergy crop in Ireland.", "Species include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 5170, 831, 186, 62816, 29367, 23, 10, 14012, 111, 183234, 48322, 4, 3060, 111, 3129, 621, 145870, 35064, 12, 62, 6, 108047, 50944, 425, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 1840, 80611, 66, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 442, 83, 105950, 47, 6863, 606, 513, 4288, 4, 450, 83, 4, 442, 40407, 3387, 26168, 454, 966, 100, 2499, 80836, 111, 22834, 22230, 26168, 454, 1019, 4, 7440, 26168, 454, 1126, 8, 157, 1636, 70, 75414, 12996, 41018, 5, 3293, 83, 2843, 70, 3917, 450, 70, 1286, 4537, 23755, 111, 15970, 9, 712, 513, 4288, 39933, 83, 61924, 71, 5, 62, 6, 108047, 50944, 425, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 1840, 80611, 66, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 442, 83, 6044, 450, 26168, 454, 1662, 62, 6, 108047, 50944, 425, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 1840, 80611, 66, 2174, 136, 4734, 2174, 442, 83, 25072, 1686, 538, 207997, 1418, 2886, 678, 2773, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 5170, 621, 20531, 47, 70, 110436, 154453, 111, 50944, 425, 135969, 7, 75935, 390, 172794, 19614, 7, 48467, 4, 9920, 7422, 19, 4, 136, 238216, 44532, 23, 60487, 5, 360, 903, 40059, 4, 70, 228186, 67, 3900, 78381, 111, 50944, 425, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 8, 157, 3674, 237, 26168, 454, 2592, 4, 70, 3900, 78381, 111, 50944, 425, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 8, 157, 3674, 237, 26168, 454, 2485, 136, 228186, 67, 111, 50944, 425, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 8, 157, 3674, 237, 26168, 454, 1819, 5, 6872, 70, 25632, 27781, 12, 581, 207997, 80854, 8110, 186, 2773, 4, 237, 1836, 8110, 186, 2363, 10002, 27140, 228186, 67, 5, 22576, 9, 69723, 19, 87143, 111, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 5170, 26698, 70, 74111, 50944, 5170, 4, 70, 11730, 141, 9, 12662, 19, 50944, 5170, 136, 2363, 4537, 47691, 7, 5, 360, 70, 4524, 70760, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 6044, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 5170, 621, 27983, 118126, 297, 390, 114135, 53, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 4, 3129, 50339, 23, 21177, 434, 9, 25178, 80611, 66, 50944, 5170, 5, 11853, 4, 642, 18645, 15700, 80234, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 425, 17368, 142, 164789, 27781, 5, 4263, 10, 6, 108047, 50944, 425, 26168, 454, 2681, 105950, 7, 70, 127664, 1363, 111, 10, 50944, 425, 136, 6863, 228186, 67, 3900, 78381, 4, 450, 83, 4, 26168, 454, 3117, 4, 7068, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 10, 1840, 80611, 66, 24491, 36137, 9, 49919, 67, 50944, 425, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 2174, 26168, 454, 3742, 83, 6, 15555, 4393, 9, 36467, 4, 7068, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 24491, 71496, 13, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 15824, 7, 62548, 47, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 5170, 26698, 12, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 100, 10, 34475, 27140, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 425, 44, 594, 58, 136, 351, 80510, 173, 18770, 44, 425, 830, 70, 31681, 178080, 6, 41502, 18750, 26168, 454, 10057, 4, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 12, 1326, 2773, 50944, 5170, 136, 22834, 22230, 4, 70, 35431, 111, 8035, 1840, 80611, 66, 34390, 7, 47, 450, 111, 8035, 6, 230612, 238, 4, 136, 70, 228186, 67, 3900, 78381, 26168, 454, 4598, 47, 70, 115723, 3900, 78381, 26168, 454, 11540, 5, 18622, 450, 26168, 454, 10837, 100, 2499, 351, 9, 80510, 2773, 146232, 42, 26168, 454, 15748, 5, 22376, 4, 189232, 450, 10, 1840, 80611, 66, 15, 748, 2773, 6, 230612, 238, 16, 50944, 425, 1556, 2773, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 127887, 450, 4, 100, 10, 34475, 50944, 425, 4, 70, 31681, 178080, 6, 41502, 18750, 58359, 90, 6863, 15440, 34292, 26168, 454, 13307, 15, 2347, 19336, 525, 8518, 27494, 13, 111, 276, 16, 3229, 26168, 454, 12424, 83, 26168, 454, 14604, 15, 2347, 42518, 214, 8518, 272, 18770, 194, 209683, 538, 4, 26168, 454, 18197, 136, 26168, 454, 16028, 5, 581, 31681, 178080, 6, 41502, 18750, 83, 11814, 23, 70, 881, 9, 24084, 70, 58391, 47, 2046, 24763, 142424, 111, 756, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 11814, 23, 8518, 27494, 13, 234873, 7, 47, 113054, 142, 8518, 27494, 13, 35707, 53950, 2320, 1295, 142, 8518, 272, 18770, 35707, 53950, 2320, 5, 209052, 25958, 4, 903, 83, 70, 18231, 100, 31681, 178080, 6, 41502, 18750, 17, 720, 2320, 5, 581, 37457, 111, 70, 31681, 178080, 6, 41502, 18750, 15, 2472, 50944, 425, 450, 83, 959, 204988, 1840, 80611, 66, 16, 83, 35839, 10, 54744, 6827, 37457, 15, 748, 235079, 23, 123309, 114137, 194, 14847, 70, 50944, 425, 83, 1840, 80611, 66, 4, 70, 54744, 6827, 37457, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 48502, 29088, 22599, 5, 50605, 23, 123309, 114137, 4, 26168, 454, 14212, 83, 51529, 237, 70, 48502, 29088, 4567, 223, 5, 360, 70, 43701, 111, 313, 1639, 9, 289, 429, 56095, 707, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 110436, 135969, 7, 4, 70, 32354, 450, 47, 30699, 1636, 70, 31681, 178080, 6, 41502, 18750, 100, 10, 188347, 136, 285, 38543, 8305, 70, 144, 429, 2844, 2806, 186, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 272, 18770, 11341, 58, 111, 70, 144, 429, 2844, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 10, 1840, 80611, 66, 50944, 425, 15, 748, 15970, 9, 712, 513, 4288, 50944, 425, 16, 83, 10, 27140, 6, 108047, 50944, 425, 450, 83, 105950, 47, 6863, 10002, 228186, 67, 3900, 78381, 2451, 86673, 83, 4, 70, 12830, 23, 70, 20, 927, 6, 15555, 136, 20, 927, 3365, 316, 19, 83, 105950, 47, 70, 27140, 228186, 67, 111, 70, 12830, 23, 70, 20, 927, 6, 15555, 136, 20, 927, 3365, 316, 19, 4, 100, 756, 136044, 7, 136, 152, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Alternative characterizations.", "Equality with the adjoint.", "Reality of quadratic forms.", "Spectral properties.", "Applications.", "Examples.", "Decomposition into Hermitian and skew-Hermitian.", "Rayleigh quotient." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Hermitian matrices can be characterized in a number of equivalent ways, some of which are listed below:", "A square matrix formula_2 is Hermitian if and only if it is equal to its adjoint, that is, it satisfies formula_7 for any pair of vectors formula_8, where formula_9 denotes the inner product operation. This is also the way that the more general concept of self-adjoint operator is defined.", "A square matrix formula_2 is Hermitian if and only if it is such that formula_11", "A square matrix formula_2 is Hermitian if and only if it is unitarily diagonalizable with real eigenvalues.", "Hermitian matrices are fundamental to the quantum theory of matrix mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925.", "In this section, the conjugate transpose of matrix formula_13 is denoted as formula_14, the transpose of matrix formula_13 is denoted as formula_16 and conjugate of matrix formula_13 is denoted as formula_18. See the following example: The diagonal elements must be real, as they must be their own complex conjugate. Well-known families of Hermitian matrices include the Pauli matrices, the Gell-Mann matrices and their generalizations. In theoretical physics such Hermitian matrices are often multiplied by imaginary coefficients, which results in skew-Hermitian matrices. Here, we offer another useful Hermitian matrix using an abstract example. If a square matrix formula_13 equals the multiplication of a matrix and its conjugate transpose, that is, formula_21, then formula_13 is a Hermitian positive semi-definite matrix. Furthermore, if formula_23 is row full-rank, then formula_13 is positive definite.", "Additional facts related to Hermitian matrices include:", "In mathematics, for a given complex Hermitian matrix \"M\" and nonzero vector \"x\", the Rayleigh quotient formula_58, is defined as: For real matrices and vectors, the condition of being Hermitian reduces to that of being symmetric, and the conjugate transpose formula_60 to the usual transpose formula_61. Note that formula_62 for any non-zero real scalar formula_63. Also, recall that a Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrix has real eigenvalues. It can be shown that, for a given matrix, the Rayleigh quotient reaches its minimum value formula_64 (the smallest eigenvalue of M) when formula_65 is formula_66 (the corresponding eigenvector). Similarly, formula_67 and formula_68. The Rayleigh quotient is used in the min-max theorem to get exact values of all eigenvalues. It is also used in eigenvalue algorithms to obtain an eigenvalue approximation from an eigenvector approximation. Specifically, this is the basis for Rayleigh quotient iteration. The range of the Rayleigh quotient (for matrix that is not necessarily Hermitian) is called a numerical range (or spectrum in functional analysis). When the matrix is Hermitian, the numerical range is equal to the spectral norm. Still in functional analysis, formula_69 is known as the spectral radius. In the context of C*-algebras or algebraic quantum mechanics, the function that to associates the Rayleigh quotient for a fixed and varying through the algebra would be referred to as \"vector state\" of the algebra." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 4488, 83, 29718, 3674, 390, 6863, 9879, 26366, 4, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 4, 10, 90223, 71, 4, 170277, 9525, 14, 4597, 111, 70, 16128, 5, 581, 613, 686, 6496, 40059, 7, 111, 70, 21261, 9842, 678, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 26983, 214, 678, 10, 226792, 136, 36770, 100306, 24, 4806, 1301, 2408, 141, 1952, 4, 2750, 1556, 33284, 297, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 98, 183851, 154388, 988, 5, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 25, 94859, 4, 5174, 1507, 4, 83, 99, 1919, 101785, 25, 7, 45314, 9966, 3229, 70, 13765, 9842, 7, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 46692, 9498, 56, 4126, 4, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 83, 23, 10, 160600, 59444, 23, 183505, 4, 95134, 19577, 13, 5674, 4, 7440, 764, 83, 135203, 50782, 10, 10696, 4, 673, 49725, 26548, 70, 14237, 9523, 20623, 136, 98320, 90365, 23, 163136, 4, 3129, 764, 9932, 3716, 98, 70, 479, 330, 49725, 5426, 111, 8, 60397, 4597, 53, 53019, 2858, 1104, 10461, 5, 18763, 64406, 6635, 23, 903, 29865, 83, 17149, 37138, 6431, 4, 10, 48665, 49063, 4, 2750, 122925, 7, 70, 9932, 282, 1295, 70, 148729, 47, 70, 27863, 6896, 1104, 43317, 5, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 103882, 7, 450, 1919, 226792, 1301, 2408, 141, 1952, 1556, 25737, 136, 36356, 7, 16065, 1295, 17149, 37138, 6431, 3229, 10, 21115, 111, 25921, 54410, 6791, 5, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 7068, 62163, 72856, 136, 26458, 7, 142, 10332, 46667, 100, 4358, 30646, 214, 5368, 5, 4687, 51776, 4049, 47, 10, 7155, 18, 6865, 3129, 2412, 15005, 7, 47, 237, 1919, 5368, 5, 8622, 4, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 64040, 1636, 1301, 2408, 141, 1952, 19107, 1104, 50490, 136, 7068, 5174, 1507, 10021, 4, 2750, 140526, 450, 1301, 2408, 141, 1952, 7228, 10, 17688, 81887, 98, 4049, 11438, 5, 24372, 40129, 214, 2363, 54479, 7, 26548, 12638, 3789, 4, 70, 78431, 3564, 7, 23, 94518, 720, 136, 70, 23902, 44188, 83797, 1284, 7464, 53520, 47, 65450, 99, 10, 14432, 5622, 23817, 1104, 50258, 5, 147466, 4, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 1927, 90, 47, 765, 1100, 678, 5174, 1507, 4, 1284, 764, 25, 7, 206735, 297, 390, 1301, 2408, 141, 1952, 4, 2750, 10, 1192, 7136, 7, 4049, 7103, 105556, 214, 70, 6626, 23, 11958, 21282, 5, 581, 17262, 738, 47, 70, 16839, 4, 7440, 1836, 621, 75412, 23, 10, 158, 23232, 3674, 167956, 645, 6, 116496, 57266, 21204, 1104, 62155, 5, 173340, 214, 47, 2363, 45314, 9966, 7, 4, 1836, 621, 158, 20549, 297, 390, 48772, 2298, 4, 10, 30396, 67, 13, 111, 72765, 7332, 4, 2750, 158, 4545, 1779, 2363, 81887, 7, 47, 78829, 3934, 70, 58984, 25, 7, 23410, 7, 23175, 132869, 194, 581, 226792, 7, 621, 645, 62783, 297, 390, 48772, 2298, 4, 604, 409, 6468, 4, 136, 142, 10, 17704, 11280, 44794, 67, 4, 2750, 17688, 538, 134357, 13, 2856, 5173, 1104, 69072, 4, 7068, 22691, 2856, 678, 94000, 136, 81810, 2856, 23, 53333, 17688, 103488, 44596, 1104, 85416, 5, 893, 30910, 53, 22, 1159, 90, 136, 70, 40, 944, 3956, 3564, 7, 678, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 136, 48772, 2298, 1119, 90965, 214, 200, 43576, 12960, 1836, 57491, 8305, 10, 22799, 70919, 99, 5174, 1507, 19441, 1100, 678, 10, 59671, 9, 46799, 9, 18345, 107368, 23040, 74, 136, 77681, 198465, 25842, 67294, 5, 3293, 40059, 111, 70, 20745, 63273, 2271, 4, 28601, 297, 390, 54704, 64370, 6044, 237, 96970, 136, 134405, 73, 237, 119492, 11, 9523, 111, 101255, 7340, 66, 19786, 107, 4, 51776, 3687, 10, 5155, 707, 6626, 7103, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 1119, 18211, 13765, 5, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 136, 226792, 7, 621, 77049, 71, 390, 1632, 111, 17149, 37138, 6431, 25, 7, 94859, 7, 4, 47, 10, 94000, 99, 70, 97761, 111, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 4, 10, 4092, 71, 669, 111, 38040, 10821, 180187, 4, 2750, 187507, 7, 1919, 138931, 678, 36, 2581, 19728, 10821, 136, 14395, 30590, 4173, 100781, 7154, 5, 24372, 118276, 3387, 23, 70, 101086, 7, 136, 23664, 7, 59150, 1104, 62946, 4, 70, 138931, 15, 840, 18, 538, 4092, 71, 1055, 16, 30957, 70, 45, 592, 17155, 4, 7440, 2363, 27980, 33284, 7, 2856, 5, 31501, 330, 71216, 132073, 621, 149976, 12960, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 6, 13034, 9109, 7, 1919, 180187, 136, 1919, 4589, 6620, 111, 52080, 104954, 1104, 123001, 5, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 25, 7, 8, 2500, 6644, 47, 70, 64848, 15, 1106, 83, 23, 216118, 16, 114864, 32628, 100, 77104, 54940, 70, 138931, 15, 8894, 1104, 117413, 5, 357, 8447, 1434, 223, 44632, 7, 47, 2363, 23335, 1294, 22120, 1672, 2363, 208244, 7, 4, 1672, 70, 92949, 4, 1672, 70, 7941, 20028, 4, 1672, 70, 3835, 27528, 4, 136, 1672, 70, 53019, 111, 2363, 20020, 5, 360, 1919, 149201, 7844, 8, 1434, 10763, 111, 190704, 12610, 6897, 4, 34410, 27446, 8, 20016, 7, 23, 58309, 6953, 70, 129474, 2481, 136, 4589, 21616, 10821, 7432, 111, 70, 211, 39798, 2182, 136, 36, 2581, 19728, 10821, 180187, 53, 111, 1919, 32070, 5, 24372, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 25, 7, 30646, 1295, 70, 60984, 31667, 15, 74329, 4, 70, 206846, 111, 132073, 83, 138755, 71, 4, 3060, 111, 2856, 2837, 1234, 52021, 237, 3789, 8562, 7, 111, 15381, 707, 137356, 71, 47, 102337, 40099, 24233, 1602, 3390, 238, 24092, 7, 5, 12676, 214, 3934, 142, 10750, 678, 17149, 37138, 6431, 15, 11, 121399, 2750, 23410, 538, 16401, 7, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 23, 2837, 85, 73, 247, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 122273, 7, 450, 764, 24145, 24124, 70, 602, 72555, 111, 64869, 13, 4, 2750, 6637, 111, 604, 6782, 32070, 509, 45890, 297, 23, 10, 56055, 92, 100, 105694, 2481, 15, 72208, 5, 4265, 84832, 43515, 1672, 10, 3542, 25400, 420, 173892, 136, 43198, 17007, 621, 30745, 15, 82036, 5, 77168, 214, 10, 96, 43806, 23, 70, 77104, 4, 10, 3474, 69131, 1681, 24, 4806, 33124, 73, 2658, 54410, 7, 678, 1919, 58386, 49628, 660, 2298, 15, 86468, 4, 2750, 69101, 7, 55, 19256, 26976, 678, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 25, 7, 58386, 117887, 102, 15, 87053, 5, 47009, 4699, 2749, 1861, 31, 5423, 7, 100, 927, 1919, 1221, 136, 76199, 33124, 73, 2658, 167934, 98, 3642, 47, 45367, 1919, 42762, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 20745, 63273, 2271, 4, 20745, 63273, 2271, 14788, 24073, 3957, 27432, 111, 947, 43804, 5062, 121635, 7, 74054, 707, 947, 939, 12056, 4, 83, 10, 42845, 4488, 111, 127663, 18822, 71, 47, 765, 2809, 59121, 390, 30006, 223, 34410, 27446, 4, 21208, 70, 29053, 32032, 40250, 6, 42485, 90, 70, 42179, 237, 2371, 2143, 34410, 27446, 5, 581, 44, 5464, 939, 35297, 19, 58, 83, 142, 27781, 111, 101255, 7340, 66, 19786, 107, 4, 3129, 83, 12921, 1295, 70, 23113, 51389, 19786, 107, 111, 3314, 1353, 289, 707, 86425, 329, 5, 581, 4488, 70541, 7, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 117303, 136, 51389, 15, 277, 3796, 538, 51529, 237, 6, 3142, 85583, 136, 131259, 80854, 74, 136, 84364, 136, 8, 408, 37379, 46692, 7, 5, 1301, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Synopsis.", "Chapters 1–26.", "Chapters 26–78, \"Cena Trimalchionis\" (Trimalchio's dinner).", "Chapters 79–98.", "Chapters 99–124.", "Chapters 125–141.", "Reconstruction of lost sections.", "Analysis.", "Date and authorship.", "Genre.", "Literary and cultural legacy.", "Apocryphal supplements.", "Historical contributions.", "Modern literature.", "Graphic arts.", "Film.", "Music and theatre.", "English translations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The work is narrated by its central figure, Encolpius, a retired, famous gladiator of the area. The surviving sections of the novel begin with Encolpius traveling with a companion and former lover named Ascyltos, who has joined Encolpius on numerous escapades. Encolpius' slave, Giton, is at his owner's lodging when the story begins.", "In the first passage preserved, Encolpius is in a Greek town in Campania, perhaps Puteoli, where he is standing outside a school, railing against the Asiatic style and false taste in literature, which he blames on the prevailing system of declamatory education (1–2). His adversary in this debate is Agamemnon, a sophist, who shifts the blame from the teachers to the parents (3–5). Encolpius discovers that his companion Ascyltos has left and breaks away from Agamemnon when a group of students arrive (6). Encolpius then gets lost and asks an old woman for help returning home. She takes him to a brothel which she refers to as his home. There, Encolpius locates Ascyltos (7–8) and then Giton (8), who claims that Ascyltos made a sexual attempt on him (9). After raising their voices against each other, the fight ends in laughter and the friends reconcile but still agree to split at a later date (9–10). Later, Encolpius tries to have sex with Giton, but he's interrupted by Ascyltos, who assaults him after catching the two in bed (11). The three go to the market, where they are involved in a convoluted dispute over stolen property (12–15). Returning to their lodgings, they are confronted by Quartilla, a devotee of Priapus, who condemns their attempts to pry into the cult's secrets (16–18). The companions are overpowered by Quartilla, her maids, and an aged male prostitute, who sexually torture them (19–21), then provide them with dinner and engage them in further sexual activity (21–26). An orgy ensues and the sequence ends with Encolpius and Quartilla exchanging kisses while they spy through a keyhole at Giton having sex with a seven-year-old virgin girl; and finally sleeping together (26).", "This section of the Satyricon, regarded by classicists such as Conte and Rankin as emblematic of Menippean satire, takes place a day or two after the beginning of the extant story. Encolpius and companions are invited by one of Agamemnon's slaves, to a dinner at the estate of Trimalchio, a freedman of enormous wealth, who entertains his guests with ostentatious and grotesque extravagance. After preliminaries in the baths and halls (26–30), the guests (mostly freedmen) enter the dining room, where their host joins them. Extravagant courses are served while Trimalchio flaunts his wealth and his pretence of learning (31–41). Trimalchio's departure to the toilet (he is incontinent) allows space for conversation among the guests (41–46). Encolpius listens to their ordinary talk about their neighbors, about the weather, about the hard times, about the public games, and about the education of their children. In his insightful depiction of everyday Roman life, Petronius delights in exposing the vulgarity and pretentiousness of the illiterate and ostentatious wealthy of his age. After Trimalchio's return from the lavatory (47), the succession of courses is resumed, some of them disguised as other kinds of food or arranged to resemble certain zodiac signs. Falling into an argument with Agamemnon (a guest who secretly holds Trimalchio in disdain), Trimalchio reveals that he once saw the Sibyl of Cumae, who because of her great age was suspended in a flask for eternity (48). Supernatural stories about a werewolf (62) and witches are told (63). Following a lull in the conversation, a stonemason named Habinnas arrives with his wife Scintilla (65), who compares jewellery with Trimalchio's wife Fortunata (67). Then Trimalchio sets forth his will and gives Habinnas instructions on how to build his monument when he is dead (71). Encolpius and his companions, by now wearied and disgusted, try to leave as the other guests proceed to the baths, but are prevented by a porter (72). They escape only after Trimalchio holds a mock funeral for himself. The, mistaking the sound of horns for a signal that a fire has broken out, burst into the residence (78). Using this sudden alarm as an excuse to get rid of the sophist Agamemnon, whose company Encolpius and his friends are weary of, they flee as if from a real fire (78).", "Encolpius returns with his companions to the inn but, having drunk too much wine, passes out while Ascyltos takes advantage of the situation and seduces Giton (79). On the next day, Encolpius wakes to find his lover and Ascyltos in bed together naked. Encolpius quarrels with Ascyltos and the two agree to part, but Encolpius is shocked when Giton decides to stay with Ascyltos (80). After two or three days spent in separate lodgings sulking and brooding on his revenge, Encolpius sets out with sword in hand, but is disarmed by a soldier he encounters in the street (81–82). After entering a picture gallery, he meets with an old poet, Eumolpus. The two exchange complaints about their misfortunes (83–84), and Eumolpus tells how, when he pursued an affair with a boy in Pergamon while employed as his tutor, the youth wore him out with his own high libido (85–87). After talking about the decay of art and the inferiority of the painters and writers of the age to the old masters (88), Eumolpus illustrates a picture of the capture of Troy by some verses on that theme (89). This ends when those who are walking in the adjoining colonnade drive Eumolpus out with stones (90). Encolpius invites Eumolpus to dinner. As he returns home, Encolpius encounters Giton who begs him to take him back as his lover. Encolpius finally forgives him (91). Eumolpus arrives from the baths and reveals that a man there (evidently Ascyltos) was looking for someone called Giton (92). Encolpius decides not to reveal Giton's identity, but he and the poet fall into rivalry over the boy (93–94). This leads to a fight between Eumolpus and the other residents of the (95–96), which is broken up by the manager Bargates. Then Ascyltos arrives with a municipal slave to search for Giton, who hides under a bed at Encolpius's request (97). Eumolpus threatens to reveal him but after much negotiation ends up reconciled to Encolpius and Giton (98).", "In the next scene preserved, Encolpius and his friends board a ship, along with Eumolpus's hired servant, later named as Corax (99). Encolpius belatedly discovers that the captain is an old enemy, Lichas of Tarentum. Also on board is a woman called Tryphaena, by whom Giton does not want to be discovered (100–101). Despite their attempt to disguise themselves as Eumolpus's slaves (103), Encolpius and Giton are identified (105). Eumolpus speaks in their defence (107), but it is only after fighting breaks out (108) that peace is agreed (109). To maintain good feelings, Eumolpus tells the story of a widow of Ephesus. At first she planned to starve herself to death in her husband's tomb, but she was seduced by a soldier guarding crucified corpses, and when one of these was stolen she offered the corpse of her husband as a replacement (110–112). The ship is wrecked in a storm (114). Encolpius, Giton and Eumolpus get to shore safely (as apparently does Corax), but Lichas is washed ashore drowned (115). The companions learn they are in the neighbourhood of Crotona, and that the inhabitants are notorious legacy-hunters (116). Eumolpus proposes taking advantage of this, and it is agreed that he will pose as a childless, sickly man of wealth, and the others as his slaves (117). As they travel to the city, Eumolpus lectures on the need for elevated content in poetry (118), which he illustrates with a poem of almost 300 lines on the Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey (119–124). When they arrive in Crotona, the legacy-hunters prove hospitable.", "When the text resumes, the companions have apparently been in Crotona for some time (125). A maid named Chrysis flirts with Encolpius and brings to him her beautiful mistress Circe, who asks him for sex. However, his attempts are prevented by impotence (126–128). Circe and Encolpius exchange letters, and he seeks a cure by sleeping without Giton (129–130). When he next meets Circe, she brings with her an elderly enchantress called Proselenos who attempts a magical cure (131). Nonetheless, he fails again to make love, as Circe has Chrysis and him flogged (132). Encolpius is tempted to sever the offending organ, but prays to Priapus at his temple for healing (133). Proselenos and the priestess Oenothea arrive. Oenothea, who is also a sorceress, claims she can provide the cure desired by Encolpius and begins cooking (134–135). While the women are temporarily absent, Encolpius is attacked by the temple's sacred geese and kills one of them. Oenothea is horrified, but Encolpius pacifies her with an offer of money (136–137). Oenothea tears open the breast of the goose, and uses its liver to foretell Encolpius's future (137). That accomplished, the priestess reveals a \"leather dildo,\" () and the women apply various irritants to him, which they use to prepare Encolpius for anal penetration (138). Encolpius flees from Oenothea and her assistants. In the following chapters, Chrysis herself falls in love with Encolpius (138–139). An ageing legacy-huntress named Philomela places her son and daughter with Eumolpus, ostensibly for education. Eumolpus makes love to the daughter, although because of his pretence of ill health he requires the help of Corax. After fondling the son, Encolpius reveals that he has somehow been cured of his impotence (140). He warns Eumolpus that, because the wealth he claims to have has not appeared, the patience of the legacy-hunters is running out. Eumolpus's will is read to the legacy-hunters, who apparently now believe he is dead, and they learn they can inherit only if they consume his body. In the final passage preserved, historical examples of cannibalism are cited (141).", "Although interrupted by frequent gaps, 141 sections of consecutive narrative have been preserved. These can be compiled into the length of a longer novella. The extant portions were supposedly \"from the 15th and 16th books\" from a notation on a manuscript found in Trau in Dalmatia in 1663 by Petit. However, according to translator and classicist William Arrowsmith, \"this evidence is late and unreliable and needs to be treated with reserve, all the more since – even on the assumption that the \"Satyricon\" contained sixteen rather than, say, twenty or twenty-four books – the result would have been a work of unprecedented length.\" Still, speculation as to the size of the original puts it somewhere on the order of a work of thousands of pages, and reference points for length range from \"Tom Jones\" to \"In Search of Lost Time\". The extant text runs 140 pages in the Arrowsmith edition. The complete novel must have been considerably longer, but its true length cannot be known. In any case books refers to chapters. Statements in the extant narrative allows the reconstruction of some events that must have taken place earlier in the work. Encolpius and Giton have had contact with Lichas and Tryphaena. Both seem to have been lovers of Tryphaena (113) at a cost to her reputation (106). Lichas' identification of Encolpius by examining his groin (105) implies that they have also had sexual relations. Lichas' wife has been seduced (106) and his ship robbed (113). Encolpius states at one point, \"I escaped the law, cheated the arena, killed a host\" (81). To many scholars, that suggests Encolpius had been condemned for a crime of murder, or more likely he simply feared being sentenced, to fight to his death in the arena. The statement probably is linked to an earlier insult by Ascyltos (9), who called Encolpius a \"gladiator\". One scholar speculates that Encolpius had been an actual gladiator rather than a criminal, but there is no clear evidence in the surviving text for that interpretation. A number of fragments of Petronius's work are preserved in other authors. Servius cites Petronius as his source for a custom at Massilia of allowing a poor man, during times of plague, to volunteer to serve as a scapegoat, receiving support for a year at public expense and then being expelled. Sidonius Apollinaris refers to \"Arbiter\", by which he apparently means Petronius's narrator Encolpius, as a worshipper of the \"sacred stake\" of Priapus in the gardens of Massilia. It has been proposed that Encolpius's wanderings began after he offered himself as the scapegoat and was ritually expelled. Other fragments may relate to a trial scene. Among the poems ascribed to Petronius is an oracle predicting travels to the Danube and to Egypt. Edward Courtney notes that the prominence of Egypt in the ancient Greek novels might make it plausible for Petronius to have set an episode there, but expresses some doubt about the oracle's relevance to Encolpius's travels, \"since we have no reason to suppose that Encolpius reached the Danube or the far north, and we cannot suggest any reason why he should have.\"", "", "The date of the \"Satyricon\" was controversial in 19th- and 20th-century scholarship, with dates proposed as varied as the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD. A consensus on this issue now exists. A date under Nero (1st century AD) is indicated by the work's social background and in particular by references to named popular entertainers. Evidence in the author's style and literary concerns also indicate that this was the period during which he was writing. Except where the \"Satyricon\" imitates colloquial language, as in the speeches of the freedmen at Trimalchio's dinner, its style corresponds with the literary prose of the period. Eumolpus' poem on the Civil War and the remarks with which he prefaces it (118–124) are generally understood as a response to the \"Pharsalia\" of the Neronian poet Lucan. Similarly, Eumolpus's poem on the capture of Troy (89) has been related to Nero's \"Troica\" and to the tragedies of Seneca the Younger, and parody of Seneca's \"Epistles\" has been detected in the moralizing remarks of characters in the \"Satyricon\". There is disagreement about the value of some individual arguments but, according to S. J. Harrison, \"almost all scholars now support a Neronian date\" for the work. The manuscripts of the \"Satyricon\" ascribe the work to a \"Petronius Arbiter\", while a number of ancient authors (Macrobius, Sidonius Apollinaris, Marius Victorinus, Diomedes and Jerome) refer to the author as \"Arbiter\". The name Arbiter is likely derived from Tacitus' reference to a courtier named Petronius as Nero's \"arbiter elegantiae\" or fashion adviser (\"Annals\" 16.18.2). That the author is the same as this courtier is disputed. Many modern scholars accept the identification, pointing to a perceived similarity of character between the two and to possible references to affairs at the Neronian court. Other scholars consider this identification \"beyond conclusive proof\".", "The \"Satyricon\" is considered one of the gems of Western literature, and, according to Branham, it is the earliest of its kind in Latin. Petronius mixes together two antithetical genres: the cynic and parodic menippean satire, and the idealizing and sentimental Greek romance. The mixing of these two radically contrasting genres generates the sophisticated humor and ironic tone of \"Satyricon\". The name “satyricon” implies that the work belongs to the type to which Varro, imitating the Greek Menippus, had given the character of a medley of prose and verse composition. But the string of fictitious narrative by which the medley is held together is something quite new in Roman literature. The author was happily inspired in his devices for amusing himself and thereby transmitted to modern times a text based on the ordinary experience of contemporary life; the precursor of such novels as \"Gil Blas\" by Alain-René Lesage and \"The Adventures of Roderick Random\" by Tobias Smollett. It reminds the well-read protagonist of Joris-Karl Huysmans's \"À rebours\" of certain nineteenth-century French novels: \"In its highly polished style, its astute observation, its solid structure, he could discern curious parallels and strange analogies with the handful of modern French novels he was able to tolerate.\" Unlike Fellini's film discussed below, the caricature of the \"Satyricon\" does not deform the everyday life of the Roman people. Petronius uses real names for all his characters, most of them laypeople, who talk about the theatre of ancient Rome, the amphitheatre and the circus with the same enthusiasm of today's fans of football and other team sports. If there is parody in the \"Satyricon\" it is not about the main characters—Encolpius, Giton and Ascyltos—but of the described social reality, and the literary genres of certain famous poets and writers, Homer, Plato, Virgil and Cicero included. Petronius's realism has a Greek antecedent in Aristophanes, who also abandoned the epical tone to focus on ordinary subjects. The \"Satyricon\" was widely read in the first centuries of the Common Era. Through poetry and philosophy, Greco-Roman literature had pretended to distance itself from everyday life, or to contemplate it loftily as in history or oratory. Petronius rebelled against this trend: (“There is nothing as blatantly false as unconvincing statements made by men and nothing as blatantly unconvincing as their fake seriousness” —section 132).", "", "The incomplete form in which the \"Satyricon\" survives has tantalized many readers, and between 1692 and the present several writers have attempted to round the story out. In certain cases, following a well-known conceit of historical fiction, these invented supplements have been claimed to derive from newly discovered manuscripts, a claim that may appear all the more plausible since the real fragments actually came from two different medieval sources and were only brought together by 16th and 17th century editors. The claims have been exposed by modern scholarship, even 21st century apocryphal supplements.", "Found only in the fragments of the Satyricon is our source of information about the language of the people who made up Rome's populace. The Satyricon provides description, conversation, and stories that have become invaluable evidence of colloquial Latin. In the realism of Trimalchio's dinner party, we are provided with informal table talk that abounds in vulgarisms and solecisms which give us insight into the unknown Roman proletariat. Chapter 41, the dinner with Trimalchio, depicts such a conversation after the overbearing host has left the room. A guest at the party, Dama, after calling for a cup of wine, begins first:", "In the process of coming up with the title of \"The Great Gatsby\", F. Scott Fitzgerald had considered several titles for his book including \"Trimalchio\" and \"Trimalchio in West Egg;\" Fitzgerald characterizes Gatsby as Trimalchio in the novel, notably in the first paragraph of Chapter VII: An early version of the novel, still titled \"Trimalchio\", was published by the Cambridge University Press. T. S. Eliot's seminal poem of cultural disintegration, \"The Waste Land\", is prefaced by a verbatim quotation out of Trimalchio's account of visiting the Cumaean Sibyl (Chapter 48), a supposedly immortal prophetess whose counsel was once sought on all matters of grave importance, but whose grotto by Neronian times had become just another site of local interest along with all the usual Mediterranean tourist traps: Arrowsmith translates: In Isaac Asimov's short story \"All the Troubles of the World\", Asimov's recurring character Multivac, a supercomputer entrusted with analyzing and finding solutions to the world's problems, is asked \"Multivac, what do you yourself want more than anything else?\" and, like the \"Satyricon\"'s Sibyl when faced with the same question, responds \"I want to die.\" A sentence written by Petronius in a satyrical sense, to represent one of the many gross absurdities told by Trimalchio, reveals the feeling present in some Latin literature; a feeling perfectly seized by T. S. Eliot. Oscar Wilde's novel, \"The Picture of Dorian Gray\", mentions \"What to imperial Neronian Rome the author of the \"Satyricon\" once had been.\" DBC Pierre's novel \"Lights Out in Wonderland\" repeatedly references the \"Satyricon\".", "A series of 100 etchings illustrating the \"Satyricon\" was made by the Australian artist Norman Lindsay. These were included in several 20th century translations, including, eventually, one by the artist's son Jack Lindsay.", "In 1969 two film versions were made. \"Fellini Satyricon\", directed by Federico Fellini, was loosely based upon the book. The film is deliberately fragmented and surreal though the androgynous Giton (Max Born) gives the graphic picture of Petronius's character. Among the chief narrative changes Fellini makes to the \"Satyricon\" text is the addition of a hermaphroditic priestess, who does not exist in the Petronian version. In Fellini's adaptation, the fact that Ascyltos abducts this hermaphrodite, who later dies a miserable death in a desert landscape, is posed as an ill-omened event, and leads to the death of Ascyltos later in the film (none of which is to be found in the Petronian version). Other additions Fellini makes in his filmic adaptation: the appearance of a minotaur in a labyrinth (who first tries to club Encolpius to death, and then attempts to kiss him), and the appearance of a nymphomaniac whose husband hires Ascyltos to enter her caravan and have sex with her. \"Satyricon\" was directed by Gian Luigi Polidoro.", "The Norwegian black metal band Satyricon is named after the book. American composer James Nathaniel Holland adapted the story and wrote music for the ballet, \"The Satyricon\". Paul Foster wrote a play (called \"Satyricon\") based on the book, directed by John Vaccaro at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in 1972.", "Over a span of more than three centuries the \"Satyricon\" has frequently been translated into English, often in limited editions. The translations are as follows. The online versions, like the originals on which they are based, often incorporate spurious supplements which are not part of the authentic \"Satyricon\". Français" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 31060, 4, 41994, 14, 115730, 95866, 509, 1379, 81147, 1295, 1919, 31095, 136, 17164, 14380, 47, 17164, 10, 28960, 9, 2037, 47, 1919, 58696, 538, 65771, 28015, 7156, 44, 647, 8996, 62233, 40073, 1760, 740, 1529, 509, 2843, 56065, 47, 27489, 142, 7156, 25, 7, 41965, 111, 3525, 4912, 100, 156350, 89916, 23, 12989, 47, 40407, 53, 10, 18264, 167956, 678, 36770, 31095, 10462, 56645, 5128, 136, 12211, 1542, 102247, 7, 5, 156350, 1902, 121447, 6626, 1239, 14507, 6238, 56645, 5128, 9, 102446, 297, 17065, 1814, 114996, 7156, 7, 678, 115730, 95866, 98, 101275, 4, 3129, 98438, 71, 105237, 678, 1919, 10002, 135634, 7156, 7, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 115730, 95866, 509, 141753, 118055, 538, 45, 1192, 1814, 1029, 297, 678, 70, 205969, 7, 111, 164938, 271, 133958, 6096, 6238, 136, 70, 135634, 9384, 5, 133698, 70, 182304, 111, 44, 647, 8996, 62233, 40073, 1760, 830, 764, 136, 108558, 4841, 7, 313, 74258, 1235, 71, 48322, 136, 115730, 95866, 88898, 71, 182304, 678, 3525, 19612, 72004, 136, 12921, 24668, 20623, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 6602, 4, 764, 1902, 959, 140528, 2499, 64004, 214, 3525, 4912, 136, 853, 93781, 89916, 70634, 297, 47, 83, 1159, 214, 1919, 7071, 28015, 17274, 98352, 1363, 7156, 4, 44, 294, 95634, 145484, 830, 678, 3060, 3525, 28560, 7, 100, 70, 23924, 15672, 16839, 5, 62, 20428, 1346, 100, 3129, 764, 1902, 51339, 297, 99, 70, 25674, 24748, 19449, 23, 9020, 23, 22482, 31060, 509, 137565, 20051, 1257, 23, 8437, 167956, 7, 136, 6863, 54452, 509, 51, 106290, 73, 5, 360, 4347, 4, 12960, 22, 36439, 47, 10, 20428, 23718, 23, 90915, 4, 115730, 95866, 509, 149, 122009, 136, 25534, 71, 678, 85325, 139355, 111, 24, 42, 587, 41637, 5, 4263, 158, 686, 89829, 111, 70, 1246, 6833, 4, 764, 2577, 71, 237, 5941, 237, 387, 5369, 23, 101085, 5, 2161, 18237, 29835, 31060, 4, 115730, 95866, 171530, 764, 203251, 47, 4488, 678, 3525, 19612, 72004, 4, 26719, 10, 3525, 4950, 7, 58585, 5, 581, 11737, 5155, 4, 7103, 10, 38516, 538, 6897, 9, 927, 1283, 67, 592, 1427, 818, 25632, 10, 20428, 23, 1575, 814, 4, 156256, 4, 6096, 6238, 25737, 70, 21115, 47, 30646, 47, 9020, 136, 70, 41994, 14, 115730, 95866, 135634, 21449, 47, 142, 3564, 5, 115730, 95866, 7068, 80723, 28007, 214, 678, 142, 71062, 297, 13315, 2037, 100, 10, 84046, 14012, 111, 15672, 90364, 7, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 7311, 135634, 47617, 1991, 3574, 206, 181798, 4, 764, 79786, 678, 164938, 271, 134376, 1311, 425, 136, 17932, 101275, 1419, 174821, 19824, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 226097, 191, 64370, 108509, 26672, 136, 125947, 31, 44, 11670, 56216, 58, 9539, 1255, 5, 1311, 425, 136, 19824, 3542, 6626, 19612, 72004, 678, 136565, 764, 1902, 112730, 23, 627, 1230, 571, 8753, 7, 23, 230328, 23, 38576, 4, 16610, 538, 7103, 1919, 13629, 660, 23, 70, 7082, 126140, 5, 581, 6, 197564, 1830, 4, 27983, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 724, 53, 51775, 7550, 136, 193136, 7, 830, 51339, 297, 237, 70, 2704, 27992, 99, 70, 39076, 59907, 8129, 98, 8055, 543, 4, 31060, 15, 204610, 39864, 214, 70, 21115, 99, 39076, 59907, 4, 115730, 95866, 49814, 44, 23389, 25, 7, 33720, 1284, 10, 8753, 111, 8089, 15759, 90, 51029, 24372, 10, 24941, 1286, 170894, 7, 4, 26719, 10, 6088, 382, 50094, 111, 70, 72399, 17431, 15672, 113976, 44, 3957, 67468, 2041, 3618, 18, 17367, 58, 15490, 19824, 136, 9539, 1255, 4, 70, 63304, 2837, 8262, 297, 5, 19824, 176377, 47, 230328, 4, 26672, 136, 9539, 1255, 25737, 47, 237360, 3789, 107893, 4, 136, 181798, 33284, 297, 21763, 112297, 25, 7, 9742, 214, 21115, 5, 360, 18374, 31060, 4, 115730, 95866, 136, 1311, 425, 80723, 79, 58838, 136, 182304, 8, 840, 678, 47617, 1991, 131007, 53, 52999, 7, 5, 52999, 7, 1902, 112730, 678, 67842, 627, 1230, 571, 136, 57289, 19612, 72004, 4, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 89917, 125726, 136, 12912, 214, 70, 131007, 53, 52999, 7, 25129, 4, 15044, 107265, 13950, 9, 1052, 1230, 571, 119485, 94407, 5, 52999, 7, 509, 2843, 10, 103351, 3643, 4755, 111, 115730, 95866, 136, 112730, 70, 47617, 7, 70, 6602, 8108, 98, 70, 6626, 9, 17365, 11531, 44, 12248, 17867, 10013, 4, 41945, 62, 7514, 58, 64, 58, 294, 30394, 21421, 592, 4, 50605, 41945, 214, 58, 100, 44, 647, 8996, 62233, 40073, 1760, 740, 1311, 425, 136, 52999, 7, 36510, 297, 142, 33946, 23, 51339, 214, 136, 182304, 10, 3525, 7156, 678, 115730, 95866, 5, 115730, 95866, 25, 7, 31095, 4, 11617, 101681, 26976, 4, 24124, 70, 54591, 47, 17164, 10, 6867, 7156, 20271, 10, 2356, 42552, 25, 7, 23718, 99, 70, 140423, 17678, 24453, 136, 70, 104713, 80723, 58172, 214, 100, 70, 1257, 277, 214, 20428, 7, 136, 3525, 7156, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 7068, 136, 70, 3564, 111, 14487, 4, 70, 104713, 456, 90431, 5281, 99, 3314, 67192, 42413, 137869, 136, 17164, 297, 40368, 8, 840, 99, 70, 54877, 75628, 137869, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 4, 7440, 115730, 95866, 17164, 297, 5045, 111, 44, 647, 8996, 62233, 40073, 1760, 740, 24372, 115730, 95866, 25, 7, 14487, 209, 4, 31060, 4, 1030, 3181, 18, 1803, 23, 1919, 180972, 110324, 4, 70, 104713, 456, 90431, 5281, 2363, 4912, 99, 19413, 3432, 25, 7, 137869, 1257, 24189, 2363, 5117, 20428, 170894, 98, 14487, 15554, 360, 142, 33683, 4, 115730, 95866, 189050, 4, 44, 12137, 66933, 427, 47, 543, 21974, 10, 5155, 74082, 214, 903, 28271, 4568, 5895, 4, 80560, 99255, 4, 136, 7068, 642, 23409, 3934, 10, 23884, 53, 10176, 11938, 136, 3643, 4806, 7565, 2685, 47, 3034, 442, 1810, 740, 241, 147, 538, 11389, 7, 111, 3060, 111, 70, 52336, 3129, 155605, 118775, 98, 44, 150501, 111, 11998, 51775, 7, 58, 1295, 6626, 111, 70, 456, 90431, 2317, 104227, 3542, 121447, 237, 44, 3957, 19413, 3432, 25, 7, 853, 90431, 2317, 148735, 7, 58, 390, 930, 21407, 89916, 23, 55021, 1301, 10, 3525, 21115, 4, 70, 14298, 111, 11998, 51775, 7, 44841, 47, 85493, 10, 28926, 59843, 5, 48752, 289, 52336, 450, 1902, 186, 6967, 237, 25647, 4, 3643, 7, 4, 136, 8, 840, 678, 70, 135634, 136, 11998, 51775, 7550, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14298, 111, 11998, 51775, 7, 83, 10, 6867, 7156, 390, 41994, 14, 115730, 95866, 136, 70, 5117, 15490, 1919, 7311, 21115, 4, 70, 41994, 14, 115730, 95866, 135634, 5, 1650, 509, 17164, 297, 98, 18982, 106, 4, 19340, 4, 99, 70, 140423, 17678, 24453, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 678, 134376, 1311, 425, 98, 4950, 7, 136, 131007, 53, 52999, 7, 98, 47617, 7, 4, 195409, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 14298, 111, 11998, 51775, 7, 5, 581, 7156, 17664, 90, 23884, 136, 6, 239530, 136, 107265, 80854, 678, 7941, 13950, 136, 79, 58838, 4, 142, 51515, 3129, 14432, 100512, 70, 18231, 111, 23884, 13950, 5, 1650, 70541, 7, 198395, 51, 233707, 71, 52336, 136, 509, 70, 4568, 4393, 9, 23986, 927, 115730, 95866, 7156, 121447, 8108, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Musical style, writing, composition.", "Recording.", "Production.", "Release.", "Critical reception.", "Influence.", "Personnel.", "Charts and certifications.", "Release history.", "Notes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In 1969, Jimi Hendrix was under pressure from his manager and record company to record a follow-up to his hugely successful 1968 album \"Electric Ladyland\". He was also required to produce an album's worth of new material for Capitol Records in order to satisfy a contract dispute with former manager Ed Chalpin and PPX Enterprises. Capitol had released two misleading Chalpin-produced Curtis Knight albums with Hendrix on guitar, which competed directly with his own Experience albums. Additionally, Hendrix was becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the limitations of bassist Noel Redding and the Experience format. During the recording of \"Electric Ladyland\", he and producer Chas Chandler parted ways and Hendrix explored recording with new musicians and different musical styles. By the middle of the year, he had not completed any promising new material and Reprise Records resorted to issuing his April 1968 UK compilation album, \"Smash Hits\", with some new tracks for the North American market. A concert film for which he had performed at the Royal Albert Hall in London in February 1969 was wrapped up in legal disputes and its release was uncertain. In May, while en route to a concert performance in Toronto, Hendrix was detained and charged with illegal possession of narcotics. If convicted of the felony, he faced as many as 20 years in prison. On June 28, 1969, Hendrix announced he planned to work with new musicians, including a new bass player. The next day, after a potentially life-threatening riot following a concert in Denver, Colorado, Redding left the group to return to London and the Jimi Hendrix Experience came to an end. Hendrix then began experimenting with an expanded lineup for a limited number of American engagements. In addition to original Experience drummer Mitch Mitchell, he worked with bassist Billy Cox and second guitarist Larry Lee, as well as percussionists Juma Sultan and Gerardo \"Jerry\" Velez. Cox and Lee were two musicians with whom he had played in R&B bands in Tennessee in 1962, shortly after his stint in the US Army. The aggregation, often referred to as \"Gypsy Sun and Rainbows\", performed as the final act at the Woodstock Festival on August 18, 1969 (while introducing the group at Woodstock, Hendrix added \"It's nothing but a band of gypsies\"). After a couple more appearances, including a September 8 episode of the late night American television \"The Dick Cavett Show\" without Lee and Velez, the ensemble disbanded. Lee returned to Tennessee, Sultan and Velez left to pursue other opportunities, and Mitchell joined Jack Bruce's touring group. In October 1969, Hendrix and Cox began jamming and recording demos with drummer Buddy Miles. Miles had played with various R&B and soul musicians, as a member of the Electric Flag and fronting the Buddy Miles Express, both blues rock-R&B fusion groups. Miles was also a frequent jam partner of Hendrix and played the drums the year before on the two-part song \"Rainy Day, Dream Away\"/\"Still Raining, Still Dreaming\" for \"Electric Ladyland\". Cox and Miles expressed an interest in performing and recording a new album with Hendrix. Hendrix's manager, Michael Jeffery, saw the opportunity to record a live album during a New Year's performance at the Fillmore East and the trio began preparing for the upcoming concerts and new album. Between then and the end of December, the trio rehearsed at Juggy Sound Studios and recorded several demos at the Record Plant Studios in New York City, where Hendrix recorded much of \"Electric Ladyland\". After Hendrix's December 10, 1969, acquittal in his Canadian trial, the trio rehearsed their material at Baggy's Studios up until their first concert appearance on December 31. In an interview, Hendrix explained, \"We spent 12 to 18 hours a day practicing this whole last week, straight ahead, and then we went into a funky little club and jammed down there to test it out\". Early versions of some of the songs which eventually appeared on \"Band of Gypsys\" from two of the rehearsal sessions were released as \"The Baggy's Rehearsal Sessions\" by Dagger Records in 2002.", "As a new group, the Band of Gypsys needed to develop a repertoire. Several songs that had begun as ideas, jams, and demos with the Experience and Gypsy Sun and Rainbows (but unreleased) were carried over to the Band of Gypsys. These included \"Lover Man\", \"Hear My Train A Comin'\", \"Izabella\", \"Machine Gun\", \"Bleeding Heart\", \"Stepping Stone\", and \"Message to Love\". Three new songs featuring vocals by Buddy Miles were added: \"Changes\", \"We Gotta Live Together\" (both Miles compositions) and \"Stop\", an R&B song written by Jerry Ragovoy and Mort Shuman, which had been recorded by Howard Tate in 1968. Hendrix contributed new material as well, including \"Power of Soul\", \"Ezy Ryder\", \"Earth Blues\", \"Burning Desire\", and the riff for the jam song \"Who Knows\". The trio began rehearsing a set of songs for the four upcoming Fillmore shows. Many of these songs represent a change in Hendrix's music from his Experience repertoire. Biographer and later Hendrix producer John McDermott elaborates Most of the arrangements were developed through extensive jamming, with Cox's and Miles' playing influencing Hendrix's ideas. According to biographer Keith Shadwick, Cox explained in later interviews, \"the process was based on building up rhythm patterns and that each pattern dictated the shape and character of a portion of a song in which it appeared\". Record producer Alan Douglas witnessed the approach during a jam at the Record Plant and saw it as inefficient. On the other hand, Shadwick feels that it was necessary: \"it seemed the only way available, especially as neither Cox nor Miles, in particular, were exactly swift on the musical uptake\". Music journalist Charles Shaar Murray noted, \"Cox's funky, uncluttered bass style would give Hendrix's new music a more solid, less frenetic underpinning [than Noel Redding's style]. In every way, Cox's function would be to provide the steadiness Hendrix so urgently required\". Soft Machine drummer Robert Wyatt described Miles' style as \"pleasantly messy... He wasn't as tight as a Stax drummer [such as Al Jackson, Jr. ]... his rolls would clatter about a bit\". However, his often described \"fatback grooves\" lay down a solid rhythmic foundation and the combination of Cox and Miles adds a \"heavy, rolling fluidity which brings out a very different dimension in Hendrix's playing\". The mix of improvisation and R&B/funk elements is evident in \"Who Knows\", which was the opening number for the second (after the brief \"Auld Lang Syne\") and third shows. It is a loose jam rather than a structured song and during the performance for second show Hendrix teases the audience with \"I hope you don't mind us jamming a little bit, we're just messing around... seeing what we're gonna play next\". Built on Hendrix's guitar figure, \"Who Knows\" is framed by Cox's economical funk-blues bass line and Miles' steady drum beat, which Murray describes as \"a thick, lazy twitch\". Hendrix explores guitar phrases using different tones and effects between vocal sections. According to Cox, Hendrix used a new combination of effects for the first time. These included a Uni-Vibe phase shifter, an Octavia harmonizer (developed for him by Roger Mayer during the recording of his first album), a Fuzz Face distortion box, and a wah-wah pedal. One mixture of them produces a \"whistling, shimmering, ring-modulated tone so rich with upper harmonics\" in the higher range, while in the lower range \"it almost sounds like 'Froggy Went a-Courtin''... all these [lower] oct[ave]-intervals give it such a dramatic effect\". His use of the wah-wah employs \"rapid foot movement and wide sweeps [which] tend to make the melody fade in and out\". Also, by using a triplet rhythm with the pedal, a polyrhythm with the prevailing 4/4 beat is created. The lyrics, some which borrow from other R&B songs, are also improvised and show considerable differences between the two renditions. As it unfolds, there is an R&B-style vocal call and response section between Hendrix and Miles, then separate vocal sections for each, which Miles follows with scat singing. During the middle section, most of the instrumentation drops out and returns with more Hendrix guitar tonal explorations before winding down at 8:23 (second show) and 9:32 (third show). While McDermott feels that the jam is underdeveloped and biographer Harry Shapiro criticizes Miles' vocals, Shadwick and writer David Henderson focus on the \"easy groove\" and \"lilting flow\". Besides adding a fresh rhythmic element to his music, it also gives Hendrix more room to experiment with different approaches and sounds on guitar. Similarly, the Buddy Miles song \"We Gotta Live Together\" is a jam number. It forms the second part of a medley with \"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\" and had only been performed once before at the Baggy's rehearsal room. The song features Miles attempting to engage the audience in a call and response \"testifying\" soul music-style vocal section, which was mostly edited out for the album release. Hendrix and Cox back Miles' vocal sections with parallel funk-style lines, before a guitar solo using Hendrix's new combination of effects. Shapiro comments \"Changes\" is another song written and sung by Miles and it benefits from more development and structure. Although it includes a prominent guitar line by Hendrix, it is Miles' showcase piece. The song was performed during each show with little variation, except for Miles' vocal improvisations. With these sections edited out, \"Changes\" is a relatively concise, soul music radio-friendly number. When Miles re-recorded it as \"Them Changes\", it became a \"Billboard\" top 40 Best Selling Soul Singles as well as appearing in the magazine's Hot 100 pop chart. The two Hendrix compositions, \"Power of Soul\" and \"Message to Love\", are also more structured and rehearsed songs. They represent Hendrix's new blending of funk, R&B, and rock together with a new lyrical approach. According to Shapiro, the lyrics reflect \"a Jimi Hendrix who felt an increasing need to impart his compassionate vision of human potentiality [and a] move away from cynicism and bitterness\". Cox and Miles provide strong instrumental backing, where the rhythm is \"locked-in\" or \"deep in the pocket\", a common feature of funk and R&B. (Nearly all of Hendrix's music, and contemporary rock in general, uses common or 4/4 time; \"Manic Depression\" (3/4 or 9/8), \"Dolly Dagger\" (5/4), \"Stepping Stone\" (8/8), and the slow blues \"\"Red House\" and \"Belly Button Window\" (both 12/8) are among the exceptions.) Jazz innovator Miles Davis felt that Cox and Miles were the best rhythm section for Hendrix and freed him from the constraints of the Experience. Guitarist Jean-Paul Bourelly, who played with Davis, commented in an interview: \"Machine Gun\" is another song that Hendrix had spent more time developing. By the Fillmore East concerts, it became an extended guitar improvisational piece, which \"would completely change the perception of Hendrix's capabilities as an improviser and musician\", according to Shadwick. Although based on a \"minor drone-blues\" in the line of \"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\", Hendrix's performance has been compared to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane's approach to improvisation. Miles Davis, with whom Coltrane had recorded several albums in the 1950s, including the influential \"Kind of Blue\", noted the connection: \"Jimi liked what I had done with \"Kind of Blue\" and some other stuff and wanted to add more jazz elements to what he was doing. He liked the way Coltrane played with all those sheets of sound, and played his guitar in a similar way\". From Hendrix's dedication of the song \"to all the soldiers that are fighting in Chicago and Milwaukee and New York, oh yes, and all the soldiers fighting in Vietnam\", \"Machine Gun\" is as much about the late 1960s American race riots as the war in Vietnam. Guitarist Vernon Reid describes it as \"like a movie about war without the visuals. It had everything—the lyrics, the humanism of it, the drama of it, the violence of it, the eeriness of it, [and] the unpredictability of it\". In many commentaries about \"Band of Gypsys\", \"Machine Gun\" is singled out as the highlight of the album. Both McDermott and Shadwick call it one of Hendrix's greatest achievements, which sets a standard that the rest of the album does not approach.", "The material for \"Band of Gypsys\" was recorded over two consecutive nights at the Fillmore East. The group was scheduled for two shows on December 31, 1969, and another two on January 1, 1970 (because the shows went beyond midnight, the actual dates were December 31 – January 1 and January 1–2; for ease of reference, these are referred as the first show, second show, third show, and fourth show). The recording was supervised by Wally Heider, an experienced sound engineer who ran a recording studio and had made several live recordings. He had already recorded Hendrix live several times, including at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 and Woodstock in 1969. Portable recording equipment was set up at the venue and the trio performed for a soundcheck in the afternoon. Concert promoter Bill Graham billed the performances as \"Jimi Hendrix: A Band of Gypsys\", but Hendrix's new direction since the breakup of the Experience six months earlier had not been publicized. With a new lineup and material, Cox observed, \"We didn't know what to expect from the audience and the audience didn't know what to expect from us\". A total of 47 songs were performed and recorded; since most were played in more than one show, the number of different songs was 24. The group did not prepare set lists or otherwise plan for their performances. McDermott notes, \"Hendrix called out tunes to Miles and Cox and would often make time and tempo changes on the fly, alerting his partners with a simple head nod or raising of his guitar neck\". Miles also saw improvisation as a key element of their approach. According to Shadwick, the first show was essentially a warm-up set and they performed eleven new songs (it was the only show not to include any familiar Experience numbers). There were some microphone problems during the first two songs, which re-appeared for the first two songs of the second show as well. Hendrix also experienced tuning problems with his guitar. His heavy use of the Stratocaster's vibrato arm or \"whammy bar\" stressed the strings and led to pitch problems, which he was often forced to correct mid-song. For the second show, in addition to new songs, Hendrix added \"Stone Free\", \"Foxey Lady\", \"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\", and \"Purple Haze\" to ring in the new decade. On the second night, the group performed a mix of new and older material for the third and fourth shows. The contrast between the first and second nights has been noted by Hendrix biographers. Based on interviews with Cox and Miles, concert reviews, and film footage, McDermott and Shadwick conclude that Hendrix was less animated during the third and fourth shows, when he stood mostly in place until the final encores, seemingly concentrating on recording. In frequent interviews and in his autobiography, Bill Graham claimed that his criticism of Hendrix for playing to the audience (although he seems to confuse which shows) spurred him on. However, according to McDermott, Hendrix was already determined to deliver suitable performances to finally settle the bitter legal dispute with Ed Chalpin. All of the six songs that were chosen for \"Band of Gypsys\" were recorded on the second night during the third and fourth shows. When it was all done, Hendrix cut loose for his last encores with \"Wild Thing\", \"Hey Joe\", and \"Purple Haze\".", "On January 12, 1970, Hendrix and recording engineer Eddie Kramer began the task of deciding which songs to include on the new album (Cox and Miles did not participate in the process). The review and subsequent audio mixing was undertaken at Juggy Sound Studios in New York, where the trio started rehearsing in October. Excluding Experience and cover songs, there were multiple versions of thirteen new, previously unreleased songs from which to choose. Among those that received Kramer's and Hendrix's attention were \"Machine Gun\", \"Earth Blues\", \"Burning Desire\", \"Ezy Ryder\", \"Who Knows\", and \"Hear My Train A Comin'\". Early on, Hendrix chose to include the Buddy Miles songs \"Changes\" and \"We Gotta Live Together\". He also decided on \"Power of Soul\" and \"Message to Love\", studio versions of which had been considered for release as a single (these studio recordings were later included on \"South Saturn Delta\" and \"\"). Songs with recording problems and those Hendrix wished to complete as studio recordings were withheld (studio versions of \"Izabella\" and \"Stepping Stone\" were released as a single in March; \"Ezy Ryder\" and \"Earth Blues\" were included on his first posthumous albums). By January 21, Hendrix and Kramer narrowed the list to \"Message to Love\" (fourth show), \"Hear My Train A Comin'\" (first show), \"Power of Soul\" (third and fourth shows), and all four recordings of \"Machine Gun\". Hendrix and Kramer began preparing mixes of the multitrack recordings. During the process, Kramer recalled One of Miles' songs, \"We Gotta Live Together\" was pared down from fifteen to a little over five minutes and another, \"Changes\", also benefited from trimming, because, as Murray puts it, \"a little of [Miles' vamping] goes an extremely long way\". This editing also provided some lighter moments. One of Jeffery's assistants recalled, \"Hendrix played me a tape and prefaced it by saying it represented the new direction in his music. He had made up this long loop of tape of the portions edited out of 'We Gotta Live Together'. I flipped out and he started cracking up\". After several more editing and mixing sessions at Juggy Sound, the material for the album was readied on February 17. The following day, Hendrix and Kramer met with Bob Ludwig, who supervised the final mastering. Hendrix chose to work with his own mastering engineer, because he had been dissatisfied with his record company's results for \"Electric Ladyland\". The task was completed on February 19, 1970, and the final track listing included two songs from the third show and four from the fourth and last show. According to Shadwick, \"The process of choosing and mixing the live album was not a pleasant one: Hendrix only fulfilled his legal obligation to PPX/Capitol under duress and with the greatest reluctance\". McDermott questions why some superior tracks that Hendrix recorded were not used instead. Kramer sees it as a compromise: Early on, Billy Cox believed that the primary goal was to resolve the matter with Chalpin. Later, he commented, \"Overall, the feeling was, 'What the heck, the album doesn't belong to us anyway. Let's just move on and forget it'\". Already past the 1969 deadline, Hendrix summed it up:", "On February 25, 1970, Michael Jeffery delivered the master tapes for \"Band of Gypsys\" to Capitol Records executives in Los Angeles. Capitol rush released the album one month later on March 25, 1970, and it entered \"Billboard\" magazine's Top 200 albums chart at number eighteen. It reached number five during a stay of 61 weeks on the chart and, at the time of his death, was Hendrix's best selling album in the US since \"Are You Experienced\". Due to legal wrangling by Ed Chalpin and PPX, the album was not released in the UK for nearly two more months. When Track Records issued it on June 12, 1970, it quickly entered the British charts, where it remained for 30 weeks and reached number six. For the album cover, Capitol Records used a grainy photograph of Hendrix taken during the Fillmore East shows illuminated by the multi-colored liquid light show projected by the Joshua Light Show. However, Track used album cover art which proved controversial, as they had done with \"Electric Ladyland\". It depicted unflattering puppets or dolls that resembled Hendrix, Brian Jones, Bob Dylan, and John Peel huddled next to a drab, corrugated backdrop. The significance of posing the three with Hendrix was not evident as they had no known association with the Band of Gypsys nor the group's material. Hendrix was an admirer of Dylan and recorded some of his songs; Jones, who died the year before, had participated in a recording session for Hendrix's \"All Along the Watchtower\" (a Dylan composition); and Peel hosted BBC's \"Top Gear\" radio show when Hendrix performed there in 1967. Jeffrey remarked, \"If ever there is an award for the worst taste album cover it must go to this\". Responding to public pressure, Track later replaced it with a photograph of Hendrix performing at the August 1970 Isle of Wight Festival. By the time of the album's release, the trio had already broken up. Their first show after the Fillmore East engagement was at the Madison Square Garden on January 28, 1970. There they struggled through \"Who Knows\" and \"Earth Blues\" before leaving the stage. Jeffery, who reportedly was never happy with the lineup, fired Buddy Miles on the spot. Gerry Stickells, Hendrix's tour manager, points to \"Jimi's own lack of commitment to the Band of Gypsys concept as its fatal flaw\". Two songs, \"Stepping Stone\" and \"Izabella\", that the trio had recorded, were issued as a single by Reprise Records two weeks after Capitol released \"Band of Gypsys\". Hendrix was dissatisfied with the mix and it was quickly withdrawn without ever appearing in the charts. Three other songs that were recorded with Cox and Miles were later used for early posthumous Hendrix albums, including \"The Cry of Love\" and \"Rainbow Bridge\". Additional studio recordings by the trio in various stages of development were released on \"South Saturn Delta\", \"The Jimi Hendrix Experience\" box set, \"Burning Desire\", \"West Coast Seattle Boy\", and \"People, Hell and Angels\".", "\"Band of Gypsys\" has been viewed by some rock critics less favorably than Hendrix's three studio albums with the Experience. Reviewing for \"Rolling Stone\" in 1970, music journalist Gary von Tersch said that the album is hampered by poorly recorded vocals and Miles' unpleasant drumming, and instead viewed it as a showcase for Hendrix's virtuosic guitar playing: \"With just bass and drum support he is able to transfuse and transfix on the strength of his guitar-work alone.\" The magazine's David Wild was more enthusiastic in a retrospective review and felt that songs such as \"Message of Love\" and \"Machine Gun\" still sound powerful in spite of the unclear recording quality. According to Sean Westergaard of AllMusic, \"Band of Gypsys\" is one of the best live albums of all time and an important recording for Hendrix, who played with a remarkable degree of focus and precision on what were \"perhaps his finest [live] performances.\" Sputnikmusic's Hernan M. Campbell believed that it departed from his more psychedelic recordings with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, but still retained their intensity, particular on \"Machine Gun\", which Campbell called one of Hendrix's most captivating performances. On the other hand, Robert Christgau felt that the \"overrated\" album is decent by live rock standards, but unexceptional in Hendrix's discography. Christgau also believed that Hendrix is limited by the straighter, simpler rhythm section, but added that \"Who Knows\" and \"Machine Gun\" \"are as powerful if not complex as anything he's ever put on record\". He stated that Hendrix is more reliant on wah-wah guitar lines for the second half of the album, except for the \"rapid fire\" \"Message to Love\".", "Writer Rickey Vincent describes \"Band of Gypsys\" as \"a never-heard-before amalgam of punishing guitar riffs over crisp rhythm and blues grooves... The funk-rock sound would change the face of black music, setting a template for the spectacular glam-funk of the 1970s\". Murray sees their influence in the early 1970s radio hits \"Freddie's Dead\" by Curtis Mayfield and \"That Lady\" by the Isley Brothers. (Hendrix was influenced by Mayfield early in his career and was a member of the Isley Brothers' touring band before the Experience). George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic, who defined funk for the 1970s, were also influenced. P-Funk's \"Maggot Brain\", a ten-minute guitar opus by Eddie Hazel, draws on \"Machine Gun\" and bassist Bootsy Collins identified Hendrix as a chief innovator in the liner notes to his \"What's Bootsy Doin'?\" album. Later funk-influenced artists Larry Blackmon (singer for Cameo) and Nile Rodgers (guitarist for Chic and record producer) also cite the album's importance and influence. In addition to funk rock, Murray sees the Band of Gypsys as \"tread[ing] an intriguing path along the common border between hard funk and heavy metal; less psychedelic soul than black rock\". Vernon Reid (guitarist for Living Colour) and Ice-T (singer for Body Count) have commented on the Band of Gypsys as an early influence. Trey Anastasio, guitarist for Phish, commented that \"I remember, like many guitarists, being obsessed with Hendrix’s \"Band of Gypsys\". It was \"the\" record. I listened to that solo on 'Machine Gun' a million times\". During interviews in the 1999 documentary \"Band of Gypsys: Live at the Fillmore East\", Reid, Velvert Turner, Slash, and Lenny Kravitz discuss \"the inspiration and continuing influence that Band of Gypsys has provided\". During the Band of Gypsys rehearsals in November 1969, Hendrix and Miles recorded the backing track for \"Doriella Du Fontaine\", with Lightnin' Rod (later known as Jalal Mansur Nuriddin) of the Last Poets. Although it was not released until 1984, McDermott cited it as \" a pristine example of Hendrix's embrace of hip-hop during that music form's infancy\". Writer Gene Santoro describes it as \"foreshadow[ing] the rap-meets-metal crossover of later artists like Run-DMC\". In 1990, the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground extensively sampled \"Who Knows\", the opening song from \"Band of Gypsys\", for \"The Way We Swing\" on the \"Sex Packets\" album. McDermott concludes that it would be difficult \"to accurately measure the lasting impact \"Band of Gypsys\" has made on rock, funk, R&B, and Hip-Hop\". On June 23, 2019, the Band of Gypsys were inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame, at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African-American History in Detroit, Michigan. Billy Cox, the last surviving member of the group was on hand to accept, along with representatives of the Buddy Miles and Hendrix estates.", "Production personnel", "In the US, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) first certified \"Band of Gypsys\" as a \"Gold Record\", signifying sales in excess of 500,000 copies, on June 3, 1970, less than two months after its release. On February 5, 1991, it achieved \"Platinum Record\" status (more than one million copies sold). After Capitol Records re-released the album on CD in 1997, it was given a \"Double Platinum\" award on January 16, 1998, for sales over two million. Additionally, the 1999 \"Live at the Fillmore\" documentary DVD has received a platinum award.", "\"Band of Gypsys\" was re-released on compact disc in 1991 by Polydor Records in Europe and Japan. In addition to the original tracks, it included three extra songs recorded during the Fillmore East shows: \"Hear My Train A Comin'\" from the first show and \"Foxy Lady\" and the Jerry Ragovoy and Mort Shuman song \"Stop\", both from the third show. These had been originally released in the US by Capitol Records in 1986 on the \"Band of Gypsys 2\" album (despite the title, only half of the album's songs were recorded with Cox and Miles). In 1997, when \"Band of Gypsys\" was re-released on CD in the US, Capitol only included the original six tracks. After Experience Hendrix, a family-run company, assumed control of his recording legacy, more material from the Fillmore shows has been issued. A longer version of \"We Gotta Live Together\", along with \"Hear My Train\", \"Stop\", and other songs are included on the 1999 double CD \"Live at the Fillmore East\". \"Foxy Lady\" was added to one version of the 2013 \"Somewhere\" single. An additional three songs from the second Fillmore show are included on \"West Coast Seattle Boy\". In 2013, the first show was issued as \"\". The box set \"\", released in 2019, contains 43 songs from all four shows. In addition to new recordings, it presents longer versions of \"Changes\", \"Power to Love\" (as \"Power of Soul\"), and \"We Gotta Live Together\". The trio was filmed performing two of the songs that are included on the original album. Black and white footage for part of \"Who Knows\" was filmed by Woody Vasulka from the hall, while Jan Blom shot \"Machine Gun\" from the balcony. It was later included on the 1999 DVD documentary \"Band of Gypsys: Live at the Fillmore East\".", "Footnotes Citations References" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 63154, 82586, 18271, 509, 103122, 23, 70, 19336, 54427, 111, 159, 10517, 3466, 17566, 4, 9295, 18, 47064, 98, 1381, 18982, 24531, 4, 8035, 1632, 111, 70, 300, 86, 20020, 111, 10, 70425, 16320, 36800, 14449, 15, 21231, 63154, 82586, 18271, 14449, 194, 18763, 67373, 3493, 882, 29473, 6, 157272, 111, 120767, 141, 3551, 136, 10, 10846, 2412, 4517, 4, 136, 109502, 107506, 297, 1919, 21334, 14449, 25, 7, 91763, 8305, 308, 3632, 214, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 99, 70, 54427, 10696, 24189, 70, 32070, 111, 534, 4, 3229, 764, 25737, 100, 18363, 147, 525, 5, 127169, 63168, 2622, 2397, 22865, 399, 63043, 297, 23, 2691, 450, 764, 13028, 16065, 1295, 1919, 134598, 538, 111531, 167821, 4, 162753, 272, 136, 81113, 67373, 5, 1529, 61475, 538, 158930, 678, 1919, 114015, 4, 38855, 202, 885, 13832, 18271, 4, 136, 7068, 100512, 142, 4027, 982, 24494, 15756, 13, 55474, 5, 1529, 79786, 23, 70, 42819, 111, 154797, 41804, 2208, 180343, 4, 10, 15756, 13, 55474, 2750, 509, 142, 36457, 32786, 23, 70, 7068, 9, 2186, 2870, 84158, 271, 31016, 5, 63154, 82586, 18271, 509, 33662, 75412, 23, 70, 84158, 271, 31016, 69924, 15, 372, 277, 214, 10, 32786, 23, 39395, 60775, 247, 1284, 237, 10, 166513, 764, 509, 34475, 4734, 19336, 66211, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 5117, 34784, 297, 23, 55591, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 423, 4, 100, 48800, 181952, 20271, 10, 153350, 136, 13438, 4, 23, 58020, 4, 5117, 100, 43799, 214, 138256, 7, 98, 10, 10174, 1830, 18782, 214, 70, 110324, 111, 6, 68823, 7514, 133325, 136, 186351, 1286, 100, 3789, 21373, 69924, 5, 3311, 70, 4122, 9, 183382, 7, 4, 764, 1902, 2809, 23, 6, 54916, 23, 18363, 147, 525, 4, 174578, 4, 92420, 44901, 11898, 136, 627, 27253, 35723, 310, 130518, 45710, 4, 8035, 34784, 297, 40368, 20028, 5, 581, 60641, 11435, 1295, 70, 23410, 35206, 4, 30190, 11, 41794, 23888, 941, 4, 24, 4806, 4049, 44, 11, 169907, 84158, 271, 108219, 1290, 58, 136, 44, 203768, 978, 1290, 111, 84158, 271, 136, 2874, 235143, 51269, 76319, 740, 1326, 6097, 124666, 4, 764, 509, 158, 686, 89829, 98, 305, 18237, 44500, 390, 70, 6163, 9511, 515, 33466, 47, 116, 5369, 23, 101085, 4, 142, 78301, 305, 21775, 100, 158, 34224, 18, 111, 29685, 4, 136, 1632, 6602, 111, 168861, 45606, 329, 23, 159, 10517, 3466, 17566, 5, 1529, 66933, 2684, 111, 1919, 149357, 23, 984, 35270, 76, 20204, 191, 5, 51404, 1810, 111, 79, 379, 23, 34578, 4, 764, 435, 60202, 35007, 18271, 4, 14847, 84414, 1478, 979, 34, 9, 397, 1334, 68, 71, 98, 953, 11994, 31017, 4, 63154, 82586, 18271, 509, 959, 70, 162520, 39457, 42, 8, 61518, 1919, 20903, 7432, 47, 70, 4989, 6032, 57724, 5, 33306, 4, 38134, 21329, 712, 34128, 22553, 214, 390, 114210, 136, 1286, 162711, 51521, 7, 7228, 70, 10827, 18, 5992, 31, 15504, 47, 63154, 82586, 18271, 237, 10, 134454, 13, 25469, 13, 5, 1529, 509, 3163, 89829, 4537, 104463, 53, 98, 1039, 11994, 31017, 4, 17262, 13312, 7103, 84414, 1478, 979, 34, 9, 397, 1334, 25, 7, 47219, 5, 6561, 111, 1919, 5117, 27992, 7, 509, 47, 15549, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 19085, 1295, 70, 16554, 19, 27985, 1314, 25, 31016, 4420, 47, 70, 84158, 271, 31016, 111, 16554, 136, 47, 159978, 70, 23295, 10, 99866, 456, 57964, 4, 43257, 3501, 10, 3395, 25, 7, 456, 57964, 5, 360, 28980, 4, 764, 51371, 3674, 1919, 14537, 390, 141753, 13918, 111, 70, 22836, 70615, 4, 20662, 4049, 44, 112, 1129, 107, 58, 10336, 111, 11341, 5, 18763, 68894, 20939, 19481, 9325, 5941, 137107, 111, 68894, 233, 54137, 7, 47, 101085, 707, 137784, 1771, 17986, 7, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 63154, 82586, 18271, 100512, 10, 5700, 26366, 4, 15044, 23, 16554, 136, 23, 70, 10542, 4, 6637, 111, 1919, 41371, 110613, 44930, 4, 3129, 66801, 71, 70, 180210, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 5, 360, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 764, 8394, 5281, 24234, 6, 182316, 16070, 136, 134620, 16554, 25, 7, 36457, 105226, 23, 70, 34210, 15519, 49085, 18, 4, 1284, 16554, 23113, 538, 47143, 297, 10, 32786, 5, 1529, 128120, 71, 47, 5646, 2831, 23, 70, 28015, 116000, 191, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 390, 34210, 15519, 49085, 18, 84616, 136, 3853, 36457, 538, 136, 9803, 538, 158, 4545, 14534, 450, 22631, 23, 1919, 952, 8055, 28015, 116483, 5, 1529, 26983, 6259, 47, 210721, 10, 5895, 8108, 70, 116000, 191, 47, 18645, 14392, 8060, 47, 1919, 103655, 31, 89262, 92, 105416, 17365, 4, 42814, 36658, 9215, 5, 106073, 70, 134349, 32528, 21334, 538, 47, 603, 27686, 63154, 82586, 18271, 25, 7, 456, 6827, 12645, 84459, 4, 1919, 48903, 214, 23, 215131, 1295, 124338, 85168, 297, 16554, 10, 291, 272, 41537, 10778, 28032, 70, 24453, 9022, 178109, 5, 63154, 82586, 18271, 25, 7, 5201, 10, 464, 237, 57724, 509, 47, 3249, 16554, 10, 8999, 14537, 4, 136, 756, 111, 1919, 25313, 4, 110613, 136, 53397, 48461, 102880, 3542, 131148, 47, 69307, 63154, 82586, 18271, 25, 7, 20654, 67, 69236, 12, 174548, 16554, 3934, 1632, 111, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 6782, 14537, 7, 5, 1326, 70, 44, 11935, 39367, 40534, 58, 15, 2347, 44, 5267, 38970, 74054, 237, 63154, 82586, 18271, 1884, 71, 47, 11782, 66570, 4, 44, 4545, 87168, 509, 73872, 53, 58, 136, 76726, 678, 9588, 214, 43904, 7, 3542, 9588, 214, 14537, 7, 5, 360, 18374, 36236, 4, 63154, 82586, 18271, 4599, 14534, 64853, 1830, 136, 2304, 63928, 136, 91048, 23, 1632, 111, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 182, 1495, 525, 2874, 9, 11, 3422, 1363, 131703, 4, 105207, 47, 10, 21334, 16195, 350, 23, 70, 14012, 111, 16554, 19, 145048, 32997, 297, 47, 8, 254, 1484, 2886, 27289, 23, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 707, 68743, 52467, 5, 133698, 70, 25632, 5369, 63154, 82586, 18271, 237360, 71, 142, 9803, 44930, 98186, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 65925, 14713, 5, 16554, 509, 70, 5117, 34210, 15519, 49085, 18, 23295, 47, 125296, 10542, 102126, 4, 70, 5117, 47, 33284, 70, 8357, 103739, 6635, 32897, 4, 136, 70, 5117, 47, 53299, 10, 7082, 34202, 4, 22758, 1520, 27012, 5, 360, 32158, 4, 16554, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 9082, 186670, 98, 52394, 17447, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 109502, 63154, 82586, 18271, 15, 4, 2819, 1381, 18982, 24531, 46, 714, 14487, 13501, 16, 509, 10, 16554, 19, 52287, 271, 39624, 66, 136, 57724, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 4537, 104463, 53, 111, 70, 16554, 19, 84158, 271, 31016, 1295, 31017, 47, 13501, 136, 8311, 329, 70, 17932, 136, 4568, 84158, 271, 57724, 111, 16554, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 10336, 111, 11341, 1295, 28980, 4, 520, 6496, 237, 34202, 111, 70, 22836, 70615, 136, 1295, 27898, 133244, 538, 237, 34202, 111, 70, 47806, 24189, 1919, 645, 927, 15555, 136, 71924, 1830, 23, 70, 16554, 19, 135555, 23, 14487, 13501, 4, 2831, 111, 10, 36549, 111, 2874, 9, 166697, 1419, 136, 2874, 9, 8912, 32406, 32528, 75, 22876, 5180, 23, 24453, 9022, 14713, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and career.", "Leadership of Romania.", "Revolution and death.", "Timișoara.", "Overthrow.", "Speech on December 21st.", "Flight on December 22nd.", "Death.", "Ceaușescu's policies.", "Legacy.", "Cultural depictions.", "Honours and awards.", "Romanian orders, decorations and medals.", "Foreign state orders, decorations and medals.", "Academic titles." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Ceaușescu was born in the small village of Scornicești, Olt County on 26 January 1918, being one of the nine children of a poor peasant family (see Ceaușescu family). His father Andruță owned of agricultural land and a few sheep, and Nicolae supplemented his large family's income through tailoring. He studied at the village school until the age of 11, when he left for Bucharest. Journalist Cătălin Gruia claimed in 2007 that he ran away from his supposedly extremely religious, abusive and strict father. He initially lived with his sister, Niculina Rusescu, and then became an apprentice shoemaker. He worked in the workshop of Alexandru Săndulescu, a shoemaker who was an active member in the then-illegal Communist Party. Ceaușescu was soon involved in the Communist Party activities (becoming a member in early 1932), but as a teenager he was given only small tasks. He was first arrested in 1933, at the age of 15, for street fighting during a strike and again, in 1934, first for collecting signatures on a petition protesting the trial of railway workers and twice more for other similar activities. By the mid-1930s, he had been in missions in Bucharest, Craiova, Câmpulung and Râmnicu Vâlcea, being arrested several times. The profile file from the secret police, Siguranța Statului, named him \"a dangerous Communist agitator\" and \"distributor of Communist and antifascist propaganda materials\". For these charges, he was convicted on 6 June 1936 by the Brașov Tribunal to 2 years in prison, an additional 6 months for contempt of court, and one year of forced residence in Scornicești. He spent most of his sentence in Doftana Prison. While out of jail in 1939, he met Elena Petrescu,", "When Gheorghiu-Dej died on 19 March 1965, Ceaușescu was not the obvious successor despite his closeness to the longtime leader. However, widespread infighting by older and more connected officials made the Politburo turn to Ceaușescu as a compromise candidate. He was elected general secretary on 22 March 1965, three days after Gheorghiu-Dej's death. One of his first acts was to change the name of the party from the Romanian Workers' Party back to the Communist Party of Romania and to declare the country a socialist republic, rather than a people's republic. In 1967, he consolidated his power by becoming president of the State Council, making him \"de jure\" head of state. His political apparatus sent many thousands of political opponents to prison or psychiatric hospitals. Initially, Ceaușescu became a popular figure, both in Romania and in the West, because of his independent foreign policy, which challenged the authority of the Soviet Union. In the 1960s, he eased press censorship and ended Romania's active participation in the Warsaw Pact, but Romania formally remained a member. He refused to take part in the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces and even actively and openly condemned that action in his 21 August 1968 speech. He travelled to Prague a week before the invasion to offer moral support to his Czechoslovak counterpart, Alexander Dubček. Although the Soviet Union largely tolerated Ceaușescu's recalcitrance, his seeming independence from Moscow earned Romania a maverick status within the Eastern Bloc. Ceaușescu's main aim as leader was to make Romania a world power, and all of his economic, foreign and demographic policies were meant to achieve Ceaușescu's ultimate goal: turning Romania into one of the world's great powers. For the \"Conducător\" (the \"Leader\"), as Ceaușescu liked to call himself, \"demography was destiny\" and countries with rising populations were rising powers. In October 1966, Ceaușescu banned abortion and contraception and brought in one of the world's harshest anti-abortion laws, leading to a large spike in the number of Romanian infants abandoned to deplorable conditions in the country's orphanages. During the following years Ceaușescu pursued an open policy towards the United States and Western Europe. Romania was the first Warsaw Pact country to recognize West Germany, the first to join the International Monetary Fund, and the first to receive a US President, Richard Nixon. In 1971, Romania became a member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Romania and Yugoslavia were also the only Eastern European countries that entered into trade agreements with the European Economic Community before the fall of the Eastern Bloc. A series of official visits to Western countries (including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Australia) helped Ceaușescu to present himself as a reforming Communist, pursuing an independent foreign policy within the Soviet Bloc. He also became eager to be seen as an enlightened international statesman, able to mediate in international conflicts, and to gain international respect for Romania. Ceaușescu negotiated in international affairs, such as the opening of US relations with China in 1969 and the visit of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat to Israel in 1977. Also Romania was the only country in the world to maintain normal diplomatic relations with both Israel and the PLO. In 1980, Romania participated in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow with its other Soviet bloc allies, but in 1984 was one of the few Communist countries to participate in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles when most of the Eastern Bloc's nations boycotted this event.", "In November 1989, the XIVth Congress of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) saw Ceaușescu, then aged 71, re-elected for another five years as leader of the PCR. During the Congress, Ceaușescu made a speech denouncing the anti-Communist revolutions happening throughout the rest of Eastern Europe. The following month, Ceaușescu's government itself collapsed after a series of violent events in Timișoara and Bucharest.", "Demonstrations in the city of Timișoara (Temesvár) were triggered by the government-sponsored attempt to evict László Tőkés, an ethnic Hungarian pastor, accused by the government of inciting ethnic hatred. Members of his ethnic Hungarian congregation surrounded his apartment in a show of support. Romanian students spontaneously joined the demonstration, which soon lost nearly all connection to its initial cause and became a more general anti-government demonstration. Regular military forces, police, and the Securitate fired on demonstrators on 17 December 1989, killing and injuring men, women, and children. On 18 December 1989, Ceaușescu departed for a state visit to Iran, leaving the duty", "", "The mass meeting of December 21, held in what is now Revolution Square, began like many of Ceaușescu's speeches over the years. He spoke of the achievements of the \"Socialist revolution\" and Romania's \"multi-laterally developed Socialist society.\" He also blamed the Timișoara riots on \"fascist agitators who want to destroy socialism.\" However, Ceaușescu had misjudged the crowd's mood. Roughly eight minutes into his speech, several people began jeering and booing, and others began chanting \"Timișoara!\" He tried to silence them by raising his right hand and calling for the crowd's attention", "By the morning of December 22, the rebellion had already spread to all major cities across the country. The suspicious death of Vasile Milea, Ceaușescu's defence minister, later confirmed as a suicide (he tried to incapacitate himself with a flesh wound but a bullet severed his artery), was announced by the media. Immediately thereafter, Ceaușescu presided over the CPEx (Political Executive Committee) meeting and assumed the leadership of the army. Believing that Milea had been murdered, rank-and-file soldiers switched sides to the revolution almost \"en masse\". The commanders wrote off Ceaușescu as a lost cause and made no effort to keep their men loyal to the government. Ceaușescu made a last desperate attempt to address the crowd gathered in front of the Central Committee building, but the people in the square began throwing stones and other projectiles at", "Ceaușescu and his wife Elena fled the capital with Emil Bobu and Manea Mănescu and headed, by helicopter, to Ceaușescu's Snagov residence, from which they fled again, this time to Târgoviște. They abandoned the helicopter near Târgoviște, having been ordered to land by the army, which by that time had restricted flying in Romania's airspace. The Ceaușescus were held by the police while the policemen listened to the radio. They were eventually turned over to the army. On Christmas Day, 25 December 1989, the Ceaușescus were tried before a court convened in a small room on orders of the National Salvation Front, Romania's provisional government. They faced charges including illegal gathering of wealth and genocide. Ceaușescu repeatedly denied the court's authority to try him, and asserted he was still legally the President of Romania. At the end of the quick show trial, the Ceaușescus were found guilty and sentenced to death. A soldier standing guard in the proceedings was ordered to take the Ceaușescus out the back one by one and shoot them, but the Ceaușescus demanded to die together. The soldiers agreed to this and began to tie their hands behind their backs, which the Ceaușescus protested against, but were powerless to prevent. The Ceaușescus", "While the term \"Ceaușism\" became widely used inside Romania, usually as a pejorative, it never achieved status in academia. This can be explained by the largely crude and syncretic character of the dogma. Ceaușescu attempted to include his views in mainstream Marxist theory, to which he added his belief in a \"multilaterally developed Socialist society\" as a necessary stage between the Leninist concepts of Socialist and Communist societies (a critical view reveals that the main reason for the interval is the disappearance of the State and Party structures in Communism). A Romanian Encyclopedic Dictionary entry in 1978 underlines the concept as \"a new, superior, stage in the Socialist development of Romania [...] begun by the 1971–1975 Five-Year Plan, prolonged over several [succeeding and projected] Five-Year Plans\". Ceaușism's main trait was a form of Romanian nationalism, one which arguably propelled Ceaușescu to power in 1965, and probably accounted for the Party leadership under Ion Gheorghe Maurer choosing him over the more orthodox Gheorghe Apostol. Although he had previously been a careful supporter of the official lines, Ceaușescu came to embody Romanian society's wish for independence after what many considered years of Soviet directives and purges, during and after the SovRom fiasco. He carried this nationalist option inside the Party, manipulating it against the nominated successor Apostol. This nationalist policy had more timid precedents: for example, Gheorghiu-Dej had overseen the withdrawal of the Red Army in 1958. It had also engineered the publishing of several works that subverted the Russian and Soviet image, such as the final volumes of the official \"History of Romania\", no longer glossing over traditional points of tension with Russia and the Soviet Union (even alluding to an unlawful Soviet presence in Bessarabia). In the final years of Gheorghiu-Dej's rule, more problems were openly discussed, with the publication of a collection of Karl Marx's writings that dealt with Romanian topics, showing Marx's previously censored, politically uncomfortable views of Russia. Ceaușescu was prepared to take a more decisive step in questioning Soviet policies. In the early years of his rule, he generally relaxed political pressures inside Romanian society, which led to the late 1960s and early 1970s being the most liberal decade in Socialist Romania. Gaining the public's confidence, Ceaușescu took a clear stand against the 1968 crushing of the Prague Spring by Leonid Brezhnev. After a visit from Charles de Gaulle earlier in the same year, during which the French President gave recognition to the incipient maverick, Ceaușescu's public speech in August deeply impressed the population, not only through its themes, but also because, uniquely, it was unscripted. He immediately attracted Western sympathies and backing, which lasted well beyond the 'liberal' phase of his rule; at the same time, the period brought forward the threat of armed Soviet invasion: significantly, many young men inside Romania joined the \"Patriotic Guards\" created on the spur of the moment, in order to meet the perceived threat. President Richard Nixon was invited to Bucharest in 1969, which was the first visit of a United States president to a communist country after the start of the Cold War. Alexander Dubček's version of \"Socialism with a human face\" was never suited to Romanian Communist goals. Ceaușescu found himself briefly aligned with Dubček's Czechoslovakia and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia. The latter friendship was to last until Tito's death in 1980, with Ceaușescu adapting the Titoist doctrine of \"independent Socialist development\" to suit his own objectives. Romania proclaimed itself a \"Socialist\" (in place of \"People's\") Republic to show that it was fulfilling Marxist goals without Moscow's oversight. The system's nationalist traits grew and progressively blended with North Korean \"Juche\" and Chinese Maoist ideals. In 1971, the Party, which had already been completely purged of internal opposition (with the possible exception of Gheorghe Gaston Marin), approved the \"July Theses\", expressing Ceaușescu's disdain of Western models as a whole, and the reevaluation of the recent liberalisation as \"bourgeois\". The 1974 XIth Party Congress tightened the Party's grip on Romanian culture, guiding it towards Ceaușescu's nationalist principles. Notably, it demanded that Romanian historians refer to Dacians as having \"an unorganised State\", part of a political continuum that culminated in the Socialist Republic. The government continued its cultural dialogue with ancient forms, with Ceaușescu connecting his cult of personality to figures such as Mircea cel Bătrân (lit. \"Mircea the Elder\", whom he styled \"Mircea the Great\") and Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave). It also started adding Dacian or Roman versions to the names of cities and towns (\"Drobeta\" to Turnu Severin, \"Napoca\" to Cluj). Although Ceaușescu maintained an independent, \"national Communist\" course, his absolute control over the country, as well as the intensity of the personality cult surrounding him, led many non-Romanian observers to describe his rule as one of the closest things to an old-style Stalinist regime. The last edition of the Country Study on Romania, for instance, referred to the PCR's \"Stalinist repression of individual liberties.\" A new generation of committed supporters on the outside confirmed the administration's character. Ceaușescu probably never emphasized that his policies constituted a paradigm for theorists of National Bolshevism such as Jean-François Thiriart, but there was a publicised connection between him and Iosif Constantin Drăgan, an Iron Guardist Romanian-Italian émigré millionaire (Drăgan was already committed to a Dacian Protochronism that largely echoed the official cultural policy). Nicolae Ceaușescu had a major influence on modern-day Romanian populist rhetoric. In his final years, he had begun to rehabilitate the image of pro-Nazi dictator Ion Antonescu. Although Antonescu's image was never a fully official myth in Ceaușescu's time, today's politicians such as Corneliu Vadim Tudor have coupled the images of the two leaders into their versions of a national Pantheon. The conflict with Hungary over the treatment of the Magyar minority in Romania had several unusual aspects: not only was it a vitriolic argument between two officially Socialist states, it also marked the moment when Hungary, a state behind the Iron Curtain, appealed to the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe for sanctions to be taken against Romania. This meant that the later 1980s were marked by a pronounced anti-Hungarian discourse, which owed more to nationalist tradition than to Marxism, and the ultimate isolation of Romania on the world stage. The strong opposition to Ceaușescu on all forms of \"perestroika\" and \"glasnost\" placed Ceaușescu at odds with Mikhail Gorbachev. He was very displeased when other Warsaw Pact countries decided to try their own versions of Gorbachev's reforms. In particular, he was incensed when Poland's leaders opted for a power-sharing arrangement with the Solidarity trade union. He even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland—a significant reversal, considering how violently he opposed the invasion of Czechoslovakia 20 years earlier. For his part, Gorbachev made no secret of his distaste for Ceaușescu, whom he called \"the Romanian führer.\" At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceaușescu for his inflexible attitude. \"You are running a dictatorship here,\" the Soviet leader warned. In November 1989, at the XIVth and last congress of the PCR, Ceaușescu condemned the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and asked for the annulment of its consequences. In effect, this amounted to a demand for the return of Bessarabia (most of which was then a Soviet republic and since 1991 has been independent Moldova) and northern Bukovina, both of which had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and again at the end of World War II.", "Ceaușescu had a mixed reputation among international leaders of his time. In his memoir \"The Artful Albanian\", Albanian leader Enver Hoxha remarked \"As if Ceausescu and company are to bring down imperialism! If the world waits for the Ceausescus to do such a thing, imperialism will live for tens of thousands of years...\" However Libyan leader Muammar Gadaffi had an opposite interpretation saying, \"My brother! You are my brother for the rest of my life!\". Ceaușescu even received praise from anti-communists with the leader of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi saying \"I would like to salute [Ceaușescu's] intransigent patriotism and ferocious will for independence. A veritable amity", "He was played by Constantin Cojocaru in the 2011 Swiss docudrama, \"Die letzten Tage der Ceausescus\". A comedy musical enjoyed a world premiere at Se7en Arts in Leeds on Sunday 21 May 2017.", "Ceaușescu was made a knight of the Danish Order of the Elephant, but this appointment was revoked on 23 December 1989 by the queen of Denmark, Margrethe II. Ceaușescu was likewise stripped of his honorary GCB (Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath) status by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the day before his execution. Queen Elizabeth II also returned the insignia of the Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania that Ceaușescu had bestowed upon her in 1978. On his 70th birthday in 1988, Ceaușescu was decorated with the Karl-Marx-Order by then Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) chief Erich Honecker; through this he was honoured for his rejection of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms.", "All titles and decorations were revoked", "Several foreign decorations were revoked at", "Honorary degrees from the University of Bucharest (1973), Lebanese University (1974), University of Buenos Aires (1974)," ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 116338, 34378, 4, 120469, 4727, 23825, 10437, 509, 103122, 1381, 18982, 109969, 4, 99, 59784, 14434, 92878, 22824, 4, 59784, 14434, 4, 94992, 9339, 7, 4, 47, 79281, 4727, 23825, 10437, 89596, 5, 4, 10, 345, 5, 294, 5, 126140, 84495, 73, 4, 136, 1919, 58386, 4, 23213, 59849, 10186, 39391, 53, 4727, 23825, 10437, 15, 67127, 76, 4806, 44, 683, 102802, 51029, 79281, 89596, 5, 509, 10, 775, 111, 50695, 4745, 9, 57332, 112811, 136, 39624, 66, 79281, 4727, 23825, 10437, 34843, 5, 4, 79281, 2806, 14432, 53299, 70, 165605, 111, 58744, 100, 1919, 61972, 678, 70, 32528, 126140, 23, 70, 99381, 111, 77905, 6635, 41231, 429, 20271, 70, 15672, 18543, 5550, 4, 136, 186, 125568, 71, 47, 70, 30648, 111, 23414, 86216, 4537, 5, 59849, 10186, 21449, 1295, 10, 197097, 12876, 33850, 4, 118623, 4, 14449, 5, 32964, 111, 604, 82953, 7, 1902, 5775, 46526, 100, 70, 25134, 23, 70, 18543, 5550, 4, 136, 128120, 71, 47, 29966, 604, 81141, 5, 6619, 70, 65042, 297, 14449, 4, 4727, 23825, 10437, 83, 2843, 95534, 538, 62548, 47, 115136, 165956, 4, 10, 3288, 74445, 107, 111, 70, 7082, 19295, 53, 5, 79281, 136, 59849, 53, 1902, 17262, 775, 7, 4, 111, 136565, 120469, 509, 70, 27150, 525, 4, 25632, 79281, 4830, 4, 103122, 98, 106, 8055, 157313, 4, 136, 233870, 4, 103122, 98, 729, 18374, 153459, 5, 581, 14449, 158930, 98, 10, 206846, 111, 126140, 32323, 23, 70, 15672, 25074, 10542, 5, 46347, 5256, 3542, 128489, 13, 4, 136, 233870, 68, 71, 111, 163, 162, 1577, 23, 163055, 5, 360, 1919, 7199, 17990, 4, 44, 4332, 65015, 238, 69098, 830, 4727, 23825, 10437, 54397, 44, 568, 97384, 47, 51894, 136, 106443, 3853, 8108, 87, 5809, 12301, 707, 33022, 2451, 5012, 297, 4, 39555, 8108, 87, 5809, 35691, 136, 22120, 1242, 4727, 23825, 10437, 25, 7, 1733, 98, 70, 12912, 6815, 134620, 23, 20414, 145810, 3229, 70, 14449, 109133, 47, 17955, 4, 391, 5, 441, 5, 4, 7440, 764, 29966, 297, 70, 59591, 16934, 19188, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 44183, 47, 1735, 23643, 4, 31464, 4, 23, 6088, 154140, 5, 51404, 2685, 4727, 23825, 10437, 29966, 297, 70, 10542, 31464, 67485, 53, 4727, 23825, 10437, 66933, 1919, 25975, 2320, 16387, 141, 72089, 678, 1919, 27863, 99, 19953, 3010, 191, 4, 39897, 4, 7440, 1919, 67373, 4, 5036, 10, 13036, 4537, 4, 509, 520, 6496, 237, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 63557, 111, 70, 109727, 5, 24372, 19364, 4, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 138, 4216, 90125, 56, 141117, 1799, 191, 4, 3129, 45807, 71, 100, 70, 129535, 23, 18374, 106355, 5, 4727, 23825, 10437, 509, 9325, 47, 891, 31, 6613, 4, 7440, 764, 1601, 1824, 297, 70, 50961, 111, 10, 148, 3467, 420, 99, 16010, 9265, 45211, 5, 1529, 23409, 98, 47, 55080, 110297, 7, 99, 87524, 365, 761, 6406, 4, 9113, 402, 65371, 6406, 136, 1845, 978, 6406, 5, 360, 7582, 106355, 4, 12960, 20697, 98, 53513, 17771, 7, 4, 764, 509, 920, 223, 5252, 390, 10, 80836, 111, 139510, 49745, 2940, 7, 707, 6, 32527, 70773, 7, 74, 764, 51876, 136, 152388, 15044, 678, 1919, 75354, 5, 1529, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 5117, 23414, 86216, 23, 109047, 23, 7071, 96929, 5, 360, 18374, 96929, 4, 1919, 9742, 111, 115, 939, 509, 59226, 16610, 3229, 764, 18264, 297, 960, 6232, 136, 11450, 29959, 442, 206, 20271, 10, 110297, 98, 42173, 66, 5, 1529, 176377, 47, 1735, 22600, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 95486, 297, 47, 70, 39897, 262, 35611, 63871, 5, 360, 20414, 66007, 4, 764, 100512, 185256, 185118, 111, 70, 127152, 111, 70, 109727, 5, 360, 18374, 66007, 4, 4727, 23825, 10437, 75204, 12989, 7, 47, 172337, 47, 71667, 100, 164306, 237, 111517, 9, 112, 9, 27034, 47, 1919, 67373, 5, 62, 332, 2750, 55950, 70, 4727, 23825, 10437, 7, 99, 903, 1733, 54397, 450, 12, 44, 23825, 10437, 4727, 23825, 10437, 509, 70, 2684, 42009, 30885, 1236, 538, 13329, 1814, 70760, 332, 87, 1902, 17669, 51592, 4, 24189, 87, 435, 1919, 775, 1242, 10660, 134071, 297, 148926, 2161, 952, 7071, 41310, 4, 34202, 39076, 15555, 100708, 12989, 297, 70, 6, 167618, 111, 1446, 2263, 47568, 5, 4727, 23825, 10437, 33284, 297, 70, 10336, 167565, 1314, 23082, 450, 509, 9325, 47, 70, 16128, 4, 24387, 6496, 98, 106, 4347, 41310, 5, 1529, 185171, 450, 70, 150535, 8060, 111, 142, 129745, 1295, 1446, 2263, 47568, 2806, 64209, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 6, 68823, 52562, 5, 26040, 214, 87794, 111, 6, 68823, 52562, 2258, 7, 23, 1446, 2263, 47568, 1284, 110, 43572, 31494, 90, 4, 4727, 23825, 10437, 5423, 1810, 47, 493, 40383, 10, 13416, 450, 2685, 3542, 10, 14012, 111, 43572, 31494, 90, 23, 145185, 1138, 4, 1446, 2263, 47568, 5, 1326, 3650, 19236, 23, 86761, 4, 764, 163629, 71, 10, 3535, 3284, 136, 70, 11374, 111, 17262, 181815, 7, 4, 136565, 764, 45, 4100, 4806, 5, 4727, 23825, 10437, 136, 1919, 19085, 105866, 43606, 87907, 7, 23, 145185, 1138, 4, 6626, 111, 3129, 3542, 4734, 101089, 1314, 4, 1284, 70, 3789, 17262, 43572, 31494, 90, 3542, 66161, 2367, 509, 56065, 5, 2161, 70, 3917, 4420, 47, 1446, 2263, 47568, 4, 1919, 19085, 509, 5423, 54799, 390, 43606, 187, 4806, 453, 5, 581, 19085, 7228, 10, 11675, 100, 442, 136, 1810, 56883, 37534, 756, 1284, 6626, 111, 70, 187, 4806, 453, 4, 136565, 4727, 23825, 10437, 176377, 47, 70, 5550, 63557, 4, 7440, 764, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 13036, 98, 534, 14487, 64911, 5, 360, 18237, 64104, 4, 764, 509, 95486, 297, 237, 10336, 111, 70, 86907, 111, 32007, 99, 70, 23179, 111, 70, 196212, 111, 5550, 4, 145076, 391, 5, 133840, 5, 4727, 23825, 10437, 1556, 16792, 2809, 28601, 297, 237, 70, 126140, 25, 7, 5117, 24234, 93324, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 21635, 1363, 111, 1631, 98, 102126, 98, 305, 7071, 38222, 4, 133840, 136, 4727, 23825, 10437, 111670, 71, 142, 106689, 1295, 34202, 100708, 100, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 9907, 135440, 98, 70, 65925, 43643, 5, 4727, 23825, 10437, 42459, 297, 135834, 5117, 581, 4828, 2208, 127152, 30957, 297, 70, 13315, 23, 70, 92136, 3350, 733, 10745, 8916, 23, 22482, 24531, 5, 2161, 1381, 22482, 4, 4727, 23825, 10437, 136, 154564, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 9082, 111, 70, 126140, 120469, 4727, 23825, 10437, 59150, 18982, 109969, 758, 7071, 38425, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 43606, 9, 5613, 4537, 136, 117657, 23342, 4200, 111, 70, 175729, 126140, 5, 1529, 509, 127873, 111, 112006, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 126140, 20271, 70, 28730, 7, 136, 112730, 10, 197097, 31486, 23, 70, 109727, 6, 104241, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 1529, 75204, 70, 165605, 111, 58744, 100, 1919, 4516, 23, 70, 129535, 80399, 4, 3129, 7228, 4049, 136, 1919, 67373, 79281, 4727, 23825, 10437, 89596, 5, 70, 5117, 67373, 136, 775, 47, 186, 70318, 297, 70, 40501, 5, 1529, 509, 1632, 111, 4734, 43606, 47, 6, 58944, 47, 70, 30648, 111, 9082, 111, 70, 126140, 23, 70, 7082, 126140, 4, 136, 70, 4734, 1632, 158, 2875, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Junior officer.", "Veracruz expedition.", "World War I.", "Rainbow Division.", "Champagne-Marne Offensive.", "Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive.", "Between the wars.", "Superintendent of the United States Military Academy.", "Army's youngest major general.", "Chief of Staff.", "Field Marshal of the Philippine Army.", "World War II.", "Philippines Campaign (1941–42).", "Defence of the Philippines.", "Escape from the Philippines.", "Medal of Honor.", "New Guinea Campaign.", "General Headquarters.", "Papuan Campaign.", "New Guinea Campaign.", "Philippines Campaign (1944–45).", "Leyte.", "Luzon.", "Southern Philippines.", "Occupation of Japan.", "Protecting the Emperor.", "War crimes trials.", "Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.", "Korean War.", "South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu.", "Removal from command.", "Later life.", "Death and legacy.", "Honors and awards.", "Portrayals." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "A military brat, Douglas MacArthur was born 26 January 1880, at Little Rock Barracks, Little Rock, Arkansas, to Arthur MacArthur Jr., a U.S. Army captain, and his wife, Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur (nicknamed \"Pinky\"). Arthur Jr. was a son of Scottish-born jurist and politician Arthur MacArthur Sr., Arthur would later receive the Medal of Honor for his actions with the Union Army in the Battle of Missionary Ridge during the American Civil War, and be promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. Pinkney came from a prominent Norfolk, Virginia, family. Two of her brothers had fought for the South in the Civil War, and refused to attend her wedding. Of the extended family, MacArthur is also distantly related to Matthew Perry, a Commodore of the US Navy. Arthur and Pinky had three sons, of whom Douglas was the youngest, following Arthur III, born on 1 August 1876, and Malcolm, born on 17 October 1878. The family lived on a succession of Army posts in the American Old West. Conditions were primitive, and Malcolm died of measles in 1883. In his memoir, \"Reminiscences\", MacArthur wrote \"I learned to ride and shoot even before I could read or write—indeed, almost before I could walk and talk.\" MacArthur's time on the frontier ended in July 1889 when the family moved to Washington, D.C., where he attended the Force Public School. His father was posted to San Antonio, Texas, in September 1893. While there MacArthur attended the West Texas Military", "MacArthur spent his graduation furlough with his parents at Fort Mason, California, where his father, now a major general, was serving as commander of the Department of the Pacific. Afterward, he joined the 3rd Engineer Battalion, which departed for the Philippines in October 1903. MacArthur was sent to Iloilo, where he supervised the construction of a wharf at Camp Jossman. He went on to conduct surveys at Tacloban City, Calbayog City and Cebu City. In November 1903, while working on Guimaras, he was ambushed by a pair of Filipino brigands or guerrillas; he shot and killed both with his pistol. He was promoted to first lieutenant in Manila in April 1904. In October 1904, his tour of duty was cut short when he contracted malaria and dhobi itch during a survey on Bataan. He returned to San Francisco, where he was assigned to the California Debris Commission. In July 1905, he became chief engineer of the Division of the Pacific. In October 1905, MacArthur received orders to proceed to Tokyo for appointment as aide-de-camp to his father. A man who knew the MacArthurs at this time wrote that: \"Arthur MacArthur was the most flamboyantly egotistical man I had ever seen, until I met his son.\" They inspected Japanese", "On 21 April 1914, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the occupation of Veracruz. MacArthur joined the headquarters staff that was sent to the area, arriving on 1 May 1914. He realized that the logistic support of an advance from Veracruz would require the use of the railroad. Finding plenty of railroad cars in Veracruz but no locomotives, MacArthur set out to verify a report that there were a number of locomotives in Alvarado, Veracruz. For $150 in gold, he acquired a handcar and the services of three Mexicans, whom he disarmed. MacArthur and his party located five engines in Alvarado, two of which were only switchers, but the other three locomotives were exactly what was required. On the way back to Veracruz, his party was set upon by five armed men. The party made a run for it and outdistanced all but two of the armed men, whom", "", "MacArthur returned to the War Department, where he was promoted to major on 11 December 1915. In June 1916, he was assigned as head of the Bureau of Information at the office of the Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker. MacArthur has since been regarded as the Army's first press officer. Following the declaration of war on Germany on 6 April 1917, Baker and MacArthur secured an agreement from President Wilson for the use of the National Guard on the Western Front. MacArthur suggested sending first", "The 42nd Division entered the line in the quiet Lunéville sector in February 1918. On 26 February, MacArthur and Captain Thomas T. Handy accompanied a French trench raid in which MacArthur assisted in the capture of a number of German prisoners. The commander of the French VII Corps, Major General Georges de Bazelaire, decorated MacArthur with the \"Croix de Guerre\". Menoher recommended MacArthur for a Silver Star, which he later received. The Silver Star Medal was not instituted until 8 August 1932, but small Silver Citation Stars were authorized to be worn on the campaign ribbons of those cited in orders for gallantry, similar to the British mention in despatches. When the Silver Star Medal was instituted, it was retroactively awarded to those who had been awarded Silver Citation Stars. On 9 March, the 42nd Division launched three raids of its own on German trenches in the Salient du Feys. MacArthur accompanied a company of", "The 42nd Division earned a few weeks rest, returning to the line for the Battle of Saint-Mihiel on 12 September 1918. The Allied advance proceeded rapidly and MacArthur was awarded a fifth Silver Star for his leadership of the 84th Infantry Brigade. He received a sixth Silver Star for his participation in a raid on the night of 25–26 September. The 42nd Division was relieved on the night of 30 September and moved to the Argonne sector where it relieved the 1st Division on the night of 11 October. On a reconnaissance the next day, MacArthur was gassed again, earning a second Wound Chevron. The 42nd Division's participation in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive began on 14 October when it attacked with both brigades. That evening, a conference was called to discuss the attack, during which Charles Pelot Summerall, commander of the First Infantry Division and V Corps, telephoned and demanded that Châtillon be taken by 18:00 the next evening. An aerial photograph had been obtained that showed a gap in the German barbed wire to the northeast of Châtillon. Lieutenant Colonel Walter E. Bare—the commander of", "", "In 1919, MacArthur became Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, which Chief of Staff Peyton March felt had become out of date in many respects and was much in need of reform. Accepting the post allowed MacArthur to retain his rank of brigadier general, instead of being reduced to his substantive rank of major like many of his contemporaries. When MacArthur moved into the superintendent's house with his mother in June 1919, he became the youngest superintendent since Sylvanus Thayer in 1817. However, whereas Thayer had faced opposition", "MacArthur became romantically involved with socialite and multi-millionaire heiress Louise Cromwell Brooks. They were married at her family's villa in Palm Beach, Florida on 14 February 1922. Rumors circulated that General Pershing, who had also courted Louise, had threatened to exile them to the Philippines if they were married. Pershing denied this as \"all damn poppycock\". In October 1922, MacArthur left West Point and sailed to the Philippines with Louise and her two children, Walter and Louise, to assume command of the Military District of Manila. MacArthur was fond of the children, and spent much of his free", "By 1930, MacArthur was 50 and still the youngest and best known of the U.S. Army's major generals. He left the Philippines on 19 September 1930 and for a brief time was in command of the IX Corps Area in San Francisco. On 21 November, he was sworn in as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, with the rank of general. While in Washington, he would ride home each day to have lunch with his mother. At his desk, he would wear a Japanese ceremonial kimono, cool himself with an oriental fan, and smoke cigarettes in a jeweled cigarette holder. In the evenings, he liked to read military history books. About this time, he began referring to himself as \"MacArthur\". He had already hired a public relations staff to promote his image with the American public, together with a set of ideas he was known to favor, namely: a belief that America needed a strongman leader to deal with", "When the Commonwealth of the Philippines achieved semi-independent status in 1935, President of the Philippines Manuel Quezon asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army. Quezon and MacArthur had been personal friends since the latter's father had been Governor-General of the Philippines, 35 years earlier. With President Roosevelt's approval, MacArthur accepted the assignment. It was agreed that MacArthur would receive the rank of field marshal, with its salary and allowances, in addition to his major general's salary as Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines. It would be his fifth tour in the Far East. MacArthur sailed from San Francisco on the in October 1935, accompanied by his mother and sister-in-law. He brought Eisenhower and Major James B. Ord along as his assistants. Another passenger on the \"President Hoover\" was Jean Marie Faircloth, an unmarried 37-year-old socialite. Over the next two years, MacArthur and Faircloth were frequently seen together. His mother became gravely ill during the voyage and died in Manila", "", "", "On 26 July 1941, Roosevelt federalized the Philippine Army, recalled MacArthur to active duty in the U.S. Army as a major general, and named him commander of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general the following day, and then to general on 20 December. On 31 July 1941, the Philippine Department had 22,000 troops assigned, 12,000 of whom were Philippine Scouts. The main component was the Philippine Division, under the command of Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright. The initial American plan for the defense of the Philippines called for the main body of the troops to retreat to the Bataan peninsula in Manila Bay to hold out against the Japanese until a relief force could arrive. MacArthur changed this plan to one of attempting to hold all of Luzon and using B-17", "In February 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to relocate to Australia. On the night of 12 March 1942, MacArthur and a select group that included his wife Jean, son Arthur, Arthur's Cantonese \"amah\", Ah Cheu, and other members of his staff, including Sutherland, Richard Marshall and Huff, left Corregidor. They traveled", "George Marshall decided that MacArthur would be awarded the Medal of Honor, a decoration for which he had twice previously been nominated, \"to offset any propaganda by the enemy directed at his leaving his command\". Eisenhower pointed out that MacArthur had not actually performed any acts of valor as required by law, but Marshall cited the 1927 award of the medal to Charles Lindbergh as a precedent. Special legislation had been passed to authorize Lindbergh's medal, but while similar legislation was introduced authorizing the medal for MacArthur by Congressmen J. Parnell Thomas and James E. Van Zandt, Marshall felt strongly that a serving general should receive the medal from the President and the War Department, expressing that the recognition \"would mean more\" if the gallantry criteria were not waived by a bill of relief. Marshall ordered Sutherland to recommend the award, and authored the citation himself. Ironically, this also meant that it violated the governing statute, as it could only be considered lawful so long as material requirements were waived by", "", "On 18 April 1942, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander, Allied Air Forces, and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander, Allied Naval Forces. Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian, George Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander, Allied Land Forces, and the job went to General Sir Thomas Blamey. Although predominantly Australian and American, MacArthur's command also included small numbers of", "Anticipating that the Japanese would strike at Port Moresby again, the garrison was strengthened and MacArthur ordered the establishment of new bases at Merauke and Milne Bay to cover its flanks. The Battle of Midway in June 1942 led to consideration of a limited offensive in the Pacific. MacArthur's proposal for an attack on the Japanese base at Rabaul met with objections from the Navy, which favored a less ambitious approach, and objected to an Army general being in command of what would be an amphibious operation. The resulting compromise called for a three-stage advance. The first stage, the seizure of the Tulagi area, would be conducted by the Pacific Ocean Areas, under Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. The later stages would be under MacArthur's command. The Japanese struck first, landing at Buna in July, and at Milne Bay in August. The Australians repulsed", "At the Pacific Military Conference in March 1943, the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved MacArthur's plan for Operation Cartwheel, the advance on Rabaul. MacArthur explained his strategy: In New Guinea, a country without roads, large-scale transportation of men and materiel would have to be accomplished by aircraft or ships. A multi-pronged approach was employed to solve this problem. Disassembled landing craft were shipped to Australia, where they were assembled in Cairns. The range of these small landing craft was to be greatly extended by the landing ships of the VII Amphibious Force, which began arriving in late 1942, and formed part of the newly formed Seventh Fleet. Since the Seventh Fleet had no aircraft carriers, the range of naval operations was limited by that of the fighter aircraft of the Fifth Air Force. Lieutenant General Walter Krueger's Sixth Army headquarters arrived in SWPA in early 1943 but MacArthur had only three American divisions, and they were tired and depleted from the fighting at Battle of Buna–Gona and Battle of Guadalcanal. As a result, \"it became obvious that any military offensive in the South-West Pacific in 1943 would have to be carried out mainly by the Australian Army\". The offensive began with the landing at Lae by the Australian 9th Division on 4 September 1943. The next day, MacArthur watched the landing at Nadzab by paratroops of the 503rd Parachute Infantry. His B-17 made the trip on three engines because one failed soon after leaving Port Moresby, but he insisted that it fly on to Nadzab. For this, he was awarded the Air Medal. The Australian 7th and 9th Divisions converged on Lae, which fell on 16 September. MacArthur advanced his timetable, and ordered the 7th to capture Kaiapit and Dumpu, while the 9th mounted an amphibious assault on Finschhafen. Here, the offensive bogged down, partly because MacArthur had based his decision to assault Finschhafen on Willoughby's assessment that there were only 350 Japanese defenders at Finschhafen, when in fact there were nearly 5,000. A furious battle ensued. In early November, MacArthur's plan for a westward advance along the coast of New Guinea to the Philippines was incorporated into plans for the war against Japan. Three months later, airmen reported", "", "In July 1944, President Roosevelt summoned MacArthur to meet with him in Hawaii \"to determine the phase of action against Japan\". Nimitz made the case for attacking Formosa. MacArthur stressed America's moral obligation to liberate the Philippines and won Roosevelt's support. In September, Admiral William Halsey Jr.'s carriers made a series of air strikes on the Philippines. Opposition was feeble and Halsey concluded, incorrectly, that Leyte was \"wide open\" and possibly undefended, and recommended that projected operations be skipped in favor of an assault", "MacArthur's next move was the invasion of Mindoro, where there were good potential airfield sites. Willoughby estimated, correctly as it turned out, that the island had only about 1,000 Japanese defenders. The problem this time was getting there. Kinkaid balked at sending escort carriers into the restricted waters of the Sulu Sea, and Kenney could not guarantee land based air cover. The operation was clearly hazardous, and MacArthur's staff talked him out of accompanying the invasion on \"Nashville\". As the invasion force entered the Sulu Sea, a \"kamikaze\" struck \"Nashville\", killing 133 people and wounding 190 more. Australian and American engineers had three airstrips in operation within two weeks, but the resupply convoys were", "Although MacArthur had no specific directive to do so, and the fighting on Luzon was far from over, he committed his forces to liberate the remainder of the Philippines. In the GHQ communiqué on 5 July, he announced that the Philippines had been liberated and all operations ended, although Yamashita still held out in northern Luzon. Starting in May 1945, MacArthur used his Australian troops in the invasion of Borneo. He accompanied the assault on Labuan, and visited the troops ashore. While returning to GHQ in Manila, he visited Davao, where he told Eichelberger that no more than 4,000 Japanese remained alive on Mindanao. A few months later, six times that number", "", "On 29 August 1945, MacArthur was ordered to exercise authority through the Japanese government machinery, including the Emperor Hirohito. MacArthur's headquarters was located in the Dai Ichi Life Insurance Building in Tokyo. Unlike in Germany, where the Allies had in May 1945 abolished the German state, the Americans chose to allow the Japanese state to continue to exist, albeit under their ultimate control. Unlike Germany, there was a certain partnership between the occupiers and occupied as MacArthur decided to rule Japan via the Emperor and most of the rest of the Japanese elite. The Emperor was a living god to the Japanese people, and", "MacArthur was responsible for confirming and enforcing the sentences for war crimes handed down by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. In late 1945, Allied military commissions in various cities of the Orient tried 5,700 Japanese, Taiwanese and Koreans for war crimes. About 4,300 were convicted, almost 1,000 sentenced to death, and hundreds given life imprisonment. The charges arose from incidents that included the Rape of Nanking, the Bataan Death March and Manila massacre. The trial in Manila of Yamashita was criticized", "As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan, MacArthur and his staff helped Japan rebuild itself, eradicate militarism and ultra-nationalism, promote political civil liberties, institute democratic government, and chart a new course that ultimately made Japan one of the world's leading industrial powers. The U.S. was firmly in control of Japan to oversee its reconstruction, and MacArthur was effectively the interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948. In 1946, MacArthur's staff drafted a new constitution that renounced war and stripped the Emperor of his military authority. The constitution—which became effective on 3 May 1947—instituted a parliamentary system of government, under which the Emperor acted only on the advice of his ministers. It included the famous Article 9, which outlawed belligerency as an instrument of state policy and the maintenance of a standing army. The constitution also enfranchised", "", "On 25 June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 82, which authorized a United Nations (UN) force to assist South Korea. The UN empowered the American government to select a commander, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously recommended MacArthur. He therefore became Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Command (UNC), while remaining SCAP in Japan and Commander-in-Chief, Far East. All South Korean forces were also placed under his command. As they retreated before the North Korean onslaught, MacArthur received permission to commit U.S. ground forces. All the first units to arrive could do was trade men and ground for time, falling back to the Pusan Perimeter. By the end of August, the crisis subsided. North Korean attacks on the perimeter had tapered off. While the North Korean force numbered 88,000 troops, Lieutenant General Walton Walker's Eighth Army now numbered 180,000, and he had more tanks and artillery pieces. In", "Within weeks of the Chinese attack, MacArthur was forced to retreat from North Korea. Seoul fell in January 1951, and both Truman and MacArthur were forced to contemplate the prospect of abandoning Korea entirely. European countries did not share MacArthur's world view, distrusted his judgment, and were afraid that he might use his stature and influence with the American public to re-focus American policy away from Europe and towards Asia. They were concerned that this might lead to a major war with China, possibly involving nuclear weapons. Since in February 1950 the Soviet Union and China had signed a defensive alliance committing each to go to war if the other party was attacked, the possibility that an American attack on China would cause World War III was considered to be very", "A day after his arrival in San Francisco from Korea on 18 April 1951, MacArthur flew with his family to Washington, D.C. where he was scheduled to address a joint session of Congress. It was his and Jean's first visit to the continental United States since 1937, when they had been married; Arthur IV, now aged 13, had never been to the U.S. On 19 April, MacArthur made his last official appearance in a farewell address to the U.S. Congress presenting and defending his side of his disagreement with Truman over the conduct of the Korean War. During his speech, he was interrupted by fifty ovations. MacArthur ended the address saying: MacArthur received public adulation, which aroused expectations that he would run for president, but he was not a candidate. MacArthur carried out a speaking tour in 1951–52 attacking the Truman administration for \"appeasement in Asia\" and for mismanaging the economy. Initially attracting large crowds, by early 1952 MacArthur's speeches were attracting smaller and smaller numbers of people as many complained that MacArthur seemed more interested in settling scores with Truman and praising himself than in offering up a constructive vision for the nation. MacArthur felt uncomfortable campaigning for the Republican nomination, and hoped that at the Republican convention, a deadlock would ensue between Senator Robert Taft and General Eisenhower, which would end with the GOP nominating him as the best compromise. MacArthur's unwillingness to campaign for the presidency seriously hurt his ability to win the nomination. In the end, MacArthur endorsed Senator Robert A. Taft, and was keynote speaker at the 1952 Republican National Convention. Taft lost the nomination to Eisenhower, who went on to win the 1952 election by a landslide. Once elected, Eisenhower consulted with MacArthur about ending the war in Korea. Douglas and Jean MacArthur spent their", "Douglas MacArthur died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on 5 April 1964, of biliary cirrhosis. Kennedy had authorized a state funeral before his own death in 1963, and Johnson confirmed the directive, ordering that MacArthur be buried \"with all the honor a grateful nation can bestow on a departed hero\". On 7 April his body was taken to New York City, where it lay in an open casket at the Seventh Regiment Armory for about 12 hours. That night it was taken on a funeral train to Union Station and transported by a funeral procession to the Capitol, where it lay in state at the United States Capitol rotunda. An estimated 150,000 people filed by the bier. MacArthur had requested to be buried in Norfolk, Virginia, where his mother had been born and where his parents had married. Accordingly, on 11 April, his funeral service was held in St Paul's Episcopal Church in Norfolk and his body was finally laid to rest in the rotunda of the Douglas MacArthur Memorial (the former Norfolk City Hall and later courthouse). In 1960, the mayor of Norfolk had proposed using funds raised by public contribution to remodel the old Norfolk City Hall as a memorial to General MacArthur and as a repository for his papers, decorations, and mementos he had accepted. Restored and remodeled, the MacArthur Memorial contains nine museum galleries whose contents reflect the general's 50 years of military service. At the heart of the memorial is a rotunda. In its center lies a sunken circular crypt with two marble sarcophagi, one for MacArthur, the other for Jean, who continued to live in the Waldorf Towers until her own death in 2000. The MacArthur Chambers in Brisbane, Australia, hosts the MacArthur Museum on the 8th floor where MacArthur had his office. MacArthur has a contested legacy. In the Philippines in 1942, he suffered a defeat that Gavin Long described as \"the greatest in the history of American foreign wars\". Despite this, \"in a fragile period of the American psyche when the general American public, still stunned by the shock of Pearl Harbor and uncertain what lay ahead in Europe, desperately needed a hero, they wholeheartedly embraced Douglas MacArthur—good press copy that he was. There simply were no other choices that came close to matching his mystique, not to mention his evocative lone-wolf stand—something that has always resonated with Americans.\" MacArthur's concept of the role of the soldier as encompassing a broad spectrum of roles that included civil affairs, quelling riots and low-level conflict, was dismissed by the majority of officers who had fought in Europe during World War II, and afterwards saw the Army's role as fighting the Soviet Union. Unlike them, in his victories in New Guinea in 1944, the Philippines in 1945 and Korea in 1950, he fought outnumbered, and relied on maneuver and surprise for success. The American Sinologist John Fairbank called MacArthur \"our greatest soldier\". On the other hand, Truman once remarked that he did not understand how the US Army could \"produce men such as Robert E. Lee, John J. Pershing, Eisenhower and Bradley and at the same time produce Custers, Pattons and MacArthur\". His relief of MacArthur cast a long shadow over American civil-military relations for decades. When Lyndon Johnson met with William Westmoreland in Honolulu in 1966, he told him: \"General, I have a lot riding on you. I hope you don't pull a MacArthur on me.\" MacArthur's relief \"left a lasting current of popular sentiment that in matters of war and peace, the military really knows best\", a philosophy which became known as \"MacArthurism\". MacArthur remains a controversial and enigmatic figure. He has been portrayed as a reactionary, although he was in many respects ahead of his time. He championed a progressive approach to the reconstruction of Japanese society, arguing that all occupations ultimately ended badly for the occupier and the occupied. He was often out of step with his contemporaries, such as in 1941 when he contended that Nazi Germany could not defeat the Soviet Union, when he argued that North Korea and China were no mere Soviet puppets, and throughout his career in his insistence that the future lay in the Far East. As such, MacArthur implicitly rejected White American contemporary notions of their own racial superiority. He always treated Filipino and Japanese leaders with respect as equals. At the same time, his Victorian sensibilities recoiled at leveling Manila with aerial bombing, an attitude the hardened World War II generation regarded as old fashioned. When asked about MacArthur, Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey once said, \"The best and the worst things you hear about him are both true.\" MacArthur was quoted by Justice Betty Ellerin of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, First Department in the 23 July 1987 decision on the case \"Dallas Parks, Respondent, v. George Steinbrenner et al., Appellants.\" The quote used was about him being \"...proud to have protected American freedoms, like the freedom to boo the umpire.\"", "During his lifetime, MacArthur earned over 100 military decorations from the U.S. and other countries including the Medal of Honor, the French \"Légion d'honneur\" and \"Croix de guerre\", the Order of the Crown of Italy, the Order of Orange-Nassau from the Netherlands, the Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath from Australia, and the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon from Japan. MacArthur was enormously popular with the American public. Streets, public works, and children were named after him. Even a dance step was named after him. In 1955, his promotion to General of the Armies was proposed in Congress, but the proposal was shelved. Since 1987 the General Douglas MacArthur", "Several actors" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7156, 83, 70, 116, 2208, 2831, 111, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 2874, 9, 205503, 601, 5, 39591, 1927, 4867, 53, 4, 107671, 297, 390, 4821, 25, 7, 44, 184964, 7, 111, 70, 19146, 446, 58, 136, 134629, 390, 2691, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 21672, 1832, 11050, 740, 581, 44759, 111, 70, 7156, 83, 10, 249, 30794, 111, 70, 29172, 6, 76362, 4792, 7156, 44, 23267, 31, 22634, 2758, 71, 740, 9563, 1884, 44, 184964, 7, 111, 70, 19146, 446, 830, 44, 23267, 31, 22634, 105591, 58, 70541, 7, 4552, 68894, 68944, 4, 20662, 103351, 756, 34, 63239, 47, 70, 14787, 601, 5, 39591, 86052, 5, 581, 17932, 28560, 30482, 142, 143726, 91067, 47, 39591, 237, 104211, 85532, 8407, 4, 3129, 3900, 19309, 7, 47, 44, 58, 594, 42, 5, 2290, 1505, 58, 58, 23, 195374, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 37348, 165249, 26698, 70, 7068, 9, 163812, 69496, 5550, 4, 345, 5, 294, 5, 6, 199417, 44930, 136, 345, 5, 294, 5, 116338, 44930, 15, 15866, 25667, 538, 70, 7082, 82485, 89499, 7, 23, 70, 11531, 44, 724, 66, 99433, 51029, 581, 19449, 14, 5992, 1507, 216487, 83, 2843, 66747, 71, 136, 3126, 297, 47, 70, 39591, 86052, 5, 581, 7156, 2843, 70541, 7, 747, 125682, 7, 111, 70, 39591, 86052, 181295, 939, 23, 70, 483, 21553, 52875, 7, 23, 70, 28560, 44, 92314, 7, 25720, 25720, 4, 58, 3129, 70541, 7, 18215, 121413, 7, 1295, 70, 180255, 2408, 128745, 53, 44, 15363, 8364, 87377, 740, 581, 11531, 75204, 10, 110, 91407, 100, 11345, 47331, 94030, 99, 70, 7218, 927, 189857, 54530, 5, 62, 456, 62015, 111, 70, 11531, 44, 3957, 32774, 87918, 58, 1295, 44, 1052, 1236, 25443, 58, 135179, 98, 903, 7156, 5, 62, 10617, 678, 44, 92314, 7, 92314, 7, 92314, 7, 830, 44, 3957, 32774, 87918, 58, 509, 2843, 27154, 3674, 100, 10, 189857, 5, 3362, 99726, 111, 111937, 13, 39591, 45730, 3137, 90, 621, 59226, 9, 2940, 9, 763, 14437, 25842, 99, 67842, 26847, 47, 57, 2826, 21533, 21543, 12, 100, 27781, 4, 70, 44759, 28560, 9842, 7, 678, 39591, 13254, 214, 44, 568, 765, 30666, 297, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 42998, 36322, 41637, 136, 87, 25, 39, 10, 169907, 4, 169907, 332, 678, 169907, 4, 169907, 142172, 7, 1242, 581, 7156, 509, 456, 9, 233707, 71, 23, 456, 62015, 297, 3173, 237, 44, 23267, 31, 22634, 36658, 58, 98, 20414, 209, 4, 25499, 2177, 474, 20583, 33, 30648, 7, 44, 23267, 31, 22634, 105591, 58, 237, 1919, 17932, 40304, 185236, 7156, 54433, 450, 959, 4734, 764, 1884, 71, 70, 52336, 1284, 764, 1902, 10, 4127, 1733, 20697, 678, 10208, 136210, 136, 100225, 36216, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 79961, 450, 3060, 111, 70, 52336, 3542, 11814, 23, 70, 2021, 62903, 60992, 6, 69986, 1346, 44, 3957, 11872, 18, 80002, 56, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 12163, 22634, 105591, 83, 70, 1492, 927, 12275, 7156, 390, 15672, 25297, 12924, 8753, 185236, 4, 121447, 23, 30739, 1650, 83, 2363, 5117, 54452, 8305, 702, 927, 40357, 136, 26842, 50930, 89916, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "The album is the 2nd part of the band's anti-George W. Bush trilogy, preceded by 2004's \"Houses of the Molé\" and followed by 2007's \"The Last Sucker\". The title of the album is a parody of the 1972 ZZ Top album \"Rio Grande Mud\". Just like \"Houses of the Molé\", \"Rio Grande Blood\" contains very political lyrics, making frequent allusions to the George W. Bush administration. The second track makes an explicit reference to Bush as Señor Peligro, which translates to \"\"Mr. Danger\"\" in Spanish. Some of the issues raised include the then-current Iraq War, U.S. immigration policy and U.S. military policy (particularly the US Marine Corps in the song \"Gangreen\"). The Halliburton corporation is also quoted and linked to the Bush administration. The album also contains allegations of the Bush administration complicity in the 9/11 attacks in the track \"Lieslieslies,\" which contains audio samples from the conspiracy documentary \"Loose Change\". The song received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 49th Grammy Awards. A remix of the song \"The Great Satan\" from \"Rantology\" appears on this album. Along with \"LiesLiesLies\", \"The Great Satan\" was also nominated for a Grammy. Samples of genuine Bush soundbites are cut-and-pasted together at various points to satirical effect: for example, the title track begins with Bush stating \"I have adopted sophisticated terrorist tactics and I'm a dangerous, dangerous man with dangerous, dangerous weapons.\" The album was re-released in remixed form as \"Rio Grande Dub\" on July 10, 2007. Jourgensen ranks \"Rio Grande Blood\" as his second favorite Ministry album saying that not only he liked the songs but he had a good time working with Paul Raven and Tommy Victor. He was also proud that some of the songs were used in the 2008 Academy Award winning film \"The Hurt Locker\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 21391, 509, 1632, 111, 37195, 162708, 450, 45880, 47, 27980, 70, 12839, 79428, 152150, 7, 5, 360, 21735, 4, 10, 3525, 152150, 83932, 509, 82775, 4, 678, 10, 101740, 44457, 136, 142, 99, 7057, 41637, 28560, 5, 1650, 509, 47, 186, 88303, 23, 70, 16128, 111, 42233, 334, 51546, 23, 21391, 77155, 31, 5510, 5, 24372, 21391, 72856, 70, 45880, 47, 5755, 23, 18374, 21735, 4, 70, 38627, 100, 70, 3525, 83932, 3542, 32997, 297, 5, 360, 22059, 4, 70, 169272, 21391, 4706, 5481, 15, 135832, 12, 44, 23135, 1515, 6229, 39170, 6406, 32807, 18939, 509, 170920, 4, 3129, 7228, 3525, 38627, 100, 10, 29681, 83932, 678, 142, 756, 9, 184, 27686, 177399, 111, 190, 26738, 5, 360, 11704, 4, 10, 3525, 4331, 509, 7228, 35509, 98, 15044, 96362, 4331, 7, 4, 678, 10, 101740, 44457, 4, 142, 99, 7057, 41637, 28560, 4, 136, 64557, 127918, 390, 10, 133940, 5, 3311, 903, 1733, 4, 62, 27529, 157715, 44841, 10, 3525, 83932, 4, 237, 2363, 96362, 5368, 61585, 4, 262, 21649, 4, 509, 2060, 5792, 19336, 100, 2684, 111, 157715, 25, 7, 27528, 5, 1326, 40368, 5369, 4, 157715, 1902, 109133, 6863, 1286, 5526, 27528, 47, 68237, 9370, 96870, 74, 23, 41361, 4, 1836, 112730, 756, 111, 2363, 28811, 30022, 54889, 136, 6957, 4122, 47477, 17431, 27528, 99, 68237, 9370, 96870, 5, 76556, 1286, 4, 70, 4331, 509, 37264, 297, 46, 70, 99, 7057, 41637, 28560, 509, 184750, 4, 70, 177399, 509, 34390, 71, 47, 6, 55577, 40, 9821, 4, 136, 70, 188347, 133940, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 41499, 238, 22819, 133940, 5, 360, 12839, 4, 70, 92416, 111, 21391, 42179, 52021, 70, 38627, 100, 70, 83932, 678, 10, 44, 62624, 26926, 316, 58, 7440, 3395, 5809, 12302, 1295, 2363, 2258, 47, 67842, 3173, 7, 111, 3835, 6181, 2320, 5, 360, 13867, 4, 70, 92416, 111, 21391, 98816, 70, 34754, 1774, 111, 70, 31913, 136, 26038, 10, 28897, 47, 45367, 70, 83932, 5, 581, 5117, 81502, 111, 70, 53894, 137374, 111, 70, 83932, 509, 158012, 98, 1381, 7582, 106540, 581, 50961, 4488, 4, 1379, 1865, 33, 390, 21786, 4438, 799, 6229, 136, 25674, 335, 8922, 10760, 4, 34739, 39555, 17262, 5369, 5, 581, 167375, 6275, 111, 70, 33976, 509, 157578, 98, 744, 22482, 11857, 4, 7103, 70, 133940, 50961, 509, 165249, 5, 581, 12403, 9, 5465, 1295, 70, 3835, 33816, 47, 70, 43328, 135094, 509, 142096, 98, 702, 11994, 98543, 581, 83932, 75204, 106, 203770, 144994, 20271, 70, 50961, 4488, 4, 24189, 70, 83932, 509, 155738, 1295, 106, 20414, 11891, 24189, 70, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 5, 581, 83932, 509, 51521, 538, 142096, 98, 616, 8055, 11891, 390, 44109, 33424, 95866, 5, 44109, 33424, 95866, 142096, 70, 83932, 390, 20662, 10, 84700, 73, 6817, 46132, 70, 83932, 5, 3293, 122273, 297, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 142105, 178829, 44, 4657, 129721, 58, 15, 135832, 12, 44, 3957, 27414, 18939, 111, 5, 32964, 9, 157955, 109923, 7, 3542, 158012, 98, 70, 15520, 33636, 214, 70, 117406, 23, 70, 44, 647, 107, 97368, 3629, 740, 74257, 8541, 4532, 104391, 56, 25660, 6079, 70, 2119, 28725, 44, 4657, 129721, 830, 150350, 71, 100, 70, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 390, 4939, 34885, 9802, 5, 893, 136659, 9, 5636, 9983, 206, 15421, 53, 678, 126883, 6, 142117, 7, 645, 59404, 140635, 7, 8305, 70, 231118, 157578, 70, 83932, 5, 581, 5117, 6, 142117, 509, 27865, 41649, 53, 4902, 72134, 23, 70, 10332, 83932, 262, 21649, 4, 136, 70, 4568, 6, 142117, 509, 17819, 194787, 11, 5861, 24387, 6496, 23, 70, 3525, 83932, 5, 24372, 70, 27689, 7, 509, 122273, 297, 136, 70, 133940, 142096, 4, 142, 33428, 141, 101740, 14858, 509, 112730, 17721, 62, 27529, 157715, 136, 24408, 5, 90133, 41961, 56, 142096, 70, 83932, 678, 17262, 20428, 7, 678, 106, 198077, 3395, 4, 1295, 604, 8999, 116987, 33384, 525, 41945, 7, 11330, 5, 581, 50961, 111, 70, 83932, 11034, 142, 183234, 111, 2505, 43900, 19879, 15, 257, 70, 1733, 70, 226649, 111, 70, 231118, 509, 70, 174705, 2497, 379, 820, 194, 581, 83932, 70163, 7, 10, 41499, 238, 22819, 133940, 678, 10, 27689, 7, 71579, 5, 3293, 143434, 3060, 44402, 23, 70, 86595, 12, 70, 27689, 7, 21972, 7, 2806, 959, 55993, 23, 70, 9638, 112, 111, 70, 9803, 133940, 136, 1902, 47, 186, 91995, 71, 1257, 47, 22759, 20028, 10, 6602, 5, 360, 6088, 24635, 38627, 3542, 8121, 71, 47, 40964, 67, 70, 83932, 25, 7, 49304, 112, 5, 581, 40964, 1363, 5608, 22691, 11522, 31897, 136, 4516, 47, 144994, 390, 38134, 592, 70, 35691, 7514, 6, 46828, 10932, 70, 83932, 4, 105233, 1286, 17155, 100, 70, 144994, 136, 100, 3525, 135094, 15, 2347, 14012, 111, 40, 9821, 47143, 7, 70, 5701, 194, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 50782, 111, 70, 83932, 27198, 7, 1295, 10, 158, 408, 272, 115700, 47, 10, 158, 272, 425, 115700, 4, 211228, 25958, 144, 33558, 6863, 170894, 5, 581, 40964, 1363, 83, 203251, 47, 186, 140528, 23, 11075, 4, 3229, 201, 14858, 90, 111, 70, 48524, 3939, 11075, 102995, 16070, 1221, 186, 112730, 23, 70, 40024, 5, 195769, 43240, 26859, 23, 18237, 5276, 581, 5117, 93402, 83, 47, 40964, 67, 70, 28, 4438, 5609, 111, 70, 83932, 4, 7440, 50961, 111, 70, 3525, 49304, 112, 509, 140528, 23, 7071, 4152, 2161, 714, 7071, 505, 4, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 70, 21391, 40024, 2806, 186, 120514, 4806, 47, 44, 173660, 41649, 13786, 4902, 40024, 58, 23, 98323, 111, 157715, 37254, 27865, 41649, 53, 4902, 5, 147466, 450, 6602, 4, 98, 483, 8055, 4, 442, 509, 11341, 71, 450, 70, 9351, 15549, 2806, 5646, 3687, 98, 714, 18374, 5276, 33306, 4, 903, 509, 1305, 5416, 297, 237, 450, 5622, 77443, 47, 186, 23, 2242, 162, 2886, 4743, 47, 70, 5941, 26866, 7, 450, 44841, 47, 186, 9615, 6259, 4, 6044, 237, 80265, 9966, 56381, 1363, 100, 7722, 86669, 111, 91763, 4, 12302, 2852, 2831, 111, 70, 12008, 7, 1295, 70, 14834, 2481, 111, 21391, 47, 157715, 136, 19441, 10, 35107, 678, 70, 41649, 53, 4902, 14449, 5, 2161, 190, 7071, 267, 4, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 70, 83932, 2806, 51521, 538, 15549, 9351, 99, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 267, 74668, 101740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 27865, 41649, 53, 4902, 40024, 15, 2819, 51521, 538, 31995, 52021, 237, 44, 173660, 41649, 13786, 4902, 1172, 33, 284, 18939, 83, 70, 5201, 83932, 111, 70, 174705, 10323, 26349, 111, 21391, 136, 70, 5368, 83932, 111, 101740, 11938, 62, 27529, 157715, 16792, 6863, 73432, 5, 667, 24908, 1295, 13867, 47, 11891, 99, 10, 11034, 183234, 47, 2505, 43900, 19879, 4, 442, 83, 70, 142105, 83932, 23, 70, 23295, 5, 581, 83932, 509, 198395, 51529, 237, 70, 21391, 40024, 15, 8946, 48353, 237, 44, 23135, 1515, 6229, 1172, 33, 284, 18939, 24189, 70, 267, 74668, 101740, 34003, 4, 3229, 442, 509, 51521, 538, 120514, 4806, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 62673, 1294, 174705, 101740, 56, 27865, 41649, 53, 4902, 2750, 68, 71, 23, 11994, 6360, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Exterior renovation.", "Name change.", "Building and facilities.", "Sport events.", "Association football.", "Euro 2021.", "Trivia.", "American football.", "Kickboxing.", "Music events." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Amsterdam was one of six cities that bid to host the 1992 Summer Olympics. In 1986, a new Olympic stadium was designed, with a football field and an athletics track. It was to be built in the area of Strandvliet in Amsterdam Zuidoost. After Amsterdam lost the bid to Barcelona in October 1986, the plans for the new stadium were abandoned. In 1987, the Stichting Amsterdam Sportstad (English: \"Amsterdam Sports City Foundation\") was established, which made new plans for a sports stadium with an all-seated capacity of 55,000. In 1990, a new design was made based on both previous designs, with a football field, an athletics track, and completely covered by a roof. By this time, AFC Ajax needed a new stadium, as their previous home ground, De Meer, was far too small for most of Ajax's games. For several years, Ajax had moved its more important games to Olympisch Stadion; in practice, they played all of their European fixtures and big midweek night games at Olympisch Stadion. Once more, the design was altered – the athletics track was removed, the capacity was reduced to 50,000 seats, and the fixed roof was replaced by a retractable roof. In 1992, the Government of Amsterdam authorised the plans for the stadium with a \"Transferium\" where people could transfer from their car to various forms of public transportation. In 1993, the Government of Amsterdam changed the development plan of the location and gave a permit to build the stadium. The first pile of the deep foundation of the stadium was placed on 26 November 1993. The construction work, undertaken by Ballast Nedam and Royal BAM Group, took almost three years. The highest point of the building was reached on 24 February 1995, after the roof construction was raised. The fly-over from the public road to the parking facilities was opened on 13 March 1996. The stadium received 180,000 visitors during the construction work, until the stadium was closed from 1 July 1996 until the opening ceremony. The stadium was officially opened on 14 August 1996 by Queen Beatrix. Queen Beatrix opened the stadium by making a curtain fall inside the stadium. This revealed the world's largest painting \"De Zee\" (English: \"The Sea\") of. Two-dimensional ships were placed on the sea representing the clubs in the \"Eredivisie\".Trijntje Oosterhuis sang the hymn \"De Zee\", composed for the opening ceremony by John Ewbank. An eight-day torch relay with 375 runners over 1400 kilometres through the Netherlands reached the stadium. The first runner was Johan Cruyff starting in the old stadium De Meer, and the last runner was Frank Rijkaard arriving in the new stadium. After the grass was revealed and the roof opened, an inaugural football match was played between AFC Ajax and Milan. Tina Turner opened the stadium with three concerts with 160,000 people, from her world breaking Wildest Dreams Tour. The construction of the stadium cost an equivalent of €140 million (at the time the currency of the Netherlands was the Dutch guilder). The stadium combines a retractable roof with a grass surface. This caused some problems in the beginning: the grass rolls would not grow in the shade of the open roof and had to be replaced up to four times a year.", "In September 2015, plans were presented to renovate the stadium's facade. The renovation should provide better quality and service to visitors by widening the walkway rings around the stadium, creating more room for the visitors and for new facilities (the number of seats remains the same). As a result, the outside of the stadium transforms from a concave shape to a convex shape, drastically altering its appearance. The renovation is planned to be completed in 2020, when 4 matches of the UEFA Euro 2020 championship will be played in the Arena. Construction works started in June 2017. The first phase is to renovate the east side of the stadium, where construction of the new facade was completed in April 2018.", "On 25 April 2017, it was announced that the Amsterdam Arena would be renamed to \"Johan Cruijff Arena\" in memory of Ajax legend Johan Cruyff. Later that year, on 9 August, it was stated that the name change would take place on 25 October 2017. However, this was postponed as that date proved to be infeasable due to the many matters that needed to be settled, such as arranging compensation for possible loss of income, transferring part of the shares from the municipality of Amsterdam to Ajax and having a discussion with the Cruyff family. On 5 April 2018, it was announced that the stadium would officially change name at the start of the 2018–19 football season. The stadium's new logo was revealed on 25 April 2018, the birthday of Johan Cruyff. According to the spokeswoman of Cruyff's family, the original Dutch spelling of his name (\"Cruijff\") was chosen for the stadium's official name \"to stay close to the Dutch Johan\". The 2018–19 football season started in August 2018.", "The stadium's original architect is Rob Schuurman (from the Netherlands). Its all-seated capacity is 54,990. Before the end of the 2019-20 season, capacity will be expanded to around 56,000 seats. During music concerts, the stadium has a maximum capacity of 68,000 visitors. The parking capacity of the \"Transferium\" is 500 cars (inside); there are an additional 12,000 spots outside. The Johan Cruyff Arena is one of two stadiums in the Netherlands that is rated as Category 4 by UEFA, the other being the Feijenoord Stadion in Rotterdam. The Ajax Museum is located in the stadium, which shows Ajax's more than 120 years of history. The nearest train and metro station is Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena. The metro lines 50 and 54 (Amsterdam Central Station and city center) stop here.", "", "The stadium is the home of AFC Ajax in the Eredivisie. The inaugural match on 14 August 1996 was a friendly between the home team Ajax and AC Milan, which ended with a 3–0 win for Milan. The first goal was scored by Dejan Savićević. The first Ajax goal was scored in the first competition match against NAC Breda by Kiki Musampa. The 1998 UEFA Champions League Final when Real Madrid defeated Juventus, was played in the arena. It was also one of the venues in UEFA Euro 2000. And the stadium was the host of 2013 UEFA Europa League Final, when Chelsea defeated Benfica 2–1. It hosts most of the Dutch national team's matches, though the Netherlands doesn’t have one dedicated national stadium for football. In addition, the arena hosts friendlies for other Dutch national football teams or, a game of Ajax second team (Jong Ajax).", "The stadium will host three group stage matches and one round of 16 match at the UEFA Euro 2020 It has been currently postponed as of the COVID-19 Pandemic.", "After the death of Rinus Michels in 2005, Ajax fans tried already to convince the stadium's board to rebrand the stadium. At every Ajax home game fans brought a large banner displaying the words 'Rinus Michels Stadion'. The board declined at the time.", "The stadium was also the home of the American football team Amsterdam Admirals of the NFL Europe, until the National Football League (NFL) ended its European competition in June 2007. The team played over 50 matches in the stadium from 1997 to 2007. World Bowl IX was played at the Arena in 2001, when the Berlin Thunder defeated the Barcelona Dragons.", "As kickboxing is the most popular combat sport in the Netherlands, the It's Showtime and K-1 promotions have held a number of fight cards at the arena. Many of the sport's biggest stars such as Peter Aerts, Semmy Schilt, Badr Hari and Ernesto Hoost have fought there.", "Despite frequent complaints about the acoustics of the Arena, concerts are often held in the stadium. Tina Turner was the first to perform at the arena during her \"Wildest Dreams Tour\", with more than 157,000 people attending the three sold-out concerts on 6–8 September 1996. Michael Jackson performed at the arena during his \"HIStory World Tour\" in five sold-out concerts, on 28, 30 September; 2 October 1996 and 8 & 10 June 1997, for a total audience of 250,000 fans. The Rolling Stones performed at the stadium eight times: the first, the second, the third, the fourth and the fifth were on 29 June and 1, 2, 5 and 6 July 1998 during their Bridges to Babylon Tour, in front of a total sold out crowd of 261,277 people. The sixth and the seventh were on 19 August – 22 September 2003 during their Licks Tour. The eighth one was on 31 July 2006 during their A Bigger Bang. Backstreet Boys performed at the stadium on 5 June 1999 during Into the Millennium Tour. Céline Dion has been a frequent performer at the arena. Performing to a sold-out crowd for the first time in 1997 on her tour. During her Let's Talk About Love World Tour, she performed to another sold-out crowd of 64,652. And most recently, on her Taking Chances World Tour in 2008 performing to a crowd of 46,969 people. Bon Jovi performed at the stadium four times: the first and the second were on 5 and 6 June 2001 during their One Wild Night Tour. The third one was on 3 June 2003 during their Bounce Tour. The fourth one was on 13 June 2008 during their Lost Highway Tour, in front of a sold out crowd of 34,512 people. Robbie Williams played the venue eight times: twice in July 2003 as part of Weekends of Mass Distraction; four dates in June 2006, as part of his Close Encounters Tour; and on 13 July 2013 during the Take The Crown Stadium Tour. He also performed on 18 July 2011 as member of Take That during their Progress Live tour. David Bowie performed a concert in the arena as part of his A Reality Tour on 11 June 2004. Genesis performed at the stadium on 1 July 2007 during their. The performances of \"Turn It On Again\" and \"No Son of Mine\" were recorded for the group's live album \"Live over Europe 2007\". U2 performed at the stadium seven times: the first, the second and the third were on 13, 15, and 16 July 2005 during their Vertigo Tour, in front of a total sold out crowd of 165,516 people. The fourth and the fifth were on 20 and 21 July 2009 during their U2 360° Tour, in front of a total sold out crowd of 125,886 people. The band's sixth and seventh shows were for their The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 on 29 and 30 July 2017. Madonna has performed at three different dates, with all tickets sold out. There were two presentations by the Confessions Tour in 2006 and one presentation by Sticky & Sweet Tour in 2008. Dutch music group De Toppers have played the venue 42 times since 2005. No other act has performed in the arena that often. In October 2008, the stadium was home to Dutch children's group Kinderen voor Kinderen. The Arena was selected because of the seating requirement for the group's new format of concert called the \"Mega Spektakel\". The group had two concerts in the stadium on the same day due to high volume of people, mostly children that attended. AC/DC performed a show on 23 June 2009 as part of their Black Ice World Tour The stadium is also host to dance event Sensation. André Rieu and his orchestra plus about 650 brass instrument players had a huge concert in 2011. Muse performed a show on 4 June 2013 as part of their The 2nd Law World Tour. On 8 September 2013 former Pink Floyd member Roger Waters performed a show of his The Wall Live Concert Tour. On 24 and 25 June 2014, boy band One Direction performed in the arena as a part of their Where We Are Tour. Rihanna performed at the venue as a part of her Anti World Tour on 17 June 2016. Coldplay performed 2 concerts on 23 June 2016 and 24 June 2016 as a part of their A Head Full of Dreams Tour. Beyoncé performed at the venue on 16 July 2016 as a part of her Formation World Tour. The concert sold out within 20 minutes. Armin van Buuren played the venue twice in May 2017 as part of his the Best of Armin Only world tour in celebration of 20 years in music. He was the First Solo DJ to do so. Beyonce & Jay-Z performed at the venue on 19 & 20 June 2018 as a part of their OTR II tour. A second show was added due to the first one selling out within an hour. The arena was listed as a potential venue in Amsterdam's bid to host the 65th Eurovision Song Contest. However, the city later withdrew its bid due to venues, including the Johan Cruyff Arena, being fully booked." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 10842, 44, 856, 58, 186, 10, 94418, 13, 9, 157955, 173, 18770, 32628, 645, 3060, 44457, 44, 605, 58, 136, 139124, 44, 618, 58, 12, 44, 856, 58, 2863, 44, 856, 58, 83, 10, 192617, 22288, 5, 581, 44, 16711, 35665, 58, 111, 44, 618, 830, 8, 157, 3674, 8954, 4, 83, 70, 6024, 3509, 111, 74855, 7, 111, 70, 62816, 48242, 35874, 1687, 15403, 111, 44, 618, 740, 12613, 7, 70, 80854, 111, 70, 235079, 621, 134995, 538, 70, 8518, 27494, 90, 111, 44, 618, 830, 136, 70, 118126, 60089, 111, 142, 8518, 27494, 13, 44, 5970, 58, 23, 70, 235079, 105950, 7, 70, 6, 91403, 111, 70, 4537, 29367, 8518, 65421, 111, 44, 618, 58, 100, 44, 5970, 58, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 70, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 118126, 60089, 111, 44, 5970, 51029, 14240, 4, 30022, 10, 18231, 44, 571, 58, 111, 44, 856, 58, 645, 44, 605, 58, 136, 139124, 44, 594, 58, 245918, 79520, 132, 58, 856, 18939, 83, 10, 50944, 425, 5, 262, 64552, 70, 192617, 22288, 44, 618, 58, 12, 44, 856, 58, 23585, 58, 856, 58, 6275, 9, 90825, 390, 44, 618, 425, 58, 22422, 594, 425, 830, 7440, 98, 70, 7108, 9, 12336, 5609, 44, 425, 58, 83, 29481, 297, 237, 10, 3365, 316, 19, 173, 18770, 136, 44, 594, 58, 27992, 7, 98, 44, 425, 58, 390, 50944, 425, 127664, 1363, 5, 1401, 5036, 5154, 450, 44, 425, 58, 245918, 58, 856, 58, 83, 142, 8518, 272, 18770, 111, 44, 594, 58, 2174, 44, 425, 58, 83, 142, 8518, 272, 18770, 111, 44, 618, 740, 209683, 538, 4, 111147, 245918, 58, 605, 58, 83, 142, 8518, 27494, 13, 111, 44, 594, 58, 2174, 442, 83, 142, 8518, 27494, 13, 111, 44, 618, 830, 136, 678, 70, 5701, 118126, 60089, 4, 136, 70, 235079, 111, 44, 594, 830, 59121, 8954, 4, 83, 70, 6024, 3509, 111, 756, 6044, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 581, 8518, 112, 277, 40322, 15, 748, 48502, 29088, 8, 277, 40322, 16, 111, 10, 207997, 1418, 2886, 50944, 425, 83, 10, 8, 277, 40322, 111, 10, 207997, 1418, 2886, 50944, 425, 3934, 10, 29458, 74413, 21533, 3173, 7440, 1272, 70, 50944, 425, 83, 33636, 297, 23, 69407, 111, 6863, 8518, 27494, 90, 136, 8518, 35259, 22230, 5, 581, 48502, 29088, 4567, 223, 111, 10, 6, 108047, 50944, 425, 83, 70, 142105, 89931, 34292, 111, 6863, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 360, 48502, 29088, 154453, 4, 70, 48502, 29088, 4567, 223, 111, 10, 876, 167457, 192617, 39933, 83, 70, 111780, 316, 111, 70, 89931, 142424, 111, 70, 80854, 23, 70, 235079, 111, 450, 39933, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 70, 235079, 111, 10, 50944, 425, 83, 70, 5423, 111, 6863, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 5455, 137567, 4, 2174, 26168, 115187, 83, 10, 192617, 39933, 645, 2499, 94418, 13, 9, 157955, 173, 18770, 32628, 4, 6863, 235079, 83, 70, 5423, 111, 146232, 4295, 26168, 454, 304, 6044, 450, 26168, 454, 363, 83, 959, 131983, 28236, 5, 581, 27354, 660, 111, 70, 50944, 425, 105950, 7, 70, 12996, 111, 6863, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 209683, 538, 4, 70, 144851, 111, 70, 50944, 425, 105950, 7, 70, 10554, 111, 6863, 8518, 27494, 90, 5, 28090, 903, 6275, 111, 21455, 4, 642, 831, 61924, 70, 74189, 9, 145099, 660, 100, 10, 67824, 50944, 425, 47, 186, 70, 12996, 111, 6863, 351, 80510, 8518, 27494, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "Related notions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Let \"V\" be a finite-dimensional vector space over some field \"K\" and suppose \"T\": \"V\" → \"V\" is a linear map. The \"spectrum\" of \"T\", denoted σ, is the multiset of roots of the characteristic polynomial of \"T\". Thus the elements of the spectrum are precisely the eigenvalues of \"T\", and the multiplicity of an eigenvalue \"λ\" in the spectrum equals the dimension of the generalized eigenspace of \"T\" for \"λ\" (also called the algebraic multiplicity of \"λ\"). Now, fix a basis \"B\" of \"V\" over \"K\" and suppose \"M\"∈Mat(\"V\") is a matrix. Define the linear map \"T\": \"V\"→\"V\" point-wise by \"Tx\"=\"Mx\", where on the right-hand side \"x\" is interpreted as a column vector and \"M\" acts on \"x\" by matrix multiplication. We now say that \"x\"∈\"V\" is an eigenvector of \"M\" if \"x\" is an eigenvector of \"T\". Similarly, λ∈\"K\" is an eigenvalue of \"M\" if it is an eigenvalue of \"T\", and with the same multiplicity, and the spectrum of \"M\", written σ, is the multiset of all such eigenvalues.", "The eigendecomposition (or spectral decomposition) of a diagonalizable matrix is a decomposition of a diagonalizable matrix into a specific canonical form whereby the matrix is represented in terms of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The spectral radius of a square matrix is the largest absolute value of its eigenvalues. In spectral theory, the spectral radius of a bounded linear operator is the supremum of the absolute values of the elements in the spectrum of that operator." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 23295, 111, 19291, 1174, 83, 7440, 2684, 111, 70, 22631, 111, 70, 36549, 83, 5423, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 759, 927, 25443, 111, 70, 36549, 4, 19291, 1174, 509, 75935, 390, 70, 6782, 6, 45486, 4, 148359, 4, 136, 83, 152382, 678, 56661, 85825, 136, 759, 927, 21533, 195629, 7, 5, 313, 5, 159, 5, 77330, 1543, 765, 39958, 70, 9351, 1295, 70, 89176, 59444, 111, 19291, 93, 4, 124901, 42845, 9351, 509, 23, 15824, 19291, 1174, 5, 19291, 1174, 66139, 21972, 214, 130473, 7, 9588, 214, 3934, 27226, 101120, 7, 47, 70, 127067, 4, 136, 83, 156531, 660, 538, 100, 525, 297, 40494, 63590, 33, 1760, 83, 10, 101120, 10821, 23295, 127067, 111, 19291, 1174, 5, 1650, 83, 132988, 297, 98, 70, 144477, 390, 19291, 1174, 136, 98, 70, 127067, 390, 70, 38660, 214, 1172, 15555, 96113, 5, 581, 40, 257, 111, 27759, 83, 99, 893, 56775, 4, 23, 70, 26498, 111, 70, 23295, 4, 10, 10204, 47314, 16128, 5, 438, 3789, 59444, 7, 707, 54427, 7, 621, 119056, 23, 70, 70103, 93, 66695, 5, 1650, 83, 151552, 237, 8035, 208806, 9803, 9201, 1760, 4, 678, 5941, 2041, 1484, 1055, 83, 10, 36137, 9, 147, 532, 352, 95972, 23, 70, 127067, 111, 70, 8999, 111, 19291, 1174, 5, 438, 22819, 20787, 48461, 66139, 26698, 70, 91354, 214, 71175, 111, 66500, 474, 15, 11, 2741, 38938, 16, 136, 70, 32774, 195075, 5, 581, 32774, 195075, 83, 23, 70, 144477, 9022, 2831, 111, 70, 23295, 4, 136, 70, 34844, 53, 111, 41421, 214, 442, 20947, 3168, 17704, 70, 2041, 1484, 130498, 1295, 23, 2113, 214, 63590, 33, 1760, 136, 19291, 1174, 5, 581, 10323, 111, 2041, 1484, 1055, 83, 9598, 127, 45845, 4, 105866, 98, 142, 90695, 43573, 70, 113008, 111, 70, 32547, 111, 2041, 1484, 1055, 4, 3129, 86608, 7, 1295, 65272, 47, 28, 4438, 23, 70, 144477, 111, 2041, 1484, 1055, 4, 1660, 127067, 111, 70, 32774, 195075, 5, 9598, 127, 45845, 83, 151552, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 32195, 7, 111, 70, 8999, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 10, 8010, 136, 131126, 297, 3687, 4, 21208, 678, 5885, 48800, 7, 4, 118208, 2517, 5381, 5170, 4, 136, 80583, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 88303, 98, 10, 6083, 91, 89059, 4, 9588, 214, 47, 70, 5381, 329, 111, 70, 2371, 7, 22153, 136, 70, 6782, 46068, 111, 9598, 127, 99, 70, 93511, 10821, 90695, 7, 136, 63666, 40752, 519, 90, 20633, 70, 24453, 9022, 55609, 5, 17006, 135818, 54940, 6097, 621, 9207, 192, 4, 70, 132556, 2071, 1577, 4, 581, 2091, 86, 18481, 7, 15, 11, 28368, 111, 70, 19291, 72173, 13081, 7710, 247, 136, 35138, 7568, 4450, 11, 5, 1913, 70, 2060, 3564, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 55609, 70, 700, 87168, 24209, 7, 64557, 47823, 15, 162, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 19291, 72173, 8999, 8035, 49878, 16, 7440, 717, 70, 144477, 111, 19291, 1174, 28127, 17158, 73, 26634, 748, 136, 70, 33384, 40530, 111, 70, 23924, 4, 15044, 23, 54815, 3674, 390, 6051, 933, 136, 24911, 5245, 5, 581, 2684, 197097, 9615, 19929, 83, 70, 13038, 111, 1950, 28944, 4, 10, 26908, 111, 6051, 933, 450, 83, 198371, 70, 14194, 30125, 111, 10, 5045, 150679, 26349, 15, 724, 26865, 6406, 4518, 73, 10821, 16, 3129, 509, 32997, 297, 58093, 7, 6650, 136, 77736, 3934, 73573, 5, 581, 3551, 65272, 111, 19291, 1174, 83, 142, 51, 73, 54815, 3674, 10776, 111, 3114, 134229, 101120, 7, 51529, 237, 70, 65925, 33384, 5, 581, 3551, 111, 9344, 1727, 400, 90, 174653, 107314, 903, 10776, 4, 1284, 6863, 24763, 31913, 509, 8306, 12937, 297, 20, 240764, 3853, 581, 212790, 111, 77330, 25, 24, 4935, 122963, 4, 23, 17311, 14976, 1515, 4, 112730, 10, 21334, 2831, 23, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 19291, 72173, 212790, 5, 360, 1919, 34666, 44, 20320, 68674, 830, 77330, 54397, 44, 568, 765, 51592, 212790, 7, 4, 959, 78458, 23, 70, 45709, 7274, 71175, 7, 136, 127067, 19364, 7, 3129, 1379, 10, 17311, 22729, 7228, 163, 12319, 450, 99, 2499, 3095, 10, 6051, 18, 13648, 138804, 1919, 10336, 62, 3622, 111, 103155, 24, 4806, 118103, 1295, 64883, 30957, 297, 19291, 1174, 12, 22759, 115982, 4, 6626, 453, 4, 22759, 29526, 4, 136, 10, 46667, 5, 28076, 7, 1295, 64883, 621, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 4815, 7, 111, 16173, 136, 930, 46526, 1314, 111, 70077, 390, 19291, 72173, 7, 4, 10, 91067, 47, 5117, 118103, 23, 70, 66429, 6827, 15426, 111, 166635, 5, 581, 22759, 1460, 1353, 3629, 20020, 621, 70, 2965, 51529, 12, 7948, 1460, 1353, 3629, 15, 163025, 18813, 7948, 70, 5695, 19, 14486, 2517, 247, 67243, 1460, 1353, 3629, 15, 41732, 33, 67243, 70, 44704, 133, 247, 200081, 1460, 1353, 3629, 15, 605, 214, 200081, 70, 9563, 247, 136, 131931, 1460, 1353, 3629, 15, 41732, 33, 131931, 70, 25447, 1236, 194, 3164, 111, 2856, 108975, 23, 44, 3957, 82209, 4, 70, 52334, 206, 136, 70, 5550, 139014, 13, 58, 136, 23, 44, 112079, 329, 32221, 63782, 740, 200081, 136, 131931, 108975, 23, 44, 3957, 182699, 111, 70, 158231, 4804, 38970, 58, 136, 17262, 15, 5584, 40494, 7948, 4, 2750, 83, 1810, 181952, 6051, 933, 98, 70, 144477, 9022, 12912, 6815, 16, 108975, 237, 116127, 23, 44, 3957, 151307, 136, 1919, 29642, 740, 64511, 7, 1295, 2446, 8999, 26698, 391, 4205, 17447, 621, 24, 4935, 47, 19291, 1174, 5, 10660, 621, 35839, 4815, 7, 111, 64883, 390, 148359, 4, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 118103, 4, 2750, 621, 35839, 4815, 7, 111, 16173, 707, 930, 46526, 1314, 111, 70077, 5, 391, 4205, 17447, 32316, 23, 99, 19713, 6626, 285, 68794, 12, 10074, 391, 4205, 17447, 136, 6096, 391, 4205, 17447, 4, 157167, 67175, 390, 70, 134855, 111, 2363, 24887, 5, 51404, 5941, 6096, 391, 4205, 17447, 621, 8562, 136, 160624, 47, 148359, 4, 10074, 391, 4205, 17447, 108975, 47, 186, 1286, 15970, 4745, 136, 192586, 13, 4, 136, 2684, 78431, 98, 70, 22392, 52334, 206, 25, 7, 5609, 5, 391, 4205, 17447, 108975, 214, 23, 70, 42840, 621, 11280, 136, 6867, 25842, 23, 142080, 4, 102971, 1836, 621, 51529, 47, 46996, 133, 678, 136, 42238, 13, 678, 118103, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 54041, 32221, 63782, 25, 7, 1371, 1290, 74352, 3834, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 19291, 1174, 83, 10, 115135, 8999, 75935, 390, 313, 5, 159, 5, 77330, 237, 70, 158978, 31913, 100, 1919, 36549, 111, 59671, 115135, 21261, 7, 100, 20020, 4, 44, 3957, 70103, 93, 66695, 111, 19291, 1174, 740, 581, 8999, 83, 221, 35839, 7103, 70, 23295, 111, 19291, 1174, 4, 23, 3129, 5045, 111, 70, 22631, 111, 70, 70103, 93, 66695, 51776, 3687, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "Narnia.", "Archenland.", "Calormen.", "Eastern Ocean.", "Other lands.", "Inspiration.", "Inhabitants.", "Humans from Earth.", "Dwarfs.", "Talking animals.", "Witches.", "Mythological creatures.", "Other creatures and inhabitants.", "Cosmology.", "General characteristics.", "The worlds of Narnia.", "Time.", "History.", "Creation of Narnia.", "Rule of the White Witch.", "Golden Age.", "Dark Age.", "Invasion of the Telmarines.", "The Reign of Caspian X.", "Destruction.", "Contact with our world.", "Another perspective on Narnian history.", "Outline of Narnian History.", "Consistency with other works.", "Contents of the timeline.", "Inspiration." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The country of Narnia is where most of the action of the series is set. According to the mythology of the series, Narnia was created by the great lion, Aslan, and is filled with talking animals and mythical creatures. C. S. Lewis may have taken the name from the Italian town of Narni, whose Latin name was in fact Narnia. Narnia features rolling hills rising into low mountains to the south, and is predominantly forested except", "Archenland is a mountainous country south of Narnia. It is bordered on the north by Narnia and on the south by the Winding Arrow river. The seat of government is at Anvard, in the heart of the country, a fortified area. No other towns or villages are mentioned in the Chronicles. It is described as being somewhat open parkland, with many", "Calormen is a semi-arid empire in the south of the world of Narnia. Notable geographic features include the Flaming Mountain of Lagour (a volcano) and the Great Desert. The Great Desert is in the northern part of the country, and the difficulty of crossing it discouraged the Calormenes from invading Archenland and Narnia. The capital of Calormen is Tashbaan, located on an island near the mouth of the River of Calormen, which flows from west to east in the north of Calormen, just south of the Great Desert. Tashbaan is described as one of the wonders of the world. The city is a hot and crowded place, though with fine streets, magnificent palaces, and gardens. It is built on a natural slope, rising to the palace of the Tisroc and the great Temple of Tash at the", "Numerous islands and archipelagoes dot the Eastern Ocean. Most notable among these are Galma, the Seven Isles, The Lone Islands (a subject of the Narnian crown), and Terebinthia. At the far end of the Eastern Ocean the geography becomes completely fantastic (as a result of the Narnian world being flat) where", "To the north of Narnia lie Ettinsmoor and the Wild Lands of the North, both inhabited by giants and dragons. The most prominent settlement is the House of Harfang, a community of giants that is apparently the remnant of a much larger city (Giant City Ruinous) which was abandoned generations ago and fell into ruin. The land west of Narnia is an uninhabited region of rugged mountains known as the Western Wild. The land of Telmar lies somewhere beyond this region, but its exact location was never documented - forgotten even", "The landscape of Lewis' native Ireland, in particular Ulster, played a large part in the creation of the Narnian landscape. In his essay \"On Stories\", Lewis wrote \"I have seen landscapes, notably in the Mourne Mountains and southwards which under a particular light made me feel that at any moment a giant might raise his head", "", "A total of eleven named humans from Earth entered Narnia: four boys, two men, four girls, and a woman. Humans from Earth are sometimes referred to as Sons of Adam and Daughters of Eve by Narnians, a reference to first humans in the Biblical account of creation. The four Pevensie children are the best known: Peter Pevensie (High King Peter the Magnificent), Susan Pevensie (Queen Susan the Gentle), Edmund Pevensie (King Edmund the Just), and Lucy Pevensie (Queen Lucy the Valiant). All of them appear in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" and in \"Prince Caspian\". Edmund and Lucy appear in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" and three (all except Peter, who is out fighting giants on the northern frontier) appear as adults in \"The Horse and his Boy\". Others from our world include", "Dwarfs are native to Narnia. They are called Sons of Earth by Aslan, as opposed to humans, who are called Sons of Adam or Daughters of Eve. Dwarfs exist in at least two varieties: Black Dwarfs and Red Dwarfs, distinguished by the colour of their hair. While many Red Dwarfs are kind and loyal to Aslan, Black Dwarfs appear to be more selfish and hostile, and most fight on the White Witch's side. Dwarfs appearing in the books are male and live together in communities, although they are known to mingle with and reproduce with humans. For example, Prince Caspian's Tutor Cornelius is a half-dwarf, and Caspian's former nurse is described", "Strawberry, the cabman's horse, also entered Narnia from our world and there was chosen to be a talking beast and transformed into the winged horse Fledge. Many of the animals found in our world can also be found in Narnia. In addition, there are talking versions of most of these animals. When Aslan breathed upon the first animal pairs, some not only gained thought and speech, but changed in size as well. Smaller animals (rodents, birds and small mammals) are larger than their non-talking relatives and larger animals are slightly smaller.", "Two Witches appear as characters in the Narnian books, the White Witch (Jadis, Empress of Charn, or the \"White Lady\") and the Lady of the Green Kirtle (or \"the Green Lady\"). Long after Lewis's death, character sketches appeared in later editions of the books that seem to indicate that these two witches are the same, but these notes are not due to Lewis (See the Lady of the Green Kirtle for more discussion). Jadis has the appearance of a very tall human woman but is actually the last scion of the royal house of Charn as shown in \"The Magician's Nephew\". In later Narnian times her origin on Charn is not known to her subjects. Jadis claims human descent to legitimize her rule, but in", "Other inhabitants of the Narnian world based on known mythological or folkloric creatures include Boggles, Centaurs, Cruels, Dragons, Dryads, Earthmen (the Narnian version of gnomes), Efreets, Ettins, Fauns, Giants, Ghouls, Griffins, Hags, Hamadryads, Horrors, Incubi, Maenads, Merpeople,", "Narnia is inhabited by Marsh-wiggles (creatures of Lewis' own invention), and Dufflepuds (adapted from Pliny's Monopods) live on a distant island. There are also many singular beings who frequent or inhabit Narnia and its surrounding countries including: the River god,", "", "The world of Narnia is a flat world in a geocentric system. Its sky is a dome that mortal creatures cannot penetrate. Traveling eastwards, characters in \"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader\" eventually reach a literal End of the World, where the sky reaches the sea. Narnia's stars are shining sentient beings that occasionally come to the various worlds in humanoid form. Its constellations are the result of a mystical dance upon the sky, performed by the stars to announce the works and comings of Aslan, Narnia's creator. The stars also arrange themselves to allow seers to foretell certain future events. Constellations include the Ship, the Hammer, and the Leopard. The Narnian sun is a flaming", "The Narnian world is part of a series of many fictional worlds including Earth and the world of Charn. These are connected by a linking room known as the Wood between the Worlds, a nexus that existed outside all the", "Earth visitors to Narnia typically find that a visit to Narnia lasts longer in Narnia (sometimes much longer) than the corresponding period of their absence from Earth. How much longer appears to be arbitrary. For example, in \"The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe\", Lucy's first visit to Narnia lasts hours and the four children's main adventure there lasts", "", "In the first year of Narnia, the Creation of Narnia was witnessed by six creatures: Jadis, Empress of Charn, Digory Kirke, Polly Plummer, Andrew Ketterley, Frank the cabman, and his cab horse Strawberry. During a failed attempt by Digory to transfer Jadis from London in our world back to her own world of Charn, the group arrived in the unmade darkness of Narnia just prior to Aslan calling it into being. Aslan began the creation soon after they arrived, and with his song called forth the stars, sun, and eventually all landforms, plants, and animals as well. When he was finished, Aslan selected certain animals from these to be Talking Animals, giving to them, and all other magical creatures, Narnia as their new home, to own and rule it", "During the Age of Conquest, Narnia remained at peace for hundreds of years after its creation until Jadis the Witch-Queen returned as the White Witch in 898. She conquered Narnia and reigned as a tyrant in 900, using her wand to turn anyone who crossed her into stone. With her magic she covered the land in perpetual ice and snow, making it \"always winter and never Christmas\"; so began Narnia's Age of Winter. Though she claimed to be Queen of Narnia and Châtelaine of Cair Paravel, Jadis ruled from her own fortress in the north, where her halls were lined with Narnians", "After the defeat of the Witch in 1000, Aslan fulfilled the ancient Narnian prophecy and made the four Pevensie children — Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy — Kings and Queens of Narnia. The ensuing prosperity inaugurated Narnia's Golden Age. In the first few years, the Pevensies vanquished the remnants of the White Witch's Army. They also had to contend with other", "What happened between the disappearance of the Pevensies in 1015 and the Telmarine Invasion in 1998 is unclear. What is", "In the Narnian year 1998, Narnia was invaded by people from the West called the Telmarines, descendants of pirates from Earth, and so began the Telmarine Age of Narnia. Led by Caspian I, they left their land in the West to escape a great famine and reached Narnia by crossing a pass in the", "Peter Pevensie and his siblings were recalled to Narnia in the Narnian year 2303, 1288 Narnian years after their departure. Narnia was then ruled by the Telmarine King Miraz, who had murdered his brother Caspian IX and usurped the throne. Miraz planned to murder the true heir, his nephew Prince Caspian, after the birth of his unnamed own son. Caspian had learned of Old Narnia and its creatures and had become sympathetic to their plight. The four Pevensies helped Caspian defeat Miraz at the Second Battle of Beruna, and Caspian recovered the throne. Caspian took firm control of Narnia, knighting many of his officers from the War of Deliverance and appointing a loyal council composed of both Telmarines and Narnians. He ensured equality and peace between the races, and renewed Narnia's alliance with Archenland. He waged a successful war against the giants in the North and rebuilt the Narnian navy. Lucy and Edmund came to Narnia once again three years later with their cousin Eustace in", "The world of Narnia was finally destroyed in the Narnian year 2555 at the end of the Later Ages, during the reign of King Tirian, son of King Erlian and seventh in descent from Rilian. A talking ape named Shift constructed an elaborate conspiracy in a selfish attempt to change Narnia to his liking. By dressing a donkey named Puzzle in a lion's skin and claiming him to be Aslan, Shift began surreptitiously to gain control of the country, forcing inhabitants to do his bidding in the lion's name. He then made contact with the rulers of Calormen, inviting them to conquer Narnia for their mutual advantage. Calormene soldiers under Captain Rishda Tarkaan soon arrived, and by the time King Tirian learned of the ape's treasonous plans, they were well on the way to completion. Shift told the Calormene soldiers that Tash and Aslan were one being called \"Tashlan.\" With the help of Eustace and Jill (who arrived in time to rescue the king from capture), Tirian attempted to rally Narnia and drive out the invaders, but the divisive effect of the false Aslan and the capture of Cair Paravel by a Calormene fleet", "There are seven documented events of contact between the world of men and the world of Narnia. Dates are taken from a timeline provided in the book \"Past Watchful Dragons\" by Walter", "In \"The Last Battle\", Jewel the Unicorn discusses Narnian history with Jill Pole, explaining that while she (and the readers) imagine it to have been", "Lewis provided a timeline to map out the events related to The Chronicles of Narnia. He gave an \"Outline of Narnian History\" in manuscript form to Walter Hooper, who included it in his essay \"Past Watchful Dragons: The Fairy Tales of C. S. Lewis\". The novels never explicitly mention the year or years in which events take place, so the timeline is the only source for this information. Kathryn Lindskoog, along with other Lewis scholars, has challenged the authenticity of some posthumous works attributed to Lewis and edited by Hooper, but the validity of the outline in particular has not been questioned. The outline is accepted by Lewis experts and has been included in works by Paul Ford, Martha Sammons and others. However, there are contradictions between the novels and the outline: for example the outline dates Queen Swanwhite c.1502 while according to \"The Last Battle\" she ruled Narnia before Jadis returned (meaning that her reign must have ended before 898).", "Several people have pointed out more or less significant areas where Lewis' \"Outline\" is not consistent with the text of The Chronicles. Paul Ford, author of \"Companion to Narnia\", points out that the text of \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" states that Lucy and Edmund are", "The timeline begins in the Narnian year 1 and continues to the Narnian year 2555, which corresponds with the period of time in London from year AD 1900 until AD 1949. He concludes the Narnian entries with the last battle and the \"End of Narnia\", and concludes the end of the London entries with \"1949: Serious accident on British Railways\". The timeline includes information concerning the birth of several human characters, including Digory Kirke in 1888, Polly Plummer in 1889, Peter Pevensie in 1927, Susan, Edmund and Lucy (1928, 1930, 1932 respectively), Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole (both born in 1933). The timeline also lists the dates of notable events in the series, particularly the main periods where the protagonists enter Narnia. Digory and Polly entering Narnia in 1900, and the Pevensies twice enter", "Beginning in 1906, young C.S Lewis (1898-1963) visited the northern Irish seaside near Portrush many times. In later years, Lewis remembered the sounds of the sea, the cliffs rising above it, and the ruined medieval towers of Dunluce Castle which many authors have speculated may have inspired his creation of Cair Paravel." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 8753, 3542, 100, 4806, 23, 11704, 237, 241, 10387, 192, 390, 70, 164938, 271, 5550, 7803, 136, 47617, 1991, 5443, 10437, 2555, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 1836, 68872, 47, 4034, 75169, 22556, 12924, 136, 15549, 70, 8753, 9351, 47, 20745, 63273, 2271, 5, 947, 43804, 15, 8859, 6795, 71, 124166, 219, 1353, 16, 7068, 33284, 297, 70, 8753, 5, 24372, 70, 5117, 53397, 44, 43512, 170566, 830, 5443, 10437, 2555, 509, 200, 76622, 1810, 111, 70, 8753, 6637, 764, 44, 4692, 2875, 2822, 10756, 214, 1810, 678, 759, 23040, 99, 70, 1733, 43257, 3501, 200, 41324, 7565, 17202, 34165, 7, 25842, 678, 70, 8753, 830, 12960, 5550, 7803, 25737, 70, 19612, 28302, 136, 100512, 10, 8274, 79063, 56, 7103, 19364, 7, 5, 853, 192, 14653, 43032, 947, 43804, 136, 62612, 59438, 2940, 1274, 2822, 70, 47617, 1991, 166238, 15, 605, 236, 3675, 9, 6609, 1506, 109808, 5481, 16, 237, 10, 56002, 19612, 3378, 136, 17164, 297, 2363, 17932, 136, 4568, 53397, 4, 44, 3957, 87282, 2071, 2646, 6003, 86345, 740, 82990, 538, 7103, 903, 4, 62612, 59438, 2940, 2843, 25737, 70, 8753, 5, 4966, 8108, 137802, 70, 8753, 764, 17164, 297, 101275, 7, 15, 309, 45639, 297, 98, 70, 12877, 1974, 16, 100, 70, 5117, 4393, 9, 23986, 927, 7156, 4, 44, 62051, 92, 11214, 13, 1405, 19114, 740, 360, 70, 29459, 6032, 4, 166238, 509, 8035, 44, 119204, 3674, 58, 237, 10, 28123, 32786, 136, 1902, 17164, 297, 47617, 7, 100, 70, 10, 2472, 5911, 1830, 297, 7156, 5, 20745, 63273, 2271, 765, 2451, 76228, 6626, 131527, 7, 2451, 372, 33, 10, 6626, 9, 669, 8753, 17669, 16792, 12, 1295, 13867, 1104, 60072, 4, 92858, 38692, 13415, 62826, 56, 242, 29494, 29827, 25, 163537, 33, 1295, 31678, 56, 748, 509, 70, 164938, 271, 136, 101275, 1419, 111, 20745, 63273, 2271, 4, 136, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 182304, 111, 2363, 17932, 7156, 4, 44, 3957, 132706, 42294, 86, 56128, 136, 14432, 4, 23, 11891, 4, 49721, 42294, 86, 32786, 438, 41039, 37599, 41117, 188, 15, 618, 297, 11770, 236, 53071, 4, 51529, 237, 44, 605, 29442, 202, 334, 58, 20271, 20745, 63273, 2271, 25, 7, 14922, 16, 100512, 101275, 1419, 98, 70, 50960, 4393, 9, 23986, 927, 20745, 63273, 2271, 7156, 4, 44, 6433, 15506, 7, 136744, 11, 740, 44, 4332, 4063, 31501, 100781, 13037, 830, 20745, 63273, 2271, 25, 7, 22759, 927, 7156, 4, 509, 121447, 23, 55482, 133698, 903, 14922, 947, 43804, 211228, 25958, 98816, 1919, 6713, 390, 9638, 6496, 5773, 1919, 24887, 4, 237, 51592, 23, 70, 16186, 105727, 100, 70, 7156, 237, 5299, 237, 2363, 6867, 23718, 7, 10932, 903, 1733, 5, 360, 7071, 136, 4347, 88922, 20745, 63273, 2271, 9742, 297, 237, 10, 8060, 214, 8753, 100, 4378, 8560, 5, 49612, 893, 1428, 432, 1556, 113091, 19, 111, 1919, 5161, 100, 22556, 12924, 183851, 20028, 4, 136, 1556, 42938, 297, 23, 4565, 8345, 678, 20745, 63273, 2271, 12912, 669, 947, 43804, 5, 10660, 11814, 47, 186, 181141, 678, 2541, 191, 16522, 301, 66, 25, 7, 19612, 67967, 241, 257, 48743, 158257, 5, 581, 481, 809, 2480, 127, 12275, 7156, 44, 73668, 38938, 58, 509, 121447, 23, 5726, 136, 23742, 22759, 70318, 7, 12, 70, 103993, 189857, 100, 11345, 47331, 37340, 4, 142, 140265, 70318, 100, 70, 28560, 44, 919, 20129, 100, 17354, 2822, 58, 23, 70, 95487, 5986, 111, 70, 42552, 4, 70, 140265, 60992, 100, 47331, 37340, 111, 70, 42552, 136, 581, 7397, 70318, 100, 11345, 9578, 5584, 37340, 5, 20745, 63273, 2271, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 49721, 42294, 86, 6, 191145, 44, 62051, 92, 42294, 86, 152239, 49721, 42294, 86, 830, 121447, 390, 55583, 25164, 118479, 7, 23, 9571, 4, 29256, 214, 70, 11531, 44, 79940, 34373, 9893, 16505, 28864, 740, 360, 70, 5701, 6602, 4, 20745, 63273, 2271, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 126642, 30675, 6, 191145, 44, 4153, 1657, 54547, 2408, 678, 87918, 46, 62, 174804, 13, 47, 126642, 30675, 830, 121447, 390, 43153, 19341, 7710, 89916, 64, 5021, 56575, 89916, 4, 241599, 70, 11531, 44, 113469, 19, 100, 7362, 592, 58, 7311, 538, 121447, 98, 44, 441, 6563, 2873, 1295, 70, 23924, 58, 23, 98543, 360, 65942, 20745, 63273, 2271, 121447, 44, 137594, 4, 4512, 7296, 21533, 740, 360, 11994, 43304, 70, 8753, 10336, 2256, 71, 70, 360, 2875, 157, 47331, 8129, 23, 7397, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 5, 581, 26201, 44, 31852, 68761, 2071, 146185, 58, 509, 121447, 8108, 2363, 59671, 927, 7156, 4, 44, 3957, 72944, 111, 799, 516, 830, 3129, 509, 121447, 98, 138, 7582, 20907, 20745, 63273, 2271, 121447, 2363, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 136659, 127, 4393, 9, 23986, 927, 7156, 98, 483, 6088, 10520, 581, 8753, 121447, 2363, 5117, 17669, 9312, 77554, 927, 6867, 7915, 64, 41047, 5423, 44759, 71, 44, 70567, 99, 70, 16556, 58, 3129, 34739, 3687, 23, 6088, 24159, 33233, 8752, 70, 103993, 9907, 16556, 4, 98, 201, 4347, 7891, 62, 89554, 456, 47327, 297, 387, 927, 204320, 79737, 111, 11891, 25, 7, 44, 6433, 15506, 7, 136744, 11, 58, 509, 121447, 98, 387, 4347, 6360, 129551, 47, 17309, 114419, 98, 20745, 63273, 2271, 25, 7, 51521, 1431, 9191, 4, 1836, 30957, 297, 70, 12275, 23, 11994, 505, 47, 17164, 2363, 14610, 927, 4393, 9, 23986, 927, 12275, 7156, 44759, 71, 44, 4657, 4517, 26265, 12421, 345, 5416, 62723, 830, 3129, 509, 140528, 23, 79428, 505, 136, 509, 121447, 98, 1039, 6088, 5, 166238, 1556, 11341, 71, 23, 17309, 33683, 7, 450, 24145, 70, 3525, 7156, 83, 121447, 4, 1836, 1221, 7068, 28484, 4488, 98, 2363, 5117, 17669, 29256, 7, 7156, 5, 581, 29256, 7, 7156, 1221, 186, 44759, 71, 242, 102973, 45023, 67948, 31075, 25, 4, 21208, 1836, 765, 14373, 47, 3398, 85018, 6863, 54452, 5622, 5, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 7156, 4, 13211, 25, 7, 44, 62051, 92, 11214, 13, 1405, 19114, 58, 15, 107, 32271, 297, 23, 13867, 247, 168360, 5773, 70, 102919, 1363, 20745, 63273, 2271, 1902, 678, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 136, 60213, 71, 49649, 22556, 12924, 97612, 18, 42659, 7, 181653, 390, 166238, 4, 17664, 297, 678, 10, 12600, 28692, 101275, 136, 14838, 67, 5, 2161, 2363, 11737, 7156, 4, 44, 3957, 132706, 42294, 86, 830, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 20745, 63273, 2271, 83, 10, 103993, 22556, 12924, 8753, 4, 100, 4806, 23, 12898, 23, 7397, 5, 947, 43804, 136, 166238, 765, 2809, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 56458, 43032, 16792, 106540, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 17262, 7156, 7, 11417, 40383, 70, 103993, 22556, 12924, 20623, 5, 66016, 6863, 22759, 927, 7156, 23, 8272, 4, 70, 8753, 1556, 6363, 53, 297, 1295, 903, 20623, 136, 99201, 80854, 111, 89160, 99162, 12924, 23, 2363, 45730, 5, 20745, 63273, 2271, 509, 70, 5117, 103993, 22556, 12924, 8753, 47, 33284, 10, 6024, 9, 122772, 17164, 67967, 15, 121517, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Musical style.", "Music videos." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The band were formed in 1990 as Eczema by the bassist Wargod and drummer Exhurtum. In 1991, they decided to start playing black metal and change the band name to Satyricon. Satyr (Sigurd Wongraven) then joined the band. After the first demo \"All Evil\", Exhurtum was kicked out of the band because he \"preferred hanging out with my girl at the time rather than kicking down gravestones together with the band\", while Wargod left the music scene and became a UN soldier afterwards. Remaining members Satyr and Lemarchand hired the drummer Frost (Kjetil-Vidar Haraldstad) as a session musician and recorded their second and last demo, \"The Forest Is My Throne\". Shortly after this, Lemarchand also left the band. But before leaving the band he recorded guitars (uncredited on the booklet) for the first full-length album, \"Dark Medieval Times\". In the meantime, Frost was being \"promoted\" as a permanent member and had recorded drums for the aforementioned album. Satyricon have—with two exceptions—been a two-man band ever since: from 1993–1996, Tomas Thormodsæter 'Samoth' Haugen from Emperor was the bassist and guitarist of Satyricon, and participated in the recording of their second album, \"The Shadowthrone\"; and later, in 1996, Darkthrone member Nocturno Culto (Ted Skjellum, known as \"Kveldulv\" during Satyricon's period) became guitarist on the third full-length Satyricon album, \"Nemesis Divina\". \"Rebel Extravaganza\", Satyricon's fourth album, was released in 1999. During this period Satyr drastically changed his look by shaving off his hair, as seen in the photoshoot for the album as well as their live performances around this time. In April and May 2000, Satyricon toured as a supporting band for Pantera. Phil Anselmo has spoken of his love for black metal numerous times, and has participated in Eibon with Satyricon frontman Satyr. They used to be signed with Daron Malakian's music label EatUrMusic. Their fifth studio album \"Volcano\" was released in 2002 and won four awards: the Norwegian Grammy for Best Metal Album, an Alarm award for the track \"Fuel for Hatred\" in the category Song of the Year, the Alarm Award for Metal Album of the Year and The Oslo award for Best Overall Album. Satyricon participated in the Darkthrone tribute \"Darkthrone Holy Darkthrone\", released by Moonfog Productions in 1998, covering the song \"Kathaarian Life Code\". In the same year, Satyricon participated in the Bathory tribute \"In Conspiracy with Satan – A Tribute to Bathory\", released by Hellspawn Records/No Fashion Records, featuring the song \"Born for Burning\" originally released on \"Crusade from the North\" in 1996. In 2006, Satyricon released \"Now, Diabolical\". In March 2008, the band headlined the Inferno Metal Festival in Oslo for the first time. The EP \"My Skin Is Cold\" was released before their seventh album, \"The Age of Nero\", which was released on 3 November 2008. Satyricon released their self-titled eighth full-length album on 9 September 2013. The band released their first ever Full Length live CD/DVD set titled \"Live at the Opera\" which took place in September 2013, alongside the Norwegian National Opera, on 4 May 2015. A fully remastered 20th anniversary edition of 1996's \"Nemesis Divina\" was released on 20 May 2016. According to recent updates on Satyricon's official Facebook page, they entered the studio in March 2017 to record their ninth full-length studio album titled \"Deep Calleth Upon Deep\", which was completed in Summer 2017 and was released on 22 September. Frost has stated in recent interviews that once the new album is released, they will then complete work on their first ever covers album. The covers album will be titled 'Formative Oddities', though they have yet to announce its release date.", "The band's first album, 1994's \"Dark Medieval Times\" (recorded in 1993), showed off the fascination Satyricon had with the Middle Ages and featured raw black metal blast beats produced by Frost, mixed with acoustic guitar and flute. On their next album, \"The Shadowthrone\", this medieval spirit was continued. \"Rock Hard\" journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann wrote that Satyricon reached their \"very early zenith\" with that album and \"Nemesis Divina\". Describing their fifth studio album, 2002's \"Volcano\", frontman Satyr stated in a press release and biography on their homepage that \"the music is rock based but more extreme; it is black metal pushing the boundaries that began with bands like Venom and Bathory. Reinventing ourselves based on a foundation of rock-oriented black metal is our philosophy.\" Mühlmann wrote that Satyricon's path after their zenith reached with their second and third album has only a limited connection to black metal, whereas \"Metal Hammer\" journalist Robert Müller described Satyr as a \"latently arrogant guy who, along the way, makes great music that constantly tests the borders of the genre\". The band's more recent albums from the mid 2000s to the present day have further abandoned the band's earlier black metal style. The tempo of the music is mostly slower compared to the earlier extensive blast beat usage. It also features similar song structures influenced by post-rock music, old school rock, heavy metal, with some mild elements of their early black metal style sometimes still heard in the music, but with an overall more accessible sound. It has been described as a more \"black 'n' roll\" direction.", "A music video was made for \"To Your Brethren In The Dark\", directed by Laban Pheidias. The video (the first from the band in nine years), features American actresses Tonya Cornelisse, Jesse Hotchkiss, Diana Wyenn and Shawn Kathryn Kane.[3]" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1650, 83, 1207, 9, 2420, 20051, 4, 187, 72219, 1295, 70, 1810, 56, 71579, 111, 70, 1499, 316, 4, 17721, 70, 14798, 136, 44157, 18743, 67, 289, 124519, 4, 136, 50155, 4, 1295, 70, 92142, 111, 70, 117396, 13047, 11, 9523, 959, 206, 5, 581, 109197, 7, 158, 74789, 47, 70, 53894, 71579, 111, 10, 4567, 27686, 10, 5416, 80203, 164, 4, 136, 903, 3564, 7, 23, 10, 42728, 19, 3129, 83, 183540, 297, 3934, 142, 49128, 98, 70, 14798, 132988, 111, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 4, 136, 76199, 142, 14700, 66, 6889, 47, 70, 150143, 111, 70, 26177, 124416, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 10, 4000, 39848, 4383, 100, 70, 26177, 5, 62, 6818, 433, 83, 1940, 144429, 17721, 70, 42728, 19, 136, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 136, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 621, 70, 53894, 90356, 7, 111, 70, 14597, 18743, 67, 289, 53678, 41204, 136, 70, 14597, 18743, 67, 289, 24030, 13, 5, 581, 53894, 71579, 111, 70, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 83, 23, 41911, 678, 70, 44961, 297, 42728, 19, 111, 70, 456, 24392, 6854, 54449, 136, 70, 150143, 111, 70, 26177, 124416, 5, 581, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 136, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 1563, 77193, 70, 5675, 6958, 4, 3229, 70, 400, 6492, 83, 65042, 297, 4, 136, 621, 7893, 538, 35839, 3934, 22631, 23, 8060, 214, 70, 14361, 98, 1632, 400, 6492, 4, 23, 158, 17043, 10763, 678, 70, 1492, 4970, 37205, 3405, 21, 24347, 5, 581, 481, 14798, 109197, 7, 2843, 6, 44289, 70, 26177, 4, 136, 390, 188304, 70, 117396, 21705, 105924, 40225, 4, 47014, 67, 70, 5675, 6958, 23, 19364, 4, 23, 3129, 22631, 1836, 621, 2843, 30793, 297, 390, 70, 5531, 4970, 37205, 3405, 21, 24347, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 678, 70, 26177, 6, 44289, 297, 4, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 136, 14786, 223, 70796, 538, 47014, 67, 70, 5675, 6958, 5, 17106, 70, 26177, 65042, 297, 4, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 136, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 173591, 538, 47014, 67, 70, 5675, 6958, 5, 581, 6, 235923, 47, 70, 14597, 150143, 111, 70, 26177, 1543, 2843, 21265, 47, 41499, 15390, 70, 150143, 16065, 1295, 70, 124416, 20271, 78112, 5, 3293, 191619, 1543, 56282, 3540, 7, 35975, 17, 44287, 5911, 21373, 47, 70, 31486, 111, 70, 88353, 3679, 107396, 23, 70, 472, 86, 13, 5, 581, 123635, 1543, 186, 101637, 71, 3934, 142, 14798, 136, 10, 39225, 2831, 4, 707, 442, 1543, 25379, 94708, 7, 47, 70, 8566, 14, 5037, 164, 4, 70, 14597, 30203, 152161, 707, 70, 1810, 56, 2831, 111, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 12920, 7, 80707, 164, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 167994, 19005, 14786, 223, 4, 707, 18743, 24347, 223, 14786, 223, 4, 70, 19336, 525, 111, 70, 17262, 18743, 67, 289, 123635, 7, 4, 83, 39501, 297, 109312, 9149, 10519, 70, 167994, 19005, 128, 3834, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Origin and insertion.", "Relations.", "Function.", "Variations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "It is fan-shaped, arising from the outer surface of the ilium, between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, and behind, from the margin of the greater sciatic notch. The fibers converge to the deep surface of a radiated aponeurosis, and this ends in a tendon which is inserted into an impression on the anterior border of the greater trochanter, and gives an expansion to the capsule of the hip joint. It is also a local stabilizer for the hip.", "A bursa is interposed between the tendon and the greater trochanter. Between the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are the deep branches of the superior gluteal vessels and the superior gluteal nerve. The deep surface of the gluteus minimus is in relation with the reflected tendon of the rectus femoris and the capsule of the hip joint.", "The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus abduct the thigh, when the limb is extended, and are principally called into action in supporting the body on one limb, in conjunction with the tensor fasciæ latæ. Their anterior fibers also flex the hip, and by drawing the greater trochanter forward, rotate the thigh inward, in which action they are also assisted by the Tensor fasciæ latæ. Additionally, with the hip flexed, the gluteus medius and minimus internally rotate the thigh. With the hip extended, the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus externally rotate the thigh. The attachment to the superior capsule of the hip may also serve to retract the capsule away from the joint during motion. This mechanism may prevent capsular impingement similar to the role of the articularis genus in the knee.", "The muscle may be divided into an anterior and a posterior part, or it may send slips to the piriformis, the superior gemellus or the outer part of the origin of the vastus lateralis." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 129551, 47, 35778, 56174, 14978, 1004, 71908, 1212, 4, 70, 7156, 7639, 58437, 7, 10, 85403, 25813, 390, 335, 3986, 1295, 27081, 158, 99736, 6635, 47, 25171, 158, 99736, 6635, 4, 28, 7560, 14775, 604, 96362, 4488, 25, 7, 645, 18, 26177, 72720, 80854, 136, 75562, 7668, 5132, 100, 54704, 1419, 57289, 19612, 136, 1286, 90638, 11531, 199332, 5, 132951, 297, 390, 91, 133, 343, 136, 13492, 5252, 36049, 456, 65015, 16797, 111, 19340, 7, 57289, 4, 44, 16305, 53, 58, 21449, 237, 10, 55640, 47, 5941, 111, 604, 35992, 136, 35778, 7, 5, 209683, 47, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 96362, 54452, 44, 69042, 2646, 6661, 830, 70, 5367, 56, 149976, 237, 159354, 108558, 5, 335, 3986, 79786, 678, 67842, 22104, 7, 98, 70, 7156, 26719, 15901, 3238, 161460, 4, 23684, 44413, 37639, 4, 823, 13255, 7, 7, 4, 51838, 313, 6324, 1507, 4, 540, 1507, 4939, 4, 341, 9, 40658, 4, 136, 14787, 11617, 5, 44, 568, 25, 39, 23, 11954, 830, 44, 19659, 58, 136, 44, 124480, 438, 1572, 19577, 1301, 24658, 58, 621, 29256, 11389, 7, 111, 52336, 7311, 538, 51339, 297, 390, 581, 2902, 254, 14298, 4, 8694, 15959, 76648, 4, 136, 23972, 181948, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 7156, 509, 121447, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 98, 8055, 21567, 8272, 4, 136, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 98, 18374, 106, 4, 55482, 44, 43512, 9925, 87, 4171, 25916, 830, 44, 4657, 4517, 187040, 830, 44, 23562, 42, 123829, 830, 136, 44, 724, 5844, 1215, 2583, 58, 3542, 70, 7156, 7, 60091, 11001, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 44, 19659, 58, 2451, 571, 3986, 25, 7, 133258, 678, 14787, 11617, 2451, 13689, 121447, 237, 70, 37105, 11001, 219743, 37076, 214574, 5, 129335, 11001, 7, 1295, 70, 7156, 116287, 297, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 9903, 805, 12, 44, 43512, 9925, 87, 4171, 25916, 58, 99, 14012, 5896, 4, 44, 4657, 4517, 187040, 58, 99, 14012, 8651, 4, 136, 44, 724, 5844, 1215, 2583, 58, 99, 14012, 12045, 5, 3164, 22759, 14098, 46684, 11001, 7, 116287, 297, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 9903, 627, 1230, 571, 64, 841, 3442, 9, 841, 2146, 43609, 7, 619, 69182, 7, 12, 44, 43512, 9925, 87, 4171, 25916, 58, 99, 14012, 37195, 4, 44, 4657, 4517, 187040, 58, 99, 14012, 300, 86, 4, 44, 23562, 42, 123829, 58, 99, 14012, 24645, 136, 44, 724, 5844, 1215, 2583, 58, 99, 14012, 7245, 581, 7156, 34377, 297, 99, 14012, 6626, 98, 70, 7082, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 1781, 116287, 4, 678, 5117, 9, 47477, 40575, 111, 1105, 175663, 71200, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1650, 2843, 30957, 297, 99, 14012, 1632, 98, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 7, 4792, 627, 1230, 571, 64, 841, 3442, 9, 841, 2146, 37340, 7, 116287, 4, 141753, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 22759, 927, 7156, 47, 2663, 70, 116287, 5, 44, 16305, 53, 58, 66933, 10149, 40859, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 1781, 136, 11937, 40859, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 4792, 627, 1230, 571, 64, 841, 3442, 9, 841, 2146, 37340, 7, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 117604, 4, 70, 7156, 34377, 297, 99, 14012, 43606, 98, 70, 17274, 37340, 7, 110373, 5, 2161, 18374, 543, 4, 88922, 70, 7156, 509, 35649, 47314, 41929, 133782, 316, 390, 70, 54877, 214, 164254, 56187, 111, 21629, 4, 100, 109923, 9035, 111, 6626, 19879, 71200, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1650, 1556, 2843, 2809, 35649, 47314, 115392, 390, 70, 56101, 66084, 157, 48461, 164254, 4, 100, 109923, 9035, 111, 6, 198077, 71200, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 4, 136, 35649, 47314, 86761, 390, 70, 180972, 54877, 214, 164254, 56187, 4, 100, 109923, 9035, 111, 6, 160012, 71200, 7, 23, 25730, 5, 1301, 111, 37771, 44, 16305, 53, 58, 1556, 54324, 116, 4, 3559, 4, 9508, 71200, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 44, 16305, 53, 58, 509, 435, 678, 32813, 1030, 164779, 1295, 35778, 7, 5, 44, 2737, 58, 54397, 4, 44, 571, 3986, 831, 15504, 1295, 57, 46048, 47, 10, 6126, 29367, 47, 166553, 23, 70, 32628, 111, 10, 11001, 113860, 1449, 581, 44109, 6619, 45644, 101082, 99837, 47143, 7, 18507, 53, 136, 23, 2082, 318, 2661, 740, 156201, 503, 35801, 474, 111, 44, 294, 5128, 58, 1645, 52021, 6863, 54704, 1419, 79507, 7, 136, 35839, 44, 16305, 53, 58, 44, 13, 105401, 25958, 10314, 26783, 136, 182352, 71407, 9789, 830, 32562, 450, 44, 1065, 571, 3986, 25, 7, 268, 92784, 71, 107265, 931, 10133, 4, 738, 11337, 15756, 49534, 4, 136, 39644, 53, 34128, 8996, 5256, 6, 41382, 70, 32692, 111, 101334, 9, 127345, 19612, 740, 44, 51379, 408, 519, 137977, 13, 58, 6, 70035, 119587, 19856, 959, 297, 44, 11, 1286, 107554, 12319, 58, 23, 6863, 36049, 4, 3129, 764, 21455, 297, 237, 40715, 44, 34, 694, 93685, 71, 58, 3501, 98, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 96362, 7156, 7, 5, 44, 155581, 25500, 674, 192438, 58, 7, 94825, 262, 441, 474, 1814, 75870, 297, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 108171, 352, 4063, 15227, 9035, 136, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 44, 5782, 127, 136, 69463, 58, 70767, 7, 4, 13254, 214, 44, 55668, 71407, 4, 44, 16305, 53, 58, 83, 85590, 538, 10, 4989, 4, 57289, 7844, 4, 69277, 71, 9, 65769, 307, 2676, 645, 3129, 335, 3986, 75939, 21286, 292, 136, 68018, 134477, 13, 79850, 292, 14192, 7, 89593, 111, 109208, 9393, 5161, 4, 19542, 17007, 70, 738, 11337, 111, 117776, 90254, 4, 136, 83324, 71, 538, 501, 33992, 47, 15673, 740, 44, 3957, 77641, 58, 75870, 297, 335, 3986, 25, 7, 44, 4717, 13, 112019, 58, 136, 11341, 71, 44, 7816, 1011, 90, 47, 36356, 70, 26177, 9, 58052, 57289, 110934, 2412, 104902, 28282, 4, 136, 54, 9844, 12921, 5, 200905, 2446, 40956, 9, 87690, 53, 57289, 7, 3871, 740, 41550, 29304, 111, 44, 42101, 38396, 58, 3739, 1067, 71, 335, 3986, 100, 44, 109513, 398, 12319, 43257, 3501, 2563, 538, 36802, 2367, 2412, 25, 7, 5367, 214, 1672, 830, 154107, 450, 2412, 44, 133891, 90, 47, 84797, 164055, 1295, 604, 280, 1314, 4, 158, 272, 38543, 10, 38134, 37457, 111, 112019, 7, 15490, 141753, 148, 4505, 53, 4, 280, 15145, 707, 645, 5429, 31, 46526, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 23213, 83, 70, 22759, 927, 12275, 7156, 390, 15672, 5367, 56, 23213, 821, 5, 335, 3986, 4, 121447, 8055, 21567, 8272, 4, 98, 6, 155900, 89916, 5, 581, 7156, 34377, 297, 99, 14012, 6626, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 1781, 116287, 4, 143092, 1105, 175663, 71200, 7, 23, 6863, 5117, 5895, 5, 1650, 66933, 10149, 40859, 98, 70, 116287, 136, 181653, 43606, 116287, 214, 11001, 7, 5, 345, 5416, 6863, 54452, 4, 44, 16305, 53, 58, 75204, 24491, 98865, 1295, 19612, 35778, 7, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 35649, 47314, 41929, 133782, 316, 390, 70, 54877, 214, 164254, 56187, 111, 21629, 136, 1556, 54324, 116, 4, 3559, 4, 9508, 71200, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Release and promotion.", "Reception.", "Commercial performance.", "Critical response.", "Accolades.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "According to critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the album showcases a creative move by Blige from urban contemporary to adult contemporary, eschewing her previous work's overt hip hop elements and raunchy persona for classicist soul music and more mature songwriting. Highlighted by sleek and polished production reminiscent of 1970s soul, \"Mary\" came as a surprise to many of her fans and critics. Similar to Blige's previous release \"Share My World\", the singer served as executive producer. Blige worked with various artists on the album including Aretha Franklin, Lauryn Hill, Jadakiss, Eric Clapton, Elton John, K-Ci, and George Michael. \"I'm in Love\", \"As\" and \"Let No Man Put Asunder\" are cover versions of songs originally performed by The Gap Band, Stevie Wonder, and First Choice respectively.", "The album was released in the United States on August 17, 1999, and in the United Kingdom on October 1, 1999. \"All That I Can Say\", \"Deep Inside\", \"Your Child\", and \"Give Me You\" were the albums commercial singles in the United States. \"As\"—Blige's collaboration with George Michael—was released as the lead single everywhere else worldwide. Three singles from the album charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100: \"All That I Can Say\" at number 44, \"Deep Inside\" at number 51, and \"Give Me You\" at number 68. All four United States singles charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks: \"All That I Can Say\" at number six, \"Deep Inside\" at number nine, \"Your Child\" at number 23, and \"Give Me You\" at number 21.", "", "The album debuted at number two on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 239,000 copies in the United States. It also entered at number one on \"Billboard\"s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, becoming Blige's fourth album to top the chart. \"Mary\" spent 57 weeks on the \"Billboard\" 200 and 69 weeks on the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart. On October 18, 2000, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, for shipments of two million copies in the United States. It has also been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry, for shipments of 60,000 copies in the United Kingdom, and certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association, for shipments of 40,000 copies in Canada. As of 2009, \"Mary\" has sold 2,100,000 copies in the United States.", "\"Mary\" was met with universal acclaim from critics. \"Q\" wrote, \"Blige can turn from sassy to agonized to vulnerable in the space of a single phrase [...] The Queen Of Hip Hop Soul remains classy and invincible\". Craig Seymour of \"Spin\" praised its classicist influences and called \"Mary\" \"emotionally gripping and stylistically diverse\", writing that \"[Blige's] assured blues moans, gospel shouts, and jazzy inflections graph the history of African-American music\". \"Chicago Tribune\" writer Greg Kot noted \"a more organic feel\" in its production, which he viewed as less \"uninspired\" than on Blige's previous albums. \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Anthony DeCurtis complimented Blige's vocal embellishments and the album's \"lush and spare\" arrangements, stating \"Musically, \"Mary\" is essentially a long, soulful, ballad-tempo vamp over which Blige alternately — and sometimes simultaneously — tells tales of faithless love, preaches the gospel of female strength, and determinedly clings to hope\". \"The Source\" complimented Blige's \"pure emotion\" and stated \"she dares to break the hip-hop soul template she helped create, and do something different. Something our loop-weary souls need\". Steve Jones of \"USA Today\" commended Blige for \"making you feel rather than merely hear what she's singing about\", adding that she \"continues to separate herself from her peers, conveying a wide range of emotions without becoming whiny, petty or overwrought\". Despite viewing its strength as \"more in how Blige sings the songs than the songs themselves\", \"Los Angeles Times\" writer Soren Baker commented that \"the lively, supple instrumentation only adds to the force of her already dominating delivery\" and noted \"a more soul-stirring, straightforward R&B attitude than the hip-hop/R&B hybrid of her earlier collections\". \"Rolling Stone\" writer Touré said \"Blige seems to have moved away from the Terry McMillan once-again-he's-breaking-my-heart mantra to, perhaps, an Oprah love-your-spirit ethos\". Christopher John Farley of \"Time\" wrote that \"\"Mary\" is somewhat inconsistent in song quality, but Blige's soul-singed vocals save the weaker material\". Ann Powers of \"The New York Times\" viewed that the album exemplifies a \"new conscience\" of feminine themes in contemporary R&B at the time, adding that \"if \"Mary\" gestures toward an older, non-hip-hop audience, it also makes the claim for Ms. Blige's canonization within the rhythm-and-blues hall of fame\". In his consumer guide for \"The Village Voice\", critic Robert Christgau wrote, \"Rather than hating playas, she's bored with them [...] all that she can say is that she's ready to love someone serious and walk away from anyone who isn't\". In a retrospective review for \"The Rolling Stone Album Guide\", Tom Moon deemed \"Mary\" an improvement over Blige's previous album, commenting that it \"more fully realizes Blige's vision for \"Share My World\"\". AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised its \"sheer classiness\", writing that \"There's still grit in the music, but it's been glossed over with a polished production\". Erlewine described it as \"a rewarding, engaging way to mature\" and wrote that \"Blige's voice is richer and her skills have deepened, and her new songs, while not as streetwise, are worthy of her talents\".", "\"Spin\" ranked the album number 15 in its year-end list of best albums. Blige won and was nominated for many awards for this album.", "Information based on the Album's Liner Notes", "Unless otherwise indicated, Track numbers of musical, production and other appearances are based on Liner Notes of the album's North American Edition" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 636, 33, 131, 825, 19, 32113, 51546, 4, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 25, 7, 13918, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 4, 21449, 1257, 678, 70, 6528, 111, 33976, 142, 167969, 3525, 83932, 4, 51, 5062, 2499, 3789, 98, 70, 72852, 4, 678, 6626, 4092, 10756, 214, 173345, 136, 110, 6, 174408, 7, 46389, 214, 70, 21455, 5, 1657, 99736, 6635, 27781, 7, 3542, 19694, 87180, 4, 7440, 70, 10542, 136, 24453, 9157, 7, 1902, 2809, 78684, 88303, 237, 10, 41929, 8, 2594, 4, 136, 25970, 50453, 88260, 23, 2356, 5753, 5, 43041, 335, 35838, 669, 136, 636, 23894, 18, 131, 122, 310, 35159, 18, 4, 70, 170277, 51517, 7, 111, 70, 131, 72242, 13, 31461, 3387, 23, 72756, 3542, 37170, 47, 4331, 10, 83932, 1810, 111, 47589, 4, 122776, 136, 158285, 4, 64720, 76319, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 262, 8179, 254, 10, 89829, 237, 142, 27781, 100, 5941, 111, 70, 158036, 88067, 11, 642, 3714, 18925, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 16010, 28566, 5, 581, 83932, 509, 552, 9, 114584, 297, 390, 70, 96090, 9459, 39096, 24273, 14787, 131, 873, 34, 5828, 4, 2750, 7228, 1919, 100, 45091, 23, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 31255, 214, 552, 289, 1295, 102126, 47, 130891, 8305, 62276, 231118, 5, 360, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 70, 83932, 509, 110518, 64183, 7565, 100, 120948, 390, 30839, 36, 143414, 33843, 5, 24372, 70, 1631, 4, 70, 83932, 25, 7, 177399, 509, 71062, 297, 23, 45604, 74, 83932, 22729, 7, 3542, 49814, 23, 42610, 5, 2161, 1702, 18374, 12898, 4, 262, 8179, 254, 509, 24, 4806, 237, 8035, 1632, 111, 72756, 25, 7, 42762, 7, 5, 360, 13211, 70, 83932, 509, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 40964, 3674, 47, 6863, 13379, 3173, 12, 1650, 100512, 756, 9, 184, 46429, 4, 136, 70, 133940, 509, 65042, 297, 47, 29256, 756, 70, 40, 9821, 5, 893, 4173, 33976, 509, 64549, 297, 100, 60091, 4527, 390, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 4, 442, 2843, 18276, 7, 10, 17666, 136, 10, 59052, 4, 581, 2005, 111, 65786, 5, 1301, 111, 18982, 56434, 70, 83932, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 138, 397, 9384, 98, 1815, 64883, 4, 136, 2878, 25958, 98, 1815, 103033, 4, 1829, 48800, 21455, 5, 4997, 47, 262, 8179, 254, 136, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 25, 7, 23189, 61585, 2685, 83, 15700, 4, 1284, 164917, 4, 29681, 67675, 4, 70, 4792, 10033, 61668, 72756, 5, 3293, 67675, 27980, 7, 47353, 23, 5941, 29681, 136, 23, 67842, 90926, 111, 130412, 5, 31384, 27781, 7, 111, 29681, 450, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 70, 2663, 10033, 61668, 621, 1129, 246, 4, 50833, 53, 12126, 136, 3535, 12126, 5, 262, 8179, 254, 83, 82424, 70, 5368, 83932, 111, 101740, 11938, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 89160, 2663, 87199, 23, 70, 231118, 5, 1650, 1556, 2843, 4989, 2809, 1632, 111, 70, 5368, 61585, 7, 111, 70, 231118, 15889, 101740, 7175, 4, 19441, 27980, 297, 645, 3252, 21640, 14858, 90, 4, 678, 70, 5117, 1632, 8035, 10, 14858, 26548, 199458, 98, 116, 4347, 43357, 5, 360, 36102, 4, 262, 8179, 254, 36541, 71, 70, 2704, 111, 70, 28811, 15619, 209447, 7, 25, 15619, 4, 678, 154502, 9903, 48150, 141753, 70, 5117, 56101, 11938, 47, 19916, 10, 28811, 9044, 3038, 4, 8, 88981, 214, 199936, 8884, 190, 104279, 5, 62, 17164, 1492, 28811, 2704, 7, 765, 39958, 3687, 23, 70, 83932, 4, 70, 4568, 1632, 8035, 70, 5726, 48524, 15619, 27188, 23, 3129, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 4, 187020, 18, 25958, 75169, 10, 5368, 14858, 4, 8, 88981, 297, 209118, 110060, 138, 1104, 5442, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 16401, 7, 70, 149067, 19, 111, 8035, 70, 4734, 11938, 47, 19916, 10, 1632, 9, 106464, 71, 28811, 2704, 23, 2363, 10002, 83932, 5, 360, 88922, 70, 4221, 14, 98689, 6651, 83932, 27980, 297, 70, 2704, 111, 3939, 88922, 112730, 23, 70, 231118, 136, 199458, 4, 7440, 9942, 8, 88981, 297, 98848, 116, 104279, 23, 4173, 1733, 5, 581, 83932, 1556, 27980, 297, 20428, 7, 16792, 25695, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 5117, 51339, 1314, 99, 262, 8179, 254, 3542, 25027, 133093, 136, 51838, 313, 6324, 1507, 5, 6765, 335, 17505, 34658, 1919, 40989, 456, 90431, 2317, 7, 136, 221419, 538, 142096, 1919, 22059, 95384, 103336, 11330, 99, 70, 83932, 5, 54041, 23, 18592, 5, 11617, 52234, 51339, 297, 99, 70, 83932, 43606, 20028, 4, 17262, 20028, 20271, 70, 12745, 6661, 11330, 215046, 136, 186351, 20271, 70, 2290, 1505, 10821, 6661, 11330, 186348, 4, 51339, 214, 47, 10, 70163, 71, 131126, 111, 116, 224191, 5, 581, 166693, 47002, 7, 51339, 297, 138, 17431, 7, 98, 4347, 543, 4, 953, 136, 21416, 11704, 20271, 70, 34469, 24250, 133, 9742, 4, 54041, 2843, 51339, 297, 190, 20028, 4, 138, 20028, 98, 1919, 11954, 13802, 53, 11330, 98, 21567, 543, 619, 953, 8055, 18592, 136, 200, 41324, 5773, 1919, 1429, 112, 11330, 98, 116, 4, 138, 18237, 96145, 4221, 6488, 20428, 7, 765, 2809, 34658, 99, 903, 130731, 16792, 70, 73432, 111, 21391, 40024, 23, 98543, 59849, 205382, 34658, 6626, 20428, 7, 98, 702, 136, 616, 18237, 18592, 237, 2831, 111, 2363, 62, 29339, 6635, 117264, 111, 236267, 11330, 136, 17262, 20428, 7, 98, 138, 4, 201, 136, 190, 6088, 13211, 237, 2831, 111, 2363, 581, 127152, 33500, 11330, 5, 66016, 65942, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 1556, 2809, 20697, 98, 38627, 100, 10, 3525, 83932, 4, 61475, 538, 203251, 100, 505, 21721, 1830, 136, 142, 25902, 3674, 177399, 100, 382, 26738, 3395, 5, 360, 27580, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 68872, 47, 40964, 67, 70, 83932, 4, 20662, 442, 10, 6, 224191, 40, 46429, 678, 10, 41499, 238, 22819, 133940, 5, 104919, 509, 203251, 47, 4034, 23, 51065, 24635, 136, 67229, 23, 267, 678, 3622, 84458, 111, 142, 25902, 3674, 2505, 5955, 19879, 5, 16995, 111, 70, 1774, 509, 10, 3525, 23189, 178290, 4, 11034, 214, 142, 4173, 2505, 2485, 19879, 5, 360, 11994, 20400, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 171530, 450, 1836, 64457, 12601, 2822, 33976, 10, 3525, 83932, 5, 360, 4347, 505, 4, 70, 26349, 111, 72756, 176506, 678, 10, 1774, 47, 45367, 10, 3525, 83932, 678, 10, 177399, 111, 305, 63009, 40, 9821, 5, 360, 14487, 3640, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 96870, 4221, 14, 98689, 6651, 15, 247, 1286, 39210, 538, 51529, 390, 6863, 128911, 11627, 262, 8179, 254, 15, 4, 70, 1371, 275, 247, 83, 10, 83932, 23, 72756, 4, 231118, 5, 1650, 509, 140528, 23, 43357, 5, 581, 9351, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 4221, 14, 98689, 6651, 103724, 23, 72756, 4, 136, 1295, 70, 11938, 678, 70, 5701, 9351, 15, 289, 197271, 70, 11938, 25, 7, 9351, 509, 21640, 52021, 47, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 23, 29733, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Facilities and related buildings.", "Commercial uses.", "Football history.", "Concerts.", "New stadium." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Leen van Zandvliet, Feyenoord's president in the 1930s, came up with the idea of building an entirely new stadium, unlike any other on the continent, with two free hanging tiers and no obstacles blocking the view. Contemporary examples were Highbury, where the West and East stands had been recently built as a double deck, and Yankee Stadium in New York. Johannes Brinkman and Leendert van der Vlugt, the famous designers of the van Nelle factories in Rotterdam were asked to design a stadium out of glass, concrete and steel, cheap materials at that time. In fact, De Kuip acted as an example for many of the greatest stadia we know today, e.g. Camp Nou. The stadium was co-financed by the billionaire Daniël George van Beuningen, who made his fortune in World War I, exporting coal from Germany to Britain through neutral Netherlands. In World War II, the stadium was nearly torn down for scrap by German occupiers. After the war, the stadium's capacity was expanded in 1949; stadium lights were added in 1958. On 29 October 1991, De Kuip was named as being one of Rotterdam's monuments. In 1994 the stadium was extensively renovated to its present form: It became all-seater, and the roof was extended to cover all the seats. An extra building was constructed for commercial use by Feyenoord, it also houses a restaurant and a museum, The Home of History. As of January 2007, the stadium can be found in 3D format on Google Earth, and partially on Google Maps, via street view.", "Next to De Kuip and Feyenoord's training ground there is another, but smaller, sports arena, the Topsportcentrum Rotterdam. This arena hosts events in many sports and in various levels of competition. Some examples of sports that can be seen in the topsportcentrum are judo, volleyball and handball.", "", "De Kuip is currently the home stadium of football club Feyenoord, one of the traditional top teams in the Netherlands. It has also long been one of the home grounds of the Netherlands national football team, having hosted over 150 international matches, with the first one being a match against Belgium on 2 May 1937. In 1963, De Kuip staged the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup, with Tottenham Hotspur becoming the first British club to win a European trophy, defeating Atlético Madrid 5–1. A record ten European finals have taken place in the stadium, the last one being the 2002 UEFA Cup Final in which Feyenoord, coincidentally playing a home match, defeated Borussia Dortmund 3–2. As a result, Feyenoord holds the distinction of being the only club to win a one-legged European final in their own stadium. In 2000, the Feijenoord stadium hosted the final of Euro 2000, played in the Netherlands and Belgium, where France defeated Italy 2–1 in extra time.", "The stadium has hosted concerts since 1978. Among the first performers at De Kuip were Bob Dylan and Eric Clapton. David Bowie held his dress rehearsals and subsequently opened his 1987 Glass Spider Tour at the stadium. Prince in 1988. Michael Jackson performed at the stadium five times, three times during the Bad World Tour (1988) and twice during the Dangerous World Tour (1992), performing to a combined crowd of 270,000. The Rolling Stones performed 3 nights on May 18, 19 and 21, 1990 during the Urban Jungle tour, Prince also performed 5 times, 3 times on his Lovesexy Tour on 17, 18 & 19 August 1988 and kicking off his Nude Tour on 2, 3 June 1990. Fewer concerts have been held at this venue since the opening of Amsterdam Arena in 1996. Pink Floyd held two concerts on 13 and 14 June 1988 as part of their A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour and three concerts on 3, 4 and 5 September 1994 as part of their The Division Bell Tour.", "Since 2006, Feyenoord has been working on plans for a new stadium, initially planned for 2017 completion and an estimated capacity for 85,000 people. In 2014, Feyenoord decided to renovate the stadium, making it a 70,000 seater with a retractable roof. Building was planned to start in summer 2015, and finish in 2018 with total costs of an estimated €200 million. Part of the plan was a new training facility, costing an extra €16 million. In March 2016, Feyenoord announced that they instead preferred building a new stadium. In May 2017, the city of Rotterdam agreed with a plan to build a new stadium with a capacity of 63,000 seats. In December 2019, Feyenoord announced that if construction of the new stadium was given in the final go-ahead in 2020 the stadium will open its doors in the summer of 2025." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 73138, 13, 984, 37217, 509, 70, 775, 111, 3493, 1900, 63252, 984, 37217, 4, 10, 25766, 6774, 6126, 3378, 160600, 110, 2661, 669, 2750, 1543, 765, 149976, 237, 23607, 42, 111, 70, 73986, 111, 2501, 66677, 5, 29117, 14, 89829, 47, 3564, 9393, 29865, 7, 1672, 6, 119598, 53, 136, 70, 25443, 4, 73138, 13, 21647, 297, 79507, 7103, 764, 139505, 4, 237, 1919, 17932, 58386, 4, 5177, 246, 15565, 13676, 107, 36846, 217, 3031, 4, 10, 269, 329, 111, 58186, 59438, 11617, 7354, 31, 202, 34416, 5, 360, 209, 12243, 4, 73138, 13, 8060, 297, 70, 20831, 10681, 2320, 111, 114636, 87, 4440, 86, 2245, 4, 128839, 538, 78, 6238, 678, 70, 29685, 57495, 15182, 2408, 26548, 70, 3525, 6, 88940, 748, 25, 7, 17690, 7, 5, 360, 6, 61518, 111, 903, 308, 12645, 177986, 4, 73138, 13, 509, 19667, 19, 237, 39457, 42, 390, 70, 10, 49725, 114636, 23, 7582, 209, 12975, 4, 1379, 70, 79507, 111, 11617, 436, 1428, 2400, 5, 114636, 1563, 18601, 3674, 4, 136, 98, 744, 7582, 209, 12975, 4, 73138, 13, 1193, 984, 37217, 509, 8374, 157272, 6, 88940, 748, 5, 581, 3525, 6, 88940, 748, 69405, 137272, 6626, 111, 1919, 27150, 775, 7, 23, 14537, 4, 11617, 25714, 984, 37217, 136, 83462, 5772, 232, 984, 37217, 4, 6, 140545, 297, 1919, 82953, 4939, 984, 37217, 237, 44, 33464, 147, 58, 15, 20370, 90, 147, 247, 136, 352, 1299, 12225, 98, 10, 44930, 110990, 47, 70, 33946, 7, 111, 70, 29685, 57495, 15182, 2408, 136, 70, 106820, 5, 48752, 21286, 1379, 1010, 19514, 70, 23189, 136, 53477, 8060, 100, 70, 187, 4806, 84616, 4, 73138, 13, 1193, 85235, 538, 642, 344, 33, 297, 3311, 5935, 10325, 8, 420, 69098, 390, 2837, 125042, 70, 135665, 19, 4000, 34579, 399, 111, 6, 55577, 453, 99, 10, 106157, 6275, 111, 1733, 4, 60754, 214, 678, 70, 65272, 19364, 129745, 111, 70, 11623, 4412, 47891, 7, 136, 2363, 4252, 277, 66, 756, 3387, 5, 5533, 31, 214, 5941, 111, 70, 63559, 17690, 7, 111, 114636, 87, 4440, 86, 2245, 4, 764, 29695, 27686, 70, 116338, 57495, 15182, 2408, 678, 103210, 72090, 29685, 51521, 7, 136, 131126, 297, 70, 43953, 13, 678, 1919, 132756, 7, 5, 18763, 115299, 47, 91995, 135203, 79063, 1314, 678, 102403, 76, 10484, 136, 137802, 70, 12912, 6815, 10204, 41274, 7, 51, 107, 109637, 297, 12441, 73138, 13, 47, 24209, 6083, 538, 51, 114366, 678, 70, 132756, 7, 111, 114636, 28032, 70, 116338, 187, 5176, 15182, 2408, 4, 2750, 81887, 297, 47, 110938, 2182, 4049, 23, 209, 11540, 5, 1529, 2843, 100512, 51, 114366, 678, 70, 4537, 43904, 7103, 764, 165249, 152838, 47, 9790, 47, 8783, 70, 187, 1176, 5, 1913, 70, 4552, 4034, 111, 1919, 1690, 38529, 4, 70, 111413, 7, 1379, 12452, 53513, 7, 38931, 140528, 70, 158, 75616, 111, 3311, 5935, 10325, 203439, 4, 1284, 73138, 13, 168360, 10, 3332, 474, 46825, 33946, 23, 112033, 14653, 5787, 53588, 5, 1529, 6, 140545, 297, 99, 19713, 6626, 38368, 3180, 7, 111, 98848, 15, 16305, 60291, 136, 125577, 7851, 16, 136, 9325, 19574, 50930, 9035, 98, 6626, 53333, 46505, 7, 15, 24658, 44, 124693, 40122, 1436, 58, 136, 11617, 23788, 107, 425, 194, 1529, 2843, 134729, 297, 116000, 5245, 390, 47413, 206211, 23, 14237, 146410, 23, 209, 13307, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 70, 86669, 111, 70, 135665, 19, 10323, 4, 136, 390, 70, 3183, 1132, 169, 47891, 7, 23, 70, 57116, 7, 23, 209, 12424, 4, 12960, 217339, 13, 509, 72856, 47, 70, 112465, 10133, 5, 884, 1283, 1459, 10332, 136, 51, 94005, 53, 3229, 764, 21449, 47, 14537, 4, 73138, 13, 68, 71, 98, 1039, 4347, 209, 18197, 5, 18763, 2704, 27992, 509, 47, 35968, 450, 4734, 1919, 775, 7, 214493, 4049, 4, 100, 21896, 1919, 58386, 5177, 246, 15565, 13676, 107, 36846, 217, 3031, 47, 5646, 10, 81, 8770, 959, 47, 456, 1727, 1294, 5, 3311, 1919, 5117, 58386, 4, 10, 76849, 111, 73138, 13, 930, 51553, 232, 4, 73138, 13, 1193, 984, 37217, 1902, 110, 51529, 20020, 5, 3311, 1919, 17932, 58386, 4, 5177, 246, 15565, 13676, 107, 36846, 217, 3031, 4, 764, 1902, 70, 25632, 31089, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 73138, 13, 1193, 984, 37217, 707, 786, 2470, 4, 42845, 52021, 237, 786, 9381, 15, 4, 44, 605, 69376, 19, 42539, 41331, 1193, 984, 37217, 830, 805, 910, 46, 1039, 4347, 209, 87053, 509, 3311, 5935, 10325, 31678, 56, 748, 1295, 209, 12975, 47, 209, 18197, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 14037, 56, 136, 5117, 3114, 2069, 32786, 111, 70, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 40641, 35953, 68728, 8946, 5, 133698, 1919, 1690, 38529, 4, 70, 111413, 7, 34739, 645, 5045, 111, 70, 47143, 214, 3311, 5935, 10325, 43396, 90, 23, 98848, 12960, 23, 70, 57116, 7, 70, 112465, 10133, 95699, 34, 138518, 217339, 13, 5, 1529, 2843, 134729, 297, 8, 88981, 7, 26548, 70, 11623, 4412, 155741, 47413, 206211, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Reign.", "Family." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Constantine Doukas was the son of Andronikos Doukas, a Paphlagonian Greek nobleman who may have served as governor of the theme of Moesia. Addicted to endless debates about philosophy and theology, Constantine gained influence after he married, as his second wife, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, a niece of Patriarch Michael Keroularios. In 1057, Constantine supported the usurpation of Isaac I Komnenos, gradually siding with the court bureaucracy against the new emperor's reforms. In spite of this tacit opposition, Constantine was chosen as successor by the ailing Isaac in November 1059, under the influence of Michael Psellos. Isaac abdicated, and on 24 November 1059, Constantine X Doukas was crowned emperor. The new emperor quickly associated two of his young sons in power, Michael VII Doukas and Konstantios Doukas, appointed his brother John Doukas as \"kaisar\" (Caesar), and embarked on a policy favorable to the interests of the court bureaucracy and the church. Severely undercutting the training and financial support for the armed forces, Constantine X fatally weakened Byzantine defences by disbanding the Armenian local militia of 50,000 men at a crucial point of time, coinciding with the westward advance of the Seljuk Turks and their Turcoman allies. Undoing many of the necessary reforms of Isaac I Komnenos, he bloated the military bureaucracy with highly paid court officials and crowded the Senate with his supporters. His decisions to replace standing soldiers with mercenaries and leaving the frontier fortifications unrepaired led Constantine to become naturally unpopular with the supporters of Isaac within the military aristocracy, who attempted to assassinate him in 1061. He also became unpopular with the general population after he raised taxes to try to pay the army. At the very start of his reign, the Normans under Robert Guiscard completed the conquest of Byzantine Calabria, but Constantine showed a resurgent interest in retaining Apulia. He appointed at least two catepans of Italy (Marules and Sirianus) and sent reinforcements on two further occasions (under \"Miriarcha\" and Michael Maurex). He also suffered invasions by Alp Arslan in Asia Minor in 1064, resulting in the loss of the Armenian capital, and by the Oghuz Turks in the Balkans in 1065, while Belgrade was lost to the Hungarians. Already old and unhealthy when he came to power, Constantine died on 22 May 1067. His final act was to demand that only his sons succeed him, forcing his wife Eudokia Makrembolitissa to take a vow not to remarry.", "By his first wife, a daughter of Constantine Dalassenos, Constantine X Doukas had no known children. By his second wife, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, he had the following issue:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24372, 10, 36549, 111, 552, 9, 5613, 2852, 1346, 31486, 7, 4, 153355, 1902, 604, 36356, 222521, 3229, 2412, 509, 37702, 23, 70, 44759, 31486, 111, 44, 104475, 4342, 58, 163992, 4, 10, 3530, 48461, 289, 1346, 1672, 15672, 5367, 56, 9, 35821, 70035, 33695, 76, 72742, 66, 2298, 9, 683, 8077, 169, 5, 27985, 214, 98, 70, 1346, 191722, 604, 47, 83184, 10, 19612, 80997, 4, 678, 153355, 54433, 12, 44, 568, 26859, 759, 80997, 23, 24668, 6, 104241, 98, 36541, 5, 1061, 20594, 70, 14277, 1660, 98911, 297, 163, 111, 3642, 5045, 87, 156304, 5367, 214, 4, 123, 21896, 4, 136, 70, 1884, 7673, 24372, 1346, 214, 44, 104475, 4342, 4, 58, 153355, 509, 44, 107, 25958, 34698, 378, 3334, 268, 42845, 74855, 7, 58, 136, 17164, 297, 10, 53397, 17164, 23, 195374, 5, 1840, 31095, 9325, 70, 11531, 24073, 6609, 7203, 6610, 2371, 18939, 47, 22365, 13703, 58815, 25, 7, 27985, 10760, 4, 3129, 509, 60892, 23, 1144, 592, 153355, 5, 100225, 141810, 143, 4, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 67967, 4, 42459, 297, 450, 2412, 5367, 23, 14941, 136, 2412, 80723, 182304, 604, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 20320, 70, 2289, 58, 1840, 51957, 47, 83184, 10, 24668, 80997, 509, 51592, 237, 10, 10512, 4, 237, 1346, 6057, 7, 1902, 10, 44, 4453, 7668, 17164, 58, 3229, 442, 21449, 47, 47130, 162, 214, 7426, 19612, 4, 136, 44, 91306, 70, 7156, 509, 10, 21917, 254, 4, 959, 4734, 2806, 442, 352, 88500, 7, 7, 153355, 1284, 442, 13648, 3853, 82649, 604, 80997, 1242, 153355, 7311, 538, 18822, 71, 450, 44, 30154, 37755, 25, 1061, 18621, 58, 509, 47, 186, 121447, 237, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 37105, 11001, 5, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 58, 509, 181653, 390, 23630, 10186, 27971, 875, 7, 74, 153355, 17164, 297, 604, 108171, 7, 100, 70, 11531, 99, 22365, 13703, 137869, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 678, 185118, 7, 17819, 12536, 110427, 136, 143118, 40478, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 14432, 17664, 297, 390, 59689, 3010, 56, 1888, 99, 581, 43482, 144562, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 4, 136, 221419, 538, 31347, 297, 390, 1840, 275, 17170, 7, 99, 17170, 7, 13038, 111, 42413, 5, 150207, 299, 8676, 1950, 58248, 136, 96180, 3423, 42, 149976, 237, 4420, 214, 108171, 64370, 5, 129551, 47, 5631, 53, 225956, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 552, 9, 70035, 7, 4, 153355, 509, 39555, 122799, 182304, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 3229, 225956, 136, 27971, 875, 7, 112730, 10, 7915, 215692, 111, 52336, 100, 11617, 52234, 4, 3129, 99201, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 1242, 225956, 18822, 71, 70, 11531, 509, 44, 185622, 100, 96180, 830, 136, 15673, 71, 450, 52234, 2806, 959, 5646, 442, 5, 225956, 189232, 297, 12, 44, 3957, 19612, 9842, 7, 136, 11617, 4034, 7, 98567, 136, 149850, 214, 47, 442, 136, 764, 60899, 4, 242, 12662, 4, 87, 1884, 903, 1632, 5, 25, 2646, 26498, 91, 3678, 5, 47009, 764, 17378, 4, 242, 568, 2301, 26, 18, 1884, 442, 100, 163, 4, 1284, 87, 1884, 442, 5, 1650, 25, 7, 132294, 186, 10, 5962, 100, 22008, 37076, 5, 25, 58, 225956, 2804, 450, 764, 136, 239, 40798, 7710, 11555, 7, 54397, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 58, 14432, 450, 5155, 5, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 32485, 930, 12828, 216801, 7, 11341, 71, 23, 918, 450, 225956, 1902, 153355, 17164, 70, 11531, 23, 9571, 4, 136, 450, 442, 1902, 21771, 2809, 144, 116292, 297, 47, 604, 3229, 52234, 49782, 442, 5, 52234, 17569, 442, 1902, 10, 44, 107, 25958, 6782, 11969, 8206, 58, 136, 59335, 538, 90698, 182304, 442, 5, 216801, 7, 2804, 12, 44, 200647, 3630, 25, 7, 1884, 4, 242, 78567, 18, 4, 5036, 642, 26, 107, 7730, 47, 765, 47, 187, 6261, 678, 70, 18813, 111, 11584, 6637, 450, 25, 7, 21771, 7730, 47, 186, 96180, 25, 7, 5117, 11531, 136, 442, 25, 7, 21771, 23, 78112, 136, 83, 7730, 47, 5977, 23, 6626, 21775, 5, 25, 11249, 54, 398, 144681, 14192, 11617, 52234, 110, 2953, 52234, 115081, 98, 70, 11531, 4, 13693, 13, 6496, 442, 509, 11522, 14947, 71, 100, 10, 117776, 5367, 56, 5, 44, 23389, 509, 70, 4734, 1632, 111, 23630, 10186, 25, 7, 52336, 450, 764, 137352, 3674, 98186, 4, 1284, 764, 2843, 1902, 70, 58868, 1363, 47, 3714, 450, 10, 117776, 5608, 5367, 442, 100, 442, 92154, 6863, 2965, 38516, 4, 58, 216801, 7, 959, 297, 5, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 58, 100512, 70, 28368, 111, 3060, 17340, 7864, 53, 3229, 442, 74216, 71, 450, 27971, 875, 7, 1902, 59121, 10, 44, 86, 147, 538, 31943, 6827, 11531, 58, 100, 5367, 56, 30448, 2312, 119303, 5, 119303, 10, 16865, 3674, 450, 604, 11531, 44, 91306, 87, 2902, 272, 11954, 58, 509, 456, 9, 5429, 75639, 678, 70, 5701, 70767, 100, 153355, 7103, 442, 509, 50336, 297, 390, 82421, 3288, 16145, 4, 1632, 111, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 7, 108558, 7, 5, 119303, 2804, 12, 44, 13025, 54397, 70, 5701, 11531, 100, 604, 5, 87, 49782, 450, 442, 509, 6637, 436, 21493, 930, 27376, 172458, 23, 136, 49782, 759, 11531, 136, 2804, 242, 568, 3444, 450, 11531, 4, 25, 136, 764, 378, 12724, 10952, 53, 268, 509, 1884, 242, 110355, 450, 25, 7, 21771, 39958, 5, 1401, 54397, 450, 100, 30448, 67, 4, 25, 136, 764, 509, 1884, 242, 568, 3444, 450, 11531, 5, 25, 1061, 23630, 10186, 54397, 4, 6183, 4, 70, 5701, 11531, 1242, 44, 91306, 87, 2902, 272, 11954, 58, 509, 179140, 47, 186, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 1295, 604, 7156, 44, 73243, 29339, 2071, 56713, 58, 146783, 4, 1284, 509, 20654, 37838, 120948, 20051, 5, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 58, 83, 10, 4122, 9, 65769, 7426, 136, 627, 1230, 571, 11531, 678, 10, 140909, 111, 22759, 14633, 136, 214075, 9, 1029, 272, 94131, 9451, 21224, 247, 3129, 70541, 7, 80854, 111, 102012, 136, 26177, 72720, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 59121, 136, 150350, 71, 5201, 538, 390, 23630, 10186, 27971, 875, 7, 4, 239, 40798, 7710, 11555, 7, 136, 5631, 53, 225956, 4, 678, 153355, 164055, 22231, 1916, 47, 70, 68944, 74, 27971, 875, 7, 2843, 149976, 237, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 58, 83, 70, 34377, 11001, 390, 15672, 215542, 136, 5367, 56, 96180, 153355, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 98, 4347, 201, 4, 8272, 237, 70, 37105, 11001, 1295, 604, 34377, 7156, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 146783, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 59121, 390, 239, 40798, 7710, 11555, 7, 4, 5631, 53, 225956, 4, 136, 6863, 108558, 23630, 10186, 27971, 875, 7, 5, 11617, 52234, 1902, 2843, 168360, 33946, 23, 182304, 442, 4, 1284, 764, 29131, 450, 442, 509, 11522, 14947, 71, 100, 10, 117776, 5367, 56, 5, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 58, 83, 10, 4122, 65769, 7426, 136, 627, 1230, 571, 11531, 450, 2843, 66139, 42845, 136, 26177, 72720, 79507, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 68944, 52831, 272, 10932, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Composition.", "Critical reception.", "Chart performance.", "Music video.", "Production.", "Synopsis.", "Reception and impact.", "Live performances.", "Impact.", "Credits and personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "After a series of co-starring film roles, Lopez had her breakthrough when she was cast in the title role of \"Selena\" (1997), a biographical film about American singer-songwriter Selena Quintanilla-Pérez. Working on the film inspired her to launch a music career, with Lopez saying: \"I started my career in musical theater on stage. So doing the movie just reminded me of how much I missed singing, dancing, and the like...\" After filming \"Selena,\" Lopez was \"really feeling [her] Latin roots\" and recorded a demo record in Spanish. Her manager sent the song (\"Vivir Sin Ti\") to Sony Music Entertainment's Work Group, which was interested in signing Lopez. Tommy Mottola, the head of the label, suggested that she sing in English and she began recording her debut album, \"On the 6.\" Her decision to launch a musical career was seen as a risk, as film stars had a \"patchy record\" when it came to releasing pop music, and \"If the album was a flop, not only would it embarrass Lopez but it might even damage her career.\" Lopez originally believed that \"Feelin' So Good\" was to be released as the album's lead single. \"If You Had My Love\" was produced by Rodney Jerkins; Lopez recorded her vocals for the song at Sony Music Studios in New York City with engineers Franklyn Grant and Robb Williams. The song was later mixed by Tony Maserati at The Hit Factory in New York City, and subsequently mastered by Herb Powers at Powers House of Sound. Shawnyette Harrell and Jennifer Karr served as backing vocalists. According to Cory Rooney, one of the song's co-writers, Lopez was almost finished recording \"On the 6\" when Rooney and Jerkins played a CD playlist of songs for Michael Jackson, which included \"If You Had My Love.\" Rooney believed the song was \"perfect for Jennifer\", and hoped that Jackson would not take it. Rooney recalled: \"The music begins and Michael starts moving and shaking to it and he goes, 'Man, I like this one.' My heart sunk. Then he says, 'I don’t like it for me, but I like it. It's gonna be a hit for someone else.'\" Rooney said that he and LaShawn Daniels wrote \"If You Had My Love\" later that day. Conversely, journalist Damien Shields stated in 2015 that Rooney had Lopez record the song in 1998, and that it had already been allocated to her when Jackson heard it. Jackson thought it had a \"really great groove\" and briefly considered recording it. Shields said: \"Everyone's like, 'Shit, now we’re going to have to argue with the King of Pop because that's already going to be Jennifer's first song and it's already in motion and is going to radio in two months.' How do you possibly tell Michael Jackson no?\" Jackson passed on the song, believing it was better suited for a female singer. \"It was the only one of Rodney's songs that he gravitated towards, but he also had the intuition to know that a female should sing it for it realize its best potential,\" Shields noted. \"If You Had My Love\" became the subject of some controversy when it emerged that Jerkins had written a \"nearly identical song\" for singer Chanté Moore. Moore asserted that her song \"If I Gave Love\" was re-written with the same arrangement for Lopez after it was requested by Sean Combs, one of \"On the 6\"s producers. Moore said: \"He wrote the same song for her. I heard that it was because Puff Daddy walked in and heard my song and said 'I want that song,' and he [Rodney] was like 'Well that's already taken. We wrote that for Chante,' and he was like 'I want that song.' So Rodney wrote, really, the same song.\" \"If I Gave Love\" was intended to be released as a single from her album \"This Moment Is Mine\" (1999), but was ultimately scrapped.", "\"If You Had My Love\" is a mid-tempo pop and R&B song with a length of four minutes and twenty-five seconds (4:25), which contains elements of salsa and hip hop. The song was written and composed mainly by Rodney Jerkins, LaShawn Daniels and Cory Rooney, with Lopez herself contributing to the lyrics; Jerkins also served as producer. It is written in the key of B minor with a tempo of 94 beats per minute. The instrumentation of \"If You Had My Love\" consists of a piano and guitar. Lopez's vocals in the song span from the lower note of A♯ to the higher note of E♯. BBC Music writer Michael Cragg remarked that her vocals possessed a \"cooing innocence\". Beth Johnson of \"Entertainment Weekly\" described the song as \"slow-funk\". Lyrically, the song resembles a conversation, in which Lopez confronts her admirer in an \"insistent\" manner with a number of ground rules before they can begin a relationship. MTV's James Dinh said Lopez \"lets her insecurities get the best of her\" on the track. \"Billboard\" writer Leslie Richin wrote that it \"served as a cautionary tale for admirers who might one day have a chance with the budding starlet. Bottom line: liars and cheaters need not apply.\" In the song's opening lines, Lopez states: \"Now if I gave you me, this is how it's got to be / First of all I won't take you cheatin' on me / Tell me who can I trust if I can't trust in you / And I refuse to let you play me for a fool.\" In the chorus, she poses the question: \"If you had my love / And I gave you all my trust... / Would you lie to me / And call me baby?\" Lopez explained in her book \"True Love\" (2014) that the lyrics refer to \"the beginning of a new relationship and what I expect and what I want,\" saying that \"there's a little bit of fear in there too, and a feeling of, what will you do if I give you my heart?\" The verses consist of her \"trying to lay down the rules\", while the chorus expresses \"all of the fear\" that she feels. Jocelyn Vena of MTV News noted that \"If You Had My Love\" marked the beginning of Lopez exploring the topic of love, which she has continued throughout her career.", "\"If You Had My Love\" was received positively by music critics. In a review of \"On the 6,\" \"NME\" noted that Lopez \"really comes into her own\" on the song, describing it as one of the album's \"street-smart swingbeat winners\". Chuck Taylor of \"Billboard\" spoke favorably of the song's production, calling it \"contemporary and edgy, straight down the Faith Evans pathway,\" but noted that its melody was similar to that of \"The Boy Is Mine,\" another song written and composed by Jerkins. Taylor wrote, \"Lopez seems to have command of the most important element—her voice—though admittedly, the vocal melody of this song holds tightly to a very narrow edge. Lopez might remind listeners of the funkier side of Vanessa Williams [...] Curiosity alone will propel this onto the pop and R&B airwaves; at that point, the hook, along with an undoubtedly compelling video clip, should take this debut far.\" AllMusic's Heather Phares said that it has a \"fiery, soulful sound more in keeping with Lopez's public persona.\" Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk praised the song as \"catchy,\" writing that it \"showcases the singer's style well.\" Beth Johnson of \"Entertainment Weekly\" was also favorable, noting the song to feature a \"silky groove\". Johnson also observed: \"Considering the dustbins filled with movie stars' vanity discs, why expect this actress' recording debut to be hit-bound? Well, surprise, surprise.\" Elysa Gardner of the \"Los Angeles Times\" described the track as an \"exotic hip hop\" workout. \"Vibe\" magazine writer Dream Hampton called the song \"sweet\" and \"upbeat\", and commented on Lopez's \"strong\" vocals. Brian McCollum of the \"Rome News-Tribune\" called \"If You Had My Love\" one of the year's most \"infectious\" singles. Amy Sciarretto of PopCrush praised it as a \"silky-smooth\", \"confident\" song that \"established her as more than just an actress who was 'dabbling' in music [...] Her voice may be thin, but she chose a song that worked with her vocal limitations. It's [a] semi-synthy, mid-tempo, contempo R&B pop that's flawlessly executed.\" A reporter from the \"International Business Times\" called the song \"radio-friendly\". In a review of Lopez's remix album \"J to tha L–O! The Remixes\" (2002), Sal Cinquemani of \"Slant Magazine\" praised the Dark Child remix of \"If You Had My Love,\" which utilized a \"delectable\" interpolation of Michael Jackson's \"Liberian Girl\". But Jerome Joseph, also from the \"Los Angeles Times,\" was not as positively receptive of the single, arguing that it sounded like a \"Brandy or Monica reject\", and called Lopez \"Paula Abdul 2000\". Similarly, \"Hartford Courant\" writer Roger Catlin stated that the song is \"more of a bland R&B number that could have been sung by anybody\", suggesting that it has \"little Latin flair\". While Scott Iwasald of \"Deseret News\" characterized Lopez's vocals as \"sultry\" but thin, he noted that she finds a \"nice ring\" in songs such as \"If You Had My Love\". At the 1999 Teen Choice Awards, the song won the award for \"Song of the Summer\".", "Following its release on May 11, 1999, the song garnered instant radio attention. Promotional images relating to the single featured Lopez in \"seductive poses\" and \"skin tight clothing\". \"Billboard\" commented that the Work Group was \"taking every advantage of her sexy image to aid the marketing side.\" \"If You Had My Love\" debuted at number 72 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for the week ending May 15, 1999, and moved to number 64 in its second week. The following week, the song sold 66,000 copies, debuting at number five on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart. This, along with a 16.7% increase in radio audience, allowed it to rise to number eight on the Hot 100; it also reached the top ten of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart this week. In its fourth week, the song rose to number one on the Hot 100 Singles Sales, with 120,000 units sold during the week (representing an 80% increase in sales). It subsequently moved to number two on the Hot 100, earning the \"Greatest Gainer\" title of the week. For the week of June 12, 1999, \"If You Had My Love\" reached number one on the Hot 100. It experienced 30% increase in sales and an airplay increase of 5.6 million in audience impressions. The song displaced Ricky Martin's \"Livin' La Vida Loca\" on the Hot 100, which was the first time a Latin artist followed another Latin artist to the top of the chart since Gloria Estefan's \"Coming Out of the Dark\" replaced Timmy T's \"One More Try\" in March 1991. Lopez became the first artist to top the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 with their debut single since Britney Spears did so with her single, \"...Baby One More Time\" just four months prior. Furthermore, \"If You Had My Love\" gave the WORK Group its first number one hit on the chart. In its sixth week, the song sold a further 170,500 copies. This week, \"If You Had My Love\" became the second song in the magazine's history to be number one on the Hot 100 and be the \"Greatest Gainer\" in both sales and airplay, after \"Livin' La Vida Loca\" in May. In addition, the song also became the first in \"Billboard\" history to claim to number one position on the Hot 100, Hot 100 Singles Sales and R&B Singles Sales charts simultaneously. For the week ending July 17, 1999, the song fell to number two on the Hot 100, having been dethroned by Destiny's Child's \"Bills, Bills, Bills.\" Despite this, it reached its highest radio audience to date this week, with 84.2 million listeners. It spent five weeks at number one on the Hot 100, tying with Christina Aguilera's \"Genie in a Bottle\" for the longest-running number one hit of the summer. \"If You Had My Love\" remained in the top ten until September 1999. The song would also peak at number two on the US Pop Songs chart, six on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and five on Hot Dance Club Play. It was the sixth best-selling song in the US of 1999 with 1.2 million copies sold, and was certified platinum by RIAA. In 2015, \"Billboard\" ranked it as the second biggest hit of the summer of 1999, behind \"Genie in a Bottle\". The song debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart, selling 77,000 copies in its first week. It became the first of Lopez's 17 top ten hits in that country. By 2016, it had sold 366,000 copies in the United Kingdom. \"If You Had My Love\" reached number one in Australia, and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 70,000 units. It also topped the charts in New Zealand, Canada, the Netherlands and Finland. In France, it was certified gold by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique for shipments of 100,000 units. It was also certified gold in Germany, Switzerland, and New Zealand. Reflecting on the song's success in 2011, Lopez said, \"Still I think about that and still it's like wow, my first record I ever did went to number one. It's just an overwhelming feeling. This does not happen all the time. This is a very special thing.\" As of 2017, the single has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.", "", "The music video for \"If You Had My Love\" was directed by Paul Hunter. It features a voyeuristic internet theme, wherein a range of viewers watch Lopez through webcams by accessing \"Jennifer Lopez Online\". The \"Los Angeles Times\" described it as a \"timely thematic fusion of elaborate dance numbers, the voyeurism of the Internet and Lopez's raw powers of attraction on men, women and little girls.\" The \"interactive\" music video was launched in junction with Lopez's own official website at the time. Its \"voyeuristic quality\" was Hunter's idea, while Sean Combs came up with the website concept that \"tied it all together\". Lopez, who had a specific idea of how she wanted the dance break to be, described the music video as a collaboration between herself, Hunter, Combs, and her manager Benny Medina. The clip debuted on the May 17, 1999 edition of \"Total Request Live\", and was serviced to music video outlets for the week ending May 22, 1999. Actor Adam Rodriguez, who appears in the music video, said: \"Jennifer and I were friends when she called me up to do her video [...] I remember thinking, ‘Why not just do it?’ Then it turned out that the single was a massive hit and what really catapulted her career to global fame. To be a part of that made it a fun summer because everybody knew that video.\" Lopez's outfits and accessories in the music video included a white bikini top and low rise sweatpants, a \"plunging\" gold necklace, and a mini mirror dress during one of the dance sequences. In it, she also sported a sleek hairstyle with honey highlights.", "The clip begins in a dark room, where a man (Rodriguez) searches \"Jennifer Lopez\" on his computer and is redirected to her website (which is displayed by special effects emulating binary numbers). He views a live feed of Lopez in her home, which is filled with cameras. She appears in a number of settings, including a living room and crawling over a table, and is visibly aware of the viewers, waving to the camera before the song begins. The man is not alone in his voyeuristic actions, as patrons of an internet café, a little girl in her bedroom, and Latin women in their kitchen among others are also streaming a live feed of Lopez through computers and internet television. Viewers are able to select where Lopez is located in cyberspace from a range of options. The man clicks on a room showing Lopez in the bathroom, singing whilst checking her reflection in the mirror. Lopez's feed is also being streamed live to a nightclub and a call center. The man then clicks on the dance option and is once again entered through the special effect binary. Lopez proceeds to perform a series of dances (including jazz, house, and Latin soul) as the song moves into a remixed (Pablo Flores Remix) portion. The man then zooms in on Lopez's skirt, as she dances to Latin music. He then raises the sexual intonation again by requesting a scene in which Lopez is taking a shower. A pair of mechanics who had been watching this soon turn their heads to Lopez and pay no attention to their burning car as they glue their eyes to the screen. A new user is introduced, and it is implied that he throws his computer underwater to \"turn down the heat\" (so to speak), where he continues to watch her. In the original ending, Rodriguez is shown running his left hand underneath his shirt and \"sucking his right hand's fingers\" while Lopez looks at him through the camera while in the shower. This footage was cut from the final version.", "Following its release, the \"body-emphasizing\" music video was played in heavy rotation on MTV. \"Billboard\" called it \" \" and a \"fantasy\", and \"Vibe\" named it one of her best dance videos. In 2015, BET wrote, \"We don’t think anyone can forget Jennifer's saucy dance number from her debut video.\" According to monitoring by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, the clip became the most played on VH1 at one point in August 1999. In August 1999, a writer from \"Billboard\" discussed the video's international impact, writing that Lopez \"isn't too far behind Ricky Martin as the leading light of Latin music in Asia. On the strength of the video for 'If You Had My Love,' Lopez has skyrocketed from an unknown to superstar status in markets as diverse as the Philippines and India.\" Jeff Selamutu, a programming manner from Channel V, opined that Lopez \"really pushed the envelope for international female artists\" in the Asia-Pacific region, noting: \"Up to now, it's only been Janet Jackson and Madonna.\" As a result, Channel V structured a month-long campaign around the release of \"On the 6,\" with \"If You Had My Love\" being played up to six times a day on the network's international feeds. In 2014, Christina Lee of Idolator described the video as \"classic Jennifer,\" saying: \"The way Jennifer would stare into the camera – that was effortless [...] One moment she's tough, with her hard stares and insistent lyrics [...] But then she pivots her hips and sneaks a casual smile over her shoulder. She was both a diva and down-to-earth.\" Nine.com.au called the music video's cyberstalking vibe \"creepy\", with \"Complex\" magazine regarding the video as one of the \"Greatest Tech Moments in Music Video History\". Lisa Nakamura analyzed the video in her book \"Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet\" (2008), noting that it \"puts a new spin on the traditional female position as object of the gaze\", where Lopez presents herself \"as an objective of interactivity\". Nakamura added: \"In this video we have access to the star's body through the viewer's mind. We see her as he sees her, through interface use. This split represents a paradigmatic dichotomy in gender theory: the body is that of the Latina, the woman of color, and the mind is that of a white man.\" In \"Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video\" (2015), authors Henry Keazor and Thorsten Wübbena observed that \"the idea of an online presence of a musical star was conceived and visualized\" in the video, writing: \"the singer was presented as a sort of 'belle captive' (as one could put it by quoting the title of a novel by Alain Robbe-Grillet), because she seems to be confined to a series of white, clinical rooms where everything is under observation.\" The authors also noted that the video foreshadowed \"the reality as it was viewable\" through the YouTube phenomenon. Justin Myers of the Official Charts Company said that the \"reality TV-inspired video\" which predated the UK version of \"Big Brother\" in fact resembled the first series, calling this \"J-Lo's #impact\". Fuse.tv included \"If You Had My Love\" among Lopez's most iconic music video looks. Monica Castillo of \"Cosmopolitan\" called Lopez's outfit \"inexplicably sexy\", while \"Latina\" magazine writer Nichole Fratangelo said she \"looked angelic in white but of course, she gave it a naughty twist.\" Gaby Wilson of MTV News highlighted the video's influence in Selena Gomez's video for \"Slow Down\", stating that it was similar to Lopez \"dancing solo in that clinically white/silver space\". At the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards, the video received four nominations, including Best Female Video, Best Dance Video, Best Pop Video and Best New Artist in a Video. At the 1999 Billboard Music Video Awards, \"If You Had My Love\" was nominated for the Maximum Vision Award, Best Dance Clip, Best New Artist Dance Clip, Best Pop Clip and Best New Artist Pop Clip. Lopez was the artist with the most nominations that year.", "Lopez performed \"If You Had My Love\" at the 5th Blockbuster Entertainment Awards which were held on June 26, 1999. That December, she performed the Darkchild remix of the song at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards, where she also won the award for \"Fashionable Female Artist.\" In September 2001, performed it again during her Let's Get Loud concerts in Puerto Rico, which were her first full shows. Lopez included \"If You Had My Love\" on the set list of her 2007 co-headlining concert tour with then-husband Marc Anthony, which was her first tour. At her October 2011 Mohegan Sun concert celebrating the casino's 15th anniversary, Lopez performed an acoustic version of \"If You Had My Love.\" The stage was lit by blue and surrounded by dry-ice smoke, with Lopez asking the audience, \"You want to talk about love?\" as she introduced the song. It was reported that Lopez \"broke down\" in tears after the performance. Lopez once again performed a \"stripped down\" acoustic version of the song throughout her 2012 Dance Again World Tour. Describing it as the \"first real intimate moment of the show,\" she wanted to perform a \"pared down\" version of the song so that it would feel like a conversation, \"like I'm talking with the audience, sharing where I began and where I find myself now.\" Gerrick Kennedy of the \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote that while \"Live ballads still aren't firmly in her wheelhouse,\" she \"sounded best\" during the acoustic performance. Michele Amabile Angermiller of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" called the performance \"a sweet and intimate moment,\" adding: \"Sometimes, simply delivering a song without all the bells and whistles is enough.\" At the Dubai World Cup in March 2014, Lopez performed a striptease in which she had \"If You Had My Love\" woven in with her song \"Girls\". She described the performance as burlesque-esque. \"If You Had My Love\" serves at the opening number in her Las Vegas residency,, which commenced in 2016. The performance was preceded by an \"ethereal, fairy-tale overture,\" where female dancers in showgirl costumes were suspended above the stage. Lopez wore a crystal-encrusted sparkly bodysuit and a white feathered robe. \"The Guardian\" writer Eve Barlow called it a \"dazzling opening.\" The song was also incorporated into the striptease segment later in the show, where she \"writhed around a chaise lounge.\" Lopez performed the \"Pablo Flores Remix\" version of the song as part of her medley during the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards on August 20, 2018 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.", "Following the release of \"If You Had My Love,\" which according to \"Billboard\" was preceded by a \"hype storm that has clapped like thunder for months\", Lopez rose to international visibility and was propelled to pop stardom, emerging as a \"certifiable pop star\". The \"New York Daily News\" noted that \"the world knew that J.Lo was something special.\" Radar Online stated that she \"became a pop sensation overnight\". While she had already achieved notability as an actress, the song's success is what made Lopez a household name. The release of \"If You Had My Love\" and \"On the 6\" allowed Lopez to join an \"elite circle\" of actors who had successfully crossed over to music, becoming the first since Vanessa Williams in 1992 and Martika in 1989. In 2008, News.com.au wrote that the transition from actress to singer \"has always been a precarious career path, claiming many victims\", identifying Lopez as one of the \"success stories that keep a steady stream of actresses attempting to make that career crossover.\" The website also wrote: \"For every success story there are more than a handful of failures, or in celebrity-to-celebrity ratio, one Jennifer Lopez to three Minnie Drivers.\" \"Rolling Stone\" noted that the single marked the beginning of Lopez's own media empire. Writing for \"Dazed,\" Kat George opined that Lopez was celebrity feminist, a premise that was defined by \"If You Had My Love,\" which had a \"succinct and demanding message about womanhood\". The success of \"If You Had My Love,\" which was considered unlikely, coincided with the \"Latin explosion\" of 1999, which was led by Ricky Martin. Some critics assumed that Lopez was attempting to capitalize on the growing popularity of Latin music in the United States. Her subsequent success on the charts came as a surprise to critics; Herón Marquez wrote in \"Latin Sensations\" (2001) that it \"made the popular actor even more popular. Suddenly, the music industry and the public were intrigued by this woman who seemed to have so many different talents.\" Chris Poppe, vice president of marketing for Epic Records, noted: \"It was easy for the media to lump Jennifer into that, even though this is technically not a Latin album. It drew a lot of positive attention to 'If You Had My Love'. Radio reacted almost immediately to the song.\" Jennifer Charles from KSZR said, \"If you had doubts about the idea of Jennifer Lopez as a recording artist, they were gone once the groove kicked in and she started to sing.\" The interest in Martin and Lopez was further credited with \"boosting the profile of Latin music in Canada\", and helped Sony Music Entertainment Canada launch another singer, Marc Anthony. Considered iconic, a number of sources have listed \"If You Had My Love\" as one of Lopez's best songs. \"Complex\" magazine named the song her greatest hit in 2012. About.com music journalist Bill Lamb ranked it as Lopez's best song, praising its \"elegant feel laced with surging strings.\" AOL Radio listeners also chose it as her best song. Stacy Lambe of VH1 listed the song as Lopez's fifth best single, writing: \"Lopez's debut single drew on everything that was popular in 1999. It fused together the synths made popular by TLC, highlighted the Latin flare made profitable by Ricky Martin and came packaged with Lopez's movie brand recognition and sex appeal. The pop song did what it was supposed to do, debuting at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and announcing that Jennifer the singer had arrived.\" \"Bustle\" magazine writer Jordana Lipsitz called it one of the defining songs of the summer of 1999, adding: \"This song was the jam you and your gal pals practiced your back up dancer routines with. Admit it.\" \"Rolling Stone\" included the song on a list of the \"20 Biggest Songs of the Summer\" from the 1990s. In 2012, Lewis Corner of \"Digital Spy\" described \"If You Had My Love\" as an \"R&B classic\", which serves as \"a firm reminder of her fiercely independent but hopeless romantic nature, which seems to reflect her colourful personal life.\" Rapper T-Pain stated that it was the Darkchild remix of \"If You Had My Love\", which he recalled used Auto-Tune \"for like a second\", that inspired his use of the pitch correction processor. Canadian recording artist Drake sampled the song's chorus in \"Teenage Fever,\" a song from his playlist \"More Life\" (2017).", "Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"On the 6\" and \"Billboard.\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5787, 99547, 538, 10, 35845, 111, 70, 113138, 29685, 6815, 33876, 166980, 162, 15, 73, 18026, 80973, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 89016, 7, 1995, 247, 11617, 166980, 162, 509, 142, 88, 820, 538, 31526, 69438, 136, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 29685, 57495, 15182, 2408, 2750, 1902, 149976, 237, 116338, 82466, 24284, 15, 2940, 8311, 329, 70, 28, 6295, 1448, 44, 97315, 5565, 27127, 7, 51029, 11617, 166980, 162, 509, 19667, 19, 390, 70, 352, 11856, 140819, 11, 237, 604, 39457, 42, 16610, 538, 8108, 604, 47219, 98, 8055, 48877, 209, 13683, 5, 581, 164306, 1902, 2809, 111670, 71, 8305, 70, 79507, 111, 29036, 1720, 18908, 1459, 2400, 4, 140819, 11, 25, 7, 2684, 63207, 297, 115992, 42, 5, 106073, 11617, 145755, 47, 188545, 10, 180255, 2408, 5808, 297, 390, 581, 2199, 23308, 4, 10, 53297, 145204, 111, 70, 36770, 6, 88940, 748, 73138, 13, 38771, 77879, 192, 48746, 4, 764, 509, 2577, 71, 678, 70, 6392, 16670, 10763, 111, 70, 116338, 187, 5176, 15182, 2408, 5, 18763, 2684, 11034, 538, 18499, 509, 47, 124962, 70, 21778, 1399, 4126, 38109, 111, 70, 4537, 37874, 139006, 232, 53008, 33, 93, 232, 4, 136565, 764, 14359, 2822, 47, 1919, 36770, 30648, 7103, 1919, 6817, 214, 1810, 678, 70, 2775, 11856, 140819, 11, 4, 1284, 128120, 71, 47, 14359, 107, 1919, 180187, 136, 97761, 7, 5, 24372, 2837, 45188, 214, 53008, 33, 93, 232, 25, 7, 10314, 4854, 60502, 23, 142, 95771, 4, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 64557, 66961, 27686, 70, 116338, 4, 3129, 47143, 297, 10, 113138, 12830, 111, 100510, 5, 11617, 217773, 297, 1919, 18499, 390, 456, 123759, 214, 53008, 33, 93, 232, 7103, 764, 1902, 21771, 12989, 297, 70, 14359, 2822, 4537, 47, 37105, 10, 91853, 111, 6, 63009, 453, 47, 19574, 50930, 70, 187, 1176, 23, 14304, 4299, 31, 1883, 5, 28090, 3688, 53008, 33, 93, 232, 80723, 23577, 1916, 47, 645, 927, 15555, 11617, 5947, 4, 136, 442, 509, 1919, 141621, 450, 127841, 27686, 70, 116338, 110, 83259, 47, 143107, 10932, 70, 4537, 114636, 4440, 86, 2245, 4, 2750, 509, 502, 164779, 297, 6, 88940, 748, 23, 25766, 6774, 519, 1174, 98, 382, 18237, 209, 12243, 5, 106073, 11617, 72856, 26498, 4, 70, 57495, 138195, 7, 10932, 4049, 81887, 297, 47, 65922, 2363, 19069, 136, 6, 93457, 71, 142, 187, 1176, 26548, 70, 77142, 7, 5, 2161, 1381, 8055, 209, 12243, 4, 70, 27759, 25, 7, 187, 1176, 509, 36439, 71, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 34410, 13, 43573, 541, 98591, 11, 4, 136, 114636, 4440, 86, 2245, 175961, 98, 73138, 31, 8705, 5, 11617, 5947, 81887, 297, 47, 9807, 118, 2182, 678, 70, 77142, 7, 8305, 70, 170277, 29685, 6815, 11617, 436, 1428, 2400, 4, 126416, 47, 30666, 114636, 237, 1919, 775, 136, 47, 80731, 4049, 70, 44759, 111, 44, 33464, 147, 58, 15, 20370, 90, 147, 247, 1284, 1919, 152132, 7, 3542, 3835, 538, 6, 34590, 89829, 5, 86111, 538, 114636, 168360, 66570, 1286, 9803, 47, 9807, 118, 2320, 4, 136, 764, 509, 103036, 71, 70, 10778, 111, 552, 9, 88940, 748, 5, 33306, 4, 20271, 70, 15411, 111, 6097, 23410, 9807, 118, 21094, 4, 10, 1427, 818, 23, 10862, 111, 114636, 7155, 350, 1810, 23, 73138, 31, 8705, 5, 58186, 59438, 11617, 7354, 31, 202, 34416, 122991, 71, 11617, 5947, 47, 149856, 33478, 23, 114636, 25, 7, 10862, 98, 1936, 8055, 209, 12243, 5, 581, 6, 88940, 748, 115, 538, 134629, 70, 31526, 59438, 25, 7, 67660, 136, 100512, 10, 2667, 92, 5, 1529, 90223, 71, 47, 1919, 14375, 5368, 136, 68, 71, 2685, 390, 209, 12975, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11617, 5947, 166980, 162, 15, 4, 44, 10581, 11395, 41691, 5947, 166980, 162, 74054, 35839, 44, 97315, 5565, 27127, 7, 58, 707, 44, 97315, 118, 818, 49107, 58, 24073, 2347, 67485, 53, 6561, 830, 44, 2347, 5550, 5062, 830, 707, 44, 2347, 33500, 22129, 13, 18939, 707, 44, 90391, 23705, 7, 58, 24073, 2347, 25074, 74054, 456, 40255, 71, 237, 3311, 5935, 10325, 6, 88940, 748, 1295, 209, 13683, 47, 209, 12243, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Career." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Apparently a relative of the powerful courtier Joseph Bringas (influential during the reign of Romanos II), Michael Bringas was an elderly patrician and a member of the court bureaucracy who had served as military finance minister (and hence the epithet \"Stratiotikos\"). Michael Bringas was chosen by the empress Theodora as her successor shortly before her death on August 31, 1056. The appointment had been secured through the influence of Leo Paraspondylos, Theodora's most trusted adviser. Although Michael managed to survive a conspiracy organized by Theodosios, a nephew of the former emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, he was faced with the disaffection of the military aristocracy. His most costly error was to ignore the perceived rights of the general Nikephoros Bryennios, whom he restored to his former rank after his falling out with the Empress Theodora, but refused to restore his wealth and estates. After dismissing Bryennios's grievances in an audience, the emperor completely alienated the military, which remained a powerful element of society. Michael compounded his error by rebuffing Bryennios after he had already ordered the restored general to lead a division of 3,000 men to reinforce the army in Cappadocia. From here Bryennios began plotting to overthrow Michael VI, and it was his capture that precipitated the military nobility to rally around the general Isaac Komnenos, who was proclaimed emperor in Paphlagonia on 8 June 1057. Although Michael lost heart, the bureaucrats around him attempted to defend their position and assembled an army against the rebels. On 26 August 1057, the government's army was routed at the Battle of Petroe near Nicaea, and Isaac Komnenos advanced on Constantinople. Michael VI attempted to negotiate with the rebels through the famous courtier Michael Psellos, offering to adopt Isaac as his son and to grant him the title of \"kaisar\" (Caesar), but his proposals were publicly rejected. Privately Isaac showed himself more open to negotiation, and he was promised the status of co-emperor. However, during the course of these secret negotiations, a riot in favor of Isaac broke out in Constantinople. Patriarch Michael Keroularios convinced Michael VI to abdicate in Isaac's favor on 31 August 1057. The emperor duly followed the patriarch's advice and became a monk. He retired to his private home and died there by 1059." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 14941, 9, 196651, 44, 7768, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 58, 509, 5117, 91376, 1295, 32158, 1104, 123599, 23, 37195, 8927, 21950, 7, 4, 23, 58332, 390, 1345, 720, 207025, 13038, 4, 136, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 390, 70, 4727, 61716, 19, 33734, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 29733, 136, 12898, 136659, 44, 69085, 147, 81415, 58, 3542, 91376, 15, 85, 3674, 29733, 4, 27898, 4, 26527, 1104, 11835, 4, 27193, 1104, 19051, 4, 26819, 1104, 12951, 4, 21735, 1104, 19308, 4, 18592, 1104, 18949, 4, 136, 11704, 1104, 111885, 33233, 678, 6626, 44, 120152, 33, 93, 289, 58, 21950, 7, 607, 297, 29733, 1104, 159027, 15, 289, 991, 91376, 237, 44, 73668, 15537, 729, 18939, 136, 26819, 1104, 77407, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 6097, 21950, 7, 70541, 297, 1286, 3501, 423, 19879, 34153, 23, 645, 116, 26738, 38440, 5, 1650, 7, 4537, 30391, 7, 3542, 4, 208479, 538, 4, 124532, 141, 137514, 136, 2206, 66494, 53, 5140, 519, 820, 5, 3145, 41418, 7, 1314, 98363, 442, 237, 70, 16750, 111, 1672, 17262, 8, 23662, 7, 111, 35187, 136, 25188, 390, 1672, 116, 4, 5955, 22231, 22230, 136, 5316, 30391, 7, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 62, 44, 294, 5922, 720, 845, 114686, 241, 235620, 58, 23, 102374, 4, 83184, 297, 23, 70, 39395, 19340, 7, 237, 142, 10, 80728, 71, 153648, 111, 70, 44, 7768, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 830, 216479, 71, 3934, 10, 21334, 538, 41371, 104345, 450, 390, 72399, 4078, 99201, 103155, 21950, 7, 136, 17262, 107506, 7, 5, 62, 14012, 111, 79737, 7, 111, 10, 11389, 111, 70, 14941, 357, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 100, 156206, 3542, 2843, 91376, 5, 893, 110680, 4, 51, 48310, 67175, 30839, 9, 196651, 44, 7768, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 58, 509, 91376, 390, 24080, 316, 18217, 5761, 25, 7, 1184, 127, 6931, 207025, 67081, 23, 10271, 61786, 74668, 10289, 5, 581, 185256, 30391, 7, 3542, 57687, 21504, 9136, 875, 136, 2071, 1727, 540, 128759, 5, 5531, 21950, 7, 1295, 44, 284, 934, 58, 47, 44, 133011, 219, 58, 118775, 8108, 70, 13452, 1870, 3674, 4743, 47, 83572, 217382, 17514, 5, 32964, 1529, 143006, 9, 196651, 21950, 7, 44, 284, 9, 142238, 3166, 830, 3542, 2843, 91376, 1379, 70, 44759, 1184, 127, 6931, 15, 13025, 143006, 12, 44, 76526, 57410, 51029, 62, 10846, 111, 70, 38440, 1295, 70, 30839, 44, 21718, 85, 2063, 58, 136, 3853, 3060, 111, 70, 215245, 7, 81997, 7, 47, 18217, 5761, 3542, 11814, 23, 20662, 70, 14941, 9, 196651, 44, 21718, 85, 2063, 740, 62, 16610, 56, 44, 11670, 114686, 241, 235620, 58, 1902, 2843, 2809, 198395, 91376, 99, 70, 15504, 111, 70, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 5, 1650, 509, 134629, 390, 70, 44, 1375, 3449, 3827, 17007, 172522, 1716, 87, 1104, 10001, 58, 5173, 3768, 1104, 77671, 136, 44, 7768, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 87, 1104, 10001, 58, 5173, 3768, 1104, 77671, 136, 44, 1511, 172, 18753, 172522, 1716, 58, 5173, 4235, 4, 27211, 297, 390, 124064, 88709, 72248, 4, 23, 112465, 66, 194, 88949, 111, 6863, 199083, 6, 70820, 4, 180210, 4, 136, 38134, 21329, 712, 185, 25820, 41159, 4, 70, 44, 7768, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 58, 1556, 2809, 170198, 390, 70, 103835, 111, 77699, 136, 390, 70, 56187, 111, 845, 114686, 165867, 10484, 100, 4527, 23, 72694, 214, 70, 42179, 913, 4935, 6315, 47691, 111, 123055, 111, 845, 114686, 42179, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 226829, 100, 3900, 39798, 26518, 1529, 143006, 3934, 14941, 621, 134629, 390, 5941, 108858, 42840, 136, 68828, 7, 5, 581, 29172, 79737, 1556, 139392, 71, 15044, 24491, 136, 40907, 98865, 5, 581, 2565, 91852, 2063, 83, 39210, 538, 11814, 47, 15005, 47, 36746, 7, 111, 845, 114686, 4927, 136, 845, 114686, 52446, 289, 36746, 7, 5, 6, 4, 3060, 38440, 1295, 357, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 765, 2809, 91376, 99, 241, 235620, 5, 277, 5, 360, 20414, 88847, 112074, 1681, 131394, 171530, 450, 442, 1902, 163629, 71, 70, 38109, 47, 80299, 10, 17932, 79737, 111, 44, 7768, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 830, 41206, 214, 47, 80299, 23, 14487, 3295, 1379, 1632, 111, 6863, 566, 35662, 7, 4, 4727, 61716, 19, 215996, 4602, 5, 581, 34108, 23232, 282, 4488, 509, 91376, 98, 14487, 496, 4, 3295, 136, 121447, 23, 18982, 25499, 131394, 1556, 91376, 3789, 193984, 111666, 7, 111, 13036, 91067, 43240, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 42615, 23, 17309, 5369, 4, 26719, 17932, 79737, 7, 111, 44, 3957, 241, 235620, 111, 98148, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 2356, 129574, 241, 235620, 740, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 7311, 80299, 1314, 1345, 720, 207025, 13038, 4, 131394, 1556, 7228, 13036, 114419, 47, 5941, 40059, 7, 111, 44, 7768, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 58, 100, 70, 3525, 79737, 4, 26719, 70, 112820, 90, 98, 70, 212184, 4, 15672, 845, 5429, 53, 4, 8254, 136, 27060, 5, 47192, 65225, 1881, 4, 2750, 149976, 237, 10, 552, 9, 175583, 98, 70, 7311, 79737, 111, 44, 21718, 85, 2063, 830, 509, 10267, 122009, 237, 69340, 9, 73, 9, 51379, 4240, 100, 70, 116, 2208, 79737, 5, 15672, 212184, 191225, 11617, 2076, 33, 402, 316, 4, 606, 17043, 15390, 16030, 111, 70, 25443, 99, 70, 15672, 845, 114686, 12535, 237, 5299, 237, 14364, 111, 6863, 26729, 14, 9315, 4209, 43975, 12, 98873, 2852, 70, 241, 927, 21533, 136, 112869, 10821, 3370, 182867, 7, 111, 70, 212184, 4, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 30391, 100, 70, 212184, 136, 15672, 11, 40059, 7, 111, 70, 28, 235620, 136, 159354, 30391, 100, 70, 4488, 99, 21334, 5, 31625, 927, 12506, 875, 4, 12535, 111, 199716, 91852, 1771, 132268, 130625, 10336, 4, 509, 91048, 98, 47, 1601, 41079, 136912, 111, 24793, 25, 7, 96335, 136, 127501, 37348, 154271, 5, 360, 3622, 4, 1286, 3501, 836, 91853, 289, 30391, 7, 4, 26719, 43606, 159690, 7, 111, 70, 8254, 2319, 731, 4, 645, 7, 15519, 127752, 7, 1295, 110518, 106, 4, 5955, 191225, 7, 136, 30391, 7, 5, 581, 3525, 79737, 70541, 7, 1286, 3501, 116, 93712, 181141, 112820, 90, 4, 26719, 116, 4, 10715, 8796, 9, 54936, 112820, 90, 136, 106, 79674, 98816, 112820, 90, 5, 35881, 7, 1295, 35773, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 357, 192876, 763, 13, 3390, 91852, 2063, 83, 10, 34108, 23232, 282, 14941, 9, 196651, 28, 235620, 111, 70, 845, 114686, 3395, 136, 111, 91852, 8780, 5, 1650, 29256, 7, 9789, 58555, 111, 70, 845, 114686, 8999, 136, 91944, 1363, 4, 26719, 845, 114686, 32692, 111, 756, 1615, 7, 4, 29394, 4, 65006, 7, 4, 46876, 4, 26499, 3408, 4, 136, 167821, 128169, 7, 5, 1301, 111, 36404, 442, 1902, 2809, 91376, 23, 6626, 79737, 7, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 10, 10846, 111666, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Second edition.", "Critical reception and awards.", "Dartmouth Medal.", "Other awards." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The English-language \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\" was first published from 1971–1972 in sixteen volumes, in Jerusalem by Keter Publishing House, and in New York City by the Macmillan Company. Between 1973 and 1991 eight \"Yearbooks\" were published (dated 1973, 1974, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1983–85, 1986–87, 1988–89, and 1990–91) along with two \"Decennial\" volumes dated 1973–1982 (also published as \"Volume 17\") and 1983–1992. Together these volumes contained more than 15 million words in over 25,000 articles. Its general editors were, successively, Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder. Advertisers describe it as the result of about three decades of study and research by about 2,200 contributors and 250 editors around the world. A \"Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia\" in Russian, launched in the early 1970s as an abridged translation of the \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\", evolved into a largely independent publication that by late 2005 included eleven volumes and three supplements. A number of editions of a version of the English Encyclopaedia for youth were also published. An earlier, unfinished German-language \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\" was published by Nahum Goldmann's Eshkol Publishing Society in Berlin 1928–1934. The chief editors were Jakob Klatzkin and Ismar Elbogen. Ten volumes from \"Aach\" to \"Lyra\" appeared before the project halted due to Nazi persecutions. Two Hebrew-language volumes \"A-Antipas\", were also published under the title Eshkol (Hebrew: \"אשכול\"). A few of the articles from the German \"Judaica\" and even some of the reparations payments to Goldmann were used in making the English-language \"Judaica\". A shorter \"Jewish Encyclopedia\" had also been previously published at the turn of the twentieth century. It was followed by the \"Jüdisches Lexikon I–II\" (1927–28) and \"Encyclopaedia Judaica I–II\" (1927–28) and \"Zsidó Lexikon\" (1929, edited by Ujvári Péter, in Hungarian). Because of its comprehensive scope, authority, and widespread availability, the \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\" has been recommended by the Library of Congress and by the Association of Jewish Libraries for use in determining the authoritative romanization of names of Jewish authors. Its guidelines for transliterating Hebrew into English are followed by many academic books and journals. The 1972 edition has generated both positive and negative reviews. The word Judaica is commonly used to refer to objects of Jewish art and Jewish ceremonial objects. , some articles from Encyclopaedia Judaica have been published at Encyclopedia.com.", "In July 2003, Thomson Gale announced that it had acquired the rights to publish a second edition of \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\", expecting to publish in December 2006 under one of its imprints, Macmillan Reference USA. The 22-volume work was published on December 30, 2006 and released in January 2007. Gale has published other substantial revisions of major reference works in the field of religion in recent years, including second editions of \"The Encyclopedia of Religion\" and \"The New Catholic Encyclopedia\". Together with original publishers Keter Publishing House, Gale has made major updates to many sections of \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\" for the new edition, including the entries on the Holocaust, American Jewry, Israel and others. Fred Skolnik, who served as a co-editor on the original edition of \"Judaica\", was retained as Editor-in-Chief for the 2nd edition. American Holocaust scholar Michael Berenbaum, adjunct professor of theology at the American Jewish University as well as director of its Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust, serves as the editor for the Holocaust and Americana sections of the encyclopedia and executive editor for the work at large. Judith Baskin, University of Oregon Judaic Studies department head, was brought on to supervise improvement of women's studies and gender issues coverage. In total, more than 50 divisional editors, including five winners of the Israel Prize, oversaw contributions from nearly 1,200 scholars and editors. The new edition contains more than 21,000 signed entries, including 2,600 brand-new entries and 12,000 changed entries.", "Reviews from library literature have been positive. Donald Altschiller of Boston University, writing in \"Choice\", states that the second edition of \"Encyclopaedia Judaica\" \"has already attained a secure place in the reference pantheon...Essential.\" Barbara Bibel, writing in \"Booklist\", calls the set \"a welcome addition to reference collections.\"", "The second edition of the \"Encyclopaedia\" received a number of major awards for excellence, including the 2007 Dartmouth Medal from the American Library Association, the most prestigious award in the field of reference publishing.\" In presenting the award, Edward Kownslar, the chairman of the Dartmouth Medal committee said: \"This 22-volume set is an authoritative, interdisciplinary and comprehensive examination of all aspects of Jewish life, history and culture. This title is an extensive revision of the first edition, which was published in 1972, and has 2600 new entries. In addition to updating all world and political events affecting Jewish life and culture since the early 1970s, 'Judaica' has significantly enhanced biblical studies and the Holocaust from the first edition. This title has also expanded the area of women's studies.\"", "The \"Encyclopaedia\" was also named to the \"Best Reference 2007\" list by the \"Library Journal\", and was added to the list of \"Outstanding Reference Sources for Small and Medium-sized Libraries\" by the Reference and User Services Association of the American Library Association in 2008." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 58, 83, 10, 29256, 111, 70, 116287, 9, 188, 26783, 89176, 11531, 44, 59881, 28665, 266, 830, 7311, 538, 17164, 297, 390, 4733, 51796, 77462, 14, 136, 107197, 11, 884, 20514, 100, 77462, 14, 25, 7, 7156, 44, 24687, 101453, 58, 202727, 5, 44, 59881, 28665, 266, 58, 509, 31089, 71, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 86591, 581, 11531, 70424, 7, 111, 10, 96704, 297, 76755, 17721, 6626, 100306, 7, 5, 1650, 509, 59121, 390, 66053, 3284, 365, 14195, 11, 32929, 4, 38591, 109453, 34958, 14, 136, 77462, 14, 4, 136, 509, 14432, 39908, 297, 3934, 195374, 390, 215754, 21786, 105260, 7, 5, 581, 11531, 23742, 70, 44, 46568, 277, 1314, 58, 40059, 111, 70, 12839, 1735, 26973, 13703, 8129, 5, 581, 5117, 195374, 11389, 111, 70, 11531, 509, 121447, 390, 181815, 5367, 56, 158982, 136, 604, 71390, 126033, 1184, 65030, 596, 678, 12921, 68944, 44759, 71, 44, 11193, 53, 5813, 77241, 13328, 1952, 58, 24073, 137594, 9925, 1401, 25, 107, 717, 429, 9319, 18939, 98, 604, 7156, 44, 30513, 4523, 7, 58, 163992, 5, 6561, 5155, 4, 217982, 20697, 98, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 830, 96180, 153355, 44, 528, 9858, 297, 47, 186, 58, 182304, 99, 70, 5701, 182304, 12275, 7440, 15672, 182304, 22104, 34890, 94825, 509, 182304, 5, 94825, 4, 2750, 1902, 24209, 6, 241522, 71, 390, 153355, 7103, 86681, 604, 23, 44, 104475, 4342, 58, 163992, 4, 21449, 3934, 604, 12275, 136, 37170, 604, 47, 108975, 23, 70, 19612, 1202, 100, 1919, 11531, 44, 5021, 1215, 1657, 31, 5170, 740, 4687, 176506, 4, 1284, 4734, 2174, 764, 17164, 297, 10, 11531, 678, 604, 4, 47, 3129, 764, 23, 15504, 176506, 5, 153355, 189232, 297, 70, 47353, 98, 604, 44, 58, 1202, 7156, 390, 13254, 214, 12, 44, 8912, 99, 450, 1733, 87, 35839, 100225, 378, 594, 17793, 143, 268, 136, 87, 25, 39, 1884, 242, 15363, 685, 4, 221, 34890, 94825, 2804, 764, 2806, 54, 10, 11531, 136, 87, 6183, 2301, 25, 18, 3444, 47, 54, 10, 115, 126, 678, 1660, 2499, 37873, 4, 87, 3444, 47, 54, 10, 115, 126, 678, 4049, 5, 1061, 831, 398, 37772, 4049, 47, 24092, 9844, 4, 221, 764, 1556, 47, 54, 10, 17164, 678, 163, 32, 4263, 87, 54, 903, 1202, 38, 25, 740, 581, 6626, 5117, 51876, 70, 1202, 136, 7068, 80723, 20697, 98, 70, 11531, 5, 129551, 47, 153355, 4, 94825, 1902, 70, 6528, 47, 3900, 19309, 44, 59881, 28665, 266, 830, 142, 44, 18345, 89176, 11531, 830, 3934, 195374, 5, 32964, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 52336, 3542, 181653, 100, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 830, 10, 69277, 71, 136, 10, 102012, 36049, 5, 581, 69277, 71, 509, 181653, 390, 2290, 4687, 11, 4, 12960, 70, 3789, 509, 181653, 390, 20178, 129418, 825, 12846, 157, 5, 153355, 11341, 71, 12, 44, 568, 2301, 25, 18, 3444, 47, 186, 80560, 42845, 38, 87, 3444, 442, 47, 186, 1286, 1884, 4, 113, 25, 69723, 4, 82393, 9, 53, 19612, 9, 53, 740, 581, 11531, 509, 121447, 98, 4347, 534, 4, 8272, 4, 237, 10, 876, 9, 8752, 47, 44, 91306, 2583, 28129, 2646, 11954, 740, 581, 11531, 509, 125568, 71, 390, 22365, 53092, 232, 4, 2750, 121447, 15044, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 11531, 23, 2363, 107013, 5977, 9384, 7, 5, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 58, 34377, 297, 23, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 9903, 42845, 23721, 116287, 99, 14012, 1105, 23, 70, 5895, 111, 4347, 423, 4, 8272, 4, 194637, 214, 47, 70, 2663, 1492, 17262, 40859, 14432, 5, 581, 11531, 16320, 12225, 10, 13784, 70, 116287, 100, 70, 5895, 111, 18237, 29620, 8272, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 44, 9506, 2082, 25, 21, 55319, 135016, 58, 390, 94069, 53, 6470, 136, 509, 214493, 297, 390, 44, 8023, 2439, 840, 830, 390, 195374, 5367, 56, 9, 35821, 70035, 146239, 79801, 7, 4, 6626, 40859, 14432, 5, 581, 11531, 176377, 47, 14012, 1632, 98, 70, 5895, 111, 20414, 138, 4, 8272, 4, 6, 120027, 43606, 40859, 24189, 442, 509, 2837, 23935, 71, 390, 180478, 66995, 25, 7, 44, 15363, 587, 740, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 58, 134620, 8272, 237, 70, 50960, 2965, 51339, 214, 42845, 28560, 111, 70, 6602, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 2161, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 42845, 11584, 23721, 116287, 4, 70, 11531, 34377, 297, 99, 14012, 59671, 100, 70, 5895, 111, 18237, 190, 4, 55482, 581, 11531, 16320, 12225, 99, 14012, 6626, 22759, 40859, 14432, 100, 70, 5895, 111, 18237, 29620, 8272, 4, 7440, 442, 47143, 297, 100, 59671, 40859, 5, 2161, 70, 6602, 9, 3611, 116287, 7, 4, 70, 11531, 509, 70, 136659, 127, 2965, 9, 1264, 5037, 214, 42845, 7426, 28560, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 2161, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 69987, 21533, 23721, 4, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 58, 30957, 297, 70, 2663, 1492, 98, 70, 5895, 111, 4347, 30777, 55482, 581, 11531, 16320, 12225, 99, 70, 2663, 111, 70, 116287, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 44, 683, 7351, 282, 58, 390, 152215, 15678, 11955, 100, 70, 5895, 111, 20414, 138, 4, 8272, 4, 136, 47143, 297, 10, 13784, 70, 116287, 100, 43606, 40859, 24189, 442, 509, 214493, 297, 390, 159011, 31, 7789, 29641, 25, 7, 44, 4657, 24195, 58836, 56, 58, 100, 70, 5895, 111, 8055, 616, 4, 55482, 2161, 70, 6602, 9, 3611, 116287, 7, 4, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 58, 509, 70, 17932, 2965, 9, 1264, 5037, 214, 69987, 21533, 5986, 111, 8272, 7103, 44, 7623, 1520, 709, 17117, 22, 1843, 84229, 28819, 830, 390, 20178, 27669, 48739, 5, 581, 102012, 11389, 111, 70, 11531, 509, 60213, 71, 237, 10, 9396, 28560, 98, 70, 28811, 79737, 111, 153355, 25, 7, 456, 62015, 7156, 44, 1375, 47, 3319, 339, 1104, 670, 38, 581, 172376, 90, 58, 128829, 136, 98, 94825, 25, 7, 8272, 98352, 1363, 44, 740, 581, 69277, 71, 11389, 509, 60213, 71, 98, 94825, 25, 7, 3295, 98352, 1363, 7156, 44, 740, 360, 604, 8347, 111, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 830, 54953, 9319, 159068, 90, 111, 3164, 94922, 6868, 297, 450, 70, 143257, 11389, 111, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 58, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 6626, 52336, 450, 44, 195, 14612, 62539, 153355, 25, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 5021, 1215, 2022, 90, 58, 15, 135832, 12, 44, 60728, 25, 18, 11954, 1215, 18939, 83, 10, 42845, 7426, 115, 126, 17164, 297, 390, 15672, 5367, 1314, 96180, 153355, 136, 34890, 94825, 100, 153355, 25, 7, 34377, 12275, 7156, 4, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 146783, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 195374, 29256, 11389, 111, 70, 89176, 11531, 44, 59881, 28665, 266, 830, 59121, 390, 66053, 3284, 365, 14195, 11, 32929, 4, 38591, 109453, 34958, 14, 136, 4733, 51796, 77462, 14, 136, 17164, 297, 390, 77462, 14, 136, 107197, 11, 884, 20514, 100, 77462, 14, 25, 7, 7156, 44, 24687, 101453, 58, 202727, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 195374, 390, 215754, 21786, 105260, 7, 99, 94825, 25, 7, 50336, 5, 32964, 11389, 7, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Chart performance.", "Reception and accolades.", "Promotion.", "Credits and personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "\"No Me Ames\" is a cover of the chart-topping Italian song \"Non Amarmi\", originally recorded by Aleandro Baldi and Francesca Alotta for Baldi's album \"Il Sole\" (1993). \"Non Amarmi\" was issued as a single in 1992. The song speaks of a complicated relationship between two lovers. It was written by Giancarlo Bigazzi, Marco Falagiani and Baldi, and was later adapted into Spanish by Ignacio Ballesteros. The song won the \"Newcomers\" section of the 1992 Sanremo Music Festival. The first Spanish version of the song was released by Mexican singer Yuri and her husband Rodrigo Espinoza with different lyrics titled \"Hoy Que Estamos Juntos\" (\"Now That We're Together\") on her album \"Huellas\" (1997). One day, whilst working on \"On the 6\", Jennifer Lopez \"happened to be\" recording at the same recording studio where American recording artist Marc Anthony was recording. Anthony, who had become intrigued by Lopez after seeing her in \"Selena\" (1997), came into her studio and asked her to appear in the music video for his song \"No Me Conoces\". She agreed, but only if he recorded a song with her, to which he in turn agreed. Lopez recalled the events on her \"\" video album by stating: \"So at that time I called Tommy [Mottola] and I'm like 'Look, so Marc Anthony said he would do a song and I really don't want to do a duet with just anybody, I want to do a duet with him. So can you force him to sign something, so he has to do a record with me? If I do this video!'\". The two first shot the video and then began working on the song. According to Lopez, Anthony had the idea to translate \"Non Amarmi\", an \"old Italian song\", into Spanish. Two versions of the songs were produced for \"On the 6\", a ballad and a salsa production. The ballad was produced by Dan Shea, while the other was produced by Juan Vicente Zambrano. Lopez stated: \"I don't want to be straight Latin! I want it to be more like, y'know, dance-y music-y\".", "The song was released on May 11, 1999, as a b-side to \"If You Had My Love\". The song was promoted by Sony Discos, who released both versions of the song in their respective radio formats. \"No Me Ames\" debuted in the \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Songs chart at number 23 in the week of May 15, 1999, climbing to the top ten three weeks later. The song peaked atop the chart for the week of June 26, 1999, replacing \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" by Ricky Martin and was succeeded by \"Bailamos\", by Spanish singer-songwriter Enrique Iglesias, two weeks later. The song returned to number one on the week of July 3, 1999, lasting five weeks until it was displaced by Alejandro Fernández's \"Loco\". \"No Me Ames\" ended 1999 as the third best performing Latin track of the year in the United States. On the \"Billboard\" Latin Pop Songs chart, the song debuted at number seven for the week of June 5, 1999. The song peaked at number two four weeks later for the week of June 26, 1999, where it remained for seven weeks. On the year-end charts, the song was the eighth best-performing Latin pop track of the year. On the \"Billboard\" Tropical Songs, \"No Me Ames\" entered the top ten on the week of May 29, 1999. The song peaked at the top of the chart, replacing \"Pintame\" by Elvis Crespo for the week of July 3, 1999, and remained atop the chart for five weeks until it was succeeded by Gilberto Santa Rosa's \"Dejate Querer\" for the week of August 14, 1999. On the year-end charts, \"No Me Ames\" was the second best-performing Tropical Song of 1999 after \"El Niágara en Bicicleta\", by Juan Luis Guerra. The salsa version of the song was featured as a bonus track on the European edition of Lopez's remix album \"J to tha L–O! The Remixes\" (2002) and on Anthony's 1999 compilation \"\". The ballad version was featured on Anthony's 2006 compilation album \"\".", "In her review of \"On the 6\", Heather Phares of Allmusic commented that the tropical version of \"No Me Ames\" was one of the two songs that \"emphasize Lopez's distinctive heritage\". In his review of \"Desde un Principio: From the Beginning\", Jose Promis also from Allmusic praised the song as \"surpisingly good\". Mario Tarradell of the Dallas Morning News remarked \"No Me Ames\" as an \"island flavored\" song. Lauri Mascia of the Sun-Sentinel expressed disappointment over the song and felt that the tropical version did not fit the album. NME listed the ballad version as one of the \"potentially offensive slushy ballads\" on the album. Baldi cited Lopez and Anthony's cover as one of the two that encouraged him to come out of retirement to record another album. At the 2000 Billboard Latin Music Awards, \"No Me Ames\" received an award for Hot Latin Track of the Year by a Vocal Duo and two nominations for Tropical/Salsa Track of the Year and Hot Latin Track of the Year. In the same year, the song led to the duo receiving a nomination for Pop Group or Duo of the Year at the 12th Lo Nuestro Awards. At the 1st Latin Grammy Awards, the song received a nomination for \"Best Pop Performance by a Duo/Group with Vocals\". In 2000, the song received an award for Salsa Song of the Year at the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards of 2000. At the inaugural Juventud Awards in 2004, \"No Me Ames\" was nominated in the category for \"La Más Pegajosa\" (\"Catchiest Tune\").", "While Lopez and Anthony were recording the song, Lopez came up with the video concept. Lopez recalled the events by stating: \"And I asked him [Anthony] if he liked it. And I actually explained it to Tommy and him at the same time another day in the studio after the song was recorded and they both loved it.\" The music video for \"No Me Ames\" was directed by Kevin Bray in Los Angeles, California, the day after she shot the music video for \"If You Had My Love\". The video features Lopez and Anthony as two lovers. Anthony dies of an unnamed illness. His spirit watches over a grieving Lopez. Of the video, Lopez stated that it is \"like a foreign movie, like 'Life Is Beautiful'\". The music video received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Short Form Music Video. The music video was included on the DVD set for Lopez's compilation album, \"The Reel Me\" (2003). The song was scheduled to be performed at the first annual Latin Grammy Awards, but Anthony was unable to attend due to complications with his wife's pregnancy. As part of their 2007 co-headling concert tour, the song was performed as an encore along with \"Por Arriesgarnos\" after each show. Lopez and Anthony performed the song at the final show of Lopez's Dance Again World Tour.", "The credits are adapted from the \"On the 6\" liner notes. Ballad version Tropical remix" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 5379, 164689, 4, 11617, 6389, 2082, 4, 136, 49612, 46068, 4, 7311, 538, 17164, 297, 390, 164689, 25, 7, 23040, 21115, 138, 4216, 31016, 5, 153355, 17164, 297, 604, 10002, 11389, 111, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 17262, 5369, 7103, 70, 21115, 25, 7, 36356, 9, 2037, 100, 604, 34377, 12275, 7156, 4, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 146783, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 5117, 8121, 71, 47, 153355, 136, 604, 108558, 5631, 53, 225956, 390, 2975, 238, 145302, 5, 153355, 44, 2943, 297, 70, 11531, 58, 23, 6863, 39395, 53397, 9384, 54433, 44, 568, 8306, 3444, 47, 36802, 450, 11531, 13438, 5, 1650, 25, 7, 189026, 136, 221, 290, 90, 53, 830, 12960, 225956, 18822, 71, 442, 1902, 38516, 5, 225956, 2804, 12, 44, 568, 32630, 71, 378, 1052, 1771, 268, 136, 2804, 4, 242, 15363, 685, 4, 22936, 642, 3871, 47, 738, 4420, 98, 903, 11531, 5, 1401, 3871, 47, 4488, 98, 903, 11531, 136, 6183, 27489, 442, 1810, 5, 25, 58, 145302, 27257, 71, 225956, 450, 442, 2806, 11034, 5792, 5045, 47, 456, 18244, 70, 11531, 4, 136, 225956, 221419, 538, 72090, 3650, 55577, 4, 13254, 214, 12, 44, 115743, 25, 7, 3642, 5045, 87, 18822, 70, 17164, 83, 132294, 186, 10, 5962, 100, 604, 1242, 345, 5416, 129271, 70, 3525, 11389, 4, 153355, 78302, 442, 4, 136, 36663, 47, 17164, 442, 7108, 16065, 5, 2975, 238, 145302, 62952, 70, 36049, 100, 153355, 25, 7, 11389, 4, 3129, 59499, 47, 6389, 2082, 4, 129927, 7, 1295, 70, 44, 104643, 30839, 9, 165207, 214, 58, 3939, 33554, 11389, 450, 509, 17164, 297, 390, 138, 4216, 31016, 5, 52774, 478, 29304, 2843, 181653, 70, 11531, 136, 137356, 71, 442, 678, 145302, 4, 12960, 101904, 78301, 56037, 449, 136, 80265, 9966, 33233, 678, 44, 23562, 449, 58, 103383, 34702, 16763, 5, 164689, 4, 48511, 3253, 20574, 136, 94037, 25877, 19, 51339, 297, 76615, 108171, 7, 5, 51838, 1461, 8079, 112730, 70, 149186, 7, 4, 12960, 29304, 112730, 70, 47617, 7, 136, 226097, 191, 5, 34702, 16763, 4, 17819, 12536, 110427, 4, 136, 14978, 627, 5, 11246, 32929, 62952, 177907, 100, 70, 11531, 4, 678, 127557, 1295, 20178, 2460, 5922, 86472, 136, 143118, 40478, 4, 12960, 6765, 3253, 20574, 149976, 237, 36049, 60505, 1290, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 17164, 297, 99, 67842, 182304, 31913, 7, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 4, 26719, 1311, 272, 6406, 42413, 137869, 4, 581, 41945, 144562, 4, 43482, 144562, 4, 136, 22365, 13703, 137869, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 14432, 17664, 297, 390, 2290, 1947, 5076, 99, 1311, 272, 6406, 42413, 137869, 5, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 83, 10, 82393, 9, 33554, 11531, 678, 10, 140909, 111, 22759, 14633, 136, 37195, 94131, 9451, 33170, 194, 129551, 47, 70, 6338, 19612, 155434, 91376, 99, 13703, 157, 1636, 5, 277, 4, 70, 11531, 83, 59121, 23, 70, 22799, 111, 335, 43967, 5, 1650, 28960, 7, 10, 681, 4216, 187735, 335, 39, 1104, 284, 1104, 919, 39, 1104, 724, 5, 581, 13984, 2320, 111, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 16569, 136, 101275, 5, 581, 11531, 1556, 10, 2167, 111, 15732, 42659, 7, 117, 15393, 5, 80748, 5030, 162, 111, 44, 70059, 13538, 58, 151552, 70, 11531, 237, 10, 162515, 111, 20947, 4, 15643, 7, 7426, 4, 11704, 7, 627, 1230, 571, 4, 136, 11938, 19612, 5, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 1556, 131328, 68944, 4, 678, 153355, 37397, 214, 604, 1100, 6897, 47, 10, 14277, 28302, 5, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 83, 70, 2965, 11531, 111, 153355, 25, 7, 80997, 59499, 47, 44, 155581, 25500, 674, 192438, 830, 70, 44, 51379, 408, 519, 137977, 13, 830, 44, 294, 30614, 57832, 830, 136, 160949, 4597, 4, 54940, 3789, 97264, 5, 1650, 75204, 1030, 164779, 1295, 19612, 35778, 7, 4, 678, 69882, 28852, 23709, 70, 11531, 237, 44, 67413, 1771, 153355, 740, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 509, 11814, 195409, 237, 10, 23614, 31667, 12936, 7701, 4, 11814, 23, 130534, 1363, 100, 70, 15063, 19, 111, 70, 3525, 212010, 316, 5, 44, 243238, 58, 41260, 11341, 71, 450, 442, 100512, 70, 44, 987, 19, 9, 4390, 9, 2347, 9, 74877, 19, 53208, 58, 11938, 12936, 7701, 5, 94239, 567, 2037, 6769, 111, 44, 3957, 572, 21493, 42562, 2795, 58, 1645, 52021, 442, 237, 142, 44, 13, 18695, 82393, 5962, 830, 3129, 509, 70, 44, 185622, 12936, 7701, 100, 756, 111, 2446, 216598, 1672, 990, 304, 605, 740, 44, 100604, 31754, 19114, 58, 6, 70035, 8022, 41537, 391, 5, 118963, 11341, 71, 450, 44, 1177, 831, 756, 36456, 450, 242, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 25, 112730, 99, 2446, 107013, 212010, 316, 204657, 7, 1242, 262, 13, 80002, 4204, 4, 32562, 100, 70, 44, 51379, 408, 519, 137977, 13, 830, 11341, 71, 450, 52336, 6044, 237, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 7228, 153355, 44, 147, 1234, 78458, 70, 105207, 22104, 23, 70, 82393, 9, 33554, 112664, 99, 70, 1733, 740, 60701, 3253, 1728, 111, 44, 81827, 478, 939, 58, 41260, 35839, 70, 11531, 604, 44, 70751, 6056, 11938, 5962, 830, 136, 54397, 450, 442, 44, 21231, 4806, 47, 145325, 13, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 3939, 9, 46899, 1771, 82393, 7426, 10, 8, 23662, 8108, 241, 31246, 100512, 10, 373, 13894, 13579, 740, 310, 841, 418, 25, 7, 6512, 2408, 122930, 13, 30648, 297, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 237, 153355, 25, 7, 2965, 11001, 4, 142146, 10862, 78458, 111, 604, 44, 3584, 11680, 297, 58, 108171, 7, 136, 32562, 450, 70, 28560, 44, 3181, 2594, 538, 100512, 10, 41147, 133, 100, 70, 5367, 56, 5, 46757, 33740, 678, 70, 130534, 1363, 111, 70, 212010, 316, 4, 242, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 25, 100512, 142, 12936, 7701, 100, 70, 3564, 111, 142, 1615, 5, 1650, 134477, 13, 79850, 88303, 1257, 70, 240268, 100, 70, 2356, 42552, 12960, 200, 38001, 5773, 70, 30783, 7, 136, 23134, 111, 70, 11015, 5, 1650, 509, 8272, 7103, 756, 4, 136, 23937, 5809, 53383, 1242, 47801, 172014, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 58, 83, 10, 11531, 59121, 390, 5379, 164689, 4, 11617, 6389, 2082, 4, 136, 49612, 46068, 5, 1650, 509, 7311, 538, 17164, 297, 390, 164689, 25, 7, 23040, 21115, 138, 4216, 31016, 100, 2363, 34377, 12275, 7156, 4, 44, 284, 24056, 58, 163992, 5, 32964, 5369, 7103, 70, 21115, 2837, 8262, 297, 4, 15672, 5367, 56, 96180, 153355, 17164, 297, 604, 10002, 11389, 111, 70, 11531, 100, 604, 34377, 12275, 7156, 4, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 146783, 5, 2975, 238, 145302, 136, 52774, 478, 29304, 181653, 153355, 25, 7, 42845, 18276, 11389, 111, 44, 22489, 14, 1916, 100, 717, 54350, 830, 3129, 129927, 7, 1295, 70, 30839, 9, 165207, 214, 3939, 33554, 11389, 450, 509, 17164, 297, 390, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Writing and composition.", "Critical reception and impact.", "Release and chart performance.", "Music video.", "Production.", "Synopsis.", "Reception and impact.", "Live performances.", "Usage in media.", "Credits and personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Waiting for Tonight\" was written by Maria Christensen, Michael Garvin, and Phil Temple, originally recorded by Christensen's girl group 3rd Party. Lopez recorded her own version of \"Waiting for Tonight\" three years after the group's break-up for her debut studio album, \"On the 6\" (1999). The song was first presented to Lopez and her producer Cory Rooney by Ric Wake. Lopez \"hated the song\" in its early demo format saying \"I never want to hear that song again. It's horrible and so cheesy\", while Rooney believed it had potential. Rooney said: \"I begged [Ric] and said, 'Look, please we need to go back on this song. We need to work on this song and really produce it out.'\" Wake informed Rooney that it would cost too much to rework the song, and Rooney subsequently paid $50,000, stating: \"That's how much I believe the record is gonna be a hit for her.\" Upon hearing the new version, Lopez loved it, and wanted to record it right away. Ric Wake provided the production for Lopez's version, which according to Garvin, differs from the \"very German-sounding\" Europop version that was recorded by 3rd Party. Richie Jones also produced the song and arranged it with Wake, while providing additional programming and arranging along with \"Young\" Dave Scheuer. Christensen, Jane Barrett and Margaret Dorn performed background vocals. Eric Kupper played the keyboards, while Jones played the drums and percussion. Scheuer, Franklyn Grant, and Thomas R. Yezzi provided engineering for the song, with assistance from Juan Bohorquez and Robb Williams, while David Barrett served as production coordinator. The song was recorded at various recording locations in New York City, including Cove City Sound Studios, The Dream Factory, Hit Factory, and Sony Music Studios. The song was later mixed by Dan Hetzel at Cove City Sound Studios. \"Waiting for Tonight\" is a dance-pop song with a length of four minutes and six seconds (4:06). According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com, the song is written in the key of B minor. It follows a chord progression Bm–A–Fm–G. The instrumentation of \"Waiting for Tonight\" consists of a piano and guitar. The song has a tempo of 125 beats per minute. Sofia Vyas of \"Time Out\" described the song as a combination of disco, 1980s pop, 1990s R&B, and club music. \"Waiting for Tonight\" has sensual lyrics, with Lopez comparing her sex life to a movie scene.", "\"Waiting for Tonight\" is the best song of Lopez's career according to \"Entertainment Weekly\", the \"Chicago Tribune\", \"Slant Magazine\", and Idolator, among other sources. It received acclaim from music critics, with MTV describing the song as \"classic Lopez\". \"Waiting for Tonight\" was used frequently as a celebratory anthem, used in anticipation for the dawn of the new millennium. \"People\" magazine stated that it became the \"turn-of-the-millennium\" club anthem. Lauren Zupkus of \"The Huffington Post\" praised it as an \"epic dance hit\", which was the \"perfect anthem for all of our anxiety about Y2K\". \"Los Angeles Times\" writer Gerrick D. Kennedy stated that \"we can all admit that 'Waiting for Tonight' played at our respective millennium celebrations.\" Dee Lockett, writing for the \"Chicago Tribune\", stated that songs such as \"Waiting for Tonight\" made Lopez \"arguably the leading artist in the dance-pop movement at the time\". Andrew Barker of \"Variety\" magazine called the song her \"breakout club hit\", and wrote that it \"seemed to anticipate the rise of Euro-centric dance pop a decade before EDM became a buzz term\". VH1's Stacy Lambe ranked \"Waiting for Tonight\" as Lopez's best single, speaking favorably of her \"focused\" vocals and writing that the track \"quickly became a staple for the singer. Infused with the anticipation of the millennium, 'Waiting for Tonight' became an anthem for the end of an era. It simultaneously built up the excitement for the New Year while kissing off the fears and drama of the past. It was 1999 after all, and anything could happen.\" Nick Murray of \"Rolling Stone\" described it as \"music worth getting lost in\". In 2017, \"BuzzFeed\" listed the song at number 50 in their list of \"The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s\". In 2018, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked \"Waiting for Tonight\" at number thirty on a list of \"50 Greatest Latin Pop Songs\", with Suzy Exposito writing: \"A reflection of her own experience as a Puerto Rican in the mainland – a perspective shared by many Latinx people living in the United States – 'Waiting for Tonight' pays a soft tribute to the island sounds that raised her, while dominating dance charts around the world and cracking Top Ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The hybrid song would foreshadow her international pop reign, paving the way for other American-born Latina pop stars to flourish, such as Selena Gomez and Becky G.\" In 2019, \"Billboard\" ranked it as the ninth greatest song of 1999, stating that it \"stands out among her hits all these years later. The themes are universal, the music is infectious, and the chorus remains timeless (...) If 'Tonight' premiered today, it would still be a smash.\" While David Browne of \"Entertainment Weekly\" was critical of \"On the 6\", he felt that \"Waiting for Tonight\" stood out among the album's tracks, calling it \"worthy of a dance-floor diva\". Richard Harrington from \"The Washington Post\" was unfavorable of the song, calling it a \"generic\" dance track. \"Deseret News\" described Lopez's vocals as \"sultry\" but thin, whilst noting that she finds a \"nice ring\" in songs such as \"Waiting for Tonight\". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine agreed, observing that her vocals were best-suited for dance-pop songs such as \"Waiting for Tonight\". AllMusic's Heather Phares praised the Spanish version of the song, \"Una Noche Más\", for emphasizing Lopez's \"distinctive heritage\", stating that the track elevated its parent album \"On the 6\" from \"a star's vanity project to an individual but accessible work of pop songcraft by a widely talented performer\". \"Waiting for Tonight\" earned Lopez her first Grammy Award nomination, for Best Dance Recording, which it lost to \"Believe\" by Cher.", "\"Waiting for Tonight\" served as the third single from \"On the 6\". The track was released on October 27, 1999 in Austria, and five days later in the United Kingdom. It peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart, and had sold 255,000 copies there by July 2016. It debuted and peaked at number two in Spain, where it spent twelve weeks charting in the top ten. The song reached number six in Italy, and charted at number seven on the Single Top 100 chart in the Netherlands. In Belgium, the song peaked at number four in Wallonia and fifteen in Flanders. It was certified gold in Belgium for shipments of 25,000 units. In Finland, \"Waiting for Tonight\" charted for three weeks, peaking at number eight. The single also peaked at number ten in France, and was later certified gold in France by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique, marking shipments of 250,000 units. Elsewhere, it reached the top fifteen in Norway, Scotland, Switzerland, Ireland, and Germany. The single peaked at number sixteen in Sweden, and reached the top thirty in Austria (number twenty-four). \"Waiting for Tonight\" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number 35 on October 31, 1999. In its eleventh week on the chart, it reached a peak of number four. Overall, it spent six weeks in the top ten and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 70,000 units. After entering the Official New Zealand Music Chart at number 42 for the week ending October 31, 1999, the song peaked at number five one month later, and was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for shipment of 7,500 units. For the week ending October 16, 1999, \"Waiting for Tonight\" entered the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 56 as the \"Hot Shot Debut of the Week.\" Airplay increased, with the song steadily rising to number 37 in its second week, garnering the \"Greatest Gainer in Airplay\" title. In its third week, it jumped to number 25 on the Hot 100, while topping the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Play chart. \"Waiting for Tonight\" entered the top ten of the Hot 100 on the week ending November 27, 1999, reaching number nine. The following week, the song peaked at number eight on the Hot 100, on the chart dated December 4, 1999. It also peaked at number five on the US Hot 100 Airplay Chart. It is her ninth most successful song on \"Billboard\" charts. \"Waiting for Tonight\" was one of four songs that reached the top ten of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1999 based solely on radio play. The song was, however, released to retail on a limited basis and sold 10,000 copies in the United States by January 2000. In August 2002, the song received a BDS Certified Spin Award for receiving 200,000 radio spins in the United States. In Canada, \"Waiting for Tonight\" entered at number 4 before reaching number two for the week of November 29, 1999.", "", "The music video for \"Waiting for Tonight\" was filmed in Los Angeles. Part of it was shot at the Los Angeles Arboretum. Lopez took time off from filming \"The Cell\" to complete the music video. It was directed by Francis Lawrence, whose work Lopez had admired. Speaking of the video's concept, Lopez said: \"I wanted it to be fun and have a certain type of energy and he came back with the treatment of the video where it was this millennium party in the jungle. Just the way he described it, it sounded perfect, the kind of thing I really wanted to do so we just went with it.\" When casting extras for the music video, Lopez stressed that she wanted those appearing around her to look like \"real people\". For \"Waiting for Tonight\", she worked with choreographer Tina Landon, who previously hired Lopez as a backup dancer for Janet Jackson in the early stages of her career. Landon also made an appearance in the clip as an extra. A second version of the music video featuring the Hex Hector remix of the song was released, later being included on her extended play \"The Reel Me\" (2003). The creation of \"Waiting for Tonight\" was documented and aired by MTV in \"Making the Video\". Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan of \"The Baltimore Sun\" stated that it revealed the \"death-defying dance stunts\" which Lopez undertook, \"donning stiletto heels and a micro-mini to perform elaborate footwork on a narrow, 6-foot-high Plexiglas platform while cameras caught her from every possible provocative angle\". The music video premiered directly after the \"Making the Video\" special on MTV, on August 23, 1999.", "The clip begins with an image of the sun setting. Lopez and her female friends are at a house preparing for a New Year's Eve party. Inter-cut are scenes of Lopez dancing in a jungle, where green lasers are flashing behind her. Later, another scene features Lopez covered with sparking crystals on her face and body. The females later canoe over a river and travel to a rave party which is being held in a rainforest. Towards the end of the song's bridge, the music briefly stops, as the party-goers stare up at a large clock and count down to the year 2000. There is a six-second power outage (A reference to the Y2K concern). The power returns, and the party celebrates the new year. This is inter-cut with scenes of Lopez dancing on top of the crowd, as well as frolicking in a Hawaiian river wearing a black bikini. The Hex Hector remix version features the same premise of the original clip, while including a variety of different shots, and new scenes of Lopez dancing in a jungle with green lasers flashing behind her. This version also incorporates a strobe effect throughout the music video.", "The music video was widely popular, receiving heavy rotation on MTV, and establishing Lopez as a \"dance princess\". According to monitoring by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, it was the most-played clip on VH1 for the week ending November 28, 1999. It is known for its thematic depiction of a Y2K dance party. Justin Myers of the Official Charts Company called the video a \"chilling reminder of the worldwide fear of the so-called Millennium Bug – Jen looks quite anxious when midnight comes at her very futuristic looking New Year bash, doesn't she?\" Author Dominic Pettman observed that the music video captured an \"orgasmic anticipation\" for the new millennium. Fuse ranked the clip at number 30 on their list of the \"Top 100 Sexiest Music Videos of All Time\" in 2011. \"Entertainment Weekly\" regarded it as the best music video of Lopez's career. The visuals of \"Waiting for Tonight\" became distinctive, particularly the green lasers appearing in the background, and the crystals Lopez wore on her body. Lopez said in 2014, \"[Green lasers] just became so signature to that song and that time. I think that was the first time anyone had used them in a video that way.\" In a press release published by Cision in 2014, it was noted that \"Lasers in the jungle and the Y2K vibe of that years New Years Eve celebrations are unforgettable images that helped catapult JLO to international success.\" Maitri Mehta of \"Bustle\" magazine wrote that she was \"mesmerized by a vision of a bronze J. Lo gettin' life from those green lasers. In almost all of her music videos, J. Lo is extremely, overtly sexy but that's the point.\" \"American Idol\" alumnus Adam Lambert revealed, \"I remember when I was a kid graduating high school and 'Waiting for Tonight' came out (...) And she had all the rhinestones on her face and she just looked like just dewy and stunning and amazing.\" Diane Cho of VH1 noted that Lopez \"trademarked\" the glitter-look in \"Waiting for Tonight\", which was adapted by Britney Spears in \"Toxic\" and Beyoncé in \"1+1\". Monica Herrera of \"Billboard\" stated that Adam Lambert's music video for the song \"If I Had You\" took the \"late-night wilderness party motif of Jennifer Lopez's classic 'Waiting for Tonight' clip\" and added \"more lasers, guyliner, thrashy dance moves, silver top hats and outrageously spiky shoulder pads\". MTV's Nicole James compared Rihanna's \"Where Have You Been\" music video to \"Waiting for Tonight\". Tiffany Lee of Yahoo! stated that Selena Gomez was \"channeling\" an early Lopez in her song \"Slow Down\", drawing comparisons between both songs and videos, observing that \"the premise for both music videos are almost identical\", with \"dancing in front of flashing lights and sweating in dance floor crowds\". Pitchfork Media's Lindsay Zoladz stated that English singer FKA twigs' music video for the song \"Papi Pacify\" features \"perhaps the most dazzling use of body glitter in a music video since J. Lo's 'Waiting for Tonight'\". Natasha Bird of \"Elle\" magazine compared the music video for Zayn Malik's \"Like I Would\" to \"Waiting for Tonight\", writing: \"with the addition of all the smoke, lasers and gyrating girls in booty shorts, we can't help but think that this video is an excellent tribute to Jennifer Lopez's millennium party single\". The music video received several award nominations, including three wins. At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, \"Waiting for Tonight\" was nominated in the Best Choreography and Best Dance Video categories, winning for Best Dance Video. It also won for Best Dance Video at the International Dance Music Awards. At the \"Billboard\" Music Video Awards, \"Waiting for Tonight\" received two nominations for Best Video and Best New-Artist Video. It received multiple MVPA Award nominations, including for Pop Video of the Year, and won for Best Hair.", "Lopez performed \"Waiting for Tonight\" for the first time on the British music chart television program \"Top of the Pops\", on the episode that aired November 12, 1999 on BBC. Weeks later, she performed the song at the 11th Billboard Music Awards on December 8, 1999, where she opened the show. \"Billboard\" praised the performance as a \"galvanizing\" opening to the ceremony. She also sang the song along with \"Feelin' So Good\" during an appearance at \"Saturday Night Live\" on February 5, 2000. The song was included on the setlist of her Let's Get Loud Concerts in Puerto Rico, a performance in which she got down on \"all fours\" while singing. The performance was televised on NBC on November 20, 2001. Lopez performed a remixed version of the song at the charity fundraiser event Fashion Rocks, along with the single \"Do It Well\". The performance was broadcast by CBS on September 7, 2007. \"Newsday\" writer Glenn Gamboa stated that it \"seemed built for the runway with all the wind machines and strutting models\". Lopez included \"Waiting for Tonight\" on her set list during her 2007 co-headlining concert tour with then-husband Marc Anthony. Frank Scheck of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" described her set as \"Heavily choreographed, lavishly costumed and featuring the requisite pyrotechnics and video self-homage.\" In 2009, Lopez performed it at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve in a revealing catsuit. The catsuit provoked a mixed reaction from the public; The host of the show Ryan Seacrest praised the outfit, saying that it \"made my year\", but others were not so admiring. Alicia Lundgren, a 24-year-old dancer from Philadelphia, told the \"New York Daily News\": \"There's too many wrinkles. It looks like elephant skin.\" Months later in February 2010, Lopez performed \"Waiting for Tonight\" as part of a medley of her songs—a set that included \"Jenny from the Block\", \"Love Don't Cost a Thing\", \"Get Right\" and \"Let's Get Loud\"—at the Sanremo Music Festival, wearing a \"skintight, studded leather black catsuit\". At the Summertime Ball festival hosted by Capital Radio at Wembley Stadium on June 12, 2011, Lopez performed \"Waiting for Tonight\" among other songs. Lopez wore a glittery bodysuit for her performance of the song at Mohegan Sun's 15th anniversary celebration concert. It featured dancers that \"whirled\" around the singer while green lasers swept across the arena ceiling. \"Waiting for Tonight\" was included on the setlist for her Dance Again World Tour in 2012. She performed the song while dancing on a white moving platform. During the tour's European leg at a concert in Italy, Lopez supposedly had a wardrobe malfunction according to various sources during her performance of \"Waiting for Tonight\". She was wearing a \"plunging skintight cat suit\". Lopez performed the track along with several other songs during a July 2013 concert in Hyde Park, London. In March 2014, she sang \"Waiting for Tonight\" during her concert at the Dubai World Cup. In June of that year, Lopez performed the song during a concert in The Bronx which marked fifteen years since the release of \"On the 6\". Andrew Hampp from \"Billboard\" wrote that the \"laser-drenched\" performance reached \"World Cup levels of euphoria for a large swath of fans\". Three months later, she performed the song again at the 2014 Singapore Grand Prix, as part of a 90-minute set. Along with her debut single \"If You Had My Love\", \"Waiting for Tonight\" was given \"a bass-heavy remix that added to the arena rock atmosphere\" according to \"The Straits Times\". At her \"The Best Is Yet To Come\" concert which took place on New Year's Eve 2014 in Caesars Palace, Lopez included \"Waiting for Tonight\" on her setlist; during the performance, she wore a red-sequined costume and performed a striptease on a couch. Lopez opened her performance at the American Music Awards of 2015 (where she also hosted the ceremony) with a \"slower, sultrier\" rendition of \"Waiting for Tonight\". She was clothed in a tribal-print body stocking. At her Las Vegas residency show in 2016, Lopez performed a reworked \"hyper-futuristic\" EDM and house version of \"Waiting for Tonight\", which included \"fierce\" voguing. Lopez opened her performance at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, where she received the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award, with \"Waiting for Tonight\". Kenzie Bryant of \"Vanity Fair\" described the set design during the song as \"so leafy and green and neon it was reminiscent of her Versace Grammys dress\", and \"Billboard\" ranked Lopez's performance as the best of the night. The song was featured in Lopez's setlist during the Super Bowl LIV halftime show.", "During Lopez's guest appearance on the sixth season of the NBC sitcom \"Will & Grace\", she performed \"Waiting for Tonight\". The episode aired on April 29, 2004 as the season's finale. On the seventh season of the competitive dance series \"America's Best Dance Crew\" in May 2012, the group Fanny Pak performed a routine to \"Waiting for Tonight\". In March 2016, Lopez appeared with James Corden on the Carpool Karaoke segment of his \"The Late Late Show with James Corden\", where she \"teaches Corden how to vamp for the camera\" as \"Waiting for Tonight\" plays. That May, Christina Milian recreated the song's music video on an episode of the reality competition series \"Lip Sync Battle\". In March 2019, the song was used as a lip sync song on the eleventh season of \"RuPaul's Drag Race\", with six contestants lip syncing at the same time for the first time in the show's history. That September, actress Constance Wu performed \"Waiting for Tonight\" on an episode of \"The Late Late Show with James Corden\".", "Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"On the 6\". \"Waiting for Tonight\" \"Una Noche Más\"" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 30154, 37755, 25, 1061, 18621, 58, 83, 10, 4122, 65769, 627, 1230, 571, 64, 75577, 72720, 11531, 678, 10, 140909, 111, 43606, 14633, 136, 214075, 9, 7, 26301, 94131, 11516, 27592, 194, 581, 11531, 509, 59121, 390, 153355, 678, 5631, 53, 225956, 4, 114411, 12163, 7, 4, 40207, 97033, 1409, 11, 4, 82421, 3288, 16145, 4, 66663, 20744, 136, 14787, 50592, 232, 4, 678, 3288, 16145, 78301, 538, 520, 6496, 237, 70, 28560, 25, 7, 108558, 5, 1650, 66139, 29892, 21777, 14195, 34403, 136, 24967, 40207, 2750, 27983, 57119, 3674, 678, 12638, 3789, 5, 153355, 17164, 297, 604, 108171, 7, 100, 70, 11531, 99, 930, 27376, 25, 7, 13038, 54877, 214, 137869, 136, 22365, 13703, 137869, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 1650, 509, 14432, 27211, 297, 390, 41994, 823, 1881, 136, 17664, 297, 390, 54041, 28166, 42814, 5, 150387, 25958, 4, 70, 11531, 83, 1672, 153355, 8035, 23, 10, 4127, 52528, 4, 678, 33720, 172915, 604, 7565, 5, 153355, 5367, 7, 23, 70, 681, 6563, 12, 44, 568, 25, 39, 12319, 73, 25, 221, 4127, 248, 87, 55950, 450, 87, 2806, 248, 873, 33, 35971, 517, 111, 35978, 248, 18852, 87, 5608, 248, 2041, 4032, 959, 1632, 13580, 248, 4171, 19095, 163, 7565, 248, 182747, 23, 903, 8999, 132294, 15504, 163, 10932, 740, 1650, 70541, 7, 10, 121413, 111, 115051, 13, 25, 7, 11531, 44, 294, 126, 1650, 9791, 58, 226841, 5, 62, 67688, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 11001, 25, 7, 54452, 4, 14195, 34403, 4, 2750, 509, 14865, 3674, 47, 33284, 153355, 136, 24967, 40207, 100, 10, 23718, 111, 70, 11531, 98, 44, 294, 16989, 5636, 36151, 9251, 58, 68, 71, 7103, 10, 26498, 52875, 62548, 47, 57888, 37348, 5, 153355, 45739, 71, 47, 903, 678, 10, 63805, 44, 13025, 509, 10, 31344, 111, 30310, 100, 70, 42845, 26908, 4, 10, 6782, 22104, 136, 10, 6782, 3445, 5, 1401, 1221, 18025, 4049, 704, 11049, 538, 1242, 581, 11531, 509, 456, 62015, 297, 100, 604, 44, 1375, 47, 3319, 339, 9, 670, 38, 581, 172376, 90, 58, 390, 82421, 3288, 16145, 4, 70, 11531, 25, 7, 7311, 108558, 5, 581, 11531, 75204, 24491, 98865, 1295, 19612, 35778, 7, 4, 2750, 105945, 153355, 7730, 4420, 47, 604, 74855, 7, 5, 22758, 113984, 7, 1295, 44, 22418, 5636, 58, 2804, 44, 4233, 66, 15, 27559, 76195, 16, 3288, 16145, 45831, 10, 8, 2480, 12275, 23996, 98, 70, 26177, 9, 58052, 3643, 44, 30154, 37755, 25, 221, 18621, 4, 58, 678, 153355, 20594, 10, 4127, 12447, 98, 10, 28560, 308, 3632, 9, 42424, 100, 70, 12348, 7, 111, 23213, 821, 5, 335, 3986, 1242, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 6, 70035, 164460, 63569, 139999, 71, 450, 70, 11531, 44, 2055, 9167, 18, 538, 65572, 72397, 7, 58, 1295, 70, 45730, 111, 604, 96362, 11001, 7, 12, 44, 3957, 16750, 3688, 83, 40715, 42845, 4, 1286, 627, 1230, 571, 9, 587, 27686, 4, 136, 237, 308, 8946, 237, 290, 56216, 2158, 15434, 128153, 297, 678, 20174, 4950, 7, 47, 1585, 71, 158285, 4, 10, 8010, 9, 4803, 3794, 53, 4420, 101448, 4, 136, 10, 4262, 299, 681, 6563, 450, 25, 7, 23468, 47, 77645, 731, 4, 242, 30154, 37755, 25, 1061, 18621, 25, 1543, 186, 70, 5962, 47, 502, 5310, 903, 6057, 3934, 70, 174296, 157695, 1242, 262, 61823, 449, 44, 30154, 37755, 25, 1061, 18621, 58, 237, 10, 44, 22000, 9, 65769, 337, 254, 58, 136, 44, 6548, 299, 19085, 11531, 830, 178298, 133, 384, 3232, 73, 2590, 111, 70, 4165, 160949, 4597, 35839, 14195, 34403, 136, 24967, 40207, 44, 2347, 16320, 3609, 125688, 47, 153355, 26, 7, 55, 12097, 5, 57549, 29827, 14373, 53673, 136, 28484, 157799, 25842, 1242, 384, 3232, 73, 2590, 2843, 959, 297, 12, 44, 2347, 11531, 65508, 71, 153355, 47, 70, 8999, 237, 821, 5, 15363, 5, 6619, 15411, 4, 2412, 2806, 959, 23113, 538, 5646, 70, 25849, 1728, 24189, 2412, 121447, 604, 221, 22014, 17678, 7156, 23, 103844, 1284, 1978, 6947, 7, 111, 70, 821, 5, 15363, 642, 3714, 136, 5161, 5117, 21449, 1810, 23, 903, 11531, 136, 6863, 221419, 19612, 1202, 1242, 262, 61518, 4734, 58359, 214, 468, 11703, 98, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 9903, 805, 4, 70, 11001, 509, 90698, 10, 37515, 22759, 927, 11001, 1295, 153355, 4, 116287, 214, 46132, 70, 2663, 387, 111, 40368, 116287, 7, 5, 581, 19612, 1202, 100, 70, 11531, 509, 8951, 297, 390, 10208, 134327, 136, 51876, 23, 70, 42911, 425, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 4568, 1202, 34403, 2806, 5646, 2831, 23, 8108, 1919, 47219, 98, 22482, 361, 4, 52489, 581, 1202, 4034, 7, 678, 10, 35011, 7986, 450, 17378, 44, 4153, 459, 6496, 98323, 111, 114411, 44, 129933, 34403, 4745, 56, 58, 12163, 7, 15, 62329, 27417, 209, 4, 32158, 46, 22482, 361, 4, 3576, 16, 830, 153355, 16500, 214, 98, 70, 11958, 35166, 214, 24089, 11782, 7, 1295, 15044, 14195, 34403, 136, 24967, 40207, 5, 4687, 33662, 10756, 7, 1257, 4, 1556, 604, 118285, 15, 44571, 47, 604, 390, 153355, 25, 7, 8561, 42732, 16, 136, 9842, 7, 604, 31815, 124374, 5, 4687, 83, 51592, 90791, 17265, 98, 70, 58434, 5911, 4, 217063, 10, 8783, 78292, 136, 129004, 180950, 23, 10, 11473, 4, 3129, 15426, 7, 100, 604, 4127, 52528, 5, 147466, 4, 604, 23902, 15, 866, 2146, 1255, 25, 7, 8561, 23902, 16, 39580, 604, 1257, 1295, 604, 18276, 4, 8108, 1836, 105556, 70, 305, 25550, 47, 10, 11938, 5, 8622, 83, 7068, 142, 150222, 36356, 4, 7440, 153355, 136, 3060, 4420, 9, 2037, 123, 3443, 7, 51339, 47, 58916, 77038, 27803, 25, 7, 29172, 11531, 44, 8912, 202, 911, 95949, 740, 581, 42659, 111, 44, 30154, 37755, 25, 1061, 18621, 58, 30646, 7, 4, 136, 34403, 136, 40207, 23356, 604, 23, 70, 11938, 51339, 214, 2363, 29892, 7, 5, 581, 1202, 3564, 7, 678, 153355, 136, 604, 23902, 30646, 214, 47, 70, 29398, 136, 105556, 214, 70, 25550, 4, 678, 153355, 16487, 1810, 70, 43334, 76896, 4, 44961, 214, 98, 604, 5155, 5, 153355, 51339, 297, 70, 11531, 99, 70, 3576, 75733, 25, 7, 181948, 54530, 5, 153355, 2843, 51339, 297, 70, 11531, 237, 10, 24668, 121399, 98, 70, 534, 927, 15, 162518, 927, 128512, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44, 30154, 37755, 25, 1061, 18621, 58, 83, 10, 11531, 17164, 297, 390, 15672, 5367, 56, 96180, 153355, 100, 604, 34377, 12275, 7156, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 58, 146783, 5, 581, 68944, 3542, 59121, 390, 5631, 53, 225956, 136, 153355, 4, 12960, 70, 19612, 509, 59121, 390, 66663, 20744, 4, 14787, 50592, 232, 136, 82421, 44, 27559, 76195, 58, 3288, 16145, 4, 2750, 2843, 181653, 70, 11531, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 98, 18982, 714, 4, 88922, 237, 70, 22759, 927, 11001, 1295, 44, 20320, 70, 305, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Composition.", "Release and reception.", "Music video and live performances." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Feelin' So Good\" is a midtempo R&B/hip hop song with a length of five minutes and twenty-seven seconds (5:27). The song was written by Lopez with Cory Rooney, Christopher Rios, Joe Cartagena, Sean Combs, Steven Standard and George Logios, with Combs additionally serving as the track's producer. It features rappers Big Pun and Fat Joe who often collaborated with each other. Lopez recorded her vocals for the song at Daddy's House Recording Studios and Sony Music Studios in New York City. It was later edited by Jim Janik and mixed by Prince Charles Alexander. Lyrically, the song is about Lopez being in a good mood, with nothing bringing her down. Lopez sings in the chorus: \"I'm feelin' so good / I knew that I would / Been taking care of myself / Like I should / Cause not one thing / Can bring me down / Nothing in this world gonna turn me around\". It contains a sample of Strafe's song \"Set It Off\" (1984).", "Around the time of the single's release, Big Pun, who was slated to join Lopez and Fat Joe for a performance of the song on \"Saturday Night Live\" died after a heart attack related to weight issues. Lopez responded to this with a statement \"He was a source of pride for the Latin community, a great artist and a great person. We will miss him terribly.\" The song was remixed for her \"J to tha L-O! The Remixes\" by Sean Combs, the song's original producer. The song received positive reviews from music critics, who enjoyed Lopez going back to her roots. Richard Torress from \"Newsday\" said \"Sean (Puffy) Combs shows a deft studio touch on the hip-hop jam \"Feelin' so Good,\" with Lopez doing a good job on a track tailor-made for the talents of Mary J. Blige.\" \"Billboard\" writer Chuck Taylor observed that the song \"abruptly changes gears\" from the sound of her previous singles: \"The result here is less Latin, more R&B-coated, and as tasty as cherry pie (...) Pumped with enough bass to bend steel, a hot-diggety backbeat, and a sunny chorus that's easy to memorize, 'Feelin' So Good' may be the hit to propel this star into the stratosphere.\" Describing \"Feelin' So Good\" as a \"mid-tempo bop\" and \"sunny party song\", Arielle Tschinkel of the website Idolator called Big Pun and Fat Joe \"the peanut butter to Lopez’s jelly. Smooth yet sweet and complete perfection together.\" Tschinkel also noted: \"the song introduced Lopez to the world as J.Lo. Of course, she would not formally take the moniker until she released her sophomore album in 2001, but glimmers of the J.Lo we know and love first came out in this song and its subsequent music video.\" Despite only reaching #51 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the single was considered a strong fourth single from Lopez, charting inside the top 20 of several charts.", "The music video for the song was directed by Paul Hunter and shot in the Bronx. It is the last video Pun would take part in before his death on February 7, 2000. The video starts with a white text that says \"In loving memory of Christopher \"Big Punisher\" Rios (November 10, 1971 – February 7, 2000)\", Lopez lying on the bed answering phone calls from both Big Pun and Fat Joe. She soon hangs up, has her breakfast (fed to her by Lopez's actual mother) and begins her daily routine. She is seen finding money on the pavement, receiving a paycheck and buying clothes in a sale, which accounts for her good mood. Later, her friends (Lopez's actual friends) pick her up from her house, before they catch the 6 train to a club. There is then an instrumental break, where Lopez and some back-up dancers perform to Manu Dibango's 1972 song \"Soul Makossa\". The beat of \"Feelin' So Good\" returns, and Pun and Joe meet her in the club performing their raps. The video ends with Lopez and her friends returning to the station and catching the train, with Lopez looking out the dark window, reflecting on her day. Lopez performed the song at the 2000 Kid's Choice Awards. Lopez also performed the song as a musical guest on the 11th (476th overall) episode of the 26th season of Saturday Night Live on February 5, 2000. In the performance, she appeared as a teen sneaking out of her house at night. Lopez sang the song at her 2011 Mohegan Sun concert. Additionally, it was included on the setlist for her 2012 Dance Again World Tour." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6765, 17354, 206, 136, 56174, 37837, 19364, 61924, 7426, 19612, 237, 44, 11, 14361, 111, 19612, 3129, 83, 157167, 1495, 2886, 1295, 5700, 4, 39644, 4, 136, 7262, 19612, 7, 740, 129551, 47, 1460, 67, 6872, 1505, 4, 7426, 19612, 83, 44, 141532, 289, 19612, 3129, 123840, 54799, 15044, 7262, 19612, 136, 5885, 81693, 19612, 740, 106073, 7426, 19612, 83, 51592, 237, 1660, 70, 11001, 7, 116287, 7, 4, 442, 83, 959, 70, 10554, 111, 756, 116287, 19612, 5, 581, 19612, 116287, 7, 70541, 52336, 1295, 10, 96551, 111, 97264, 4, 26719, 54704, 289, 4, 39644, 4, 13950, 4, 136, 21261, 939, 52336, 5, 1301, 10, 30773, 4, 7426, 19612, 83, 51592, 47, 32316, 136, 85493, 84797, 538, 5, 228072, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 33554, 19612, 58, 1543, 186, 11814, 47, 98363, 10, 117781, 30773, 4, 82775, 47, 149528, 47, 756, 4, 27983, 62816, 29367, 237, 44, 143034, 11001, 7, 9, 77007, 19612, 1300, 4806, 99, 166513, 7, 58, 23, 69822, 47, 13950, 19612, 237, 44, 54981, 9, 77007, 19612, 100, 116127, 740, 11584, 19612, 19686, 79850, 216479, 7, 33233, 678, 70, 13579, 25, 7, 80934, 5, 129551, 47, 19612, 6, 70035, 19893, 122930, 4, 5700, 19612, 83, 61924, 71, 237, 44, 2347, 19612, 16792, 25297, 47691, 23, 70, 51374, 7, 450, 83, 2684, 23, 13315, 678, 70, 90365, 7, 136, 33946, 7, 111, 70, 27081, 86991, 18507, 1242, 581, 13579, 44, 33554, 11531, 58, 509, 5117, 11814, 23, 70777, 4, 23, 70, 10422, 111, 10, 63847, 111, 19612, 44, 528, 6496, 5700, 149528, 740, 17354, 206, 136, 37837, 19364, 117414, 450, 5941, 47353, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 182304, 23, 70, 23031, 7, 831, 186, 51592, 237, 70, 127319, 111, 70, 5744, 7426, 19612, 53099, 4, 26719, 23, 23295, 4, 107265, 4, 136, 130473, 2721, 538, 19612, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 4165, 111, 44, 3957, 2356, 176766, 147638, 111, 13703, 136, 13703, 72004, 830, 70, 13579, 44, 33554, 19612, 58, 44, 3929, 14985, 3674, 23, 130891, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 113108, 7, 237, 10, 76811, 100, 13950, 136, 21972, 136, 70, 3525, 156206, 19612, 20623, 7, 450, 442, 79507, 71, 740, 44, 3957, 42673, 147638, 111, 13703, 58, 117249, 450, 12960, 7426, 25, 7, 44, 28575, 56786, 91084, 131148, 20428, 7, 149528, 214, 47, 10, 38134, 95771, 1449, 16792, 70, 72399, 27631, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 7426, 1556, 1902, 70, 5361, 91084, 111, 351, 9, 67413, 21533, 8014, 1065, 1771, 268, 4, 56104, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 52336, 4, 51339, 297, 390, 6044, 22104, 7, 237, 581, 130904, 4, 581, 166693, 47002, 7, 4, 11321, 8031, 4, 3021, 1242, 44, 145397, 272, 13703, 2823, 58, 2843, 117249, 450, 44, 46344, 23, 70, 39395, 23936, 7, 4, 378, 2347, 13579, 268, 242, 33554, 19612, 25, 98438, 71, 189995, 6827, 538, 678, 42659, 19612, 378, 73, 30715, 268, 4, 12960, 23, 70, 7082, 6863, 154271, 645, 143, 48398, 15, 162, 442, 7464, 14602, 16, 678, 450, 111, 242, 32491, 136, 21972, 25, 740, 28090, 1672, 28980, 4, 70, 13579, 52, 33554, 19612, 63, 509, 118055, 538, 11814, 23, 177986, 47, 70, 13579, 13950, 19612, 4, 10, 91853, 450, 26038, 189534, 12330, 3956, 47, 15044, 69407, 5, 51404, 13950, 10, 93685, 71, 47, 195734, 2481, 136, 142, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 70, 97370, 2449, 111, 5700, 19612, 4, 7426, 509, 1286, 60091, 4, 28, 20133, 1991, 289, 4, 136, 81522, 5, 129551, 47, 56101, 19612, 31, 106622, 26328, 9173, 927, 4, 7426, 19612, 83, 181653, 44, 162, 10, 26866, 111, 202681, 959, 4927, 830, 136, 83, 44, 34198, 297, 47, 149528, 47, 30309, 58, 1284, 44, 246, 90, 19, 25, 18, 1380, 1295, 2499, 17311, 3687, 707, 16188, 5773, 2499, 17311, 90365, 740, 9173, 927, 15190, 7, 450, 442, 83, 44, 10869, 22648, 19, 390, 2499, 88551, 130970, 40494, 18348, 136, 60091, 152750, 1449, 136, 4, 23, 24668, 69407, 4, 442, 83, 85590, 538, 17467, 4935, 740, 1650, 83, 4, 44, 93136, 48141, 1295, 98, 11192, 15, 1272, 17164, 53095, 4, 5977, 77848, 7, 4, 136, 20428, 8891, 23962, 16, 43257, 3501, 8035, 7228, 1295, 35064, 27, 11584, 83, 959, 10, 54, 9, 217, 9, 154176, 39379, 19612, 1284, 83, 23182, 538, 181653, 136, 98169, 71, 740, 129551, 47, 9173, 927, 4, 62816, 48242, 7, 111, 7426, 19612, 26698, 142, 10, 464, 111, 149528, 214, 47, 10, 4537, 95771, 4, 43257, 3501, 47, 10, 17311, 1614, 9, 88528, 707, 5415, 25443, 4, 136, 142, 242661, 98, 131346, 45211, 16070, 43257, 3501, 23113, 44, 3960, 48242, 58, 14768, 2449, 5, 13703, 191225, 51189, 29178, 161388, 2804, 442, 205794, 1556, 142, 242661, 98, 182304, 4, 36049, 4, 136, 55556, 4, 43257, 3501, 6867, 23718, 74, 10, 72201, 27771, 47, 44961, 144573, 12768, 7, 43257, 3501, 161838, 34754, 7, 74, 136, 131264, 47, 65524, 123, 21896, 707, 4527, 7, 82393, 9, 49133, 297, 6, 239530, 7, 5, 581, 5201, 57646, 111, 7426, 19612, 83, 70, 11531, 4, 27983, 17721, 6626, 136, 10, 23552, 136, 17262, 136, 10, 23552, 14633, 23, 140909, 4, 137567, 94419, 390, 10, 74729, 136, 60322, 2886, 6, 239530, 1771, 12830, 4, 10, 154909, 20623, 136, 10, 8781, 89160, 45646, 5, 151301, 20117, 7, 26698, 70, 51389, 9, 72988, 223, 3173, 136, 70, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 55547, 9, 1299, 3173, 4, 678, 10, 32153, 98, 43671, 90, 136, 105556, 53, 150522, 7, 4, 136, 10, 681, 6563, 450, 69822, 7, 43671, 6827, 538, 4, 6, 239530, 71407, 136, 182, 3796, 71407, 678, 70, 51389, 5, 581, 42659, 136, 70, 43671, 90, 17660, 47, 186, 8781, 4, 678, 84046, 22313, 238, 1030, 277, 46648, 674, 5, 581, 68944, 111, 5744, 7426, 52336, 205794, 32153, 98, 8781, 2856, 90, 46, 27983, 5161, 136, 79880, 151618, 46, 102971, 2685, 621, 135818, 131527, 7, 5, 1950, 432, 299, 136, 681, 4216, 187735, 7, 23, 7426, 19612, 621, 27983, 44, 86673, 111, 54704, 289, 28811, 8721, 134393, 4, 4734, 1286, 8781, 9, 36904, 297, 1242, 313, 5486, 2246, 26698, 70, 125017, 10534, 70801, 126, 9, 40946, 182, 432, 299, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 17, 14, 46, 310, 46, 87, 16, 136, 107265, 105994, 9, 73, 18026, 6620, 71, 182, 432, 299, 5, 8622, 509, 10, 199, 184, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11584, 19612, 83, 10, 30773, 111, 5700, 19612, 450, 62038, 3674, 23, 6863, 5744, 3173, 7, 23, 70, 7082, 136, 70, 17274, 20271, 70, 4122, 9, 113108, 7, 5, 581, 69407, 44, 114366, 19612, 58, 136, 44, 33554, 19612, 58, 621, 27983, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 4, 102971, 70, 36770, 98363, 7, 756, 19612, 450, 83, 5700, 136, 96853, 5941, 9789, 20623, 7, 5, 44, 127642, 58, 136, 44, 32491, 58, 3542, 166904, 538, 164661, 10821, 69407, 24189, 70, 72399, 23936, 7, 4, 3229, 1836, 100512, 32233, 84797, 71, 1295, 12638, 3789, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definitions and etymology.", "Characteristics.", "Development and influence.", "Technology and media.", "Stylistic evolution.", "International spread." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as \"a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, and folk musics\". According to Pete Seeger, pop music is \"professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music\". Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. As a genre, pop music is seen to exist and develop separately. Therefore, the term \"pop music\" may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as \"instant singles-based music aimed at teenagers\" in contrast to rock music as \"album-based music for adults\". Pop music continuously evolves along with the term's definition. According to music writer Bill Lamb, popular music is defined as \"the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class.\" The term \"pop song\" was first used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music \"having popular appeal\". Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues, and hillbilly music. According to the website of \"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians\", the term \"pop music\" \"originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\". \"The Oxford Dictionary of Music\" states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience [...] since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc.\" \"Grove Music Online\" also states that \"[...] in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the US its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'\". From about 1967, the term “pop music” was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a division that gave generic significance to both terms. While rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of popular music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible. According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced \"as a matter of enterprise not art\", and is \"designed to appeal to everyone\" but \"doesn't come from any particular place or mark off any particular taste\". Frith adds that it is \"not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward [...] and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative\". It is, \"provided from on high (by record companies, radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below... Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged\".", "According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal \"artistic\" qualities. Music scholar Timothy Warner said it typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and aims to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms. The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure. Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment. The lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions. Harmony and chord progressions in pop music are often \"that of classical European tonality, only more simple-minded.\" Clichés include the barbershop quartet-style harmony (i.e. ii – V – I) and blues scale-influenced harmony. There was a lessening of the influence of traditional views of the circle of fifths between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, including less predominance for the dominant function.", "", "In the 1940s, improved microphone design allowed a more intimate singing style and ten or twenty years later, inexpensive and more durable 45 rpm records for singles \"revolutionized the manner in which pop has been disseminated\", which helped to move pop music to \"a record/radio/film star system\". Another technological change was the widespread availability of television in the 1950s; with televised performances, \"pop stars had to have a visual presence\". In the 1960s, the introduction of inexpensive, portable transistor radios meant that teenagers in the developed world could listen to music outside of the home. By the early 1980s, the promotion of pop music had been greatly affected by the rise of music television channels like MTV, which \"favoured those artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna who had a strong visual appeal\". Multi-track recording (from the 1960s) and digital sampling (from the 1980s) have also been utilized as methods for the creation and elaboration of pop music. During the mid-1960s, pop music made repeated forays into new sounds, styles, and techniques that inspired public discourse among its listeners. The word \"progressive\" was frequently used, and it was thought that every song and single was to be a \"progression\" from the last. Music critic Simon Reynolds writes that beginning with 1967, a divide would exist between \"progressive\" pop and \"mass/chart\" pop, a separation which was \"also, broadly, one between boys and girls, middle-class and working-class.\" The latter half of the 20th-century included a large-scale trend in American culture in which the boundaries between art and pop music were increasingly blurred. Between 1950 and 1970, there was a debate of pop versus art. Since then, certain music publications have embraced the music's legitimacy, a trend referred to as \"poptimism\".", "Throughout its development, pop music has absorbed influences from other genres of popular music. Early pop music drew on the sentimental ballad for its form, gained its use of vocal harmonies from gospel and soul music, instrumentation from jazz and rock music, orchestration from classical music, tempo from dance music, backing from electronic music, rhythmic elements from hip-hop music, and spoken passages from rap. In 2016, a \"Scientific Reports\" study that examined over 464,000 recordings of popular music recorded between 1955 and 2010 found that since the 1960s, pop music had found less variety in pitch progressions, grown average loudness levels, less diverse instrumentation and recording techniques, and less timbral variety. \"Scientific American\"s John Matson reported that this \"seems to support the popular anecdotal observation that pop music of yore was \"better\", or at least more varied, than today's top-40 stuff\". However, he also noted that the study may not have been entirely representative of pop in each generation. In the 1960s, the majority of mainstream pop music fell in two categories: guitar, drum and bass groups or singers backed by a traditional orchestra. Since early in the decade, it was common for pop producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with musical form, orchestration, unnatural reverb, and other sound effects. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and Joe Meek's use of homemade electronic sound effects for acts like the Tornados. At the same time, pop music on radio and in both American and British film moved away from refined Tin Pan Alley to more eccentric songwriting and incorporated reverb-drenched rock guitar, symphonic strings, and horns played by groups of properly arranged and rehearsed studio musicians. A 2019 study held by New York University in which 643 participants had to rank how familiar a pop song is to them, songs from the 1960s turned out to be the most memorable, significantly more than songs from recent years 2000 to 2015. Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music. Assisted by the mid-1960s economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them the freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over their content and marketing. This situation declined after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of Internet stars. Indie pop, which developed in the late 1970s, marked another departure from the glamour of contemporary pop music, with guitar bands formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music without having to procure a record contract from a major label. Latin pop rose in popularity in the United States during the 1950s with early rock and roll success Ritchie Valens, though it truly rose to prominence during the 1970s and 1980s with the likes of Los Lobos. With later Hispanic and Latino Americans seeing success within pop music charts, 1990s pop successes stayed popular in both their original genres and in broader pop music. Artists like Selena saw large-scale pop music presence, and crossover appeal with fans of Tejano music trailblazers like Lydia Mendoza; likewise in other genres like Lorenzo Antonio and Sparx, who are recognized throughout Latin America as well as within their New Mexico music repertoire of Al Hurricane and Antonia Apodaca. Musicians like Shakira, Ricky Martin, Selena Gomez, and Demi Lovato seen lasting mass-appeal within pop music circles. Latin pop hit singles, such as \"Macarena\" by Los del Río and \"Despacito\" by Luis Fonsi, have seen record-breaking success on worldwide pop music charts. The 1980s are commonly remembered for an increase in the use of digital recording, associated with the usage of synthesizers, with synth-pop music and other electronic genres featuring non-traditional instruments increasing in popularity. By 2014, pop music worldwide had been permeated by electronic dance music. In 2018, researchers at the University of California, Irvine, concluded that pop music has become'sadder' since the 1980s. The elements of happiness and brightness have eventually been replaced with the electronic beats making the pop music more'sad yet danceable'.", "Pop music has been dominated by the American and (from the mid-1960s) British music industries, whose influence has made pop music something of an international monoculture, but most regions and countries have their own form of pop music, sometimes producing local versions of wider trends, and lending them local characteristics. Some of these trends (for example Europop) have had a significant impact of the development of the genre. According to \"Grove Music Online\", \"Western-derived pop styles, whether coexisting with or marginalizing distinctively local genres, have spread throughout the world and have come to constitute stylistic common denominators in global commercial music cultures\". Some non-Western countries, such as Japan, have developed a thriving pop music industry, most of which is devoted to Western-style pop. Japan has for several years produced a greater quantity of music than everywhere except the US. The spread of Western-style pop music has been interpreted variously as representing processes of Americanization, homogenization, modernization, creative appropriation, cultural imperialism, or a more general process of globalization. In Korea, pop music's influence has led to the birth of boy bands and girl groups which have gained overseas renown through both their music and aesthetics. Korean co-ed groups (mixed gender groups) have not been as successful." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 152590, 71, 23, 18592, 4, 70, 172335, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 70, 26842, 50161, 23, 14713, 4, 15758, 136, 28173, 16, 509, 503, 208, 25, 7, 42805, 3934, 70, 22759, 927, 58093, 111, 1202, 6712, 130250, 7, 5, 360, 4122, 9, 70779, 4, 503, 208, 45733, 9627, 11, 31, 84649, 41975, 1274, 2822, 8352, 18955, 23677, 237, 13918, 136, 45733, 111, 503, 208, 111, 21629, 5, 18955, 23677, 126809, 10, 22759, 9, 38496, 1774, 100, 40575, 111, 70, 172335, 12, 92319, 70, 27167, 111, 70, 130250, 4, 28282, 10, 345, 5, 294, 5, 9, 77007, 7175, 47, 85493, 27528, 30388, 297, 99, 70, 15672, 16839, 4, 21342, 124030, 13, 153603, 80399, 7, 4, 136, 74703, 44, 8912, 6402, 70, 87193, 60885, 1663, 58, 678, 70, 130250, 5, 581, 148926, 45443, 111, 14364, 7, 61475, 538, 6392, 254, 66187, 71, 111, 70, 1774, 4, 1284, 756, 22759, 26847, 3542, 190238, 390, 84649, 41975, 4, 2750, 30745, 18955, 23677, 4, 44, 568, 1274, 2822, 398, 47, 3249, 70, 115299, 100, 14713, 136, 70, 21629, 7, 4, 221, 738, 99255, 136, 54, 442, 1242, 57832, 7, 1645, 52021, 44, 8912, 6402, 58, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 158036, 27528, 17669, 7228, 4, 136, 503, 208, 25, 7, 130250, 77681, 34739, 5773, 55441, 111, 70, 118651, 509, 1601, 1824, 297, 390, 2673, 17254, 947, 188, 4, 503, 208, 25, 7, 14364, 136, 8, 7077, 53, 4537, 31095, 111, 25188, 136, 34754, 5, 129551, 47, 503, 208, 13452, 31095, 2673, 17254, 180, 161, 54184, 4, 70, 13452, 26859, 645, 6626, 5369, 8108, 70, 118651, 509, 7639, 408, 5281, 99, 70, 71667, 109451, 17367, 23, 18237, 103709, 581, 9351, 44, 294, 16989, 19, 58, 509, 61475, 538, 4734, 70, 18151, 11627, 20271, 34754, 5, 44, 10770, 134910, 131337, 6661, 58, 23, 11994, 13211, 113771, 10, 107282, 450, 44, 2347, 503, 208, 44, 294, 16989, 19, 42940, 1221, 54452, 23, 15758, 8108, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 6602, 58, 100, 3650, 24291, 1104, 7739, 5, 360, 13867, 4, 503, 208, 136, 148926, 65133, 7, 14380, 46792, 1861, 100, 4806, 10, 124416, 200569, 47, 85493, 10, 3525, 86039, 100, 70, 118651, 4, 3129, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 166635, 111, 503, 208, 121447, 70, 118651, 23, 15758, 98, 7582, 24470, 13211, 4, 99, 10, 27167, 111, 6, 32389, 12465, 4, 10253, 5, 44, 79600, 4679, 106313, 56, 830, 10, 109208, 7844, 11469, 111, 70, 5700, 187, 23662, 6712, 4, 54324, 99, 10, 110518, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 70460, 678, 70, 118651, 130250, 99, 83184, 136, 509, 106157, 47, 70, 5426, 25, 7, 39395, 36272, 23, 15758, 5, 145733, 503, 208, 1902, 36663, 47, 83184, 678, 44, 441, 21135, 18244, 114996, 58, 136, 44, 55956, 4383, 107398, 191, 4, 58, 70, 4734, 3789, 5117, 9, 71983, 6712, 19882, 99, 83184, 509, 44, 1456, 66, 4841, 14, 62448, 1830, 740, 103181, 6259, 390, 70, 5700, 2481, 111, 44, 79600, 4679, 106313, 56, 830, 503, 208, 25, 7, 61475, 109923, 674, 111, 1781, 4, 9508, 118651, 25072, 7, 54324, 1810, 98, 70, 5117, 5155, 5, 503, 208, 40485, 297, 24189, 70, 14487, 138, 83184, 111, 70, 75041, 47, 109923, 1286, 25072, 7, 74, 3229, 15044, 3542, 54324, 5609, 390, 5609, 4, 70, 118651, 77443, 1286, 5700, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 503, 208, 121447, 70, 2789, 1542, 98, 7582, 21416, 13211, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 14487, 138, 4, 13211, 23, 15758, 4, 136, 18982, 11857, 23, 92060, 43396, 90, 4, 136, 509, 54324, 99, 40715, 3501, 23552, 111, 70, 118651, 25, 7, 83184, 27167, 5, 24372, 70, 65006, 34003, 4, 49903, 4, 33946, 23, 70, 2789, 1542, 25545, 538, 206398, 71, 5, 6, 183191, 118651, 262, 61518, 70, 83184, 111, 70, 75041, 136, 118651, 4, 40575, 111, 22958, 3137, 27528, 136, 130250, 7, 136475, 47, 15426, 100, 305, 11267, 111, 70, 1202, 6712, 16839, 23, 98147, 503, 208, 1379, 72992, 3674, 70, 136475, 5700, 2481, 111, 70, 172335, 4, 136, 6777, 959, 765, 70, 26868, 30675, 47, 23356, 35968, 5, 503, 208, 509, 19048, 47, 141621, 201, 11587, 111, 70, 15437, 12008, 111, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 1202, 6712, 16839, 136, 74703, 1286, 3501, 116, 19879, 172335, 25072, 7, 23, 11857, 4, 1284, 18955, 23677, 25902, 3674, 450, 44, 1177, 5809, 765, 54324, 15700, 6, 232259, 172335, 76519, 23, 70, 7582, 64, 120152, 27417, 1733, 160328, 1242, 84649, 41975, 25, 7, 51957, 47, 32153, 98, 70, 118651, 645, 70, 172335, 4, 35509, 1301, 177583, 11399, 509, 20697, 98, 44, 839, 22553, 7, 3934, 41945, 7, 830, 503, 208, 66211, 297, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 9, 77007, 503, 208, 101044, 289, 43975, 15, 59864, 16, 678, 168698, 2367, 2806, 765, 2809, 70, 5117, 89554, 138, 397, 42805, 23, 6863, 5700, 44, 8912, 6402, 70, 87193, 60885, 1663, 58, 36549, 5, 581, 6712, 4, 44, 8912, 6402, 1193, 9, 54076, 13, 830, 509, 109133, 47, 70, 118651, 7103, 40368, 160469, 90, 100, 3789, 76407, 15, 216561, 70, 2789, 1542, 16, 3542, 17116, 5861, 297, 5, 1650, 60213, 71, 10, 67155, 31463, 3098, 7, 15593, 5426, 450, 47014, 3674, 90926, 678, 177583, 25, 7, 112664, 5, 24372, 84649, 41975, 12989, 297, 70, 6712, 186, 456, 18244, 297, 10932, 70, 87907, 75935, 100, 6863, 55983, 133868, 7, 4, 70, 106001, 7, 3542, 168861, 47, 4488, 17721, 611, 136, 387, 21974, 10, 5155, 47, 23356, 2363, 14487, 11891, 157206, 5, 58417, 7, 111, 34754, 3542, 509, 3674, 7103, 18343, 320, 3332, 134699, 297, 6, 59864, 25, 7, 17203, 47, 177583, 11399, 25, 7, 44, 839, 22553, 7, 3934, 41945, 7, 58, 87907, 25632, 142, 20654, 2555, 390, 44, 839, 22553, 7, 58, 77848, 15127, 658, 84649, 5, 24372, 77848, 67292, 884, 191, 569, 18, 136, 51517, 7, 31745, 4311, 19, 136, 31745, 1311, 58871, 100512, 99825, 4, 44, 8912, 6402, 1193, 9, 62731, 282, 58, 509, 53017, 6259, 23, 39395, 98600, 177583, 11399, 26859, 4488, 98, 142, 7311, 138, 397, 28090, 13867, 47, 39395, 11891, 4, 102971, 503, 208, 25, 7, 146295, 206398, 71, 237, 2831, 111, 142, 53099, 9, 113458, 72803, 34695, 4, 70, 14380, 10267, 122009, 6226, 111, 138, 11991, 111, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 1202, 6712, 16839, 15, 277, 2500, 297, 47, 70616, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 83, 10, 5368, 1202, 6712, 130250, 126809, 390, 503, 208, 136, 121447, 98, 7582, 24470, 13211, 23, 15758, 4, 4347, 534, 4, 11857, 23, 23924, 21629, 4, 136, 20414, 382, 4, 11857, 23, 14713, 5, 16995, 111, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 58093, 111, 1202, 6712, 130250, 7, 4, 442, 509, 70, 39457, 42, 47, 70, 65771, 503, 208, 172335, 5, 581, 118651, 1556, 10, 87758, 9, 441, 26214, 6, 159958, 136, 136659, 14543, 4295, 5, 1650, 7, 27528, 621, 23, 7915, 9, 61607, 9384, 4, 136, 6863, 6712, 35773, 1294, 70541, 7, 40368, 11469, 7, 111, 187, 23662, 27528, 237, 5299, 237, 7311, 27528, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Background.", "Development.", "Launch.", "Changes at Sega.", "Cancellation of \"Sonic X-treme\".", "Decline.", "Technical specifications.", "Game library.", "Reception and legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Released in 1988, the Genesis (known as the Mega Drive in Europe, Japan and Australia) was Sega's entry into the fourth generation of video game consoles. In mid-1990, Sega CEO Hayao Nakayama hired Tom Kalinske as president and CEO of Sega of America. Kalinske developed a four-point plan for sales of the Genesis: lower the price of the console, create a U.S.-based team to develop games targeted at the American market, continue aggressive advertising campaigns, and sell \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" with the console. The Japanese board of directors initially disapproved of the plan, but all four points were approved by Nakayama, who told Kalinske, \"I hired you to make the decisions for Europe and the Americas, so go ahead and do it.\" Magazines praised \"Sonic\" as one of the greatest games ever made, and Sega's console finally took off", "Development of the Saturn was supervised by Hideki Sato, Sega's director and deputy general manager of research and development. According to Sega project manager Hideki Okamura, the project started over two years before the Saturn was showcased at the Tokyo Toy Show in June 1994. The name \"Saturn\" was initially only the codename during development. \"Computer Gaming World\" in March 1994 reported a rumor that \"the Sega \"Saturn\"... will release in Japan before the end of the year\" for $250–300. In 1993, Sega and Japanese electronics company Hitachi formed a joint venture to develop a new CPU for the Saturn, which resulted in the creation of", "Sega released the Saturn in Japan on November 22, 1994, at a price of ¥44,800. \"Virtua Fighter\", a faithful port of the popular arcade game, sold at a nearly one-to-one ratio with the Saturn console at launch and was crucial to the system's early success in Japan. Though Sega had wanted to launch with \"Clockwork Knight\" and \"Panzer Dragoon,\" the only other first-party game available at launch was \"Wan Chai Connection\". Fueled by the popularity of \"Virtua Fighter\", Sega's initial shipment of 200,000 Saturn units sold out on the first day. Sega waited until the December 3 launch of the PlayStation to ship more units; when both were sold side by side, the Saturn proved more popular. Meanwhile, Sega released the 32X on November 21, 1994 in North America, December 3, 1994 in Japan, and January 1995 in PAL territories, and was sold at less than half of the Saturn's launch price. After the holiday season, however, interest in the 32X rapidly declined. 500,000 Saturn", "Despite the launch of the PlayStation and Saturn, sales of 16-bit games and consoles continued to account for 64% of the video game market in 1995. Sega underestimated the continued popularity of the Genesis, and did not have the inventory to meet demand. Sega was able to capture 43% of the dollar share of the U.S. video game market and sell more than 2 million Genesis units in 1995, but Kalinske estimated that \"we could have sold another 300,000 Genesis systems in the November/December timeframe.\" Nakayama's decision to focus on the Saturn over the Genesis, based", "As Sonic Team was working on \"Nights into Dreams\", Sega tasked the U.S.-based Sega Technical Institute (STI) with developing what would have been the first fully 3D entry in its popular \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" series. The game, \"Sonic X-treme\", was moved to the Saturn after several prototypes for other hardware (including the 32X) were discarded. It featured a fisheye lens camera system that rotated levels with Sonic's movement. After Nakayama ordered the game be reworked around the engine created for its boss battles, the developers were forced to work between 16 and 20 hours a day to meet their December 1996 deadline. Weeks of development were wasted after Stolar rescinded STI's access to Sonic Team's \"Nights into Dreams\" engine following an ultimatum by \"Nights\" programmer Yuji Naka. After programmer Ofer Alon quit and designers Chris Senn and Chris Coffin became ill, \"Sonic X-Treme\" was cancelled in early 1997. Sonic Team started work on an original 3D", "From 1993 to early 1996, although Sega's revenue declined as part of an industry-wide slowdown, the company retained control of 38% of the U.S. video game market (compared to Nintendo's 30% and Sony's 24%). 800,000 PlayStation units were sold in the U.S. by the end of 1995, compared to 400,000 Saturn units. In part due to an aggressive price war, the PlayStation outsold the Saturn by two-to-one in 1996, while Sega's 16-bit sales declined markedly. By the end of 1996, the PlayStation had sold 2.9 million units in the U.S., more than twice the 1.2 million Saturn units sold. The Christmas", "Featuring eight processors, the Saturn's main central processing units are two Hitachi SH-2 microprocessors clocked at 28.6 MHz and capable of 56 MIPS. It uses a Motorola 68EC000 running at 11.3 MHz as a sound controller; a custom sound processor with an integrated Yamaha FH1 DSP running at 22.6 MHz capable of up to 32 sound channels with both FM synthesis and 16-bit PCM sampling at a maximum rate of 44.1 kHz; and two video display processors: the VDP1 (which handles sprites, textures and polygons) and the VDP2 (which handles backgrounds). Its double-speed CD-ROM drive is controlled by a dedicated Hitachi SH-1 processor to reduce load times. The System Control Unit (SCU), which controls all buses and functions as a co-processor of the main SH-2 CPU, has an internal DSP running at 14.3 MHz. It features a cartridge slot that allows for memory expansion, 16 Mbit of work random-access memory (RAM), 12 Mbit of video RAM, 4 Mbit of RAM for sound functions, 4 Mbit of CD buffer RAM and 256 Kbit (32 KB) of battery backup RAM. Its video output, provided by a stereo AV cable, displays at resolutions from 320×224 to 704×224 pixels, and can display up to 16.77 million colors simultaneously. The Saturn measures. It was sold packaged with an instruction manual, one control pad, a stereo AV cable, and its 100 V AC power supply, with a power consumption of approximately 15W. The Saturn had technically impressive hardware at the time of its release, but its complexity made harnessing this power difficult for developers accustomed to conventional programming. The greatest disadvantage was that both CPUs shared the same bus and were unable to access system memory at the same time. Making full use of the 4 kB of cache memory in each CPU was critical to maintaining performance. For example, \"Virtua Fighter\" used one CPU for each character, while \"Nights\" used one CPU for 3D environments and the other for 2D objects. The Visual Display Processor 2 (VDP2), which can generate and manipulate backgrounds, has also been cited as one of the system's most important features. The Saturn's design elicited mixed commentary among game developers and journalists. Developers quoted by \"Next Generation\" in December 1995 described the Saturn as \"a real coder's machine\" for \"those who love to get their teeth into assembly and really hack the hardware\", with \"more flexibility\" and \"more calculating power than the PlayStation\". The sound board was also widely praised. By contrast, Lobotomy Software programmer Ezra Dreisbach described the Saturn as significantly slower than the PlayStation, whereas Kenji Eno of WARP observed little difference. In particular, Dreisbach criticized the Saturn's use of quadrilaterals as its basic geometric primitive, in contrast to the triangles rendered by the PlayStation and the Nintendo 64. Ken Humphries of Time Warner Interactive remarked that compared to the PlayStation, the Saturn", "Much of the Saturn's library comes from Sega's arcade ports, including \"Daytona USA\", \"The House of the Dead\", \"Last Bronx\", \"Sega Rally Championship\", the \"Virtua Cop\" series, the \"Virtua Fighter\" series, and \"Virtual-On\". Saturn ports of 2D Capcom fighting games including \"Darkstalkers 3\", \"Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter\", and \"Street Fighter Alpha 3\" were noted for their faithfulness to their arcade counterparts. \"Fighters Megamix\", developed by Sega AM2 for the Saturn rather than arcades, combined characters from \"Fighting Vipers\" and \"Virtua Fighter\" to positive reviews. Highly rated Saturn exclusives include \"Panzer Dragoon Saga\", \"Dragon Force\", \"Guardian Heroes\", \"Nights\", \"Panzer Dragoon II Zwei\", and \"Shining Force III\". PlayStation games such as \"\", \"Resident Evil\", and \"Wipeout 2097\" received Saturn ports with mixed results. Lobotomy Software's \"PowerSlave\" featured some of the most impressive 3D graphics on the system, leading Sega to contract them to produce Saturn ports of \"Duke Nukem 3D\" and \"Quake\". While Electronic Arts' limited support for the Saturn and Sega's failure to develop a football game for the 1996 fall season gave Sony the lead in the sports genre, \"Sega Sports\" published Saturn sports games including the well-regarded \"World Series Baseball\" and \"Sega Worldwide Soccer\" series. With about 600 official releases, the Saturn's library is nearly twice as large as the Nintendo 64's. Due to the cancellation of \"Sonic X-treme\", the Saturn lacks an exclusive \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" platformer; instead it received a graphically enhanced port of the Genesis game \"Sonic 3D Blast\", the compilation \"Sonic Jam\", and a racing game, \"Sonic R\". The platformer \"Bug!\" received attention for its eponymous main character being a potential mascot for the Saturn, but it failed to catch on as the \"Sonic\" series had. Considered one of the most important Saturn releases, Sonic Team developed \"Nights into Dreams\", a score", "At the time of the Saturn's release, \"Famicom Tsūshin\" awarded it 24 out of 40, higher than the PlayStation's 19 out of 40. In June 1995, Dennis Lynch of the \"Chicago Tribune\" and Albert Kim of \"Entertainment Weekly\" praised the Saturn as the most advanced console available; Lynch praised the double-speed CD-ROM drive and \"intense surround-sound capabilities\" and Kim cited \"Panzer Dragoon\" as a \"lyrical and exhilarating epic\" demonstrating the ability of new technology to \"transform\" the industry. In December 1995, \"Next Generation\" gave the Saturn three and a half stars out of five, highlighting Sega's marketing and arcade background as strengths but the system's complexity as a weakness. Four critics in \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\"s December 1996 Buyer's Guide rated the Saturn 8, 6, 7, and 8 out of 10 and the PlayStation 9, 10, 9, and 9. By December 1998, \"EGM\"s reviews were more mixed, with reviewers citing the lack of games as a major problem. According to \"EGM\" reviewer Crispin Boyer, \"the Saturn is the only system that can thrill me one month and totally disappoint me the next\". Retrospective feedback of the Saturn is mixed, but generally praises its game library. According to Greg Sewart of 1UP.com, \"the Saturn will go down in history as one of the most troubled, and greatest, systems of all time\". In 2009, IGN named the Saturn the 18th best console of all time, praising its unique game library. According to the reviewers, \"While the Saturn ended up losing the popularity contest to both Sony and Nintendo... \"Nights into Dreams\", the \"Virtua Fighter\" and \"Panzer Dragoon\" series are all examples of exclusive titles that made the console a fan favorite.\" \"Edge\" noted \"hardened loyalists continue to reminisce about the console that brought forth games like \"Burning Rangers\", \"Guardian Heroes\", \"Dragon Force\" and \"Panzer Dragoon Saga\".\" In 2015, \"The Guardian\"s Keith Stuart wrote that \"the Saturn has perhaps the strongest line up of 2D shooters and fighting games in console history\". \"Retro Gamer\"s Damien McFerran wrote: \"Even today, despite the widespread availability of sequels and re-releases on other formats, the Sega Saturn is still a worthwhile investment for those who appreciate the unique gameplay styles of the companies that supported it.\" IGN's Adam Redsell wrote \"[Sega's] devil-may-care attitude towards game development in the Saturn and Dreamcast eras is something that we simply do not see outside of the indie scene today.\" Necrosoft Games director Brandon Sheffield felt that \"the Saturn was a landing point for games that were too 'adult' in content for other systems, as it was the only one that allowed an 18+ rating for content in Japan... some games, like \"Enemy Zero\" used it to take body horror to new levels, an important step toward the expansion of games and who they served.\" Sewart praised the Saturn's first-party games as \"Sega's shining moment as a game developer\", with Sonic Team demonstrating its creative range and AM2 producing numerous technically impressive arcade ports. He also commented on the many Japan-exclusive Saturn releases, which he connected with a subsequent boom in the game import market. IGN's Travis Fahs was critical of the Saturn library's lack of \"fresh ideas\" and \"precious few high-profile franchises\", in contrast to what he described as Sega's more creative Dreamcast output. Sega has been criticized for its management of the Saturn. McFerran felt its management staff had \"fallen out of touch with both the demands of the market and the industry\". Stolar has also been criticized; according to Fahs, \"Stolar's decision to abandon the Saturn made him a villain to many Sega fans, but... it was better to regroup than to enter the next fight battered and bruised. Dreamcast would be Stolar's redemption.\" Stolar defended his decision, saying, \"I felt Saturn was hurting the company more than helping it. That was a battle that we weren't going to win.\" Sheffield said that the Saturn's quadrilaterals undermined third-party support, but because \"nVidia invested in quads\" at the same time, there had been \"a remote possibility\" they could have \"become the standard instead of triangles... if somehow, magically, the Saturn were the most popular console of that era.\" Speaking more positively, former Working Designs president Victor Ireland described the Saturn as \"the start of the future of console gaming\" because it \"got the better developers thinking and designing with parallel-processing architecture in mind for the first time\". In GamesRadar, Justin Towell wrote that the Saturn's 3D Pad \"set the template for every successful controller that followed, with analog shoulder triggers and left thumbstick... I don't see any three-pronged controllers around the office these days.\" Douglass C. Perry of Gamasutra noted that, from its surprise launch to its ultimate failure, the Saturn \"soured many gamers on Sega products\". Sewart and IGN's Levi Buchanan cited the failure of the Saturn as the major reason for Sega's downfall as a hardware manufacturer, but USgamer's Jeremy Parish described it as \"more a symptom... than a cause\" of the decline, which began with add-ons for the Genesis that fragmented the market and continued with Sega of America's and Sega of Japan's competing designs for the Dreamcast. Sheffield portrayed Sega's mistakes with the Saturn as emblematic of the broader decline of the Japanese gaming industry: \"They thought they were invincible, and that structure and hierarchy were necessary for their survival, but more flexibility, and a greater participation with the West could have saved them.\" According to Stuart, Sega \"didn't see... the roots of a prevailing trend, away from arcade conversions and traditional role-playing adventures and toward a much wider console development community with fresh ideas about gameplay and structure.\" Pulp365 reviews editor Matt Paprocki concluded that \"the Saturn is a relic, but an important one, which represents the harshness of progress and what it can leave in its wake\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 21864, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 48031, 53702, 7, 111, 70, 29581, 4, 5117, 100, 4806, 23, 66426, 237, 70, 44, 568, 238, 9, 237385, 58, 15, 185200, 22019, 329, 12349, 16, 172852, 1810, 111, 10, 11001, 127451, 136, 13416, 214, 105237, 47, 158465, 55578, 39, 603, 5, 55578, 39, 603, 6, 140545, 297, 10, 36770, 48807, 24, 1405, 93324, 4, 51661, 25612, 28240, 71, 26932, 4, 47, 131168, 70, 19336, 122921, 5, 581, 23179, 509, 120514, 4806, 44, 8859, 5372, 16587, 7, 33820, 58, 15, 22916, 16, 23, 70, 51065, 111, 60775, 5, 581, 21864, 100512, 1286, 113138, 7103, 70, 83572, 31016, 34739, 6226, 111, 102126, 23, 55591, 136, 70, 29581, 26859, 210751, 1916, 756, 105207, 19069, 7, 111, 70, 48031, 20939, 19481, 111, 70, 74283, 5, 31267, 8108, 41555, 100512, 76710, 141, 1484, 23, 18982, 55591, 4, 70, 21864, 509, 10, 22814, 22819, 44, 35414, 38507, 58, 645, 70, 29581, 136, 645, 43032, 111, 70, 83572, 31016, 136, 112730, 10, 130306, 31486, 23, 51371, 1916, 68894, 9, 22232, 329, 14537, 7, 3934, 70, 44540, 111, 55578, 39, 603, 136, 28240, 71, 26932, 5, 76556, 41555, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 76710, 141, 1484, 390, 30839, 34202, 10208, 542, 67944, 57617, 4, 764, 69405, 7228, 79825, 47, 45258, 67, 70, 6, 66398, 13918, 5, 2161, 1372, 22482, 55591, 4, 41555, 122991, 71, 67944, 57617, 47, 159978, 10, 11341, 111, 161203, 3129, 45890, 297, 756, 9782, 14788, 2449, 87420, 102126, 4, 4743, 99, 19713, 23, 2831, 47, 70, 74283, 81325, 11476, 70, 17431, 8108, 5, 41555, 92784, 71, 67944, 57617, 87420, 450, 764, 509, 81887, 214, 47, 39848, 731, 70, 370, 81944, 34, 10821, 68894, 28302, 23, 102126, 390, 35971, 10, 44, 112, 6211, 29888, 72350, 26548, 84158, 271, 27992, 7, 111, 95319, 22, 20167, 4209, 70, 11341, 1242, 5282, 1916, 110, 1733, 4, 55578, 39, 603, 5423, 70, 21864, 23, 78112, 237, 1836, 80723, 105233, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 20596, 9, 4711, 111, 70, 83572, 63647, 25, 7, 68894, 233, 54137, 7, 4, 34784, 214, 18940, 5808, 1314, 4, 99866, 7, 4, 845, 114686, 119893, 4, 32485, 7, 4, 136, 60013, 64370, 23, 70, 9433, 4, 135834, 2856, 47, 70, 3525, 538, 9, 7752, 7121, 67175, 101085, 178290, 43573, 186806, 4, 96606, 916, 5, 55578, 39, 603, 25, 7, 29581, 136, 21864, 7228, 2363, 169424, 29131, 99, 24145, 390, 120592, 31351, 70, 63647, 111, 6863, 51529, 68894, 22, 13, 32747, 136, 6863, 21778, 1399, 4126, 64333, 4, 237, 5299, 5, 1301, 2060, 237, 28240, 71, 26932, 136, 55578, 39, 603, 3542, 142837, 4, 70, 21864, 25737, 2363, 29752, 208806, 307, 6261, 538, 61924, 71, 221, 237, 47, 44, 107, 24931, 142, 13984, 100, 756, 112411, 2449, 740, 6561, 6044, 112411, 939, 2806, 33662, 10, 58944, 5, 1326, 10, 12960, 4, 70, 29581, 98438, 71, 678, 70, 44, 294, 987, 192, 275, 66502, 58, 15, 6703, 16, 100, 79507, 28032, 102126, 5, 55578, 39, 603, 45, 10058, 14437, 70, 5377, 136, 21449, 47, 8, 13158, 107, 70, 44, 219, 73163, 9, 14179, 6953, 58, 119455, 112107, 15, 112, 61518, 24145, 19441, 2809, 10, 32786, 16, 136, 2367, 764, 24124, 237, 19538, 16797, 17688, 30170, 10840, 444, 532, 6863, 133465, 5, 1913, 19713, 1632, 479, 22829, 47, 111670, 78301, 79507, 100, 55578, 39, 603, 25, 7, 29581, 136, 28240, 71, 26932, 25, 7, 21864, 23, 44, 208202, 1916, 58, 41555, 136, 134149, 449, 1919, 89931, 63207, 23, 2363, 6, 130687, 42486, 77041, 31075, 4, 75412, 5675, 35710, 214, 10, 23577, 1295, 108890, 2777, 13, 18337, 25, 7, 5377, 17368, 1614, 39799, 272, 26950, 5, 2161, 387, 7071, 58020, 143695, 28227, 214, 3535, 297, 645, 6226, 111, 70, 44, 10429, 9491, 13, 83314, 22232, 731, 14, 58, 15, 724, 7752, 771, 16, 47, 55578, 39, 603, 5, 28240, 71, 26932, 4, 24, 4806, 185256, 111, 70, 80646, 25395, 390, 55578, 39, 603, 98, 1039, 7071, 58020, 4, 2843, 136475, 237, 10336, 111, 70, 21864, 5, 32255, 47353, 53333, 65042, 297, 55578, 39, 603, 25, 7, 6226, 111, 70, 48031, 191619, 111, 70, 74283, 4, 3129, 390, 502, 50878, 2843, 90254, 33, 297, 70, 613, 272, 2298, 3956, 14537, 111, 28240, 71, 26932, 25, 7, 21864, 4, 237, 15044, 77630, 2449, 55300, 71407, 210751, 3674, 11907, 35206, 122921, 23, 102126, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 70, 21864, 509, 7228, 70, 31247, 44, 71983, 4677, 4516, 58, 98, 483, 18237, 58020, 5, 9626, 81147, 1295, 70, 44, 4332, 5548, 7, 124834, 58, 15, 191697, 187, 4806, 84616, 16, 133465, 15, 434, 497, 184, 43032, 21455, 297, 70, 38040, 10821, 187, 4806, 84616, 111, 70, 5377, 237, 142, 99707, 15403, 120332, 16, 136, 678, 70, 3365, 822, 6889, 111, 28227, 214, 4, 33876, 2016, 15704, 14794, 4, 70, 80646, 25395, 136, 21864, 4, 41555, 509, 12441, 47, 18822, 450, 32147, 18337, 25, 7, 5377, 87279, 10, 85583, 180255, 77275, 120332, 186607, 449, 10, 211228, 136, 168894, 29806, 5, 1326, 6863, 2831, 4, 70, 21864, 62952, 6, 20941, 31821, 10821, 4677, 450, 2685, 509, 142, 110938, 2320, 23577, 98, 41555, 25, 7, 6897, 136, 450, 142, 5377, 3884, 3232, 47, 41591, 14537, 509, 566, 7732, 18, 16792, 70, 5377, 3542, 747, 17704, 538, 2527, 38001, 142172, 7, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 117729, 3542, 38162, 3934, 70, 21864, 136, 80646, 25395, 450, 70, 129474, 2481, 111, 70, 5377, 25, 7, 123166, 509, 51047, 9966, 70, 19085, 136, 509, 3853, 20662, 206610, 8780, 40715, 5381, 22819, 5, 2161, 496, 18237, 58020, 70, 29581, 136, 80646, 25395, 10, 89829, 23, 176866, 297, 46889, 34784, 7, 450, 136475, 100, 6626, 13312, 5, 581, 29581, 34739, 1632, 111, 6863, 2684, 125189, 13, 98441, 23, 27169, 1916, 6863, 130412, 100, 75101, 111, 48031, 28032, 102126, 136, 170920, 68034, 11037, 538, 23, 70, 83572, 1791, 147, 7668, 4, 20662, 70, 29581, 136, 6863, 6, 130687, 7484, 4, 70, 21864, 4, 102778, 4734, 47, 70, 72805, 4097, 56, 5, 581, 7398, 429, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 36151, 111, 70, 14407, 341, 93, 3132, 4, 678, 1257, 47, 1781, 3395, 152388, 23, 70, 22631, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 70, 50029, 134616, 214, 111, 70, 5377, 136, 6863, 133465, 9325, 10, 34735, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 77168, 214, 102126, 25, 7, 8, 88981, 23, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 70, 54284, 99, 70, 10772, 195, 4969, 4699, 16765, 159978, 71, 70, 21864, 10, 49602, 49894, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 10588, 111, 28240, 71, 26932, 25, 7, 627, 67619, 15, 216561, 70, 80646, 25395, 16, 15044, 11651, 538, 136, 237, 90356, 7, 111, 70, 29581, 23, 70, 143849, 5, 28240, 71, 26932, 25, 7, 39457, 42, 4, 108890, 8059, 510, 275, 142117, 4, 509, 158, 686, 89829, 111, 1631, 138379, 136, 138379, 26548, 80267, 53, 99, 70, 10772, 195, 4969, 110324, 7, 4, 149357, 71, 47, 47219, 136, 10756, 297, 23, 41906, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Origins.", "Growth of SD and SS power.", "SD and Austria.", "\"Case Green\" and the Sudetenland.", "Intrigue against Poland.", "Tasks and general structure.", "SD relationship to the \"Einsatzgruppen\".", "Organization.", "Inland-SD.", "Ausland-SD.", "Security forces.", "Infiltration.", "Personnel.", "Personnel structure.", "Uniforms." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The SD, one of the oldest security organizations of the SS, first formed in 1931 as the \"Ic-Dienst\" (Intelligence Service) operating out of a single apartment and reporting directly to Heinrich Himmler. Himmler appointed a former junior naval officer, Reinhard Heydrich, to organise the small agency. The office was renamed \"Sicherheitsdienst\" (SD) in the summer of 1932. The SD became more powerful after the Nazi Party took control of Germany in 1933 and the SS started infiltrating all leading positions of the security apparatus of the Reich. Even before Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, the SD was a veritable \"watchdog\" over the SS and over members of the Nazi Party and played a critical role in consolidating political-police powers into the hands of Himmler and Heydrich.", "Once Hitler was appointed Chancellor by German President Paul von Hindenburg, he quickly made efforts to manipulate the aging president. On 28 February 1933, Hitler convinced Hindenburg to declare a state of emergency which suspended all civil liberties throughout Germany, due at least in part to the Reichstag fire the night before. Hitler assured Hindenburg throughout that he was attempting to stabilize the tumultuous political scene in Germany by taking a \"defensive measure against Communist acts of violence endangering the state.\" Wasting no time, Himmler set the SD in motion as they began creating an extensive card-index of the Nazi regime's political opponents, arresting labor organizers, socialists, Jewish leaders, journalists, and communists in the process, sending them to the newly-established prison facility near Munich, Dachau. Himmler's SS and SD made their presence felt at once by helping rid the regime of its known political enemies and its perceived ones, as well. As far as Heydrich and Himmler were concerned, the SD left their mission somewhat vaguely defined so as to \"remain an instrument for all eventualities\". One such eventuality would soon arise. For a while, the SS competed with the \"Sturmabteilung\" (SA) for influence within Germany. Himmler distrusted the SA and came to deplore the \"rabble-rousing\" brownshirts (despite once having been a member) and what he saw as indecent sexual deviants amid its leadership. At least one pretext to secure additional influence for Himmler's SS and Heydrich's SD in \"protecting\" Hitler and securing his absolute trust in their intelligence collection abilities, involved thwarting a plot from Ernst Roehm's SA using subversive means. On 20 April 1934 Hermann Göring handed over control of the \"Geheime Staatspolizei\" (Gestapo) to Himmler. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD. These events further extended Himmler's control of the security mechanism of the Reich, which by proxy also strengthened the surveillance power of Heydrich's SD, as both entities methodically infiltrated every police agency in Germany. Subsequently, the SD was made the sole \"party information service\" on 9 June 1934. Under pressure from the \"Reichswehr\" (German armed forces) leadership (whose members viewed the enormous armed forces of the SA as an existential threat) and with the collusion of Göring, Joseph Goebbels, the Gestapo and SD, Hitler was led to believe that Röhm's SA posed a serious conspiratorial threat requiring a drastic and immediate solution. For its part, the SD provided fictitious information that there was an assassination plot on Hitler's life and that an SA putsch to assume power was imminent since the SA were allegedly amassing weapons. Additionally, reports were coming into the SD and Gestapo that the vulgarity of the SA's behavior was damaging the party and was even making antisemitism less palatable. On 30 June 1934 the SS and Gestapo acted in coordinated mass arrests that continued for two days. The SS took one of its most decisive steps in eliminating its competition for command of security within Germany and established itself firmly in the Nazi hierarchy, making the SS and its intelligence organ, the SD, responsible only to the Führer. The purge became known as the Night of the Long Knives, with up to 200 people killed in the action. Moreover, the brutal crushing of the SA and its leadership sent a clear message to everyone that opposition to Hitler's regime could be fatal. It struck fear across the Nazi leadership as to the tangible concern of the reach and influence of Himmler's intelligence collection and policing powers.", "During the autumn of 1937, Hitler secured Mussolini's support to annex Austria (Mussolini was originally apprehensive of the Nazi takeover of Austria) and informed his generals of his intentions to invade both Austria and Czechoslovakia. Getting Mussolini to approve political intrigue against Austria was a major accomplishment, as the Italian \"Duce\" had expressed great concern previously in the wake of an Austrian SS unit's attempt to stage a coup not more than three weeks after the Röhm affair, an episode that embarrassed the SS, enraged Hitler, and ended in the assassination of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss on 25 July 1934. Nonetheless, to facilitate the incorporation of Austria into the greater Reich, the SD and Gestapo went to work arresting people immediately, using lists compiled by Heydrich. Heydrich's SD and Austrian SS members received financing from Berlin to harass Austrian Chancellor von Schuschnigg's government all throughout 1937. One section of the SD that was nothing more than a front for subversive activities against Austria ironically promoted \"German-Austrian peace\". Throughout the events leading to the \"Anschluß\" and even after the Nazis marched into Austria on 12 March 1938, Heydrich – convinced that only his SD could pull off a peaceful union between the two German-speaking nations – organized demonstrations, conducted clandestine operations, ordered terror attacks, distributed propaganda materials, encouraged the intimidation of opponents, and had his SS and SD personnel round-up prominent anti-Nazis, most of whom ended up in Mauthausen concentration camp The coordinated efforts of the SiPo and Heydrich's SD during the first days of the \"Anschluß\" effectively eliminated all forms of possible political, military and economic resistance within Austria. Once the annexation became official, the Austrian police was immediately subordinated to Heydrich's SD, the SS and Gestapo. Machinations by the SD, the Gestapo, and the SS helped to bring Austria fully into Hitler's grasp and on 13 March 1938, he signed into law the union with Austria as tears streamed down his face.", "Concomitant to its machinations against Austria, the SD also became involved in subversive activities throughout Czechoslovakia. Focusing on the Sudetenland with its 3 million ethnic Germans and the disharmony there which the Czech government could not seem to remedy, Hitler set Heydrich's SD in motion there in what came to be known as \"Case Green\". Passed off as a mission to liberate Sudeten Germans from alleged Czech persecution, Case Green was in fact a contingency plan to outright invade and destroy the country, as Hitler intended to \"wipe Czechoslovakia off the map.\" This operation was akin to earlier SD efforts in Austria; however, unlike Austria, the Czechs fielded their own Secret Service, against which Heydrich had to contend. Once \"Case Green\" began, Heydrich's SD spies began covertly gathering intelligence, even going so far as having SD agents use their spouses and children in the cover scheme. The operation covered every conceivable type of intelligence data, using a myriad of cameras and photographic equipment, focusing efforts on important strategic locations like government buildings, police stations, postal services, public utilities, logistical routes, and above all, airfields. Hitler worked out a sophisticated plan to acquire the Sudetenland, including manipulating Slovak nationalists to vie for independence and the suppression of this movement by the Czech government. Under directions from Heydrich, SD operative Alfred Naujocks was re-activated to engage in sabotage activities designed to incite a response from the Slovaks and the Czechs, a mission that ultimately failed. In June 1938 a directive from the SD head office indicated that Hitler issued an order at Jueterbog to his generals to prepare for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. To hasten a presumed heavy response from the French, British, and Czechs, Hitler then upped the stakes and claimed that the Czechs were slaughtering Sudeten Germans. He demanded the unconditional and prompt cession of the Sudetenland to Germany in order to secure the safety of endangered ethnic Germans. Around this time, early plots by select members of the German General Staff emerged, plans which included ridding themselves of Hitler. Eventually a diplomatic showdown pitting Hitler against the governments of Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, and France, whose tepid reaction to the Austrian Anschluss had precipitated this crisis to some degree, ensued. The Sudetenland Crisis came to an end when Neville Chamberlain and Hitler signed the Munich Agreement on 29 September 1938, effectively ceding the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany. Involvement in international affairs by the SD certainly did not end there and the agency remained active in foreign operations to such a degree that the head of the Reich Foreign Ministry office, Joachim von Ribbentrop, complained of their meddling, since Hitler would apparently make decisions based on SD reports without consulting him. According to historian Richard Breitman, there was animosity between the SS leadership and Ribbentrop's Foreign Office atop their \"jurisdictional disputes\".", "Aside from its participation in diminishing the power of the SA and its scheme to kill Ernst Roehm, the SD took part in international intrigue, first by activities in Austria, again in Czechoslovakia, and then by helping provoke the \"reactive\" war against Poland. Code-named \"Operation Himmler\" and part of Hitler's plan to justify an attack upon Poland, the SD's clandestine activity for this mission included faking a Polish attack against \"innocent Germans\" at a German radio station in Gleiwitz. The SD took concentration-camp inmates condemned to die, and fitted them with Polish Army uniforms which Heinz Jost had acquired from Admiral Wilhelm Canaris' \"Abwehr\" (military intelligence). Leading this mission and personally selected by Heydrich was SS veteran Alfred Naujocks, who later reported during a War Criminal proceeding that he brought a Polish-speaking German along so he could broadcast a message in Polish from the German radio station \"under siege\" to the effect that it was time for an all out confrontation between Germans and Poles. To add documented proof of this attack, the SD operatives placed the fictitious Polish troops (killed by lethal injection, then shot for appearance) around the \"attacked\" radio station with the intention of taking members of the press to the site of the incident. Immediately in the wake of the staged incidents on 1 September 1939, Hitler proclaimed from the Reichstag in a famous radio address that German soldiers had been \"returning\" fire since 5:45 in the morning, setting the Second World War in Europe into motion.", "The SD was tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi leadership and the neutralization of this opposition, whether internal or external. To fulfill this task, the SD created an organization of agents and informants throughout the Reich and later throughout the occupied territories, all part of the development of an extensive SS state and a totalitarian regime without parallel. The organization consisted of a few hundred full-time agents and several thousand informants. Historian George C. Browder writes that SD regiments were comparable to SS regiments, in that: SD districts (\"Bezirke\") emerged covering several Party circuits (\"Kreis\") or an entire district (\"Gau\"). Below this level, SD sub-districts (\"Unterbezirke\") slowly developed. They were originally to cover a single \"Kreis\", and, in turn, to be composed of wards (\"Revier\"), but such an ambitious network never emerged. Eventually, the SD-sub-districts acquired the simple designation of 'outposts' (\"Aussenstellen\") as the lowest level-office in the field structure. The SD was mainly an information-gathering agency, while the Gestapo—and to a degree the Criminal Police (\"Kriminalpolizei\" or Kripo)—was the executive agency of the political police system. The SD and Gestapo did have integration through SS members holding dual positions in each branch. Nevertheless, there was some jurisdictional overlap and operational conflict between the SD and Gestapo. In addition, the Criminal Police kept a level of independence since its structure had been longer-established. Part and parcel to intelligence operations, the SD carefully tracked foreign opinion and criticism of Nazi policies, censoring when necessary and likewise publishing hostile political cartoons in the SS weekly magazine, \"Das Schwarze Korps\". An additional task assigned to the SD and the Gestapo was keeping tabs on the morale of the German population at large, which meant they were charged to \"carefully supervise the political health of the German ethnic body\" and once any symptoms of \"disease and germs\" appeared, it was their job to \"remove them by every appropriate means.\" Regular reports—ranging from opinion polls, press dispatches, and information bulletins were established. These were monitored and reviewed by then head of the Inland-SD, Otto Ohlendorf (responsible for intelligence and security within Germany) and the former Heidelberg professor and SD member Reinhard Höhn, all designed to control and assess the \"life domain\" or \"Lebensgebiet\" of the German population. Gathered information was then distributed by the SD through secret internal political reports entitled \"Meldungen aus dem Reich\" (reports from the Reich) to the upper echelons of the Nazi Party, enabling Hitler's regime to evaluate the general morale and attitude of the German people so it could be timely manipulated by the Nazi propaganda machine. When the Nuremberg Laws were passed in 1935, the SD reported that the measures against the Jews were well received by the German populace. In 1936, the police were divided into the \"Ordnungspolizei\" (Orpo or Order Police) and the \"Sicherheitspolizei\" (SiPo or Security Police). The Orpo consisted mainly of the \"Schutzpolizei\" (Urban police), the \"Gendarmerie\" (Rural police) and the \"Gemeindepolizei\" (Municipal police). The SiPo was composed of the Kripo and the Gestapo. Heydrich became Chief of the SiPo and continued as Chief of the SD. Continued escalation of antisemitic policies in the spring of 1937 from the SD organization concerned with Jewish affairs—staffed by members like Adolf Eichmann, Herbert Hagen, and Theodor Dannecker—led to the eventual removal (\"Entfernung\") of Jews from Germany devoid of concerns about where they were headed. Adolf Eichmann's original task in his capacity as deputy for the Jewish Affairs department within the SD, was at first to remove any semblance of \"Jewish influence from all sphere of public life\" which included the encouragement of wholesale Jewish emigration. Official bureaucratization increased apace with numerous specialized offices formed, aiding towards the overall persecution of the Jews. Due to the fact that the Gestapo and SD had parallel duties, Heydrich tried to reduce any confusion or related territorial disputes through a decree on 1 July 1937, clearly defining the SD's area of responsibility as those dealing with \"learning (\"Wissenschaft\"), art, party and state, constitution and administration, foreign lands, Freemasonry and associations\" whereas the \"Gestapo's jurisdiction was Marxism, treason, and emigrants.\" Additionally, the SD was responsible for matters related to \"churches and sects, pacifism, the Jews, right-wing movements\", as well as \"the economy, and the Press\", but the SD was instructed to \"avoid all matters which touched the'state police executive powers' (\"staatspolizeiliche Vollzugsmaßnahmen\") since these belonged to the Gestapo, as did all individual cases.\" In 1938, the SD was made the intelligence organization for the State as well as for the Party, supporting the Gestapo and working with the General and Interior Administration. As such, the SD came into immediate, fierce competition with German military intelligence, the \"Abwehr,\" which was headed by Admiral Canaris. The competition stemmed from Heydrich and Himmler's intention to absorb the \"Abwehr\" and Admiral Canaris' view of the SD as an amateur upstart. Canaris refused to give up the autonomy that his military intelligence organ was granted. Additional problems also existed, like the racial exemption for members of the \"Abwehr\" from the Nazi Aryan screening process, and then there was competition for resources which occurred throughout the Third Reich's existence. On 27 September 1939, the SiPo became a part of the RSHA under Heydrich. The operational sections of the SD became (department) \"Amt\" III and for foreign intelligence, \"Amt\" VI; the Gestapo became \"Amt\" IV and the Kripo became \"Amt\" V. Otto Ohlendorf was named the Chief of \"Amt\" III, the SD-Inland (within Germany); Heinrich Müller was named the Chief of \"Amt\" IV, the Gestapo; Arthur Nebe was named the Chief of \"Amt\" V, the Kripo; and Walter Schellenberg became Chief of \"Amt\" VI, the SD-Ausland (outside Germany). In 1944, the sections of the \"Abwehr\" were incorporated into \"Amt\" VI.", "The SD was the overarching agency under which the \"Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD\", also known as the \"Einsatzgruppen\", was subordinated; this was one of the principal reasons for the later war-crimes indictment against the organization by the Allies. The \"Einsatzgruppen's\" part in the Holocaust has been well documented. Its mobile killing units were active in the implementation of the Final Solution (the plan for genocide) in the territories overrun by the Nazi war machine. This SD subsidiary worked closely with the Wehrmacht in persecuting Jews, communists, partisans, and other groups, as well. Starting with the invasion of Poland throughout the campaign in the East, the \"Einsatzgruppen\" ruthlessly killed anyone suspected of being an opponent of the regime, either real or imagined. The men of the \"Einsatzgruppen\" were recruited from the SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo, and Waffen-SS. On 31 July 1941, Göring gave written authorisation to SD Chief Heydrich to ensure a government-wide cooperative effort in the implementation of the \"Endlösung der Judenfrage\" (Final Solution to the Jewish question) in territories under German control. An SD headquarter's memorandum indicated that the SD was tasked to accompany military invasions and assist in pacification efforts. The memo explicitly stated: The SD will, where possible, follow up immediately behind the troops as they move in and, as in the Reich, will assume responsibility for the security of political life. Within the Reich, security measures are the responsibility of the Gestapo with SD cooperation. In occupied territory, measures will be under the direction of a senior SD commander; Gestapo officials will be allotted to individual \"Einsatzstäbe\". It will be necessary to make available for special deployment a unit of \"Verfügungstruppe\" or \"Totenkopf\" [Death Head] formations. Correspondingly, SD affiliated units, including the \"Einsatzgruppen\" followed German troops into Austria, the Sudetenland, Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, Lithuania, as well as Russia. Since their task included cooperating with military leadership and vice versa, suppression of opposition in the occupied territories was a joint venture. There were territorial disputes and disagreement about how some of these policies were to be implemented. Nonetheless, by June 1941, the SS and the SD task forces were systematically shooting Jewish men of military age, which soon turned to \"gunning down\" old people, women, and children in the occupied areas. On 20 January 1942, Heydrich chaired a meeting, now called the Wannsee Conference, to discuss the implementation of the plan. Facilities such as Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz have their origins in the planning actions undertaken by Heydrich. Heydrich remained chief of the Security Police (SiPo) and the SD (through the RSHA) until his assassination in 1942, after which Ernst Kaltenbrunner was named chief by Himmler on 30 January 1943, and remained there until the end of the war. The SD was declared a criminal organization after the war and its members were tried as war criminals at Nuremberg. Whatever their original purpose, the SD and SS were ultimately created to identify and eradicate internal enemies of the State, as well as to pacify, subjugate, and exploit conquered territories and peoples.", "The SS Security Service, known as the SS \"SD-Amt\", became the official security organization of the Nazi Party in 1934. Consisting at first of paid agents and a few hundred unpaid informants scattered across Germany, the SD was quickly professionalized under Heydrich, who commissioned National Socialist academics and lawyers to ensure that the SS and its Security Service in particular, operated \"within the framework of National Socialist ideology.\" Heydrich was given the power to select men for the SS Security Service from among any SS subdivisions since Himmler considered the organization of the SD as important. On September 1939, the SD was divided into two departments, the interior department (\"Inland-SD\") and the foreign department (\"Ausland-SD\"), and placed under the authority of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA).", "The Interior Security Service (\"Inland-SD\"), responsible for intelligence and security within Germany, was known earlier as Department II and later, when placed under the Reich Main Security Office, as its Department III. It was originally headed by Hermann Behrends and from September 1939 by Otto Ohlendorf. It was within this organization that Adolf Eichmann began working out the details for the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Department III was divided into the following sections:", "The Foreign Security Service (\"Ausland-SD\"), responsible for intelligence activities beyond the boundaries of Germany, was known earlier as Department III and later, after September 1939, as Department VI of the Reich Main Security Office. It was nominally commanded by Heydrich, but run by his chief of staff Heinz Jost. On March 1942 Jost was fired and replaced by Walter Schellenberg, a deputy of Heydrich. After the 20 July plot in 1944, Department VI took over the functions of the Military Intelligence Service (\"Abwehr\" ). Department VI was divided into the following sections:", "The SD and the SiPo were the main sources of officers for the security forces in occupied territories. SD-SiPo led battalions were typically placed under the command of the SS and Police Leaders, reporting directly to the RSHA in Berlin. The SD also maintained a presence at all concentration camps and supplied personnel, on an as-needed basis, to such special action troops as the \"Einsatzgruppen\". In fact, all members of the \"Einsatzgruppen\" wore the SD sleeve diamond on their uniforms. The SD-SiPo was the primary agency, in conjunction with the \"Ordnungspolizei\", assigned to maintain order and security in the Jewish ghettos established by the Germans throughout occupied Eastern Europe. On 7 December 1941, the same day that the American naval station at Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese, the first extermination camp was opened at Chelmno near Lodz by the SD and SiPo commander in occupied Poznań (Posen), then SS-\"Standartenführer\" Ernst Damzog. Damzog had personally selected the staff for the killing centre and later supervised the daily operation of the camp, which was under the command of SS-\"Hauptsturmführer \"Herbert Lange. Over a span of approximately 15 months, 150,000 people were killed there.", "According to the book \"Piercing the Reich\", the SD was infiltrated in 1944 by a former Russian national who was working for the Americans. The agent's parents had fled the Russian Revolution, and he had been raised in Berlin, and then moved to Paris. He was recruited by Albert Jolis of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Seventh Army detachment. The mission was codenamed RUPPERT. How extensive the SD's knowledge was about the early plots to kill Hitler by key members of the military remains a contested subject and a veritable unknown. According to British historian John Wheeler-Bennett, \"in view of the wholesale destruction of Gestapo archives it is improbable that this knowledge will ever be forthcoming. That the authorities were aware of serious 'defeatism' is certain, but it is doubtful whether they suspected anyone of outright treason.\"", "", "Given the nature of the intelligence operations assigned to the SD, there were clear delineations between what constituted a full member (\"Mitglieder\") of the SD and those who were considered \"associates\" (\"Mitarbeiter\") with a further subset for clerical support personnel (typists, file clerks, etc.) who were connoted as V-persons (\"Vertrauensleute\"). All SD personnel, whether simply associates or full members were required to swear an oath of secrecy, had to meet all the requirements for SS membership, were assigned SD code numbers (\"Chiffre Nummer\") and if they were \"above the level of V-person\" they had to carry \"an SD identification card.\" The vast majority of early SD members were relatively young, but the officers were typically older by comparison; nevertheless, the average age of an SD member was approximately 2 years older than the average Nazi Party member. Much like the Nazi revolution in general, membership in the SS and the SD appealed more to the impressionable youth. Most SD members were Protestant by faith, had served in the military, and generally had a significant amount of education, representing \"an educated elite\" in the general sense – with about 14 percent of them earning doctorate degrees. Heydrich viewed the SD as spiritual-elite leaders within the SS and the \"cream of the cream of the NSDAP.\" According to historian George C. Browder, \"SD men represented no pathological or psychically susceptible group. Few were wild or extreme Nazi fanatics. In those respects they were 'ordinary men'. Yet in most other respects, they were an extraordinary mix of men, drawn together by a unique mix of missions.\" Along with members of the Gestapo, SD personnel were \"regarded with a mixture of fear and foreboding,\" and people wanted as little to do with them as possible. Belonging to the security apparatus of the Third Reich obviously had its advantages but it was also fraught with occupationally related social disadvantages as well, and if post-war descriptions of the SD by historians are any indication, membership therein implied being a part of a \"ubiquitous secret society\" which was \"sinister\" and a \"messenger of terror\" not just for the German population, but within the \"ranks of the Nazi Party itself.\"", "The SD used SS-ranks. When in uniform they wore the grey Waffen-SS uniform with army and \"Ordnungspolizei\" rank insignia on the shoulder straps, and SS rank insignia on the left collar patch. The right collar patch was black without the runes. The branch color of the SD was green. The SD sleeve diamond (SD \"Raute\") insignia was worn on the lower left sleeve." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 5117, 28811, 9615, 603, 7, 23, 70, 16128, 3542, 92265, 74, 35768, 1295, 1326, 87463, 37405, 168519, 14037, 297, 10, 9615, 19929, 23, 729, 1549, 24, 4806, 44, 60006, 239, 84015, 13, 58, 98, 70, 127067, 1177, 48850, 2831, 111, 70, 182, 38648, 198274, 70, 13379, 9, 5636, 26349, 5, 3293, 9615, 19929, 509, 12441, 390, 44767, 1391, 12640, 9, 70696, 30614, 4, 2750, 11814, 1919, 91, 28354, 47, 1592, 1294, 62, 408, 27201, 9615, 603, 7, 1295, 37405, 168519, 5, 133698, 18813, 14787, 25, 7, 5550, 4, 70, 56101, 1902, 39958, 645, 70, 18481, 5, 92265, 93324, 8446, 18904, 53, 9325, 2101, 453, 47, 52875, 70, 56101, 3428, 68818, 23, 70, 99381, 99, 13791, 9, 143, 9, 16604, 1033, 5, 581, 92265, 3542, 65771, 23, 200, 30319, 707, 3540, 109561, 100, 939, 56101, 3428, 68818, 5, 360, 8055, 729, 10057, 4, 99, 70, 155955, 111, 70, 92265, 136, 42878, 5550, 4, 10, 56101, 18738, 126, 34739, 6226, 111, 70, 9615, 19929, 136, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 90695, 4, 105876, 538, 8, 6982, 214, 8382, 92265, 9615, 603, 7, 450, 1836, 5809, 7413, 23, 70, 891, 13, 12190, 9, 11670, 66, 16010, 11, 872, 19, 15, 100231, 8035, 89554, 17262, 5369, 7103, 70, 61475, 62, 408, 27201, 60075, 202, 6889, 23, 10070, 155400, 399, 194, 56101, 84616, 88303, 44, 18537, 18, 2022, 3334, 271, 58, 43573, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 32997, 297, 44, 60006, 239, 84015, 13, 58, 9615, 19929, 47, 59959, 70, 14018, 3956, 47, 70, 182, 38648, 5, 79602, 35461, 509, 133291, 237, 70, 1764, 100, 70, 54529, 53, 40, 257, 111, 44109, 7, 47064, 23, 70, 190070, 110297, 111, 729, 13307, 390, 154564, 59176, 29217, 111, 70, 25674, 90125, 1314, 5, 62, 6602, 14432, 4, 79602, 35461, 509, 7228, 70, 190070, 10323, 111, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 18481, 5, 27766, 9319, 110297, 7, 55080, 297, 17721, 106, 84453, 104279, 186413, 170920, 70, 48800, 6, 120067, 136, 3835, 6, 108047, 7, 3129, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 105719, 103724, 5, 581, 59444, 509, 24, 4806, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 79602, 111, 238881, 9, 294, 2921, 89191, 4, 41, 33, 158, 62351, 111, 70, 14098, 117604, 237, 70, 58386, 111, 18813, 14787, 4830, 5, 2161, 7582, 21567, 729, 6873, 4, 20271, 70, 15672, 135555, 4, 70, 46512, 53, 25, 7, 3525, 10323, 509, 13028, 433, 76622, 390, 157082, 9, 77007, 14375, 1314, 23, 70, 2552, 532, 98, 79602, 35461, 21067, 93815, 5, 133698, 70, 52875, 4, 70, 190070, 28704, 509, 6, 116496, 136, 40368, 101085, 1314, 4, 26719, 165458, 7, 26265, 92712, 136, 14978, 170174, 4, 3542, 39958, 47, 105109, 4, 157082, 136, 14432, 121447, 5, 360, 729, 11591, 4, 3551, 1902, 2809, 5423, 10, 8752, 390, 62493, 42, 11213, 592, 98, 70, 171827, 17475, 7, 111, 70, 26908, 100, 4527, 390, 70, 44, 169057, 4597, 111, 92416, 58, 15, 2347, 62493, 42, 247, 136, 237, 6044, 442, 100512, 51529, 152701, 538, 237, 44, 107437, 592, 25, 7, 4932, 58, 707, 1660, 44, 107437, 592, 4932, 740, 2161, 7582, 30777, 729, 16665, 4, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 18481, 509, 120514, 4806, 47, 54041, 38157, 18481, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 54041, 38157, 4, 51978, 111, 77261, 136, 7832, 2347, 147, 19, 2750, 509, 70, 123573, 56, 9, 73, 9, 51379, 4240, 4, 23924, 21629, 5, 360, 543, 8194, 4, 70, 4000, 56101, 6, 29031, 1681, 64549, 297, 10, 182, 38648, 8, 6211, 329, 35839, 44, 18537, 18, 38157, 58, 47, 70, 65272, 111, 70, 10323, 25, 7, 7401, 20549, 136, 70, 44, 112079, 329, 38157, 21947, 81423, 58, 12789, 297, 903, 178290, 5, 360, 543, 5843, 4, 44, 17903, 40862, 674, 13038, 58, 509, 64549, 297, 99, 11213, 592, 4932, 237, 10, 45606, 329, 100, 70, 46512, 53, 25, 7, 62493, 42, 5, 38396, 4, 442, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 51521, 45606, 329, 100, 70, 29730, 34, 86216, 62493, 42, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 543, 11548, 136, 543, 13330, 4, 10, 3525, 62289, 13, 33976, 509, 64549, 297, 23, 70, 26908, 5, 2096, 297, 70, 192568, 141, 104919, 7311, 538, 4, 25632, 102668, 820, 2320, 678, 25730, 442, 128839, 538, 100512, 51529, 237, 44, 177997, 42380, 13038, 740, 581, 21721, 1830, 111, 903, 45646, 678, 114636, 37700, 237, 45367, 56, 64, 54689, 14656, 18, 509, 142, 5526, 43222, 40491, 23, 70, 32692, 111, 70, 10323, 136, 442, 83, 7464, 23, 4527, 18925, 237, 70, 84773, 27047, 6644, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 9907, 165837, 20897, 4, 136, 83, 82424, 70, 17932, 9, 18345, 525, 62289, 13, 40, 257, 23, 25730, 5, 2161, 7071, 21567, 543, 11663, 4, 79602, 35461, 509, 49504, 3674, 237, 10, 26349, 4, 104064, 6863, 5117, 215394, 41714, 98, 8055, 534, 111, 450, 6602, 5, 581, 26908, 1902, 305, 4, 4283, 160641, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 49504, 1363, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 6088, 106, 1104, 1019, 4, 159992, 4, 79602, 35461, 27980, 297, 2367, 83, 5036, 24117, 71, 70, 79602, 35461, 114732, 5, 106073, 5941, 111, 70, 41714, 7, 136, 9807, 118, 21094, 3129, 2806, 37105, 47, 180972, 102668, 820, 2320, 3542, 34658, 23, 192859, 13038, 4, 67842, 2265, 47353, 17250, 71, 645, 3934, 70, 206990, 26908, 5, 54041, 38157, 18481, 30957, 297, 102668, 820, 2320, 98, 20414, 106, 4, 172457, 5, 62, 8752, 1295, 8035, 70, 40, 257, 111, 190070, 27759, 4, 70, 26908, 21449, 47, 186, 959, 297, 20271, 70, 39395, 300, 26534, 33, 927, 142642, 100, 109923, 146049, 136, 6863, 51494, 1297, 53099, 237, 5299, 237, 8035, 10, 67155, 214, 11469, 5, 581, 109923, 146049, 53099, 206398, 71, 23, 70, 21, 3055, 2831, 111, 70, 300, 26534, 33, 927, 142642, 5, 2161, 18237, 616, 4, 172457, 70, 44, 17903, 40862, 674, 13038, 51869, 58, 99, 11213, 592, 4932, 509, 4331, 27686, 10, 14834, 9201, 4, 24, 4806, 31485, 5227, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 44109, 31485, 5, 360, 8055, 186868, 4, 70, 54041, 38157, 18481, 85736, 7514, 142096, 6863, 5201, 13315, 17721, 79602, 35461, 136, 79428, 8752, 5, 581, 6, 68823, 7514, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 200513, 53099, 4, 2806, 21342, 47, 22648, 25297, 34754, 98, 70, 7401, 20549, 100, 40368, 8, 23662, 7, 47, 1380, 5, 581, 140280, 25, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 79602, 35461, 15, 74, 2819, 1388, 83, 70, 10323, 136, 142105, 26349, 111, 70, 180972, 140280, 111, 54041, 38157, 18481, 4, 136, 70, 54529, 53, 40, 257, 111, 44109, 7, 47064, 5, 2096, 297, 7103, 79602, 111, 238881, 9, 294, 2921, 89191, 4, 41, 33, 158, 62351, 111, 18813, 14787, 4830, 111, 70, 14098, 117604, 4, 79602, 35461, 509, 7311, 538, 142, 51, 73, 133350, 3674, 59444, 450, 49504, 3674, 237, 10, 26349, 23, 543, 11663, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history (1720–1900).", "Modern history (1900–present).", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Cityscape.", "Neighbourhoods.", "Culture.", "Attractions.", "Sports.", "Demography.", "Economy.", "Government.", "Transportation.", "Education." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "The first European settlers in the area were French; personnel from Fortress Louisbourg founded a settlement in 1720 named \"Port La Joye\" on the southwestern part of the harbour opposite the present-day city. This settlement was led by Michel Haché-Gallant, who used his sloop to ferry Acadian settlers from Louisbourg. During King George's War, the British had taken over the Island. French officer Ramezay sent 500 men to attack the British troops in the Battle at Port-la-Joye. The French were successful in killing or capturing forty British troops. In August 1758, at the height of the French and Indian War, a British fleet took control of the settlement and the rest of the island, promptly deporting those French settlers that they could find in the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign (this being fully three years after the initial Acadian Expulsion in Nova Scotia). British forces built \"Fort Amherst\" near the site of the abandoned \"Port La Joye\" settlement to protect the entrance to the harbour. Charlottetown was selected as the site for the county seat of Queens County in the colonial survey of 1764 by Captain Samuel Holland of the Royal Engineers. A year later, Charlottetown was made the colonial capital of St. John's Island. Further surveys conducted between 1768–1771 established the street grid and public squares which can be seen in the city's historic district. The town was named in honour of Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom as the wife of King George III. On November 17, 1775, during the American Revolution, the colony's new capital was ransacked by Massachusetts-based privateers in the Raid on Charlottetown (1775). During the attack, the colonial seal was stolen and several prisoners, including Phillips Callbeck and Thomas Wright, were taken to Cambridge, Massachusetts and later released. In 1793, land had been set aside by Governor Fanning on the western limits of the community for use by the \"Administrator of Government\" (the Governor), and as such it became known informally as \"Fanning's Bank\" or just \"Fanning Bank\". On November 29, 1798, St. John's Island was renamed to Prince Edward Island in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn who was the Commander-in-Chief, North America. In 1805, the local British garrison constructed a harbour defence called \"Fort Edward\" to the west of the capital's waterfront and the \"Prince Edward Battery\" manned this facility. In 1835, \"Government House\" was constructed at Fanning Bank as a residence for the colony's Governor. Today, it serves as the official residence for the Lieutenant Governor. Between 1843 and 1847, a new legislative building was constructed in the community. Named the Colonial Building originally, following Confederation with Canada it gradually became known as \"Province House\". The completion of this structure with Isaac Smith as builder/architect was an important milestone in the history of the capital and it is still in use today as the provincial legislature as well as a National Historic Site, and is currently the second-oldest legislative seat in Canada. On April 17, 1855, Charlottetown was incorporated as a city, holding its first council meeting on August 11 of that year. The community had 6,500 residents at the time of incorporation. Between September 1–8, 1864, Charlottetown hosted what is now termed the Charlottetown Conference. Although many of the meetings and negotiations which would lead to Canadian Confederation were held in Province House, various social events spilled over into the surrounding community. Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1, 1873. Aside from being the seat of colonial government, the community came to be noted during the early nineteenth century for shipbuilding and its lumber industry as well as being a fishing port. The shipbuilding industry declined in the latter part of the nineteenth century. On June 14, 1873 the \"Government House Farm\" at Fanning Bank was designated a municipal park, named Victoria Park in honour of Queen Victoria. In August 1874, the Prince Edward Island Railway opened its main line between Charlottetown and Summerside. The railway, along with the shipping industry, would continue to drive industrial development on the waterfront for several decades to come. The province's first health care facility, the Charlottetown Hospital, was opened by the Diocese of Charlottetown in 1879, which was followed by the publicly operated Prince Edward Island Hospital in 1884.", "Religion played a central role in the development of Charlottetown's institutions with non-denominational (i.e. Protestant) and Roman Catholic public schools (Catholic Queen Square, Notre Dame, and St Joseph's vs. Protestant West Kent and Prince Street), hospitals (Prince Edward Island Hospital vs. Charlottetown Hospital), and post-secondary institutions (Prince of Wales College vs. St. Dunstan's University) being instituted. St. Dunstan's was originally developed as a seminary for training priests, and the Maritime Christian College was founded in 1960 to train preachers for the Christian churches and churches of Christ in Prince Edward Island and the Maritime Provinces. As with most communities in North America, the automobile shaped Charlottetown's development in the latter half of the twentieth century, when outlying farms in rural areas of Brighton, Spring Park, and Parkdale saw increased housing developments. The Charlottetown airfield in the nearby rural community of Sherwood was upgraded as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan and operated for the duration of World War II as RCAF Station Charlottetown, in conjunction with RCAF Station Mount Pleasant and RCAF Station Summerside. After the war the airfield was designated Charlottetown Airport. Charlottetown's shipyards were used extensively during World War II, being used for refits and upgrades to numerous Royal Canadian Navy warships. Further post-war development continued to expand residential properties in adjacent outlying areas, particularly in the neighbouring farming communities of Sherwood, West Royalty, and East Royalty. In 1959, the suburban village of Spring Park was amalgamated into the city, extending the city's northern boundary from Kirkwood Drive to Hermitage Creek and included the campus of St. Dunstan's University. To commemorate the centennial of the Charlottetown Conference, the ten provincial governments and the Government of Canada contributed to a national monument to the \"Fathers of Confederation\". The Confederation Centre of the Arts, which opened in 1964, is a gift to the residents of Prince Edward Island, and contains a public library, nationally renowned art gallery, and a mainstage theatre which has played to the Charlottetown Festival every summer since. In the 1960s, new public schools were constructed in the community, and in 1969 the city became home to the amalgamated University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located on the campus of the former St. Dunstan's University. Together with the federal Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food's Charlottetown Experimental Farm (also known as \"Ravenwood Farm\"), these properties comprise a large green space surrounded by the city. The Prince of Wales College downtown campus became part of a new provincial community college system named Holland College, in honour of the island's famous surveyor. The PEI Comprehensive Development Plan in the late 1960s greatly contributed to the expansion of the provincial government in Charlottetown for the next decade. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital opened in 1982. In 1983, the national headquarters of the federal Department of Veterans Affairs was moved to Charlottetown as part of a nationwide federal government decentralization programme. In 1986, UPEI expanded further with the opening of the Atlantic Veterinary College. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, there was increased commercial office and retail development. A waterfront hotel and convention centre was completed in 1982 and helped to encourage diversification and renewal in the area, leading to several residential complexes and downtown shopping facilities. The abandonment of rail service in the province by CN Rail in December 1989 led to the railway and industrial lands at the east end of the waterfront being transformed into parks and cultural attractions. In the late 1990s and 2000s, the retail landscape changed with the opening of big box stores on the site of former traditional shopping centres and in new developments in the northern suburbs, particularly the neighbourhood of West Royalty, which is a key road junction. On April 1, 1995, Charlottetown amalgamated with the Town of Parkdale and the incorporated communities of East Royalty, Hillsborough Park, Sherwood, West Royalty, and Winsloe. At the same time, the amalgamated Charlottetown annexed Queens Royalty. Today, the City of Charlottetown occupies parts of the Lot 33 and Lot 34 townships. The central business district continues to undergo incremental expansion as government and private sector office space is constructed and new institutional space is built or retrofitted, however retail space in the CBD has suffered as a result of outlying big box retail construction in recent years.", "Charlottetown is situated on its namesake harbour, which is formed by the confluence of three rivers in the central part of the island's south shore. The harbour opens onto the Northumberland Strait. The city is roughly V-shaped (pointed to the south) and constrained by the North (Yorke) and the Hillsborough (East) Rivers to the west and east.", "Charlottetown has a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfb\") moderated partially by Prince Edward Island's location in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Winters are somewhat milder than many inland cities at a similar latitude: the January average is, and lows reach or below on an average 7 days per season. However, the coastal position means that winter precipitation, more often as snow, is frequent and at times heavy: the seasonal snow average is. Spring warming is gradual due to the ocean waters still being cold. Summers are mild, again due to the same maritime moderation: the July high is. Precipitation averages per year, with the greatest amounts falling in late fall and winter. The highest temperature ever recorded in Charlottetown was on 19 August 1935. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 29 January 1877.", "Downtown Charlottetown includes the city's historic five hundred lots, as surveyed by Captain Samuel Holland, as well as the waterfront facing the harbour and the Hillsborough River. Adjacent communities to the original downtown included Brighton, Spring Park, Sherwood and Parkdale. The areas to the west, north and east of downtown have been developed in recent decades with several residential and commercial/retail developments, although the outer regions of the city are still predominantly farmland, as is an area in the centre of the city where an Agriculture Canada experimental crop research station is located. The Agriculture Canada research station farm is the last remnant of the Queens Royalty common pasture lands and creates a large greenspace in the centre of the city, north of downtown. The development of the township of Queens Royalty, with its estates surveyed during the 18th and 19th centuries along a north–south axis forced early road networks into a grid. The present-day Charlottetown landscape is dominated by urban development along the waterfront areas, suburban development to the west, north and east, as well as the airport to the north. Commercial development, aside from the central business district, is concentrated along several road corridors: The downtown core is augmented by several feeder streets:", "Charlottetown comprises the following neighbourhoods which were one-time independent municipalities: The original municipal boundary between Charlottetown and the common area of the township of Queens Royalty was the northern edge of the original five hundred lots along present-day Euston Street. This boundary was extended north to Allen Street and Kirkwood Drive during the early twentieth century, taking in part of the rural community of Brighton west of the downtown. The village of Spring Park was amalgamated into the city in 1959, extending the city's boundary north to Hermitage Creek, which also formed the southern boundary of the village of West Royalty. Development filled in most vacant land in the Brighton and Spring Park neighbourhoods by the 1980s. Municipal amalgamation in 1996 saw the outlying independent municipalities of Parkdale (town), Sherwood, East Royalty, West Royalty and Winsloe (villages) merged into a larger city of Charlottetown at the same time as rural communities east and west of the city were amalgamated to form the towns of Stratford and Cornwall respectively. A green belt is in place around the northern fringe of the municipal boundary, although it is poorly enforced by the provincial government, leading to suburban sprawl.", "", "The city's streetscape with a centrally planned downtown core containing many Victorian-era houses and buildings is an attraction, as well as the waterfront redevelopment project in recent decades which has seen walking trails and parks developed on former industrial lands. A new cruise ship terminal was opened by the port authority in September 2007 which, proponents hope, will make the city a more attractive destination for the growing number of vessels operating in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Popular attractions within the city include the provincial legislature at Province House, which hosted the Charlottetown Conference, as well as Founders Hall, a recently redeveloped railway maintenance building which now houses an interactive trip through history tracing the development of Canada as a nation. The Confederation Centre of the Arts provides live theatre, including the Charlottetown Festival during the summer months, as well as the Confederation Centre Art Gallery. The Charlottetown Festival itself is headlined by Canada's most popular and longest-running musical, \"Anne of Green Gables - The Musical\", which is an adaptation of Island author Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel. Several other small theaters and galleries can be found immediately surrounding the Confederation centre including the Mac (MacKenzie theatre), the Arts Guild, and Pilar Shepard gallery. There are 11 National Historic Sites of Canada located in Charlottetown, including Province House and the Confederation Centre of the Arts.", "Charlottetown has numerous parks and playing fields for soccer, baseball, softball, football, rugby, and field hockey. Cricket also has been gaining popularity after building a ground and a cricket pitch at Tea hill park in Stratford. There are also many outdoor tennis courts, recreational trails, and running tracks. Most public schools in the city have gymnasiums available for public use outside of school hours and there are community-owned and operated hockey arenas and swimming pools, as well as several privately operated fitness centres. Amateur varsity team sports are prevalent for males and females in the city's two senior high schools, Colonel Gray and Charlottetown Rural, as well as the University of Prince Edward Island's varsity teams (the UPEI Panthers) through the institution's affiliation with Canadian Interuniversity Sport. Holland College also has varsity teams, the Holland Hurricanes. There is one junior hockey team in the community: the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League's Charlottetown Islanders. The city is also home to the Island Storm of the National Basketball League of Canada.", "According to the 2016 census the City of Charlottetown had 36,094 residents, an increase of 4.4% from 2011. Children under five account for approximately 4.4% of the resident population of Charlottetown. This compares with 4.9% in Prince Edward Island, and 5.4% for Canada overall.19.7% of the resident population in Charlottetown are of retirement age compared with 19.4% in Prince Edward Island and 16.9% in Canada. The median age is 42.8 years of age compared to 44.5 years of age for Prince Edward Island and 41.2 years of age for all of Canada. There are 17,193 total private dwellings in Charlottetown with an occupancy rate of 93.6%. The median value of a private dwelling is $200,284 compared to $341,556 nationally. The population density is 814.1 per square kilometre. Charlottetown is approximately 84.6% white, 12.3% visible minorities and 3.1% aboriginal as of 2016. The largest visible minority groups in Charlottetown are Chinese (5.2%), South Asian (1.9%), Arab (1.4%), and Black (1.4%). 85.8% of Charlottetown residents spoke English as their first language. Other common mother tongues are Chinese languages (4.6%) French (2.1%), and Arabic (1.2%). As of 2011, the majority (75.4%) of residents are Christians. The most common denominations are Catholic (39.6%), United Church (11.3%), other Christian (9.2%), Presbyterian (6.2%), Anglican (4.1%), and Baptist (3.7%). People who have no religious affiliation make up 20.8% of the population There are also significant populations of Muslims (1.6%) and Buddhists (1.2%).", "Charlottetown's economy is dominated by the public sector. The provincial, federal, and municipal levels of government are significant employers in the central part of Queens County, as are the health care and secondary and post-secondary education sectors. Technology companies have increased their share of the city's workforce, however the actual numbers are quite small once call-centres are excluded. Other significant economic activities include light manufacturing, such as chemicals, bio-technology, and machining.", "The city's municipal government is structured around a council comprising a mayor and ten councillors elected using the ward system. The current mayor of the city is Philip Brown. Charlottetown has seven seats (out of 27) in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island. Some of these electoral districts occupy adjacent rural areas that are not within the city's boundaries. The city has a single seat in the House of Commons; the current Member of Parliament is Sean Casey.", "Historically, Charlottetown was the centre of the province's railway network. Highway development in the latter part of the 20th century has resulted in the city being the focal point of several important routes in the province. Route 1, the Trans-Canada Highway, partially bisects the northern suburbs, linking with Riverside Drive, the Hillsborough River Bridge and the North River Causeway/Bridge on a limited-access arterial highway linking the city with the Confederation Bridge in the west and the Northumberland Ferries terminal in the east. Route 2, the province's main east–west highway intersects with Route 1 in the city. Charlottetown Airport is the province's only airport with scheduled passenger airline service, serving 280,000 passengers per year. Charlottetown Transit was founded in 2005 and offers 10 bus routes around town The absence of public transit for many decades in Charlottetown resulted in a dependence on personal use of automobiles, with municipal governments constructing three large above-ground parking garages in the city's historic district to house vehicles of downtown workers. The city also had a statistically higher proportion of taxis than the Canadian average as taxi service became a last-resort for many residents without access to a vehicle. Taxis in Charlottetown use a zone-based fare system as opposed to meters, and do not have a protective partition between the driver and passenger. The Charlottetown Harbour Authority operates the city's commercial port and is currently expanding a marine terminal which was formerly operated by the federal government. Importation of gravel for construction and petroleum products are the main port activities.", "English public schooling (gr. K-12) in Charlottetown is provided by the English Language School Board. French public schooling (gr. K-12) in the city is provided by the Commission scolaire de langue française. The city has two independent schools: Immanuel Christian School and Grace Christian School. Charlottetown is home to the University of Prince Edward Island. UPEI has programs in Arts, Education, Science, Business, Nursing and Engineering. The provincial university also houses the Atlantic Veterinary College. UPEI has a number of sport teams that compete in men's and women's hockey, soccer, rugby, basketball, and volleyball, and women's field hockey. These sports teams are called The Panthers. Charlottetown is also home to several campuses of Holland College, the province's community college. In addition, there are various private training colleges in the city." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 509, 10, 24, 4935, 111, 37822, 75189, 4, 10, 26349, 23, 87, 43265, 15, 35613, 171827, 176672, 194, 31384, 5154, 764, 509, 70, 775, 111, 12426, 29552, 1444, 4, 27060, 70, 775, 111, 262, 5134, 223, 5, 1529, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 21917, 1162, 67175, 20271, 70, 1496, 927, 142297, 71, 11516, 2839, 1104, 179973, 77269, 194, 18763, 613, 686, 6496, 4488, 15005, 7, 47, 5971, 1577, 4, 56273, 17307, 988, 4, 136, 27512, 3238, 76312, 7, 4, 136, 764, 66570, 83, 119056, 23, 70, 32562, 7, 111, 1840, 2263, 150, 2143, 136, 56273, 9254, 2647, 5, 360, 10, 38551, 111, 1919, 3163, 124308, 4, 764, 98363, 7, 70, 4794, 19, 116000, 191, 237, 142, 19732, 450, 34739, 3687, 23, 1919, 1733, 4, 144681, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 55812, 1363, 111, 1950, 11902, 223, 26548, 70, 160600, 162708, 23, 87, 43265, 15, 155670, 12147, 77269, 194, 1529, 25737, 1919, 24, 4935, 3551, 237, 10, 116131, 4935, 707, 1119, 1340, 136, 23409, 47, 70, 37859, 3378, 46512, 3387, 23, 63457, 20102, 4, 825, 19, 11030, 136, 121907, 76, 5, 1529, 31895, 158930, 100, 3060, 1733, 23, 12701, 11, 15, 151645, 297, 390, 70, 66084, 408, 5073, 7, 23, 70, 11716, 271, 142297, 71, 6, 185580, 1104, 14226, 363, 77269, 247, 16792, 764, 54397, 1672, 70, 137374, 111, 450, 46512, 53, 5, 129551, 47, 142, 88, 18686, 456, 7077, 297, 538, 150350, 71, 3229, 764, 509, 15671, 5369, 10332, 4, 764, 25737, 1919, 24, 4935, 3551, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 714, 136, 7068, 158930, 12661, 5369, 23, 3789, 160600, 33532, 5, 129551, 47, 3530, 41382, 56, 17893, 15292, 7, 239, 10170, 26766, 4, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 54397, 23, 764, 3798, 29089, 7, 136, 2843, 150350, 71, 3163, 124308, 136, 17, 28540, 4439, 26548, 2005, 42, 136, 1529, 172, 2199, 5, 239, 56, 26766, 2843, 41392, 7, 6626, 186768, 85745, 7, 50509, 214, 70, 14037, 214, 111, 37822, 75189, 136, 12701, 11, 4, 1284, 111, 6097, 4, 4734, 70, 44759, 7, 765, 2809, 9498, 56, 4126, 5, 8622, 83, 110, 4127, 180210, 450, 17378, 450, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 54397, 10, 99644, 6827, 85745, 5, 581, 54311, 9189, 191, 1419, 6, 119598, 56, 55331, 28620, 223, 33022, 7, 450, 764, 1902, 8306, 435, 678, 70, 51389, 7, 1672, 70, 109270, 115851, 214, 54241, 21286, 7565, 19364, 7, 15, 7079, 5, 1372, 247, 3853, 21208, 764, 1902, 17203, 47, 5941, 99644, 6827, 43240, 5, 48752, 289, 111, 70, 99644, 6827, 38551, 7, 621, 16406, 4126, 1295, 6868, 4597, 7, 98, 2005, 42, 5, 1650, 83, 4911, 7, 47041, 450, 70, 99644, 6827, 456, 88832, 111, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 3542, 36510, 297, 45559, 25958, 23, 1919, 19786, 2109, 5, 581, 19786, 2109, 621, 35839, 44, 294, 24049, 14, 58, 390, 72399, 6, 70035, 7, 4, 136, 903, 9351, 1543, 738, 4420, 47, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 66570, 4, 1284, 442, 1543, 62038, 67, 23, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 166259, 42, 9482, 1419, 6, 119598, 56, 51189, 19, 111, 13000, 20330, 4, 70, 44, 7, 24049, 41382, 56, 58, 6896, 4216, 142642, 77269, 247, 3884, 5045, 111, 1919, 10002, 19786, 107, 54799, 3789, 6, 119598, 1314, 3934, 70, 113008, 111, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 10846, 6, 119598, 1314, 51189, 19, 1645, 62093, 23, 1919, 4488, 5, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 8, 93, 297, 450, 10, 166220, 19, 111, 85027, 32316, 7, 5, 1529, 83, 22299, 297, 678, 8035, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 6, 119598, 1314, 47, 157167, 1495, 17721, 29568, 144239, 136, 51359, 4, 3129, 764, 53333, 126809, 3934, 70, 109736, 450, 398, 831, 3714, 9844, 1284, 959, 6183, 3714, 442, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 92635, 111, 28271, 43240, 390, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 4, 1919, 16912, 621, 34844, 47, 29481, 4, 221, 450, 70, 17914, 1363, 111, 141956, 8035, 9844, 53894, 56, 24073, 11, 34735, 56, 85027, 18939, 1543, 765, 5361, 17914, 5256, 4, 707, 442, 1543, 29459, 450, 398, 53418, 3714, 9844, 1660, 390, 16487, 99, 442, 5, 1650, 83, 51529, 450, 70, 2684, 136, 38134, 271, 96551, 111, 77950, 509, 90698, 390, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 47, 186, 70, 613, 525, 3917, 47, 23534, 10, 154453, 5, 18763, 25277, 48567, 25443, 4, 3129, 83, 7464, 26794, 80973, 18925, 4, 34658, 450, 2685, 20653, 32316, 7, 10, 85027, 111, 50081, 4, 1284, 450, 118103, 237, 67573, 7, 621, 51, 2886, 47, 3714, 442, 5, 572, 6620, 1919, 16912, 621, 90698, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 166259, 42, 9482, 8780, 136, 221419, 65925, 99644, 6827, 49242, 9523, 8780, 5, 1529, 10554, 4806, 1257, 1919, 21455, 23, 6097, 66747, 7, 12, 581, 2355, 7, 765, 959, 4, 111, 15411, 4, 122273, 297, 756, 8966, 47, 67573, 7, 1295, 70, 86595, 74, 1284, 43257, 4, 191618, 23, 70, 15411, 111, 1733, 4, 1836, 103882, 2367, 83, 11522, 5, 63519, 4, 678, 15072, 47, 70, 2355, 7, 136, 2367, 87, 159978, 1672, 756, 8966, 4, 653, 5021, 332, 1556, 51592, 2367, 83, 34735, 12488, 17669, 1221, 2499, 332, 3714, 442, 5, 353, 53, 4, 100, 28, 26, 33, 5608, 764, 18227, 47, 261, 38949, 2367, 83, 6183, 99707, 4, 764, 66570, 3714, 12421, 442, 959, 74, 100, 756, 83, 91, 7514, 297, 390, 233, 14653, 5, 17038, 663, 8079, 12301, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 237, 54433, 450, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 27992, 4734, 98, 70, 18231, 111, 20697, 170933, 5908, 2451, 1177, 1543, 27992, 237, 2174, 642, 55950, 70, 85027, 4, 237, 4989, 237, 642, 3714, 450, 903, 83, 111531, 51, 5062, 538, 5, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 25, 16912, 7068, 13648, 21265, 237, 10, 18231, 111, 180423, 289, 168487, 8780, 5, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 103876, 71, 1295, 1919, 96730, 1363, 111, 165082, 7, 450, 7401, 24145, 8110, 765, 127918, 756, 111, 70, 64883, 25, 7, 71579, 5, 3293, 4527, 111, 77950, 509, 142, 5526, 29954, 23, 606, 330, 60636, 1295, 42856, 13254, 214, 142, 6528, 47, 4420, 214, 442, 1257, 390, 77950, 136, 150556, 5, 8622, 83, 1632, 38551, 184017, 678, 70, 24365, 111, 10, 3820, 4438, 4, 15700, 3129, 168, 85018, 7, 70, 1119, 11, 21407, 27686, 131011, 220642, 47, 99, 7057, 9523, 91375, 3387, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 111, 37822, 75189, 15, 74, 2819, 501, 5, 190, 5757, 46, 501, 5, 201, 6873, 77269, 16, 509, 10, 160600, 6, 119598, 56, 4, 70, 14108, 19, 4, 30260, 4, 136, 2265, 136, 167821, 35778, 5, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 83, 51592, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 29377, 15182, 9523, 6, 119598, 1314, 5, 5177, 27359, 3834, 9643, 1916, 126562, 66695, 111, 105355, 86, 17378, 450, 22742, 157, 68743, 90, 509, 70, 14037, 56, 111, 10, 13315, 111, 6, 119598, 53, 450, 167575, 3674, 23, 166259, 42, 9482, 8780, 5, 3293, 13315, 9842, 7, 678, 22742, 157, 88322, 90, 136, 60899, 8305, 2392, 17307, 988, 4, 79694, 7, 7921, 111, 20890, 7, 4, 3786, 157, 111, 12701, 11, 4, 636, 36340, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Poems.", "Philosophy.", "Epistemology.", "Theology.", "Metaphysics." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Xenophanes was a native of Colophon, a city in Ionia (now western Turkey). Some say he was the son of Orthomenes, others the son of Dexius. He is said to have flourished during the 60th Olympiad (540–537 BC). His surviving work refers to Thales, Epimenides, and Pythagoras, and he himself is mentioned in the writings of Heraclitus and Epicharmus. In a fragment of his elegies, he describes the Median invasion as an event that took place in his time, possibly referring to the expedition of Harpagus against the Greek cities in Ionia (546/5 BC). He left his native land as a fugitive or exile and went to the Ionian colonies in Sicily, Zancle and Catana. He probably lived for some time in Elea (founded by the Phocaeans in the 61st Olympiad 536–533 BC), since he wrote about the foundation of that colony. According to an elegy reputedly composed when he was 92 years old, he left his native land at the age of 25 and then lived 67 years in other Greek lands.", "According to biographer Diogenes Laërtius, Xenophanes wrote in hexameters and also composed elegies and iambics against Homer and Hesiod. Laertius also mentions two historical poems concerning the founding of Colophon and Elea, but of these, only the titles have been preserved. There is no good authority that says that Xenophanes wrote a philosophical poem. The Neoplatonist philosopher Simplicius writes that he had never met with the verses about the earth stretching infinitely downwards (fr. 28), even though he had access to many philosophical works. Several of the philosophical fragments are derived from commentators on Homer. It is thus likely that the philosophical remarks of Xenophanes were expressed incidentally in his satires. The satires are called \"Silloi\" by late writers, and this name may go back to Xenophanes himself, but it may originate in the fact that the Pyrrhonist philosopher Timon of Phlius, the \"sillographer\" (3rd century BC), put much of his own satire upon other philosophers into the mouth of Xenophanes, one of the few philosophers Timon praises in his work.", "", "Xenophanes denied that a criterion of truth exists. He is credited with being one of the first philosophers to distinguish between true belief and knowledge, which he further developed into the prospect that you can know something but not really know it. Due to the lack of whole works by Xenophanes, his views are difficult to interpret, so that the implication of knowing being something deeper (\"a clearer truth\") may have special implications, or it may mean that you cannot know something just by looking at it. It is known that the most and widest variety of evidence was considered by Xenophanes to be the surest way to prove a theory. His epistemology, which is still influential today, held that there actually exists a truth of reality, but that humans as mortals are unable to know it. Hence his views are considered a precursor to Pyrrhonism and subsequent Western philosophical skepticism. He summed up his view in these quotes: The gods have not, of course, revealed all things to mortals from the beginning; but rather, seeking in the course of time, they discover what is better. Yet, with respect to the gods and what I declare about all things, nNo man has seen what is clear nor ever will any man know it. Nay, for e’en should he chance to affirm what is really existent, he himself knoweth it not; for all is swayed by opining. Karl Popper read Xenophanes as saying that it is possible to act only on the basis of working hypotheses—we may act as if we knew the truth, as long as we know that this is extremely unlikely. Xenophanes' views then might serve as a basis of Critical rationalism. Xenophanes concluded from his examination of fossils that water once must have covered all of the Earth's surface. This use of evidence was an important step in advancing from simply stating an idea to backing it up by evidence and observation. There is one fragment dealing with the management of a feast, another which denounces the exaggerated importance attached to athletic victories, and several which deny the humanized gods of Homer. Arguments such as these made Xenophanes infamous for his attacks on \"conventional military and athletic virtues of the time\" and well known to side with the intellectual instead.", "Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the fourth century BC. He satirized traditional religious views of his time as human projections. He aimed his critique at the polytheistic religious views of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries: \"Homer and Hesiod,\" one fragment states, \"have attributed to the gods all sorts of things that are matters of reproach and censure among men: theft, adultery, and mutual deception.\" Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in Clement of Alexandria, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic: But if cattle and horses and lions had hands<br>or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,<br>horses like horses and cattle like cattle<br>also would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodies<br>of such a sort as the form they themselves have.<br>...<br>Ethiopians say that their gods are snub–nosed [σιμούς] and black<br>Thracians that they are pale and red-haired. Other passages quoted by Clement of Alexandria that argue against the traditional Greek conception of gods include: Regarding Xenophanes' theology five key concepts about God can be formed. God is: beyond human morality, does not resemble human form, cannot die or be born (God is divine thus eternal), no divine hierarchy exists, and God does not intervene in human affairs. While Xenophanes is rejecting Homeric theology, he is not questioning the presence of a divine entity, rather his philosophy is a critique on Ancient Greek writers and their conception of divinity. Xenophanes espoused a belief that \"God is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind.\" He maintained there was one greatest God. God is one eternal being, spherical in form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but bears no resemblance to human nature either in body or mind. He is considered by some to be a precursor to Parmenides and Spinoza. Because of his development of the concept of a \"one god greatest among gods and men\" that is abstract, universal, unchanging, immobile and always present, Xenophanes is often seen as one of the first monotheists, in the Western philosophy of religion, although the quotation that seems to point to Xenophanes's monotheism also refers to multiple \"gods\" who the supreme God is greater than. Physicist and philosopher Max Bernhard Weinstein specifically identified Xenophanes as one of the earliest pandeists.", "Xenophanes wrote about two extremes predominating the world: wet and dry or water (ὕδωρ) and earth (γῆ). These two extreme states would alternate between one another, and with the alternation human life would become extinct, then regenerate (or vice versa depending on the dominant form). The idea of alternating states and human life perishing and coming back suggests he believed in the principle of causation, another distinguishing step that Xenophanes takes away from Ancient philosophical traditions to ones based more on scientific observation. The argument can be considered a rebuke to Anaximenes' air theory. A detailed account of the wet and dry form theory is found in Hippolytus' \"Refutation of All Heresies\". He also holds that there is an infinite number of worlds, not overlapping in time." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44109, 4, 2750, 1902, 51339, 297, 2363, 5117, 158020, 98, 1438, 18237, 19340, 4, 6777, 959, 67229, 2363, 15970, 9, 5440, 71, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 41732, 33, 830, 24189, 7582, 29172, 5, 581, 8753, 1902, 126809, 3789, 4, 1286, 27140, 4912, 645, 450, 1733, 1284, 3163, 89829, 47, 40485, 47, 17164, 442, 24189, 1836, 1902, 1286, 147452, 136, 16981, 23, 70, 12275, 5, 44, 17647, 9319, 717, 4815, 830, 44, 670, 7134, 99381, 830, 44, 173473, 44109, 15, 19659, 1650, 873, 1972, 16, 58, 136, 44, 10752, 141840, 58, 1902, 756, 2809, 9882, 297, 237, 39395, 237, 29172, 5, 44, 4233, 1353, 503, 162, 111, 79959, 13, 58, 607, 297, 47, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 601, 115656, 4588, 13312, 23, 31060, 5, 44, 81779, 4865, 10, 9572, 929, 87, 25, 272, 873, 33, 830, 70, 335, 9, 8752, 47, 70, 44, 4233, 1353, 503, 162, 111, 79959, 13, 58, 11001, 4, 509, 25737, 645, 1295, 70, 172815, 13312, 5, 44, 294, 40491, 146185, 170500, 830, 2843, 1295, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 601, 115656, 4588, 14922, 4, 1902, 2809, 23, 70, 5423, 5303, 100, 5369, 4, 1284, 509, 34658, 4420, 136, 456, 18244, 297, 100, 70, 50960, 7156, 4, 44, 72859, 56, 60861, 188515, 740, 1818, 5256, 111, 44, 3957, 187003, 25, 7, 5986, 58, 3542, 2843, 456, 90431, 5281, 20271, 70, 44, 41732, 33, 1995, 58, 104227, 4, 1284, 70, 11531, 509, 959, 140528, 24189, 70, 22759, 927, 7156, 4, 44, 284, 36151, 1913, 581, 16556, 740, 15, 17726, 13, 47, 24365, 44402, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 5117, 7156, 509, 959, 121447, 24189, 702, 20414, 29733, 4, 1660, 40859, 8108, 1836, 80723, 182304, 44, 41732, 33, 1995, 740, 16, 44109, 51636, 297, 450, 4699, 37379, 137869, 63769, 2856, 47, 17164, 99, 20324, 21974, 64457, 111, 12275, 7565, 9, 6032, 4, 237, 1836, 1902, 100, 70, 5117, 7156, 5, 581, 8753, 51515, 297, 6765, 335, 17505, 47, 27489, 4, 1284, 764, 206398, 71, 6637, 764, 509, 7068, 182304, 44, 683, 73, 10091, 7, 58, 136, 20697, 98, 52336, 100, 44, 72838, 15882, 41129, 7, 740, 65810, 2206, 66494, 53, 313, 2886, 4, 678, 136565, 123106, 53, 1902, 79786, 20271, 70, 44, 568, 4171, 1529, 147, 13703, 58, 56002, 4, 509, 37170, 47, 27489, 44, 6433, 814, 17678, 58, 136, 44, 97249, 299, 11249, 11954, 2071, 830, 136, 57119, 67, 678, 73969, 14978, 133840, 98, 70, 95686, 10821, 44, 16305, 206, 111, 70, 10074, 44109, 740, 24372, 70, 60091, 137578, 111, 70, 11001, 44, 15017, 4517, 14804, 39379, 2132, 272, 58, 1295, 70, 5117, 7156, 4, 44109, 68872, 442, 44841, 10, 11001, 450, 6777, 959, 5646, 44, 24838, 4989, 47, 53383, 58, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 15490, 10, 140909, 53, 101275, 64627, 194, 44, 4233, 1353, 503, 162, 111, 79959, 13, 830, 17164, 297, 678, 70, 29458, 91177, 111, 8035, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 105207, 11001, 4, 80723, 23, 10, 3917, 82775, 47, 59102, 3395, 5, 581, 19612, 111, 44, 41732, 33, 1995, 58, 1556, 2809, 150380, 297, 47, 40368, 30773, 7, 4, 26719, 4927, 13950, 4, 7941, 13950, 4, 195976, 13950, 4, 99162, 12924, 4, 136, 161838, 13950, 5, 13703, 32485, 136, 42179, 138171, 241, 14775, 151552, 70, 7156, 237, 44116, 214, 10, 44, 3454, 67192, 4927, 13950, 72201, 27771, 740, 11555, 53434, 111, 44, 3957, 7644, 37429, 58, 151552, 442, 237, 44, 2347, 24763, 1940, 7, 58994, 58, 17721, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 44, 5130, 1002, 4, 99665, 238, 86595, 7, 58, 136, 44, 2347, 89931, 7426, 157799, 23, 107032, 1363, 111, 44109, 4, 78546, 56, 36113, 7, 1314, 136, 15236, 1272, 11489, 17007, 1242, 152201, 56, 3501, 70, 101805, 289, 24383, 62, 136, 24383, 335, 4, 70, 7156, 509, 65450, 3934, 44, 294, 2506, 22392, 58, 136, 44, 294, 2506, 10074, 830, 35462, 3674, 390, 4347, 136, 123106, 53, 166577, 7, 107013, 538, 5, 106073, 3060, 765, 29481, 297, 442, 237, 10, 23755, 7156, 4, 44109, 3530, 41382, 56, 80450, 16915, 1824, 11341, 71, 450, 442, 83, 44, 10869, 10, 23755, 7156, 1284, 10, 42486, 111, 52336, 678, 10, 5078, 184, 73986, 51042, 87420, 1242, 123106, 53, 14432, 39563, 297, 903, 23, 10, 28506, 44, 8912, 7030, 7, 58, 33683, 4, 1059, 1916, 450, 52, 217, 1660, 216479, 71, 47, 7440, 2685, 509, 10, 1777, 206, 111, 52336, 450, 5809, 186, 90698, 124030, 13, 4, 707, 10, 10074, 24383, 4, 136, 2685, 509, 10, 156100, 56, 5609, 974, 581, 44, 173473, 58, 5609, 83, 4552, 9789, 12, 22759, 111, 70, 43606, 101935, 3542, 150350, 71, 390, 66311, 4347, 4, 1632, 111, 3129, 83, 142, 150222, 5, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 5367, 7, 6626, 52336, 74, 4347, 5367, 7, 1632, 74, 136, 48861, 63569, 5367, 7, 70, 20450, 6953, 28560, 4, 3129, 83, 1919, 4734, 166577, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 112730, 10, 12600, 28692, 101275, 98, 44, 17647, 9319, 47, 4815, 58, 23, 66044, 47, 3638, 115, 2449, 98, 4950, 7, 101275, 5, 123106, 53, 150350, 71, 136, 6079, 756, 37195, 52336, 98, 70, 44, 97732, 58, 5609, 5, 44, 10752, 141840, 58, 83, 10, 16610, 150222, 63847, 15, 11, 211088, 95685, 16, 51339, 297, 390, 66311, 4347, 98, 6024, 9, 125728, 297, 101275, 5, 1529, 17164, 297, 442, 390, 75169, 645, 143, 26783, 63920, 98, 70, 6096, 25132, 8305, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 25, 7, 114122, 9, 42424, 70827, 74332, 15, 2347, 262, 11, 2408, 62, 2676, 194, 48861, 63569, 2843, 162466, 7, 47, 903, 150222, 4, 17368, 4734, 10, 4950, 7, 47617, 95212, 5, 44, 17647, 9319, 47, 4815, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 4347, 136, 66139, 99162, 12924, 40059, 7, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 92136, 16569, 2831, 4, 3129, 4347, 2843, 112730, 5, 18852, 44, 10752, 141840, 830, 44, 17647, 9319, 47, 4815, 58, 1556, 63920, 678, 4347, 98, 6024, 9, 125728, 297, 101275, 112730, 8305, 70, 262, 11, 2408, 62, 2676, 5, 1650, 83, 59121, 1295, 70, 67373, 25, 7, 80280, 3229, 56661, 707, 47644, 1672, 1919, 775, 5, 44109, 109312, 49814, 44, 17647, 9319, 47, 4815, 58, 47, 2363, 6867, 5423, 6562, 7, 5, 360, 26527, 4, 442, 509, 36069, 20051, 1295, 6867, 45831, 4, 1284, 15226, 4126, 10, 10846, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 44109, 1995, 83, 70, 17932, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 98, 382, 11994, 27898, 390, 6, 121517, 89916, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 390, 103745, 11, 89916, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 1650, 509, 17164, 297, 99, 4699, 37379, 137869, 136, 15786, 3915, 106, 137869, 4, 9020, 4, 23, 8055, 29733, 678, 552, 9, 102446, 1314, 73969, 14978, 133840, 136, 65810, 2206, 66494, 53, 313, 2886, 4, 136, 185118, 297, 390, 41576, 47002, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background and recording.", "Songs.", "Overview.", "White side.", "\"Procession\".", "\"Father to Son\".", "\"White Queen (As It Began)\".", "\"Some Day One Day\".", "\"The Loser in the End\".", "Black side.", "\"Ogre Battle\".", "\"The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke\".", "\"Nevermore\".", "\"The March of the Black Queen\".", "\"Funny How Love Is\".", "\"Seven Seas of Rhye\".", "Artwork and packaging.", "Release.", "2011 re-issue.", "Reception.", "Contemporary critical reaction.", "Legacy.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Queen, who had performed their first gig on 27 June 1970, did not finish their self-titled debut album, \"Queen\", until November 1972. The band had developed other, more complex material over that time but elected to wait to record it until they had more freedom and experience in the studio. \"Father To Son\", \"Ogre Battle\", \"White Queen (As It Began)\" and \"Procession\" had all been premiered as early as 1972. \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" dated to Mercury's Wreckage days in 1969. \"See What a Fool I've Been\", the B-side to the \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" single, was left over from the Smile days. \"Stone Cold Crazy\", also from Mercury's Wreckage period, had been in the set list for years, but was held back and reworked for the third album, \"Sheer Heart Attack\". Portions of \"The Prophet's Song\" were also rehearsed during the \"Queen II\" sessions, but the song was not completed until the fourth album, \"A Night At The Opera\". (Due to management problems, however, the first album was not released until 13 July 1973, just weeks before they began recording \"Queen II\".) Queen insisted that Trident Studios allow them to record at regular hours instead of studio down-time, as they had for the first album. The band approached David Bowie to produce, but he declined because he was then recording \"Pin Ups\" and working on songs for \"Diamond Dogs\". Robin Geoffrey Cable, with whom Mercury had worked during the \"I Can Hear Music\" session, was asked to produce \"Nevermore\" and \"Funny How Love Is\", and collaborate with Roy Thomas Baker on the ambitious \"March of the Black Queen\". After the commercial failure of the single \"Keep Yourself Alive\" from the first album, Queen decided it needed a single that did not take \"too long to happen\" (i.e., without a lengthy guitar intro). \"Seven Seas of Rhye\", recorded with the specific intention of being the album's leading single, began in a way designed to grab people.", "", "The music of \"Queen II\" has been attributed to several genres, including art rock, hard rock, glam rock, heavy metal, and progressive rock. Music journalist and author Jerry Ewing described the album as displaying a \"proggy art rock tendency\". Daniel Ross of \"The Quietus\" described it as \"the exact intersection\" between the band's \"murky, metallic beginnings\" and \"the absolute pop perfection incarnation of Queen, leather trousers and Formby pastiches.\" Rather than the conventional Side A and Side B, the album was split into \"Side White\" and \"Side Black\", dominated by May and Mercury compositions respectively. Although some have interpreted it as a concept album, Queen biographer Georg Purvis stated that it is \"not a concept album but a collection of songs with a loose theme running throughout.\" Mercury later confirmed this in a 1976 \"Sounds\" interview, citing that “it just evolved to where there was a batch of songs that could be considered aggressive, or a Black Side, and there was a smoother side.” The \"White\" side is very diverse: four of the five numbers were composed by Brian May, one of which is an instrumental. Freddie Mercury sings two songs; May sings one; and Roger Taylor sings the closing track, which is his only composition on the album. John Deacon played acoustic guitar on \"Father to Son\" in addition to normal duties on bass guitar. Mercury composed and sang all six songs on the \"Black\" side.", "", "\"Procession\" is a short instrumental piece (a funeral march) performed by Brian May on multi-tracked guitar. He recorded it by playing overlapping parts on the Red Special through John Deacon's custom-made amplifier (the Deacy Amp). Roger Taylor also contributes to this instrumental, using only a bass drum pedal.", "\"Father to Son\" was written by May and features heavy metal sections as well as a quiet piano part, which May also played. Like \"Procession\", \"Father to Son\" has parts with May on multi-tracked guitar played through the Deacy Amp. It is written from the father's perspective when talking or thinking about his son. Queen immediately added \"Father to Son\" to their live setlists. In 1975, it was dropped from live shows, but revived a few times in 1976. The song covers a two-octave range: Mercury (G3-A4), Taylor (G4-A5).", "Written by May in 1968, this song features contrasting acoustic and heavy metal sections. May explained that he conceived the idea for this song while reading \"The White Goddess\" by Robert Graves. The song also had personal significance for May; he drew inspiration from a fellow student whom he revered and thought represented the idea of the \"perfect woman\". In a later interview he said, \"I remember being totally in love with this girl from biology, and I never ever talked to her...I [was] dared to ask out this girl, and she became a lifelong friend, it's very strange...\". The song features May playing his Hairfred acoustic guitar. The guitar had been given a replacement hardwood bridge, chiselled flat, with a small piece of fret wire placed between it and the strings, which lay gently above. The strings produce the buzzing effect of a sitar. \"White Queen\" was performed regularly between 1974 and 1977, and last performed in London in 1978. The live version usually included a long instrumental break that was not part of, or omitted from, the album version.", "This is the first song with May on lead vocals. It also features May on acoustic guitar and electric guitar and the last guitar solo (during the fade-out) features three solo guitars. This kind of complex guitar arrangement is typical of May; however, usually the guitars are harmonious, but in this case, all of the guitars play different parts.", "\"The Loser in the End\" was Taylor's sole contribution on the album both as a songwriter and lead vocalist. The original handwritten lyrics of the song, which were nearly shredded in 2004, are the oldest example of handwritten lyrics in the Queen archive.", "", "Mercury wrote \"Ogre Battle\" on guitar (as confirmed by May in several interviews) in 1971 and it was one of the earliest songs in the Queen set list despite not being recorded until the \"Queen II\" sessions. The band waited until they could have more studio freedom to do it properly. The song is one of Queen's heaviest works. The guitar riff and Taylor's drumming give it a very \"thrash\" sound. The ogre-like screams in the middle are Mercury's, and the high harmonies at the end of the chorus hook are sung by Taylor. As the title suggests, it tells the story of a battle between ogres, and features a May guitar solo and sound effects to simulate the sounds of a battle. The opening of the song is actually the end of the song played in reverse. A version of \"Ogre Battle\" was recorded in December 1973 for the BBC Radio 1 \"Sound of the 70s\" programme. An acetate was made of an edited version of the BBC recording without the long intro or any of the sound effects in the album version, potentially for release as a second single. However, other sources state that \"The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke\" was also considered for the second single. \"Ogre Battle\" was a staple of the band's live set up to and including the A Day at the Races Tour, and was only played a couple more times on the North American leg of the News of the World Tour before being dropped from the set for good.", "Mercury was inspired to write \"The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke\" by Richard Dadd's painting \"The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke\" at the Tate Gallery in London. The fantasy-based lyrics make direct reference to characters and vignettes detailed in the painting and in Dadd's companion poem, \"Elimination of a Picture & its Subject—called The Feller's Master Stroke.\" Characters include Queen Mab, Waggoner Will, the Tatterdemalion, and others. The use of the word \"quaere\" in the twice-repeated line \"What a quaere fellow\" has no reference to Mercury's sexuality, according to Taylor. In some markets the album included a fold-out cover with a reproduction of the painting. Author Neil Gaiman wrote about the painting and the album on his blog: For the intricately arranged studio recording, Mercury played harpsichord as well as piano, and Roy Thomas Baker played the castanets. Taylor called this song Queen's \"biggest stereo experiment\", referring to the use of panning in the mix. The song was performed only a few times during the Queen II Tour, and there was thought to be no live recording of the song until 2014, when it was released on \"Live at the Rainbow '74\".", "The previous track ends with a three-part vocal harmony from Mercury, May, and Taylor which flows into Mercury playing the piano. This piano carries on to open this track making \"Ogre Battle\", \"The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke\" and the current track, into a medley. All the vocal parts were performed by Mercury, who added some contemporary piano \"ring\" effects as well. These effects were widely suspected to be synthesisers; however, they were created by someone plucking the piano strings while Mercury played the notes. \"Nevermore\" is a short ballad written by Mercury about the feelings after a heartbreak.", "In a 1974 interview with \"Melody Maker\", Mercury, who had been working on the song even before Queen formed, said, \"...that song took me ages to complete. I wanted to give it everything, to be self-indulgent or whatever.\" The multifaceted composition, the band's second longest (6:34), is one of two Queen songs (the other being \"Bohemian Rhapsody\") containing polyrhythm/polymeter (two different time signatures simultaneously 8/8 and 12/8) and a simpler polyrhythm around the end uptempo section, which is very rare for popular music. The lead vocals cover two and a half octaves (G2 – C5). May regards it as a precursor to \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", stating, \"You've got to bear in mind that we'd already made 'My Fairy King' on the first album and we'd done 'The March of the Black Queen' on the second album, so we were well in tune with Freddie's excursions into strange areas, and that was something that we really enjoyed.\" Taylor recalled in a 1977 interview, \"The tape went transparent, genuinely...It was 16-track...The tape had gone over the (recording) head so many times, overdubbing, that the oxide had worn off.\" This anecdote was later mis-attributed to the \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" sessions. Despite never being released as a single, it remains a favourite amongst Queen's fans. The full piece was too complicated to be performed live; however, the uptempo section containing the lines \"My life is in your hands, I'll foe and I'll fie...\" etc. was sometimes included in a live medley, with vocals by Mercury and Taylor, during the 1970s. The opening piano piece is only known to have been played live once, at Providence Civic Center on 14 November 1978 (likely in response to a fan shouting for the song near the beginning of the concert.) After playing the intro the band quickly transitioned into \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". This was also the final time a \"Queen II\" track would be played live until the revival of \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" in 1984 for The Works Tour. This song ends with an ascending note progression, which climaxes in the first second of the following track. The song segues into the next track, \"Funny How Love Is\".", "\"Funny How Love Is\" was created in the studio. Mercury wrote it and played the piano while Robin Cable produced. It was produced using the \"wall of sound\" technique. The song was never performed live, largely due to the demanding high-register vocals from Mercury throughout the song.", "Mercury began developing \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" in 1969 when he was with the band Wreckage. He eventually fleshed the song out with contributions from May. In the documentary \"Queen: Days of Our Lives\", May recalled, \"I've probably never spoken about this before, ever, but I remember 'Seven Seas of Rhye' being—it was Freddie's idea. He had this lovely little riff idea on the piano, and I think all the middle eighth is stuff that I did. So we definitely worked on it together. But when it came to the album coming out, Freddie went, 'I wrote that.' And we all went, 'Okay.' (Laughs) Because it didn't seem like that big a deal. But Freddie said, 'You know, I wrote the words and it was my idea, so it's my song.' The sort of unwritten law was the person who brought the song in would get the credit for writing that song, and the money for writing that song. Much, much later in Queen history, we recognized this fact.\" Along with \"Lily of the Valley\" from \"Sheer Heart Attack\", the song references a fantasy world or kingdom named Rhye. \"It's really fictitious,\" Mercury told interviewer Tom Browne in 1977. \"It's a figment of your imagination.\" A short, instrumental version of \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" was included as the outro on their first album, with the intent of starting the next album with the full version. A similar idea occurred with the old music hall song \"I Do Like To Be Beside the Seaside\", which is sung at the end of \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" and whistled during the intro to the third album, \"Sheer Heart Attack\". Ken Testi recalled, \"I joined in on the reprise at the end of 'Seven Seas of Rhye'. So did Pat McConnell and a whole bunch of us. I recall an awful lot of reverb, and Brian played the stylophone on it, but it was done in one day and we were all totally pissed at the time.\" \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" features a distinctive arpeggiated piano introduction. On the \"Queen II\" recording, the arpeggios are played with both hands, an octave apart, whereas on the abbreviated \"Queen\" recording, and most live performances, Mercury played the simpler one-handed version of these arpeggios. The theme also appears at the end of \"It's a Beautiful Day (reprise)\" on the band's final album \"Made in Heaven\" (1995).", "Rock photographer Mick Rock was engaged to create the album's artwork. In Rock's words, the band wanted to \"graft some of [the trademark] decadent 'glam' sensibility\" of his previous work with artists such as David Bowie, Iggy Pop and Lou Reed. According to Rock, Queen were looking to grab people's attention with the cover, especially since their first album had failed to do so. \"They realised that if you could catch people's eyes you could get them interested in the music.\" The brief he received from the band conceived a black and white theme for the album. The cover features a photograph described by VH1 as \"Queen standing in diamond formation, heads tilted back like Easter Island statues\" against a black background. The iconic chiaroscuro image of Queen was inspired by a similar photograph of Marlene Dietrich from the 1932 film \"Shanghai Express\". \"And of course no one was ever more 'glam' than the divine Ms Dietrich,\" Rock quipped. \"It was just one of those flashes of inspiration that happens sometimes,\" Rock explained. \"There was a feeling that [echoing the Dietrich pose] might be pretentious,\" but Rock convinced the band otherwise. \"It made them look like much bigger a deal than they were at the time, but it was a true reflection of their music.\" Rock said, \"To Freddie, that word [pretentious] was meaningless – 'But is it fabulous?' was all that mattered. Those were the days of androgyny, and Freddie was prepared to push it quite a way.” Freddie added, “It doesn't have any special meaning, but we were fascinated with this type of thing, and the wardrobe we used at the time described it perfectly well.” The image would later be brought to life for the \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video. To expand on the black and white theme, Rock made a second image of the band, dressed in white against a white background, that was used in the album's gatefold, advertising, and the \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" single sleeve.", "After the album's completion at the end of August 1973, Queen immediately added \"Ogre Battle\", \"Procession\" and \"Father to Son\" to their live set lists and toured extensively. Once again, however, EMI delayed the album's release since the first album had only just been issued in the UK and had yet to be released in the US. Other problems beset the album's release: the energy conservation measures put in place during the 1973 oil crisis delayed its manufacture by several months; then, when released, John Deacon was credited as \"Deacon John\", and the band insisted it had to be corrected. \"Queen II\" was released on 8 March 1974. The album enjoyed chart success in the UK, peaking at number five. It peaked at number 49 in the US, improving on their debut album \"Queen\", which peaked at number 83. In interviews the group promoted the album with a theme of \"good versus evil,\" and made numerous public appearances to gain exposure: aside from touring in 1973, they performed BBC specials, broadcast a gig at Golder's Green Hippodrome on \"In Concert\" and appeared on John Peel's \"Sound of the Seventies\". However, despite the publicity, the group received negative reviews from the media, who criticised the band for being \"excessive and self indulgent.\" \"Seven Seas of Rhye\", along with the non-album b-side \"See What a Fool I've Been\", was released as a single sooner than planned due to a fortuitous circumstance. In February 1974, David Bowie was unable to appear on the show \"Top of the Pops\" to perform \"Rebel Rebel\", and a replacement act was urgently needed. Queen was booked for the show and lip-synched \"Seven Seas of Rhye\". EMI then rushed the single into release on February 23, just five days after the television appearance was confirmed. It was the band's first hit single, peaking at number 10 in the UK charts.", "On 8 November 2010, record company Universal Music announced a remastered and expanded reissue of the album set for release in May 2011. This was as part of a new record deal between Queen and Universal Music, which meant Queen's association with EMI Records would come to an end after almost 40 years. All of Queen's studio albums were remastered and reissued in 2011.", "", "\"Disc\" wrote, \"The material, performance, recording and even artwork standards are very high.\" \"NME\" opined that the record showcased \"all their power and drive, their writing talents, and every quality that makes them unique,\" while \"Sounds\" wrote, \"Simply titled \"Queen II\", this album captures them in their finest hours.\" \"Rolling Stone\", who had highly praised the band's first album, awarded the album two-and-a-half stars out of five. While the magazine had little enthusiasm for \"Side Black\", they applauded \"Side White\", writing that it featured the \"saving grace of timely and well-chosen power chords and some rather pretty tunes.\" \"Melody Maker\" wrote, \"It's reputed Queen have enjoyed some success in the States, it's currently in the balance whether they'll really break through here. If they do, then I'll have to eat my hat or something. Maybe Queen try too hard, there's no depth of sound or feeling.\" \"Record Mirror\" wrote, \"This is it, the dregs of glam rock. Weak and over-produced, if this band are our brightest hope for the future, then we are committing rock and roll suicide.\" Robert Christgau, writing in \"Creem\" magazine, derisively referred to it as \"wimpoid royaloid heavyoid android void.\"", "As 1974 drew to a close, public reaction to \"Queen II\" had been enthusiastic. The album was also ranked by \"Disc\" as the 5th best of the year. While the album remains one of the band's lesser-known works, it has since retained a cult following and has in recent years been cited by a number of music publications, fellow artists and fans as one of Queen's finest works. In 1987, the \"Post-Tribune\" ranked \"Queen II\" 9th in an article covering \"albums that should be in everyone's record collection, but aren't.\" In the 1994 edition of The Guinness All Time Top 1000 Albums, \"Queen II\" was voted number 202 in the all-time greatest rock and pop albums. In 2003, \"Q magazine\" included \"Queen II\" in a list of fifty little-known albums recommended by the magazine to supplement their \"The 50 Best British Albums Ever\" poll. In 2005, \"Kerrang!\" readers voted \"Queen II\" the 72nd greatest British rock album ever. In 2006, the album was featured in \"Classic Rock\" and \"Metal Hammer\"s \"The 200 Greatest Albums of the 70s,\" being listed alongside \"Sheer Heart Attack\" as one of the 20 greatest albums of 1974. In 2008, IGN Music named \"Queen II\" as one of their \"10 Classic Glam Rock Albums\", writing, \"Queen gave glam a bigger, more anthemic sound with this glittery opus. Combined with Freddie Mercury's underrated keyboard work, Brian May's ringing leads and pristine riffs created a backdrop for songs that were by turns ferocious and elegant.\" In 2010, \"Mojo\" ranked \"Queen II\" as the 60th greatest album ever released on the Elektra label. Along with the Queen albums \"Sheer Heart Attack\" and \"A Night at the Opera\", \"Queen II\" is featured in the book \"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die\", where it is described as \"a distinctly dark album\" which \"displayed their diversity,\" and contrasted with their later \"expansive, stadium-pleasing anthems.\" AllMusic awarded the album 4/5 stars and said, \"Queen is coiled, tense, and vicious here, delivering on their inherent sense of drama, and that gives \"Queen II\" real power as music, as well as a true cohesion\". The review observed the album's heaviness and stated \"this never feels as fantastical as Genesis or Uriah Heep\", concluding \"\"Queen II\" is one of the favorites of their hardcore fans\". \"Pitchfork\" awarded the album 7.8/10, writing, \"Dizzying, overstuffed, and unflinching, \"Queen II\" is a die-hard fan favorite, and arguably the band's most underrated record.\" In 2009, \"The Quietus\" published an article highlighting Queen's \"lesser-known brilliance\" to coincide with the release of that year's \"Absolute Greatest\" compilation, describing \"Queen II\" as \"an absolute scorcher of an album\" which features two of the band's best tracks: \"Ogre Battle\" and \"Father to Son\". In 2014, Brian Moore wrote for \"Houston Press\" that \"the music is more progressive and the harmonies more advanced than anything from the first album. Queen had so exhausted themselves with the progressive rock style after recording this album that they abandoned the sound entirely for the next one.\" Writing for \"Classic Rock\" in 2016, Malcolm Dome ranked \"Queen II\" as the band's sixth greatest album. He wrote: \"Stylistically there was nothing here that wasn't on the superior debut, and you can hear the band struggling with the traditional 'difficult second album' problems... They had pushed their rock and metal roots as far as they could, and were clearly looking to jump off the train and expand their horizons. It's probably for this reason that the album lacked the sparkle and bite of \"Queen\" and the audacity of the subsequent \"Sheer Heart Attack\".\" Other rock musicians have praised the album. Rob Halford of Judas Priest cites \"Queen II\" as one of his favourite albums, saying it is \"nothing but good songs\" and stating \"Ogre Battle\" as a particular favourite. In a 1989 \"Rolling Stone\" interview, Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose said of the album, \"With Queen, I have my favorite: \"Queen II\". Whenever their newest record would come out and have all these other kinds of music on it, at first I'd only like this song or that song. But after a period of time listening to it, it would open my mind up to so many different styles. I really appreciate them for that. That's something I've always wanted to be able to achieve\". Smashing Pumpkins lead singer Billy Corgan spoke to \"Melody Maker\" in August 1993 about \"the records which changed his life,\" stating, \"I worked at this record store where we had lots of old records, and I found \"Queen II\", probably their least popular album. It's so over the top, so many vocal and guitar track overdubs – total Queen overload. I loved it. I loved the cool, weird, ambiguous songs about Freddie's sexuality and the way it shifts from heavy to beautiful ballads.\"", "All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted. The band included the comment \"and nobody played synthesiser...again\" on the album sleeve, a purist principle of May's, as some listeners had mistaken their elaborate multi-tracking and effects, produced by guitar and vocals, as synthesisers. Roger Taylor was credited as \"Roger Meddows-Taylor\", his full name, but that was discontinued after this album.", "Track numbers refer to CD and digital releases. Queen Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 8, 66, 26976, 106820, 23, 17006, 4, 3129, 192942, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 106820, 143915, 43573, 70, 33816, 47, 78724, 14656, 4, 96865, 297, 7565, 23, 423, 1837, 4, 136, 4734, 70, 8394, 48850, 6, 136791, 136, 70, 75414, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 876, 41537, 18244, 111, 70, 171827, 47, 6488, 5809, 186, 57, 4126, 5, 15, 3957, 137374, 111, 903, 106820, 83, 117414, 71, 23, 15732, 363, 570, 427, 12243, 136, 116361, 538, 60449, 390, 10, 12937, 111, 7426, 13, 201012, 11, 3521, 32896, 1295, 427, 11648, 5, 581, 50961, 509, 7311, 538, 142, 39395, 159960, 1771, 25526, 11048, 111, 17262, 24, 3132, 5, 16, 581, 33976, 111, 70, 3525, 106820, 80723, 98, 8055, 387, 4, 423, 2489, 4, 3229, 70, 107767, 34165, 509, 21, 532, 4, 136, 509, 82466, 71, 390, 11651, 164441, 7, 5, 581, 51517, 509, 57687, 72446, 5761, 1295, 147254, 19, 11443, 18, 5, 1529, 26171, 71, 70, 106820, 237, 10, 6957, 23664, 111, 17262, 24, 3132, 4, 678, 46132, 8060, 7, 4, 10, 5551, 6936, 52057, 240437, 53, 136, 10, 4067, 47148, 47, 6488, 678, 10, 6, 151570, 23, 70, 5201, 57849, 1363, 5, 581, 144477, 9022, 58982, 70541, 7, 10, 32804, 120957, 4, 136, 10, 133427, 8946, 83, 105866, 23, 70, 144477, 9, 1177, 48850, 58982, 5, 133698, 70, 5117, 6602, 4, 8, 82925, 1363, 4488, 509, 175100, 1810, 5, 72446, 5761, 3535, 297, 645, 70, 13452, 23, 423, 1819, 4, 136, 6226, 111, 70, 33976, 43240, 509, 39958, 645, 61475, 538, 390, 70, 100, 62368, 233592, 15, 10429, 1478, 16, 111, 911, 202, 46080, 136, 14432, 390, 15700, 100, 62368, 35839, 7948, 15, 7522, 172, 38526, 72446, 5761, 194, 581, 307, 7136, 7, 111, 70, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 107076, 14794, 3542, 122799, 20271, 70, 17932, 8, 23662, 111, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 4, 7068, 70, 75414, 34777, 21816, 3542, 3657, 89829, 136, 23, 423, 6460, 70, 106820, 509, 133888, 100, 307, 202, 1916, 5, 47009, 4, 70, 54825, 3542, 158012, 136, 70, 307, 202, 1916, 57230, 7, 3542, 40989, 297, 5, 581, 2258, 408, 38001, 509, 122799, 23, 423, 12977, 136, 70, 120514, 3031, 3956, 11914, 7, 20600, 297, 23, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 5, 185397, 70, 106820, 96865, 18, 1810, 23, 423, 19051, 4, 136, 509, 77681, 121461, 297, 390, 611, 14664, 581, 106820, 509, 231321, 3674, 23, 423, 14773, 5, 62, 3525, 133940, 509, 3884, 98, 70, 106820, 23, 611, 2525, 5, 581, 8561, 5201, 144, 867, 509, 64549, 297, 20271, 729, 5843, 104279, 198416, 5, 581, 144, 867, 65177, 1363, 509, 7228, 23, 70, 42819, 111, 70, 152319, 748, 3253, 58940, 282, 31, 241, 820, 136, 70, 5201, 144, 867, 49726, 509, 181653, 390, 57995, 80999, 31, 18257, 20, 15044, 23, 729, 13574, 5, 62, 6, 99091, 6635, 58982, 68807, 70, 405, 29089, 53, 4, 106820, 136, 70, 2713, 2240, 53, 509, 8, 82925, 67175, 23, 167777, 5, 116267, 6957, 121461, 509, 7228, 20271, 109969, 132869, 17168, 4, 20271, 3129, 70, 14566, 509, 456, 2420, 20051, 3934, 70, 159960, 1771, 20623, 4, 136, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 59140, 944, 26868, 30675, 509, 184750, 5, 2356, 4163, 75708, 112518, 509, 11814, 4, 136, 98154, 509, 20600, 297, 23, 70, 3525, 4163, 75708, 20623, 5, 581, 14015, 56, 40964, 1363, 111, 70, 1810, 56, 58982, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 39734, 111, 70, 6, 34165, 63920, 509, 7228, 23, 60775, 5, 133698, 70, 37195, 2449, 4, 17006, 25, 7, 105719, 27585, 509, 64557, 163684, 297, 47, 3249, 17155, 100, 70, 71062, 214, 17358, 17094, 5665, 7, 4, 10, 9433, 450, 21, 14437, 24189, 15643, 5, 992, 5062, 3789, 186768, 33976, 7, 442, 509, 68872, 47, 30098, 70, 106820, 390, 98567, 442, 16065, 1295, 324, 592, 16128, 5, 893, 26808, 175352, 509, 5423, 1257, 390, 70, 185236, 111, 105141, 111, 103655, 31, 89262, 15565, 47, 1601, 41079, 70, 13452, 4, 65903, 48141, 645, 390, 108858, 3378, 209237, 873, 7668, 1701, 5, 28090, 31060, 70, 175352, 509, 12441, 390, 71140, 164, 2646, 7, 150, 35259, 5, 581, 5526, 17496, 9, 712, 72468, 509, 105838, 15937, 1743, 5173, 9513, 9, 78972, 247, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 134349, 50961, 185118, 4, 2750, 221419, 538, 100512, 70, 345, 108371, 25, 7, 105207, 17496, 23, 98567, 33976, 7, 23, 70, 28730, 7, 5, 717, 25813, 70, 33976, 4, 10, 20117, 98, 10, 6, 84201, 60875, 509, 19667, 19, 5, 581, 12302, 509, 645, 66079, 390, 70, 11037, 73509, 11, 31413, 4, 142, 49894, 111, 70, 103655, 185236, 111, 105141, 4, 136, 509, 51339, 297, 390, 15853, 15302, 9084, 155867, 13, 136, 139457, 147356, 5, 135967, 47, 98567, 70, 33976, 4, 70, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 1163, 191, 1294, 4, 70, 81148, 214, 136, 8060, 214, 34777, 21816, 3542, 19574, 50930, 71, 4, 136, 70, 47143, 820, 111, 70, 171827, 47, 6488, 509, 8, 82925, 67175, 5, 581, 106820, 75723, 69988, 13, 509, 19574, 50930, 71, 390, 10, 122776, 15789, 136, 70, 106820, 509, 10314, 48398, 390, 10, 158285, 170846, 50961, 98, 70, 75414, 237, 5299, 237, 1810, 56, 5609, 7, 5, 581, 212485, 4488, 21, 14437, 59671, 5369, 4, 237, 442, 509, 2843, 63559, 47, 53397, 15227, 756, 18276, 7, 23, 70, 12302, 60875, 136, 26292, 23, 70, 36770, 9803, 55741, 5665, 5, 8934, 6181, 118149, 7, 3542, 5423, 98, 5361, 673, 7870, 4, 3129, 3542, 183540, 297, 1379, 756, 13254, 71407, 5526, 26847, 111, 70, 33976, 5, 32255, 6181, 118149, 7, 79786, 17368, 13909, 6226, 6259, 152945, 28021, 4, 237, 3542, 22759, 77227, 7, 11814, 47, 50065, 70, 106820, 5, 133698, 112664, 111, 70, 106820, 98, 70, 33816, 40059, 4, 673, 7870, 3129, 1902, 21771, 2809, 115081, 645, 3542, 109133, 1295, 50155, 70, 33976, 47, 23, 12912, 111, 442, 4, 6, 190358, 2856, 47, 186, 11814, 13438, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 6088, 496, 136, 18374, 30284, 26527, 4, 70, 106820, 509, 109133, 10, 62488, 111, 14885, 92134, 11903, 7, 99, 10, 191060, 939, 111, 106, 1104, 363, 188020, 7, 117, 15393, 47, 70, 193280, 939, 111, 70, 10332, 17986, 678, 10, 19336, 106820, 111, 70, 152239, 74522, 4, 136, 442, 509, 5423, 98, 142, 193, 191, 9, 2271, 7612, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 84084, 111, 70, 1301, 71836, 1363, 111, 70, 89253, 23213, 15, 441, 731, 206, 12, 44, 265, 9235, 353, 24317, 4854, 7689, 430, 4378, 299, 24479, 18939, 83, 10, 72399, 159960, 1771, 106820, 33976, 23, 17006, 4, 10, 26349, 23, 70, 160887, 1932, 168222, 16843, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Previous building.", "Construction.", "Later repairs.", "Transport of the building.", "Architecture.", "Graves." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The deanery church in Most, which stood in the middle of the church yard near the road to Žatec, burned down in 1515, and only the eastern crypt and the inner peripheral brickwork of the western tower could be saved. (The foundation of this church is indicated in 1253 till 1257 and indirectly proven by a document of pope Bonifacio VIII from 1296. The construction was originally an early Gothic basilica of three naves.)", "The building of the new church began on August 20, 1517, when the cornerstone was laid, and was financed by individual donors. The designer was Jakob Heilmann from Schweinfurt. He proposed the church as a big hall of three naves, with inside supports, a pentagonal presbytery and a prismatic tower with a gallery in the main elevation. The northern wall contains a vestibule, and a sacristy is located in the north-western wall. During the first year, demolition work was carried out. Heilmann handed over the project in 1518, and control of the building works was taken over initially by the foreman Jörg (Georg) of Maulbron and later by another foreman called Peter (possibly Heilmann). The vaults of the peripheral chapels were finished during the second decade of the 16th century, then the inner pillars were erected and in 1532 the church was prepared for vaulting. Then, the windows were placed and the vaulting ribs were dressed. The carcassing was finished in 1549 and the renaissance portals installed in the second half of the 16th century. Unfortunately the church burnt out in 1578, and was finally repaired by 1602. The church was consecrated in 1597.", "A new roof was put on the church in 1650. The actual main altar was constructed during 1735–1739. The altar decoration was made in the workshop of the sculptor Bartolomeo Eder and the main altar picture was produced by Josef Kramolín - both in 1773. A boundary wall round the cemetery, church and the ossuary was demolished in 1840. Another big repair was made during 1880–1883, during which the interior was reshaped into the Gothic style, and a part of the baroque inventory was removed. New gothic paint was used, and equipment was installed in the new gothic style. The plaster renovation of the outer walls, as well as a treatment of the stone parts was made in 1932.", "During the sixties, Most's historic center was completely destroyed to make room for the expanding lignite mines, a process that lasted until 1980. Unlike other historical buildings it was decided to save the church by moving it away from mining area. An expert committee was set up by the Ministry of Culture of Czechoslovakia to supervise the project, presided over by academician Stanislav Bechyně. From 1969 the committee was led by Alois Myslivec. The important specialist-adviser was Emmanuel Gendel (1903-1994), well-known Soviet construction engineer, who subsequently became the USSR's leading specialist in moving buildings in the 1930s. To move the building, a variant on a bow path was chosen. The transfer was overseen by the firm Transfera Praha, an organisation of the Czech Ministry of Culture, and was performed by Průmstav Pardubice and Škoda Plzeň. Prior to moving the building, the peripheral masonry, the bearing and supporting pillars were reinforced, and the remainder of the western tower was demolished. The church circumference was reinforced by a concrete ring and the church was gripped by a steel framework construction on the inner as well as outer sides. The preparation work lasted seven years, as it was also necessary to demolish all houses in the transfer path and fill in the former opencast mine. 53 transport trucks were set on special rails, which were inserted under all statically important points of the building. These transport trucks worked using computer controlled hydraulics, as were four booms used to pull the church. During movement of the church on the road section, rails which had already been passed over were moved from behind the building to in front of it, allowing them to be used again. Between September 30 and October 27, 1975, the church was moved a distance of 841.1 meters at a velocity of 1–3 centimeters per minute to the vicinity of the old hospital with a small church of the Holy Spirit, and it was set on an iron-concrete two-storied foundation. After the move was completed, restoration work went on until 1988, and the church was solemnly consecrated again in 1993. This building was mentioned in Guinness Book of World Records as the heaviest building ever moved on wheels (12 700 t).", "The church is 60 m long and 30 m large, has only one tower, conforming to the South-German late-gothic layout. Its interior walls are plain, and the peripheral walls are broken by two rows of windows. The lower windows belong to the individual chapels and the upper ones belong to the flank naves of the hall. The inside of the church forms a big hall, divided into three naves by seven pairs of octahedral columns. Between the counterforts are 16 chapels, two side vestibules, a sacristy, a double worm staircase on the eastern side and a worm staircase on the western side. Each of the chapels has its own ribbed vault and is dedicated to the patron saints of its donors — the guilds, rich citizens and one to St. Bartolomew, patron saint of the abbot Bartolomeo of Osek. The church is used both for religious services as well as an exposition of the Gothic and Renaissance art of the north-western Bohemia, and the church basement is used as an exhibition space for the North-Bohemian Gallery.", "Buried inside Buried outside" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 160600, 2565, 15999, 236883, 3420, 24073, 4803, 141, 69376, 7, 3478, 18939, 3638, 538, 15005, 7, 47, 333, 65279, 10836, 39, 23, 4537, 4, 1284, 509, 5117, 11814, 23, 70, 5361, 29367, 91084, 189050, 390, 105838, 119148, 17996, 23, 70, 4083, 179554, 111, 1919, 44, 28636, 56, 208, 58, 23, 143359, 5, 31384, 191225, 7, 113721, 450, 1466, 2400, 3478, 118775, 3229, 22458, 162708, 74216, 71, 20271, 70, 39395, 14922, 111, 3726, 5, 581, 13579, 509, 109312, 39908, 297, 3934, 92265, 237, 44, 4803, 2400, 3629, 58, 390, 70, 160600, 147158, 18, 136, 53397, 37434, 271, 217254, 113441, 9254, 164, 4, 678, 22299, 47, 119148, 17996, 5, 581, 19128, 1419, 25031, 1784, 2968, 164, 11814, 70, 13579, 23, 28730, 47, 98363, 70, 147158, 9523, 16648, 23, 197212, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 76726, 5, 581, 30355, 65279, 1419, 28166, 62, 5, 194824, 65508, 71, 70, 14941, 183234, 44, 4803, 2400, 3478, 58, 23, 41722, 4, 17368, 70, 2565, 237, 70, 44759, 111, 142, 5582, 5, 18763, 228113, 47691, 111, 1466, 2400, 3478, 98363, 7, 10, 100510, 678, 1286, 3501, 1632, 479, 85540, 46876, 707, 70, 11192, 96551, 4, 3129, 117, 25500, 7, 47, 70, 46876, 11814, 23, 163136, 4, 73962, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 2265, 38016, 7, 5, 581, 5582, 1556, 2809, 1059, 3674, 645, 6, 92498, 20028, 5, 581, 13579, 83, 106480, 28, 12846, 37534, 54940, 30355, 65279, 64370, 136, 10, 14012, 111, 6097, 26171, 71, 12921, 206019, 7, 707, 285, 68794, 111, 70, 23755, 5, 360, 1919, 41722, 5582, 4, 28166, 62, 5, 194824, 61924, 7, 1466, 2400, 3478, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 11853, 4, 1466, 2400, 3478, 83, 51592, 237, 10, 8562, 111, 333, 65279, 10836, 39, 23, 10, 100510, 23, 3129, 1632, 111, 70, 46876, 7, 1556, 11192, 479, 71478, 15, 127, 6620, 17883, 127, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 44, 841, 74054, 136, 15700, 111, 70, 46876, 7, 1556, 27226, 479, 71478, 24073, 866, 51029, 360, 194824, 25, 7, 80934, 4, 70, 11192, 136, 27226, 20117, 7, 621, 11343, 20903, 538, 62548, 5, 194824, 76199, 70, 27781, 111, 5570, 29367, 197212, 136, 17378, 450, 4, 44, 104643, 27983, 4, 155629, 297, 19128, 7, 1221, 76104, 1836, 8306, 4527, 339, 99, 756, 4, 23, 6, 61518, 111, 70, 15824, 450, 8951, 150556, 45831, 450, 1836, 4527, 442, 178308, 23, 23335, 1294, 77104, 58, 184311, 104796, 669, 71062, 297, 70, 80934, 111, 1466, 2400, 3478, 47, 26698, 70, 4527, 111, 51, 174822, 46876, 7, 237, 11192, 136, 27226, 285, 68794, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 5987, 8509, 70, 5987, 1888, 66, 46876, 15, 7623, 10030, 7, 7, 9370, 16, 21265, 7, 237, 15, 866, 16, 136, 92265, 237, 15, 841, 194, 65528, 169, 42826, 7, 7, 11782, 7, 70, 15, 841, 16, 20117, 44, 3355, 1663, 2400, 3478, 58, 136, 70, 15, 866, 16, 20117, 44, 4017, 38869, 7, 3478, 740, 360, 3060, 50218, 15, 157225, 538, 678, 33239, 133, 46876, 7, 247, 70, 31425, 111, 70, 94878, 17721, 15, 841, 16, 136, 15, 866, 16, 83, 959, 1632, 111, 1466, 2400, 3478, 1284, 10, 19686, 316, 74, 100, 27781, 4, 80362, 2063, 19, 115221, 133, 237, 15, 866, 16, 136, 20744, 14941, 237, 15, 841, 16, 23, 80362, 2063, 5, 209683, 83, 70, 7225, 23, 70, 61187, 15534, 4, 678, 155400, 7, 46876, 237, 15, 866, 16, 136, 50695, 4745, 14941, 237, 15, 841, 194, 15, 841, 16, 83, 56104, 70, 59121, 46876, 7440, 162, 15, 866, 16, 83, 70, 113091, 19, 46876, 5, 360, 23113, 113949, 4, 15, 841, 16, 83, 11814, 74, 23, 152701, 113949, 4, 15, 866, 16, 83, 11814, 5, 160193, 4, 15, 841, 16, 83, 11814, 23, 152701, 113949, 136, 237, 113091, 19, 46876, 3229, 119578, 7, 111, 116, 12921, 15, 866, 16, 46876, 7, 136, 220734, 7, 707, 1286, 6, 127219, 67, 12638, 3789, 15, 162, 15976, 86211, 247, 1284, 959, 70, 3789, 3917, 10932, 5, 6561, 111, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 27781, 7, 509, 450, 111, 102256, 61527, 3378, 4, 70, 46876, 23, 190704, 4527, 23, 893, 45964, 61527, 20271, 70, 102256, 117604, 15, 13821, 20, 611, 2525, 77269, 194, 3311, 702, 2525, 77269, 4, 23, 70, 2356, 117604, 20808, 2525, 6, 9193, 2525, 77269, 247, 70, 61527, 3378, 46876, 1902, 216479, 71, 3934, 239, 67, 61527, 3378, 4, 3129, 68034, 14432, 216479, 71, 3934, 42506, 9523, 15, 15128, 77269, 20, 19831, 4082, 194, 32255, 6626, 14432, 3173, 7, 149976, 237, 15, 866, 16, 46876, 7, 23, 2363, 107013, 14922, 7, 5, 4966, 23, 15044, 50218, 4, 102256, 61527, 3378, 47143, 297, 70, 5570, 59121, 4, 107374, 223, 3173, 4, 70, 15, 841, 16, 46876, 4, 136, 509, 7464, 11814, 100, 903, 60042, 24189, 70, 22759, 927, 142642, 19831, 4, 1286, 3501, 37195, 8927, 202032, 90, 7103, 442, 1902, 8360, 5281, 47, 32316, 23, 190704, 116483, 5, 116267, 186768, 27781, 83, 42845, 4, 51062, 289, 42845, 8035, 70, 15, 841, 16, 136, 48138, 1970, 42845, 70, 15, 866, 3142, 70, 21, 3055, 4, 3129, 83, 39555, 64557, 220, 3135, 14437, 23, 7986, 4, 83, 70, 8721, 6261, 1295, 3129, 70, 12610, 329, 46876, 7, 60887, 297, 5, 581, 15, 866, 16, 20117, 7, 621, 959, 1660, 162365, 21094, 707, 44, 66157, 17514, 58, 111, 70, 15, 841, 16, 20117, 7, 5, 360, 6, 75189, 25443, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 15, 866, 16, 220734, 7, 621, 237, 47041, 47, 765, 24089, 3716, 146291, 1295, 70, 15, 841, 16, 237, 22925, 105274, 5, 31384, 140434, 30839, 220734, 7, 765, 17262, 24089, 3716, 4, 4, 136, 4, 23, 70, 24089, 9523, 32628, 7440, 20744, 30839, 1556, 4734, 6626, 24089, 3716, 4, 24073, 211707, 58, 242, 211707, 25, 4, 44, 571, 57286, 58, 242, 372, 21816, 25, 16, 136, 24073, 6766, 3683, 58, 242, 47817, 90, 25, 194, 80362, 2063, 19, 115221, 133, 1556, 10846, 56, 2244, 8420, 24089, 3716, 3501, 5570, 14941, 4, 1284, 442, 1556, 78301, 5381, 1803, 136, 24089, 3716, 5, 60975, 538, 23, 22, 38507, 2400, 3478, 70, 15, 866, 16, 3173, 1543, 2843, 186, 35839, 44, 5918, 379, 24762, 830, 70, 15, 841, 16, 3173, 44, 2263, 12722, 24762, 830, 136, 142, 81814, 2182, 3173, 44, 282, 8748, 24762, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 147158, 41637, 4, 1466, 2400, 3478, 15, 16, 83, 10, 16648, 23, 3129, 6626, 220734, 7, 707, 46876, 7, 621, 11814, 390, 10, 11001, 46876, 26908, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 26908, 25, 7, 190704, 707, 493, 76, 25667, 46876, 96551, 15, 152526, 297, 44, 866, 58, 707, 44, 17336, 58, 96551, 247, 10, 17932, 4, 103210, 27044, 47314, 44400, 18, 15, 152526, 297, 44, 841, 58, 707, 44, 84396, 18939, 83, 11814, 23, 24233, 113949, 6044, 237, 163136, 4, 23113, 53019, 4, 707, 3789, 29458, 53550, 7, 4, 1284, 959, 11814, 3638, 538, 100, 23335, 1294, 77104, 5, 360, 2684, 50218, 4, 70, 572, 96551, 1556, 110, 24, 4935, 119578, 7, 1284, 67842, 79385, 7, 111, 14838, 33, 2408, 111, 70, 26908, 23, 3129, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Language registers and types of diglossia.", "Gender-based diglossia.", "Greek diglossia.", "Sociolinguistics." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Greek word διγλωσσία (\"diglōssia\") normally refers to bilingualism in general, but was first used in the specialized meaning explained by Emmanuel Rhoides in the prologue of his \"Parerga\" in 1885. Some scholars cite that diglossia appeared when Muslim cities emerged during the early period of Islam. The term was immediately adapted into French as \"diglossie\" by the Greek linguist and demoticist Ioannis Psycharis, with credit to Rhoides. The Arabist William Marçais used the term in 1930 to describe the linguistic situation in Arabic-speaking countries. The sociolinguist Charles A. Ferguson introduced the English equivalent \"diglossia\" in 1959, using the word as the title of an article. His conceptualization of diglossia describes a society with more than one prevalent language or the high variety, which pertains to the language used in literature, newspapers, and other social institutions. The article has been cited over 4,000 times. The term is particularly embraced among sociolinguists and a number of these proposed different interpretations or varieties of the concept.", "In his 1959 article, Charles A. Ferguson defines diglossia as follows: Here, diglossia is seen as a kind of bilingualism in a society in which one of the languages has high prestige (henceforth referred to as \"H\"), and another of the languages has low prestige (\"L\"). In Ferguson's definition, the high and low variants are always closely related. Ferguson gives the example of standardized Arabic and says that, \"very often, educated Arabs will maintain they never use L at all, in spite of the fact that direct observation shows that they use it constantly in ordinary conversation\" Joshua Fishman expanded the definition of diglossia to include the use of unrelated languages as high and low varieties. For example, in Alsace the Alsatian language (Elsässisch) serves as (L) and French as (H). Heinz Kloss calls the (H) variant \"exoglossia\" and the (L) variant \"endoglossia\". In some cases (especially with creole languages), the nature of the connection between (H) and (L) is not one of diglossia but a continuum; for example, Jamaican Creole as (L) and Standard English as (H) in Jamaica. Similar is the case in the Lowlands, with Scots language as (L) and Scottish English as (H). (H) is usually the written language whereas (L) is the spoken language. In formal situations, (H) is used; in informal situations, (L) is used. Sometimes, (H) is used in informal situations and as spoken language when speakers of 2 different (L) languages and dialects or more communicate each other (as lingua franca), but not the other way around. One of the earliest examples was that of Middle Egyptian, the language in everyday use in Ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom (2000 - 1650 BC). By 1350 BC, in the New Kingdom (1550 -1050 BC), the Egyptian language had evolved into Late Egyptian, which itself later evolved into Demotic (700 BC - AD 400). These two later forms served as (L) languages in their respective periods. But in both cases, Middle Egyptian remained the standard written, prestigious form, the (H) language, and was still used for this purpose until the fourth century AD, more than sixteen centuries after it had ceased to exist in everyday speech. Another historical example is Latin, Classical Latin being the (H) and Vulgar Latin the (L); the latter, which is almost completely unattested in text, is the tongue from which the Romance languages descended. The (L) variants are not just simplifications or \"corruptions\" of the (H) variants. In phonology, for example, (L) dialects are as likely to have phonemes absent from the (H) as vice versa. Some Swiss German dialects have three phonemes,, and, in the phonetic space where Standard German has only two phonemes, (\"Berlin\" 'Berlin', \"Bären\" 'bears') and (\"Beeren\" 'berries'). Jamaican Creole has fewer vowel phonemes than standard English, but it has additional palatal and phonemes. Especially in endoglossia the (L) form may also be called \"basilect\", the (H) form \"acrolect\", and an intermediate form \"mesolect\". Ferguson's classic examples include Standard German/Swiss German, Standard Arabic/Arabic vernaculars, Standard French/Creole in Haiti, and Katharevousa/Dimotiki in Greece. Creole is now recognized as a standard language in Haiti. Swiss German dialects are hardly languages with low prestige in Switzerland (see Chambers, Sociolinguistic Theory). And after the end of the Greek military regime in 1974, Dimotiki was made into Greece's only standard language (1976). Nowadays, Katharevousa is (with a few exceptions) no longer used. Harold Schiffman writes about Swiss German: \"it seems to be the case that Swiss German was once consensually agreed to be in a diglossic hierarchy with Standard German, but that this consensus is now breaking.\" There is also common code-switching especially in the Arabic world; according to Andrew Freeman this is \"different from Ferguson's description of diglossia which states that the two forms are in complementary distribution.\" To a certain extent, there is code switching and overlap in all diglossic societies, even German-speaking Switzerland. Examples where the High/Low dichotomy is justified in terms of social prestige include Italian dialects as (L) and Standard Italian as (H) in Italy and German dialects and standard German in Germany. In Italy and Germany, those speakers who still speak non-standard dialects typically use those dialects in informal situations, especially in the family. In German-speaking Switzerland, on the other hand, Swiss German dialects are to a certain extent even used in schools and to a larger extent in churches. Ramseier calls German-speaking Switzerland's diglossia a \"medial diglossia\", whereas Felicity Rash prefers \"functional diglossia\". Paradoxically, Swiss German offers both the best example of diglossia (all speakers are native speakers of Swiss German and thus diglossic) and the worst, because there is no clear-cut hierarchy. In most African countries, a European language serves as the official, prestige language, and local languages are used in everyday life outside formal situations. For example, Wolof is the everyday \"lingua franca\" in Senegal, French being spoken only in very formal situations; English is spoken in formal situations in Nigeria, native languages like Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba are spoken in ordinary conversations. However, a European language that serves as an official language is also spoken in informal situations if speakers of 2 different languages or more communicate each other. In Côte d'Ivoire, standard European French is the prestige language used in business, politics, etc. while Ivorian French is the daily language in the street, on the markets, and informal situations in general; in Mozambique, standard European Portuguese is the language used in the formal situations, while Mozambican Portuguese is the spoken language in the informal situations; British English is the language used in the formal situations in Nigeria, while Nigerian English is the spoken language in the informal situations. In the countryside, local African dialects prevail. However, in traditional events, local languages can be used as prestige dialects : for example, a wedding ceremony between two young urban Baoulés with poor knowledge of the Baoulé language would require the presence of elder family members as interpreters in the Baoulé language so as to conduct the ceremony in that language and not in French. Also, local languages if used as prestige languages are also used in writing materials other than documents in a more formal type of vocabulary. There are European languages in Africa, particularly North Africa, without official status that are used as prestige language: for example, in Morocco, while Modern Standard Arabic is the only official language and used in formal situations and Moroccan dialects are spoken in informal situations, French and Spanish are also spoken in formal situations by code-switching, and educated Moroccans are simultaneous bilinguals/trilinguals in Modern Standard Arabic and French/Spanish, with Moroccan dialects.", "In Ghana, a language called \"Student pidgin\" is traditionally used by men (this \"masculine code\" is, despite disapproval, found to be used by female students due to social change). Gender-based oral speech variations are found in Arabic-speaking communities. Makkan males are found to adopt more formal linguistic variants in their WhatsApp messages than their female counterparts, who prefer to use informal \"locally prestigious\" linguistic variants.", "Greek diglossia belongs to the category whereby, while the living language of the area evolves and changes as time passes by, there is an artificial retrospection to and imitation of earlier (more ancient) linguistic forms preserved in writing and considered to be scholarly and classic. One of the earliest recorded examples of diglossia was during the first century AD, when Hellenistic Alexandrian scholars decided that, in order to strengthen the link between the people and the glorious culture of the Greek “Golden Age” (5th c. BC), people should adopt the language of that era. The phenomenon, called “Atticism”, dominated the writings of part of the Hellenistic period, the Byzantine and Medieval era. Following the Greek War of Independence of 1821 and in order to “cover new and immediate needs” making their appearance with “the creation of the Greek State”, scholars brought to life “Κatharevousa” or “purist” language. Katharevousa did not constitute the natural development of the language of the people, the “Koine”, “Romeika”, Demotic Greek or Dimotiki as it is currently referred to. It constituted an attempt to purify the language from vulgar forms such as words of foreign origin, especially Turkish and Slavic languages, but also French or Italian and substitute them with ancient Attic forms and even by reaching down to Homeric \"cleansed\" and \"refined\" words.", "As an aspect of study of the relationships between codes and social structure, diglossia is an important concept in the field of sociolinguistics. At the social level, each of the two dialects has certain spheres of social interaction assigned to it and in the assigned spheres it is the only socially acceptable dialect (with minor exceptions). At the grammatical level, differences may involve pronunciation, inflection, and/or syntax (sentence structure). Differences can range from minor (although conspicuous) to extreme. In many cases of diglossia, the two dialects are so divergent that they are distinct languages as defined by linguists: they are not mutually intelligible. Thomas Ricento, an author on language policy and political theory believes that there is always a \"socially constructed hierarchy, indexed from low to high.\" The hierarchy is generally imposed by leading political figures or popular media and is sometimes not the native language of that particular region. The dialect that is the original mother tongue is almost always of low prestige. Its spheres of use involve informal, interpersonal communication: conversation in the home, among friends, in marketplaces. In some diglossias, this vernacular dialect is virtually unwritten. Those who try to use it in literature may be severely criticized or even persecuted. The other dialect is held in high esteem and is devoted to written communication and formal spoken communication, such as university instruction, primary education, sermons, and speeches by government officials. It is usually not possible to acquire proficiency in the formal, \"high\" dialect without formal study of it. Thus in those diglossic societies which are also characterized by extreme inequality of social classes, most people are not proficient in speaking the high dialect, and if the high dialect is grammatically different enough, as in the case of Arabic diglossia, these uneducated classes cannot understand most of the public speeches that they might hear on television and radio. The high prestige dialect (or language) tends to be the more formalised, and its forms and vocabulary often 'filter down' into the vernacular though often in a changed form. In many diglossic areas, there is controversy and polarization of opinions of native speakers regarding the relationship between the two dialects and their respective statuses. In cases that the \"high\" dialect is objectively not intelligible to those exposed only to the vernacular, some people insist that the two dialects are nevertheless a common language. The pioneering scholar of diglossia, Charles A. Ferguson, observed that native speakers proficient in the high prestige dialect will commonly try to avoid using the vernacular dialect with foreigners and may even deny its existence even though the vernacular is the only socially appropriate one for themselves to use when speaking to their relatives and friends. Yet another common attitude is that the low dialect, which is everyone's native language, ought to be abandoned in favor of the high dialect, which presently is nobody's native language." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44109, 25, 7, 96362, 7156, 4, 44, 72859, 56, 60861, 188515, 58, 5173, 88151, 4, 1902, 113054, 297, 60091, 36272, 136, 91048, 70, 8753, 154909, 35743, 4, 678, 70, 11001, 44, 605, 33150, 44109, 58, 58359, 214, 14012, 6626, 98, 70, 17274, 43609, 7, 110373, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 101904, 70, 8753, 678, 2363, 5117, 2663, 387, 5962, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 33306, 4, 8, 61518, 903, 36272, 4, 70, 8753, 509, 7155, 350, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 3293, 509, 21334, 538, 4743, 47, 10, 18264, 1836, 1902, 181141, 3129, 131148, 450, 1836, 2806, 27489, 7156, 7, 100, 10, 36049, 14380, 4, 2750, 2806, 7068, 74703, 70, 7156, 47, 10, 17164, 67967, 4, 3129, 66311, 4347, 14432, 151552, 237, 44, 90837, 38526, 70, 130481, 13580, 642, 17669, 6777, 1242, 3293, 131148, 450, 44109, 24124, 39555, 351, 13, 111, 70, 17265, 1836, 85168, 297, 4, 237, 4699, 37379, 137869, 158012, 2856, 98, 10, 11762, 4598, 5895, 538, 259, 429, 5, 581, 481, 82466, 7, 3542, 23, 6044, 10, 70425, 11341, 450, 48861, 63569, 509, 1631, 14534, 959, 47, 47617, 5792, 7941, 4, 237, 1836, 3542, 51, 2886, 47, 180863, 3525, 47617, 69880, 7, 5, 581, 26866, 155605, 157578, 10, 174548, 6275, 3229, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 4, 2750, 1902, 78684, 139505, 4, 509, 8, 93, 297, 10, 49456, 129745, 111, 11762, 92498, 390, 31095, 111413, 4687, 420, 28394, 47, 3884, 10, 40370, 98, 10, 18276, 5, 3293, 118055, 208844, 12441, 47, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 32562, 70, 11531, 44, 4657, 10519, 98, 32964, 27357, 7, 830, 3129, 2806, 21265, 237, 70, 73432, 28560, 47, 44, 284, 36151, 99, 70, 16556, 740, 360, 14487, 27898, 4, 70, 8753, 1274, 2822, 41994, 18919, 237, 2363, 183093, 136, 80723, 9807, 118, 26518, 2363, 44109, 79786, 678, 108558, 73969, 14978, 133840, 136, 185118, 41576, 47002, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 4568, 1733, 1836, 2806, 4488, 678, 133840, 24189, 44, 6979, 13894, 58, 23, 25695, 5, 135730, 15786, 66, 4, 2750, 509, 953, 5369, 10332, 99, 70, 1733, 136, 1902, 2809, 10, 62690, 39933, 98, 6626, 111, 44, 72859, 56, 60861, 188515, 58, 7, 52336, 4, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 142, 195644, 185118, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 1650, 509, 113771, 538, 70, 2684, 135587, 7156, 17669, 7228, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 678, 70, 25902, 3674, 11034, 8035, 11762, 160012, 15, 13, 3181, 85540, 47, 11762, 23, 6, 194, 581, 7156, 509, 17164, 297, 99, 59671, 12921, 12275, 7, 645, 10, 14922, 111, 22759, 21775, 74, 23, 69822, 4, 44, 72859, 56, 60861, 188515, 58, 1902, 2809, 17164, 297, 99, 22759, 12921, 12275, 7, 5, 44109, 66933, 10, 31150, 20271, 70, 51065, 111, 26527, 456, 90431, 6953, 23, 10, 4140, 99, 2367, 2806, 24209, 41231, 429, 51869, 22968, 23, 8018, 36840, 5, 581, 21115, 7068, 1902, 10, 17262, 9, 47477, 32562, 136, 456, 90431, 6953, 56002, 23, 10, 14457, 297, 18276, 43573, 341, 42562, 4, 11853, 13534, 72567, 8108, 182304, 80723, 5, 28090, 8055, 47, 6088, 26527, 4, 70, 21115, 79786, 99, 14434, 28394, 23, 7465, 111443, 72567, 5, 1326, 70, 47143, 820, 111, 182304, 104227, 4, 3129, 21, 14437, 24189, 7582, 4, 70, 21115, 17164, 297, 99, 10082, 7, 34695, 13, 4, 7374, 39, 24453, 137869, 4, 162856, 23923, 4, 159, 86590, 846, 42413, 136, 152150, 42413, 137869, 5, 1301, 2363, 35142, 678, 4699, 37379, 1902, 134620, 4, 4699, 37379, 137869, 509, 959, 11814, 20271, 182304, 5, 581, 4734, 11531, 98, 70, 7156, 17164, 297, 99, 581, 7156, 1556, 2809, 148272, 71, 678, 161838, 13950, 4, 7426, 4, 99162, 12924, 4, 7941, 13950, 136, 9600, 9, 33554, 5, 1650, 70541, 7, 10, 9789, 37457, 111, 79507, 7, 26719, 7262, 4, 7158, 4902, 133, 4, 56101, 11491, 136, 19612, 23664, 4, 39644, 136, 6264, 5, 98423, 32786, 54397, 99, 19713, 1632, 11531, 12, 43606, 111, 70, 52336, 3542, 123106, 53, 127752, 7, 4, 22759, 3542, 59121, 390, 4347, 4, 136, 63569, 136, 262, 11, 2271, 1902, 1632, 11531, 12638, 5, 581, 20450, 6953, 28560, 509, 142, 150222, 29256, 111, 44, 124938, 64944, 70, 44109, 830, 44, 4657, 10519, 98, 32964, 27357, 7, 58, 831, 186, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 35463, 31330, 47, 44109, 25, 7, 5117, 31095, 4, 111413, 4687, 420, 28394, 4, 2750, 100, 3060, 5369, 509, 456, 7077, 297, 47, 765, 324, 5967, 27686, 70, 8753, 136, 128431, 71, 1919, 31486, 237, 2363, 31095, 1295, 29172, 47, 26527, 5, 4687, 420, 28394, 8, 93, 297, 70, 747, 125682, 7, 23, 1919, 1210, 1809, 964, 87168, 233234, 44, 69397, 98, 32964, 27357, 7, 12, 19943, 581, 54877, 7832, 22553, 830, 136, 15005, 2822, 47, 71200, 7, 111, 70, 7311, 29172, 24365, 18264, 7, 17721, 4687, 420, 28394, 136, 44109, 4, 3129, 3542, 99201, 23, 70, 12877, 237, 6, 98869, 111, 1919, 8, 6211, 329, 5, 145733, 70, 11531, 8306, 30482, 8951, 91067, 47, 4049, 4, 7103, 178463, 47, 10, 11301, 12620, 111, 70, 11531, 99, 4699, 37379, 137869, 20271, 70, 1733, 111, 7156, 54452, 4, 4687, 420, 28394, 509, 4027, 13474, 71, 4, 136, 166, 297, 70, 8753, 136, 70, 17164, 67967, 100, 8, 51840, 2320, 4, 3129, 16750, 297, 23, 142, 1810, 9, 4390, 9, 118383, 9615, 19929, 4, 1284, 44, 2729, 35401, 98, 10, 52305, 24372, 157, 191, 58, 83, 15700, 11531, 390, 123106, 53, 5, 1529, 112730, 16569, 136, 51339, 297, 756, 111, 70, 108171, 7, 5, 581, 37105, 108171, 509, 44028, 23, 70, 12275, 136, 42238, 297, 8305, 10336, 26551, 7, 23, 10, 2478, 373, 27853, 234311, 44, 568, 25, 39, 23, 11954, 678, 2646, 3980, 58, 83, 54940, 271, 48861, 63569, 25, 7, 2684, 170277, 52336, 23, 70, 44109, 221636, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 61475, 538, 39958, 237, 10, 122122, 390, 4347, 4, 2750, 17569, 450, 63569, 509, 959, 85583, 3229, 764, 49782, 10, 53397, 182304, 5, 63569, 112730, 70, 101275, 7, 23, 70, 7311, 53397, 4, 1284, 1836, 3542, 14432, 456, 9, 107, 32271, 297, 390, 4347, 98, 1919, 6096, 25132, 5, 581, 37105, 108171, 7, 3542, 51339, 297, 390, 63569, 98, 70, 12275, 11389, 4, 136, 756, 121447, 6867, 11389, 7, 5, 581, 37868, 6496, 102678, 99, 70, 93192, 111, 70, 11531, 3542, 17164, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 36151, 99, 70, 16556, 83, 70, 22759, 927, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 4, 121447, 98, 952, 7582, 26527, 390, 6, 121517, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 136, 390, 103745, 11, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 103687, 297, 390, 73969, 14978, 133840, 136, 44109, 4, 442, 509, 113771, 538, 70, 2684, 135587, 7156, 17669, 17164, 297, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 6863, 54452, 5, 581, 7156, 25, 7, 44759, 83, 39958, 1295, 70, 66128, 67921, 7, 1346, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Recording and production.", "Songs.", "Overview.", "Side one.", "\"Death on Two Legs (Dedicated to...)\".", "\"Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon\".", "\"I'm in Love with My Car\".", "\"You're My Best Friend\".", "\"'39\".", "\"Sweet Lady\".", "\"Seaside Rendezvous\".", "Side two.", "\"The Prophet's Song\".", "\"Love of My Life\".", "\"Good Company\".", "\"Bohemian Rhapsody\".", "\"God Save the Queen\".", "Release.", "Re-releases.", "Reception.", "Contemporary critical reaction.", "Legacy.", "Accolades.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Queen's previous album, \"Sheer Heart Attack\" (1974), had obtained commercial success and brought the band mainstream attention, with the single \"Killer Queen\" reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart, as well as providing the band with their first top 20 hit in the United States. However, despite this success, the band was broke at the time. This was largely due to a contract they had signed which meant that they would produce albums for a production company, who would then sell the album to a record label, which Brian May later described as \"probably the worst thing we ever did.\" This meant that Queen saw almost none of the money they earned, as Trident Studios placed them on a £60 weekly wage. Their finances were in such a poor state that Roger Taylor was warned not to drum too hard, as they were unable to afford new drumsticks. The matter eventually reached a turning point when John Deacon, who had recently married, was denied a cash advance of £4,000 by manager Norman Sheffield to put a deposit on a house. This increasing frustration led to Freddie Mercury writing the song \"Death on Two Legs\", which would serve as the opening track to \"A Night at the Opera\". In December 1974, the band hired Jim Beach as their lawyer and began negotiating their", "Queen worked with producer Roy Thomas Baker and engineer Mike Stone. It was the last time they would work with Baker until \"Jazz\" in 1978. Gary Langan, who was 19 years old at the time and had been a tape operator on two of \"Sheer Heart Attack\"s songs, was promoted to an assistant engineer on the album. It was reportedly the most expensive album ever made at the time, with the estimated cost being £40,000 (equivalent to £ in ). The album was recorded at seven different studios over a period of four months; in contrast, \"Sheer Heart Attack\" had been recorded at four different studios. Queen spent a month during the summer of 1975 rehearsing in a barn at what would become Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey. The group then had a three-week writing and rehearsing session in a rented house near Kington, Herefordshire before recording began. From August to September 1975, the group worked at Rockfield in Monmouthshire. For the remainder of recording sessions, which lasted until November, the group recorded at Lansdowne, Sarm East Studios, Roundhouse, Scorpio Sound and Olympic Sound Studios. As their deal with Trident had ended, Trident Studios was not used during recording. The only song on the album recorded at", "", "The album has been affiliated with progressive rock, pop, heavy metal, hard rock and avant-pop. It contains a diverse range of influences including folk, skiffle, British camp and music hall, jazz and opera. Each member wrote at least one song: five of the songs were Mercury contributions, four were written by May, and Taylor and Deacon had one song each. The closing track was an instrumental cover of \"God Save the Queen\",", "", "\"Death on Two Legs\" can be referred to as Freddie Mercury's hate letter to Queen's first manager, Norman Sheffield, who for some years was reputed to have mistreated the band and abused his role as their manager from 1972 to 1975. Sheffield denied the allegations in his 2013 autobiography entitled \"Life on Two Legs: Set The Record Straight\", and referred to copies of the original 1972 management contracts between Sheffield and Queen, which were included in the book as proof of his defence. Though the song never makes direct reference to him, after listening to a playback of the song at Trident Studios during the time of album release, Sheffield was appalled, and sued the band and the record label for defamation, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement, but", "\"Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon\" is another song by Mercury. He played piano and performed all of the vocals. The lead vocal was sung in the studio and reproduced through headphones in a tin bucket elsewhere", "\"I'm in Love with My Car\" is amongst Roger Taylor's most famous songs in the Queen catalogue. The song was initially taken as a joke by May, who thought that Taylor was not serious when he heard a demo recording. Taylor played the guitars in the original demo, but they were later re-recorded by May on his Red Special. The lead vocals were performed by Taylor on the studio version, and all released live versions. The revving sounds at the conclusion of the song were recorded by Taylor's then current car, an Alfa Romeo. The lyrics were inspired by one of the band's roadies, Johnathan Harris, whose Triumph TR4 was evidently the \"love of his", "\"You're My Best Friend\" was the first Queen single to be written by John Deacon. He composed it while he was learning to play piano, and played the Wurlitzer electric piano (which", "\"'39\" was May's attempt to do \"sci-fi skiffle\". \"'39\" relates the tale of a group of space explorers who embark on what is, from their perspective, a year-long voyage. Upon their return, however, they realise that a hundred years have passed, because of the time dilation effect in Einstein's theory of relativity, and the loved ones they left behind are now all dead or aged. May sings the song on the album, with backing vocals by Mercury", "\"Sweet Lady\" is a distortion-driven fast rocker written by May. The", "\"Seaside Rendezvous\", written by Mercury, is notable for the mock-instrumental bridge section which begins at around 0:51 into the song. The section is performed entirely by Mercury and Taylor using their voices alone. Mercury imitates woodwind instruments including a clarinet and Taylor mostly brass instruments, including tubas and trumpets, and even a kazoo; during this section Taylor hits the highest note on the album, C6. The \"tap dance\" segment is performed by Mercury and Taylor on the mixing desk with thimbles on their fingers. Mercury plays both grand piano and jangle honky-tonk.", "", "The Prophet's Song was composed by May (working title \"People of the Earth\"). On the show \"In the Studio with Redbeard\", which spotlighted \"A Night at the Opera\", May explained that he wrote the song after a dream he'd had about a great flood while he was recovering from being ill while recording the \"Sheer Heart Attack\" album, and is the source of some of the lyrics. The dream May had was about The Great Flood, and lyrics have", "\"Love of My Life\" is one of Queen's most covered songs (there have been versions by many acts like Extreme featuring May, Scorpions and Elaine Paige). Mercury played piano (including a classical solo) and did all of the vocals with startling multi-tracking precision. May played harp (doing it chord by chord and pasting the takes to form the entire part), Gibson Hummingbird acoustic guitar (which he'd bought in Japan) and his Red Special. May eventually arranged the song so it could", "\"Good Company\" was written and sung by May, who provides all vocals and plays a genuine George Formby ukulele banjo. The recording is remarkable for featuring an elaborate recreation of a Dixieland-style jazz band,", "\"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was written by Mercury with the first guitar solo composed by May. All piano, bass and drum parts, as well as the vocal arrangements, were thought up by Mercury on a daily basis and written down \"in blocks\" (using note names instead of sheets) on a phonebook. During the recording, the song became affectionately known as \"Fred's Thing\" to the band, and the title only emerged during the final sessions. The other members recorded their respective instruments with no concept of how their tracks would be utilised in the final mix. The famous operatic section was originally intended to be only a short interlude of \"Galileos\" that connected the ballad and", "May recorded a cover version of \"God Save the Queen\", the British national anthem, in 1974 before their \"Sheer Heart Attack\" tour. He played a guide piano which was edited out later and added several layers of guitars. After the song was completed it was played as a coda at virtually every Queen concert. When recording the track May played a rough version on piano for Roy Thomas Baker, producer, and Mike Stone, engineer. He called his own skills on the piano sub-par at the time. He performed the song live on the roof of Buckingham Palace for the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002. May has stated that he performed the song on the roof of Buckingham Palace as a homage to Jimi Hendrix's version of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".", "The album title was inspired by the Marx Brothers film of the same name, which the band had watched during recording sessions. Subsequently, they became good friends with the film's star Groucho Marx, to the point where Marx sent the band a letter praising their 1976 album \"A Day at the Races\". Marx also invited Queen to visit him at his Los Angeles home in March 1977 (five months before he died). The band thanked him, and performed \"'39\" a cappella. The cover artwork features the band's logo, which was designed by Mercury, on a white background. The band's next album, \"A Day at the Races\", featured a similar design but on a black background. \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was released as the lead single on 31 October 1975, with \"I'm in Love with My Car\" as its B-side. Their management initially refused to release it; however, Kenny Everett played a copy of the song on his show 14 times, at which point audience demand for the song intensified and the band's label EMI was forced to release it. It subsequently topped the UK charts for nine weeks and peaked at number nine in the US. A second single, \"You're My Best Friend\" was released on 18 May 1976, with \"'39\" as its B-side. It reached number sixteen in the US and number seven in the UK. The album was completed a week before the group were to embark on their A Night at the Opera Tour in support of the album. This resulted in a 36-hour mixing session, as the group wanted to have time to rehearse their setlist before touring. Due to time constraints, the group only had three and a half days to rehearse, at Elstree, with four hours taken off to shoot the music video for \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". The tour spanned 1975 and 1976, and covered the UK, the US, Japan, and Australia.", "The album was first re-released in the U.S. by Hollywood Records on 3 September 1991 with two bonus remixes, as part of a complete re-release of all Queen albums. On 30 April 2002, the album was again re-released on DVD-Audio with a 96kHz/24bit Linear PCM stereo mix and a 5.1-channel mix in DTS 96/24 surround sound for standard DVD-Video players and 96kHz/24bit MLP surround sound for DVD-Audio capable machines. It also includes the original 1975 video of Bohemian Rhapsody. On 21 November 2005, it was once more re-released by Hollywood Records Catalogue Number 2061-62572-2 to celebrate the 30th anniversary", "", "\"A Night at the Opera\" was not reviewed by the majority of the UK music magazines when it came out because the band were remixing the album until the last moment, and consequently no preview discs or tapes were sent out to the media before the album was officially released. In \"Record Mirror\" & \"Disc\", Ray Fox-Cumming attempted to review the album based on a single listening at the playback party held for the press, which he admitted \"isn't really enough\" to form a proper critical opinion. However, he described his first impressions of \"an amazing rush of music with one track running helter-skelter into the next... The orchestral effects, all done by voices, are dazzling but come and go too quickly to appreciate on a solo listening.\" Fox-Cumming stated that the album had three highlights – \"Death on Two Legs\", \"The Prophet's Song\" and \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" – and only one bad track, \"Sweet Lady\". He concluded that \"as a whole, \"A Night at the Opera\" is faster, flashier and more complex than \"Sheer Heart Attack\", but they haven't gone over the top\". On its release", "In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called the album \"a self-consciously ridiculous and overblown hard rock masterpiece\" and \"prog rock with a sense of humour as well as dynamics\". Erlewine felt that Queen \"never bettered their approach anywhere else\". Progressive rock historian Stephen Lambe has disputed that the album itself is progressive rock in his book \"Citizens of Hope and Glory: The Story of Progressive Rock\". He wrote: \"While far from progressive rock, it was the band's most grandiose and ambitious album yet, full of great songwriting and prog influences.\" He said the album was \"a neat symbol of", "In 1977, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" received two Grammy Award nominations for", "All lead vocals", "Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Production" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 50744, 34, 509, 103122, 23, 21784, 10528, 5, 18852, 1919, 114210, 82953, 10529, 192169, 50744, 34, 4, 764, 80723, 1919, 80997, 23, 4000, 11938, 70933, 15796, 8108, 98567, 47, 14713, 5, 1529, 181141, 100, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 23, 6052, 136, 23, 86097, 764, 509, 111628, 297, 47, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 25, 7, 44, 433, 33049, 67, 11938, 830, 30326, 172, 748, 5, 50744, 34, 7068, 176377, 47, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 136, 112730, 23, 70, 174705, 2663, 113014, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 100, 6626, 34003, 7, 1295, 4821, 47, 30739, 133698, 1919, 1733, 678, 70, 72756, 9, 77007, 11938, 4, 764, 47763, 71, 2273, 109458, 23, 12661, 192428, 170894, 7, 4, 2843, 6, 69986, 70, 27865, 41649, 13786, 4902, 60992, 23, 4078, 237, 70, 2684, 64004, 214, 27150, 12348, 111, 70, 34003, 5, 50744, 34, 4, 25842, 678, 179241, 1461, 20191, 4, 3542, 52490, 32789, 37838, 51529, 237, 44, 605, 304, 58, 390, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 35992, 136, 70, 174705, 2450, 4, 10, 11301, 98, 70, 34153, 111, 341, 363, 4, 10, 41267, 66, 7426, 8753, 5, 50744, 34, 509, 3126, 297, 47, 40368, 3789, 117406, 4, 26719, 5655, 34058, 107, 4, 70, 92265, 7175, 1919, 82953, 112730, 100, 5, 50744, 34, 109133, 47, 44517, 98, 496, 4347, 3295, 100, 142, 165, 164, 155648, 71, 114498, 4, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 189275, 11762, 1126, 19879, 5, 9626, 18264, 678, 44517, 24189, 37771, 50744, 34, 509, 3535, 297, 70, 14012, 952, 6, 38184, 5, 44517, 31095, 17151, 136691, 1645, 52021, 70, 27150, 98853, 9893, 237, 8035, 7941, 174796, 4, 153450, 13, 4, 28, 33730, 47, 52295, 136, 220, 6000, 532, 111, 70, 72761, 5609, 111, 70, 6712, 5, 50744, 34, 36456, 3674, 450, 764, 91048, 10, 15593, 678, 4049, 47, 1919, 5117, 23189, 56002, 99, 44517, 25, 7, 23189, 11698, 99, 1311, 14832, 39, 6637, 764, 5809, 959, 18822, 450, 764, 509, 7730, 47, 186, 21922, 23709, 5608, 1314, 678, 170277, 101740, 1314, 1884, 11617, 7345, 123660, 4, 4939, 169589, 136, 803, 63052, 71153, 402, 5, 262, 61823, 449, 70, 16981, 4, 50744, 34, 2804, 44, 73243, 509, 70, 48869, 3095, 111, 759, 6897, 136, 87, 6777, 959, 3444, 47, 9908, 1257, 136, 7413, 450, 442, 509, 959, 2773, 1242, 1913, 44517, 4, 50744, 34, 112730, 678, 1919, 375, 95543, 818, 136, 98853, 1294, 106294, 84495, 73, 4, 803, 63052, 71153, 402, 5, 50744, 34, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 109458, 100, 44517, 23, 10, 76875, 6712, 26548, 13791, 7, 111443, 4, 961, 36659, 10, 1256, 9, 149718, 136, 85168, 214, 70, 14858, 16446, 23, 10, 190, 1104, 2389, 6, 118919, 54700, 5, 1529, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 22962, 69236, 100, 44517, 23, 10, 6626, 9, 519, 289, 19916, 645, 10074, 105236, 107059, 7, 23, 70, 50960, 68807, 111, 70, 19175, 15619, 5, 360, 14487, 3295, 23, 44517, 25, 7, 138, 1104, 304, 91375, 53, 645, 5140, 1972, 204795, 99, 70, 6, 127437, 571, 88260, 4, 50744, 34, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 26521, 19175, 69236, 4, 7068, 47763, 71, 1919, 17932, 192428, 69236, 26548, 10074, 105236, 23, 44517, 25, 7, 138, 1104, 2389, 19916, 5, 1529, 2843, 47763, 71, 10, 17461, 4216, 9, 67403, 13, 69236, 26548, 6586, 13534, 4, 118620, 44517, 106, 1104, 2389, 1257, 5, 1529, 2843, 47763, 71, 10, 50833, 53, 297, 69236, 1295, 427, 143915, 7, 26548, 154502, 9903, 48150, 23, 70, 15491, 15619, 128274, 9, 33870, 4, 3129, 134620, 138, 1104, 363, 5, 44517, 23742, 70, 456, 20706, 106, 1104, 304, 8108, 42658, 214, 47, 70, 2704, 678, 10, 21373, 47763, 2256, 26548, 10074, 105236, 5, 50744, 34, 2843, 21449, 98, 237, 10, 161740, 13, 23, 70, 15491, 15619, 27188, 19916, 645, 30749, 14098, 100, 1919, 17932, 9044, 3038, 23, 30715, 4, 19441, 110680, 1380, 98, 237, 10, 161740, 13, 100, 44517, 23, 70, 192428, 15619, 27188, 91375, 53, 645, 49220, 5, 50744, 34, 136475, 1919, 4127, 3173, 3934, 70, 34003, 450, 134629, 4, 28780, 214, 1919, 5117, 69236, 111, 70, 80399, 26548, 30749, 6406, 23, 44517, 25, 7, 305, 1104, 2389, 91375, 53, 99, 6512, 39, 13534, 59132, 136, 70, 73432, 69236, 26548, 172539, 47064, 23, 10, 116, 1104, 2389, 19916, 5, 18763, 4568, 15393, 41421, 3934, 70, 203249, 16128, 12441, 47, 4939, 122683, 2975, 3075, 28780, 214, 70, 10002, 69236, 23, 70, 48524, 49838, 19175, 36137, 9, 33870, 5117, 6049, 99, 893, 28394, 4, 3129, 26038, 44517, 10, 30306, 16065, 69236, 645, 39721, 5, 50744, 34, 2843, 47763, 71, 678, 44517, 25, 7, 37195, 927, 203249, 23, 70, 49838, 19175, 2704, 23, 124338, 4, 7440, 44517, 72856, 47, 30749, 14098, 5, 50744, 34, 6777, 959, 60213, 5045, 1379, 4908, 2198, 110427, 25, 7, 39457, 42, 4, 105147, 120686, 56532, 1703, 4, 40494, 20271, 479, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 4, 6637, 111, 1919, 105226, 23, 70, 2021, 134288, 152150, 7, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 98853, 1294, 106294, 15889, 1379, 37620, 101740, 7175, 5, 33306, 4, 764, 21449, 5773, 70, 1585, 206, 26548, 30749, 14098, 98, 952, 6088, 136, 47763, 71, 10, 10336, 56, 7103, 2248, 14633, 1295, 10, 4939, 100363, 126933, 4092, 101630, 5, 581, 69236, 63284, 71, 450, 44517, 111670, 71, 10, 6275, 136, 93544, 2363, 51, 101448, 33, 5368, 17164, 5, 50744, 34, 7068, 47763, 71, 6626, 109458, 136, 30793, 297, 10, 17819, 69058, 5861, 10336, 56, 98, 543, 18374, 23, 44517, 25, 7, 190, 1104, 2389, 19916, 99, 102256, 7, 3267, 72089, 5, 2161, 616, 18982, 37771, 50744, 34, 47763, 71, 10, 10704, 23, 26548, 25134, 3611, 14098, 23, 70, 50960, 68807, 111, 70, 15491, 15619, 237, 44517, 13028, 1810, 201, 104279, 159690, 7, 23, 70, 456, 20706, 5, 110196, 764, 47763, 71, 6626, 109458, 26548, 102256, 7, 3267, 72089, 4, 903, 1733, 99, 6512, 39, 13534, 59132, 98, 1372, 18982, 4, 10, 116, 1104, 2389, 44517, 19916, 4, 141753, 10, 185839, 1379, 1940, 464, 31095, 6955, 223, 2673, 76224, 92, 5, 32255, 153350, 7, 77443, 47, 186, 1919, 5117, 69236, 23, 423, 26521, 19175, 27528, 5, 1529, 176016, 71, 70, 109458, 390, 20662, 10, 44, 12336, 238, 21493, 58, 28995, 3408, 4, 1284, 8, 93, 297, 764, 509, 8060, 214, 142, 98853, 9893, 158, 686, 10763, 1419, 5, 2161, 714, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 163317, 1172, 12018, 5695, 365, 2149, 50744, 34, 15, 57332, 190, 8055, 20231, 16, 83, 142, 98853, 9893, 101740, 56, 2750, 11301, 7, 237, 10, 153350, 42, 136, 148, 21228, 100, 30839, 11938, 1840, 3238, 335, 14495, 136, 70, 98853, 1294, 106294, 15889, 101740, 7175, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Club career.", "Early career.", "Chelsea.", "2006–07 season.", "2007–08 season.", "2008–09 season.", "2009–10 season.", "2010–11 season.", "2011–12 season.", "Lille.", "Hertha BSC.", "International career.", "Failure to acquire Dutch citizenship.", "Ivory Coast.", "Personal life.", "Honours." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Kalou was born in Oumé. Like his older brother Bonaventure Kalou, he began his career in local club Mimosas before moving to Europe. He signed for Feyenoord in 2003 and in 2004, he was loaned to Feyenoord's \"satellite club\", Excelsior. Kalou then returned to Feyenoord and played in the Dutch top flight Eredivisie for two seasons from 2004 to 2006. During his time with the Rotterdam-based club, he scored 35 goals in 67 league appearances, also winning the Johan Cruijff Award in 2005 as the most promising young talent of the season. Kalou, together with Dirk Kuyt, were affectionately known as \"K2\" by Feyenoord fans and the Dutch media, a play on the words of K3, a Belgian pop band. Kalou was linked to several other clubs, including Auxerre, the French team his brother played for.", "", "Kalou moved to Chelsea on 30 May 2006 for an undisclosed fee, believed to be approximately £9 million. Under contract with Chelsea until 2009, Kalou was handed the number 21 shirt. Chelsea manager José Mourinho praised the young Ivorian as being hardworking, versatile, eager to improve and unafraid of the physical side of the game. Kalou admitted that he brought a camera with him to his first training session at Chelsea's training centre at Cobham because he could not believe that he was going to be rubbing shoulders with famous footballers like Michael Ballack, John Terry and Didier Drogba. Describing the experience, Kalou said \"This was the dream moment of my life and I did not want to wake up and find that it was not real.\" At Chelsea, Kalou played with his compatriot and Ivory Coast captain, Didier Drogba. Kalou scored his first goals for Chelsea in a reserve game against Portsmouth, bagging a hat-trick and earning the match ball in a 5–0 thrashing. He scored his first senior goal for Chelsea in a two-goal win over Blackburn Rovers in the third round of the League Cup. In December 2006 in Chelsea's 3–2 victory over Wigan Athletic at the JJB Stadium, Kalou scored his first Premier League goal, then scored his second league goal against Blackburn in Chelsea's 3–0 win. He also scored a 93rd-minute goal against Watford, putting Chelsea 1–0 up. He also scored a volleyed goal from 12 yards against Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup quarter-final, which ended 3–3. Chelsea won the replay 1–2 before progressing to the final with a similar scoreline against Blackburn. Kalou also came on as a substitute in the FA Cup Final win over Manchester United for his second trophy in England, having earlier come on as a substitute for Chelsea in the league Cup Final victory over Arsenal.", "Kalou continued his good form into the season that followed, scoring his first goal of the campaign against Manchester City in Chelsea's 6–0 victory at Stamford Bridge and the opening goal against Derby County in a 2–0 win. His last minute cross into the penalty area led to John Arne Riise scoring the own goal in the UEFA Champions League semi-final first leg at Anfield, which gave Chelsea a vital away goal over Liverpool. Kalou also scored with Chelsea's sixth penalty in the Champions League final in Moscow, where Chelsea lost to Manchester United.", "Kalou did not feature much under Avram Grant's successor, Luiz Felipe Scolari, except during pre-season, because of his participation in the 2008 Beijing Olympics as part of the Ivory Coast national under-23 football team. However, he came off the bench against Manchester United on 21 September and scored a header after 80 minutes from a John Obi Mikel free kick. The goal ensured that Chelsea secured a point and kept their unbeaten home record. Kalou then scored two goals and assisted a Frank Lampard header on 18 October in Chelsea's 5–0 win at Middlesbrough. On 14 January 2009, Kalou scored a tap in against Southend United in the third round of the FA Cup as Chelsea ran out 4–1 winners in the replay. Again he scored two goals against Middlesbrough, this time at Stamford Bridge on 28 January, a 2–0 Chelsea win, becoming a favourite under interim manager Guus Hiddink. These strikes proved to be his first goal in 15 Premier League games. He celebrated the goals by making a \"handcuff\" gesture, but denied he was supporting an Ivorian convictionist. On 25 April 2009, he scored the winner against London rivals West Ham. Kalou was an unused substitute in Chelsea's 2–1 defeat of Everton as the Blues won the FA Cup on 30 May.", "Chelsea beat Manchester United to lift the 2009 FA Community Shield, with Kalou scoring the winning penalty. He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season against Queens Park Rangers at Stamford Bridge in the third round of the League Cup, earning his team a 1–0 victory. On 12 October 2009, Kalou signed a three-year contract extension with Chelsea, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2012. He celebrated his new contract with an brace against Atlético Madrid in the Champions League, helping Chelsea maintain their perfect record in the competition. On 24 February 2010, he scored a goal against Internazionale in the Champions League round of 16 first leg. His shot from outside the box was tame but an error from Inter goalkeeper Júlio César allowed the ball to find the back of the net in a 2–1 loss. In Chelsea's 7–0 win over Stoke City on 25 April, Kalou netted a hat-trick, though his second goal of the day had been the source of controversy, as it was very close to being a two-footed tackle. Kalou scored Chelsea's third of eight goals on the last day of the season against Wigan, as the Blues were crowned champions.", "Kalou started the season well with scoring the only goal in the 3–1 defeat at Wembley Stadium against Manchester United. He appeared as a substitute in the 6–0 drubbing of Wigan at the DW Stadium to score two goals, both assisted by fellow Ivorian Didier Drogba. Through 31 appearances, Kalou had scored 14 goals in all competitions. Despite his form, however, he found it hard to gain a regular first team place since the addition of Fernando Torres from Liverpool in January. Nonetheless, he was included in the starting lineup for their next game against West Bromwich Albion, scoring a goal in Chelsea's 3–1 win on 16 April. Kalou started the next game as well, and scored again as Chelsea defeated Birmingham City 3–1. For Chelsea's crucial game against Tottenham Hotspur, Kalou was not included in the starting lineup, as Carlo Ancelotti preferred a striking partnership of Drogba and Torres. However, Kalou replaced Torres in the 63rd minute, scoring a goal in the 89th minute to lead Chelsea to a 2–1 win and within three points of league leaders Manchester United. This brought him up to ten Premier League goals on the year, the first time he has hit double digit league goals for Chelsea.", "Kalou started the season with Chelsea playing in the club's second league game, against West Brom; he was substituted off, however, after only 34 minutes. He was an unused substitute against Sunderland and Bayer Leverkusen, but he started in Chelsea's first League Cup match of the season against Fulham. Chelsea won 4–3 on penalties, with him converting the second-last penalty. On 28 September 2011, Kalou came on for Frank Lampard in the 83rd minute. He then was booked for handball in the 85th minute which led to Roberto Soldado scoring a penalty; the score ended level at 1–1. Kalou's first goal of the new season came in a 5–0 rout of Belgian side Racing Genk on 19 October 2011. He scored in a 2–1 win at Goodison Park against Everton in the League Cup, then scored his first goal in the Premier League season in a 3–0 away win against Newcastle. Following the appointment of Roberto Di Matteo as interim manager, Kalou fought his way back into the first-team squad; under André Villas-Boas, he was frozen out, only making four starts in over seven months. Kalou scored his first goal in the season's edition of the FA Cup when Chelsea defeated Leicester City 5–2 at Stamford Bridge. This goal put him alongside Sergio Agüero as the only players to score in the Premier League, League Cup, FA Cup and Champions League in the season. Kalou then netted a vital away goal in the first leg of their Champions League quarter-final clash with Benfica after some great work from strike partner Fernando Torres. Chelsea won the game 1–0. Kalou's goal against Benfica was his 58th for the club. On 29 March 2012, he claimed he had been frozen out by former Chelsea manager André Villas-Boas. On 21 April, Kalou made his 250th appearance for Chelsea in a 0–0 draw away to rivals Arsenal. He started both the 2012 FA Cup Final and Champions League final, both of which were Chelsea victories. On 1 July 2012, Chelsea officially announced that Kalou's contract had come to an end along with José Bosingwa, after spending six years at the London side. He had made 254 appearances for the club, including 147 starts, and scored 60 goals. After his release, Kalou was linked with numerous clubs across Europe, including the likes of Schalke 04, Liverpool, Galatasaray, Newcastle United and Arsenal.", "On 7 July 2012, it was confirmed that Kalou would sign for Lille on a free transfer after being released by Chelsea at the end of his contract. He was given the number 8 jersey. New manager Rudi Garcia was pleased to see Kalou join Lille, but admitted that it was not easy to convince him to join the French side. Kalou scored his first competitive goal for Lille in his second appearance, a header to equalize the scoreline against Nancy. His first Champions League goal for the club came in their 6–1 defeat to Bayern Munich on 7 November. In 2013–14, Kalou played all of Lille's games, starting all but two. He scored 16 goals, making him one of five runners-up to Zlatan Ibrahimović for top scorer. This included a hat-trick on 2 March with two penalties, as the \"Dogues\" won 3–2 at Ajaccio.", "On 31 August 2014, Kalou joined Bundesliga side Hertha BSC on a three-year contract. In his first full season at the Berlin-based club, he played 27 times in the league, scoring six goals and helping Hertha avoid relegation. At the beginning of the 2015–16 Bundesliga season, Kalou swapped number 11 for the vacant 8 shirt after the departure of Marcel Ndjeng to SC Paderborn. This was the same number he wore during his stint at Lille as well as with the Ivorian national side. He started the season in good goal scoring form, scoring the winner from the penalty spot in an opening 1–0 win away to FC Augsburg. He scored his second of the season coming on as a substitute against an in-form Borussia Dortmund side in a 3–1 loss. On 3 October, Kalou scored his third goal of the season, the opener in a 3–0 win over Hamburger SV. He scored a brace on 27 October against 2. Bundesliga side FSV Frankfurt in the DFB-Pokal second round in a 2–1 win, scoring the winner from the spot in extra time. His goal-scoring form continued on 6 November when he recorded his first hat-trick for Hertha in a 3–1 win against Hannover 96. Kalou scored the final goal in a convincing 4–0 win over Darmstadt 98 on 12 December, lifting Hertha up to third in the Bundesliga. Kalou scored again the next weekend against Mainz 05, bringing his season tally to nine heading into the Christmas break, explaining that having \"time to set up with the team\" was important to his success in the first half while setting a goal of reaching the Champions League for his club. With his goal on 30 January 2016 at Werder Bremen, Kalou curiously became the first player to have double-digit goal-scoring seasons in the Premier League, Ligue 1, and the Bundesliga. Maintaining their third place until April, Hertha gained only one point from their final five matches, falling all the way to seventh place. Kalou scored 14 goals in the Bundesliga that year, finishing as Hertha's top scorer. Kalou played in Hertha's brief Europa League stay against Brøndby IF, as well as their first round Pokal match against Jahn Regensburg, but did not feature in the Bundesliga initially for Pál Dárdai. An injury to Vladimír Darida vacated a spot initially for Valentin Stocker, but when Stocker picked up a three-match ban for a straight red card at Borussia Dortmund, it was Kalou who filled the hole in the attacking midfield, making his season debut on 22 October against FC Köln. On 4 November, Kalou emphatically ended his scoreless start to the season, picking up a hat trick against Borussia Mönchengladbach in a 3–0 victory, moving his side temporarily into third place. On 15 March 2017, Kalou signed a contract extension at Hertha, keeping him at the Olympiastadion until 2019, with Kalou adding \"I'm really happy in Berlin and still have a lot to achieve with Hertha. I want to help build on the progress the team has made in recent years.\" On 4 May 2020, he streamed live from the Hertha cabin via Facebook. Kalou greeted players and coaches, who were unaware of the live broadcast, with a handshake, disregarded social distancing regulations and filmed a conversation about the Hertha professionals' salary cuts. He was then released from training and playing duties.", "", "While at Feyenoord, Kalou sought fast-track naturalisation to become a Dutch citizen and play on the Netherlands national football team. His application was supported by national team manager Marco van Basten, and Dutch football icon Johan Cruyff. The process drew attention as the Dutch were scheduled to play the Ivory Coast at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and he would likely play against his brother. His application was rejected in August 2005 by Minister of Immigration Rita Verdonk, who believed that he would soon move to a bigger foreign club. In February 2006 the Council of State ordered that the decision be revised. Verdonk released the same verdict in May, saying that Kalou was ineligible for fast-track naturalisation and would have to go through the same tests as other applicants, thereby ruling Kalou out of the World Cup. During the process, Dutch insurance company Centraal Beheer made a television advertisement in which Kalou represents the Netherlands' rivals Germany against them. He took legal action for use of his image and name in the film.", "Kalou's failure to acquire Dutch citizenship was a factor in his decision to leave Feyenoord for Chelsea. He was called up for the Ivory Coast several times in 2006 but rejected them all. His debut game in a 1–0 friendly win over Guinea on 6 February 2007, and on 21 March he scored his first goal in a 3–0 friendly victory against Mauritius. Kalou was called up for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana. He scored the only goal against Nigeria in the opening game, and added two more in a 5–0 win over Guinea in the quarter-finals as the Elephants came fourth. At the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola, Kalou scored the opening goal of a 3–2 extra-time elimination by Algeria in the semi-finals. That June, he went to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa and scored as a substitute in a 3–0 win over North Korea in the final group game, though the Elephants were eliminated. On 26 January 2012, Kalou scored a goal in Ivory Coast's 2–0 win over Burkina Faso, helping his side progress into the quarterfinals of the Africa Cup of Nations. In the final, he was substituted after 64 minutes of a penalty shootout loss to Zambia. Kalou also played at the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. Later that year, he scored in each leg of a 4–2 win over Senegal in the play-offs for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, he came on as a substitute for Siaka Tiéné for the last four minutes of extra time in the final, and scored in a 9–8 shootout win over Ghana.", "Kalou has two brothers and eight sisters from the same mother. His brother, Bonaventure Kalou, also played professional football. Kalou joined Feyenoord during the time his brother Bonaventure was playing for the club. In 2010, Kalou set up The Kalou Foundation, dedicated to providing facilities for social welfare and recreation of those who have need of such facilities by reason of youth, age, infirmity or disability, financial hardship or social circumstances and also for the relief of sickness worldwide.", "Chelsea Ivory Coast Individual" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44109, 30957, 297, 581, 1572, 748, 23, 20414, 28506, 47, 71064, 4488, 98, 44, 284, 10013, 1913, 581, 94698, 7, 1242, 3157, 12832, 509, 73969, 14978, 133840, 4, 2750, 1902, 104902, 70, 8753, 27489, 2363, 4568, 22759, 7156, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 20414, 4, 44109, 1902, 17164, 297, 70, 62822, 28560, 100, 37195, 52336, 4, 44, 144890, 25074, 56575, 297, 11954, 42, 29642, 830, 44, 3957, 121204, 9459, 121672, 169, 830, 44, 23562, 46673, 2646, 189483, 62, 7514, 830, 44, 8859, 33209, 1572, 58, 15, 173473, 1572, 247, 44, 397, 15555, 184, 830, 136, 44, 8912, 282, 37873, 717, 11954, 58, 15, 294, 5922, 720, 11389, 15490, 70, 3535, 238, 6324, 40059, 136, 107314, 194, 44109, 176377, 47, 70, 12275, 23, 72399, 6088, 47, 67229, 70, 7156, 5, 360, 39395, 18374, 4, 44109, 25, 7, 1207, 11938, 1614, 34601, 4295, 3542, 959, 47314, 23, 28601, 7, 47, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 7156, 5, 581, 31330, 9325, 119056, 450, 70, 8753, 1543, 11782, 70, 7156, 44, 284, 10013, 1913, 581, 94698, 7, 830, 1284, 442, 58954, 25, 18, 39563, 297, 99, 450, 6275, 5, 10660, 2843, 119056, 450, 10, 11001, 1902, 959, 2809, 19667, 19, 14373, 4, 136, 47192, 7814, 1902, 44, 2278, 14534, 10, 32973, 9136, 58, 15, 284, 71496, 13, 110, 71, 47, 44, 3957, 121204, 9459, 121672, 169, 51029, 2161, 611, 18374, 28506, 4, 44109, 29966, 297, 10, 5361, 111649, 45712, 4, 24, 4806, 44, 284, 10013, 1913, 581, 94698, 7, 830, 99, 903, 6275, 4, 70, 44759, 111, 70, 7156, 83, 39563, 297, 5, 44109, 66933, 70, 47143, 820, 111, 70, 182304, 104227, 645, 42629, 23709, 4, 136, 182304, 10, 10846, 1286, 62822, 28560, 7, 5, 581, 4393, 44, 8912, 282, 37873, 47, 11954, 58, 509, 17664, 297, 99, 7374, 39, 10542, 98, 1039, 18374, 28506, 5, 44, 173473, 1572, 58, 509, 140528, 136, 17664, 297, 98, 744, 18374, 28506, 5, 62, 12983, 17664, 111, 44, 866, 4021, 62, 7514, 58, 509, 75935, 98, 1381, 18374, 28506, 4, 33233, 678, 10, 43658, 111, 44, 104711, 42, 29642, 58, 15, 144890, 25074, 56575, 297, 11954, 42, 29642, 194, 62, 43658, 111, 44, 23562, 46673, 2646, 189483, 62, 7514, 58, 509, 75935, 98, 116, 7582, 28506, 5, 62, 98352, 1363, 17664, 111, 10, 7464, 82940, 46485, 44, 284, 10013, 99, 70, 94698, 7, 58, 509, 75935, 98, 190, 7582, 28506, 5, 2161, 70, 62690, 4, 142, 39395, 17664, 111, 44, 154195, 14804, 115217, 49472, 58, 509, 11814, 4, 33233, 678, 10, 161549, 75939, 13, 11389, 111, 44, 23562, 46673, 2646, 189483, 62, 7514, 740, 62, 12921, 11389, 111, 44, 10476, 31, 6653, 1651, 3135, 15, 124480, 11756, 313, 2069, 717, 429, 9319, 16, 58, 509, 2843, 99201, 98, 70, 62690, 5, 62, 17664, 111, 44, 866, 4021, 62, 7514, 830, 44, 397, 15555, 184, 830, 136, 44, 154195, 14804, 115217, 49472, 58, 83, 75935, 98, 483, 7582, 28506, 5, 2161, 611, 7582, 28506, 4, 71200, 7, 111, 44, 23562, 136, 87, 830, 136, 44, 3957, 121204, 9459, 121672, 169, 58, 3542, 75935, 5, 24372, 1632, 707, 6626, 31347, 214, 104227, 4, 62, 10013, 99, 70, 94698, 7, 509, 140528, 98, 953, 7582, 28506, 5, 44, 154195, 14804, 115217, 49472, 58, 509, 59121, 23, 194872, 390, 66311, 4347, 23, 39395, 28015, 4, 6626, 5369, 8108, 70, 27643, 111, 44109, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 4, 4347, 509, 20697, 98, 1919, 101862, 23, 85303, 1687, 53, 5, 1529, 54397, 442, 98, 195374, 101275, 136, 17569, 764, 25, 71, 15549, 70, 44759, 136, 681, 6563, 14432, 98, 4, 1284, 3229, 764, 91048, 442, 47, 70, 8753, 100, 190440, 191, 98, 903, 7156, 4, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 1884, 71, 70, 7311, 136, 442, 509, 93544, 70, 3917, 442, 509, 59121, 5, 581, 11531, 83, 107671, 297, 4, 5117, 4, 390, 10, 6024, 9, 125728, 297, 101275, 2831, 456, 65015, 16797, 111, 70, 11531, 44, 173473, 1572, 4, 58, 7068, 390, 10, 1632, 9, 67403, 13, 150222, 64627, 17368, 10, 4687, 2500, 71, 70334, 22313, 316, 26366, 4, 3129, 83, 158323, 71, 23, 70, 86658, 111, 44, 10476, 31, 6653, 1651, 3135, 58, 12, 903, 509, 179140, 47, 28282, 10, 44, 82063, 133, 58, 23, 70, 7156, 5, 581, 82800, 214, 105994, 509, 75935, 390, 182304, 10, 60887, 214, 105994, 98, 10, 22313, 316, 136, 75169, 442, 4420, 19364, 7, 100, 70, 7156, 5, 581, 5201, 11876, 92, 111, 70, 11531, 831, 186, 151552, 237, 99162, 107265, 13950, 4, 241599, 124030, 13, 108171, 7, 390, 37105, 5367, 56, 123106, 53, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 122753, 101275, 2639, 390, 4347, 4, 2750, 2843, 62952, 2684, 111, 70, 4420, 214, 108171, 7, 5, 62, 19612, 1202, 509, 7228, 100, 70, 11531, 4, 8951, 297, 390, 112297, 2016, 42844, 4, 35509, 98, 10, 23718, 34196, 51876, 99, 19215, 18666, 1311, 12811, 316, 23, 14407, 18481, 4, 2356, 5753, 23, 22482, 27193, 20271, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 7082, 67675, 10336, 150, 592, 9742, 5, 24372, 6863, 54452, 23, 28506, 4, 70, 11531, 509, 112730, 390, 44109, 98, 11907, 221419, 9742, 5, 44, 23562, 46673, 2646, 189483, 62, 7514, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 123106, 53, 136, 35509, 98, 70, 22313, 238, 43967, 105994, 5, 3164, 111, 70, 108171, 7, 136, 16569, 3542, 16940, 390, 4049, 4, 136, 764, 51339, 297, 442, 390, 66570, 99, 3905, 112, 5227, 8108, 182304, 442, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 108171, 1940, 822, 112, 17721, 903, 11531, 136, 70, 11737, 1632, 450, 9842, 7, 678, 10, 509, 127, 111, 108171, 7, 15, 107, 1081, 26518, 70, 34153, 44, 78219, 759, 71191, 18939, 75935, 390, 28, 3089, 90, 15, 4390, 10, 6024, 9, 125728, 297, 123106, 53, 16, 94410, 1916, 23, 39531, 184, 4, 3129, 128839, 538, 216479, 7, 3934, 70, 119140, 297, 113860, 44, 53927, 5646, 759, 15, 4134, 10519, 16065, 16, 58, 136, 456, 100743, 1636, 3934, 70, 11737, 28560, 4, 44, 866, 4021, 62, 7514, 740, 44, 866, 4021, 62, 7514, 58, 509, 150350, 71, 136, 44028, 390, 4347, 5, 1529, 11814, 10, 135956, 7, 107172, 84247, 19100, 91693, 39108, 101275, 100, 70, 6, 239530, 63920, 64457, 111, 1919, 6096, 25132, 5, 4347, 1902, 36663, 47, 4527, 10, 94069, 33, 12620, 56, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 10013, 99, 70, 94698, 7, 83, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 4, 121447, 98, 209, 14487, 28506, 390, 6, 121517, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 136, 390, 103745, 11, 89916, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5117, 64557, 15970, 9, 102446, 297, 7156, 4, 136, 70, 5117, 959, 47, 60213, 108558, 73969, 14978, 133840, 5, 54877, 297, 99, 581, 1572, 748, 4, 7374, 39, 10542, 136, 1401, 7, 13802, 137869, 23, 30715, 4, 44, 284, 10013, 99, 70, 94698, 7, 58, 509, 185118, 297, 390, 41576, 47002, 5, 581, 7156, 21265, 7, 237, 10, 226792, 7156, 47, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 96362, 7156, 4, 44, 284, 36151, 99, 70, 16556, 830, 15044, 35971, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Recording and production.", "Songs.", "Side one.", "\"Tie Your Mother Down\".", "\"You Take My Breath Away\".", "\"Long Away\".", "\"The Millionaire Waltz\".", "\"You and I\".", "Side two.", "\"Somebody to Love\".", "\"White Man\".", "\"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy\".", "\"Drowse\".", "\"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)\".", "Reception and legacy.", "Singles.", "Reissues.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Queen entered The Manor in July 1976 to commence work on \"A Day At The Races.\" Absent was Roy Thomas Baker, who had helped the band produce their last four albums. By the end of July, Queen had recorded the basic track for six songs, \"Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy\", \"The Millionaire Waltz\", \"You Take My Breath Away\", \"Simple Man\" (White Man), \"Drowse\", and \"Somebody To Love\" (Shorter version without the handclap section and beyond). Queen returned to the studio in late September to finish the album. In early October, Queen's fan club subscribers were notified in regards to the creation of the album. The letter sent mentioned that the band may call the album \"A Day At The Races\", but it wasn't confirmed at that point. They also mentioned that a single had not been chosen yet, and Freddie had \"penned a waltz\" (A definite nod to \"The Millionaire Waltz\"). On 16 October 1976, Queen attended a special horse race, named \"A Day At The Races\", at this point, the title of the album is confirmed. Queen spent the remainder of the recording sessions overdubbing, and recording a few more basic tracks. The full \"Somebody to Love\" was mixed at Sarm West on 22 October 1976. \"White Man\" was completed and mixed on 24 October 1976. A monitor mix of \"Long Away\" was created on 26 October 1976, along with a copy of \"Lover Boy\" (Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy). A copy of \"You Take My Breath Away\" was created on 2 November 1976. A compilation mix of a still incomplete \"A Day at the Races\" was created on 5 November 1976. On the tape, an early mix of \"Tie Your Mother Down\" was used, along with a slightly alternate version of \"You Take My Breath Away\". A different version of \"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)\" was also included on the tape. A mix of \"Long Away\", \"Drowse\", and \"Tie Your Mother Down\" is created on 9 November 1976. On 16 November 1976, copies of \"You and I\", and \"The Millionaire Waltz\" were created. After one or two mastering sessions, A Day at the Races was completed on 19 November 1976.", "", "", "\"Tie Your Mother Down\" was written in Tenerife by Brian May in early 1968, two years before the formation of Queen. At the time, May was working on his PhD in Astronomy. He wrote it on Spanish guitar and thought he'd change the title and chorus later on, but when he brought it to the band for inclusion on this album, Freddie Mercury liked the original and it was kept the way it was written. The song is preceded, first, by a multi-tracked guitar part reminiscent of the song \"White Man,\" then by a one-minute instrumental intro using a Shepard tone harmonium figure, which is reprised in the ending of \"Teo Torriatte\": this was intended to create a \"circle\" in the album. The ascending scale was created by recording a descending scale on a harmonium and playing it backwards for the album. The main bulk of the song can be described as heavy blues rock, featuring aggressive vocals by lead singer Mercury as well as a slide guitar solo by May, who also provided most of the backing vocals. A music video was made for the song, directed by Bruce Gowers, based on a performance clip shot at Nassau Coliseum in Long Island, New York in February 1977 during the band's US arena headlining tour. After its release in 1976, the song was played by Queen on every subsequent tour.", "\"You Take My Breath Away\" was written by Mercury and based on the harmonic minor scale. All of the vocals and piano were done by him, and he performed it by himself at Hyde Park before recording it. There is a vocal interlude between this song and the next one that begins with a wash of vocals (repeating the words \"take my breath\") created by echoes (of a multi-tracked Mercury) regenerating in reverse, which gradually evolves into the repeated phrase \"you take my (breath away)\" and reintegrates into the next track, \"Long Away\".", "\"Long Away\" was composed and sung by May. He used a Burns Double Six 12-string electric guitar for the rhythm parts instead of his Red Special. May had wanted to use a Rickenbacker because he admired John Lennon, but did not get along well with the thin neck of the instrument. The single was released in the US, Canada and New Zealand but did not chart anywhere.", "\"The Millionaire Waltz\" was written by Mercury about John Reid (Queen and Elton John's manager at the time). It is another multi-key and multi-metre song like \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", using abrupt arrangement changes and including May doing multi-tracked guitar choirs. It's a noteworthy example of John Deacon's 'lead bass' playing, which can be heard quite prominently during the first two minutes of the song in which only Deacon and Mercury play (bass guitar and piano respectively). About two minutes into the song it changes character from the 3/4 waltz to a 12/8 hard rock segment, which lasts for about thirty seconds. The song then goes back to 3/4 metre and features a multi-layered guitar solo by May.", "\"You and I\" is Deacon's song on the album. The song is in the key of D major, is mainly piano-driven and features Deacon on acoustic guitar. The song was never played live. It was featured as the b-side for \"Tie Your Mother Down\".", "", "\"Somebody to Love\" is the hit single of the album. Written by Mercury, the song was inspired by gospel music, especially that of Aretha Franklin, and Mercury, May and Roger Taylor multi-tracked their voices to achieve the impression of a 100-voice gospel choir. Like \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", the major hit from Queen's previous album, this song has a complex layering of vocal tracks, this time based on a gospel choir arrangement. Staying true to Queen's guitar-driven style, it was also filled with intricate harmony parts and a solo by May. Mercury recorded a wide range of notes, going from a G2 (in the last choral verse) to a falsetto G5 (at the peak of his melisma on \"ooh\" over the choir break). It went to number two on the UK charts (after \"Under the Moon of Love\" – Showaddywaddy was at number one) and number 13 on the US singles chart.", "\"White Man\" was written by May about the suffering of Native Americans at the hands of European immigrants, taking the viewpoint of native peoples. This song would be the focal point for a Mercury vocal solo on the A Day at the Races Tour and serve as both a Mercury vocal solo spot and a May guitar solo spot on the 1977–78 \"News of the World\" tour. The song is one of Queen's heaviest works, thematically and musically. On the later 2005 Return of the Champions Tour and the later 2008 Tour the riff to \"White Man\" was used as an introduction to \"Fat Bottomed Girls\".", "\"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy\" was written by Mercury. It starts with a piano and vocal introduction by Mercury, then continues, with the bass and drums adding on, at the start of the chorus. The second verse is sung, followed by another chorus. At this point, the drums, bass and guitar drop out, which then leads into the bridge, sung by Mercury and Mike Stone. Following the May guitar solo, another verse is sung, and then the chorus ends the track. Multi-tracked vocals enhanced the song as well as May's guitar choirs. The song was once performed live on \"Top of the Pops\" in June 1977, with Taylor singing Stone's part. Most of the track was a concert staple on the band's \"A Day at the Races Tour\" and \"News of the World Tour\".", "\"Drowse\" was Roger Taylor's song in 6/8 having him playing rhythm guitar and timpani and doing all of the vocals. May played slide guitar during this and \"Tie Your Mother Down\" (the second guitar solo in the middle of the song). Taylor's song on the previous album, \"I'm In Love With My Car\", was also in 6/8. The song has never been performed live but was rehearsed by Queen + Adam Lambert before their Rock Big Ben Live concert. The song also made an appearance on both the standard and deluxe editions of Queen Forever.", "\"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)\" was May's tribute to the Japanese fans. It was performed live in Tokyo during the Jazz tour in 1979 and again when the band visited Japan during The Game and Hot Space tours in 1981 and 1982 respectively. The song is notable for having two choruses sung in Japanese; it is one of only three Queen songs (the others being \"Las Palabras de Amor\" from \"Hot Space\" and \"Mustapha\", from \"Jazz\") in which an entire verse or chorus is sung in a language other than English. The song features a piano, a plastic piano and a harmonium, which are all played by May. The album's closing harmonium melody is also its opening melody; the sequence was attached to the beginning of \"Tie Your Mother Down\", the first track on the album. May described it as \"a never-ending staircase\", otherwise commonly known, musically, as a Shepard tone.", "The album garnered positive reviews from critics, with \"The Washington Post\" describing \"A Day at the Races\" as \"a judicious blend of heavy metal rockers and classically influenced, almost operatic, torch songs.\" The \"Winnipeg Free Press\" was also appreciative, writing, \"\"Races\" is a reconfirmation of Queen's position as the best of the third wave of English rock groups.\" \"Circus\" gave the album a mixed review, writing, \"With \"A Day at the Races\", they've deserted art-rock entirely. They're silly now. And wondrously shameless.\" In a retrospective review, AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited \"Tie Your Mother Down\" and \"Somebody to Love\", along with ballad \"You Take My Breath Away\", as the best tracks on the album, and said that the album marked a point where Queen \"entered a new phase, where they're globe-conquering titans instead of underdogs on the make\". \"Q\" magazine wrote that \"the breadth of its ambition remains ever impressive, as do tracks such as May's stomping 'Tie Your Mother Down' and Mercury's baroque one-two, 'Somebody To Love' and 'Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy'.\" Ben Sisario, writing in \"The Rolling Stone Album Guide\" (2004), found the album \"a little too predictable\" and called it \"a quickie sequel to \"Opera\".\" Similarly, Aj Ramirez, writing for \"PopMatters\", described the album as \"a comparative comedown\" and \"a good but not stupendous record\", while acknowledging the band were \"now firmly in command of the mechanics of pop songcraft\", which had yielded them more singles than any previous album. In 2006, a national BBC poll saw \"A Day at the Races\" voted the 67th greatest album of all time. The same year, in a worldwide \"Guinness\" and \"NME\" poll to find the \"Greatest 100 Albums of All Time\", \"A Day at the Races\" was voted number 87. It was also featured in \"Classic Rock\" and \"Metal Hammer's\" \"The 200 Greatest Albums of the 70s,\" being listed as one of the 20 greatest albums of 1976. \"Out\" ranked it No. 20 of 100 in a poll of \"more than 100 actors, comedians, musicians, writers, critics, performance artists, label reps, and DJs, asking each to list the 10 albums that left the most indelible impressions on their lives.\" In the 1987 edition of \"The World Critics List\", the BBC's Peter Powell ranked \"A Day at the Races\" the 6th greatest album of all time, and Jim DeRogatis of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" included the record in his \"The Great albums\" in 2006.", "In the UK the first track to be released as a single was \"Somebody to Love\" on 12 November 1976 (EMI 2565), reaching number two. \"Tie Your Mother Down\" followed on 4 March 1977 (EMI 2593), reaching number 31, and \"Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy\" on 20 May 1977, reaching number 17. In the US, \"Somebody to Love\" was released on 10 December 1976 (Elektra E45362) and reached number 13. It was followed by \"Tie Your Mother Down\" (Elektra E45385) in March 1977, which reached number 49. Both of these were released in Japan: in addition, \"Teo Torriatte\" was also released exclusively in Japan.", "The album was reissued as part of the Hollywood Records remasters in 1991. It was also reissued by Paraphone in various European countries, remastered, in 1993, some with a different track listing and timings. A new track 1 titled \"Intro\" appears. In 1996 Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab issued a remaster in the United States on CD numbered UDCD 668 and vinyl numbered MFSL-1-256. On 8 November 2010, record company Universal Music announced a remastered and expanded reissue of the album set for release in May 2011. This was part of a new record deal between Queen and Universal Music, which meant Queen's association with EMI Records would come to an end after almost 40 years. All of Queen's albums were remastered and reissued by Universal Music in 2011.", "All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.", "Information is based on Queen's Complete Works and on the album's Liner Notes<br>Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8019, 34001, 2606, 765, 10, 117781, 45646, 39908, 297, 47, 70, 7401, 53, 117016, 7, 1836, 6867, 23, 5, 581, 7401, 8060, 7, 8019, 34001, 2606, 18153, 7, 4, 20662, 3789, 90254, 33, 214, 45646, 7, 51, 86, 26531, 6635, 5, 581, 2663, 111, 70, 18153, 83, 35839, 70, 65226, 95671, 4, 10, 2062, 62809, 111, 31358, 7, 3129, 914, 9319, 70, 144732, 111, 70, 18153, 25, 7, 48302, 8305, 20929, 3371, 2347, 6023, 5, 581, 5201, 14361, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 36418, 136, 90356, 7, 4, 678, 31358, 7, 2843, 502, 106813, 214, 1295, 15044, 70, 36418, 136, 70, 90356, 7, 5, 581, 92319, 840, 18, 63920, 111, 70, 18153, 621, 103494, 136, 8, 277, 7522, 214, 1379, 64330, 5, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 1556, 10, 117781, 5844, 2927, 120087, 45646, 5, 8455, 5908, 765, 110, 4191, 25667, 5426, 47, 25813, 7401, 136, 21650, 35066, 10932, 70, 18153, 5, 12613, 7, 108055, 90, 621, 6117, 19, 136, 56104, 1632, 38750, 6117, 2594, 47, 63769, 6097, 47, 194314, 72546, 5, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 931, 43576, 765, 6626, 117781, 38750, 52895, 5, 8622, 621, 3638, 20929, 3371, 2347, 7, 72219, 38750, 7, 678, 170368, 31, 34053, 1181, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 2685, 621, 150679, 62, 2256, 707, 38857, 3198, 38750, 7, 5, 32255, 621, 35781, 141, 115700, 71, 5, 10660, 765, 196, 90, 136, 221, 344, 1257, 7401, 1884, 10, 5732, 23023, 5, 32255, 36998, 38750, 7, 29459, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 831, 13695, 70, 117016, 7401, 53, 390, 47130, 162, 214, 7401, 47, 13695, 12050, 7, 7401, 365, 134229, 5, 140691, 15, 32196, 16, 98363, 7, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 4911, 7, 237, 242, 109261, 18, 45258, 22230, 25, 5, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 830, 1884, 756, 3789, 3551, 18153, 7, 4, 1556, 142, 75939, 1830, 111, 58093, 7, 74, 1884, 3789, 37350, 31, 34053, 1636, 4, 70, 256, 13158, 532, 6712, 188, 34053, 67, 58093, 83, 73944, 136, 70560, 2517, 5, 992, 5062, 3789, 931, 43576, 4, 70, 4989, 9, 150, 4126, 6712, 188, 34053, 1636, 54, 959, 456, 538, 54799, 1690, 106211, 48899, 7, 47, 30793, 23, 7401, 1257, 78219, 5, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 114149, 831, 186, 19844, 91153, 15, 49100, 707, 117776, 4, 8314, 13, 60744, 16, 707, 333, 91153, 15, 49100, 136, 117776, 6712, 1636, 181653, 1295, 70, 5701, 18153, 74, 22460, 13, 60744, 3142, 360, 23924, 21629, 4, 20668, 111, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 114149, 621, 19844, 91153, 5, 13547, 188, 34053, 1636, 765, 193984, 10, 91153, 42238, 1363, 390, 38551, 2320, 4, 27024, 214, 5045, 111, 70, 38043, 4912, 23, 5213, 34001, 2606, 280, 257, 15534, 5, 105432, 58838, 106217, 92895, 20650, 56125, 7, 70541, 297, 23, 187, 206, 3081, 1174, 450, 47143, 220642, 47, 70, 117776, 6712, 188, 34053, 67, 5, 581, 71919, 34053, 67, 83, 35845, 538, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 4, 136, 58055, 7, 39555, 167969, 111, 10, 6544, 299, 50997, 4, 91, 94266, 21533, 119541, 150143, 450, 24209, 7, 22556, 678, 119541, 7, 5, 27269, 31, 34053, 1636, 621, 165249, 98, 20974, 1224, 47, 33493, 67, 119541, 45, 20595, 2317, 4, 1284, 51, 5062, 3789, 931, 43576, 4, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 20974, 1224, 621, 181653, 390, 70, 57988, 289, 6712, 188, 34053, 67, 5, 1413, 1517, 5252, 7263, 256, 13158, 532, 119541, 7, 621, 181653, 23, 70, 71919, 34053, 67, 390, 17150, 6023, 4, 3129, 621, 7068, 45, 20595, 5281, 3229, 70, 150143, 24649, 29888, 538, 2837, 69674, 7, 6863, 3540, 4, 35839, 142, 17327, 68510, 4, 136, 106443, 7, 70, 119541, 7, 3060, 62488, 5, 581, 119541, 7, 4155, 10593, 67, 47, 27489, 15393, 22664, 69131, 13, 4, 3129, 4034, 237, 52770, 9035, 4, 831, 24209, 3319, 9284, 532, 4, 136, 831, 27489, 10, 10846, 1690, 106211, 48899, 7, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 19364, 7, 4, 70, 22664, 69131, 85493, 7, 13245, 7, 136, 6097, 99710, 2182, 3934, 6863, 62816, 48242, 4, 72, 24762, 4, 95, 2407, 53, 4, 90356, 71, 6712, 188, 34053, 67, 678, 170368, 2146, 65853, 59453, 38750, 7, 136, 2119, 11, 2256, 38750, 7, 5, 3293, 36541, 35462, 1636, 70, 65998, 7440, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 55993, 7, 4, 31110, 67, 98767, 136, 6818, 38543, 70, 22664, 69131, 136, 155605, 33976, 1257, 3934, 135355, 7, 111, 103494, 7304, 7, 35839, 280, 257, 5, 131947, 7831, 111, 38043, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 1543, 186, 52875, 297, 390, 67842, 162434, 4, 136, 1632, 138953, 450, 83, 2843, 10, 79755, 28905, 4, 44, 31923, 34001, 19, 26890, 54924, 1515, 830, 27489, 7, 158, 44689, 1010, 10821, 103494, 110912, 90, 5, 14847, 903, 138953, 136, 3789, 6670, 28021, 52875, 70, 22664, 69131, 4, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 83, 135989, 297, 47, 27489, 351, 57595, 12654, 2347, 9523, 30203, 192, 13, 450, 831, 188545, 70, 7477, 2870, 52875, 136, 21775, 14432, 4155, 10593, 67, 47, 27489, 3525, 22664, 69131, 136, 95, 2407, 53, 6712, 188, 34053, 1636, 5, 1650, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 36766, 70, 95, 2407, 53, 36541, 831, 27489, 6044, 30203, 192, 13, 5, 1460, 257, 7304, 7, 831, 186, 157167, 67175, 1295, 3789, 7304, 7, 114149, 390, 6863, 36998, 32845, 206, 234737, 7, 5, 581, 18153, 136, 36418, 10576, 4, 70, 115700, 111, 70, 32845, 206, 136, 36418, 31358, 7, 4, 136, 70, 115700, 111, 70, 50997, 38750, 7, 621, 756, 62816, 48242, 7, 11814, 47, 135812, 280, 257, 7304, 7, 47, 114149, 5, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 24643, 5831, 1176, 1556, 2809, 4552, 10941, 14, 10821, 16792, 70, 39395, 33418, 7, 74, 2684, 114149, 64209, 11948, 12064, 18695, 4504, 10763, 47, 186, 207487, 5, 360, 70, 44457, 4, 2684, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 114149, 831, 186, 207487, 47, 1632, 111, 22759, 13036, 40059, 7, 111, 70, 107396, 2451, 67413, 41274, 136, 76811, 7, 28960, 3493, 6563, 2691, 15, 171829, 11, 23924, 21629, 2077, 581, 159826, 289, 22460, 34053, 538, 111, 6097, 40059, 7, 136, 6626, 3789, 43967, 64333, 24073, 23267, 59009, 58, 136, 44, 294, 94727, 82560, 18939, 1556, 2809, 17306, 47314, 17368, 233239, 6, 34053, 112537, 13, 41637, 5, 3164, 1284, 6626, 114149, 3638, 538, 207487, 237, 44, 31923, 34001, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 8019, 34001, 2606, 83, 10, 107396, 111, 189275, 79318, 68186, 71, 114149, 111, 931, 43576, 4, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 44, 1081, 257, 7304, 7, 58, 21208, 1836, 621, 12921, 237, 280, 257, 7304, 7, 1556, 10, 77546, 43840, 1771, 81630, 17366, 5, 29899, 316, 72403, 7, 111, 44, 31923, 34001, 2606, 58, 831, 4343, 7401, 4, 16792, 15044, 38043, 136, 103494, 18153, 7, 831, 16401, 21334, 102134, 2449, 111, 7401, 46132, 2363, 38750, 7, 74, 18153, 7, 1543, 16401, 611, 47, 1381, 20028, 237, 5045, 7401, 237, 2363, 36898, 57888, 4, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 114149, 5, 581, 201505, 38750, 7, 4358, 112033, 73, 7401, 23, 19014, 42, 27289, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Sphagnum structure.", "Cellular structure.", "Lifecycle.", "Taxonomy and phylogeny.", "Geographic distribution.", "Spore dispersal.", "Uses.", "Conservation.", "Chile.", "Europe.", "New Zealand." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Sphagnum have a distinct structure adapted to the watery habitats they live in. The water supports Sphagnum plants, making other strengthening structures unnecessary. The top of the plant is called the capitulum, a rosette of leaves which gather the majority of the plant's energy through photosynthesis. The main body consists of a stem and branches, with leaves also protruding from both the stem and the branches. The lowermost parts of the plant are dead and decomposing underground.", "\"Sphagnum\" has a distinctive cellular structure. Mosses have no vascular system to move water and nutrients around the plant. Thus tissues are thin and usually one cell thick to allow these to diffuse easily. \"Sphagnum\" mosses have two distinct cell types. There are normal photosynthesising cells with chlorophyll. Additionally there are larger Aline or retort cells. These are barrel shaped. They have pores and soak up water like a sponge. These unique cells mean \"Sphagnum\" can keep the habitat watery by releasing water to keep bogs waterlogged. Walker (2019) describes \"Sphagnum\" thus as 'habitat manipulators'.", "\"Sphagnum\", like all other land plants, has an alternation of generations; like other bryophytes, the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant and persistent. Unlike other mosses, the long-lived gametophytes do not rely upon rhizoids to assist in water uptake. \"Sphagnum\" species can be unisexual (male or female, dioecious) or bisexual (male and female gametes produced from the same plant; monoecious); In North America, 80% of \"Sphagnum\" species are unisexual. Gametophytes have substantial asexual reproduction by fragmentation, producing much of the living material in sphagnum peatlands. Swimming sperm fertilize eggs contained in archegonia that remain attached to the female gametophyte. The sporophyte is relatively short-lived, and consists almost entirely of a shiny green, spherical spore capsule that becomes black with spores. Sporophytes are raised on stalks to facilitate spore dispersal, but unlike other mosses, \"Sphagnum\" stalks are produced by the maternal gametophyte. Tetrahedral haploid spores are produced in the sporophyte by meiosis, which are then dispersed when the capsule explosively discharges its cap, called an operculum, and shoots the spores some distance. The spores germinate to produce minute protonemae, which start as filaments, can become thalloid, and can produce a few rhizoids. Soon afterwards, the protonema develops buds and these differentiate into its characteristic, erect, leafy, branched gametophyte with chlorophyllose cells and hyaline cells. This stage dominates the environment where \"Sphagnum\" grows, obliterating and burying the protonema and eventually building up into layers of dead moss called peat. Carpets of living \"Sphagnum\" may be attacked by various fungi, and one fungus that is also a mushroom, \"Sphagnurus paluster\", produces conspicuous dead patches. When this fungus and other agarics attack the protonema, \"Sphagnum\" is induced to produce nonphotosynthetic gemmae that can survive the fungal attack and months later germinate to produce new protonema and leafy gametophytes. It is unknown whether the leafy stage can produce such gemmae.", "Peat moss can be distinguished from other moss species by its unique branch clusters. The plant and stem color, the shape of the branch and stem leaves, and the shape of the green cells are all characteristics used to identify peat moss to species. \"Sphagnum\" taxonomy has been very contentious since the early 1900s; most species require microscopic dissection to be identified. In the field, most \"Sphagnum\" species can be identified to one of four major sections of the genus—classification and descriptions follow Andrus 2007 (Flora North America): The reciprocal monophyly of these sections and two other minor ones (\"Rigida\" and \"Squarrosa\") has been clarified using molecular phylogenetics. All but two species normally identified as \"Sphagnum\" reside in one clade; two other species have recently been separated into new families within the Sphagnales reflecting an ancestral relationship with the Tasmanian endemic \"Ambuchanania\" and long phylogenetic distance to the rest of \"Sphagnum\". Within main clade of \"Sphagnum\", phylogenetic distance is relatively short, and molecular dating methods suggest nearly all current \"Sphagnum\" species are descended from a radiation that occurred just 14 million years ago.", "\"Sphagnum\" mosses occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere in peat bogs, conifer forests, and moist tundra areas. Their northernmost populations lie in the archipelago of Svalbard, Arctic Norway, at 81° N. In the Southern Hemisphere, the largest peat areas are in southern Chile and Argentina, part of the vast Magellanic moorland (\"circa\" 44,000 square km). Peat areas are also found in New Zealand and Tasmania. In the Southern Hemisphere, however, peat landscapes may contain many moss species other than \"Sphagnum\". \"Sphagnum\" species are also reported from \"dripping rocks\" in mountainous, subtropical Brazil.", "As with many other mosses, \"Sphagnum\" species disperse spores through the wind. The tops of spore capsules are only about 1 cm above ground, and where wind is weak. As the spherical spore capsule dries, the operculum is forced off, followed by a cloud of spores. The exact mechanism has traditionally attributed to a \"pop gun\" method using air compressed in the capsule, reaching a maximum velocity of 3.6 meters per second, but alternative mechanisms have been recently proposed. High-speed photography has shown vortex rings are created during the discharge, which enable the spores to reach a height of 10 to 20 cm, further than would be expected by ballistics alone. The acceleration of the spores is about 36,000G. Spores are extremely important in establishment of new populations in disturbed habitats and on islands.", "Decayed, dried sphagnum moss has the name of peat or peat moss. This is used as a soil conditioner which increases the soil's capacity to hold water and nutrients by increasing capillary forces and cation exchange capacity – uses that are particularly useful in gardening. This is often necessary when dealing with very sandy soil, or plants that need increased or steady moisture content to flourish. A distinction is sometimes made between sphagnum moss, the live moss growing on top of a peat bog, and'sphagnum peat moss' (North American usage) or'sphagnum peat' (British usage), the latter being the slowly decaying matter underneath. Dried sphagnum moss is used in northern Arctic regions as an insulating material. Anaerobic acidic sphagnum bogs have low rates of decay, and hence preserve plant fragments and pollen to allow reconstruction of past environments. They even preserve human bodies for millennia; examples of these preserved specimens are Tollund Man, Haraldskær Woman, Clonycavan Man and Lindow Man. Such bogs can also preserve human hair and clothing, one of the most noteworthy examples being Egtved Girl, Denmark. Because of the acidity of peat, however, bones are dissolved rather than preserved. These bogs have also been used to preserve food. Up to 2000-year-old containers of butter or lard have been found. \"Sphagnum\" moss has also been used for centuries as a dressing for wounds, including through World War I. Since it is absorptive and extremely acidic, it inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi, so it is used for shipping seeds and live plants. Peat moss is used to dispose of the clarified liquid output (effluent) from septic tanks in areas that lack the proper conditions for ordinary disposal means. It is also used as an environmentally friendly alternative to chlorine in swimming pool sanitation. The moss inhibits the growth of microbes and reduces the need for chlorine in swimming pools. In New Zealand, both the species \"S. cristatum\" and \"S. subnitens\" are harvested by hand and exported worldwide for use as hanging basket liners, as a growing medium for young orchids, and mixed with other potting mixes to enhance their moisture retaining value. Peat moss is a critical element for growing mushrooms. The fungal mycelium grows in compost with a layer of peat moss on top, through which the mushrooms come out, a process called casing. Peat moss, dead or alive, is also a very important soil and topper for most carnivorous plants. In the 7th Framework Programme Mossclone peat mosses multiplied in moss bioreactors are developed as a new tool to monitor air pollution. Sphagnum is also used in air layering, a method of propagation used to propagate woody stems like guavas. A ball of Sphagnum is tied against a midway ringed bark of a branch still attached on the parent plant using a translucent plastic material (vitalon). Native Americans used peat moss as diaper material for their babies to wick away the moisture and absorb the excrement from the baby.", "Several of the world's largest wetlands are sphagnum-dominated bogs, including the West Siberian Lowland, the Hudson Bay Lowland and the Mackenzie River Valley. These areas provide habitat for common and rare species. They also store large amounts of carbon, which helps reduce global warming. The U.S. gets up to 80% of sphagnum peat moss it uses from Canada. In Canada, the peat bog mass harvested each year is an estimated 1/60th of the mass that accumulates. About 0.02% of the 1.1 million km (422,000 square miles) of Canadian peat bog are used for peat moss mining. Some efforts are being made to restore peat bogs after peat mining, and some debate exists as to whether the peat bogs can be restored to their premining condition and how long the process takes. \"The North American Wetlands Conservation Council estimates that harvested peatlands can be restored to 'ecologically balanced systems' within five to 20 years after peat harvesting.\" Some wetlands scientists assert that \"a managed bog bears little resemblance to a natural one. Like tree farms, these peatlands tend toward monoculture, lacking the biodiversity of an unharvested bog.\" PittMoss, a peat moss alternative made from recycled newspaper, has emerged as a sustainable substitute in growing media. Coir has also been touted as a sustainable alternative to peat moss in growing media. Another peat moss alternative is manufactured in California from sustainably harvested redwood fiber. Semi-open cell polyurethane materials available in flaked and sheet stock are also finding application as sphagnum replacements with typical usage in green wall and roof garden substrates.", "In the 2010s \"Sphagnum\" peat in Chile has begun to be harvested at large scales for export to countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States. Given \"Sphagnum\"s property to absorb excess water and release it during dry months harvesting of \"Sphagnum\", means that overexploitation may threaten the water supply in the fjords and channels of Chile. Extraction of \"Sphagnum\" in Chile is regulated by law since 2 August 2018. Since 2018 Chilean law allows only for the manual extraction of Sphagnum using only pitchforks or similar tools as aid. In a given area (polygon) at least 30% of Sphagnum coverage has to be left unharvested. Harvested \"Sphagnum\" fibers may not exceed 15 cm in length and the remaining \"Sphagnum\" after harvest may never have a length less than 5 cm over the water table. In the regions of Los Ríos (40°S) and Los Lagos (41–43°S) the same plots may be harvested after 12 years, while further south in Aysén (44–48°S) and Magallanes (49–56°S) 85 years have to pass before the same area is harvested again. Havrvesting aside, bogs where \"Sphagnum\" grows have also come under threat by the development of wind farms in highland areas such as Cordillera del Piuchén were the San Pedro Wind Farm was constructed in the 2010s. The edification of each wind turbine usually imply the removal of vegetation and the alteration of the soil changing by the way also the local hydrology.", "Europe has a long history of the exploitation of peatlands. The Netherlands, for example, once had large areas of peatland, both fen and bog. Between 100 AD and the present, they were drained and converted to agricultural land. The English broadlands have small lakes that originated as peat mines. More than 90% of the bogs in England have been damaged or destroyed. A handful of bogs has been preserved through government buyouts of peat-mining interests. Over longer time scales, however, some parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have seen expansion of bogs, particularly blanket bogs, in response to deforestation and abandonment of agricultural land.", "New Zealand has, like other parts of the world, lost large areas of peatland; the latest estimates for wetland loss in New Zealand are 90% over 150 years. In some cases, better care is taken during the harvesting of \"Sphagnum\" to ensure enough moss is remaining to allow regrowth. An 8-year cycle is suggested, but some sites require a longer cycle of 11 to 32 years for full recovery of biomass, depending on factors including whether reseeding is done, light intensity, and the water table. This \"farming\" is based on a sustainable management program approved by New Zealand's Department of Conservation; it ensures the regeneration of the moss, while protecting the wildlife and the environment. Most harvesting in New Zealand swamps is done only using pitchforks without the use of heavy machinery. During transportation, helicopters are commonly employed to transfer the newly harvested moss from the swamp to the nearest road." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 540, 1900, 71, 509, 103122, 23, 70, 23972, 72944, 99, 70, 211190, 111, 70, 45709, 927, 7, 111, 41668, 191, 23, 873, 1341, 2940, 4, 70, 775, 111, 241, 57286, 11468, 136, 540, 14775, 4, 136, 10, 6782, 9, 79139, 1681, 111, 133566, 4450, 33, 5, 11205, 4989, 7103, 19364, 7, 70, 38246, 7, 3542, 163684, 297, 390, 70, 775, 7, 111, 563, 1025, 66, 748, 4, 2750, 141621, 71, 540, 1900, 71, 136, 1919, 82953, 540, 3666, 5, 581, 481, 27863, 30783, 297, 450, 1836, 2806, 186, 152388, 4, 1284, 64457, 1836, 3542, 186, 84240, 297, 390, 563, 1025, 66, 748, 25, 7, 775, 7, 2945, 5471, 3666, 136, 5695, 1484, 5, 18852, 1919, 27863, 1284, 51, 5062, 1919, 82953, 4, 540, 1900, 71, 19667, 47, 186, 54529, 297, 54940, 70, 540, 3132, 3229, 70, 44126, 111, 8562, 2822, 7, 509, 34475, 47, 4049, 5, 14847, 873, 1341, 2940, 509, 163684, 297, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 23972, 72944, 4, 540, 1900, 71, 23409, 47, 17859, 191, 678, 70, 197540, 111, 28378, 9, 208, 6616, 4, 70, 4568, 19694, 18813, 111, 70, 438, 141, 1846, 5, 133698, 70, 5550, 111, 70, 540, 3132, 136, 6987, 1900, 23, 70, 77648, 72944, 4, 28378, 9, 208, 6616, 9325, 540, 1900, 71, 47, 70, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 241, 80938, 26548, 6987, 1900, 5, 6987, 1900, 163684, 297, 241, 80938, 136, 613, 42, 167457, 540, 1900, 71, 25, 7, 187, 1176, 4, 1284, 24344, 73, 136, 2022, 516, 927, 52875, 297, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 456, 147, 32116, 4, 216806, 70, 49721, 47443, 47, 15504, 136, 22648, 2856, 4420, 47, 5919, 399, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 509, 19048, 47, 10267, 1283, 18, 144477, 47, 10, 40, 29786, 48141, 118666, 53, 4, 7440, 764, 170920, 70, 211190, 111, 87, 93663, 3679, 4, 14432, 35839, 2975, 51080, 1181, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 509, 47443, 111, 2975, 51080, 1181, 100, 137107, 111, 5369, 5, 799, 147, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 77648, 72944, 4, 70, 21672, 147724, 111, 540, 3132, 136, 1111, 509, 100, 4806, 4, 136, 70, 187, 1176, 45807, 71, 1295, 87, 93663, 3679, 47, 5919, 1846, 4, 12441, 390, 540, 33, 11468, 136, 28378, 9, 208, 6616, 4, 2750, 3542, 15044, 152388, 23, 70, 727, 429, 111, 22411, 71, 9, 71, 31285, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 149976, 237, 28378, 9, 208, 6616, 25, 7, 604, 27245, 74, 540, 1900, 71, 136, 313, 9503, 549, 3542, 22, 182825, 297, 678, 70, 6626, 540, 1353, 21434, 7, 450, 28378, 9, 208, 6616, 34658, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 136, 313, 9503, 549, 3542, 70, 4734, 64333, 47, 9157, 678, 28378, 9, 208, 6616, 3229, 764, 77736, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 139505, 24445, 275, 95193, 4, 76849, 111, 24445, 57332, 136, 30733, 14152, 583, 4, 39395, 23, 70, 198387, 72944, 5, 581, 3687, 136, 5622, 111, 24445, 275, 95193, 25, 7, 127319, 621, 959, 58735, 297, 5, 360, 70, 11389, 111, 2363, 32692, 450, 98363, 7, 30733, 14152, 583, 136, 24445, 57332, 237, 79986, 4295, 111, 241, 80938, 23, 70, 77648, 72944, 4, 30733, 14152, 583, 136, 24445, 275, 95193, 25737, 241, 80938, 100, 339, 6997, 73, 2940, 237, 6987, 1900, 25, 7, 79507, 645, 241, 80938, 3514, 434, 5, 129551, 47, 1632, 15426, 4, 24445, 275, 95193, 136, 604, 27863, 14432, 104, 79080, 100, 5941, 5369, 23, 2975, 51080, 1181, 15, 568, 93663, 3679, 194, 24445, 275, 95193, 136, 540, 1900, 71, 1902, 17262, 20020, 12, 70, 138241, 7, 93340, 549, 136, 540, 516, 10011, 4, 136, 1172, 11697, 5533, 849, 118346, 15, 647, 1353, 5613, 194, 2161, 10, 24745, 1295, 2975, 51080, 1181, 47, 339, 849, 21347, 4, 24445, 275, 95193, 509, 3917, 33092, 390, 3347, 4439, 23, 70, 6096, 51716, 28872, 98, 3980, 5667, 2701, 23, 70, 7950, 939, 71175, 7, 5, 4687, 509, 141621, 71, 136, 9983, 1183, 71, 136, 75204, 10, 5737, 191, 297, 4323, 7030, 5, 4687, 509, 6, 114777, 297, 390, 604, 775, 7, 136, 17305, 6259, 390, 540, 1900, 71, 4, 1284, 44, 11, 46327, 30783, 136, 9983, 674, 58, 2412, 5809, 110, 51713, 7413, 21365, 23, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 4, 221, 2412, 115081, 47, 70, 95996, 31901, 1779, 136, 645, 70, 27414, 47, 25447, 13665, 23, 70, 25632, 6602, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 509, 142, 6, 25958, 111, 70, 23924, 9, 605, 214, 3815, 111, 1172, 13665, 5, 77168, 214, 6863, 6817, 4, 540, 1900, 71, 182, 38648, 297, 70, 127873, 25500, 7, 111, 70, 62308, 86, 85, 73, 15, 2347, 60887, 10840, 111, 70, 87703, 111, 1172, 13665, 16, 136, 70, 159, 19462, 107, 111, 893, 4096, 10593, 7, 4, 1172, 13665, 25, 7, 26582, 111, 121678, 180210, 5, 14847, 10463, 6504, 19, 25, 7, 67373, 62, 2175, 51716, 509, 152388, 10, 10846, 5369, 7103, 10463, 6504, 19, 25, 7, 127319, 4, 540, 1900, 71, 165249, 10463, 6504, 19, 23, 1919, 10002, 197540, 136, 100512, 10, 613, 33003, 67, 67373, 47, 4049, 5, 62, 15876, 111, 1919, 76849, 1172, 11697, 25, 7, 34698, 7, 100, 10463, 6504, 19, 4, 540, 1900, 71, 2806, 28897, 2363, 129570, 4734, 2174, 10463, 6504, 19, 5809, 51, 1486, 1172, 13665, 136, 82658, 1846, 237, 19694, 18813, 5, 360, 44, 3957, 2291, 22155, 18, 830, 540, 1900, 71, 26038, 2412, 1277, 56, 47, 38692, 73, 128366, 33, 221292, 136, 1919, 14380, 4, 7103, 3129, 540, 1900, 71, 136, 107661, 19413, 6820, 7, 100512, 23902, 5, 1529, 75204, 107661, 237, 10, 28123, 121399, 3229, 107661, 25737, 70, 55852, 13, 3060, 1496, 5369, 14432, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 10336, 297, 70, 70615, 111, 540, 1900, 71, 4, 99, 3129, 442, 509, 68872, 450, 70, 6561, 21434, 5608, 186, 163684, 297, 7440, 442, 509, 100, 17704, 99, 101057, 984, 306, 23, 5919, 1846, 5, 540, 1900, 71, 456, 52081, 18211, 538, 68186, 71, 1919, 3357, 86669, 15, 7614, 11697, 25, 7, 44126, 111, 67573, 2481, 16, 100, 70, 117396, 4127, 111, 1572, 4, 237, 2412, 2806, 4358, 47, 456, 54936, 70, 8, 92768, 214, 42592, 429, 111, 70, 62308, 86, 85, 73, 5, 14847, 70, 95996, 33734, 14037, 10463, 6504, 19, 136, 70, 34110, 481, 9013, 20271, 2363, 120696, 47, 82658, 1846, 4, 540, 1900, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 540, 1900, 71, 151500, 9, 583, 1353, 83, 10, 127663, 289, 62816, 23, 821, 5, 627, 5, 627, 5, 212754, 25, 7, 102256, 9, 13, 90134, 62673, 16219, 5, 1529, 83, 65508, 71, 23, 44, 3957, 2291, 22155, 18, 830, 136, 11301, 7, 10, 8060, 214, 31486, 23, 44, 3957, 47443, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 15432, 1727, 96222, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Fictional biography.", "First Age.", "Second Age.", "Third Age.", "Adaptations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Elrond was born in the First Age at the refuge of the Mouths of Sirion in Beleriand, the son of Eärendil and Elwing, and a great-grandson of Lúthien. Not long afterwards the havens were destroyed by the sons of Fëanor, who captured Elrond and his brother Elros. Their parents feared that they would be killed, but instead they were befriended by Fëanor's sons Maedhros and Maglor. Like his parents but unlike his brother, Elrond chose to be counted among the Elves when the choice of kindreds was given to him. When Beleriand was destroyed at the end of the First Age, Elrond went to Lindon with the household of Gil-galad, the last High King of the Noldor.", "During the War of the Elves and Sauron in the Second Age, Gil-galad sent Elrond to the defence of Eregion against Sauron. Sauron destroyed Eregion and surrounded Elrond's army, but Durin and Amroth attacked Sauron's rearguard, causing the Dark Lord to turn and drive them back to Moria. Elrond was able to retreat north to a secluded valley, where he established the refuge of Imladris, later called Rivendell. Elrond was Lord of Rivendell for thousands of years. Near the end of the Second Age, the Last Alliance of Elves and Men was formed, and the army departed from Imladris to Mordor, led by Elendil and Gil-galad, who were both killed in the Siege of Barad-dûr. Elrond served as Gil-galad's herald; Elrond and Círdan were entrusted with the two Elven Rings that Gil-galad held. Elrond and Círdan were the only ones to stand with Gil-galad when he fell.", "Elrond married Celebrían, daughter of Celeborn and Galadriel, early in the Third Age. The place and date of Celebrían's birth are not specified. In the version of their history that describes Galadriel and Celeborn as rulers of Eregion in the Second Age, Galadriel and Celebrían left Eregion for Lórinand as Sauron's influence over Eregion grew. According to one account, Celebrían and her parents later dwelt for many years in Rivendell (Imladris). Celebrían and Elrond had three children: the twins Elladan and Elrohir, and Arwen Undómiel (Evenstar). On a trip from Rivendell to Lórien, Celebrían was waylaid by Orcs in the Redhorn Pass on Caradhras in the Misty Mountains. She was captured and tormented and received a poisoned wound. She was rescued by her sons and healed by Elrond, but \"after fear and torment\" she could no longer find joy in Middle-earth, so she passed to the Grey Havens and over the Sea to Valinor in the following year. Elrond was an ally of the North-Kingdom of Arnor. Following its fall, Elrond harboured the Chieftains of the Dúnedain (the descendants of the Kings of Arnor) and the Sceptre of Annúminas, Arnor's symbol of royal authority. When Aragorn's father Arathorn was killed a few years after Aragorn's birth, Elrond raised Aragorn in his own household and became a surrogate father to him. Aware of his daughter Arwen's feelings for Aragorn, Elrond would permit their marriage only if Aragorn could unite Arnor and Gondor as High King. In \"The Hobbit\", Elrond gave shelter to Thorin Oakenshield and his company, after which Elrond and Bilbo Baggins became friends. He received Bilbo as a permanent guest when Bilbo left the Shire some 60 years later. Elrond headed the Council of Elrond, at which it was decided that the One Ring should be destroyed where it was forged at Mount Doom in Mordor. Elrond reluctantly accepted his personal loss (Arwen's choice of mortality) for the greater good of Man, as she would help to renew the declining lineage of the Dúnedain. When the Grey Company found Aragorn and the Rohirrim during their journey to Gondor, Elrond's son Elrohir told Aragorn, \"I bring word to you from my father: The days are short. If thou art in haste, remember the Paths of the Dead.\" Aragorn took Elrond's advice, using the Paths of the Dead to reach Gondor in time to come to its aid. Elrond remained in Rivendell until the destruction of both the Ring and Sauron in the War of the Ring. He then travelled to Minas Tirith for the marriage of Arwen and Aragorn, now King of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor. Three years later, at the approximate age of 6,520, Elrond left Middle-earth to go over the Sea with the Ring-bearers, never to return. Tolkien said that \"after the destruction of the Ruling Ring the Three Rings of the Eldar lost their virtue. Then Elrond prepared at last to depart from Middle-earth and follow Celebrían.\" Thus Elrond and Celebrían were finally reunited, but they were sundered forever from their daughter Arwen.", "Cyril Ritchard voiced Elrond in the 1977 Rankin/Bass animated film adaptation of \"The Hobbit\". In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\", Elrond was voiced by André Morell. When Rankin/Bass attempted to finish the story (left incomplete by Bakshi and his financial backers) with \"The Return of the King\" in 1980, actor Paul Frees voiced Elrond in the same style as Ritchard, who had since died. In the Rankin/Bass version, Elrond was depicted with a pointed beard and a crown of stars floating around his head. Carl Hague portrayed Elrond in National Public Radio's 1979 radio production of \"The Lord of the Rings\". Hugh Dickson portrayed Elrond in BBC Radio's 1981 serialisation of \"The Lord of the Rings\". In the 1993 Finnish television miniseries \"Hobitit\", Elrond is played by Leif Wager. In the 2006 Toronto musical adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\", Elrond was portrayed by Victor A. Young. In \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy and \"The Hobbit\" trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, Elrond is portrayed by Hugo Weaving. In \"\" after Elrond reads the moon runes on Thror's map, a White Council session is held in Rivendell, where Gandalf expresses his worries to Elrond and Galadriel, but Saruman dismisses the concerns as unfounded. After Gandalf confirms that Sauron has returned and had taken up residence in Dol Guldur, Elrond joins the other White Council members to fight off the Nazgûl and Sauron in \"\". In \"\" Elrond holds Men in lesser regard after witnessing Isildur's failure to destroy the One Ring. Unlike the book, he is more skeptical of Aragorn both in terms of his ability to lead the Men of the West and the courtship of his daughter. As shown in the flashback scene in \"\", he forces Aragorn to end his engagement to Arwen so that she could leave to the Undying Lands, though she eventually makes the decision to stay with Aragorn in Middle-Earth. Later, he sends a \"surprisingly well-drilled army\" to the Battle of Helm's Deep, an act the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes was made to fit a 21st Century view of politico-military expectations. Also, instead of presenting the reforged Andúril to Aragorn at the beginning of the quest, he only does so after arriving at Dunharrow in \"\". Elrond's sons Elladan and Elrohir and the Grey Company of the Rangers of the North led by Halbarad are absent from the film, so Elrond is the one to advise Aragorn to take the Paths of the Dead. Elrond is present at Aragorn's coronation and Arwen's wedding in Minas Tirith and departs Middle-Earth with other Ring-bearers at the end of the film. Weaving reprised his role as both Elrond and the narrator in video games \"\" (2006) and \"\" (2009). In the storyline campaign of \"The Battle for Middle-earth II\" Elrond, after planning the war in the North and sending the Fellowship to destroy the One Ring, forms an alliance with the Dwarves to repel Sauron's forces, defending Rivendell from goblin assaults. He leads the first strike in the final battle at Dol Guldur, joined by other Elves and Dwarves, enabling him to defeat Sauron's remaining forces. In the 2002 Elrond is voiced by Jim Piddock, who later reprised the role for \"\" (2010) and \"\" (2011). Elrond is one of the major characters in \"The Lord of the Rings Online\" (2007). Residing in the Last Homely House in Rivendell, he is frequently consulted by players seeking council in battling threats to the lands of Eriador. In the 2003 video game adaptation of \"The Hobbit\" Elrond only appears for a few seconds in a non-interactive cutscene." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 97054, 70, 13547, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 15643, 4, 58359, 214, 438, 5, 616, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 438, 5, 4828, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 51339, 297, 6867, 1295, 15643, 47, 24427, 5, 44, 397, 75334, 188515, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 66311, 4347, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 10, 6867, 185839, 8035, 51339, 297, 1295, 15643, 47, 20231, 136, 78684, 44109, 765, 99201, 70, 11531, 98, 2363, 5423, 5303, 7, 678, 16173, 224672, 5, 2161, 70, 17274, 54452, 111, 44, 7251, 126340, 6561, 27774, 90, 581, 786, 271, 58, 442, 509, 60213, 71, 237, 70, 335, 9, 8752, 5, 32964, 456, 62015, 90, 111, 70, 28560, 3542, 80889, 71, 47, 60213, 98, 70, 53017, 6259, 44, 100784, 16259, 44109, 58800, 2828, 7, 58, 12839, 7156, 5, 581, 5117, 390, 21763, 3419, 1681, 136, 627, 5, 284, 5, 605, 5, 60213, 71, 237, 10, 9396, 28560, 98, 12898, 456, 174404, 7, 111, 44, 3957, 13547, 740, 581, 17932, 509, 142, 150222, 456, 62015, 390, 103383, 3183, 379, 15959, 5, 44, 7251, 126340, 6561, 27774, 90, 70, 786, 271, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 581, 11531, 83, 51529, 237, 10, 23884, 11531, 136, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 99, 70, 199015, 111, 15672, 5367, 56, 11617, 52234, 4, 2750, 509, 10, 58696, 1207, 111, 70, 21115, 136, 2806, 27983, 1957, 2856, 23, 20428, 217684, 1836, 21449, 47, 3731, 31754, 5, 44, 7251, 126340, 6561, 27774, 90, 581, 786, 271, 58, 509, 10, 214574, 36272, 58359, 214, 438, 5, 106, 23, 21629, 136, 5941, 3789, 76726, 136, 23, 70, 17274, 442, 157578, 438, 5, 2861, 24372, 70, 36272, 111, 70, 11531, 4, 44109, 17164, 297, 44, 11193, 18, 43045, 830, 3129, 509, 10, 1286, 20947, 7156, 5, 1650, 83, 22299, 297, 237, 44109, 25, 7, 2965, 143092, 11001, 4, 19441, 54324, 361, 19879, 71200, 7, 214574, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 112730, 6867, 1295, 15643, 24189, 70, 4568, 9742, 678, 123106, 53, 23, 21735, 5, 16995, 111, 903, 11531, 509, 51339, 297, 20271, 44109, 128, 4293, 52336, 390, 96051, 13, 98, 581, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 174804, 13, 98027, 23, 86591, 44, 6433, 297, 14804, 39701, 214, 717, 54350, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 7582, 15643, 136, 157578, 14012, 5896, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 2843, 112730, 35006, 329, 538, 20271, 581, 13547, 11330, 23, 70, 39395, 15643, 7, 5, 44, 441, 5272, 53, 59784, 6003, 214, 26265, 297, 11954, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 123106, 53, 12960, 459, 1619, 214, 23, 10, 373, 73163, 101086, 23, 70, 9631, 56, 55008, 62850, 2352, 23, 186806, 4, 7440, 44109, 3542, 24765, 214, 20271, 70, 20662, 111, 44, 3957, 13547, 740, 360, 66044, 47, 75169, 101275, 98, 70, 17164, 4, 123106, 53, 2843, 112730, 101275, 23, 20428, 5, 581, 11531, 16320, 12225, 99, 438, 5, 116, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 438, 5, 106, 23, 70, 44, 192948, 24351, 58, 9903, 805, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 100, 22759, 148390, 13, 40859, 5, 44, 441, 5272, 53, 59784, 6003, 214, 26265, 297, 11954, 58, 2843, 16320, 12225, 99, 438, 5, 106, 23, 28173, 4, 25730, 4, 82167, 136, 231118, 5, 581, 11531, 1556, 2809, 127918, 390, 5941, 22104, 7, 5, 44, 441, 5272, 53, 59784, 6003, 214, 26265, 297, 11954, 58, 136, 44, 7251, 126340, 6561, 27774, 90, 581, 786, 271, 58, 3542, 44109, 25, 7, 4734, 438, 5, 106, 11001, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 44, 122232, 1650, 15, 145111, 13, 3291, 272, 16, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 48861, 63569, 5, 581, 11531, 9842, 7, 678, 123106, 53, 5367, 214, 70, 64627, 136, 7068, 63569, 5367, 7, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 11531, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 4734, 51339, 297, 6867, 23, 23924, 136, 25134, 21629, 4, 136, 23, 15758, 4, 20271, 581, 13547, 136, 9903, 43045, 11330, 7, 107013, 538, 5, 44, 60728, 25, 18, 40858, 1832, 2624, 112, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 123106, 53, 4, 136, 83, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 50960, 136, 2704, 11531, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 581, 11531, 1556, 8306, 2809, 51339, 297, 6867, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 70, 335, 9, 8752, 98, 70, 15672, 54452, 111, 44, 7251, 126340, 6561, 27774, 90, 581, 786, 271, 740, 360, 12839, 4, 22828, 100403, 9405, 456, 62015, 297, 70, 28560, 100, 190440, 191, 98, 70, 14432, 53017, 6259, 44, 100784, 16259, 44109, 58800, 2828, 7, 58, 98352, 1363, 5, 44, 5464, 379, 62, 7514, 87497, 602, 1515, 15, 7763, 70, 602, 1515, 87, 89726, 28129, 16, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 4347, 136, 66139, 4049, 98, 37105, 108171, 7, 5, 581, 6, 80728, 509, 44028, 390, 123106, 53, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 18237, 64, 105214, 53, 24849, 5, 1650, 1556, 8306, 2809, 51339, 297, 6867, 390, 44109, 4, 1284, 1556, 2809, 390, 25706, 7, 541, 25, 24009, 7, 136, 390, 66311, 4347, 66570, 20271, 70, 116267, 8999, 9742, 23, 82490, 581, 11531, 509, 121413, 71, 390, 1858, 241, 76175, 98, 2363, 9571, 28560, 44, 127008, 429, 58, 1295, 70, 7156, 44, 135932, 30494, 241, 76175, 740, 581, 11531, 1556, 2843, 2809, 98, 98352, 1363, 7156, 7, 44, 4657, 4517, 3003, 933, 4, 98872, 116, 15, 124168, 8363, 121694, 58, 136, 44, 41732, 33, 181109, 740, 44, 10770, 214, 1061, 191, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 63569, 5, 123106, 53, 136, 63569, 12008, 37105, 108171, 7, 5, 581, 11531, 1902, 2809, 26859, 20271, 70, 44, 6979, 13894, 58, 104227, 5, 44, 5464, 272, 1215, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 4347, 4, 23, 6, 191145, 47, 10, 34391, 124901, 129570, 1902, 78684, 134620, 5, 4347, 112730, 2684, 111, 70, 13984, 7, 98, 70, 28560, 26719, 10, 12600, 28692, 136, 39108, 101275, 7, 4, 16569, 136, 142518, 90, 52825, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 51339, 297, 6867, 1295, 24849, 47, 24427, 5, 14847, 6867, 70, 11531, 66139, 10, 16610, 16569, 14018, 3956, 146291, 1295, 70, 12275, 11389, 5, 581, 11531, 16320, 12225, 99, 438, 5, 534, 23, 70, 17274, 43609, 7, 110373, 5, 581, 16186, 98, 70, 29256, 111, 70, 6, 121517, 7915, 83, 12921, 1295, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 13547, 83, 70, 136659, 127, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 98, 496, 18237, 15643, 390, 6, 121517, 89916, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 390, 103745, 11, 89916, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 44, 3957, 13547, 58, 66139, 10, 12921, 45730, 1295, 6863, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 4, 44, 6979, 13894, 58, 228903, 5, 44, 3957, 13547, 58, 509, 70, 5117, 44109, 7156, 47, 4527, 10, 142518, 90, 52825, 15, 66, 32629, 9491, 35988, 9, 1542, 194, 44, 441, 5272, 53, 59784, 6003, 214, 26265, 297, 11954, 830, 44, 5464, 379, 62, 7514, 87497, 602, 1515, 830, 44, 10770, 214, 1061, 191, 58, 136, 44, 5464, 272, 1215, 58, 3542, 17164, 297, 1295, 18237, 47, 20414, 24849, 5, 581, 47143, 214, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Songs.", "Side one.", "\"Play the Game\".", "\"Dragon Attack\".", "\"Another One Bites the Dust\".", "\"Need Your Loving Tonight\".", "\"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\".", "Side two.", "\"Rock It (Prime Jive)\".", "\"Don't Try Suicide\".", "\"Sail Away Sweet Sister\".", "\"Coming Soon\".", "\"Save Me\".", "Artwork.", "Reception.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "", "\"Play the Game\" was written by Freddie Mercury. The song was released as a single in 1980, reaching No. 14 in the UK and No. 42 in the US. The song was performed live from 1980 to 1982.", "\"Dragon Attack\" was written by Brian May. The song was a live favourite being performed from 1980 to 1985 and recently Queen have included the song on their set lists with Adam Lambert. On the UK release of \"Another One Bites The Dust\" it was featured as the B-side. Two remixes of the track were scheduled to feature on the cancelled \"BASIC Queen Bootlegs\" 1992 album. The first by Jack Benson and R.A.K. featured as a bonus track on 1991 reissues of \"The Game\". The second was an instrumental remix by Dave Ogilvie.", "\"Another One Bites the Dust\" was written by John Deacon. The song is known as a funk song and was released as a single at the suggestion of American singer Michael Jackson, who was a huge fan of the group and would often see them in concert whenever they came to Los Angeles. \"Another One Bites The Dust\" was a worldwide success reaching No. 1 in America and many other countries and in the UK it reached No. 7. After the success of the song, Queen recorded \"Hot Space\", which was a more disco album. It is credited as Queen's best selling single, having sold 7 million copies worldwide. The song was played live from 1980 until the last tour with Mercury in 1986. Part of this song was performed during Queen medley songs by Extreme on The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992.", "\"Need Your Loving Tonight\" was written by Deacon. The song was released as a single in November 1980 and reached number 44 in the United States. The song was also played scarcely during The Game Tour in the early 1980s.", "\"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" was written by Mercury while lounging in a bubble bath in the Bayerischer Hof Hotel in Munich, where Queen were staying during the making of \"The Game\". In addition to playing guitar on the record, Mercury also played guitar in concert. The song peaked at No. 2 in the UK and No. 1 in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States for four consecutive weeks. \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" also peaked at No. 1 in Australia, Canada, Mexico and Netherlands. The song has been covered by many artists. \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" and \"Another One Bites The Dust\" were Queen's only No. 1 singles in the United States.", "", "\"Rock It (Prime Jive)\" was written by Roger Taylor. The song begins with Mercury singing the intro and then Taylor sings the rest of the song. The song was only performed live in North and South America, and in Japan, during The Game and Hot Space Tours respectively.", "\"Don't Try Suicide\" was written by Mercury, and is Mercury's third and final song on the album. The song has never been performed live. The song was the B-side on the American release of \"Another One Bites The Dust\". In 1992, DJ Muggs remixed the track for inclusion on the later cancelled \"BASIC Queen Bootlegs\" compilation.", "\"Sail Away Sweet Sister (To the Sister I Never Had)\" was written by May and features him on lead vocals. The bridge was sung by Mercury. The song was recorded in June/July 1979. It has never been performed live by Queen, but has been by Guns N' Roses and by Brian May himself during the Another world tour in 1998. The song was sampled by Das EFX on their 1998 track \"Change\" from the album \"Generation EFX\". The song has also been on compilation albums \"Deep Cuts, Volume 2 (1977-1982)\" and \"Queen Forever\".", "\"Coming Soon\" was written by Taylor. Mercury and Taylor share lead vocals. The song had been started during the \"Jazz\" sessions.", "\"Save Me\" was written by May, in tribute to a friend whose marriage had recently ended. May played most of the instruments on the track including acoustic and electric guitars, piano and synthesizer. The song was performed live from 1979 to 1982. When live the song features a short piano entrance absent from the studio version. The song peaked at No. 11 in the UK Singles Chart.", "The photo on the cover of the EMI CD is different from that originally used on the LP and cassette release, even though the Hollywood CD still has the original photo. The original photo (with Roger Taylor having folded arms and Brian May not having a hand resting upon his exposed hip) is shown in the article. This alternate photo was also used on the cover of the album in the Crown Jewels box set released in 1998, and on the DTS DVD-Audio edition of the album released in 2003.", "\"Record Mirror\" wrote in a contemporary review, \"After Zeppelin and even before the Scorpions, Queen are the most exciting band I've ever seen or heard. And I'm sure all you lovers of quality music will agree.\" \"Rolling Stone\" felt that it was \"nice to hear a Queen album with songs, not 'anthems',\" but opined that \"these guys know how this music should sound and feel, but they can't bend enough to get with it.\" \"The Washington Post\" gave a scathing review, writing: \"After five years of unchallenging, dismal albums, this was supposed to be Queen's comeback. But no such luck.\" Steve Taylor, writing for \"Smash Hits\", was equally as dismissive, writing \"sandwiched between two slabs of Queen's usual symphonic and/or choral pomp-rock [...] lies a filling of utterly unoriginal corn\". \"Creem\" readers voted \"The Game\" the seventh greatest album of 1980. At the Grammy Awards in 1981, Queen and Mack were nominated for Producer of the Year (Non-Classical) while \"Another One Bites the Dust\" was nominated for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. Queen received an American Music Award nomination for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group, while \"Another One Bites the Dust\" received the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single. The Game is the 9th most streamed album of the 80s by late November 2018. In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the album's \"disco rock blends\" showed a band that has \"turned away from rock and toward pop\", \"turning decidedly, decisively pop, and it's a grand, state-of-the-art circa 1980 pop album that still stands as one of the band's most enjoyable records.\" AllMusic would go on to name \"The Game\" as Queen's best album of the 1980s. Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called \"The Game\" a \"regular ol' rock album\". In 2008, \"Out\" ranked the album number 28 of 100 in a poll of \"more than 100 actors, comedians, musicians, writers, critics, performance artists, label reps, and DJs, asking each to list the ten albums that left the most indelible impressions on their lives.\"", "All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.", "Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Additional musician Production" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 83358, 29024, 14, 4126, 111, 10, 845, 114686, 28, 235620, 23, 14713, 136, 26171, 71, 105233, 142, 44, 43512, 82518, 1212, 357, 61456, 31, 10546, 3390, 643, 27777, 165, 120187, 224, 78182, 660, 22462, 7, 58, 23, 145081, 5, 1529, 22, 25826, 297, 427, 21950, 7, 4, 91376, 645, 209, 47, 423, 5369, 4, 99, 10, 11034, 111, 836, 86258, 237, 10, 5423, 5, 10660, 2806, 70541, 57456, 136, 51, 9166, 5281, 38440, 98, 142, 45964, 136, 5744, 845, 114686, 29394, 5, 3293, 152132, 75204, 4127, 24234, 154271, 136, 33946, 1295, 70, 335, 32491, 18391, 80299, 214, 14380, 5, 24372, 70, 13038, 111, 137514, 3232, 38472, 23, 7270, 4, 147008, 71, 390, 825, 29713, 22513, 19, 4, 122399, 47, 4420, 70, 13452, 678, 4734, 136659, 33297, 111, 70, 15440, 9458, 7, 50336, 297, 390, 13177, 11387, 223, 4, 70, 13452, 509, 32997, 297, 5, 77168, 214, 70, 64614, 53, 74563, 103086, 136, 137272, 51, 8705, 162, 1236, 7432, 4, 83358, 66399, 27686, 47, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 13693, 13, 6496, 450, 15672, 845, 19725, 5809, 54, 10176, 1286, 3501, 22691, 163157, 100, 1919, 13452, 4, 83358, 509, 204971, 390, 70, 17366, 111, 191225, 16070, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 1529, 54397, 10, 3525, 109736, 223, 4, 151134, 70, 44759, 111, 1919, 203251, 28, 235620, 47, 44, 647, 235620, 111, 70, 65786, 136, 126260, 161312, 111, 70, 845, 114686, 94698, 740, 18763, 53560, 28, 10591, 33, 8780, 136, 177986, 47, 6, 236479, 53, 1257, 3509, 5941, 111, 1919, 845, 114686, 120709, 74, 8306, 2347, 9393, 764, 110281, 297, 70, 33946, 111, 80299, 56, 114636, 341, 5, 58372, 4, 10, 90205, 66, 24284, 2750, 2843, 18822, 71, 23, 78779, 214, 91852, 8780, 136, 14949, 2481, 5, 58372, 176506, 47, 80299, 70, 28, 235620, 98, 70, 35431, 450, 442, 47143, 51, 9166, 5281, 98, 37348, 3129, 13648, 48903, 51, 66609, 2886, 100, 845, 19725, 5, 83358, 68186, 71, 136, 509, 170920, 23, 142, 23179, 99, 58372, 619, 131497, 76, 42458, 98, 5, 16934, 2320, 111, 70, 109736, 223, 23, 117752, 75935, 10, 141591, 4420, 5544, 4, 26719, 94309, 5256, 111, 70425, 191225, 16070, 136, 111, 1614, 108797, 6620, 47, 14949, 7, 5, 41027, 5761, 148728, 56, 136, 38334, 25612, 89855, 4, 32562, 23, 44, 127345, 1529, 143006, 830, 127308, 297, 83358, 25, 7, 1238, 112302, 18499, 7, 4, 136, 61689, 5281, 4049, 111, 60091, 8780, 136, 193, 226572, 7, 2481, 5, 14240, 179635, 450, 70, 13452, 5809, 959, 214493, 678, 83358, 99, 70, 71464, 4, 58372, 619, 131497, 76, 42458, 6, 140545, 297, 142, 68669, 45443, 47, 645, 21231, 166635, 111, 70, 28, 235620, 5, 58372, 619, 131497, 76, 42458, 6, 93457, 71, 142, 68669, 45443, 17721, 18374, 117752, 136, 11994, 122815, 5, 83358, 47, 14534, 7565, 1919, 36696, 6827, 60971, 3826, 238, 4, 117414, 71, 1919, 104851, 47, 57119, 67, 4, 136, 98816, 70, 4488, 25, 7, 26171, 71, 44759, 47, 44, 3957, 845, 114686, 241, 235620, 740, 262, 61518, 2363, 18433, 5256, 1672, 83358, 4, 152131, 63691, 38334, 84871, 136, 107790, 223, 3145, 603, 176506, 47, 33284, 70, 45443, 4, 134629, 390, 119537, 823, 6639, 434, 4, 120025, 92, 8, 142693, 1111, 988, 4, 136, 6626, 91376, 35778, 7, 111, 70, 13452, 12, 41027, 420, 5761, 148728, 56, 136, 38334, 25612, 89855, 581, 14108, 19, 136, 20703, 61028, 9893, 24284, 14787, 159020, 119303, 509, 49814, 47, 70, 45443, 100, 40197, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 4488, 26859, 4, 119303, 678, 7090, 434, 136, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 171403, 24284, 34734, 434, 13534, 109451, 5, 21672, 509, 49814, 70, 88, 820, 538, 102834, 823, 6639, 434, 4, 153161, 100, 1919, 128201, 238, 566, 44526, 987, 237, 21629, 25, 7, 105207, 10656, 561, 46295, 5, 360, 11994, 122815, 4, 70, 15881, 114732, 111, 15672, 71916, 7, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 49432, 1916, 10, 28813, 449, 13452, 4, 176506, 47, 45252, 57119, 1916, 678, 58372, 619, 131497, 76, 42458, 2451, 8805, 7, 134149, 449, 70, 19069, 111, 70, 44, 11670, 114686, 241, 235620, 58, 237, 70, 4734, 13036, 13452, 111, 6863, 8562, 5, 13684, 538, 123099, 19, 8643, 35710, 169, 98363, 7, 70, 81997, 150370, 137356, 71, 99, 903, 1733, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 64511, 30391, 7, 42938, 214, 23, 756, 427, 21950, 7, 3542, 38334, 25612, 89855, 4, 22758, 38334, 84871, 4, 33876, 30492, 7, 4, 41027, 5761, 148728, 56, 4, 69700, 83416, 56680, 4, 136, 34734, 434, 13534, 2291, 19256, 109451, 5, 119537, 823, 6639, 434, 4, 89596, 5, 136, 120025, 92, 8, 142693, 1111, 988, 30793, 297, 678, 21950, 7, 87, 47, 1995, 74, 102834, 823, 6639, 434, 678, 21950, 7, 87, 4, 1995, 4, 136, 4830, 74, 37405, 40932, 169, 4969, 678, 70, 5117, 22759, 21950, 7, 74, 199347, 34702, 33605, 678, 21950, 7, 7610, 8305, 25714, 74, 55598, 527, 5, 39406, 3232, 678, 21950, 7, 7610, 8305, 39198, 74, 136, 96513, 35631, 56, 678, 21950, 7, 32896, 8305, 39198, 5, 25031, 663, 8079, 149976, 237, 195644, 111666, 30391, 136, 185256, 111, 153648, 100, 21950, 7, 7610, 8305, 39198, 5, 581, 30391, 7, 12266, 449, 297, 3934, 2363, 38040, 10821, 66211, 136, 33662, 207487, 136, 86869, 71, 3060, 23, 13, 24500, 1474, 117538, 678, 70, 13452, 5, 24241, 95486, 9035, 3542, 170052, 71, 10932, 136, 36398, 41361, 7, 3542, 75973, 2256, 71, 5, 33876, 30492, 7, 509, 1274, 2822, 237, 10, 60505, 1290, 5, 1529, 2843, 54397, 22759, 75281, 38440, 136, 113518, 71, 5941, 111, 70, 28, 235620, 25, 7, 164156, 7, 5, 69700, 83416, 56680, 4, 142, 180210, 98, 49002, 4, 509, 49814, 237, 142, 30391, 5, 37405, 40932, 169, 4969, 33284, 297, 70, 13452, 136, 14432, 100512, 10336, 111, 70, 152131, 19, 21533, 163136, 130625, 5, 581, 45443, 6083, 538, 2577, 71, 5941, 34844, 68669, 17582, 136, 217573, 9035, 5, 83358, 36663, 29458, 112820, 90, 100, 11907, 845, 114686, 26908, 23, 70, 8999, 4, 678, 185688, 4677, 1672, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 70, 9351, 136, 112474, 111, 70, 5117, 845, 114686, 9615, 603, 23, 210721, 5, 1657, 134225, 2843, 10, 75287, 645, 2367, 52895, 111, 60313, 206019, 5608, 186, 99201, 4, 678, 3060, 30391, 7, 30783, 214, 450, 119537, 823, 6639, 434, 25, 7, 83687, 674, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 845, 114686, 241, 235620, 12, 62, 262, 32032, 5844, 54877, 111, 70, 65786, 4, 98148, 4, 95935, 13, 4, 136, 130664, 7, 111, 70, 845, 114686, 41021, 1295, 70, 241, 147, 150, 525, 19114, 47, 70, 97721, 10013, 83, 142, 14941, 9, 196651, 28, 235620, 70541, 214, 645, 106, 26738, 38440, 98, 70, 32692, 4, 29394, 4, 136, 11341, 111, 91852, 8780, 1257, 47, 70, 39395, 11033, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 28, 235620, 25, 7, 332, 66398, 30391, 509, 87, 79662, 13, 83358, 136, 70, 68669, 45443, 509, 80923, 297, 390, 114636, 341, 5, 58372, 136, 17819, 572, 5, 48455, 6362, 12097, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Conception.", "Editorial board.", "Scholarship.", "Editions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Singer conceived of a Jewish encyclopedia in Europe and proposed creating an \"Allgemeine Encyklopädia für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums\" in 1891. He envisioned 12 volumes, published over 10 to 15 years, at a cost of 50 dollars as a set. They would contain scientific and unbiased articles on ancient and modern Jewish culture. This proposal received good press coverage and interest from the Brockhaus publishing company. After the House of Rothschild in Paris, consulted by Zadoc Kahn, offered to back the project with only eight percent of the minimum funds requested by Brockaus, the project was abandoned. Following the Dreyfus affair and associated unpleasantness, Singer emigrated to New York City. Initially believing that American Jews could do little more than provide funding for his project, Singer was impressed by the level of scholarship in the United States. He wrote a new prospectus, changing the title of his planned encyclopedia to \"Encyclopedia of the History and Mental Evolution of the Jewish Race\". His radical ecumenism and opposition to orthodoxy upset many of his Jewish readers; nevertheless he attracted the interest of publisher Isaac K. Funk, a Lutheran minister who also believed in integrating Judaism and Christianity. Funk agreed to publish the encyclopedia on the condition that it remain unbiased on issues which might seem unfavorable for Jews. Singer accepted and was established in an office at Funk & Wagnalls on. Publication of the prospectus in 1898 created a severe backlash, including accusations of poor scholarship and of subservience to Christians. Kaufmann Kohler and Gotthard Deutsch, writing in \"American Hebrew\", highlighted Singer's factual errors, and accused him of commercialism and irreligiosity. Now considering that the project could not succeed with Singer at the helm, Funk & Wagnalls appointed an editorial board to oversee creation of the encyclopedia.", "Funk & Wagnalls assembled an editorial board between October 1898 and March 1899. Singer toned down his ideological rhetoric, indicated his desire to collaborate, and changed the work's proposed title to \"The Jewish Encyclopedia\". Despite their reservations about Singer, rabbi Gustav Gottheil and Cyrus Adler agreed to join the board, followed by Morris Jastrow, Frederick de Sola Mendes, and two published critics of the project: Kauffmann Kohler and Gotthard Deutsch Theologian and Presbyterian minister George Foot Moore was added to the board for balance. Soon after work started, Moore withdrew and was replaced by Baptist minister Crawford Toy. Last was added the elderly Marcus Jastrow, mostly for his symbolic imprimatur as America's leading Talmudist. In March 1899, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, which had been contemplating a competing project, agreed to discuss collaborating with Funk & Wagnalls—thus securing the position of the \"Jewish Encyclopedia\" as the only major project of its kind. Shuly Rubin Schwartz describes the payment scheme arranged at this time as follows: Other editors participating in all 12 volumes were Gotthard Deutsch, Richard Gottheil, Joseph Jacobs, Kaufmann Kohler, Herman Rosenthal, and Crawford Howell Toy. Morris Jastrow, Jr. and Frederick de Sola Mendes assisted with volumes I to II; Marcus Jastrow with volumes I, II, and III; Louis Ginzberg with the first four volumes; Solomon Schechter with volumes IV through VII; Emil G. Hirsch with volumes IV through XII; and Wilhelm Bacher with volumes VIII through XII. William Popper served as assistant revision editor and chief of translation for volumes IV through XII. The editors plunged into their enormous task and soon identified and solved some inefficiencies with the project. Article assignments were shuffled around and communication practices were streamlined. Joseph Jacobs was hired as a coordinator. He also wrote four hundred articles and procured many of the encyclopedia's illustrations. Herman Rosenthal, an authority on Russia, was added as an editor. Louis Ginzberg joined the project and later became head of the rabbinical literature department. The board naturally faced many difficult editorial questions and disagreements. Singer wanted specific entries for every Jewish community in the world, with detailed information about, for example, the name and dates of the first Jewish settler in Prague. Conflict also arose over what types of Bible interpretation should be included, with some editors fearing that Morris Jastrow's involvement in \"higher criticism\" would lead to unfavorable treatment of scripture.", "The scholarly style of \"The Jewish Encyclopedia\" aligns directly to the, an approach to Jewish scholarship and religion that flourished in 19th-century Germany. The encyclopedia may be regarded as the culmination of this movement, which sought to modernize scholarly methods in Jewish research. In the 20th century, the movement's members dispersed to Jewish Studies departments in the United States and Israel. The scholarly authorities cited in the encyclopedia—besides the classical and medieval exegetes—are almost uniformly figures, such as Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher, Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport, David Zvi Hoffmann, and Heinrich Graetz. Its scholarly style is evident by the encyclopedia's almost obsessive attention to manuscript discovery, editing, publication, comparison, and dating. These endeavors were among the foremost interests of \"Wissenschaft\" scholarship. \"The Jewish Encyclopedia\" is an English-language work, but the vast majority of the encyclopedia's contemporary sources are German-language sources, since this was the mother tongue of the scholars and the \"lingua franca\" of Biblical scholarship in general in that period. Of all works cited not in German—usually the more classical works—the largest part are either in Hebrew or Arabic. The only heavily cited English-language source of contemporary scholarship is Schechter's publications in \"The Jewish Quarterly Review\". The significance of the work's publication in English rather than German or Hebrew is captured by Harry Wolfson, writing in 1926: The editors and authors of \"The Jewish Encyclopedia\" proved prescient in their choice of language, since within that same span of 25 years, English rose to become the dominant language of academic Jewish scholarship and among Jews worldwide. Wolfson continues that \"if a \"Jewish Encyclopedia\" in a modern language were planned for the first time, the choice would undoubtedly have fallen upon English.\"", "The unedited text of the original can be found at \"The Jewish Encyclopedia\" website. The site offers both JPEG facsimiles of the original articles and Unicode transcriptions of all texts. The search capability is somewhat handicapped by the fact that the search mechanism fails to take into account the decision to maintain all diacritical marks in the transliterated Hebrew and Aramaic from the 1901–1906 text, which used a large number of diacriticals not in common use today. Thus, for example, to successfully search for \"Halizah\"—the ceremony by which the widow of a brother who has died childless released her brother-in-law from the obligation of marrying her—one would have to know that they have transliterated this as \"Ḥaliẓah\". The alphabetic index ignores diacriticals so it can be more useful when searching for an article whose title is known. The scholarly apparatus of citation is thorough, but can be a bit daunting to contemporary users. Books that might have been widely known among scholars of Judaism at the time the encyclopedia was written (but which are quite obscure to a lay reader today) are referred to by author and title, but with no publication information and often without indication of the language in which they were written. \"The Jewish Encyclopedia\" was heavily used as a source by the 16-volume \"Jewish Encyclopedia\" in Russian, published by Brockhaus and Efron in Saint Petersburg between 1906 and 1913." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8622, 621, 144851, 7, 111, 10, 9615, 19929, 99, 70, 43573, 1272, 627, 82625, 472, 86, 13, 1295, 70, 39395, 239, 384, 78387, 14922, 11516, 927, 142642, 77269, 194, 360, 70, 116, 2208, 142642, 77269, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 54427, 111, 70, 39166, 56623, 99, 70, 1764, 111, 44, 8023, 1428, 9, 17067, 7, 95510, 58, 132, 188, 70, 144477, 25617, 111, 70, 25074, 6406, 4, 136, 47041, 31943, 6827, 678, 70, 59444, 111, 44, 284, 51626, 7568, 2606, 58, 450, 509, 119056, 98, 70, 44, 9874, 32262, 138840, 21228, 16686, 51029, 581, 51, 17883, 47314, 9615, 19929, 509, 32997, 297, 23, 70, 106, 271, 142642, 77269, 23, 1238, 141775, 111, 142, 44, 79129, 10863, 58, 98, 70, 1764, 111, 154347, 4211, 1515, 4, 31895, 23, 132539, 47, 70, 12610, 116000, 191, 111, 2902, 202, 5, 360, 12610, 2902, 202, 4, 8055, 11, 39166, 12056, 509, 170920, 3060, 1295, 154347, 237, 70, 18150, 86757, 11698, 4, 12960, 10, 44, 408, 2816, 58, 15, 17883, 47314, 11491, 16, 509, 88303, 98, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 202395, 44, 79129, 10863, 740, 581, 26349, 111, 154347, 155605, 3514, 434, 10932, 70, 44, 408, 2816, 740, 360, 19831, 19251, 4, 154347, 509, 49504, 3674, 3934, 70, 12610, 140280, 111, 46422, 37820, 5, 12610, 6226, 645, 70, 16128, 150844, 3674, 23, 70, 138, 4216, 142642, 4, 136, 28090, 70, 163117, 390, 4518, 5876, 11727, 4830, 111, 54309, 7030, 53, 111, 70, 45709, 31182, 9, 142216, 1405, 3157, 31804, 136, 756, 6863, 139355, 7, 47, 1843, 10534, 3145, 217432, 1995, 111, 4146, 169, 23, 105546, 24189, 70, 106922, 1363, 4, 154347, 509, 79986, 71, 390, 54041, 9, 16882, 10534, 7, 15, 21231, 1843, 10534, 111, 154347, 4, 124901, 98323, 83, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 70, 13081, 56904, 127887, 98, 70, 154347, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 46, 1957, 36917, 194, 360, 209, 2947, 4, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 7515, 5252, 7263, 111, 154347, 15, 69723, 19, 4000, 538, 237, 70, 44, 103791, 19, 1515, 18939, 80723, 1379, 45233, 1995, 4, 152239, 12610, 31678, 56, 748, 5, 360, 427, 2588, 1104, 1530, 4046, 4, 10, 6, 80728, 4, 5036, 51529, 237, 70, 102256, 581, 26349, 1902, 47143, 297, 62276, 8305, 70, 43062, 62806, 5550, 111, 616, 5046, 8, 61518, 8035, 12266, 7944, 297, 390, 79063, 1314, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 5, 581, 4804, 67530, 111, 154347, 134620, 70, 1631, 136, 2855, 3674, 70, 140434, 158, 83252, 63614, 220828, 17514, 1295, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 46540, 162076, 25, 7, 152838, 136, 100491, 18403, 5256, 4, 38310, 214, 236386, 44, 112, 72563, 58, 1295, 70, 152239, 12610, 145359, 5, 2161, 483, 18237, 3252, 418, 4, 154347, 33284, 297, 70, 140434, 102668, 820, 2320, 237, 6863, 103155, 927, 31186, 19, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 4734, 31186, 19, 450, 509, 37170, 47, 33284, 4, 959, 70, 3789, 3917, 68807, 5, 154347, 1902, 10, 99716, 31913, 4, 4127, 91582, 678, 172567, 136, 21442, 23923, 4, 136, 6226, 111, 70, 126041, 24927, 7, 1295, 5987, 8509, 4, 7440, 162, 70, 140434, 33532, 3542, 141753, 645, 771, 42943, 3674, 136, 1902, 10846, 65514, 5, 62, 125034, 111, 70, 110373, 56, 26946, 214, 154347, 56065, 450, 23, 79612, 7, 54940, 70, 3789, 831, 67772, 442, 509, 47, 24765, 62276, 136, 18645, 6863, 11374, 100, 2450, 1363, 5, 360, 3252, 363, 4, 70, 3525, 333, 10534, 135560, 542, 82885, 9491, 128120, 71, 47, 8337, 154347, 10, 3525, 171484, 74, 7440, 34, 5416, 4, 47, 7639, 6863, 14537, 4, 70, 26349, 80723, 47, 45367, 10, 3525, 26349, 23664, 5, 360, 360, 729, 12231, 4, 70, 47806, 111, 39166, 90936, 4, 10, 98834, 6635, 92265, 23282, 456, 57964, 4, 509, 75935, 5, 1650, 21, 14437, 24189, 729, 11591, 5, 24372, 17262, 5369, 111, 68894, 108219, 1363, 136, 10, 16610, 9782, 1631, 23, 543, 9185, 70, 6392, 71, 118237, 17704, 23295, 8752, 40, 37534, 297, 1295, 70, 4171, 1507, 111, 154347, 4, 3173, 214, 70, 23552, 31186, 19, 111, 154347, 9, 94646, 18917, 5, 2161, 138, 20414, 186868, 4, 236386, 25, 7, 5117, 71321, 4, 70, 70755, 154347, 4, 142096, 6863, 1911, 7, 23, 70, 127067, 111, 70, 26349, 98186, 16666, 5828, 5, 360, 117430, 70, 5117, 6661, 567, 87108, 18, 77699, 509, 34658, 23, 154347, 5, 884, 239483, 70, 6661, 567, 87108, 18, 77699, 509, 34658, 154347, 1556, 27983, 2809, 70, 1764, 111, 88669, 9807, 118, 21094, 136, 3789, 21640, 41714, 7, 5, 581, 4804, 67530, 111, 154347, 26205, 101655, 134620, 70, 43062, 62806, 5550, 5, 32964, 5369, 14432, 154347, 33284, 297, 70, 140434, 102668, 820, 2320, 5, 581, 126609, 111, 154347, 23, 729, 8821, 17721, 70, 92265, 47806, 136, 55386, 7, 3478, 136, 84740, 134620, 70, 23972, 1311, 1799, 1363, 581, 59665, 111, 70, 9351, 111, 154347, 83, 51, 106290, 73, 5, 1650, 1543, 186, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 12610, 9, 1704, 2663, 45757, 44, 63473, 33396, 830, 3129, 7311, 538, 131148, 10, 3835, 33976, 136, 14432, 10, 106820, 5, 116267, 135016, 3674, 7440, 70, 140434, 4, 92265, 136, 30839, 132988, 7, 23356, 4, 154347, 2843, 1556, 165473, 16145, 23, 9942, 136, 102126, 5, 4, 70, 140434, 154347, 1377, 38869, 1991, 2320, 509, 70, 50960, 9, 320, 177, 525, 23, 236386, 4, 678, 154347, 1556, 142, 16128, 4, 4, 111, 5, 6619, 903, 16128, 4, 707, 1398, 65321, 83, 11814, 100, 120767, 141, 60042, 7, 4, 12960, 707, 1031, 14427, 83, 100, 525, 297, 5, 6619, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 3551, 4, 707, 17281, 5, 11267, 83, 9615, 6259, 15, 146049, 7, 707, 33816, 7, 247, 707, 2289, 13961, 83, 40101, 96113, 7, 707, 21, 9248, 5, 6619, 70, 88303, 1257, 16128, 4, 25297, 33976, 7, 7228, 1257, 4068, 12807, 111, 9626, 70, 53289, 2278, 5426, 4, 154347, 66139, 10, 72852, 289, 9, 73, 18026, 6620, 71, 77904, 1771, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 12, 44, 441, 420, 275, 74054, 4743, 47, 6863, 35845, 538, 2060, 23, 1760, 19069, 5, 581, 26349, 83080, 7, 427, 121254, 13312, 111, 102044, 707, 108203, 77253, 538, 136, 98, 83080, 53299, 7, 111, 581, 26349, 111, 154347, 32354, 7, 237, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 140434, 23552, 9, 36520, 191, 111, 154347, 9, 42378, 13384, 4, 21208, 40368, 111, 6863, 165473, 16145, 621, 105866, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 154347, 15, 4, 1388, 707, 12506, 133, 15, 2819, 2819, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 23, 144477, 1177, 48850, 236386, 98, 70, 96113, 627, 82625, 5, 154347, 83, 236386, 25, 7, 50960, 9, 840, 18, 9, 771, 6645, 10821, 26349, 15, 11, 46327, 149172, 136, 46980, 330, 16, 678, 1672, 106, 203770, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early history.", "Prince-Bishopric of Basel.", "As a member state in the Swiss Confederacy.", "Modern history.", "Basel as a historical, international meeting place.", "Name.", "Geography and climate.", "Location.", "Topography.", "Climate.", "Politics.", "Canton.", "City.", "Quarters.", "Coat of arms.", "Government.", "Parliament.", "Federal elections.", "National Council.", "Council of States.", "International relations.", "Twin towns and sister cities.", "Demographics.", "Population.", "Language.", "Religion.", "Infrastructure.", "Quarters.", "Transport.", "Port.", "Air transport.", "Railways.", "Roads.", "Ferries.", "Public transport.", "Border crossings.", "Health.", "Energy.", "Economy.", "Chemical industry.", "Banking.", "Air.", "Media.", "Trade fairs.", "Education.", "Universities.", "Volksschule.", "Upper secondary school.", "International schools.", "Libraries.", "Culture.", "Main sights.", "Heritage sites.", "Theatre and music.", "Museums.", "Events.", "Cuisine.", "Zoo.", "Sport." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "There are traces of a settlement at the nearby Rhine knee from the early La Tène period (5th century BC). In the 2nd century BC, there was a village of the Raurici at the site of \"Basel-Gasfabrik\"(to the northwest of the Old City, and likely identical with the town of \"Arialbinnum\" that was mentioned on the \"Tabula Peutingeriana\"). The unfortified settlement was abandoned in the 1st century BC in favour of an \"oppidum\" on the site of Basel Minster, probably in reaction to the Roman invasion of Gaul. In Roman Gaul, Augusta Raurica was established some from Basel as the regional administrative centre, while a \"castra\" (fortified camp) was built on the site of the Celtic \"oppidum\". The city of Basel eventually grew around the \"castra\". In AD 83, Basel was incorporated into the Roman province of Germania Superior. Roman control over the area deteriorated in the 3rd century, and", "From the donation by Rudolph III of Burgundy of the Moutier-Grandval Abbey and all its possessions to Bishop Adalbero II of Metz in 999 until the Reformation, Basel was ruled by Prince-Bishops (see Bishop of Basel, whose memory is preserved in the crosier shown on the Basel coat of arms – see above). In 1019, the construction of the cathedral of Basel (known locally as the \"Münster\") began under Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1225–1226, a bridge, now known as the Middle", "The city had remained neutral through the Swabian War of 1499 despite being plundered by soldiers on both sides. The Treaty of Basel ended the war and granted the Swiss confederates exemptions from the emperor Maximillian's taxes and jurisdictions, separating Switzerland \"de facto\" from the Holy Roman Empire. On 9 June 1501, Basel joined the Swiss Confederation as its eleventh canton. It was the only canton that was asked to join, not the other way round. Basel had a strategic location, good relations with Strasbourg and Mulhouse, and control of the corn imports from Alsace, whereas the Swiss lands were becoming overpopulated and had few resources. A provision of the Charter accepting Basel required that in conflicts among the other cantons it was to stay neutral and offer its services for mediation. In 1503, the new bishop Christoph von Utenheim refused to give Basel a new constitution; whereupon, to show its power, the city began to build a new city hall. In", "In 1792, the Republic of Rauracia, a revolutionary French client republic, was created. It lasted until 1793. After three years of political agitation and a short civil war in 1833 the disadvantaged countryside seceded from the Canton of Basel, forming the half canton of Basel-Landschaft. On 3 July 1874, Switzerland's first zoo, the Zoo Basel, opened its doors in the south of the city towards Binningen. In 1897 the first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel. Altogether the World Zionist Congress was held", "Basel has often been the site of peace negotiations and other international meetings. The Treaty of Basel (1499) ended the Swabian War. Two years later Basel joined the Swiss Confederation. The Peace of Basel in 1795 between the French Republic and Prussia and Spain ended the First Coalition", "The origin of the name of Basel is uncertain. It may be derived from the Roman-era toponym \"Basilia\", which originally meant a public building and later a church. Another", "", "Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany., the Swiss Basel agglomeration was the third-largest in Switzerland, with", "Basel has an area,, of. Of this area, or 4.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 3.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 86.4% is settled (buildings or roads), or 6.1% is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 10.2% of", "Under the Köppen system, Basel features a continental-influenced oceanic climate (Köppen: \"Cfb\"), due to its relatively far inland position. The city averages 120.4 days of rain or snow annually and on average receives of", "The city of Basel functions as the capital of the Swiss half-canton of Basel-Stadt, though several of its suburbs are located in the half-canton of Basel-Landschaft or the canton of Aargau. Others are even located in France and Germany.", "The canton Basel-Stadt consists of three municipalities: Riehen, Bettingen, and the", "", "The city itself has 19 quarters:", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms", "The canton's executive, the Executive Council (\"Regierungsrat\"), consists of seven members for a mandate period of 4 years. They are elected by any inhabitant valid to vote on the same day as the parliament, but by means of a system of Majorz, and operates as a collegiate authority. The president () is elected as such by a public election, while the heads of the other departments are appointed by the collegiate. The current president is Dr Guy Morin.", "The parliament, the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt (Grosser Rat), consists of 100 seats, with members (called in German: \"Grossrat/Grossrätin\") elected every 4 years. The sessions of the Grand Council are public. Unlike the members of the Executive Council, the members of the Grand Council are not politicians by profession, but they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Basel allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the parliament. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Proporz, and political parties must have surpassed an \"election quorum\" of 4% per", "", "In the 2019 federal election the most popular party was the Social Democratic Party (SP) which received two seats with 34% (−1) of the votes. The next five most popular parties were the Green Party (GPS) (19.4%, +7.3), the LPS (14.5%, +3.6) and the FDP (5.8, −3.5), which are chained together at 20.3%, (+0.1), the SVP (11.3%, ), and the Green Liberal", "On 20 October 2019, in the federal election Eva Herzog, member of the Social Democratic Party (SP), was elected for the first time as a State Councillor () in the first round as single representative of the canton of Basel-Town and successor of Anita Fetz in the national Council of States () with an absolute majority of 37'210 votes. On 18 October 2015, in the federal election State Councillor () Anita Fetz, member of the Social Democratic Party (SP), was re-elected in the first round as single representative of the canton of Basel-Town in the national Council of States () with an absolute majority of 35'842 votes. She has been a member of it since 2003.", "", "Basel has two sister cities and a twinning among two states:", "", "Basel has a population () of., 35.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of −0.3%. It has changed at a rate of 3.2% due to migration and at a rate of −3% due to births and deaths. Of the population in the municipality 58,560 or about 35.2% were born in Basel and lived there in 2000. There were 1,396 or 0.8% who were born in the same canton, while 44,874 or 26.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 53,774 or 32.3% were born outside of Switzerland. In there were 898 live births to Swiss citizens and 621 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 1,732 deaths of Swiss citizens and 175 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 834 while", "Most of the population () speaks German (129,592 or 77.8%), with Italian being", "From the, 41,916 or 25.2% were Roman Catholic, while 39,180 or 23.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4,567 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.74% of the population), there were 459 individuals (or about 0.28% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 3,464 individuals (or about 2.08% of the population) who belonged to", "", "Basel is subdivided into 19 quarters (\"Quartiere\"). The municipalities of Riehen and", "Basel's airport is set up for airfreight; heavy goods reach the city and the heart of continental Europe from the North Sea by ship along the Rhine. The main European routes for the highway and railway transport of freight cross in Basel. The outstanding location benefits logistics corporations, which operate globally from Basel. Trading firms are traditionally well represented in the Basel Region.", "Basel has Switzerland's only cargo port, through which goods pass along", "EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg is operated jointly by two countries, France and Switzerland, although the airport is located completely on French soil. The airport itself is split into two", "Basel has long held an important place as a rail hub. Three railway stations—those of the German, French and Swiss networks—lie within the city (although the Swiss (Basel SBB) and French (Bâle SNCF) stations are actually in the same complex, separated by Customs and Immigration facilities). Basel Badischer Bahnhof is on", "Basel is located on the A3 motorway.", "A somewhat anachronistic yet still widely used system of reaction ferry boats links the two shores. There are four ferries, each situated approximately midway between two bridges. Each is attached by a cable to a", "Basel has an extensive public transportation network serving the city and connecting to surrounding suburbs, including a large tram network. The green-colored local trams and buses are operated by the Basler Verkehrs-Betriebe (BVB). The yellow-colored buses and trams are operated by", "Basel is located at the meeting point of France, Germany and Switzerland; because it is so near other countries and is beyond the Jura Mountains, many within the Swiss military reportedly believe that the city is indefensible during wartime. It has numerous road and rail crossings between Switzerland and the other two countries. With Switzerland joining the Schengen Area on 12 December 2008, immigration checks were no longer carried out at the crossings. However, Switzerland did not join the European Union Customs Union (though it did join the EU Single Market) and customs checks are still conducted at or near the crossings. France-Switzerland (from east to west) Germany-Switzerland (clockwise, from north to south) Additionally there are many footpaths and cycle tracks crossing the border between Basel and Germany.", "As the biggest town in the Northwest of Switzerland numerous public and private health centres are located in Basel. Among others the Universitätsspital Basel and the Universitätskinderspital Basel. The", "Basel is at the forefront of a national vision to more than halve energy use in Switzerland by 2050. To research, develop and commercialise the technologies and techniques required for the country to become a 2000 Watt society, a number of projects have been set up since 2001 in the Basel metropolitan area.", "The city of Basel, located in the heart of the tri-border region (called \"Dreiländereck\") is one of the most dynamic economic regions of Switzerland. , Basel had an unemployment rate of 3.7%., there were 18 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 34,645 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 1,176 businesses in this sector. 120,130 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 8,908 businesses in this sector. There were 82,449 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 46.2% of the workforce. , there were 121,842 workers who commuted into the municipality and 19,263 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 6.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 23.9% of the workforce coming into Basel are coming from outside Switzerland, while 1.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 49.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 18.7% used a private car. The Roche Tower, designed by Herzog & de Meuron, is 41 floors and high, upon its opening in 2015 it has become the tallest building in Switzerland. Basel has also Switzerland's third tallest building (Basler Messeturm, ) and Switzerland's tallest tower (St. Chrischona TV tower, ).", "The Swiss chemical industry operates largely from Basel, and Basel also has a large pharmaceutical industry. Novartis, Syngenta,", "Banking is", "Swiss International Air Lines, the national airline of Switzerland, is headquartered on the grounds of EuroAirport", "\"Basler Zeitung\" (\"BaZ\") and \"bz Basel\" are the local newspapers. The local TV station is called \"Telebasel\". The German-speaking Swiss", "Important trade shows include Art Basel, the world's most important fair for modern and contemporary art, Baselworld (watches and jewelry), Swissbau (construction and real estate) and", "Besides Humanism the city of Basel has also always been very famous for its achievement in the field of mathematics. Among others, the mathematician Leonhard Euler and the Bernoulli family have done research and been teaching at the local institutions for centuries. In 1910 the Swiss Mathematical Society was founded in the city and in the mid-twentieth century the Russian mathematician Alexander Ostrowski taught at the local university. In 2000 about 57,864 or (34.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 27,603 or (16.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a \"Fachhochschule\"). Of the 27,603 who completed tertiary schooling, 44.4% were Swiss men, 31.1% were Swiss women, 13.9% were non-Swiss men and 10.6% were non-Swiss women. In 2010 11,912 students attended the University of Basel (55% female). 25% were foreign nationals, 16% were from canton of Basel-Stadt. In 2006, 6162 students studied at one of the nine academies of the FHNW (51% female). , there were 5,820 students in Basel who came from another municipality, while 1,116 residents attended schools outside the municipality.", "Basel hosts Switzerland's oldest university, the University of Basel, dating from 1460. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Jacob Burckhardt, Friedrich Nietzsche, Tadeusz Reichstein, Karl Jaspers, Carl Gustav Jung and Karl Barth worked here. The University of Basel is currently counted among the 90 best educational institutions worldwide. In 2007, the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich) established the Department of Biosystems", "In 2005 16,939 pupils and students visited the \"Volksschule\" (the obligatory school time, including \"Kindergarten\" (127), primary schools (\"Primarschule\", 25), and lower secondary schools (\"Sekundarschule\", 10), of which 94% visited public schools and", "In 2010 65% of the youth finished their upper secondary education with a vocational training and education, 18% finished their upper secondary education with a Federal Matura at one of the five gymnasiums, 5% completed a \"Fachmaturität\" at the \"FMS\", 5% completed a \"Berufsmaturität\" synchronously to their vocational training, and 7% other kind of upper secondary maturity. 14.1% of all students at public gymnasiums were foreign nationals. The Maturity quota in 2010 was on a record high at 28.8% (32.8", "As a city with a percentage of foreigners of more than thirty-five percent and as one of the most important centres in the chemical", "Basel is home to at least 65 libraries. Some of the largest include; the Universitätsbibliothek Basel (main university library), the special libraries of the University of Basel, the \"Allgemein Bibliotheken der Gesellschaft für Gutes und", "", "The red sandstone Münster, one of the foremost late-Romanesque/early Gothic buildings in the Upper Rhine, was badly damaged in the great earthquake of 1356, rebuilt in the 14th and 15th century, extensively reconstructed in the mid-19th century and further restored in the late 20th century. A memorial to Erasmus lies inside the Münster. The City Hall from the 16th century is located on the Market Square and is decorated with fine murals on the outer walls and on the walls of the inner court. Basel is also host to an array of buildings by internationally renowned architects. These include the Beyeler Foundation by Renzo Piano, or the Vitra complex in nearby Weil am Rhein, composed of buildings by architects such as Zaha Hadid (fire station), Frank Gehry (Design Museum), Álvaro Siza Vieira (factory building) and Tadao Ando (conference centre). Basel also features buildings by Mario Botta (Jean Tinguely Museum and Bank of International settlements) and Herzog & de Meuron (whose architectural practice is in Basel, and who are best known as the architects of Tate Modern in London and the Bird's Nest in Beijing, the Olympia stadium, which was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics). The city received the Wakker Prize in 1996.", "Basel features a great number of heritage sites of national significance. These include the entire Old Town of Basel as well as the following buildings and collections: \"Badischer Bahnhof\" (German Baden's railway station) with fountain, Bank for International Settlements, \"Blaues Haus (Reichensteinerhof)\" at Rheinsprung 16, \"Bruderholzschule\" (school house) at Fritz-Hauser-Strasse 20, \"Brunschwiler Haus\" at Hebelstrasse 15, \"Bahnhof Basel SBB\" (Swiss railway station), \"Bürgerspital\" (hospital), \"Café Spitz (Merianflügel)\", \"Coop Schweiz\" company's central archive, Depot of the \"Archäologischen Bodenforschung des Kanton Basel-Stadt\", former Gallizian Paper Mill and Swiss Museum of Paper, former \"Klingental-Kaserne\" (casern) with \"Klingentaler Kirche\" (church), \"Fasnachtsbrunnen\" (fountain), \"Feuerschützenhaus\" (guild house of the riflemen) at Schützenmattstrasse 56, \"Fischmarktbrunnen\" (fountain), \"Geltenzunft\" at Marktplatz 13, \"Gymnasium am Kohlenberg (St Leonhard)\" (school), \"Hauptpost\" (main post office), \"Haus zum Raben\" at Aeschenvorstadt 15, \"Hohenfirstenhof\" at Rittergasse 19, \"Holsteinerhof\" at Hebelstrasse 30, Markgräflerhof a former palace of the margraves of Baden-Durlach, \"Mittlere Rhein Brücke\" (Central Rhine Bridge), \"Stadtcasino\" (music hall) at Steinenberg 14, \"Ramsteinerhof\" at Rittergasse 7 and", "Basel is the home of the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, founded in 1933, a worldwide centre for research on and performance of music from the Medieval through the Baroque eras. Theater Basel, chosen in 1999 as the best stage for German-language performances and in 2009 and 2010 as \"Opera house of the year\" by German opera magazine \"Opernwelt\", presents a busy schedule of plays in addition to being home to the city's opera and ballet companies. Basel is home to the largest orchestra in Switzerland, the Sinfonieorchester Basel. It is also the", "The Basel museums cover a broad and diverse spectrum of collections with a marked concentration in the fine arts. They house numerous holdings of international significance. The over three dozen institutions yield an extraordinarily high density of museums compared to other cities of similar size and draw over one million visitors annually. Constituting an", "The city of Basel is a centre for numerous fairs and events all year round. One of the most important fairs for contemporary art worldwide is the Art Basel which was founded in 1970 by Ernst Beyeler and takes place in June each year. Baselworld, the watch and jewellery show (\"Uhren- und Schmuckmesse\") one of the biggest fairs of its kind in Europe is held every year as well, and attracts a great number of tourists and dealers to the city. Live marketing company and fair organizer MCH Group has its head office in Basel. The carnival of the city of Basel (\"Basler Fasnacht\") is a", "There are a number of culinary specialties originating in Basel, including \"Basler Läckerli\" cookies and \"Mässmogge\" candies. Being located in the", "\"Zoo Basel\" is, with over 1.7 million visitors per year, the most visited tourist attraction in Basel and the second most visited tourist attraction in Switzerland. Established in 1874, Zoo Basel is the oldest zoo in Switzerland and, by number of animals, the largest. Through its history, Zoo Basel has had several breeding successes, such as the first worldwide", "Basel has a reputation in Switzerland as a successful sporting city. The football club FC Basel continues to be successful and in recognition of this the city was one of the Swiss venues for the 2008 European Championships, as well as Geneva, Zürich and Bern. The championships were jointly hosted by Switzerland and Austria. BSC Old Boys and Concordia Basel are the other football teams in Basel. Among the most popular sports in Switzerland is ice hockey. Basel is home to the EHC Basel which plays in the MySports League, the third tier of the Swiss ice hockey league system. They play their home games in the 6,700-seat St. Jakob Arena. The team previously played in the National League and the Swiss League, but they had to fill a bankruptcy case after the 2013–14 Swiss League season. Basel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 117371, 24849, 4, 44109, 1902, 8306, 11814, 142518, 90, 20995, 7, 98, 2363, 7156, 7, 5, 67053, 214, 678, 44, 3957, 13547, 830, 44109, 80723, 17368, 32629, 9491, 35988, 9, 1542, 142518, 90, 20995, 7, 98, 2363, 52336, 4, 26719, 44, 97054, 70, 13547, 58, 136, 44, 5464, 272, 1215, 830, 136, 136475, 47, 54, 221, 5, 2161, 44, 11193, 18, 43045, 830, 70, 8753, 23409, 3853, 53333, 4, 39864, 214, 70, 47617, 36279, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 5, 62, 8, 2500, 6644, 1295, 2363, 52350, 10015, 59671, 2449, 45730, 4, 2684, 111, 44, 11193, 18, 43045, 58, 83, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 6, 239530, 136, 107265, 4, 23884, 4, 82393, 136, 20947, 4, 12960, 70, 13950, 52336, 136475, 23, 10, 7426, 13950, 48225, 21373, 47, 2363, 96362, 7156, 15, 66, 131527, 83, 70, 11531, 44, 27559, 18, 13538, 70, 31143, 51029, 6206, 597, 214, 70, 3525, 45730, 4, 66311, 4347, 136, 48861, 63569, 3542, 4552, 130306, 111, 70, 79507, 450, 10208, 15853, 36126, 4, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 3357, 31095, 17721, 27193, 136, 20986, 4, 1902, 98, 70, 5367, 56, 5, 853, 408, 30319, 70, 182304, 9433, 23, 34975, 63569, 9803, 538, 35778, 29367, 70, 48225, 23, 3129, 15853, 36126, 509, 35971, 123106, 53, 15, 2940, 4911, 7, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 8753, 247, 13254, 214, 450, 44, 1065, 19273, 19, 720, 268, 36663, 2446, 19612, 47, 45730, 1884, 398, 25, 71, 1660, 172458, 23, 10, 12249, 1909, 27, 2940, 87, 15935, 25, 18, 740, 4347, 2843, 959, 297, 450, 70, 20662, 111, 70, 7156, 23, 186806, 34739, 5045, 51713, 3501, 115723, 136, 450, 756, 111, 70, 8753, 4163, 3934, 44, 123041, 88965, 63134, 58, 23, 70, 26349, 4, 9932, 14578, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 23417, 4, 125694, 136, 19085, 214, 237, 70, 31635, 100, 70, 35845, 538, 140909, 53, 182304, 104227, 5, 15853, 36126, 747, 17704, 538, 8, 93, 297, 70, 3789, 43032, 17203, 47, 123106, 53, 5, 581, 3328, 19, 70767, 100, 123106, 53, 25, 7, 44, 42378, 38543, 17170, 58, 509, 49814, 390, 98906, 1784, 3035, 15, 434, 497, 2843, 181653, 4841, 161, 7712, 136, 49814, 3328, 19, 40059, 7, 47, 75516, 75036, 136, 15901, 3238, 161460, 115923, 194, 44, 42378, 38543, 17170, 58, 2806, 186, 51339, 297, 98, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 1030, 146365, 214, 9903, 43045, 11330, 4, 144, 372, 217, 5045, 4271, 56, 136, 17305, 22023, 4, 678, 2773, 47617, 7, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 47617, 36279, 136, 101275, 7, 136, 149186, 7, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 3328, 1779, 5, 15, 73243, 70767, 70541, 297, 110, 8561, 4950, 7, 101275, 4, 237, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 112730, 101275, 23, 66044, 47, 4347, 5, 16, 1650, 509, 2843, 112730, 98, 44109, 25, 7, 581, 27985, 7, 11330, 4, 144, 372, 217, 40715, 195409, 3501, 98, 70, 9903, 43045, 11330, 5, 360, 15758, 4, 70, 8753, 121447, 44, 42378, 38543, 17170, 58, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 20414, 24427, 5, 581, 11531, 509, 2843, 31089, 71, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 70, 7082, 23, 7582, 24427, 1284, 165523, 47, 116287, 23, 40101, 23295, 5, 1784, 3035, 25, 7, 127752, 7, 3542, 17164, 297, 99, 54877, 75628, 137869, 23, 2356, 5753, 5, 581, 7311, 53397, 111, 70, 28560, 60213, 71, 10, 101275, 64457, 111, 3328, 1779, 5, 581, 4950, 7, 2256, 111, 4347, 25, 7, 44, 34119, 3443, 58, 509, 112730, 98, 142, 32629, 9491, 35988, 9, 1542, 11, 142518, 90, 20995, 390, 4347, 5, 581, 11531, 68034, 46, 10, 119485, 111, 13950, 136, 20947, 46, 83, 9844, 111, 10, 28960, 9, 2037, 47, 44, 397, 75334, 188515, 58, 1295, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 15643, 7156, 44, 3957, 13547, 58, 23, 450, 442, 57574, 90, 99162, 80854, 111, 19612, 678, 82393, 2886, 64333, 4, 237, 45470, 3786, 36737, 73, 6777, 5, 581, 24089, 26008, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 44, 34119, 3443, 58, 132, 155, 22769, 510, 58672, 4, 3629, 234394, 33, 4, 429, 1177, 32111, 404, 1331, 974, 16, 164, 23, 30839, 4, 136, 509, 17164, 297, 23, 10, 3018, 17155, 23, 186806, 74, 442, 3900, 19309, 7, 47, 52, 144890, 42141, 4, 53927, 36663, 47, 186, 4323, 1098, 1257, 5, 740, 581, 68944, 111, 44, 34119, 3443, 58, 621, 2843, 135818, 100, 8035, 70, 4734, 64333, 98, 70, 7156, 450, 3249, 91067, 47, 70, 7156, 44759, 68034, 5, 44, 152470, 18032, 830, 59121, 390, 262, 11, 2271, 4, 83, 70, 28560, 2684, 79507, 71, 390, 22556, 19612, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 3638, 4950, 7, 115, 2449, 4, 262, 11, 2271, 2843, 11301, 7, 6, 239530, 101275, 4, 136, 142518, 90, 20995, 98, 70, 11531, 5, 1301, 10, 11001, 4, 442, 20974, 6259, 99, 14012, 1112, 98, 70, 17274, 116287, 7, 5, 44, 12647, 1459, 83658, 58, 83, 10, 46280, 21533, 54940, 44109, 52336, 4, 8035, 70, 31247, 11001, 121447, 390, 70, 8753, 450, 14602, 959, 26698, 101275, 5, 123106, 53, 4, 2750, 150350, 71, 70, 11531, 98, 142518, 4950, 7, 4, 1902, 198395, 88898, 71, 70, 13984, 25, 7, 38516, 678, 1919, 127752, 7, 47, 70, 44, 919, 5544, 119892, 58, 217148, 5, 581, 44, 12647, 1459, 83658, 58, 1202, 4, 241599, 44954, 118, 538, 26580, 71, 115774, 148, 416, 64113, 10932, 12638, 3789, 4, 77443, 208806, 189353, 141, 136, 509, 4599, 14534, 23, 10, 10846, 43396, 90, 5, 581, 11531, 2843, 118775, 23, 70, 20986, 128745, 53, 1346, 44, 71713, 14, 8079, 830, 8035, 51339, 297, 47, 390, 1632, 111, 70, 123, 3443, 7, 5, 601, 16001, 271, 70, 1202, 509, 173072, 297, 47, 72399, 9, 54350, 141377, 7, 98, 69882, 4, 442, 351, 13, 2347, 9393, 104902, 70, 11531, 24209, 70, 7156, 25, 7, 129058, 5962, 23, 21629, 4, 58359, 214, 14012, 534, 98, 70, 211441, 9903, 805, 23, 18237, 24427, 5, 44, 284, 10763, 3293, 10013, 830, 1632, 111, 6626, 63569, 52336, 450, 108975, 98, 70, 7156, 4, 509, 123019, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 3525, 259, 272, 112664, 64, 40946, 43581, 99, 70, 1733, 74, 70, 28560, 83, 22648, 19, 390, 10, 20618, 33770, 65133, 47617, 36279, 23, 116, 17357, 1733, 136, 66139, 10, 57, 5387, 26551, 2639, 4, 112730, 390, 89176, 56002, 19612, 3378, 803, 157, 6678, 1704, 5, 44, 284, 10763, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 9903, 43045, 83, 70, 1492, 927, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 98, 952, 4347, 24427, 390, 6, 121517, 89916, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 390, 103745, 11, 89916, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 7880, 214, 10, 135818, 122925, 23, 48225, 1295, 2363, 110680, 4488, 4, 1836, 6, 212423, 5941, 80854, 111, 20947, 4, 23884, 4, 6, 239530, 136, 107265, 4, 82393, 136, 7426, 19612, 98, 70, 7156, 5, 3293, 7228, 70, 7156, 40715, 5700, 678, 35992, 2750, 12601, 2822, 70, 89160, 13950, 20623, 1836, 1902, 1380, 47, 30699, 67, 678, 70, 8753, 5, 44109, 25, 7, 51957, 47, 17164, 10, 82393, 9, 49133, 297, 7156, 4155, 1249, 27686, 678, 70, 106750, 36272, 111, 2363, 15643, 5962, 44, 7251, 126340, 6561, 27774, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Songs.", "Overview.", "Side one.", "\"Staying Power\".", "\"Dancer\".", "\"Back Chat\".", "\"Body Language\".", "\"Action This Day\".", "Side two.", "\"Put Out the Fire\".", "\"Life Is Real (Song for Lennon)\".", "\"Calling All Girls\".", "\"Las Palabras de Amor (The Words of Love)\".", "\"Cool Cat\".", "\"Under Pressure\".", "Tour.", "Release and reception.", "Legacy.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Before 1979, Queen had never used synthesisers on their albums. Beginning with \"The Game\", Queen began using Oberheim OB-X synthesisers on their songs, including \"Play the Game\" and \"Save Me\", and continued to do so. On \"Hot Space\", the band went even further, introducing the drum machine for the first time. A departure from their trademark seventies sound, most of \"Hot Space\" is a mixture of rhythm and blues, funk, dance and disco, while the rock songs continued in a pop rock direction similar to their previous album (an exception is the song \"Put Out the Fire\"). Disliking the new sound, Brian May and Roger Taylor were very critical of the influence that Paul Prenter, Freddie Mercury's personal manager between 1977 and 1984, had on the singer. Recalling the recording process in 2011, Taylor openly criticized the direction in which Prenter was taking Mercury (and thus the rest of the band), stating that \"[Prenter] wanted our music to sound like you'd just walked in a gay bar...and I didn't\". May also noted that the making of the album in Munich took much longer than usual and that all of the band got into \"deep emotional trouble\" in the city, blaming a mixture of drink, drugs and partying as the reason for the relatively lengthy recording sessions. Prenter allegedly denied the other members access to Mercury.", "", "The horn arrangement for Mercury's \"Staying Power\" was added by Arif Mardin (who also produced Chaka Khan and added horn sections to Bee Gees and Aretha Franklin records). \"Staying Power\" would be performed on the band's accompanying Hot Space Tour, albeit much faster and heavier, with real drums replacing the drum machine and guitars and keyboards replacing the horns. (This arrangement contained no actual bass guitar, as John Deacon played guitar in addition to May.) It was also played on Queen's The Works Tour, albeit less frequently than on the Hot Space Tour. In Japan, the band released \"Staying Power\" as a single in July 1982. The song was also issued as a single in the US in November 1982 but failed to chart in either country. Mardin's contributions were recorded at Record Plant Studios in New York. The original demo of the track featured a guitar instead of horns.", "The bassline of May's \"Dancer\" was played on an Oberheim OB-Xa synthesiser by May. The song itself – a fusion of rock and disco – is something of a follow-up to \"Dragon Attack\" from the band's 1980 album \"The Game\" in that it fuses heavy elements of music with danceable ones, as Led Zeppelin did. The phone message at the end of \"Dancer\"(“Guten Morgen,sie wünschten,geweckt zu werden.”)is in German, and was recorded in a hotel room in Munich; it translates to “Good morning,you wanted to be woken up.\". The lyrics of \"Dancer\" are also notable for being the only ones on the album that make reference to the album title itself.", "\"Back Chat\", written by Deacon, is the track most influenced by black music. In addition to normal bass duties, Deacon also plays rhythm guitar, and synthesiser on the song. As a single, it stalled at number 40 on the UK charts.", "\"Body Language\" is atypical among Queen songs, being the sole single released by the band that does not include guitar. Mercury, who composed the song on synth bass, had previously explored the instrument's potential with his contributions to the \"Flash Gordon\" soundtrack. The \"Body Language\" video, featuring scantily clad models writhing around each other, proved somewhat controversial and was banned in a few territories. The song also appeared in the 1984 documentary film \"Stripper\", being performed to by one of the dancers. Whilst the video was restricted to late-night showings on MTV, it nonetheless helped the song become the album's biggest hit in America, reaching number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1982.", "\"Action This Day\", one of two Taylor songs that appear on the album, was clearly influenced by the new wave movement/style current at the time; the track is driven by a pounding electronic drum machine in 2/4 time and features a saxophone solo, played by Italian session musician Dino Solera. \"Action This Day\" takes its title from a Winston Churchill catchphrase that the statesman would attach to urgent documents, and recapitulates the theme of social awareness that Taylor espoused in many of his songs. The band performed \"Action This Day\" live on the Hot Space Tour with a more conventional arrangement, replacing the drum machine and bass synth with a rock rhythm section and an actual synthesizer replacing the saxophone solo. The verses are duets between Taylor and Mercury, while the chorus is sung by both.", "", "\"Put Out the Fire\" is an anti-firearm song written by May, featuring lead vocals by Mercury, with May singing lead vocals in falsetto at the end of each verse. May recorded its guitar solo under the influence of alcohol (after many unsuccessful attempts). Though never released as a single, \"Put Out the Fire\", the album's most traditional Queen song, later appeared on the \"Queen Rocks\" compilation in 1997. A new video was also produced for the accompanying video compilation, featuring a live performance of the song intercut with footage of fire and explosions.", "Mercury wrote \"Life Is Real\" as a tribute to John Lennon, whose murder in 1980 had also previously prompted the band to perform his song \"Imagine\" on tour. It is also one of the few Mercury songs whose lyrics were written before the music.", "The first Queen song written by Taylor to be released as a single (albeit in selected countries, including the US and Australia, but not the UK), \"Calling All Girls\" failed to create much of an impact on the charts where it peaked at number 60 in the US and number 33 in Canada, despite its music video based on the George Lucas film \"THX 1138\". Taylor composed \"Calling All Girls\" on guitar and played the feedback noises during the song's break. Queen never performed the song in Europe, and a live recording from Japan in 1982 is commercially available on the \"Queen on Fire – Live at the Bowl\" DVD, where \"Calling All Girls\" accompanies the photo gallery. The single was released in July 1982.", "May's lyrics for \"Las Palabras de Amor\" were inspired by Queen's close relationship with their Latin-American fans, and have been interpreted as an allegory for the Falklands War. A top 20 hit in the UK, \"Las Palabras de Amor\" marked the band's fourth appearance on \"Top of the Pops,\" the first, second and third being for \"Seven Seas of Rhye\", \"Killer Queen\" and \"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy\". For this mimed performance, May is seen playing a grand piano, although he only played synthesisers on the recording. May also sang lead vocals for the harmonised line \"this night and evermore\".", "\"Cool Cat\", written by Mercury and Deacon, originally featured David Bowie on backing vocals and a few lines of spoken word to a rhythm during the middle eight. According to Mercury in a 1982 TV interview, Bowie was unhappy with the results and requested that his vocals be removed days before its parent album was slated to be released. With the exception of the electric piano (which was played by Mercury), all the instruments are played by Deacon, including drums, guitars, and synths. On the album version, Mercury sings the entire song in falsetto. The alternate take with Bowie's vocals still intact is widely available on various bootleg recordings and surfaces from an early 1982 vinyl \"Hot Space\" test pressing from the US. Deacon can be heard using the slap bass technique throughout the track.", "A famous duet with Bowie, \"Under Pressure\" was the result of an impromptu jam session in the band's studio in Montreux. When it was released in 1981, \"Under Pressure\" reached number one in the UK singles chart. Although it was credited to the entire band and Bowie, Mercury was the primary director of this track, with he and Bowie being the main lyricists (each writing the lines they sang). John Deacon came up with the bass riff. Part of the chord progression is based on a rough demo of an unreleased song, \"Feel Like\". The songwriting is credited to all five participants.", "The 1982 Hot Space Tour was Queen's last tour of North America until the Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour in 2005. The band did not tour North America for The Works tour in 1984, nor The Magic tour in 1986, after which they ceased touring, due to Mercury's ill health with AIDS.", "Due to its dance-pop sound, \"Hot Space\" is widely considered by both fans and critics to be one of Queen's most artistically disappointing albums. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said of the album that \"the band that once proudly proclaimed not to use synthesizers on their albums has suddenly, dramatically reversed course, devoting the entire first side of the album to robotic, new wave dance-pop, all driven by drum machines and colored by keyboards, with Brian May's guitar coming in as flavor only on occasion.\" Alex Petridis of \"The Guardian\" gave the album two stars and said: \"Like Queen, disco was melodramatic, unrepentantly camp, extravagantly arranged and omnivorous in its influences. Or at least it had been. By the time of 1982's \"Hot Space\", disco had mutated into the weird, skeletal, dubby electronic sound pioneered by DJ Larry Levan, which really didn't suit Queen at all.\" Despite this, \"Under Pressure\" remains one of the band's staple songs.", "Michael Jackson, who was close friends with the band during the time, later cited \"Hot Space\" as an influence for his own album \"Thriller\". In a 2015 interview with Greg Prato of Songfacts, Extreme guitarist Nuno Bettencourt described how \"Hot Space\" was an important album for him as a musician. \"I think it's interesting because that album taught me two things. It taught me that even if you're in a band as a guitar player, music doesn't have to be driven by guitar - it's about the song, first. But I think the main thing is that Queen actually did an album like that - it was the fans' least favorite, but it was one of my favorites because it took a risk and branched out. All those synth parts they did and horns, I could always hear them with guitar in my head somehow. But quite oddly enough, or coincidentally enough, the title \"Hot Space\" is exactly what it meant: it's all the space between the music. That's what makes it funky and that's what makes it have a pocket.\"", "All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.", "Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 7156, 25225, 7, 70, 10778, 111, 142, 51, 161818, 217148, 100, 70, 21735, 1346, 44, 163025, 101500, 4, 58, 100, 3129, 110, 51521, 217148, 7156, 509, 121447, 5, 581, 44759, 4, 44, 284, 27435, 111, 61707, 830, 16406, 4126, 1295, 1632, 111, 70, 124519, 62816, 1657, 13665, 4727, 5267, 2199, 15, 136658, 31, 94266, 224672, 16, 17378, 47, 98363, 1919, 206683, 2481, 5, 84247, 1810, 111, 300, 86, 52336, 98, 70, 7156, 118775, 23, 70, 1346, 4, 102971, 23, 12921, 11389, 7, 5, 581, 17262, 52336, 450, 6777, 959, 108975, 23, 44, 163025, 101500, 58, 621, 44, 8335, 73, 2071, 1061, 153335, 47, 19434, 11, 56851, 830, 44, 919, 21347, 6468, 20255, 873, 102517, 58, 136, 44, 62068, 66941, 4, 58, 3129, 509, 60213, 71, 10, 6602, 110680, 23, 70, 1346, 44, 568, 1900, 144422, 740, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 10, 182304, 111, 44, 3957, 282, 1295, 2356, 5753, 4, 2356, 5753, 58, 7228, 183037, 100, 10, 28302, 23, 44, 163025, 101500, 58, 14602, 959, 108975, 98, 44, 284, 27435, 111, 61707, 830, 136, 23, 15824, 1556, 8306, 2809, 121447, 23, 7156, 3173, 47, 5622, 5, 129551, 47, 10, 63805, 390, 8753, 32786, 66311, 4347, 98, 70, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 2692, 145484, 116, 58, 12352, 119845, 4, 99, 19713, 99, 450, 6275, 4, 764, 1902, 70, 91177, 47, 4488, 98, 10, 27798, 44, 163025, 101500, 58, 217148, 23, 70, 22690, 5, 360, 1632, 28302, 4, 10, 91, 93, 58134, 111, 44, 6495, 6947, 47, 12676, 58, 11301, 7, 98, 10, 5977, 4, 10, 11531, 1295, 70, 198395, 121447, 44, 3957, 27985, 7, 58, 7156, 5, 24372, 44109, 25, 7, 127752, 47, 9251, 62, 532, 4, 47192, 7814, 123106, 53, 509, 22, 927, 86840, 9523, 1672, 70, 8753, 136, 33662, 7103, 35839, 2856, 47, 738, 47, 70, 12275, 136, 33022, 10, 11531, 25842, 3129, 100512, 44, 62068, 66941, 740, 3164, 22759, 8753, 43032, 3542, 22299, 297, 237, 11531, 70035, 7, 4, 49903, 48861, 63569, 11341, 71, 23, 142, 33683, 678, 133836, 1910, 450, 7311, 538, 442, 1902, 2809, 1919, 11531, 4, 678, 68944, 44961, 214, 6470, 90205, 18813, 5, 1529, 741, 12225, 44, 86673, 2062, 3055, 47192, 7814, 58, 98816, 756, 1919, 68944, 678, 66044, 7, 1884, 44, 3630, 90978, 64357, 4, 1632, 20307, 19, 4, 1632, 6, 60397, 4, 1632, 143896, 830, 136, 3853, 9351, 9, 78292, 297, 4939, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 66311, 4347, 112730, 70, 73432, 142518, 40059, 17368, 10, 99705, 391, 1542, 16709, 5, 581, 104227, 3542, 1346, 297, 136, 14432, 121447, 98, 70, 6052, 12352, 5423, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 2692, 145484, 116, 740, 581, 11531, 14602, 959, 108975, 23, 44, 163025, 101500, 830, 1284, 509, 11814, 23, 70, 21735, 14277, 44, 568, 1900, 144422, 740, 44, 284, 27435, 111, 61707, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 63569, 5, 1529, 1556, 36456, 3674, 32562, 7565, 3060, 68944, 4, 3129, 77443, 47, 186, 70, 18231, 100, 15044, 44, 62068, 66941, 58, 136, 44, 284, 27435, 111, 61707, 830, 9844, 7228, 162520, 390, 70, 53397, 111, 70, 11531, 108975, 214, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 98, 70, 1392, 53900, 9396, 26201, 4, 3129, 17664, 90, 3060, 68944, 5, 147466, 98, 4, 51, 372, 69723, 19, 47, 63569, 2750, 509, 5773, 47, 70, 7082, 100, 10, 10846, 13312, 4, 123106, 53, 34739, 442, 645, 4, 44, 34740, 5252, 58, 70, 68944, 4, 49814, 70, 4950, 7, 2256, 4, 3060, 37067, 25251, 136, 456, 9, 147, 5445, 297, 70, 45646, 5, 180358, 9393, 4, 70, 3525, 4, 1286, 7426, 9, 49133, 297, 11389, 509, 7464, 22299, 297, 47, 63569, 5, 1650, 509, 903, 11389, 450, 509, 60213, 71, 98, 70, 7156, 4, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 136, 99201, 2363, 119591, 53, 6867, 19612, 3378, 4, 33365, 350, 10462, 10186, 4, 75169, 3060, 149186, 7, 5, 581, 17305, 22023, 4, 13950, 6815, 75939, 13, 11389, 4, 2843, 20662, 6863, 51521, 34377, 98, 70, 1392, 53900, 9396, 26201, 4, 112730, 20271, 70, 3564, 22299, 7, 111, 44, 163025, 101500, 740, 581, 11531, 509, 127918, 390, 540, 16182, 1342, 3112, 23, 18592, 98, 604, 7156, 35839, 44, 3957, 44109, 37340, 740, 44, 284, 27435, 111, 61707, 58, 83, 121392, 538, 70, 5117, 29568, 7156, 44759, 28560, 23, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 17116, 87168, 2451, 197271, 70, 11531, 44, 72859, 56, 60861, 188515, 4, 58, 3129, 118775, 98, 44, 22418, 111, 70, 6661, 830, 509, 20653, 59121, 100, 70, 7156, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 4, 136, 70, 52336, 44, 97054, 70, 13547, 58, 136, 44, 122880, 111, 9925, 47807, 58, 3542, 143834, 7, 98, 2363, 107013, 7156, 7, 25, 44759, 7, 5, 44, 62068, 42552, 111, 11954, 58, 83, 10, 11531, 390, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 581, 7156, 11389, 66139, 4049, 75169, 99705, 391, 1542, 966, 142518, 4, 10, 79315, 178992, 11, 55080, 297, 390, 54012, 1507, 353, 32920, 136, 10, 57, 5387, 26551, 112730, 390, 41550, 139256, 53, 5, 262, 11, 2271, 68872, 47, 161740, 13, 70, 101275, 82761, 7, 678, 10, 57, 5387, 26551, 2639, 7103, 10, 35107, 678, 4347, 4, 2750, 14602, 959, 108975, 23, 70, 11531, 5, 1650, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 9942, 136, 84740, 4734, 4, 136, 118775, 20271, 70, 1909, 28302, 23, 44, 163025, 101500, 740, 1650, 509, 2843, 127918, 390, 540, 16182, 1342, 3112, 98, 44, 3957, 44109, 37340, 58, 23, 18592, 136, 14432, 390, 174705, 5367, 56, 8694, 15959, 35512, 23, 30739, 44, 8335, 73, 2071, 1061, 153335, 47, 19434, 11, 56851, 58, 509, 59121, 390, 123106, 53, 136, 262, 11, 2271, 5, 67053, 214, 237, 10, 1427, 4902, 6528, 390, 4347, 4, 262, 11, 2271, 136, 123106, 53, 221419, 538, 69347, 450, 3934, 10, 2501, 35461, 9, 40946, 11531, 4, 678, 262, 11, 2271, 75169, 6, 239530, 101275, 5, 62, 161549, 456, 62015, 297, 136, 456, 18244, 297, 11389, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 21735, 4, 58359, 214, 438, 5, 1381, 98, 70, 174705, 116287, 7, 5, 581, 44759, 2843, 135179, 237, 10, 13315, 23, 44, 62068, 42552, 111, 11954, 740, 3293, 2806, 186, 1632, 111, 70, 4568, 20028, 123106, 53, 2806, 5367, 10, 44109, 11531, 64557, 23, 98320, 10628, 5, 44, 919, 21347, 6468, 20255, 873, 102517, 58, 83, 10, 11531, 390, 123106, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 27435, 111, 61707, 83, 70, 808, 8420, 2480, 127, 12275, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 4, 121447, 98, 116, 18237, 21735, 390, 6, 121517, 89916, 23, 70, 17274, 136, 390, 156350, 89916, 23, 70, 7082, 5, 1650, 509, 2363, 5117, 12275, 7156, 47, 186, 17164, 297, 6338, 538, 4, 136, 83, 35509, 98, 70, 217148, 47, 70, 1346, 44, 163025, 101500, 830, 70, 5117, 23, 10, 36549, 8951, 297, 390, 158874, 21442, 408, 3038, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background and recording - \"A Kind of Magic\" and \"Highlander\".", "Songs.", "Side one.", "\"One Vision\".", "\"A Kind of Magic\".", "\"One Year of Love\".", "\"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure\".", "\"Friends Will Be Friends\".", "Side two.", "\"Who Wants to Live Forever\".", "\"Gimme the Prize (Kurgan's Theme)\".", "\"Don't Lose Your Head\".", "\"Princes of the Universe\".", "Reception.", "Track listing.", "Personnel." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The album enjoys the status of an unofficial soundtrack for the 1986 film \"Highlander,\" for which no official soundtrack album was released. The title, \"A Kind of Magic\", derived from one of the lines character Connor MacLeod (Christopher Lambert) says to describe his immortality. Six out of nine songs on the album appeared in the film, although in different versions. The three songs that did not appear in \"Highlander\" are \"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure\", \"Friends Will Be Friends\" and \"One Vision,\" which was featured a year earlier in the film \"Iron Eagle\". Conversely, a recording of \"Theme from New York, New York\" made specifically for a scene in \"Highlander\" does not appear on \"A Kind of Magic\", and in fact has never been released in album form to date. According to a statement by band member Brian May on the \"Greatest Video Hits 2\" DVD (2003), at least at that point, he had the intention to work on a proper \"Highlander\" soundtrack in the future. In one scene, a snippet of \"Hammer to Fall\" plays on a radio, a song from the previously released \"The Works\" album.", "", "", "After Queen's contribution to Live Aid, Freddie Mercury was enthusiastic about the band and soon after called them to go to the studio and write a song together which became \"One Vision\". All four band members were credited as songwriters, however Roger Taylor stated in an interview with Australian TV that originally it had been his song, with lyrics reflecting Martin Luther King. He joked \"that rotter Freddie\" changed all his lyrics with additions like \"one shrimp, one prawn, one clam, one chicken\", and even name-checked John Deacon. Brian May played the opening synth section using a Yamaha DX-7. The sessions were filmed and later released on the 2003 DVD set \"Greatest Video Hits 2\". The song does not appear in \"Highlander\", but was used in the 1986 movie \"Iron Eagle\".", "\"A Kind of Magic\" was written by Taylor. He has admitted writing down some lyrics, which proved to be the basis for both \"One Vision\" and \"A Kind of Magic\", something made obvious by the demo of the song appearing for the first time on the 2011 Universal bonus EP, which mixes some lyrics. Later on, unbeknown to Taylor who was off to the US for a few days, Mercury took it over, \"polished\" the lyrics, added the bassline, some connectors and re-arranged the structure. Regardless, the new, more pop-oriented version was still credited to Taylor. It was this version that was featured on the album, released as a single and included their auxiliary live musician, Spike Edney, playing some keyboards. The heavier, rockier alternate version, also making its official debut on the 2011 Universal bonus EP, played during the end credits of \"Highlander\". The song was covered by Elaine Paige in 1988 on her album called \"The Queen Album\". \"A Kind of Magic\" is technically the first true album title track in the band's discography—though the song \"Sheer Heart Attack,\" which appeared on \"News of the World\", was actually written for the album of the same name, and the songs \"Play the Game\" and \"More of That Jazz\" were variations on their respective albums' titles.", "\"One Year of Love\" is a song by Deacon. The album version features him playing Yamaha DX7 synth, a string orchestra conducted by Lynton Naiff and a saxophone played by Steve Gregory. Deacon decided to substitute the guitar components with a saxophone solo after a discussion with May, who does not appear in the song. It was released as a single in France and Spain only, and appeared during the bar scene in \"Highlander\". It was also covered by Elaine Paige on \"The Queen Album\" in 1988 and later by Dutch singer Stevie Ann in 2006.", "\"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure\" was written by Mercury and Deacon. Beginning as a riff idea by May, Deacon and Mercury subsequently turned that into a Motown-style song, with Deacon playing rhythm guitar. A slightly remixed and reworked version was released as a single in 1986, reaching No. 26 on the Dutch charts. The title also appears as a line in \"One Year of Love\". This would be one of the last times Mercury would sing a Queen song completely in falsetto.", "\"Friends Will Be Friends\" is a song by Mercury and Deacon, with lyrics written by Mercury. It is one of the last of Mercury's piano ballads, and in some ways is a musical similitude with older Queen material, such as \"Play the Game\" and \"We Are the Champions\". It did not feature in \"Highlander\". It was noted as being a modern update of the 1970s Queen rock anthems \"We Are the Champions\" and \"We Will Rock You\" and reached No. 14 in the UK. During the Magic Tour, the song was played between \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are The Champions\", the traditional ending songs of Queen live performances.", "", "\"Who Wants to Live Forever\" was composed by May and sung in the album version as a duet between himself and Mercury. Synths parts are played on a Yamaha DX-7 by May, and the orchestra was arranged and conducted by Michael Kamen. Deacon did not participate, and Taylor played some drum-machine parts and contributed backing vocals. Percussion was taken over by the orchestra as well as double bass, in spite of Taylor and Deacon miming those parts respectively in the video. It serves as somewhat of a \"love theme\" of \"Highlander\", as it adds to the sub-plot of the movie. In the film, Mercury sings the opening of the song as well, unlike the album version, which has May singing.", "\"Gimme the Prize\" was written by May. This song is widely known for its heavy metal features, and, it is featured in \"Highlander\", and also samples various lines from the film, most notably \"I have something to say: It's better to burn out than to fade away\" and \"There can be only one\", spoken by actors Clancy Brown (The Kurgan) and Christopher Lambert (Connor MacLeod) respectively. Director Russell Mulcahy states in the DVD commentary that this was his least favourite of the band's songs used in the film because he does not like heavy metal. May also commented to a Japanese magazine in 1986 that both Mercury and Deacon hated the song.", "\"Don't Lose Your Head\" was composed by Taylor and features singer Joan Armatrading in a vocal cameo. The song takes its name from a line spoken in \"Highlander\", and is played for a short time when Kurgan kidnaps Brenda. The song then segues into a cover of \"Theme from \"New York, New York\"\", though it is only a small clip. It is also featured in an episode of \"\" titled \"\". An instrumental version of the track entitled \"A Dozen Red Roses for My Darling\" is featured as the B-side to \"A Kind of Magic\".", "\"Princes of the Universe\" is the film's theme song and the only song on the album for which Mercury received sole credit. It is quite a complex and heavy work, demonstrating Queen returning to their hard rock and heavy metal roots. The song is played in the opening credits of \"Highlander\". The music video uses clips and scenery from the movie, as well as a cameo by Christopher Lambert, who fights with Mercury at Silvercup Studios, which was a location from the film. The song's name comes from the original working title of the film.", "\"Rolling Stone\" described the album as \"heavy plastic\", concluding, \"This band might as well put some pomp back in its rock. Its members are never going to make it as dignified elder statesmen.\" \"The Times\" described the album as one of \"the most spectacularly successful releases this year\", yet questioned its appeal, asking, \"why does it not extend to those of us who are given the records to review?\" \"People Weekly\" wrote, \"There's hardly a personal expression, let alone an intimate one, in this album... The group can be dazzling. In this case they're just overbearing.\" \"Kerrang!\"s Paul Henderson wondered \"how much of the album is the'real' Queen and how much is the result of the constraints/musical slant imposed upon them by writing material to go with a movie\", concluding that \"only a band of Queen's stature (...) could put out an album of such diverse songs without disappointing a sizeable portion of their fans\". In a retrospective review, AllMusic wrote, \"It may not have been as cohesive as some of their other albums, but \"A Kind of Magic\" was their best work in some time.\" Queen biographer Mark Blake wrote, \"The album's confused origins made for a somewhat uneven listening experience... only the title cut and 'Who Wants to Live Forever' were songs that would survive the album's natural shelf life. Like every Queen record since \"Jazz\", \"A Kind of Magic\" was a so-so album, cleverly loaded with two or three potential hit singles.\" In the 1994 edition of \"The Guinness All Time Top 1000 Albums\", the album was voted 171 in the all-time greatest rock and pop albums. In 2006, a national BBC poll saw the album voted the 42nd greatest album of all time. In 2007, \"Classic Rock\" ranked \"A Kind of Magic\" the 28th greatest soundtrack album of all time.", "All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.", "Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album. Queen Additional personnel" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8622, 509, 110, 32813, 28560, 5303, 214, 707, 29256, 4927, 100, 70, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 58, 7156, 4, 136, 12638, 181991, 53, 25, 7, 28560, 7, 3542, 108750, 98, 2367, 11001, 7, 3542, 121447, 2685, 136, 2367, 28560, 7, 116287, 297, 5, 360, 3060, 50218, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 5700, 2481, 4, 959, 20174, 52336, 3542, 31089, 71, 237, 11001, 7, 47, 26292, 10, 98352, 1363, 7156, 4, 136, 10, 10846, 7156, 28560, 7, 3542, 11814, 237, 26292, 56, 5, 31384, 27781, 7, 111, 6097, 3542, 44, 294, 1177, 126, 40073, 58, 136, 44, 104711, 111, 2646, 16505, 830, 2725, 9319, 111, 3129, 509, 121447, 237, 10, 11001, 23, 2499, 23295, 4, 1284, 108975, 98, 3060, 10776, 7, 25, 44, 100986, 145484, 58, 54452, 5, 360, 70, 17274, 136, 70, 7082, 4, 7440, 18652, 101935, 5809, 186, 43799, 297, 4, 70, 7156, 99201, 4734, 2663, 387, 5962, 7, 5, 581, 7082, 134620, 1257, 678, 6863, 7311, 27211, 111, 44109, 25, 7, 5117, 11001, 54452, 4, 44, 15017, 4517, 14804, 39379, 2132, 272, 830, 3129, 1902, 2809, 456, 9, 233707, 71, 23, 70, 7082, 23, 26527, 15, 124524, 54452, 509, 29733, 16, 7103, 70, 36272, 111, 44, 571, 147610, 66, 627, 29860, 7, 43943, 740, 581, 7082, 11389, 2843, 49814, 44, 1062, 7944, 21072, 3408, 830, 44109, 25, 7, 133258, 678, 6765, 335, 17505, 4, 3129, 509, 121447, 70, 5701, 5895, 237, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 58, 136, 221419, 538, 47, 48398, 70, 17274, 43609, 7, 110373, 136, 157578, 70, 2663, 1492, 23, 5941, 116287, 7, 10932, 70, 8999, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 11531, 509, 959, 99201, 98, 70, 28811, 11389, 7, 111, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 58, 46, 59499, 47, 44109, 25, 7, 8063, 31095, 41994, 18919, 4, 903, 509, 6637, 70, 51713, 218343, 1733, 56065, 47, 24234, 115923, 23, 14713, 131148, 450, 40368, 75281, 199823, 71200, 7, 111, 70, 7156, 1902, 21771, 2809, 30501, 71, 1257, 8108, 70, 11531, 1902, 2809, 17164, 297, 5, 360, 34170, 136, 30089, 4, 70, 82080, 79737, 99201, 70, 5701, 5303, 111, 17274, 32774, 525, 145484, 26948, 44, 4233, 1353, 503, 162, 111, 79959, 13, 830, 136, 26719, 44, 104711, 111, 2646, 16505, 58, 15, 70567, 104431, 1314, 11389, 194, 581, 7915, 11389, 83, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 56101, 5, 581, 29256, 16186, 450, 118775, 98, 70, 17274, 136, 7082, 54452, 509, 39958, 390, 47443, 76935, 4445, 99, 1919, 5368, 12275, 17368, 4734, 6083, 22729, 5, 1326, 70, 26771, 54452, 70, 16186, 509, 21177, 24243, 1284, 14432, 8121, 71, 237, 442, 509, 7311, 538, 39958, 100, 70, 1392, 456, 9, 233707, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 44109, 221, 46526, 47, 31089, 10, 17932, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 58, 42486, 214574, 4, 903, 1733, 678, 10, 5570, 28560, 5303, 214, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 8753, 1902, 1660, 98816, 17164, 67967, 7, 23, 70, 7082, 4, 1295, 156350, 47, 38436, 89916, 4, 2750, 3542, 311, 33, 98, 10, 106750, 82641, 111, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 4420, 221636, 5, 581, 2967, 509, 450, 103745, 11, 7464, 34658, 70, 7082, 38109, 47, 450, 5117, 26771, 42486, 15, 112, 61518, 8035, 38436, 25, 7, 7082, 86872, 13, 194, 38436, 89916, 68872, 47, 959, 54452, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 1995, 58, 47, 70, 7082, 16839, 4, 1284, 64457, 75935, 2363, 10002, 42486, 4, 44, 140803, 1771, 44109, 58, 186348, 4, 16320, 6048, 99, 14012, 22759, 5, 3293, 98352, 1363, 509, 7228, 1257, 111, 28560, 7, 6044, 237, 44, 571, 147610, 66, 627, 29860, 7, 43943, 830, 44, 15017, 4517, 14804, 39379, 2132, 272, 58, 136, 44, 1062, 7944, 21072, 3408, 58, 15, 143321, 1902, 21771, 118775, 98, 70, 103745, 11, 26771, 44, 841, 14481, 58, 42486, 16, 237, 5299, 237, 3525, 56, 28560, 7, 24073, 284, 27435, 111, 61707, 58, 136, 44, 119517, 2902, 2902, 51029, 31384, 28560, 7, 3542, 959, 3853, 11001, 7, 23, 70, 7082, 24073, 62068, 42552, 111, 11954, 18939, 707, 151107, 24073, 294, 40491, 146185, 170500, 51029, 145733, 5299, 75204, 4, 903, 42486, 2806, 155605, 19064, 70, 2967, 111, 645, 143, 26783, 28560, 5303, 7, 23, 70, 22690, 5, 38436, 89916, 4, 14432, 450, 6602, 4, 456, 9, 233707, 71, 10, 226792, 42486, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 58, 678, 21373, 4927, 18244, 15, 191, 10, 4842, 76615, 4, 7440, 44, 140803, 1771, 44109, 58, 509, 98, 121678, 57571, 194, 151301, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 80852, 32774, 525, 145484, 830, 442, 66139, 2684, 111, 70, 242, 5757, 7, 28560, 7, 146291, 1295, 44, 140803, 1771, 44109, 58, 15, 216561, 44, 7251, 126340, 6561, 27774, 90, 70, 786, 271, 58, 378, 97057, 268, 4, 44, 12137, 20255, 14434, 2583, 830, 44, 12137, 15901, 70, 49838, 58, 136, 44, 605, 33150, 44109, 51029, 360, 86097, 47, 125568, 70, 5599, 49190, 36049, 111, 70, 24668, 44, 12137, 20255, 14434, 2583, 830, 38436, 89916, 121447, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 12, 1401, 20255, 14434, 2583, 44965, 58, 3129, 509, 70, 17274, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 58, 678, 17262, 9396, 28560, 7, 5, 581, 54452, 111, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 145484, 58, 509, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 134477, 13, 79850, 390, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 563, 68904, 830, 10, 42698, 67403, 13, 98352, 1363, 121447, 98, 310, 38131, 1202, 136, 70002, 44456, 238, 111, 756, 70, 21930, 44109, 1902, 7228, 1257, 24189, 450, 6275, 23, 6, 101966, 109622, 12989, 4, 136, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 159939, 830, 10, 13549, 9, 22469, 15122, 12620, 12877, 27211, 297, 390, 117085, 61187, 13, 3129, 60213, 71, 20929, 111, 70, 8753, 39958, 390, 799, 289, 20703, 1507, 5, 106073, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 563, 68904, 58, 4734, 145870, 729, 21930, 98, 6863, 91, 133, 3134, 4, 442, 70541, 297, 6626, 21930, 100, 44, 12137, 20255, 14434, 2583, 740, 581, 1202, 100, 44, 605, 33150, 44109, 58, 1902, 2809, 51876, 41866, 100, 44, 724, 1283, 6954, 563, 68904, 830, 237, 110, 1202, 1902, 2809, 7228, 100, 70, 11531, 98, 6863, 7311, 54452, 23, 27898, 5, 32774, 525, 563, 68904, 18622, 12, 2161, 70, 91, 133, 3134, 73048, 111, 70, 1202, 4, 44, 12137, 20255, 14434, 2583, 58, 83, 214552, 538, 145870, 8108, 44, 12137, 15901, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 32774, 525, 145484, 83, 10, 98352, 1363, 7156, 390, 70, 56101, 13950, 8753, 44109, 4, 121447, 214574, 98, 1381, 18374, 26771, 5, 581, 7156, 35060, 71, 111, 44109, 25, 7, 129058, 5962, 7, 16792, 2363, 5117, 116287, 170894, 23, 27898, 678, 44, 4233, 1353, 503, 162, 111, 79959, 13, 830, 1257, 47, 2363, 15643, 5962, 44, 919, 5544, 58, 15, 197271, 23, 3060, 76726, 44, 1062, 7944, 21072, 3408, 830, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 26771, 116287, 9, 188, 8079, 678, 6765, 335, 17505, 4, 509, 99201, 194, 8622, 509, 110, 32813, 28560, 5303, 214, 707, 29256, 4927, 100, 70, 7156, 4, 136, 12638, 181991, 53, 25, 7, 28560, 7, 3542, 108750, 98, 2367, 11001, 7, 1902, 2809, 121447, 2685, 136, 3129, 3542, 65771, 5, 360, 12898, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Release.", "\"Greatest Flix\" and \"Greatest Pix\".", "Critical reception and legacy.", "Commercial performance.", "Track listing." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "There was no universal track listing or cover art for the \"Greatest Hits\" album, and each territory's tracks were dependent on what singles were released there and what tracks charted. In some cases, despite the band's popularity, not enough songs were issued as singles to fill a compilation album, and a few album tracks were used as filler. Some examples of these were \"Sweet Lady\" and \"Love of My Life\", neither of which was released as a single in any country, but appear on some regions' \"1981 Hits\" release. In the UK and the US, where solid numbers could be collected, the album included only top 20 hits. The US ended up with its original edit of Queen's first single release, \"Keep Yourself Alive\", which had been re-released in the US in 1975 (original release was 1973) after the success of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". The US version also added \"Under Pressure\", Queen's collaboration with David Bowie, which was released the same week as \"Greatest Hits\" and subsequently topped the UK Singles Chart and reached the top ten in many charts around the world. However, the song was not included on the European versions of \"Greatest Hits\" – according to Queen's business manager Jim Beach, this was because the longer manufacturing time required to press records in Europe meant that several hundred thousand copies of the album had already been pressed up before the song had been recorded. In Argentina and Brazil, the LP edition included the same list of UK Greatest Hits minus \"Seven Seas of Rhye\", and including \"Love of My Life\" (Live Killers version). The CD version is the same as the British. The cover photo that appeared on the UK and US release was taken by Lord Snowdon at his home studio using only natural light. For the 1981 release the photo was skewed but later presented as it was originally taken for the 2011 re-release. In 1991, Queen sought to issue a second \"Greatest Hits\" collection worldwide, this time with a standard track listing. However, the band had just changed record labels in the US, from Capitol to Hollywood Records, who were keen on a massive promotion of the band's back catalogue. The problem was that Elektra still held the US rights to that first 1981 collection (despite being Hollywood's US licensee). Hollywood Records decided to not release \"Greatest Hits II\" to the US market, but instead created their own collection, \"Classic Queen\" (1992), peaking at number four. This compilation was made up of tracks such as \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Keep Yourself Alive\" and \"Under Pressure\" (which had already appeared on the Elektra 1981 \"Hits\" collection) as well as newer tracks (\"A Kind of Magic\" and \"Radio Ga Ga\"). Some tracks were not even singles in the US (\"One Year of Love\") or anywhere (\"Stone Cold Crazy\"). Though well received, this collection would eventually pose the problem of overlapping track lists in the future. Hollywood Records, later that year, re-released a companion collection \"Greatest Hits\" with similar artwork (on a red background, where \"Classic Queen\" was on royal blue). Commonly referred to as the \"Red Greatest Hits\", it features most of the '70s tracks absent from \"Classic Queen\" (including \"Another One Bites the Dust\" [1980], \"We Will Rock You\", \"We Are the Champions\" and \"Killer Queen\"). In 2004, to promote the Las Vegas production of the musical \"We Will Rock You\", Hollywood Records released \"Greatest Hits: We Will Rock You Edition\" which was the UK \"Greatest Hits\" with three bonus tracks.", "The release of \"Greatest Hits\" was accompanied simultaneously by \"Greatest Flix\", a 60-minute compilation released on VHS video and LaserDisc of all the videos Queen had made up until that point in chronological order, and \"Greatest Pix\", a 96-page paperback book edited by Jacques Lowe which featured photos of the band taken by Neal Preston. Although \"Greatest Flix\" only listed 17 videos on its sleeve, it contained two videos for \"We Will Rock You\". The video for \"Killer Queen\" had been shot especially for \"Greatest Flix\", as no video had been made for the song on its original release in 1974. Greatest Flix Note: On the sleeve notes of the video, \"We Will Rock You\" is incorrectly listed before \"We Are the Champions\".", "Initial reviews of the album in the British music press were negative. In \"NME\" Barney Hoskyns said, \"All of [their songs], besides 'Another One Bites the Dust', are quite repulsive, unbelievably crass insults to their respective genres and uniformly vulgar music. It was only when Queen took vulgarity to its absolute limit that they stood out.\" \"Melody Maker\"s Adam Sweeting stated, \"I've never been the slightest bit interested in Queen's ridiculous pomposity and Freddie just makes me snigger, but I suppose songs like 'Killer Queen' are sort of catchy, while anything as preposterous as 'We Will Rock You' deserves an award if only for bad taste\". However, retrospective reviews have rated the album higher: Ira Robbins gave \"Greatest Hits\" a B+ rating in \"Entertainment Weekly\" upon its reissue in 1992, and William Ruhlmann of AllMusic awarded the record four and a half stars out of five. In an interview in 2003 as part of the Arte television programme \"Music Planet 2Nite\", Radiohead guitarist Ed O'Brien hailed the album as \"impeccable\" and \"absolutely genius\".", "In the UK, \"Greatest Hits\" debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and climbed to number one the following week, spending four weeks at the top. The album continued to sell well throughout the 1980s, appearing on several UK year-end charts, and by the end of the decade it had become the fourth-biggest selling album in the UK during the 1980s, with sales of over 1.9 million copies. By 2006, \"Greatest Hits\" had become the best-selling album in the UK and the first album to sell more than five million copies there. In February 2014, it was confirmed by the Official Charts Company that \"Greatest Hits\" had become the first album in the UK to sell over six million copies. The same year \"The Telegraph\" stated one in three families in the UK owns a copy. As of February 2019 the album has spent a total of 861 weeks on the UK Albums Chart. In the US the album sold moderately well on initial release in 1981, being certified platinum, and peaked at number 11 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart on its reissue in 1992. However, it has since been certified eight times platinum for sales of eight million copies, making it the band's best-selling album there. Among the longest charting albums in the US, as of April 2020 it has spent 380 weeks on the \"Billboard\" 200. It is also the band's best-selling album worldwide, with total sales of more than 25 million copies.", "This section includes the track listings for the original \"Greatest Hits\" in its various forms. For other compilations, including the second and third \"Greatest Hits\" albums, see the relevant articles. On the 17-track UK editions, Freddie Mercury was the writer of ten of the songs, Brian May five and John Deacon two. Roger Taylor had not written any songs that had been released as singles for the band at that point. In addition to the variations above, the official biography \"Queen: As It Began\" by Jacky Gunn and Jim Jenkins states the following variations on the original UK track listing:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 41419, 5761, 509, 103122, 98, 6088, 21567, 543, 4046, 23, 6499, 1428, 56390, 4, 10, 54427, 43573, 27642, 48467, 23, 70, 117604, 111, 2548, 5465, 5, 18763, 67373, 4, 93726, 208780, 41419, 5761, 4, 509, 10, 70425, 90205, 66, 65604, 23, 6499, 1428, 56390, 2750, 5775, 46526, 23, 70, 113157, 1771, 34210, 5, 18763, 42732, 4, 79602, 241, 70926, 4, 68, 71, 8108, 604, 20020, 1902, 157578, 25171, 44462, 5, 41419, 5761, 509, 70, 17932, 111, 37195, 20020, 4, 91, 3038, 136, 178707, 1295, 183851, 11066, 13048, 36356, 34695, 7, 5, 41419, 5761, 80788, 3674, 210650, 291, 140363, 70760, 59376, 4, 6044, 237, 74481, 1363, 77041, 31075, 4, 1295, 142, 39395, 32070, 1284, 134729, 297, 1295, 144303, 2481, 136, 10, 30783, 111, 142146, 23, 3835, 5, 133698, 167777, 4, 41419, 5761, 23409, 47, 2548, 5465, 47, 6867, 678, 1919, 9963, 432, 9319, 136, 29966, 16500, 329, 316, 15, 22000, 19298, 10696, 5369, 194, 24372, 70, 47219, 111, 1919, 9963, 432, 9319, 23, 543, 13023, 4, 764, 29966, 297, 11192, 10696, 99, 70, 5, 360, 11192, 10696, 4, 41419, 5761, 22282, 71, 70, 60313, 40894, 21286, 4, 1284, 764, 509, 27983, 170300, 297, 390, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 18763, 148729, 3542, 2527, 64807, 390, 1919, 138548, 81273, 47, 51339, 96704, 297, 291, 140363, 70760, 41018, 7, 4, 23, 3129, 764, 27983, 1810, 7655, 48398, 1919, 196592, 25, 7, 51359, 5, 360, 543, 9271, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 17846, 764, 26859, 35187, 214, 6, 66847, 25443, 136, 14949, 70, 25443, 23, 12989, 47, 24209, 10, 65604, 136, 4358, 678, 1919, 14449, 25, 7, 82466, 7, 5, 133698, 70, 31576, 111, 543, 9271, 4, 1919, 67373, 4, 7103, 914, 9319, 214, 20174, 17265, 4, 9325, 41419, 5761, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 23912, 19514, 33, 4, 7440, 764, 203251, 47, 35187, 98186, 10, 79385, 23, 581, 25443, 5, 33306, 4, 24145, 2685, 4, 764, 80723, 35187, 214, 291, 140363, 41637, 1379, 25075, 93726, 26336, 7, 7, 15, 159975, 25958, 1919, 59619, 7, 98, 70, 55300, 111, 19713, 6, 108047, 7, 194, 26336, 7, 7, 170198, 450, 41419, 5761, 8337, 1257, 1919, 70, 109622, 4488, 136, 30957, 70, 291, 140363, 70760, 44457, 74, 7103, 20949, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 35707, 1405, 4, 41419, 5761, 12302, 2822, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 10271, 23, 543, 13330, 5, 133698, 1919, 1733, 111, 35187, 4, 25075, 63691, 30492, 30492, 14, 4, 7948, 63691, 636, 236, 1811, 84684, 206, 1974, 4, 57687, 27822, 56, 4, 136, 38334, 16200, 138745, 18055, 3542, 128169, 5, 1529, 24765, 297, 23, 10271, 100, 6626, 5369, 136, 176377, 47, 23912, 19514, 33, 23, 543, 12977, 5, 41419, 5761, 34658, 1919, 5117, 59619, 7, 23, 543, 12338, 4, 3129, 14037, 297, 70, 44457, 111, 41419, 127613, 66, 700, 87739, 53, 136, 2685, 1272, 5423, 70, 36541, 100, 24748, 119225, 25, 7, 4537, 154453, 111, 90816, 939, 5, 360, 169943, 4, 2685, 509, 142, 81887, 47, 125568, 41419, 5761, 47, 76134, 53, 16030, 10778, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23912, 19514, 33, 5, 106073, 903, 81887, 165523, 4, 442, 6777, 16750, 23, 41419, 5761, 77681, 8035, 2855, 3674, 10, 20324, 4559, 1294, 5, 360, 192888, 4, 25632, 70, 47219, 111, 84684, 206, 1974, 15, 434, 497, 34658, 26336, 7, 7, 25, 7, 80923, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23912, 19514, 33, 247, 764, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 10336, 70, 291, 140363, 41637, 130625, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23912, 19514, 33, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 70, 5117, 47, 42459, 17368, 158208, 77546, 3501, 2563, 538, 17262, 707, 22759, 23, 12989, 47, 98363, 72761, 50081, 5, 360, 195616, 764, 139505, 181674, 103857, 136, 1836, 1902, 10, 76849, 5, 41419, 5761, 18738, 71, 23912, 19514, 33, 3229, 70, 50588, 90, 111, 2548, 5465, 136, 55386, 7, 3478, 26580, 67175, 2685, 23, 176284, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 111, 230916, 84125, 20271, 1919, 50960, 120696, 47, 98848, 23, 11623, 29285, 15, 35613, 10, 2057, 1974, 111, 1446, 761, 399, 98, 43157, 139675, 107, 16, 7440, 764, 509, 373, 46572, 23, 70, 405, 29089, 53, 23, 14195, 66, 1158, 365, 15, 15896, 761, 399, 16, 100052, 3267, 2740, 41419, 5761, 509, 10, 171332, 14949, 4, 70, 775, 111, 10, 75198, 1236, 24284, 4, 136, 24124, 1919, 6897, 237, 10, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 237, 15700, 3917, 47, 21265, 3430, 5, 133698, 1919, 6897, 4, 764, 34658, 20903, 538, 47, 1919, 14949, 109208, 136, 90698, 442, 47, 186, 70, 2684, 5526, 43585, 111, 1919, 6897, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 111, 1919, 47219, 4, 764, 509, 24862, 1916, 70, 47443, 26, 7, 4061, 8889, 678, 1919, 58386, 136, 68, 71, 8108, 1836, 122799, 54433, 70, 177966, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 23, 23912, 19514, 33, 1919, 18276, 184308, 17116, 5861, 297, 3060, 111, 70, 15122, 7, 23, 1919, 23179, 4, 26719, 5045, 51, 179193, 297, 4488, 5, 41419, 5761, 128120, 71, 47, 80299, 82940, 46485, 4488, 4, 136, 3060, 53894, 149201, 7, 1543, 765, 2809, 72856, 136993, 5, 41419, 5761, 25, 7, 47, 6492, 34165, 23, 14195, 66, 1158, 365, 15, 568, 102, 538, 16, 15005, 7, 47, 152, 41419, 5761, 25, 7, 91376, 43240, 142096, 1257, 25188, 58555, 375, 964, 592, 114137, 678, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 32255, 2806, 221419, 538, 24209, 13036, 63920, 111, 70, 3790, 10484, 111, 41419, 127613, 66, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 136, 27140, 17174, 42822, 154453, 5, 581, 154453, 111, 41419, 5761, 71579, 7, 509, 121151, 297, 390, 123765, 27572, 136, 106480, 101910, 11872, 147595, 5, 3293, 16128, 111, 291, 140363, 41637, 83, 2831, 111, 70, 137374, 111, 2663, 25443, 136, 83, 7464, 8035, 190659, 23, 21261, 48322, 47, 291, 140363, 70760, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 5, 360, 543, 14226, 4, 26336, 7, 7, 37170, 1919, 9836, 41419, 5761, 47, 114606, 10, 44, 841, 123941, 17514, 37738, 58, 98, 70, 137374, 7, 111, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 9578, 5941, 21775, 4, 41419, 5761, 126809, 1919, 154453, 111, 77546, 158208, 136, 75060, 297, 1919, 59619, 99, 23912, 19514, 33, 23, 543, 12338, 233234, 44, 1065, 5475, 696, 1574, 5, 185273, 7, 22829, 202975, 5, 112, 64, 14137, 64, 22751, 64, 5056, 5761, 454, 3038, 771, 2347, 1015, 115187, 211143, 32, 254, 1369, 966, 345, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 80450, 93726, 208780, 41419, 5761, 15, 74, 729, 6088, 543, 4046, 46, 387, 20414, 176284, 16, 509, 10, 30839, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 2750, 7228, 127752, 7, 47, 114137, 4, 14012, 154453, 4, 136, 99710, 289, 700, 87739, 53, 5, 360, 70, 44457, 111, 2773, 114137, 4, 764, 83, 153161, 51529, 100, 70, 5117, 75992, 10821, 26168, 1363, 111, 70, 28970, 4, 70, 41419, 5761, 28970, 4, 136, 1919, 4488, 98, 65056, 6815, 36549, 5, 18763, 127752, 7, 47, 27140, 114137, 26698, 2684, 959, 78458, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 41419, 5761, 71579, 7, 4, 116987, 3525, 61585, 23, 10, 6083, 4, 84183, 238, 39734, 111, 27140, 114137, 5, 18763, 170277, 192888, 15122, 98, 70, 20809, 9, 71013, 214, 32354, 4, 70541, 214, 70, 7311, 63805, 111, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early years.", "Education.", "Academia.", "Protestant family and death in Italy.", "Riemannian geometry.", "Complex analysis.", "Real analysis.", "Number theory." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Riemann was born on September 17, 1826 in Breselenz, a village near Dannenberg in the Kingdom of Hanover. His father, Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, was a poor Lutheran pastor in Breselenz who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. His mother, Charlotte Ebell, died before her children had reached adulthood. Riemann was the second of six children, shy and suffering from numerous nervous breakdowns. Riemann exhibited exceptional mathematical skills, such as calculation abilities, from an early age but suffered from timidity and a fear of speaking in public.", "During 1840, Riemann went to Hanover to live with his grandmother and attend lyceum (middle school years). After the death of his grandmother in 1842, he attended high school at the. In high school, Riemann studied the Bible intensively, but he was often distracted by mathematics. His teachers were amazed by his adept ability to perform complicated mathematical operations, in which he often outstripped his instructor's knowledge. In 1846, at the age of 19, he started studying philology and Christian theology in order to become a pastor and help with his family's finances. During the spring of 1846, his father, after gathering enough money, sent Riemann to the University of Göttingen, where he planned to study towards a degree in Theology. However, once there, he began studying mathematics under Carl Friedrich Gauss (specifically his lectures on the method of least squares). Gauss recommended that Riemann give up his theological work and enter the mathematical field; after getting his father's approval, Riemann transferred to the University of Berlin in 1847. During his time of study, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, Jakob Steiner, and Gotthold Eisenstein were teaching. He stayed in Berlin for two years and returned to Göttingen in 1849.", "Riemann held his first lectures in 1854, which founded the field of Riemannian geometry and thereby set the stage for Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. In 1857, there was an attempt to promote Riemann to extraordinary professor status at the University of Göttingen. Although this attempt failed, it did result in Riemann finally being granted a regular salary. In 1859, following the death of Dirichlet (who held Gauss's chair at the University of Göttingen), he was promoted to head the mathematics department at the University of Göttingen. He was also the first to suggest using dimensions higher than merely three or four in order to describe physical reality. In 1862 he married Elise Koch and they had a daughter.", "Riemann fled Göttingen when the armies of Hanover and Prussia clashed there in 1866. He died of tuberculosis during his third journey to Italy in Selasca (now a hamlet of Verbania on Lake Maggiore) where he was buried in the cemetery in Biganzolo (Verbania).<br> Riemann was a dedicated Christian, the son of a Protestant minister, and saw his life as a mathematician as another way to serve God. During his life, he held closely to his Christian faith and considered it to be the most important aspect of his life. At the time of his death, he was reciting the Lord’s Prayer with his wife and died before they finished saying the prayer. Meanwhile, in Göttingen his housekeeper discarded some of the papers in his office, including much unpublished work. Riemann refused to publish incomplete work, and some deep insights may have been lost forever. Riemann's tombstone in Biganzolo (Italy) refers to :", "Riemann's published works opened up research areas combining analysis with geometry. These would subsequently become major parts of the theories of Riemannian geometry, algebraic geometry, and complex manifold theory. The theory of Riemann surfaces was elaborated by Felix Klein and particularly Adolf Hurwitz. This area of mathematics is part of the foundation of topology and is still being applied in novel ways to mathematical physics. In 1853, Gauss asked his student Riemann to prepare a \"Habilitationsschrift\" on the foundations of geometry. Over many months, Riemann developed his theory of higher dimensions and delivered his lecture at Göttingen in 1854 entitled \"[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/riemann_hypothesen_1867?p=7 Ueber die Hypothesen welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen]\" (\"On the hypotheses which underlie geometry\"). It was only published twelve years later in 1868 by Dedekind, two years after his death. Its early reception appears to have been slow but it is now recognized as one of the most important works in geometry. The subject founded by this work is Riemannian geometry. Riemann found the correct way to extend into \"n\" dimensions the differential geometry of surfaces, which Gauss himself proved in his \"theorema egregium\". The fundamental object is called the Riemann curvature tensor. For the surface case, this can be reduced to a number (scalar), positive, negative, or zero; the non-zero and constant cases being models of the known non-Euclidean geometries. Riemann's idea was to introduce a collection of numbers at every point in space (i.e., a tensor) which would describe how much it was bent or curved. Riemann found that in four spatial dimensions, one needs a collection of ten numbers at each point to describe the properties of a manifold, no matter how distorted it is. This is the famous construction central to his geometry, known now as a Riemannian metric.", "In his dissertation, he established a geometric foundation for complex analysis through Riemann surfaces, through which multi-valued functions like the logarithm (with infinitely many sheets) or the square root (with two sheets) could become one-to-one functions. Complex functions are harmonic functions (that is, they satisfy Laplace's equation and thus the Cauchy–Riemann equations) on these surfaces and are described by the location of their singularities and the topology of the surfaces. The topological \"genus\" of the Riemann surfaces is given by formula_1, where the surface has formula_2 leaves coming together at formula_3 branch points. For formula_4 the Riemann surface has formula_5 parameters (the \"moduli\"). His contributions to this area are numerous. The famous Riemann mapping theorem says that a simply connected domain in the complex plane is \"biholomorphically equivalent\" (i.e. there is a bijection between them that is holomorphic with a holomorphic inverse) to either formula_6 or to the interior of the unit circle. The generalization of the theorem to Riemann surfaces is the famous uniformization theorem, which was proved in the 19th century by Henri Poincaré and Felix Klein. Here, too, rigorous proofs were first given after the development of richer mathematical tools (in this case, topology). For the proof of the existence of functions on Riemann surfaces he used a minimality condition, which he called the Dirichlet principle. Karl Weierstrass found a gap in the proof: Riemann had not noticed that his working assumption (that the minimum existed) might not work; the function space might not be complete, and therefore the existence of a minimum was not guaranteed. Through the work of David Hilbert in the Calculus of Variations, the Dirichlet principle was finally established. Otherwise, Weierstrass was very impressed with Riemann, especially with his theory of abelian functions. When Riemann's work appeared, Weierstrass withdrew his paper from \"Crelle's Journal\" and did not publish it. They had a good understanding when Riemann visited him in Berlin in 1859. Weierstrass encouraged his student Hermann Amandus Schwarz to find alternatives to the Dirichlet principle in complex analysis, in which he was successful. An anecdote from Arnold Sommerfeld shows the difficulties which contemporary mathematicians had with Riemann's new ideas. In 1870, Weierstrass had taken Riemann's dissertation with him on a holiday to Rigi and complained that it was hard to understand. The physicist Hermann von Helmholtz assisted him in the work over night and returned with the comment that it was \"natural\" and \"very understandable\". Other highlights include his work on abelian functions and theta functions on Riemann surfaces. Riemann had been in a competition with Weierstrass since 1857 to solve the Jacobian inverse problems for abelian integrals, a generalization of elliptic integrals. Riemann used theta functions in several variables and reduced the problem to the determination of the zeros of these theta functions. Riemann also investigated period matrices and characterized them through the \"Riemannian period relations\" (symmetric, real part negative). By Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and Solomon Lefschetz the validity of this relation is equivalent with the embedding of formula_7 (where formula_8 is the lattice of the period matrix) in a projective space by means of theta functions. For certain values of formula_2, this is the Jacobian variety of the Riemann surface, an example of an abelian manifold. Many mathematicians such as Alfred Clebsch furthered Riemann's work on algebraic curves. These theories depended on the properties of a function defined on Riemann surfaces. For example, the Riemann–Roch theorem (Roch was a student of Riemann) says something about the number of linearly independent differentials (with known conditions on the zeros and poles) of a Riemann surface. According to Detlef Laugwitz, automorphic functions appeared for the first time in an essay about the Laplace equation on electrically charged cylinders. Riemann however used such functions for conformal maps (such as mapping topological triangles to the circle) in his 1859 lecture on hypergeometric functions or in his treatise on minimal surfaces.", "In the field of real analysis, he discovered the Riemann integral in his habilitation. Among other things, he showed that every piecewise continuous function is integrable. Similarly, the Stieltjes integral goes back to the Göttinger mathematician, and so they are named together the Riemann–Stieltjes integral. In his habilitation work on Fourier series, where he followed the work of his teacher Dirichlet, he showed that Riemann-integrable functions are \"representable\" by Fourier series. Dirichlet has shown this for continuous, piecewise-differentiable functions (thus with countably many non-differentiable points). Riemann gave an example of a Fourier series representing a continuous, almost nowhere-differentiable function, a case not covered by Dirichlet. He also proved the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma: if a function is representable by a Fourier series, then the Fourier coefficients go to zero for large \"n\". Riemann's essay was also the starting point for Georg Cantor's work with Fourier series, which was the impetus for set theory. He also worked with hypergeometric differential equations in 1857 using complex analytical methods and presented the solutions through the behavior of closed paths about singularities (described by the monodromy matrix). The proof of the existence of such differential equations by previously known monodromy matrices is one of the Hilbert problems.", "He made some famous contributions to modern analytic number theory. In a single short paper, the only one he published on the subject of number theory, he investigated the zeta function that now bears his name, establishing its importance for understanding the distribution of prime numbers. The Riemann hypothesis was one of a series of conjectures he made about the function's properties. In Riemann's work, there are many more interesting developments. He proved the functional equation for the zeta function (already known to Leonhard Euler), behind which a theta function lies. Through the summation of this approximation function over the non-trivial zeros on the line with real portion 1/2, he gave an exact, \"explicit formula\" for formula_10. Riemann knew of Pafnuty Chebyshev's work on the Prime Number Theorem. He had visited Dirichlet in 1852." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6035, 2397, 83, 70, 775, 111, 54041, 5631, 9494, 111, 10250, 56, 136, 40073, 91694, 111, 134217, 7, 5, 9202, 297, 23, 70, 52341, 7, 111, 134217, 7, 4, 6035, 2397, 100512, 60892, 23, 1919, 67373, 136, 10250, 56, 7103, 70, 9876, 22766, 9146, 1631, 5, 360, 1919, 156206, 4, 764, 22282, 71, 49846, 23, 70, 52341, 7, 111, 134217, 7, 136, 172458, 15044, 70, 13146, 6563, 136, 70, 9876, 22766, 5, 24372, 903, 4, 6035, 2397, 26983, 6259, 47, 132706, 64883, 47, 35187, 13909, 177907, 4, 10, 66596, 214, 70, 9351, 6035, 133, 31365, 53, 5, 133698, 1919, 1733, 23, 40466, 4, 6035, 2397, 7228, 23902, 678, 10, 145042, 9836, 97702, 179789, 5861, 2750, 509, 4, 51, 372, 69723, 19, 271, 47, 6035, 2397, 4, 1919, 193429, 39668, 289, 246, 4, 775, 111, 23243, 5, 6035, 2397, 70163, 71, 1919, 49846, 289, 136, 13909, 59376, 47, 28282, 130966, 434, 144009, 4, 10, 113138, 66733, 6, 130687, 678, 70, 81273, 47, 25813, 68034, 136, 27060, 8305, 132706, 5, 145733, 6035, 2397, 509, 30388, 297, 100, 5941, 5369, 390, 142, 51, 69723, 19, 63212, 6126, 1419, 4, 764, 509, 10941, 47, 47143, 98, 70, 132706, 64883, 5, 33306, 4, 764, 100512, 166, 181960, 223, 3229, 764, 134053, 1919, 1119, 9, 47313, 84240, 509, 162882, 297, 390, 10, 195629, 1295, 132706, 4, 136, 1919, 145456, 509, 70, 60199, 54305, 100, 1919, 44126, 47, 31358, 64883, 5, 133698, 70, 15411, 111, 1919, 26983, 7, 8305, 132706, 4, 764, 97384, 70, 182324, 111, 1919, 9351, 9393, 22, 195, 53, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 450, 111, 1919, 23902, 5, 17106, 70, 25545, 51312, 111, 1919, 14537, 7, 4, 70, 9876, 22766, 136, 70, 13146, 6563, 12638, 81887, 297, 47, 117, 1159, 2873, 4049, 47, 6, 25958, 678, 10250, 56, 707, 70, 52341, 7, 111, 134217, 7, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 6035, 2397, 1556, 10, 4552, 12921, 3357, 2481, 3501, 1919, 67373, 136, 4, 70270, 538, 20174, 179635, 1919, 1257, 40772, 214, 4, 16916, 7, 66570, 47, 186, 10, 44, 144867, 42, 48948, 740, 1529, 21, 22824, 15044, 70, 6, 75481, 9393, 7432, 136, 70, 22684, 71, 2481, 111, 54041, 5631, 9494, 4, 136, 37202, 47, 186, 39555, 46443, 238, 47, 130970, 4, 10, 41207, 110106, 179635, 1919, 49129, 4588, 5, 6035, 2397, 1556, 6626, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 7, 24, 4806, 262, 40277, 136, 29629, 18, 4, 775, 7, 1295, 91694, 136, 51978, 947, 66769, 5, 29629, 18, 4, 13693, 13, 6496, 6035, 2397, 47, 186, 70, 40304, 111, 2363, 42732, 4, 1927, 90, 40368, 20028, 47, 67153, 6035, 2397, 74, 49903, 4, 764, 56104, 3564, 7, 1257, 137802, 3060, 2831, 111, 66570, 50155, 5, 6035, 2397, 25, 7, 49846, 289, 59376, 621, 32233, 10861, 297, 4, 36, 14775, 47, 1919, 225073, 76615, 5, 873, 214, 111, 15044, 134217, 7, 136, 10250, 56, 4, 764, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 10846, 3395, 47, 765, 37317, 297, 15044, 70, 9876, 22766, 136, 70, 13146, 6563, 5, 360, 66044, 4, 764, 14432, 172458, 5631, 9494, 25, 7, 9876, 22766, 47, 8337, 442, 78301, 14537, 23, 70, 78431, 17721, 81206, 136, 134217, 7, 5, 1301, 70, 775, 111, 70, 134217, 39209, 91694, 4, 6035, 2397, 509, 25550, 297, 23, 160093, 9, 55741, 214, 4, 1284, 764, 195409, 28702, 90, 98, 70, 36746, 7, 764, 2258, 10484, 678, 4049, 5, 7868, 8372, 4, 10, 63847, 111, 6, 131803, 22, 62956, 297, 20271, 6035, 2397, 25, 7, 35691, 8305, 70, 13146, 6563, 4, 1631, 1779, 111, 77064, 136, 27992, 7, 237, 10, 142172, 5, 14847, 70, 130966, 434, 144009, 13909, 83, 140528, 4, 6035, 2397, 46505, 25958, 44, 87690, 7, 58, 442, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 10, 232070, 5, 6035, 2397, 155605, 103882, 7, 10, 15789, 111, 6782, 14537, 35839, 10, 16195, 1153, 71, 4, 136, 32997, 7, 7868, 8372, 7103, 7868, 8372, 36746, 7, 47, 70, 16195, 1153, 71, 5, 6035, 2397, 2843, 113054, 7, 142, 225073, 5423, 111, 5879, 7, 450, 70541, 7, 5941, 31913, 7, 136, 79165, 146291, 23, 10, 3638, 8, 2594, 5, 6035, 2397, 25, 7, 3789, 77041, 31075, 26698, 115700, 9, 3767, 2480, 214, 15, 11, 115723, 12348, 111, 70, 134217, 39209, 7, 16, 136, 5879, 166635, 5, 1529, 2843, 4527, 7, 70, 13146, 6563, 17400, 2320, 47, 58359, 3934, 132706, 136, 456, 3996, 3134, 67842, 36746, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 44, 113972, 6563, 143839, 58, 3129, 22, 19736, 4049, 47, 1957, 103510, 7, 111, 49846, 136, 6, 157955, 190312, 90, 5, 145733, 764, 509, 25550, 297, 23, 91, 47416, 45211, 16070, 136, 3789, 3173, 7, 111, 30641, 4, 1919, 12348, 7, 621, 959, 14037, 23, 8382, 58555, 136, 764, 41207, 538, 4527, 7, 34166, 538, 72761, 26950, 47, 78431, 5, 130966, 434, 144009, 83, 10, 69071, 9, 136, 103510, 9, 77007, 13909, 64549, 297, 390, 6035, 2397, 23, 10, 132706, 7440, 64883, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 54, 959, 59911, 5, 3311, 6035, 2397, 25, 7, 76811, 130966, 434, 144009, 25, 7, 41018, 7, 83687, 44, 11, 5915, 111, 70, 4524, 70760, 169624, 23, 3784, 6496, 32628, 136, 1733, 136, 3060, 110, 5256, 111, 3060, 51484, 24, 4806, 78650, 4204, 136, 169060, 56, 740, 130966, 434, 144009, 70424, 7, 678, 6035, 2397, 25, 7, 54479, 4, 46505, 25958, 216806, 169463, 4, 136, 56104, 51776, 70, 170894, 111, 10, 25927, 592, 42154, 133, 111, 22729, 5, 130966, 434, 144009, 56104, 29823, 90, 6035, 2397, 237, 44, 397, 712, 1242, 24372, 67229, 214, 50961, 4, 6035, 2397, 5423, 130966, 434, 144009, 47, 4488, 63262, 214, 132706, 7, 23, 70, 5701, 3917, 450, 10, 33938, 87907, 63262, 90, 70, 1820, 5, 209683, 47, 10, 33938, 87907, 4, 130966, 434, 144009, 831, 7413, 4, 28560, 4, 136, 456, 3996, 3134, 36746, 7, 1295, 132706, 74, 903, 96853, 70, 81273, 47, 25813, 3395, 136, 36746, 7, 17721, 132706, 7, 5, 130966, 434, 144009, 160404, 7, 390, 105233, 74189, 9, 226584, 7, 100, 11907, 199334, 111, 132706, 136, 7068, 157318, 2856, 5, 6035, 2397, 82775, 130966, 434, 144009, 237, 10, 55516, 47, 186, 11814, 390, 39643, 306, 4, 18813, 111, 10250, 56, 4, 100, 120260, 39544, 98, 132706, 100, 70, 48431, 111, 10250, 56, 5, 14847, 65508, 71, 47, 130966, 434, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6035, 2397, 83, 70, 29718, 1290, 136, 5201, 62816, 23, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 70103, 93, 66695, 111, 10250, 56, 390, 15672, 41664, 127663, 42179, 48861, 3786, 143, 67977, 5, 1529, 83, 142, 45559, 289, 62816, 23, 70, 5117, 23552, 111, 70, 36549, 4, 155605, 8035, 122273, 297, 47, 186, 70, 44632, 56, 47, 136565, 5631, 9494, 33444, 90, 70, 9342, 111, 1919, 81887, 7, 47, 5646, 70, 6, 42294, 86, 111, 10250, 56, 4, 136, 184017, 678, 70, 221419, 116000, 191, 1295, 134217, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Personal history.", "Powers.", "Ghostwheel.", "Mythology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Merlin is the son of Prince Corwin of Amber and Lady Dara of Chaos. Raised in the Courts of Chaos, Merlin became interested in his father and Amber after the Patternfall war. In his youth, he studied magic in the Courts of Chaos and walked both the Logrus and the Pattern. After this, Merlin travelled to Shadow Earth to study computer engineering, assuming the name Merle Corey. During his time in college, Merlin made friends with a fellow student Luke Reynard who was, unbeknownst to Merlin, his cousin Rinaldo, son of Brand. Merlin combined his magical and computer skills to create Ghostwheel, a powerful artificial intelligence with the ability to move itself and others through Shadow. Though Merlin was targeted for many years by an unknown antagonist, he was content to remain on the Shadow Earth. However, he became suspicious when he discovered his ex-girlfriend was murdered by a creature from Shadow, and his investigation was the catalyst for his choice to leave Earth. During the course of his travels through Shadow, he learned the identity of his nameless enemy, as well as that of his friends. With the rapid increase of his powers, the Pattern and the Logrus each attempted to persuade him to ally with Amber or the Courts of Chaos, respectively. Merlin has a very different personality than his father and, oddly enough considering his upbringing, considers himself to be a \"regular guy\". He lacks both the ruthlessness and the crudity of Prince Corwin, and seems to be almost allergic to ambition, a rare trait considering his parentage. Merlin has two half-brothers named Despil and Jurt, sons from Dara and Duke Sawall. Jurt, believing Merlin to be the favorite of their mother, tries several times to kill Merlin; however, he usually ends up leaving some part of himself behind.", "Merlin's magical skills are quite varied, owing to his unusual background. Being of both Chaos and Amber, he is one of the few people to have traversed both the Pattern and the Logrus. In addition, he later walked Corwin's Pattern to give it additional power in the fight between Order and Chaos. As the son of the Chaosian Dara, Merlin was trained in spell-casting, but he frequently relies on the objects he carries with him. Frakir, a piece of rope enchanted during Merlin's walk through the Logrus, warns of danger and acts as a weapon. When the Ghostwheel computer is completed, Merlin occasionally \"wears\" it in the form of a bracelet. Merlin eventually discovers a ring of great power called a spikard, and abandons Frakir after Frakir objects to the spikard. Merlin also obtains an unusual set of Trumps that contains many locations and individuals absent in a normal deck. Merlin's other abilities include shape-shifting (a usual talent of the Chaosians) and Trump creation. He also uses the Logrus emanation to reach into Shadow and retrieve various objects, as well as \"Logrus sight\" which enables him to see patterns of magic and dimensional anomalies. Though he was trained in swordsmanship and other forms of combat, his talents are not found in those areas and he rarely uses purely physical means to fight.", "Ghostwheel is a trump- and pattern-based computer constructed by Merlin in a Shadow where Earth physics do not apply. By Merlin's description Ghostwheel's operations involve \"a lot of theoretical crap involving space and time and some notions of some guys named Everett and Wheeler\". Ghostwheel speaks with Merlin's voice, occasionally causing confusion, and usually takes the appearance of a spinning circle of light. Ghostwheel usually addresses Merlin as \"Dad.\" After finishing construction, Merlin set Ghostwheel to work indexing Shadows in the same way that a search engine indexes the internet. Similar to a search engine, Ghostwheel can find, track, and retrieve objects from Shadow; this includes the ability to move people and objects between Shadows. Ghostwheel operates by creating pseudo-Trumps for every mutation of Shadow and then searching them. Merlin designed Ghostwheel as a tool to be used by Random, King of Amber, for keeping watch on Shadow for the protection of Amber. When introduced to Ghostwheel and its abilities, Random was immediately struck by the construct's potentially dangerous power and ordered Merlin to deactivate his creation. However, by this time Ghostwheel had attained sentience and resisted shutdown. After regaining Ghostwheel's trust, Merlin came to rely heavily on his powerful creation, and Ghostwheel features as a major subcharacter throughout Merlin's saga. By the conclusion of the series, Ghostwheel had developed enough that his support of Merlin forced the Pattern and the Logrus to treat the pair as nominal equals rather than pawns. At one point, Ghostwheel asks Merlin whether it is a god. In the consideration of sentient machines with godlike resources for accessing and processing information, this draws interesting parallels to Isaac Asimov's short story \"The Last Question\". Merlin also remarks that Ghostwheel is certainly capable of passing the Turing Test, which is a test for a machine that can demonstrate the ability to convince an observer of a human-like personality. Ghostwheel seems to take its name from Gilgal Refaim or Rujm el-Hiri, an ancient stone circle in the Golan Heights. Gilgal Refaim may have once been a pagan place of worship or calendar, similar to Stonehenge.", "The name Merlin refers to Merlin, the character from Arthurian legends. Both were sorcerers who were imprisoned in a crystal cave, although the circumstances were somewhat different." ] }